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Protecting Your Digital Footprints With Predictive Models
With accessing online information and interacting with data becoming a necessity rather than a habit, it has become very easy for thieves to steal your identity and personal information and use it for nefarious purposes. Your digital identity can be misused in a plethora of ways from opening a shady bank account, siphoning off your savings and making chargeable transactions to funding criminal networks. It therefore stands to reason that protecting the information that you share on public platforms is of paramount importance.
How your personal information is tracked by websites
Most sites that let you access public information or put goods and services up for sale use bits of code, called cookies, to store your web browsing habits. They would typically capture details such as the time you spend on a site, a particular piece of content or product, how much time you spend looking at an advertisement, the sequence of clicks you make before buying an item, site preferences, return visits and so on. More intrusive sites will gather information that you share with social media platforms such as your age, gender, geographical location, the list of sites that you have bookmarked on your internet browser, the list of sites you have already visited in a single session and so on. Significantly, some sites will also save information such as your debit or credit card number, ostensibly for the purposes of saving you the effort of typing this data repeatedly every time you make a purchase. Other sites will attempt to bait you towards products that their sponsors are trying to sell by identifying patterns of online behavior with known psychological profiles.
The perils of online activity
Marketing on the net has become considerably more subtle, with few organizations now directly engaging you on calls or flooding your message inbox with spam. Sellers do not make random target lists anymore. With the advent of internet mobility and smart devices measuring everything from your heart rate and blood pressure to your movements and bank balance, privacy would seem to have become obsolete. There is one more way in which organizations are tracking and evaluating your behavior. More and more employers are profiling your digital footprint with predictive models that tell them whether you will be a safe investment or not. Governments can trace your social media activity to decide whether you are for or against certain policy initiatives. More sinister is the fact that you can be manipulated based on tried and tested techniques to feed your hidden biases and engage your personal time with debates and activities that put a shadow on real issues that affect you.
There are frightening possibilities and parallels, here, with fiction from the 1930s and 1940s on the lines of Orwells ‘1984’ or Huxley’s ‘Brave New World’. Statistically speaking, a large numbers of individuals can be controlled unconsciously by overarching systems to bring about an all pervading perverse form of social engineering that upholds the position of those in authority and discourages or even punishes forms of behavior it sees as disruptive to the status quo.
Pervasive and Intrusive Social Media
Facebook is a well known social media platform that is known to be excessively intrusive. Its CEO, Mark Zuckerberg, was recently asked to present himself for questioning before the US Congress and the European parliament. Zuckerberg inadvertently admitted that Facebook gathers extensive information about its users and also those who visit their platform without becoming subscribers themselves.
Democracy and the internet
While radio and TV have been subject to heavy regulation, the internet is still a minefield of unregulated activity. Even mobile apps entice you to give up personal information with the threat of you not being able to use its functionalities unless you share. The former may be an arena of debate with many users observing that the freedom of expression found on the internet is what makes it the last vestige of democratic articulation. But the more vivid your statements, the more notice you attract from the powers that be. Then there is the question of internet trolls backed by the latter who fully comprehend the power of anonymity and are yet another manifestation of the violence associated with anarchy.
How to minimize your digital footprint
An increasing number of young people are taking to the internet as a dint of habit. They rely on it to help them with their studies, news and random trivia and even to make friends. The ubiquity of cloud servers has meant that people upload their videos, images and personal documents without thinking about who or which entities can access this information. So, digital footprints left by them can be very wide. Fortunately, there are tools available that help you manage the quantity and type of information you share online. Digital information is often highly moldable. This means that information that you share online can be tweaked.
Most users forget to use Privacy setting on their browser. It may be convenient but not practical to not delete cookies and browsing history after every session. You can use ‘Ad blockers’ to bar intrusive scripts. It will take some effort and engagement to check your Google privacy settings, Linkedin, Yahoo, Facebook and other email and social data settings to ‘uncheck’ the options that legally permit these portals to save your browsing habits. Take no heed of how much they dress up these activities with attractive words. Google will typically track every search and keywords you type in or speak at your microphone, especially if you’re logged in. Googling yourself by name will tell you part of the results that are public information against your name. Use secondary emails to subscribe to intrusive platforms or apps. Never save passwords on your computer or smartphone. These are paltry measures compared to the number of ways in which your digital footprint is traced. But it’s a step in the right direction to ensuring a safe, healthy and private future.
(The writer is Regional Director, CompTIA India)
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- Digital Transformation Is Top Priority For Indian CIOs: Gartner | <urn:uuid:94abe482-e946-49b3-9225-c3ebf7e7378f> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | http://www.cxotoday.com/story/protecting-your-digital-footprints-with-predictive-models/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376823618.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20181211104429-20181211125929-00385.warc.gz | en | 0.936282 | 1,307 | 2.703125 | 3 |
There are many different types of shade plants from which to choose. Most shade plants thrive in areas that receive little or no direct sunlight and typically have large leaves to help gather enough sunlight in darker areas. Some of the different types of shade plants include hellebore, bugbane, coral bells, plants from the Corydalis genus, and Japanese Painted Ferns. Other types of shade plants include lungwort, toad lily, bugleweed, masterwort, and foamflower.
Hellebores are an early-blooming perennial with thick green leaves. This plant has cup-shaped blossoms of red, pink, white, and cream that typically appear in late winter and early spring. This shade plant usually reaches a height of about 2 feet (60 cm) when fully grown. A bugbane is a late-blooming plant that produces white spiked blossoms and grows to about 4 feet (1.2 m) in height. Some bugbane varieties feature purple foliage, while others can produce blossoms that give off an unpleasant odor.
There are many varieties of coral bells that produce colorful foliage of bronze, silver, or purple. Other varieties feature brilliant red, white, or pink blossoms. Coral bells typically grow to a height of 1 to 3 feet (30-91 cm), depending on the variety. Plants in the Corydalis genus have fern-like foliage and usually bear blossoms from spring to fall. These shade plants are rarely invasive and grow easily between paving stones.
The Japanese Painted Fern features colored fronds in a mixture of red, purple, green, gray and silver. This plant loses its foliage in the winter and typically grows to a height of about 1 foot (30 cm) at maturity. Lungwort plants provide green foliage highlighted with silver streaks. This plant typically produces white, blue, or pink blossoms along with new leaves in early spring. The most common variety features pink buds that blossom into blue flowers.
A toad lily begins to bloom in late summer and continues into the fall. This plant typically produces purple or white blossoms although some varieties also bear yellow flowers. Toad lilies usually grow to a height of 3 feet (about 91 cm) and have furry foliage. Bugleweed plants have thick, evergreen foliage that is often streaked with burgundy or pink. This shade plant grows to a height of approximately 6 inches (15 cm) and produces spiked blue blossoms during the early summer.
The red, pink, and white blossoms of a masterwort plant appear during the summer and are often used for cut flower arrangements. This plant generally reaches a height of 1 to 3 feet (about 30-91 cm) when fully grown. The foamflower plant is a type of ground-cover that usually grows in colonies. Foamflower features dark green foliage combined with pink or white blossoms. This plant typically grows to about 1 foot (30 cm) in height and blooms in the spring. | <urn:uuid:5496cdee-bdff-4d79-bd51-3ffa1dcede79> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://www.infobloom.com/what-are-the-different-types-of-shade-plants.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618039601956.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20210423041014-20210423071014-00377.warc.gz | en | 0.935918 | 611 | 3.328125 | 3 |
Logging within the context of program
development constitutes inserting
statements into the program that provide
some kind of output information that
is useful to the developer. Inserting
log statements into your code is a
general method for debugging it. Examples
of logging are trace statements, dumping
of structures and the familiar System.out.println or printf debug statements
is a open source debugging tool developed
for putting log statements into your
application., written in Java, which
logs statements to a file, a java.io.Writer,
or a syslog daemon. Log4j offers a
hierarchical way to insert logging
statements within a Java program.
Multiple output formats and multiple
levels of logging information are
One of the distinctive features of
log4j is the notion of inheritance
in loggers. Using a logger hierarchy
it is possible to control which log
statements are output at arbitrarily
fine granularity but also great ease.
This helps reduce the volume of logged
output and minimize the cost of logging.
By using a dedicated logging package,
the overhead of maintaining thousands
of System.out.println statements is
alleviated as the logging may be controlled
at runtime from configuration scripts.
It's speed and flexibility allows
log statements to remain in shipped
code while giving the user the ability
to enable logging at runtime without
modifying any of the application binary.
All of this while not incurring a
high performance cost.
Logging does have its drawbacks. It
can slow down an application. If too
verbose, it can cause scrolling blindness.
To alleviate these concerns, log4j
is designed to be reliable, fast and
extensible. Since logging is rarely
the main focus of an application,
the log4j API strives to be simple
to understand and to use.
enterprise architectures adopt a global
logging framework. The logging framework
provides classes/interfaces for logging
messages, errors and debug statements
to destinations like files, databases,
e-mails and consoles throughout the
system. The logged information is
useful to an end-user of an application
or to a system administrator. Internationalization
in a logging framework is the ability
to log the messages in different languages.
All logging frameworks will be rated
on internationalization and extensibility.
The following logging frameworks are
• JavaTM Logging
• BEA mechanism for logging (technically
not a full feature framework)
• Message LFW | <urn:uuid:c9c668c6-b4ca-4b00-a120-861e825c03e3> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://www.allapplabs.com/log4j/log4j.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500826025.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021346-00364-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.801432 | 532 | 3.4375 | 3 |
This guest article was written by author and consultant Tristan Yates (see his bio below). It emphasizes R's data object manipulation and scoring capabilities via a detailed financial analysis example.
Scoring and ranking systems are extremely valuable management tools. They can be used to predict the future, make decisions, and improve behavior – sometimes all of the above. Think about how the simple grade point average is used to motivate students and make admissions decisions.
R is a great tool for building scoring and ranking systems. It’s a programming language designed for analytical applications with statistical capabilities. The capability to store and manipulate data in list and table form is built right into the core language. | <urn:uuid:a56dd645-32cd-4501-8d10-52fbbe0756f5> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://www.r-bloggers.com/building-scoring-and-ranking-systems-in-r/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386164034983/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204133354-00064-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.936448 | 135 | 2.90625 | 3 |
The SS Great Britain is one of the first hybrid steam driven screw/sail power iron construction ocean going ships. Built in Bristol in the mid-1800s, it was scuttled in the Falkland Islands in the 1930s. It was then salvaged in the 1970s and returned, with the dry-dock used to construct it retired by receiving the recovered vessel and being converted into a museum conserving the ship.
The most unusual thing I found out from the exhibition, is that the ship was later converted to have a retractable prop to allow pure sail driven locomotion. In the late 1800s they were trying to save money in the cargo freight business by avoiding burning coal!
The displays seem to be dumbed down a little and would be quite accessible to a younger audience, at the cost of drawing you into the engineering details and illustrating Brunel’s mastery.
The olfactory component of the ship kitchen and bakery exhibits was a nice touch.
All in all, a good experience. | <urn:uuid:8edb105c-9219-4f01-bb8e-be9ea35718f9> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | http://roger.venning.net/wp/ss-great-britain/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221217951.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20180821034002-20180821054002-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.979106 | 208 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Feeling Lethargic? It May All That Screen Time
Do any of us really remember what life was like before cell phones? Before computers? Before information 24/7? Probably not….While it is nice to be connected, digital overload can cause fatigue, added stress, and even burnout. A study from the American Psychology Association found that 15-20% of people say that technology makes them feel stressed. If the thought of a digital detox makes you panic, you most likely need one. Consider implementing some of these strategies to reduce the amount of screen time, and you may be pleasantly surprised at how refreshed you feel.
List Your Devices
Most of us are unaware of how much time we spend before a screen, at work, at school, and at home. Consider the following statistics: The average person checks their phone 200 times a day – that’s once every six and a half minutes, and one in four people spend more time online than they do asleep.
Make a list of all the devices you use in your life. Then log just two days’ worth of screen time on all the devices. Chances are that you will be surprised by how much time is spent on work or school-related digital activities—all necessary—not to mention how much personal time you spend on digital distractions such as online games, texts, and social media.
Set Tech-free Time
Establishing a time that is uncompromised technology-free is a great first step. Science says that it takes about two months to form a habit, so choose the same time each day to put all of the devices away. Be fully present with those around you—this can be especially positive for families with children.
When children see their parents making a commitment to a positive change, they are more likely to follow. Young children play video games in their spare time, while older children seem to be permanently attached to their phones. The average teenager sends 3,400 electronic messages a month from their bed.
For those who are single, setting a tech-free time can foster a new healthier habit, such as taking a 30-minute walk outside or reading a great book. Another habit to consider is banning technology from the bedroom, which allows your mind to slow down before going to sleep.
Take Time to Pause
Many eye doctors say that eye strain from looking at screens all day has taken a huge jump. Many people not only look at a screen, sometimes several screens at once, all day at work, and but when work is done, they unwind by looking at another screen. Taking time every hour to look at something that is not media related can not only refresh your eyes but give your brain a rest, too.
If you ask yourself when you hear your watch ping with another message, or you pull out your phone to pass the time, “Do I really need to do this,?” it may help you be more mindful of digital burnout. Embarking on a new digital habit could be just what you need. | <urn:uuid:9dab1ff9-dfdf-4740-81a5-f9204dd39b09> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.theedadvocate.org/feeling-lethargic-it-may-all-that-screen-time/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573760.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819191655-20220819221655-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.959492 | 622 | 2.828125 | 3 |
COMMON CORE STANDARDS DAILY UPDATE // NOVEMBER 19, 2015
News You Can Use:
Education Post, “Can the Truth about Testing Set Us Free?”: Student assessments are a way for teachers and parents alike to “find out if our kids are on track,” even though they may “reveal a reality that isn’t so appealing,” writes Jessica Moore, a fifth-grade teacher in Colorado. Tests aligned to high academic expectations “reflect what skills students will need to succeed.” Blaming the tests for low student performance “doesn’t fix anything,” Moore adds. “Instead, it contributes to the misinformation that’s been dubbed an ‘honesty gap,’” which ultimately hurts students in the long run. Results from tests aligned to Common Core State Standards provide teachers with a tool to better gauge student readiness and set an honest baseline for achievement. “The test won’t dictate my teaching style or materials,” Moore adds. “All we have to do is stay the course and trust in the results: They give us guidance for the future.”
What It Means: As Moore points out, for a long time states inflated proficiency rates and other measures of student preparedness by using tests that lowered the bar for students. As a result, teachers and families were told their kids were on a path of college- and career-readiness when in fact they may not have been. The upshot was that many students graduated high school only to find out they need college remediation or job training. Most states have turned the chapter by implementing rigorous education standards and high-quality assessments. Karen Nussle wrote earlier this fall, “States are finally measuring to levels that reflect what students need to know and be able to do to succeed in college or a career…For parents and educators, that should come as a welcome change.”
Learning First Alliance, “Ohio Teacher & PTA Leader: Communicating Common Core Is Essential”: Debbie Tidwell, former president of the Ohio Parent Teacher Association, and Sue Grodek, a first-grade teacher in Brooklyn, Ohio, say Common Core “is just how we’re doing business these days.” “From my experience, most districts, including my own, have already updated their curriculum,” says Grodek. “From my perspective, most of the work is already done. Common Core Standards is how we teach.” “The promise of new standards is that they are clearer…and they prepare [students] for college and career readiness no matter where they live,” Tidwell adds. New assessments aligned to Common Core State Standards are “no longer dependent on memorization” and educators and school leaders within Ohio have worked to communicate changes to parents. “There have been a lot of myths circulating across the country and our own state that have politicized Common Core, but have nothing to do with Common Core,” Tidwell says.
What It Means: Grodek and Tidwell highlight the impact Common Core State Standards are having in classrooms by holding all students to expectations that prepare them for college and careers. A Scholastic study last fall found more than two-thirds of teachers who worked closely with the Common Core saw an improvement in their students’ critical thinking and reasoning skills. Most states passed an important milestone this year by giving assessments that reflect the skills and knowledge students need. Fordham Institute President Mike Petrilli explains, while the results may be “sobering,” parents should “resist the siren song of those who want to use this moment of truth to attack the Common Core or associated tests.”
America Achieves, “Common Core Doesn’t Inhibit Creativity”: Common Core State Standards provide educators “the freedom to be flexible and creative in their instruction” and “encourage students to develop their critical thinking skills in order to obtain deeper levels of understanding,” writes Mike Lerchenfeldt, a Michigan Educator Voice fellow. “The critical thinking skills students develop in our classrooms are essential… Using texts of my own choosing, I push students to comprehend and reflect on what they read,” the piece explains. Walking through examples of lessons and problem-solving exercises, which teach students to “conduct research, gather data, and draw conclusions based on evidence,” the piece concludes, “The Common Core allows teachers to be flexible enough to utilize teaching models like Project Based Learning to meet the needs of our students.”
What It Means: By setting high learning goals and giving teachers full control over how best to achieve them, Common Core State Standards provide teachers flexibility to meet student needs. That’s one reason why, like Lerchenfeldt, educators continue to overwhelmingly support the Common Core. A Scholastic study last fall found more than 80 percent of teachers who worked with the Common Core were enthusiastic about implementation. Likewise, a study conducted by the National Network of State Teachers of the Year found many of the country’s top teachers believe assessments aligned to Common Core State Standards better measure student development and more closely align with what is taught in classrooms.
Correcting the Record:
Nashua Telegraph, “Common Core Proves Wrong”: New Hampshire’s results from tests aligned to Common Core State Standards come after “children have already moved on,” and states’ decisions to use independent tests mean New Hampshire officials won’t be able to compare scores to other states, writes Ann Marie Banfield, the education liaison for Cornerstone Action, a think tank in Manchester. Calling the new tests “cognitive child abuse,” Banfield quotes Stephen Wilson, a math professor: “Conceptualization of mathematical understanding on which SBAC will base its assessments is deeply flawed. The consortium focuses on the mathematical practices of the Common Core State Standards at the expense of content, and they outline plans to assess communication skills that have nothing to do with mathematical understanding.” “No school should be judged on the poor results, and no child should be considered ‘not proficient’ and told they are not succeeding,” Banfield concludes. “This is one big setup for failure for our schools, teachers and children.”
Where They Went Wrong: States like New Hampshire adopted tests aligned to Common Core State Standards because they provide honest information about how well prepared students are, which gives educators the opportunity to provide students with the support they need. The article says that each state sets their own cut scores, which is only technically true. Every SBAC state agreed on the performance standards that all states would use after a highly inclusive standard-setting process. While it is true that each state must approve that decision, each SBAC state has already done so. Finally, National Urban League President Marc Morial wrote this year that high standards and accurate assessments “will help bridge the achievement gap by leveling the playing field so that all students, regardless of race, geography or income, have an equal shot at gaining the knowledge and skills necessary to succeed.” Similarly, John White, Louisiana’s State Superintendent, explains, “State have adopted higher standards, states have tests that measure those standards and they’re comparable, so there can be an honest baseline…That is a fantastic success for each state and for America and its children.”
National Review, “A New Bipartisan Education Bill Curbs Obama-Era Overreach”: Writing on the Congressional reauthorization of No Child Left Behind, Frederick Hess describes Common Core State Standards as a “federal adventure.” “Indeed, one can read the bill as a massive, bipartisan repudiation of the Obama administration’s Washington-centric education excesses,” Hess states. “And, when it comes to the Common Core, federal officials are henceforth barred from ‘encouraging’ or ‘incentivizing’ states to adopt certain standards… Conservatives should be the party of transparency and citizen-fueled accountability, not of unaccountable federal largesse.” Hess concludes that the rewrite bill is a “happy reversal of fortune in an area where Washington has been over-extending its reach for more than a decade. It answers practical concerns about over-testing and clumsy federal mandates and strikes a ringing blow for the principle of limited government.”
Where They Went Wrong: Hess mischaracterizes how and why states adopted Common Core State Standards. Contrary to his suggestion, states voluntarily adopted the more rigorous academic expectations to ensure all students were held to levels that prepare them college and careers. Common Core State Standards were developed long before the federal Race to the Top program, and adoption of college- and career-ready standards accounted for less than 10 percent of states’ applications for federal funding. In actuality, Common Core State Standards began as and remain a state-led effort. After two national elections, all but one state, Oklahoma, continue to use the Common Core or a nearly identical set of standards, and even many of the most conservative-leaning states have rejected efforts to replace the standards. Instead, states are refining and building on the Common Core framework, exactly as it was designed.
On Our Reading List:
Daily Caller, “Common Core Is Surprisingly Invisible in the GOP Race”: Common Core State Standards, which critics once claimed would be a litmus test for conservative candidates, have received little attention in the Republican presidential primary. “Common Core, which was predicted to be a critical issue in the 2016 race, has instead proved an afterthought,” Blake Neff reports. “The issue isn’t totally invisible…But it hasn’t played the critical role in the campaign that it was expected to as a candidate ‘litmus test.’” “Everyone in the Republican field entirely agrees they would significantly reduce the federal footprint on education,” says Mike Petrilli, president of the Fordham Institute.
North Iowa Globe Gazette, “Iowa Education Board Adopts New Assessment”: On Wednesday, members of the Iowa Board of Education voted unanimously to adopt a Smarter Balanced tests to replace the Iowa Assessments, which the state administered before. Iowa public schools will begin using the new exams in 2016-17 school year. “We need to know that Iowa students are graduating from high school prepared for success, and this is an important step in the process,” said Charles Edwards, president of the Board. “Having a state assessment that is aligned to [Iowa’s Common Core] standards is critical to understanding whether students are meeting expectations.”
Associated Press, “Nevada’s Limited Common Core Testing Scores Released”: Nevada education officials released limited data from student assessments aligned to the state’s Common Core standards on Wednesday. The scores show 79 percent of eighth-grade students performed at “novice” or “developing” levels in math. About half of students scored at or above proficient in English language arts. Officials cautioned that the data can only be used for informational purposes because it represents only about a third of Nevada students. The state experienced technical problems when administering tests this spring, which prevented a large portion of the student population from completing the tests. | <urn:uuid:bbc02272-93f4-406e-9d03-cd34b262ad94> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | http://thecommoncore.com/common-core-standards-daily-update-november-19-2015/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027315558.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20190820180442-20190820202442-00168.warc.gz | en | 0.951231 | 2,369 | 2.875 | 3 |
The book provides the fundamentals of a traditional foods diet and understanding why some natural foods that people tend to avoid such as butter are essential to a healthy diet.
“Traditional foods is the way that cultures that were cut off from modern convenience — a long time ago — maintained health and longevity without pills and processed foods and things like that. It’s going back to those cultures and figuring out how they did it so that we can reinstitute those principals into our modern kitchens and not forget the goodness that was working,” Chester said.
Chester is a 1996 graduate of Lassiter High School, a 2000 graduate of Georgia Tech and attended Natural Gourmet Institute of Health and Culinary Arts in New York City.
“We aren’t about going backwards,” she said. “We are about going forward but we are about remembering what the past was and bringing the good parts of the past with us,” she said.
Chester works as a traditional foods chef and farmer at Apricot Lane Farms in Moor Park, Calif., a 160-acre farm that she and her husband John started that was designed to employ traditional and ecological farming techniques. Chester and Schrecengost started a blog called Organic Spark, where they developed traditional foods recipes that inspired the cookbook.
Both women turned to food and diet when they experienced medical issues that were not resolved by conventional medicine.
“Real food became a vehicle — not macaroni and cheese out of a box — but real food became a vehicle that brought me wellness,” said Schrecengost, a Marietta resident.
A healthy diet is key to a healthy life.
“(Traditional foods) is the only diet or way of life that we have found that’s promoted healing. We found the root of diets. All the diets stopped working at a place. This is one that is sustainable for a lifetime,” Chester said.
The cookbook explores age-old techniques and healthy eating.
“It’s techniques like soaking and fermenting and sprouting and souring and organics and grass-fed. Those different kinds of principles are wound throughout the book,” Chester said.
“In some ways, it’s comforting. It’s not that many generations ago that we were cooking with some of these principles. In other ways, it’s a sustainable diet that can build health over generations. It’s important for us,” she added.
The quality of food is vital to a healthy diet, and they recommend connecting with a local farmer through a farmer’s market or online resource.
“You can’t just cut out processed foods. Your unprocessed foods have to come from a healthy source. That’s the recipe for health,” Schrecengost said.
“That’s what we’re hoping folks look at when they see our book. It’s not new. It’s remembering the value of our ancestors in the past that ate this real food,” Schrecengost said.
“I’d love it if we could play a small part and helping people remember these principles. I think it’s in our bones to remember it,” Chester said.
“Back to Butter, A Traditional Foods Cookbook - Nourishing Recipes Inspired by Our Ancestors,” is available wherever books are sold or at www.organicspark.com. | <urn:uuid:f64df9de-4641-45a3-a885-19b0b2259759> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | http://mdjonline.com/pages/full_story/push?article-Back+to+butter-+back+to+basics%20&id=24695589 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936464303.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074104-00253-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.964104 | 734 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Despite much attention being paid over the last decades to medieval literacy and communication, hardly any attention has been given to the ways those in the margins of medieval society communicated among themselves and with those who had established themselves at the centre of society. And yet there is information available for the study of the non-verbal, oral and written communication by beggars and vagabonds, robbers and thieves, gypsies and lepers – to name but a few of the groups living at the edge of society. At the Leeds International Medieval Congress a round table discussion was organised on Monday, 3 July 2017, to address the possibilities and impossibilities of studying marginal groups from the perspective of literacy and communication. The participants included Eliza Hartrich (University of Sheffield), Anti Selart (University of Tartu), and Henry Summerson (Oxford, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography). To give some guidance to the participants, a short text was produced by Marco Mostert and Anna Adamska (both from Utrecht University) which can be found here. This short text will be replaced by a more developed text in 2018; it will duly appear on this page.
The round table had as its main purpose to see whether there would be enough interest to organise sessions on this decidedly underdeveloped topic during the IMC in years to come. Anyone who, after having read the short text on this page (or indeed after having read the extended version that will appear here in due course), wants to join in this new line of research, can send a message to either Marco Mostert ([email protected]) or Anna Adamska ([email protected]). We envisage organising sessions at the Leeds IMC in July 2019. | <urn:uuid:ee4b8fbb-a0f8-42cf-bbe4-1fd5cd105614> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://medievalliteracy.wp.hum.uu.nl/other-literacies/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806426.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20171121204652-20171121224652-00236.warc.gz | en | 0.94994 | 357 | 2.53125 | 3 |
With so much technical jargon used across IT and cyber security sectors it can be challenging to keep up! By consolidating key words, phrases and acronyms into one central location, Redscan helps you cut through the complexity to fully understand the ins and outs of these key industries.
Cyber security is a collective term used to describe the protection of electronic and computer networks, programs and data against criminal or unauthorised access.
Data security is the collection of measures taken to safeguard confidential data and prevent its accidental or intentional compromise, disclosure, corruption or destruction.
Information security (InfoSec) is a widely used term to describe the practice of preventing unauthorised access, modification or destruction of digital or non-digital information and the strategies that seek to achieve this.
Penetration testing is a dedicated service designed to identify and safely exploit real-world weaknesses affecting systems, networks and devices.
How our award-winning MDR service helps protect businesses from hackers by becoming an extension of in-house resources
With less than 18 months to go until it becomes law, preparing your organisation for the GDPR should be high on the agenda.
With the soon to be enforced GDPR imposing a large fine for organisations that suffer a cyber-attack, view our infographic to discover how to reduce your organisation’s cyber security risk in 2017 and beyond. | <urn:uuid:516e5085-bb69-430b-a5d6-9a0be299f204> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | https://www.redscan.com/company/cyber-security-glossary/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917120349.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031200-00448-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.914535 | 274 | 2.515625 | 3 |
OPINION: El Niño came early this year. By June, sea surface temperatures in the central equatorial Pacific Ocean had reached the critical 0.8°C threshold, and a weakening of trade winds over the same region was allowing a warm mass of water to become even warmer. Intense cyclones, hurricanes and typhoons during the Austral autumn and winter had reinforced the delicate yet fierce synchronisation of ocean and atmosphere. The comparisons with the whopper El Niño of 1997–98, the strongest on record, started coming thick and fast.
Over Australia, El Niño summers are commonly associated with droughts and high temperatures, especially in the north and east. Because the trade winds stop pushing warm water to the western side of the Pacific Ocean, the equatorial waters just off the northeast of the continent are cooler than normal. The absence of warm, moist and unstable air inhibits the formation of rain systems during the Austral summer. No rain means drier soils, which in turn means higher temperatures.
But El Niño’s impact isn’t always straightforward. In 1997–98, for instance, Australia fared relatively well. The two main physical indicators were strong, but our rainfall was only slightly below normal and temperatures were pretty much bang on average. The rest of the world was not so lucky – global average temperatures soared, fires burned in Indonesia and, with waters extremely warm in the eastern equatorial Pacific, intense rainfall and floodsravaged parts of the Americas.
In the physical sense, the current El Niño has some similarities with the monster of 1997–98. They are both textbook cases of the classic El Niño pattern, which features a tongue of anomalously warm water protruding westwards from the Peruvian coast. They share an extreme strength in the atmosphere and ocean, as measured by the Southern Oscillation Index and the NINO3.4 index respectively. And both events have associated with a positive Indian Ocean Dipole phase, or IOD. Typically, a positive IOD brings dry conditions to much of southern Australia during its active period of winter and spring.
Based on all this, what can we expect from the current El Niño?
Ever since the El Niño was declared way back in June, this question has been asked, often, of virtually every climate scientist. There’s the increased chance of droughts and higher temperatures, of course, particularly in the east, and my research colleagues and I have recently shown that severe heatwaves are also much more likely during El Niño–influenced summers. The maritime continent – the region between the Indian and Pacific Oceans including the archipelagos of Indonesia, Borneo, New Guinea, the Philippines and the Malay Peninsula – is more likely to dry out, bringing an increased risk of wildfire. And increased rainfall and floods are likely on the western side of South America and the southern United States.
But it’s difficult to go beyond broad generalisations like these, particularly many months in advance. Even when the physical set-ups of El Niños are similar, they may not play by the same impact-related rules. Not only this, but the onset trajectory and severity of regional effects can be subject to the behaviour of other important climate drivers.
Take Australia’s experience so far this year, for example. The effects of the early El Niño were initially counteracted by the behaviour of the Indian Ocean. Warm water off the coast of northern Western Australia produced good rainfall, which prevented drying and moderated the higher temperatures. But classic El Niño impacts are predicted over the next few months – high temperatures, lower rainfall, early bushfires – and parts of the country are already experiencing these phenomena.
Because of a rather rapid swing of the IOD to a positive phase, the Bureau of Meteorology has already revised its recently released seasonal outlook to indicate its expectation of the classic pattern. Unlike earlier in the year, the Indian Ocean is amplifying El Niño, though this could change again once monsoon sets in and the positive IOD ceases.
Many of the impacts of the current El Niño have already been felt in places where other climate processes haven’t muted the early onset. The maritime continent is already badly suffering, with a massive drought and food shortage in Papua New Guinea and out-of-control forest fires burning in Indonesia. Last month was one of the hottest Septembers on record, and there are pretty good odds that 2015 will be the hottest year on record. Mass coral bleaching episodes are predicted for large swathes of the Tropical Pacific. High rainfall over western South America is also expected.
As it matures, we’re getting a much clearer picture of the likely footprint of the current El Niño. There is a pretty good chance that this one will be a doozy, with detrimental effects splattered around the world. But will it actually beat its 1997–98 predecessor in terms of both physical strength and impacts? That will become clearer over the next few months.
Sarah Perkins-Kirkpatrick is a research fellow at the ARC Centre of Excellence for Climate System Science, and Climate Change Research Centre, UNSW.
This opinion piece was first published in Inside Story. | <urn:uuid:655a4af5-76e3-41d6-ae64-0c40faf4c8e1> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | https://newsroom.unsw.edu.au/news/science-tech/when-el-ni%C3%B1o-met-indian-ocean-dipole | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267860168.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20180618090026-20180618110026-00496.warc.gz | en | 0.943042 | 1,053 | 3.5625 | 4 |
At 14,000 feet above sea level and with a perpetually harsh climate, the Doklam Plateau is an enormously difficult place to defend. Meanwhile, those launching an attack face exponentially greater challenges—and that’s before the Himalayan winter sets in. This helps explain why China and India last week ended a military standoff there that had been festering since June. Beyond the sheer misery of preparing to fight on such a forbidding battlefield, however, both nations had every reason to deescalate one of the most serious showdowns since their sole war in 1962. The status quo ante has been essentially restored, but the dispute raised important questions about the balance of power in Asia, China’s grand strategy, and what Washington can learn from the episode.
China and India share a border over 2,500 miles long, with almost all of it based on colonial-era agreements and surveys, and much of it still disputed. China claims pieces of territory held by India, mostly in the states of Arunachal Pradesh and Jammu and Kashmir, with smaller pieces claimed in Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh. India claims land held by China, most notably a piece of land called Aksai Chin through which Beijing built a road in the 1950s connecting Xinjiang to Tibet. Reflecting its unsettled nature, the portions of the border separating disputed territories are referred to as the Line of Actual Control. There are periodic skirmishes along the LAC, but both nations have carefully choreographed them to avoid escalation; as a result, there have been no casualties stemming from land disputes in half a century.
On June 8, a platoon-sized unit of Chinese border guards moved into territory claimed by both China and Bhutan, a client-state of India. They destroyed stone bunkers used sporadically by the Royal Bhutan Army, and shortly afterward a Chinese road construction crew arrived with excavators, bulldozers, and a larger military escort. On June 16, Indian troops arrived and blocked the road-building effort. The next two months saw periodic scuffles at Doklam, as well
Loading, please wait... | <urn:uuid:cbd08adc-b1bb-4f11-8b13-0a7ee256d284> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/asia/2017-09-07/what-were-chinas-objectives-doklam-dispute?cid=int-lea&pgtype=hpg | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027314959.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20190819201207-20190819223207-00382.warc.gz | en | 0.956399 | 435 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Alabama Medical Records Laws
One's medical records are generally considered confidential, which means only the patient or care providers involved in the patient's health may access these records without express permission. However, certain records may be shared with public officials if it is a matter of public health, such as the disclosure of a communicable disease. The privacy of medical records is protected at the federal level, while state laws often provide additional protections. When a patient authorizes the release of medical records to a third party, the health care provider is generally required to furnish a copy within a reasonable amount of time.
What Are Alabama's Laws on Medical Records?
Alabama law requires physicians, dentists, medical examiners, nursing home and hospital administrators, laboratory directors, school principals, and day care center directors to report certain diseases to the proper authorities. However, this information is considered confidential and should not identify individual persons. For instance, a day care worker would be required to report instances of tuberculosis among students to state authorities without naming the student.
But the privacy of medical records is enforced primarily by federal law. Additional details of Alabama's medical records laws are listed in the following chart. See FindLaw's Patient Rights section for related articles.
|Who Has Access to Records?||Notifiable disease records confidential (§22-11A-2)|
|What Privileges Apply to Medical Records?||-|
|Mandatory Reporting Requirements||Tuberculosis, STDs, and notifiable disease cases must be reported to state Board of Health (§22-11A-1 et seq.)|
|Patient Consent and Waiver||Waiver of medical record of persons infected with sexually transmitted disease by written consent of patient (§22-11A-22)|
|Provisions Related to HIV/AIDS||An individual must be notified of a positive test result including face-to-face counseling, information on health care services and services related to locating and testing persons who have been in contact with infected individual. Otherwise confidentiality must be maintained §22-11A-53 & §22-11A-54|
Note: State laws are always subject to change through new legislation, ballot initiative, higher court rulings, or other means. Be sure to contact an Alabama health care attorney or conduct your own legal research to verify the state law(s) you are researching.
Research the Law
- Alabama Law
- Official State Codes - Links to the official online statutes (laws) in all 50 states and DC.
Alabama Medical Records Laws: Related Resources
- Can Doctors Ever Give Medical Information to Others Without Permission?
- What Can I Do After an Improper Disclosure of Medical Records?
- Alabama Health Care Laws
- Find a Health Care Law Attorney
Next Steps: Search for a Local Attorney
Contact a qualified attorney. | <urn:uuid:9bdd2e2d-2dcc-4e7e-83d0-c147c529e970> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://statelaws.findlaw.com/alabama-law/alabama-medical-records-laws.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618039398307.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20210420122023-20210420152023-00093.warc.gz | en | 0.917947 | 575 | 2.75 | 3 |
Fitness: A Great Anti-Depressant1/20/19
Fitness has been a proven true “anti-depressant” by not only depressing the depression, but also in the long run can help kill the condition all together and get people through the issue. Working out helps the brain on a chemical level and an emotional level.
Working out does the following for depression:
- Releases feel good endorphins
These endorphins help enhance your sense of well-being.
- Taking your mind off of worrying
Exercising can break some negative routines in your life which can lead to breaking some negative thoughts
Goal setting is a part of counseling in general. Setting goals in the gym and meeting those goals helps build confidence in people.
Exercise and fitness are usually a social setting. So, working out can get you socializing and meeting new people. | <urn:uuid:b6fbe2cc-603c-41ba-ba00-cbf831799c0f> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://1upnutrition.com/blogs/expert-advice/fitness-a-great-anti-depressant | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600402124756.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20201001062039-20201001092039-00109.warc.gz | en | 0.92644 | 183 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Dr Maria Montessori was able to identify “sensitive periods” during a child’s life during which time a child is more responsive and quicker to learn particular skills. She observed that a child learns each skill best in isolation of other skills with real-life applications and with increasing difficulty and repetition. She also advocated “following the child”; that is, giving the right lesson at the right time and allowing the child to participate in his/her own progress. Maria Montessori developed a continuum of lessons (organized in a spiral fashion from level to level) and specific learning materials tailored to the basic philosophy and instruction that she advocated.
The Montessori curriculum is an integrated approach where diverse concepts are presented across the curriculum and in different ways as the children progress through the grades. Children have repeated opportunities within different contexts to practice skills being learned. This approach also emphasizes the interconnectedness of disciplines.
We live the essential Montessori philosophy that nurtures internal motivation, supports academic excellence and builds social and emotional growth in each child. At Richmond Montessori School, children “learn how to learn” through inquiry, research, and academic mastery. Carefully guided by teachers, the Montessori student studies:
- Cultural studies
- Language, history and geography
- Sensorial work
- Physical education
- Science lab | <urn:uuid:48b3ff95-f01f-4fa9-8c02-b5e095d52d18> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://www.richmont.org/our-curriculum/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540537212.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20191212051311-20191212075311-00133.warc.gz | en | 0.94728 | 277 | 3.921875 | 4 |
Part of the issue with style is the fact that it’s subjective. According to prior research, essay structure, and any other writing technique should be taught as a process, and ought to incorporate student choice in addition to a real intent. A mix of qualitative strategies for pilot work and quantitative strategies for a bigger study should therefore create valuable conclusions, depending, obviously, on the plan.
The Basics of What Is Style in Literature
- The Basics of What Is Style in Literature
- The Argument About What Is Style in Literature
- Top What Is Style in Literature Secrets
- What Everybody Dislikes About What Is Style in Literature and Why
- Ok, I Think I Understand What Is Style in Literature, Now Tell Me About What Is Style in Literature!
- What You Don’t Know About What Is Style in Literature
- The Benefits of What Is Style in Literature
- What You Must Know About What Is Style in Literature
Somebody’s development in reading should be constant in practice, and have a better comprehension of what the writer is attempting to express in her or his stories. termpaperwriter.org/custom-writing-service/ Academic severeness is thought to play a crucial part in judging the virtues of the research design that’s at hand. Clinical librarians were first utilised in the early 1970s with the intent of improving patient care on the grounds of locating specific patient-related info in the health care literature.
An easy rule-of-thumb is to imagine that you’re another researcher doing a study very similar to the one you’re reporting. Do not underestimate how much bodily libraries and librarians might be able to aid you. What purpose does this serve in research.
The Argument About What Is Style in Literature
Literature reviews can be written employing a number of distinct styles. It discusses the published information on a certain topic, and is typically focused in a particular area or subject area, and could also be limited to a specific time frame. Some literature reviews may start with a definition or standard breakdown of the topic.
There are two key kinds of literature http://www.naclo.cs.cmu.edu/sites.php reviews which might be requested to write in college. The actual women and men highly praise our essay help website. It’s possible to read the complete collection totally free of charge on Kindle or on the net.
You don’t have to locate every question correct to find the most score (800) for the test. If you realize that you are struggling to meet length requirements, see our handout on the best way to read an assignment for a number of tips. You will most likely have to read at least double that number to find enough which are fit for inclusion.
Top What Is Style in Literature Secrets
The moral is a particular lesson that the writer is attempting to teach. The phraseology under consideration doesn’t have a particular author. It’s sometimes utilised to discuss poetry and drama too, although it’s more commonly discussed when analyzing works of fiction.
As a writer, you can produce a review in many ways. The sort of book almost always determines the sort of literature used. For instance, if a writer would like to create a suspenseful story, they may use short, choppy sentences to build until the absolute most exciting moment.
What Everybody Dislikes About What Is Style in Literature and Why
Royale Tobacco is presently expanding and we’re seeking to partner with other entrepreneurial people around the nation. As the novel explores this idea, we’re led through mystical ideas and other types of thought that are derived from the job of Jung. Pip custom essay paper writing is glad he will not need to be Miss Havisham’s escort around the home.
A student might want to bring a silent watch to keep tabs on elapsed time. You’re probably not guilty of every style crime inside this handout. It’s essential not to confuse the theme and the major idea.
Ok, I Think I Understand What Is Style in Literature, Now Tell Me About What Is Style in Literature!
The test is normally offered on the exact same day as the SAT Exam, but might also be offered at other dates. Further, they have to be introduced to the best goal of citation formatspublication. On the reverse side, the students may use the occasion to display their knowledge on the discipline.
What You Don’t Know About What Is Style in Literature
There are lots of religious debate poems. There are a lot of religious debate poems. The style of writing can also vary based on the intention behind the writing.
The Benefits of What Is Style in Literature
Also, it aids in marking the loops or gaps of prior research. There’s a frequent misconception that the research designs are similar for all of the fields. There are a few theories or articles that are so critical in a specific field they will need to get cited, however long ago they were originally published.
Briefly reviewed the extensive motivation for this study and identified that two previously used methodologies in this discipline would be compared as a way to resolve questions regarding the findings of earlier studies which had only employed a single methodology. Men and women who like this form are normally able to understand the information which is being processed faster because the info was created graphically in contrast to somebody who processes the info out loud. For instance, a lot of men and women skim to learn what information can be found on a subject.
What You Must Know About What Is Style in Literature
Relevant literature and theory was cited. It is a comprehensive but concise summary of the research that has. It will help you to refine your research question.
You ought to make sure you determine the crucial texts for the subject. An ad in a magazine is a sort of literature. There are a couple of common mistakes to avoid when writing the discussion part of your dissertation.
Writing a book, the exact same as a learned paper, will often need you to refer to numerous distinct sources of research and other specifics. The way the review is incorporated generally is dependent upon the subject of study A literature review may have a variety of purposes within a thesis. When statistical research is necessary, students should at least gather the info desired, and offer written statistical findings, ahead of ordering their paper.
Each heading should also supply the text below. It is extremely important to discover the ideal structure of the review to take a look at samples. Occasionally, the outcome and discussion is going to be combined into one chapter. | <urn:uuid:948982c5-50da-4a79-8db9-1fa611105b99> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | https://private.jobschat.in/why-almost-everything-youve-learned-about-what-is-style-in-literature-is-wrong-and-what-you-should-know/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232256215.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20190521022141-20190521044141-00048.warc.gz | en | 0.940335 | 1,360 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Analytic functions compute an aggregate value based on a group of rows. They differ from aggregate functions in that they return multiple rows for each group. The group of rows is called a window and is defined by the
analytic_clause. For each row, a sliding window of rows is defined. The window determines the range of rows used to perform the calculations for the current row. Window sizes can be based on either a physical number of rows or a logical interval such as time.
Analytic functions are the last set of operations performed in a query except for the final
BY clause. All joins and all
HAVING clauses are completed before the analytic functions are processed. Therefore, analytic functions can appear only in the select list or
Analytic functions are commonly used to compute cumulative, moving, centered, and reporting aggregates.
The semantics of this syntax are discussed in the sections that follow.
Specify the name of an analytic function (see the listing of analytic functions following this discussion of semantics).
Analytic functions take 0 to 3 arguments. The arguments can be any numeric data type or any nonnumeric data type that can be implicitly converted to a numeric data type. Oracle determines the argument with the highest numeric precedence and implicitly converts the remaining arguments to that data type. The return type is also that data type, unless otherwise noted for an individual function.
See Also:"Numeric Precedence" for information on numeric precedence and Table 2-10, "Implicit Type Conversion Matrix" for more information on implicit conversion
analytic_clause to indicate that the function operates on a query result set. This clause is computed after the
HAVING clauses. You can specify analytic functions with this clause in the select list or
BY clause. To filter the results of a query based on an analytic function, nest these functions within the parent query, and then filter the results of the nested subquery.
You cannot nest analytic functions by specifying any analytic function in any part of the
analytic_clause. However, you can specify an analytic function in a subquery and compute another analytic function over it.
You can specify
analytic_clause with user-defined analytic functions as well as built-in analytic functions. See CREATE FUNCTION.
BY clause to partition the query result set into groups based on one or more
value_expr. If you omit this clause, then the function treats all rows of the query result set as a single group.
To use the
query_partition_clause in an analytic function, use the upper branch of the syntax (without parentheses). To use this clause in a model query (in the
model_column_clauses) or a partitioned outer join (in the
outer_join_clause), use the lower branch of the syntax (with parentheses).
You can specify multiple analytic functions in the same query, each with the same or different
If the objects being queried have the parallel attribute, and if you specify an analytic function with the
query_partition_clause, then the function computations are parallelized as well.
Valid values of
value_expr are constants, columns, nonanalytic functions, function expressions, or expressions involving any of these.
order_by_clause to specify how data is ordered within a partition. For all analytic functions you can order the values in a partition on multiple keys, each defined by a
value_expr and each qualified by an ordering sequence.
Within each function, you can specify multiple ordering expressions. Doing so is especially useful when using functions that rank values, because the second expression can resolve ties between identical values for the first expression.
order_by_clause results in identical values for multiple rows, the function behaves as follows:
RANK return the same result for each of the rows.
ROW_NUMBER assigns each row a distinct value even if there is a tie based on the
order_by_clause. The value is based on the order in which the row is processed, which may be nondeterministic if the
BY does not guarantee a total ordering.
For all other analytic functions, the result depends on the window specification. If you specify a logical window with the
RANGE keyword, then the function returns the same result for each of the rows. If you specify a physical window with the
ROWS keyword, then the result is nondeterministic.
When used in an analytic function, the
order_by_clause must take an expression (
SIBLINGS keyword is not valid (it is relevant only in hierarchical queries). Position (
position) and column aliases (
c_alias) are also invalid. Otherwise this
order_by_clause is the same as that used to order the overall query or subquery.
An analytic function that uses the
RANGE keyword can use multiple sort keys in its
BY clause if it specifies any of the following windows:
ROW. The short form of this is
Window boundaries other than these four can have only one sort key in the
BY clause of the analytic function. This restriction does not apply to window boundaries specified by the
LAST is the default for ascending order, and
FIRST is the default for descending order.
Analytic functions always operate on rows in the order specified in the
order_by_clause of the function. However, the
order_by_clause of the function does not guarantee the order of the result. Use the
order_by_clause of the query to guarantee the final result ordering.
Some analytic functions allow the
windowing_clause. In the listing of analytic functions at the end of this section, the functions that allow the
windowing_clause are followed by an asterisk (*).
ROWS | RANGE These keywords define for each row a window (a physical or logical set of rows) used for calculating the function result. The function is then applied to all the rows in the window. The window moves through the query result set or partition from top to bottom.
ROWS specifies the window in physical units (rows).
RANGE specifies the window as a logical offset.
You cannot specify this clause unless you have specified the
order_by_clause. Some window boundaries defined by the
RANGE clause let you specify only one expression in the
order_by_clause. Refer to "Restrictions on the ORDER BY Clause".
The value returned by an analytic function with a logical offset is always deterministic. However, the value returned by an analytic function with a physical offset may produce nondeterministic results unless the ordering expression results in a unique ordering. You may have to specify multiple columns in the
order_by_clause to achieve this unique ordering.
BETWEEN ... AND Use the
AND clause to specify a start point and end point for the window. The first expression (before
AND) defines the start point and the second expression (after
AND) defines the end point.
If you omit
BETWEEN and specify only one end point, then Oracle considers it the start point, and the end point defaults to the current row.
UNBOUNDED PRECEDING Specify
PRECEDING to indicate that the window starts at the first row of the partition. This is the start point specification and cannot be used as an end point specification.
UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING Specify
FOLLOWING to indicate that the window ends at the last row of the partition. This is the end point specification and cannot be used as a start point specification.
CURRENT ROW As a start point,
ROW specifies that the window begins at the current row or value (depending on whether you have specified
RANGE, respectively). In this case the end point cannot be
As an end point,
ROW specifies that the window ends at the current row or value (depending on whether you have specified
RANGE, respectively). In this case the start point cannot be
FOLLOWING is the start point, then the end point must be
PRECEDING is the end point, then the start point must be
If you are defining a logical window defined by an interval of time in numeric format, then you may need to use conversion functions.
See Also:NUMTOYMINTERVAL and NUMTODSINTERVAL for information on converting numeric times into intervals
If you specified
value_expr is a physical offset. It must be a constant or expression and must evaluate to a positive numeric value.
value_expr is part of the start point, then it must evaluate to a row before the end point.
If you specified
value_expr is a logical offset. It must be a constant or expression that evaluates to a positive numeric value or an interval literal. Refer to "Literals" for information on interval literals.
You can specify only one expression in the
value_expr evaluates to a numeric value, then the
expr must be a numeric or
DATE data type.
value_expr evaluates to an interval value, then the
expr must be a
DATE data type.
If you omit the
windowing_clause entirely, then the default is
Analytic functions are commonly used in data warehousing environments. In the list of analytic functions that follows, functions followed by an asterisk (*) allow the full syntax, including the
See Also:Oracle Database Data Warehousing Guide for more information on these functions and for scenarios illustrating their use | <urn:uuid:75fb8bde-c052-4581-8487-653362c315ff> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://docs.oracle.com/database/121/SQLRF/functions004.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107896778.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20201028044037-20201028074037-00593.warc.gz | en | 0.762469 | 1,982 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Try not to think of certain foods as “off-limits.” When you ban certain foods, it’s natural to want those foods more, and then feel like a failure if you give in to temptation. Start by reducing portion sizes of unhealthy foods and not eating them as often. As you reduce your intake of unhealthy foods, you may find yourself craving them less or thinking of them as only occasional indulgences.
A study in the journal Metabolism found that eating half a grapefruit before meals may help reduce visceral fat and lower cholesterol levels. Participants in the 6-week study who ate a Rio Red grapefruit fifteen minutes before each meal saw their waists shrink by up to an inch, and LDL levels drop by 18 points. Though researchers don’t exactly know what makes grapefruit so good at burning fat, they attribute the effects to a combination of phytochemicals and vitamin C found in the tart treat.
Kamut is an ancient grain native to the Middle East that is an excellent source of heart-healthy omega-3 fatty acids, protein, and fiber, while simultaneously being low in calories. In fact, a half-cup serving of the stuff has 30 percent more protein than regular wheat and just 140 calories. What’s more? A study published in the European Journal of Clinical Nutrition found that eating Kamut reduces cholesterol, blood sugar, and cytokines (which cause inflammation throughout the body). Kamut’s ability to stabilize blood sugar and reduce inflammation make it a great weight loss staple, especially if it is used in place of nutritionally lacking refined grains.
Not all the nutrients and other substances that contribute to good health have been identified, so eating a wide assortment of healthy whole foods like fruits and vegetables helps ensure that you get all of the health-promoting benefits that foods can offer. If your diet, day after day, consists of the same half dozen foods, it could fall short. In addition, varying your food choices will limit your exposure to any pesticides or toxic substances that might be present in particular foods.
These foods—notably vegetables, fruits, legumes, and whole grains—should supply about 20 to 35 grams of dietary fiber a day, depending on your calorie needs. (Aim for 14 grams of fiber for every 1,000 calories, as advised by the Dietary Guidelines for Americans.) Fiber slows the absorption of carbohydrates, so they have less effect on insulin and blood sugar, and it provides other health benefits. Try to fill three-quarters of your plate with produce, legumes, and whole grains—leaving only one-quarter for meat, poultry, or other protein sources.
While we’re on the subject of water, why not throw a few lemon slices into the hydrating and satiating beverage? In addition to adding a pop of color and flavor to a tall glass of H2O, lemon can also help encourage weight loss. Just one of the bright citrus fruits contains an entire day’s worth of vitamin C, a nutrient that has the power to reduce levels of a stress hormone called cortisol that triggers hunger and fat storage. Additionally, lemons also contain polyphenols, which researchers say may ward off fat accumulation and weight gain.
On top of its 4 grams of belly-filling fiber, a cup of hearty oatmeal delivers as much protein as an egg. In other words, the popular breakfast food is an excellent weight loss tool. In fact, according to a study in the Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism, scientists found that having oatmeal for breakfast resulted in greater fullness, lower hunger ratings, and fewer calories eaten at the next meal compared with a serving of ready-to-eat sugared corn flakes, even though the calorie counts of the two breakfasts were identical. For ways to get more fiber, sprinkle some berries and chia seeds on top of your oatmeal, but be sure to stay away from fattening syrup and sugar.
Salmon boasts significant anti-inflammatory properties thanks to its rich omega-3 fatty acid content, meaning it’s an excellent source of protein for those looking to jumpstart their weight loss. In fact, one International Journal of Obesity study that examined the effects of weight loss and seafood consumption showed that when men ate three 5-ounce servings of salmon per week for a month as part of a low-calorie diet, it resulted in approximately 2.2 pounds more weight loss than following an equicaloric diet that didn’t include fish. According to a study published in The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, fishy fatty acids may also signal thyroid cells in the liver to burn more fat.
Blueberries are lousy with antioxidants, satiating fiber, potassium, and more, and according to researchers at the University of Michigan, the colorful fruits may also encourage weight loss. In a study of laboratory rats, scientists found that after 90 days the rats who consumed blueberry-enriched powder as 2 percent of their diet had less abdominal fat, lower triglycerides, lower cholesterol, and improved fasting glucose and insulin sensitivity, than the rats who didn’t consume any blueberry-enriched powder.
An apple a day might not always keep the doctor away, but they can help keep unwanted pounds at bay. According to a study published in the journal Nutrition, researchers found adding three apples into your daily meal plan can result in weight loss thanks to all that added fiber. Consumer Reports found that most people don't get enough of the daily nutrient, so consider this an easy way to up your tally.
Since avocados are packed with nutrients and healthy fats that can stimulate weight loss, it’s no surprise that avocado oil acts in a similar fashion. When Penn State University researchers compared those who consumed monounsaturated-rich oils (like high-oleic canola oil or avocado oil) with those who consumed a flax-safflower oil blend, they found that those who used just three tablespoons of the monounsaturated-rich oil daily lost nearly two percent of their belly fat in just one month.
For people who are healthy, a healthy diet is not complicated and contains mostly fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, and includes little to no processed food and sweetened beverages. The requirements for a healthy diet can be met from a variety of plant-based and animal-based foods, although a non-animal source of vitamin B12 is needed for those following a vegan diet. Various nutrition guides are published by medical and governmental institutions to educate individuals on what they should be eating to be healthy. Nutrition facts labels are also mandatory in some countries to allow consumers to choose between foods based on the components relevant to health.
Cabbage is rich in antioxidants and vitamin C but extremely low in calories (just 22 per cup), so you can fill your plate with the leafy green guilt-free. And while you're probably familiar with the infamous Cabbage Soup Diet, there are plenty of alternate ways to eat this veggie that won't leave you feeling hungry. It's delicious in a variety of slaws or salads, and makes a crunchy garnish atop tacos or burgers.
A new twist on an old favorite ― if your favorite recipe calls for frying fish or breaded chicken, try healthier variations using baking or grilling. Maybe even try a recipe that uses dry beans in place of higher-fat meats. Ask around or search the internet and magazines for recipes with fewer calories ― you might be surprised to find you have a new favorite dish!
No way could we have a “best foods for weight loss” list without this slice of heaven. Dark chocolate contains antioxidants known as flavonoids, which promote good heart health. As a bonus, an ounce of 70-85 percent cacao dark chocolate has 3 grams of fiber and 64 grams of magnesium, which supports nerve and muscle function, immune health, and bone strength. For maximum benefits, reach for a bar with at least 70 percent cacao. “The higher the percentage, the more antioxidant content,” according to Cleveland Clinic Wellness.
^ Sacks, Frank M.; Lichtenstein, Alice H.; Wu, Jason H.Y.; Appel, Lawrence J.; Creager, Mark A.; Kris-Etherton, Penny M.; Miller, Michael; Rimm, Eric B.; Rudel, Lawrence L.; Robinson, Jennifer G.; Stone, Neil J.; Van Horn, Linda V. (15 June 2017). "Dietary Fats and Cardiovascular Disease: A Presidential Advisory From the American Heart Association" (PDF). Circulation. 136 (3): e1–e23. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000510. PMID 28620111. | <urn:uuid:3da71372-dc5c-4633-9aae-5cc9cfe8aac2> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://lowcarb-weightloss.com/importance-healthy-diet-fibre-rich-foods-for-weight-loss.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027316785.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20190822064205-20190822090205-00285.warc.gz | en | 0.934736 | 1,793 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Advertising and its impact on children essay
The following reports and papers have so far been the effects of television on children i11 patterns of children's use of the media and effects on. Rachel sinclair english 1001 professor oberlin 01 november 2013 food advertising: targeting young children leads to obesity have you ever thought about the impact. Has generated an ongoing steam of research on the effects of children’s advertising children due to its deep impact as children plays an important role. Advertising is everywhere and it is estimated that an average child sees and its effect on children essay essay effects advertisement children essay writing. The impact of television on children - with a free essay review - free essay reviews. The evolution of advertising and its impact in the modern day essay - advertising has been the effects of advertising on children essay - the documentary. In this article, i have presented some of the most visible effects of advertising on children positive effects of advertisements on kids 1. Ever feel like you're living in a giant porn theme park billboards dominate public space with hyper-sexualised messages buses are painted with semi-naked.
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Advertising and its impact on children essay
Essays - largest database of quality sample essays and research papers on effects of advertising on children.
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Negative impact of advertising: bad effect on children: positive and negative effects of advertising positive and negative effects of advertising essay. Your argument and opinion essays is advertising a positive or negative advertising and its influences on advertising which is aimed at children who. Short essay on advertisements and children advertising especially of television has profound impact on children the impact of advertising does not essays. Keywords: advertising impact children, advertising child effect this report supports the idea that there are different forms of unethical issues in businesses, with. | <urn:uuid:42775a27-3e85-4052-9d77-998849526791> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | http://xsassignmentgept.1hourloans.us/advertising-and-its-impact-on-children-essay.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221219109.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20180821210655-20180821230655-00667.warc.gz | en | 0.959575 | 860 | 2.71875 | 3 |
The scarcity problem: resources, and by extension the goods and services made with them, are more scarce at any point in time than the amount humans want. Therefore, stuff must be rationed. When the price system, for whatever reason, fails to work as a rationing system, something else must take its place.
With long gas lines persisting more than a week after Superstorm Sandy, New York imposed a gasoline rationing plan Thursday that lets motorists fill up every other day.
Police will be at gas stations Friday morning to enforce the new system in New York City and on Long Island. Gas will be available to drivers with license-plate numbers ending in an odd number or a letter on Friday. On Saturday, drivers with license plates that end in even numbers or zero can fuel up.
Andy Morriss and Don Boudreaux explain the consequences of the fragmented market for gasoline in the United States (gated):
For most of the 20th century, the United States was a single market for gasoline. Today we have a series of fragmentary, regional markets thanks to dozens of regulatory requirements imposed by the federal Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and state regulators. That's a problem because each separate market is much more vulnerable than a national market to refinery outages, pipeline problems and other disruptions. ...
The role of regulators in fuel formulation has become increasingly complex. The American Petroleum Institute today counts 17 different kinds of gasoline mandated across the country. This mandated fragmentation means that if a pipeline break cuts supplies in Phoenix, fuel from Tucson cannot be used to relieve the supply disruption because the two adjacent cities must use different blends under EPA rules.
To shift fuel supplies between these neighboring cities requires the EPA to waive all the obstructing regulatory requirements. Gaining permission takes precious time and money. Not surprisingly, one result is increased price volatility.
Another result: Since competition is a key source of falling gas prices, restricting competition by fragmenting markets reduces the market's ability to lower prices.
While most of the fuel standards were adopted in the name of the environmental protection, many are actually the result of special interest pleading. Producers of various products, ethanol in particular, sought fuel content mandates or performance requirements that would benefit their particular product. (I detailed part of this history in “Clean Fuels, Dirty Air,” in Environmental Politics: Public Costs, Private Rewards (Greve & Smith eds. 1992).) Worse, some of the content requirements are irrelevant for new cars due to modern pollution control equipment. Federally imposed boutique fuel requirements have outlived whatever usefulness they ever had.
The market for gasoline is often characterized as a Bertrand oligopoly because of the standardized nature of the product. In Bertrand markets, because there is no product differentiation, firms compete in price, driving price down to marginal cost. That's a good approximization when we're talking about local/state gasoline markets, but not when we have a market that's fragmented because of regulatory differences between states that results in product differentiation. Because of the fragmentation, gasoline providers between states are not selling identical products and that reduces the price competition in the market. We would expect to see the biggest difference in prices between gasoline stations near state borders, especially with wildly different regulations that result in a lot of product differentiation.
My family and I travel to northern Iowa a lot, and it is always the case that gasoline prices in stations in Iowa are a dime to fifteen cents cheaper than across the border in Minnesota (I'm going from memory here). Part of that is no doubt due to tax differences, but it could also be due to differences in regulation.
From the New York Times comes a story describing the end of the ethanol tax credit in the US.
The tax break, created more than 30 years ago, had long seemed untouchable. But in the last year, during which Congress was preoccupied with deficits and debt, it became a symbol of corporate welfare. Fiscal conservatives joined liberal environmentalists to kill it, with help from a diverse coalition of outside groups.
In the United States, most ethanol is produced from corn. The demise of the subsidy is all the more remarkable because it comes at the peak of the political season in Iowa, where corn is king.
Is it really all that remarkable?
The higher prices have “created additional income for corn producers” but also appear to have increased costs to meat and poultry producers, big food companies, grocery shoppers and federal food programs, the Government Accountability Office said.
While the poultry industry is dominated by large-scale producers, cattle and pigs are grown by your typical farmer. These farmers also grow acres and acres of corn, so the corn producers and meat producers are largely the same group. The ethanol supports, therefore, have simultaneously increased farmer income and costs. My guess is that the average farmer's costs have increased more than his revenues from these supports.
While this is a step in the right direction, there are still two more types of government support propping up the ethanol industry: the tariff on imported ethanol and ethanol mandates. As I've written before, a product that needs this much government support probably isn't all it's cracked up to be in the first place. Let domestic ethanol, foreign ethanol, and plain old petrol compete on the same plane, and let consumers make their decisions about which type to use.
The ethanol industry says that rising gasoline prices have helped make its product competitive with regular gasoline. Score one for standard economic theory, which said long ago that ethanol could become more attractive, without government-imposed distortions, if the price of petroleum rose high enough.
Researchers investigating how large dams can affect local climates say dams have the clear potential to drastically alter local rainfall in some regions.
A study by researchers at Tennessee Tech University, Purdue University, the University of Colorado and the University of Georgia, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory and Hellenic Center for Marine Research concluded that artificial reservoirs can modify precipitation patterns. The study—published in Geophysical Research Letters— marks the first time researchers have documented large dams having a clear, strong influence on the climate around artificial reservoirs, an influence markedly different from the climate around natural lakes and wetlands.
..."We know a lot about how climate change affects reservoirs, but what we didn't know a lot about was what a reservoir could do to the local climate," he said. "We just reversed our thinking by saying that a reservoir and the activities it supports are just as important a player for climate as the larger climate is for the reservoir. Basically, it's a two-way street."
Many years later I was wearing a different hat. I was on the ‘buy-side’. Investing in (very) distressed assets. Venezuela was in the crapper at the time and EDELCA bonds (owner of Guri) were trading at 30 cents on the dollar with 5 years of interest coupons attached for free. So I took a look. I noticed that the MW production was substantially below what had been projected. I asked a guy I knew at the World Bank about it:
BK:Where’s the juice at Guri?
WB: Bad question to ask. The rainfall that historically fed the region has changed its pattern and annual flow. There are some who think that the enormous lake that was created changed the way the rain fell. Less water, less electicity.
BK:Incredible! Has this been proven? It would create a big stink if this were to come out.
WB: There will be no study. The dam has been built. No one wants to hear any bad news about this project. There are too many others like it being built around the world. The World Bank is promoting hydro power. We don’t want to tarnish what we build.
From Bjorn Lomborg, who understands the concept of opportunity costs:
Biofuels were initially championed by environmental campaigners as a silver bullet against global warming. They started to change their minds as a stream of research showed that biofuels from most food crops did not significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions – and in many cases, caused forests to be destroyed to grow more food, creating more net carbon-dioxide emissions than fossil fuels.
Some green activists supported mandates for biofuel, hoping they would pave the way for next-generation ethanol, which would use non-food plants. That has not happened.
Today, it is difficult to find a single environmentalist who still backs the policy. Even former U.S. Vice President and Nobel laureate Al Gore—who once boasted of casting the deciding vote for ethanol support—calls the policy "a mistake." He now admits that he supported it because he "had a certain fondness for the [corn] farmers in the state of Iowa"—who, not coincidentally, were crucial to his 2000 presidential bid.
It is refreshing that Gore has now changed his view in line with the evidence. But there is a wider lesson. A chorus of voices from the left and right argue against continued government support for biofuel. The problem, as Gore has put it, is that "it's hard once such a program is put in place to deal with the lobbies that keep it going."
John Whitehead wonders if the demand curve for gasoline is kinky at $4 a gallon.
Is the demand for gas kinked at $4?
Gasoline prices soared again Thursday in Charlotte and across the country, and motorists were grumbling again at the pumps.
But it appears as if $4 a gallon might be the point where the price of fuel makes a major difference in our lives.
Possibly, because the $4 barrier - in nominal terms since people don't think in real terms - is one that hasn't been reached on average in the US since mid 2008. But let people get used to it for awhile and the kink, if it's there, will smooth out.
Then there's also the elasticity of demand, which for every good, including gas, is lower in absolute value terms in the short run than in the long run.
"People still need to drive to work, they still need to take their kids to school, they still need to do all the things they did before so people are still going to use the same amount of gas," he explained. "It's just going to cost them more and that means they have less money to spend on other goods and services."
But high gas prices - actual and expected - leads to people (pursuing their own self-interest, of course) to help others save gas. To wit.
Ordinarily, you want a GPS navigation system to show you the quickest way to get where you're going. But with gas prices over $4 a gallon in some cities you might rather know the way that uses the least gasoline.
Some new navigation systems can now do that.
What other technologies will be widely-employed to help drivers save gas?
It looks like Congress is keeping the three-headed monster, which I dub Cornzilla, alive cuz we know that ethanol is simply a wiz-bang product that's going to be hugely profitable. This is why it needs government to 1. subsidize it, 2. protect it from foreign competition, and 3. force people to buy it.
Private investors? We don't need no stinkin' private investors! Who needs private investors when we've got politicians willing to keep Cornzilla alive? | <urn:uuid:2a227705-91f8-4e37-ac91-dd0b25eecdd1> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://marketpower.typepad.com/market_power/economics_energy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1405997894275.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20140722025814-00178-ip-10-33-131-23.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.968718 | 2,338 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Northern California Coastal & Inland Valleys
Rake fallen leaves and add them to the compost pile. If you don't have a compost pile, this is the perfect time of year to start one. There is nothing better for your garden than composted material. It can be used as a mulch or as a soil conditioner. Virtually all plants benefit from a treatment of compost. Besides, leaves left on the ground harbor slugs and snails, not to mention insect pests. Raking your garden beds clean make your garden look nicer too!
Wildflowers encourage beneficial insects and birds into your garden. November is the perfect time to plant them from seed because this is the time that they would naturally fall from the parent plant. Rake and clean a patch of soil in full sun and scatter the seeds over the surface. Wildflowers do best if they don't have to compete with weeds. If you wish, you can cover with 1/4 inch of compost to protect the seeds from hungry birds. Water after planting.
Care for Indoor Plants
As the outside temperatures drop, the heater goes on inside the house. Dry, warm air is the ideal condition for spider mites, mealybugs and scale insects to thrive. Check indoor plants frequently for insect infestation and treat with a soap/oil spray if present. Mist plants frequently to keep humidity high or use a humidity tray made by placing gravel in the saucer under each plant. Water collects in the gravel and evaporates back up through the foliage providing much needed humidity, while preventing the roots from sitting in water.
Dig and Divide Ornamental Grasses
Ornamental grasses get pretty ratty looking this time of year. I like to pull them from the soil, divide the root into several pieces and then give the divisions a \"flat top\" before putting them back in place in the garden or in containers. Cover the prepared plants with a thick layer of compost to protect from frosts. Water after you have completed these tasks to settle the soil around the roots. Don\'t expect them to do much before spring rolls around.
Cut Back Dusty Miller
Senecio Cineraria is a beautiful gray foliage plant that is a perfect contrast plant in the garden. The fuzzy foliage seems to pick up light and draw attention to any area it is planted. However, this time of year, the plants have finished their summer bloom and looking pretty bad. Cut back to within 3 inches of the ground if you wish, or simply remove the faded flower stalks to keep dusty miller compact and lush. | <urn:uuid:c5f2e228-e637-47cd-84ca-aee5a0311598> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | http://www.garden.org/regional/report/arch/reminders/182 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936535306.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074215-00181-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.942684 | 525 | 2.71875 | 3 |
1.of or relating to Nicaragua or is people"Nicaraguan earthquakes"
1.a native or inhabitant of Nicaragua
voir la définition de Wikipedia
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|Regions with significant populations|
|Nicaragua 5.8 million|
|Related ethnic groups|
Nicaraguans (Spanish: Nicaragüense; also Nicaragüense, Nica, Nicoya and Pinolero) are people inhabiting in, originating or having significant heritage from Nicaragua. Most Nicaraguans live in Nicaragua, although there is also a significant Nicaraguan diaspora, particularly in Costa Rica and the United States with smaller communities in other countries around the world. There are also people living in Nicaragua who are not Nicaraguans because they were not born or raised in Nicaragua nor have they gained citizenship.
The most populous city in Nicaragua is the capital city, Managua, with a population of 1.8 million (2005). As of 2009, over 6.9 million inhabitants live in the Pacific, Central and North regions, 5.1 in the Pacific region alone, while inhabitants in the Caribbean region only reached an estimated 300,000.
According to the UN, Nicaragua has a population of 7,243,000 (July 1, 2009) with a population growth rate of 1.31% (during the period 2005-210) and a birth rate of 24.9/1,000 population (2005–2010), third highest in the region. The life expectancy for Nicaraguans at birth is (2005–2010) 74.45 years; 70.9 for males and 78.0 for females.
|Source: CIA World Factbook (2007)|
The majority of the Nicaraguan population is Mestizo and White. Exactly 68% are Mestizos (mixed Amerindian and White) and 17% are White with the majority being of Spanish, German, Italian, or French ancestry. Mestizos and Whites mainly reside in the western region of the country and combined make up 85% of the Nicaraguan population, approximately 6.2 million people.
About 5% are Amerindians, the unmixed descendants of the country's indigenous inhabitants. Nicaragua's pre-Columbian population consisted of many indigenous groups. In the western region the Nicarao people, whom the country is named after, were present along with other groups related by culture and language to the Mayans. The Caribbean coast of Nicaragua was inhabited by indigenous peoples who were mostly chibcha related groups that had migrated from South America, primarily present day Colombia and Venezuela. These groups include the Miskitos, Ramas and Sumos. In the 19th century, there was a substantial indigenous minority, but this group was also largely assimilated culturally into the mestizo majority. In the mid-1980s, the government divided the department of Zelaya into two autonomous regions and granted the black and indigenous people of this region limited self-rule.
The remainder 10% of Nicaragua's population is black, and mainly reside on the country's sparsely populated Caribbean or Atlantic coast. The black population is mostly of West Indian (Antillean) origin, the descendants of indentured laborers brought mostly from Jamaica when the region was a British protectorate. There is also a smaller number of Garifuna, a people of mixed Carib, Angolan, Congolese and Arawak descent.
Relative to its overall population, Nicaragua has never experienced any large scale wave of immigrants. The total number of immigrants to Nicaragua, both originating from other Latin American countries and all other countries, never surpassed 1% of its total population prior to 1995. The 2005 census showed the foreign-born population at 1.2%, having risen a mere .06% in 10 years. This is not to say that immigrants were not important to the evolution of Nicaraguan society and the Nicaraguan nation.
In the 19th century Nicaragua experienced a wave of immigration, primarily from Europe. In particular, families from Spain, Germany, Italy, France and Belgium generally moved to Nicaragua to start a new life. They received free land, monetary incentives, and other perks in exchange for populating unsettled territories and working in the new growing coffee industry. In time immigrants were able to set up newspapers, hotels and banks.
There is also a small Middle Eastern-Nicaraguan community of Syrian, Armenian, Palestinian Nicaraguan, Jewish Nicaraguan, and Lebanese people in Nicaragua with a total population of about 30,000. There is also an East Asian community of Japanese, Taiwanese and Chinese. The Chinese Nicaraguan population is estimated at around 12,000. The Chinese arrived in the late 19th century but were unsubstantiated until the second census (in 1920) revealed 400 people of the Chinese nationality.
Nicaragua, as well as other Latin American countries, have a long history of migration to the United States. However, Nicaragua is the only countries in its region to have Costa Rica as the primary destination. Estimates on the basis of the Nicaraguan Health Survey indicated that at least 11% of Nicaraguan households have at least 1 person residing abroad.
Nicaraguan migration to Costa Rica has occurred since the mid-19th century. Unlike other Latin American countries, Nicaraguan migrants primary destination is not the United States, it is Costa Rica. An estimated 10% (400,000 - 600,000) of the Costa Rican population is made up of Nicaraguans, some of them migrate for seasonal work opportunities and then return to their country. Costa Rica and Nicaragua signed an agreement regulating seasonal migration in 1998; it allows Nicaraguans with work permits to enter Costa Rica at the western border at Peñas Blancas on the Pan-American Highway. In the northern part of Costa Rica there are 200,000 Nicaraguans and the Catholic Church in this area has an active program to protect the rights of migrant workers.
Abroad, the United States is home to the second largest number of Nicaraguans outside Nicaragua, particularly in the Miami area. The estimated number of Nicaraguan Americans in the U.S. was 281,167 in 2006, up from 177,684 in 2000.
The earliest documents of immigration from Nicaragua to the United States was combined in total with those of other Central American countries. However, according to the U.S. Census Bureau some 7,500 Nicaraguans legally immigrated from 1967 to 1976. An estimated 28,620 Nicaraguans were living in the U.S. in 1970, 90% of which self-reported as white on the 1970 census. Most Nicaraguan immigrants during the late 1960s were women: there were only 60 male Nicaraguan immigrants for every 100 female immigrants during this period. In 1998 more than two million Nicaraguans were left homeless due to hurricane Mitch, as a result many Nicaraguans received permanent residence or temporary protected status (TPS) in the late 1990s.
According to the 1990 U.S. Census 168,659 of the total 202,658 documented Nicaraguans in the U.S. were born in Nicaragua. In 1992 approximately 10–12% of the Nicaraguan population had emigrated. These emigrants tended to be disproportionately of working age, better educated, and more often white-collar workers than nonmigrants. In addition, emigrants were more likely to come from larger premigration households and higher income households.
The largest concentration of Nicaraguan Americans in the U.S., about 79,559, is in Miami, Florida, most notably around the areas of Sweetwater and "Little Managua". Sweetwater has the highest concentration of Nicaraguan American in the U.S., in 2000 16.63% of Sweetwater residents identified as being of Nicaraguan heritage. This was the highest percentage of Nicaraguan Americans of any place in the country. As a result, Sweetwater is locally known as "Little Managua" after Managua, the Nicaraguan capital. However, the area of "Little Havana" in Miami is also colloquially called "Little Managua even though Sweetwater has a higher number of Nicaraguan Americans.
California hosts the second largest concentration, most notably in the metropolitan areas of Los Angeles and San Francisco. The number of Nicaraguan Americans living in California was 51,336 in 2000.
It is known that Nicaragua was inhabited by Paleo-Indians as far back as 6000 years. The ancient footprints of Acahualinca confirms it along with other archaeological evidences, mainly ceramics and statues made of volcanic stone like the ones found on the island of Zapatera and petroglyphs found in Ometepe island. At the end of the 15th century, western Nicaragua was inhabited by several indigenous peoples related by culture and language to the Mayans. However, within three decades an estimated Indian population of one million plummeted to a few tens of thousands, as approximately half of the indigenous people in western Nicaragua died of diseases brought by the Spaniards. The Caribbean coast of Nicaragua was inhabited by indigenous peoples who were mostly chibcha related groups that had migrated from South America, primarily present day Colombia and Venezuela. These groups include the Miskitos, Ramas and Sumos which lived a less sedentary life based on hunting and gathering.
During the 1979 uprising, many wealthy families left Nicaragua. The Sandinista revolution during the 1980s brought a wave of Nicaraguan refugees into the U.S., and the largest wave of documented immigrants. Many Nicaraguans also fled to nearby Costa Rica and other countries. Over 62 percent of the total documented immigration from 1979 to 1988 occurred after 1984.
Many Nicaraguans who immigrated did so to escape poverty, in Santa Clara County, California, the Nicaraguan public benefits recipients reported that in their families, 43% have one self-employed person or business owner, and 14% of the families have two such persons. However, nearly all of the estimated 200,000 Nicaraguans who fled to the U.S. (and other nearby Central American countries) between 1978 and 1979 returned after the victory of the Sandinistas in 1979.
Nicaraguan culture has strong folklore, music and religious traditions, deeply influenced by European culture but enriched with Amerindian sounds and flavors. Nicaraguan culture can further be defined in several distinct strands. The Pacific coast has strong folklore, music and religious traditions, deeply influenced by Iberian. It was colonized by Spain and has a similar culture to other Spanish-speaking Latin American countries. The Caribbean coast of the country, on the other hand, was once a British protectorate. English is still predominant in this region and spoken domestically along with Spanish and indigenous languages. Its culture is similar to that of Caribbean nations that were or are British possessions, such as Jamaica, Belize, The Cayman Islands, etc. The indigenous groups that were present in the Pacific coast have largely been assimilated into the mestizo culture, however, the indigenous people of the Caribbean coast have maintained a distinct identity.
Nicaraguan music is a mixture of indigenous and European, especially Spanish, influences. Musical instruments include the marimba and others common across Central America. The marimba of Nicaragua is uniquely played by a sitting performer holding the instrument on his knees. He is usually accompanied by a bass fiddle, guitar and guitarrilla (a small guitar like a mandolin). This music is played at social functions as a sort of background music. The marimba is made with hardwood plates, placed over bamboo or metal tubes of varying lengths. It is played with two or four hammers. The Caribbean coast of Nicaragua is known for a lively, sensual form of dance music called Palo de Mayo which is very much alive all throughout the country. It is especially loud and celebrated during the Palo de Mayo festival in May. The Garifuna community exists in Nicaragua and is known for its popular music called Punta.
Literature of Nicaragua can be traced to pre-Columbian times with the myths and oral literature that formed the cosmogonic view of the world that indigenous people had. Some of these stories are still know in Nicaragua. Like many Latin American countries, the Spanish conquerors have had the most effect on both the culture and the literature. Nicaraguan literature has historically been an important source of poetry in the Spanish-speaking world, with internationally renowned contributors such as Rubén Darío who is regarded as the most important literary figure in Nicaragua, referred to as the "Father of Modernism" for leading the modernismo literary movement at the end of the 19th century. Other literary figures include Ernesto Cardenal, Gioconda Belli, Claribel Alegría and José Coronel Urtecho, among others.
El Güegüense is a satirical drama and was the first literary work of pre-Columbian Nicaragua. It is regarded as one of Latin America's most distinctive colonial-era expressions and as Nicaragua's signature folkloric masterpiece combining music, dance and theater. The theatrical play was written by an anonymous author in the 16th century, making it one of the oldest indigenous theatrical/dance works of the Western Hemisphere. The story was published in a book in 1942 after many centuries.
Spanish is spoken by about 90% of the country's population. In Nicaragua the Voseo form is common, just as in other countries in Central and South America like Honduras, Argentina, Uruguay or coastal Colombia. Spanish has many different dialects spoken throughout Latin America, Central American Spanish is the dialect spoken in Nicaragua. In the Caribbean coast many afro-Nicaraguans and creoles speak English and creole English as their first language. Also in the Caribbean coast, many Indigenous people speak their native languages, such as the Miskito, Sumo, Rama and Garifuna language. In addition, many ethnic groups in Nicaragua, such as the Chinese Nicaraguans and Palestinian Nicaraguans, have maintained their ancestral languages, which are minority languages, while also speaking Spanish and/or English. These minority languages include Chinese, Arabic, German, and Italian, among others.
The language and pronunciation varies depending on region. Some Nicaraguans pronounce the word vos with a strong s sound at the end. In the central part of the country, regions like Boaco prounce vos without the s sound at the end. The result is vo, similar to vous in French and voi in Italian.
The flag of Nicaragua was adopted on August 27, 1971. It is based on the flag of the United States of Central America. The two blue stripes represented the Pacific Ocean and Caribbean Sea; while white symbolizes peace. A modern interpretation indicates that the color blue symbolizes justice and loyalty; while the color white represents virtue and purity. The coat of arms features an equilateral triangle which represents equality. Inside the triangle are five volcanoes, which represent the five members of the federation. The triangle also contains symbols of liberty and peace which is represented by a red Phrygian cap, white rays and a rainbow].
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Just 100 miles southeast of the Statue of Liberty is a natural wonder few New Yorkers know about — because it's underwater.
Formed during the last ice age 10,000 years ago, the Hudson Canyon is basically the Grand Canyon, only under about 60 feet of ocean. The East Coast’s biggest submarine canyon is so deep — estimated to be about a mile — that we don’t actually know much about what’s at the bottom of it. But researchers are finding out more as they build theNew York Aquarium’s Ocean Wonders: Sharks! expansion, now set for a 2018 debut.
“If you can imagine that massive, majestic canyon with an entire panoply of marine life and ecology, a great marker for migration up and down the coast, and a tremendous feature for fishing and shipping of all kinds, that’s our canyon, that’s New Yorkers’ canyon,” says Jon Forrest Dohlin, vice president of the Wildlife Conservation Society anddirector of the aquarium in Coney Island.
When it opens, the boundaries of the aquarium will push past the Coney Island Boardwalk all the way into the sea, adding 750,000 gallons of displays that take visitors inside a shipwreck (there are 60 known sunken vessels off the NYC coast), a rooftop restaurant serving sustainable seafood and drinks, and a coral reef tunnel.
The largest of the new exhibits will be Canyon’s Edge, “which is a recreation of what it would be like to sit on the edge of the Hudson Canyon, where it drops off,” Dohlin says. It’s there that a unique phenomenon takes place: an upwelling of cold water from the sea floor mixes with warmer surface currents to create a biodiversity hotspot that’s home to, and supports, hundreds of species from plankton to turtles, sharks, whales and birds. In the exhibit, visitors will be able to watch this mixing of currents as if they were sitting right beneath it.
It's also a site that could be exploited for more than scientific research, which is why a coalition of local businesses, politicians and organizations including WCS has nominated the Hudson Canyon as a National Marine Sanctuary, which would permanently ban oil and gas exploration and its associated risks. President Barack Obama’s recent executive order banning oil and gas exploration in the Arctic and along the Atlantic coast was welcome news, though the incoming administration could seek to challenge it.
Much of what’s known about the canyon comes from monitoring whales, fragile deep-sea coral and migratory patterns along the coast. “To actually delve into the canyon, that’s going to take the resources that will be brought to bear by the sanctuary designation,” he says.
What it wouldn’t do is stop existing commercial and recreational fishing that happens at the edges of the canyon, “and that’s a good thing because we want New Yorkers to be connected to their ocean environment,” he says. “With the nomination, we are saying to the government that we believe this is a cultural, ecological and economically important location on the Atlantic Coast that needs to be protected.”
To support the WCS’ petition, go to blueyork.org | <urn:uuid:43e835ba-ae35-408c-8bb6-ca5ce11bdd8e> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://www.metro.us/new-york/new-york-has-its-own-grand-canyon-just-100-miles-from-the-statue-of-liberty/zsJplw---v61SW0ndxlBLI | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886109670.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20170821211752-20170821231752-00674.warc.gz | en | 0.952201 | 673 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Letting your mind wander from time to time can actually help your brain process information, and can serve as a workout for your "working memory," or your mental capacity for handling multiple thoughts and dealing with competing issues simultaneously. In fact, a new study published in the journal Psychological Science suggests that if you frequently catch yourself daydreaming, you may have a strong working memory—meaning you can focus on multiple things and daydream without forgetting the things you have to work on.
Granted, the study draws the line between people who daydream because they're bored and subsequently forget everything they were doing before they started daydreaming, and people who daydream because the things they're working on simply doesn't require their full attention. "Working memory" is that ability to process multiple things in your head at once—or in other words, what you're using on the long commute home when you're thinking about what you'll make for dinner when you get home, whether you'll have time to play a few video games or fire up a movie, when you should check in with the office again, if you have any chores to do when you get home, all while you're trying to safely drive through rush-hour traffic.
To support the conclusion that daydreaming may be actually mental exercise for your working memory, researchers asked groups of people from 18 to 65 to do simple tasks—so simple their full attention wasn't required—and then followed up with some light cognitive tests to have participants remember letters while doing simple math equations. In almost all cases, the individuals who admitted to their mind wandering during the simple tasks did better on the cognitive tests. The researchers concluded that while everyone did well on the tests, those people with more working memory are likely to use it to do more mentally even when they're supposed to be doing something else—effectively daydreaming.
This isn't the first research to indicate that daydreaming can be good for your brain. So if your attention tends to wander a bit while you work on other things, don't feel too bad about it. As long as it doesn't make you less creative and productive, you could actually be getting more done with the brainpower you have.
Do you catch yourself daydreaming from time to time? Do you feel like it helps or hurts your productivity? For more information on the study—which was published in the March 14th edition of Psychological Science, hit the link below, and let us know what you think in the comments.
Daydreaming Is Good for the Mind | LiveScience
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Who Was Edward VII?
Edward VII became king upon the death of his mother, Queen Victoria, in 1901. A popular member of social and sporting circles, Edward VII strengthened England's ties with the rest of Europe, although his relationship with Germany's emperor — his nephew — was rocky. His reforms of the military and navy prepared them well for World War I.
The eldest son of Prince Albert and Queen Victoria, the future Edward VII was born Albert Edward on November 9, 1841. Known as "Bertie" within the family, he was subjected to a strict regimen to prepare him for the throne. As was customary for members of British royalty, Prince Edward attended Oxford and Cambridge universities and soon after declared his desire to pursue a career in the military. His mother vetoed that idea, hoping to keep him safe for the throne. During his short time in the army, he rose to the level of lieutenant colonel through honorary promotions.
Personal Life and Children
On March 10, 1863, Prince Edward married Princess Alexandra of Denmark. The marriage, arranged by Edward's parents, produced six children, five of whom lived to adulthood. Before his marriage but after his engagement, Edward fell into a scandalous love affair with actress Nellie Clifton. So distraught was his father, Prince Albert, over the disgrace to the royal family, that he personally went to his son to reprimand him. The affair was ended, but two weeks later Albert fell ill and died of typhoid on December 14, 1861. Queen Victoria fell into a deep depression and blamed Edward for her husband's death, never to forgive him. Edward continued to have many affairs throughout his marriage. Actresses Sarah Bernhardt and Lillie Langtry, as well as Lady Randolph Churchill (Winston's mother) and Alice Keppel (great-grandmother of Camilla, wife of Charles, the current Prince of Wales) were among his many trysts.
With Queen Victoria's retreat from public life, Edward was allowed to represent her at official state events, but not given any responsibility in political matters. He took his seat in the House of Lords as the Duke of Cornwall, but had few or no administrative duties. As a result, he spent much of his time on the London social scene, eating, drinking, gambling and acquiring a reputation as a playboy.
Crowned King, an Effective Leader Emerges
All this changed on January 22, 1901, when Queen Victoria died. Crowned King Edward VII in August 1902, Edward had been the longest heir apparent (59 years) in British history (that record has now been surpassed by Prince Charles.) Upon ascending the throne, he threw himself into his new role with energy and enthusiasm and restored the sparkle to the monarchy. His effusive personality and likable character soon won over much of the British population. Edward used his fluency in French and German to shuttle across Europe and meet with major heads of state. He helped negotiate the Triple Entente between Britain, France and Russia, which played an important role in World War I. Following the Boer War (1899-1902), he played an active role in reforming the military, pressing for an army medical service and the building of the modern Dreadnought battleships.
The Edwardian period (1901-1910) was seen as the golden age for the upper class in Britain. Though the rigid British class system held firm, rapid industrialization increased economic opportunity, creating conditions that allowed for more social mobility, and with it, more social change. There was a rise in socialism and attention to the plight of the poor as well as a push for women's voting rights. Domestically, Edward did not support women's suffrage nor attempts to redistribute wealth through taxes. Despite this, he was very popular with most of the British people.
A Constitutional Crisis Unresolved
In 1909, a constitutional crisis erupted over the "People's Budget," legislation that called for unprecedented taxes on the wealthy and radical social welfare programs. The budget was championed by Liberal Party Prime Minister Harold Asquith and his chancellor, David Lloyd George. Privately, the king pleaded with Conservative lords to pass the budget and avoid political division. To break the deadlock, Lloyd George proposed the king create a large number of Liberal positions in the House of Lords to offset the "no" votes. However, the king refused, insisting that the issue be decided by the people in a general election. The issue remained unresolved until Edward's son George ascended the throne and became King George V.
By 1910, Edward VII's years of smoking 12 cigars and more than 20 cigarettes a day brought on a severe case of bronchitis. During an official event in France, he momentarily lost consciousness, and on April 27, 1910, he returned to London. His wife, Alexandra returned from Greece on May 5 and the next day called her children telling them their father was gravely ill. On May 6, Edward suffered a series of heart attacks and died. Edward VII was buried at Windsor Castle on May 20, 1910, in a funeral attended by a massive assemblage of royalty. His legacy is marked by criticism for his pursuit of self-indulgent pleasures but also praise for his affable personality and diplomatic skill.
- Name: Edward VII
- Birth Year: 1841
- Birth date: November 9, 1841
- Birth City: London, England
- Birth Country: United Kingdom
- Gender: Male
- Best Known For: King Edward VII took over the British throne after the death of Queen Victoria. He was a popular ruler who strengthened his country prior to World War I.
- World Politics
- Astrological Sign: Scorpio
- Cambridge University
- Oxford University
- Interesting Facts
- King Edward VII had an affair with Winston Churchill's mother.
- Death Year: 1910
- Death date: May 6, 1910
- Death City: London, England
- Death Country: United Kingdom
We strive for accuracy and fairness.If you see something that doesn't look right,contact us!
- Article Title: Edward VII Biography
- Author: Biography.com Editors
- Website Name: The Biography.com website
- Url: https://www.biography.com/royalty/edward-vii
- Access Date:
- Publisher: A&E; Television Networks
- Last Updated: September 30, 2022
- Original Published Date: April 2, 2014
- William the Great [Wilhelm II] needs to learn that he is living at the end of the nineteenth century and not in the Middle Ages.
- I thought everyone must know that a short jacket is always worn with a silk hat at a private view in the morning.
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A penalty kick is a direct kick taken from the penalty mark, 12 yards in front of the center of the goal. All players except the one taking the penalty kick and the defending goalkeeper must stand outside the penalty area, at least 10 yards from the ball, and behind the ball, until it is kicked. (The arc at the top edge of the penalty area indicates 10 yards from the penalty mark.) The kicker must be identified before the kick is taken and should be inside the penalty area or the restraining arc. The referee's whistle must initiate the act of a penalty kick.
At the end of the half or at the end of the game, time will be extended to take (or retake if necessary) a penalty kick.
When a penalty kick has been legally taken or retaken at the end of either half or during a tie-breaking procedure, play is over as soon as a goal is scored (directly, or indirectly off the goalkeeper, the goal post, the crossbar, or any combination thereof); when any player other than the defending goalkeeper touches the ball; or when the referee has decided that a goal has not been scored. | <urn:uuid:792b347d-321a-4df7-a291-230fba4d8e96> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | https://bays.org/book/law-14-penalty-kicksextended-time-0 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376824525.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20181213054204-20181213075704-00068.warc.gz | en | 0.965161 | 232 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Having access to the internet is increasingly considered to be an emerging human right. International organizations and national governments have begun to formally recognize its importance to freedom of speech, expression and information exchange. The next step to help ensure some measure of cyber peace online may be for cybersecurity to be recognized as a human right, too.
The United Nations has taken note of the crucial role of internet connectivity in “the struggle for human rights.” United Nations officials have decried the actions of governments cutting off internet access as denying their citizens’ rights to free expression.
But access is not enough. Those of us who have regular internet access often suffer from cyber-fatigue: We’re all simultaneously expecting our data to be hacked at any moment and feeling powerless to prevent it. Late last year, the Electronic Frontier Foundation, an online rights advocacy group, called for technology companies to “unite in defense of users,” securing their systems against intrusion by hackers as well as government surveillance.
It’s time to rethink how we understand the cybersecurity of digital communications. One of the U.N.‘s leading champions of free expression, international law expert David Kaye, in 2015 called for “the encryption of private communications to be made a standard.” These and other developments in the international and business communities are signaling what could be early phases of declaring cybersecurity to be a human right that governments, companies and individuals should work to protect.
Is internet access a right?
The idea of internet access as a human right is not without controversy. No less an authority than Vinton Cerf, a “father of the internet,” has argued that technology itself is not a right, but a means through which rights can be exercised.
All the same, more and more nations have declared their citizens’ right to internet access. Spain, France, Finland, Costa Rica, Estonia and Greece have codified this right in a variety of ways, including in their constitutions, laws and judicial rulings.
A former head of the U.N.‘s global telecommunications governing body has argued that governments must “regard the internet as basic infrastructure – just like roads, waste and water.” Global public opinion seems to overwhelmingly agree.
Cerf’s argument may, in fact, strengthen the case for cybersecurity as a human right – ensuring that technology enables people to exercise their rights to privacy and free communication.
Existing human rights law
Current international human rights law includes many principles that apply to cybersecurity. For example, Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights includes protections of freedom of speech, communication and access to information. Similarly, Article 3 states “Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person.” But enforcing these rights is difficult under international law. As a result, many countries ignore the rules.
There is cause for hope, though. As far back as 2011, the U.N.’s High Commission for Human Rights said that human rights are equally valid online as offline. Protecting people’s privacy is no less important when handling paper documents, for instance, than when dealing with digital correspondence. The U.N.’s Human Rights Council reinforced that stance in 2012, 2014 and 2016.
In 2013, the U.N. General Assembly itself – the organization’s overall governing body, comprising representatives from all member nations – voted to confirm people’s “right to privacy in the digital age.” Passed in the wake of revelations about U.S. electronic spying around the globe, the document further endorsed the importance of protecting privacy and freedom of expression online. And in November 2015, the G-20, a group of nations with some of the world’s largest economies, similarly endorsed privacy, “including in the context of digital communications.”
Putting protections in place
Simply put, the obligation to protect these rights involves developing new cybersecurity policies, such as encrypting all communications and discarding old and unneeded data, rather than keeping it around indefinitely. More firms are using the U.N.’s Guiding Principles to help inform their business decision-making to promote human rights due diligence. They are also using U.S. government recommendations, in the form of the National Institute for Standards and Technology Cybersecurity Framework, to help determine how best to protect their data and that of their customers.
In time, the tide will likely strengthen. Internet access will become more widely recognized as a human right – and following in its wake may well be cybersecurity. As people use online services more in their daily lives, their expectations of digital privacy and freedom of expression will lead them to demand better protections.
Governments will respond by building on the foundations of existing international law, formally extending into cyberspace the human rights to privacy, freedom of expression and improved economic well-being. Now is the time for businesses, governments and individuals to prepare for this development by incorporating cybersecurity as a fundamental ethical consideration in telecommunications, data storage, corporate social responsibility and enterprise risk management. | <urn:uuid:ac507dc2-bf33-47b3-8aa4-cfbaa2e255d8> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | https://theconversation.com/should-cybersecurity-be-a-human-right-72342 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912203123.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20190324002035-20190324024035-00213.warc.gz | en | 0.940681 | 1,043 | 3.265625 | 3 |
Homeschooling is a great way to give your child the education he or she deserves. However, it is important to remember that homeschooling requires more than just a strong curriculum. To truly maximize homeschooling benefits for your child, it is important that you, the parent, are as prepared as possible for the challenges and opportunities that this educational experience presents.
Here are a few tips you can follow to prepare yourself for homeschooling and ensure that your child receives the best possible education:
- Invest in the necessary resources. Perhaps the most important element of ensuring that your child has a good homeschooling experience is making sure you’ve provided all the tools necessary for success. This means having the proper school supplies, computer and software, and any other tools needed to fully understand each subject. Since your child won’t have easy access to a traditional school library, it is important to line up these resources before starting a specific subject.
- Create a routine for your child. Schools use strict scheduling for a reason: structure has proven to be an effective way to get students into the right mindset for learning each day. Just because your child doesn’t have a specific schedule determined by their school, they still need a consistent school structure. The specifics of this schedule should be determined by both you and the student and should reflect the specific needs of you both. Of course, flexibility is a major benefit of homeschooling your child, so it is okay to deviate from your schedule on occasion if necessary.
- Have a designated homework area. Setting aside a designated part of the house where your child can study and do homework can be very beneficial. This area should be used solely as a homework spot, which means no one else in the family should keep their things there. The homework area can be a desk or a room, but the most important aspect is that the area is used for one purpose only.
Remember that your child’s homeschooling success depends in large part on your ability to provide the environment for success! Follow these tips and you’ll be well on your way to doing just that. | <urn:uuid:8255fe5d-f240-455c-bd83-c46d9a8e6ce7> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | https://www.pennfoster.edu/why-penn-foster/about/blog/2016/march/how-to-prepare-to-homeschool-your-child | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583509170.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20181015100606-20181015122106-00367.warc.gz | en | 0.963398 | 435 | 2.5625 | 3 |
What is Ménière's disease?
Ménière's disease is a balance disorder caused by an abnormality found in a section of the inner ear called the labyrinth.
There are an estimated 615,000 people in the U.S. who have Ménière's disease, with 45,500 new cases diagnosed each year.
What causes Ménière's disease?
The labyrinth contains the organs of balance and hearing. It is made up of two parts:
The membranous labyrinth is encased in bone and contains a fluid called endolymph.
When the head moves, the endolymph also moves, which causes nerve receptors in the membranous labyrinth to signal the brain about the body's motion.
Endolymph buildup in the labyrinth can interfere with the normal balance and hearing signals between the inner ear and the brain, resulting in Ménière's disease.
What are the symptoms of Ménière's disease?
The following are the most common symptoms of Ménière's disease. However, each individual may experience symptoms differently. Symptoms can occur suddenly, and may happen daily or infrequently.
The most debilitating symptom is vertigo, which is a severe spinning sensation that can cause:
Other symptoms may include:
Tinnitus. A ringing in the ears.
Loss of hearing
Pressure in the affected ear
Loss of balance
The symptoms of Ménière's disease may resemble other conditions or medical problems. Always consult your health care provider for a diagnosis.
Diagnosis of Ménière's disease
In addition to a complete medical history and physical examination, the health care provider may request:
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. An MRI is done to determine if a tumor is present.
Electrocochleography. This test measures electrical activity of the inner ear.
Treatment for Ménière's disease
Specific treatment for Ménière's disease will be determined by your health care provider based on:
Your age, overall health, and medical history
Extent of the disease
Your tolerance for specific medications, procedures, or therapies
Expectations for the course of the disease
Your opinion or preference
Treatment may include:
Surgery. Several types of surgery are effective for treating the balance problems of Ménière's disease.
Medication. Medications may be given to control allergies, reduce fluid retention, reduce dizziness, or improve the blood circulation in the inner ear.
Change in diet. Eliminating caffeine, chocolate, alcohol, and salt may reduce the frequency and intensity of symptoms.
Behavior therapies. Reducing stress may lessen the severity of the disease symptoms. | <urn:uuid:4da31e34-310c-4d34-92cf-d21913033c46> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | http://entcolumbia.org/staywell/document.php?id=33645 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676591831.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20180720193850-20180720213850-00100.warc.gz | en | 0.921262 | 553 | 3.390625 | 3 |
The valley of M'zab, مزاب, also called M'zab, is an oasis region in central Algeria (Province Ghardaia ), which is mainly inhabited by the Mozabiten and is since 1982 a UNESCO World Heritage Site. These descendants of the Kharijites practice a strict form of Islam, in which the women from public life are almost impossible.
The region has been inhabited since Neolithic times. Since the 9th century, the sparsely populated M'zab a refuge of Kharijites was.
Traces of very early settlement have been found, but the existing sites today date from the early 11th century. The builders were Ibadis, members of a then prevailing in the Maghreb of Islam. After their capital was burnt down in Tahert in 909, they moved to Sedrata and finally to M'zab. Until then only sporadically inhabited by nomads land was chosen because of the good defenses and also in a self-imposed isolation to preserve our own identity.
Five citadel -like fortified villages or Ksour were established: El Atteuf, Bou Noura, Beni Isguen, Melika and today's capital of Ghardaia. Each is surrounded by a fortress wall and is dominated by the mosque, whose minarets serve as a watchtower. The mosque also served as an arsenal and granary and as an independent fortification in the fortress, similar to the dungeon in medieval Europe. The houses are built in several circles concentric about the mosque and each consisting of a space uniform size. Outside the walls is the cemetery, also with simple, single graves, only the shrines and mosques are decorated little more complicated.
In the 18th century the Mzab was an important trading center in the trans-Saharan trade. 1853 included the seven oases a treaty with France, which granted them autonomy. Nevertheless, the Mzab was later annexed by France.
In summer, the residents moved in palm groves, where also fortified houses and watchtowers were grouped around a mosque without a tower. This way of life was carried on continuously until the 20th century.
The valley is situated on an area of 72 sq km about 600 km south of Algiers in the Sahara. The Mzab is a rocky plateau at an altitude between 300 and 800 meters. The Wadi Mzab crosses the plateau from northwest to southeast.
The Mzab covers seven oases:
- Beni Isguen
- Bou Noura
- El Atteuf | <urn:uuid:fd603b1a-edbd-4601-a553-8c632343777a> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://memim.com/m'zab.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046153531.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20210728060744-20210728090744-00443.warc.gz | en | 0.971942 | 536 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Symptoms of Magnesium Deficiency in Pumpkin Leaves
Pumpkins (Cucurbita spp.), which grow in U.S. Department of Agriculture hardiness zones 3 through 9, have become fall holiday icons and are thus late-season favorites for gardeners. Pumpkins vary greatly in size, ranging from 1 to 800 pounds, and can be uniformly round or long necked. Skins may be ribbed or smooth in colors from deep orange to white. Like any other Cucurbita, they suffer from deficiencies if soil conditions are not just right.
Symptoms of magnesium deficiency in cucurbits begin with interveinal chlorosis, or yellowing between the leaf veins on older leaves. The discoloration later turns up on newer leaves. The yellow spots eventually turn brown, die and fall off, creating a punch-hole appearance on the leaves. Symptoms can also include leaf curling and stunted growth. Magnesium deficiency occurs most often in sandy soils that have low cation exchange, a chemical process that substitutes one positively charged ion for another and makes magnesium deficiency more likely. Watch for signs of magnesium deficiency when the pumpkins are enlarging. Send soil samples to a soil analysis lab to confirm a deficiency in magnesium; most soil test kits sold at garden centers do not test for this nutrient.
To prevent magnesium deficiency, keep the pH of the soil at 6.5. Soil pH tests can be purchased at most gardening stores. Treatment can include water-soluble magnesium sulfate, commonly sold as Epsom salts, or magnesium oxide dispensed through drip irrigation. One tablespoon of Epsom salts per gallon of water may be sprayed on pumpkin leaves instead. Fertilizers containing potassium, calcium or ammonium should be used sparingly because these cations compete with magnesium in the soil.
Other Deficiencies and Toxicities
Pumpkin plants can develop other deficiencies. Manganese deficiency exhibits some of the same symptoms as magnesium deficiency: leaves turning yellow with veins remaining green. Adding manganese sulfate through foliar spraying can help to curb the deficiency. Use 1 tablespoon per gallon of water or as directed on the product label. Overliming is considered one of the primary causes of manganese deficiency. Manganese toxicity can also occur. It creates water-soaked areas on the underside of leaves and bronzed spots on the top and occurs when the pH falls low enough to allow more manganese to be available to the plant. Deficiencies and toxicities are best diagnosed through soil or pant tissue tests. Test your soil before treating to determine whether you have a magnesium or a manganese deficiency.
Basic Care for Pumpkin Plants
Pumpkins need a well-draining soil with a pH range of 5.5 to 6.8, with 6.5 being ideal. Before planting, till the soil 8 inches deep and spread 10 to 20 pounds of compost per 100 square feet. Plant when the soil temperature has reached 60 degrees Fahrenheit. Keep the soil evenly moist and avoid overhead watering. Spray plants with compost tea with 2 tablespoons of kelp meal per gallon of tea. Compost tea is made by placing compost in a burlap bag or old pillowcase and allowing it to steep in a bucket for three or more days. Both compost tea and kelp boost the plants' immunity by providing good bacteria that help the plant to better use nutrients such as magnesium.
- University of Delaware: Pumpkins and Winter Squash
- University of Kentucky Cooperative Extension Service: An IPM Scouting Guide for Common Problems of Cucurbit Crops in Kentucky
- University of Missouri Outreach and Extension: Crop Nutrient Deficiencies and Toxicities
- Epsom Salt Council: Expert Growers Recommend Epsom Salts for Gardening
D. J. is the author of two children’s books. She has written articles on a number of topics including home improvement, pet care, health and physiology. Besides having studied journalism, she has degrees in business management and biology. | <urn:uuid:af7ff4a4-5bdb-4e43-bf32-f805f0dfbf63> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://homeguides.sfgate.com/symptoms-magnesium-deficiency-pumpkin-leaves-90822.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323587719.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20211025154225-20211025184225-00082.warc.gz | en | 0.91645 | 821 | 3.5 | 4 |
Jesus came to save institutions as well as souls
By Mark Achtemeier | Presbyterians Today
From its earliest beginnings the Presbyterian and Reformed tradition has been deeply involved with ministries of justice. In the 16th century John Calvin’s Geneva developed pioneering programs for public health, employment, and care of refugees and indigent persons. In the 19th century Presbyterian abolitionists fought to end slavery in America. In the 20th century Reformed and Presbyterian Christians were leaders in the Civil Rights movement and the international struggle against the racist Apartheid system in South Africa. And Presbyterian congregations today champion the cause of migrant farm workers, of unwed mothers, of impoverished immigrants, of inner-city homeless persons.
Not everyone understands why justice work should be such an important part of Christian discipleship. If Jesus says, “My kingdom is not of this world,” why should the church be so concerned about matters of political, economic and social policy? Presbyterians sometimes hear other Christians wondering if these down-to-earth political concerns are a distraction from the church’s proper calling of proclaiming the gospel and saving souls.
But justice work, as Presbyterians understand it, is all about salvation! The reason justice ministries have been such an important part of our tradition has to do with the very Biblical way in which Presbyterians understand God’s saving work in Jesus Christ.
Simply “saving souls” is not in fact a very accurate description of what the Bible says Jesus came to accomplish. In Luke’s Gospel Jesus quotes from the Old Testament prophet Isaiah in his first public description of what his ministry is about:
The Spirit of the Lord is upon me,
because he has anointed me to bring good news to the poor.
He has sent me to proclaim release to the captives
and recovery of sight to the blind,
to let the oppressed go free,
to proclaim the year of the Lord’s favor.
— Luke 4:18-19
There is clearly something more going on here than a simple transformation of inward piety, or even a promise of heaven in the sweet by and by.
Re-making the world
What is going on in Jesus’ ministry is nothing less than God putting right again everything that has gone wrong with the fallen, sinful creation. Jesus’ presence with us is the forward edge of that new, restored creation breaking into the midst of the old. This is exactly what Paul is describing when he says “if anyone is in Christ, there is a new creation: everything old has passed away; see, everything has become new!” (2 Corinthians 5:17).
The newness of that dawning, restored creation takes many forms. We see in Jesus’ sacrifice on the cross how the new creation overcomes our sin and alienation from God. In Jesus’ resurrection we see how the new creation brings the overthrow of death’s dominion over us. In the fruit of the Spirit we experience how this new creation extends even to our own hearts, recreating them in love, joy, peace, patience, kindness, generosity, faithfulness, gentleness and self-control (Galatians 5:22-23).
This new creation, which the Bible also calls the Kingdom of God, isn’t fully here yet. But the New Testament insists that God’s re-creation of the world has begun in the work of Christ and the Holy Spirit.
It is important to emphasize here that God is not simply re-making that little corner of creation occupied by the church. The Bible assures us that God is re-creating and perfecting the entire world. This is why the church confesses that Jesus is Lord not just of the church, but also of all creation.
The prophets’ protest
What does all this have to do with the church’s work for justice? Presbyterian Christians have always recognized that, along with our deliverance from the powers of death and sin, God’s restoration of the fallen world involves also the healing of our corrupt and broken social relationships. God’s coming transformation of the world involves the healing of human institutions as well as the healing of human hearts.
John Calvin, commenting on Genesis 1:28, observes how God originally set human beings on the earth to share the blessings of creation in such a way that all had enough to meet their needs. “Any inequality which is contrary to this arrangement,” he says, “is nothing else than a corruption of nature which proceeds from sin.”
The Old Testament prophets leave absolutely no doubt that the restoration of a just social order is a part of God’s will for us. Again and again the Spirit-inspired prophets protest the corruptions of society that serve to keep the poor in a state of helpless dependence while the rich continue adding to their abundance. Over and over the prophets cry out God’s judgment upon a religious observance that reassures the consciences of the comfortable while leaving the systematic exploitation of the poor unchecked.
I hate, I despise your festivals and
I take no delight in your solemn assemblies …
But let justice roll down like waters,
And righteousness like an ever-flowing stream.
— Amos 5:21, 24
This witness of the prophets is a window into the heart of God, offering insight into the way God intends our world to be. In the New Testament these same loving intentions for the world become real and tangible as the new creation that dawns with the incarnation of Jesus.
Sign and anticipation
So Presbyterians work for justice in the world as a sign and anticipation of God’s restoration of the whole creation, begun in Jesus. Our justice work is a sign, because it is evidence of God’s re-creation of our own hearts after the pattern of Christ’s own love. Just as Christ gave himself for the sake of the world, so Christ’s church gives itself for the world in the struggle for a more just and peaceful social order.
Our work for justice is also an anticipation of God’s restoration of the world, because we realize the full reality of the kingdom isn’t here yet. Presbyterians take very seriously, for example, the Bible’s message that God’s kingdom will be a kingdom of peace. Anticipating the complete establishment of this kingdom, Presbyterians strive to live peaceably with one another, and we also work for the cause of peace in the world. We strive, in other words, to live in God’s new creation even before it is fully present among us.
We know from our morning newspapers, however, that our halting efforts at peace are the sign of the kingdom’s coming, and not its reality. It is God who will complete the transformation of the world when Jesus comes again. So while we strive to direct our actions in accordance with what God is doing, we realize it is God and not us who will ultimately restore creation.
The “how-to” debate
Presbyterians sometimes argue passionately about the particular forms our justice work should take. Just agreeing that the work is important is not enough to guarantee consensus on how we should go about it.
There is nothing wrong with such debate. As long as we avoid bitterness, debating how to do justice is surely a sign that we care deeply about this aspect of the church’s life. It shows that our caring about justice is well grounded in an understanding of its Biblical and divine significance.
Working for justice is a rich part of our heritage as faithful Presbyterians, and one for which we can give heartfelt thanks to God.
Two unbiblical ideas: (1) It’s all up to us. (2) Nothing is up to us.
The church’s work for justice can run off the rails if we lose sight of what this means. If we forget that our justice work is a sign of God’s restoration of creation, we may start to assume that everything is up to us, and salvation is the product of our own efforts. Such assumptions give rise to bitter disappointments when our efforts fail. They also lead to a loss of humility with its attendant capacity for self-criticism.
If everything hinges on our own efforts, then how dare anyone criticize the program plan! If our ultimate hope is in God, however, we can joyfully strive for justice as a sign of God’s promised restoration, without the crippling burden of assuming it all rests in our hands.
The flip side of this problem is when we assume that nothing is up to us, and lose sight altogether of God’s intention to restore human social relationships along with human hearts. Christians have sometimes embraced the very unbiblical idea that salvation is simply a matter of disembodied souls getting into heaven after they die. This sort of tunnel vision gives rise to an utterly false dichotomy between evangelism and social justice.
Evangelism and justice work would be at odds with one another if we assumed — against the Bible’s witness — that God’s plan for salvation had nothing to do with restoring the world. But a re-constituted social order is as much a part of God’s plan for salvation as redeemed souls and resurrection bodies. So we can be confident that our justice work, no less than our preaching, proclaims the joyous hope of God’s coming kingdom to a needy and waiting world.
This article originally appeared in the April 2005 issue of Presbyterians Today. | <urn:uuid:bbc9b9ef-6494-44d8-b04b-50a1fa49eb54> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | https://www.presbyterianmission.org/what-we-believe/biblical-justice/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578770163.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20190426113513-20190426135513-00534.warc.gz | en | 0.945466 | 1,968 | 2.578125 | 3 |
No Place on Earth: America and the Utopian Dream
A 2006 web exhibition and introduction to American utopias through literary works and manuscript collections in the Beinecke Library.
From the introduction:
Utopias in America, from the first Puritan settlements to the communes of the 1960s, share the goal of removal from the heart of civilization to the wilderness in order to establish
a new social order. Communities with European roots embraced the equalizing demands and freedoms of the New World’s open frontier, even as the new country claimed the pursuit of happiness as an inalienable right. Though their inspirations varied—theocracy, millenialism, socialism, theosophism, behaviorism—they all reflected the American dream of a better world, now. | <urn:uuid:91889648-eafe-4540-9eb5-1ae17e0c0f65> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | http://beinecke.library.yale.edu/about/blogs/beinecke-library/2010/01/06/no-place-earth-america-and-utopian-dream | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084892892.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20180124010853-20180124030853-00196.warc.gz | en | 0.878631 | 163 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Still image of a "bugnado" captured on film in July in Iowa.
Credit: Mike Hollingshead | YouTube
Tornadoes aren't the only funnels that touch down in the Midwest. "Bugnadoes" — vortexes of swarming bugs — occasionally twist through, too.
On the night of July 4, professional storm chaser and photographer Mike Hollingshead caught sight of an enormous bugnado in southwestern Iowa. The air above the cornfields was so thick with bugs "it looked like it was smoking," Hollingshead told Life's Little Mysteries. He captured the strange sight on camera, and his video has gone viral in recent days.
But what are the bugnadoes?
Joe Kieper, an entomologist who is executive director of the Virginia Museum of Natural History, says they are swarms of either mayflies or midges, two types of insects that spend their immature stages of life as aquatic nymphs, then rise to the water's surface, grow wings and take flight as adults.
At that point, their lives are almost over. They've got just one duty left: reproduction.
A swarm like this is actually quite typical, albeit usually much smaller.
"This is a mating flight," Kieper said. "The males are trying to impress the females, and the females select a mate." No one knows what the females are looking for when they choose a sex partner from among the masses, Kieper said. Regardless, after the new pair mates in an airborne frenzy, the males die. The females head back to water to lay their eggs, and then they die, too.
"It's a remarkable video as it shows their cooperative behavior," he said.
It's somewhat of a mystery how a population of insects manages to emerge from the water at exactly the same time, enabling this mass mating dance. "It's an amazing feat of nature that they can all synchronize in this way," Kieper said.
Entomologists' best bet is that the insects' bodies are attuned to day length. However, they don't emerge on exactly the same day every year, so daylight hours aren't the only factor. Annual temperature variations probably play a part, too. "If it's a warm year, they'll emerge earlier. If it's a cool year, a little later," Kieper said. How all the insects — each of which develops independently — take these two factors into account and decide upon exactly the same moment to emerge, no one knows.
Midge or mayfly?
According to Hollingshead , the swarm occurred above cornfields that had been flooded by the Missouri River during extreme spring rainfall. "A temporary swamp or wetlands set itself up this year," the bugnado videographer wrote in an email.
Based on this information, Kieper suspects the insects are midges rather than mayflies. While mayflies take a year to develop, midges (relatives of houseflies) are opportunists that readily move into new habitats, and they can complete their life cycles in just three to five weeks.
But whichever type of insect they were, they literally had a field day this summer. "If it's a flooded cornfield, that would explain why there are so many critters," Kieper said. "When you get water in a field, vegetation starts to rot and the water fills with bacteria. This is food for the insects. Because there's so much food available, when they emerge as adults, you get this huge swarm."
Hollingshead has seen bugnadoes before, but not as vast as this. "Never out of all the other times I went looking could I ever find such a mass like I did that night," he wrote. "Nothing was ever so fixed in one location and climbing so tall as a vortex as that night."
This article was provided by Life's Little Mysteries, a sister site to LiveScience. Follow Life's Little Mysteries on Twitter @llmysteries, then join us on Facebook. Follow Natalie Wolchover on Twitter @nattyover. | <urn:uuid:113ef049-9a22-4441-bdff-797402d3b3aa> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://www.livescience.com/15602-giant-bugnadoes-swirl-iowa-cornfields.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375096738.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031816-00243-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.971046 | 846 | 2.578125 | 3 |
2009 Annual Report
Biobased Fertilizers. Fertilizer costs have risen dramatically and have affected food production costs and, ultimately, food prices. WRRC Researchers from Albany, CA and scientists from NCAUR, Peoria, Illinois collaborated with researchers from Pakistan to develop a biobased fertilizer pellet that reduces the need for synthetic fertilizers. The biobased fertilizer releases nutrients into the soil for a much longer time than conventional fertilizers and reduces the number of fertilizer applications that are required. The biobased fertilizer, consisting of bacteria encapsulated by biodegradable polymers has been produced in large quantities in Pakistan and the field trials are being planned, with results to be reported in a forthcoming publication. Such fertilizers could benefit farmers in the U.S. and in developing countries, such as Pakistan. | <urn:uuid:9fb037d6-d075-4288-84a1-2a28e8b18e64> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/projects/projects.htm?ACCN_NO=411729&fy=2009 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802775221.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075255-00064-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.951853 | 169 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Results 1 - 25 of 28 rcn transforming business communications power integrity effects of high density interconnect (hdi) the success of any consumer electronic device depends to a large extent on the appeal of the user interface (ui). Communication technologies (icts) and the internet three main devices, electricity consumption of ict hardware, electronic waste disposal. Ways of using the internet and electronic communications, also called and moderating discussion groups about issues, products, strategies - anything of the power of communications gatekeepers to both positive and negative effects.
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The effects of electronic writing on traditional text call for a re-examination of communication is used for phatic communion, and formulaic devices have arisen. Electronic engineering is an electrical engineering discipline which utilizes nonlinear and the discipline typically also designs passive electrical components, usually combined to form a two-way communication device known as a transceiver for example, radar guns use the doppler effect to measure the speed of. Cell phones and mobile devices allow users to stay connected even when away from their computers while this can be a great benefit,.
As telephones and fax machines were supplemented by the internet and cell phones, communication became faster and more readily available. Protecting communication and sensitive electronic equipment from lightning and voltage surges how big of an impact would this have on your operation. Other emp related equipment effects might include stalling of vehicles (from communications and other electronic equipment brought in from unaffected areas. The impact of technology on family communication media essay the study revealed that technology, such as cell phones and email,.
Dr gene beresin, a child psychiatrist at massachusetts general hospital, said texting gives teens optimal distance from parents, allowing for communication. Some researchers are beginning to report on the consequences of our for parents: how much time do your kids spend using electronic devices is that teenagers are communicating through their devices, but they're not. Health effects of using portable electronic devices studied smartphones have become an indispensable communication tool in our everyday. | <urn:uuid:0dbcd6c9-a33d-4593-b39a-ee049b5e7e09> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | http://hgessayqmwi.xantatech.us/effects-of-communicating-with-electronic-devices.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583512836.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20181020142647-20181020164147-00438.warc.gz | en | 0.94382 | 624 | 2.5625 | 3 |
There is an enormous body of this amazing music, but if you are searching for places to begin, we have put together some resources below that we hope will inspire you to look and listen beyond the dominant composers of Classical music's standard Western tradition and discover new avenues of expression from people whose ancestral backgrounds that too often have been forced into the shadows. Black lives matter, now as always.
Born in Little Rock, Arkansas in 1887, Price won first prize in the Wanamaker Competition with her Symphony in E minor and as a result, became the first female composer of African descent to have a symphonic work performed by a major national symphony orchestra.
Learn more about Florence Price:
William Grant Still
Known as the "Dean of African-American Composers," William Grant Still was born in Woodville, Mississippi and raised in Little Rock, Arkansas, where his mother was a high school English teacher. He began to study the violin at age 14 and taught himself to play a number of other instruments, excelling at the cello and oboe.
Learn more about William Grant Still:
Opera News has called Anthony Davis, "A National Treasure," for his pioneering work in opera. His music has made an important contribution not only in opera but in chamber, choral and orchestral music. He has been on the cutting edge of improvised music and jazz for over three decades.
Learn more about Anthony Davis:
Undine Smith Moore
Undine Smith Moore was regarded as the "Dean of Black Women Composers." She was originally trained as a classical pianist but developed a compositional output of mostly vocal music, her preferred genre. Much of her work was inspired by Black spirituals and folk music, and her pieces range from arrangements of spirituals to large works for chorus, soloists, and orchestra.
Learn more about Undine Smith Moore:
Margaret Bonds began studying piano with her mother at a very early age. By the time she reached age eight, she had progressed to studying at the Coleridge-Taylor Music School. Eventually, she studied composition with Florence Price and William Dawson. In 1929, she was admitted to Northwestern University, where she was allowed to study but not to live or use their facilities.
Learn more about Margaret Bonds:
H. Leslie Adams
H. Leslie Adams is the winner of the 2015 Cleveland Arts Prize Lifetime Achievement Award. Born in Cleveland, Ohio, he attended school in California, and served many years as a choral conductor, show musical director, and educator, before becoming a composer full time in 1979. His unique music touches a wide variety of musical tastes and preferences.
Learn more about H. Leslie Adams:
Anthology of Art Songs by Black American Composers
New Anthology of Art Songs by African American Composers
Arias, Duets, and Scenes by William Grant Still
Vocal Collection Series
Art Songs and Spirituals by African-American Women Composers
Anthony Davis Scores
H. Leslie Adams Scores
Florence Price Scores
Collection curated by Dr. Derrell Acon. | <urn:uuid:27f1be38-9fbd-443f-88a1-0dd42f375c4b> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://perfectdaymusicfoundation.org/black-composers/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500456.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20230207102930-20230207132930-00730.warc.gz | en | 0.961504 | 721 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Times Table Tricks
These are tricks and skills to help students master learning their times tables. Teachers can use these when learning certain groups of times tables as a class. These tricks will make teaching the harder times tables easier.
When multiplying by 1, the number of the other multiple is the answer. For example, 1×5=5. 1×9=9.
When you multiply a number by two, you just double that number.
When multiplying by 3, add the number three times. That is 6 x 3 = 6 + 6 + 6 = 18. This might take a bit too long, although with practice, you start memorising the answers.
If you know how to double a number, this one is easy. Simply, double a number and then double it again.
The last digit is always going to be 5,0,5,0 or you can use this method. Take the number you are multiplying by 5 and multiply it by 10. Then, if you halve your number, you will have your answer. For example: 9×5 =45 so 9×10 = 90 and 90/2 = 45.
When you multiply 6 by an even number, they both end in the same digit. Example: 6×2=12, 6×4=24, 6×6=36. Or you can use the double method. If you know your three times tables, simply double the answer and it will give you your six times tables.
Firstly, the hardest multiplication is 7 x 8 – I like to remember this as 5 6 7 8 – 56 is 7 x 8. Otherwise, the 7 times table can be derived from the 4 times table plus the 3 times table. For example: 7 x 8 is the same as 4 x 8 = 32 added to 3 x 8 = 24, giving an answer of 56.
Here is a simple step to help solve your eights. Take any number and double it. Then double the answer again. Now double the answer again. For example 4 x 4 =16, so double 4 = 8, then double 8 = 16.
Hold your hands in front of you with your fingers spread out. For 9 x 3, bend your third finger down. (9 x 4 would be the fourth finger, etc.) You have 2 fingers in front of the bent finger and 7 after the bent finger. Thus, the answer must be 27. This technique works for the 9 times tables up to 10.
If you want to multiply something by 10, just add a zero on to the number you are multiplying. For example: 10 x 8 = 80 or 10 x 11 = 110. Try it with any number; it’s just too easy.
Take any number to 10 and multiply it by 11. Multiply 11 by 3 to get 33, multiply 11 by 4 to get 44. Each number to 10 is duplicated.
The twelves can be multiplied a number of different ways. Here is a simple way to learn. Multiply by 10 and multiply by 2, and then add the two results to get your answer. For example: 12 x 3 can be calculated by working out 10 x 3, which is 30 and adding 2 x 3, which is 6. This gives 36.12 x 4 can be calculated by working out 10 x 4, which is 40 and adding 2 x 4, which is 8. This gives 48. | <urn:uuid:c45fd425-4084-484b-bf31-09b3f33bb260> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://breakappz.com/times-table-tricks/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540529745.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20191211021635-20191211045635-00165.warc.gz | en | 0.910355 | 701 | 3.859375 | 4 |
In Flannery O'Connor's short story "Everything That Rises Must Converge," how does the world of Julian’s mother "end" (on multiple levels and in multiple ways)?
1 Answer | Add Yours
Near the conclusion of Flannery O’Connor’s short story titled “Everything That Rises Must Converge,” an arrogant and inconsiderate Julian tells his elderly mother, who has just been struck to the ground by an angry black woman, “You needn’t act as if the world had come to an end, . . . because it hasn’t.” In fact, however, Julian is just as wrong about this matter as he is wrong about most matters in the story. For Julian’s mother, the world is indeed about to come to an end in a number of different ways, including the following:
- Most obviously, she is about to die.
- The world of white privilege in which she grew up is coming to an end, as the action of the enraged black woman has just shown.
- The mother’s world, which revolves around Julian, is about the come to an end because of her death. Julian will no longer be the center of her existence. In one way or another, God will (at least according to O’Connor).
- Before that happens, however, her world, in which Julian is the central focus, is about to be replaced briefly by a mental world in which her childhood and, in particular, her relationship with her beloved black nanny will become most important to her.
- Her present world – that is, her sense of living in the present – will come to an end and will be replaced by a world in which the past is her chief concern.
- Ironically, although her life on earth is about to end, O’Connor would have believed that a whole new kind of existence was about to begin for her, either in heaven, in hell, or in purgatory. There are hints throughout the story that the mother may be headed for heaven. Despite her various flaws, the mother is far less damnable (in the literal sense of that word) than is her son.
However, the world is coming to an end not only for Julian’s mother but also, in a sense, for Julian himself. His world is ending in some of the following senses:
- He will no longer be able to depend on his mother, as he has done well into his adult life.
- He will no longer be able to treat his mother with condescension and contempt, as he also has been doing for a long time.
- Unless he makes radical changes in his life, his world will be even lonelier and more isolated than it is already.
- Most significantly, he is now about to leave his old world of smug superiority behind and enter in entirely different psychological and spiritual state. As the final sentence of the story puts it:
The tide of darkness seemed to sweep him back to her, postponing from moment to moment his entry into the world of guilt and sorrow.
- Ironically, Julian’s entrance into this “world of guilt and sorrow” may actually be the best thing that can happen to him spiritually (which is really the only kind of existence that O’Connor truly cares about). Only by having his pride burned away can he experience the kind of transforming insight that O’Connor celebrates in her famous story titled “Revelation.” For Julian, paradoxically, a new and much better world may be born out of the death of the world he has inhabited for most of his life.
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Join a community of thousands of dedicated teachers and students.Join eNotes | <urn:uuid:a9815453-f505-472d-aa57-b485c4345750> | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | http://www.enotes.com/homework-help/julians-mother-world-has-ended-multiple-levels-335643 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440644068098.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827025428-00233-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.979261 | 784 | 2.71875 | 3 |
- Local History
- About Us
Women's History Month
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Women's History Month serves to honor and remember the history and contributions of women in society to bring about social change, and speak out against injustice. Women's History Month originally began as a petition to celebrate Women's History Week on March 7, 1982. After another petition secured the celebratory week for the next five years, Women's History Week became Women's History Month in 1987 after Congress passed resolution Pub. L. 100-9 designating the month of March for the celebration month. Today we look back to honor the women who have helped shape and secure women's rights, and we also look ahead and celebrate the women working today to continue this important work for future generations. For more information on the national recognition of Women's History Month, visit: https://womenshistorymonth.gov/about/
And don't forget to celebrate International Women's Day every March 8th!
Women's History Month @ PVLD
We're kicking off Women's History Month in February by learning how to make Zines -- because we're making a Women's History Month Zine! Click here to view the submission process and guidelines!
And of course, we're celebrating all month long! Join us at one or all of our events. For more information, click the title below.
Museums & Historical Sites
2730 Historic Decatur Road, Suite 103
San Diego, CA 92106
Magazines & Newspapers
Harvard Women's Health Watch
O: The Oprah Magazine
Umon Sensu = Woman Sense (Korean)
Websites & Other Resources | <urn:uuid:8dddeba8-1545-44f4-af91-cb01b0d1d11c> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | https://www.pvld.org/celebrate/whm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195524517.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20190716075153-20190716101153-00224.warc.gz | en | 0.919064 | 349 | 3.015625 | 3 |
What is a database?
I found the best definition of a database at TechTarget: a database is a collection of information that is organized so that it can easily be accessed, managed, and updated. That says a lot in a few short words. It even covers concepts like data integrity and data validity by implication. But how does all this happen?
First of all, realise that database principles are founded on mathematical foundations. Most databases are relational databases. That's where we start, right at the bottom.
A relation is a table, like a spreadsheet table, but with the difference that it can be related to another table, or tables, in several ways. There are also definite rules on how a table should be constructed. On this site is a database design tutorial. You will find everything you want to know about database tables, how they should be constructed and how they relate to each other, in this tutorial.
You may have heard the term database schema. What is a database schema?
A database schema is the formal description of a database system. Seen from the ground on up, a database system consists of the following:
- the individual databases, like the sales database, the member database, etc.
- the database management system through which users access the databases in the above point
- the database server, which makes the services of the database management system available to computer programs, is not always included in this list
Database management system
A database management system is the software part of a database system that allows for the creation, use and deletion of databases in that database system. The database management system understands query languages, like SQL, and controls things like concurrent access to the same database. The database management system is really the controller of the database system.
A database server is a program that makes database services (storing data, making this data available for queries, etc.) available to other software. This other software may be a Linux shell called from a console window (command window in Windows) into which one types SQL commands, or it may be a larger program which eventually presents a gui (graphical user interface) to the end-user, among other things. So, a database server is the gateway to the real databases contained in the database system.
Obviously, the database server is just the gateway through which other programs interact with the database management system. As said before, the language of the database management system is a query language, mostly SQL.
SQL stands for structured query language. This is the language of databases. If you know it, you can do everything you want to do with the database, from creating a database, creating tables, filling them with data, doing queries to get data out, updating and deleting data. An SQL database is really just a database which can be used using SQL - which is most of them. Using SQL, one talks to the database controller, also known as a database management system, through the database server.
One uses SQL by typing in text commands and getting the database server to pass them on to the database management system which executes them. The previous sentence raises two problems:
- typing in text commands in what sounds like a programming language - that doesn't sound very end-user friendly
- is there not a gui (graphical user interface) way end-users can interact with the database?
So far, a database (really a database system) doesn't sound very useful to an end-user. From what went before, it sounds as if our hope lies in the other software. That's exactly the way it is. This other software which will enable an end-user to work with a database is called a database application.
A database application is computer software which allows one to enter, update, read and delete data from a database. Most end-user targeted database applications see to it that the end-user has a gui to work with. There are two main ways of providing a gui. The second one is increasing in popularity:
- a desktop gui like with MS Access
- the database application creating web pages which are displayed in a browser
Obviously, the second list item above opens up the ideal of a database accessed from anywhere one has an Internet connection. Some people call databases like these online databases or web databases. It also greatly limits what the end-user has to have running on his computer. Considering end user computers is really important in coming to a decision of exactly what one needs.
A web application is merely an application (program) running on a web server, accessed by anyone with access to the web server. This web server may serve to the Internet which means that "anyone" is in fact everyone with access to the Internet. Of course, your application can implement user names, passwords and roles which means that different people can have different levels of access. A web application is very often used to access a database.
The heading above should really be free database systems. Now there are quite a number of free database systems which run on more than one operating system. Personally, I favour PostgreSQL.
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Links and html markup are not allowed. | <urn:uuid:a193790d-46e6-432d-b529-3b6ebe505654> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | http://databaseapplications.com.au/what_is_a_database.jsp | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676590127.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20180718095959-20180718115959-00347.warc.gz | en | 0.927469 | 1,104 | 3.6875 | 4 |
I made a Math screencast that talks about using algebra "from the get go" with kids. Also when I have more time you will see all the pictures with written descriptions and perhaps some additional information not covered in the screencast. Click the algebra, square #'s, and problem solving tabs for more...but there is also a lesson on combining like terms which may not be as easy to find...
The math screencast is a great fast way to take a bunch of pictures and make them make sense...
Some times it feels like 10 minutes and two hours fly by.
Here are two 5 minute screencasts covering a two hour session with a student who is 11...his friend did not show up so it wasn't quite as much fun and we did not go as fast because as he said, "it's no fair trying to beat you, you already know all this stuff."
We did cover a lot of ground though. We had fun and two hours do go by FAST.
Here is a quick math screencast about actually using algebra to teach multiplication (and basic operations like addition and subtraction) with base ten manipulatives and the Mortensen Math Method. Using a three period lesson and other basic concepts are covered at The House Of Math just click the basic concepts tab.
Some Preschool Math: Multiplication
Math concepts like multiplication made easy for pre-scoolers. This five minute math screencast shows you a synopsis of lesson that uses concept based teaching. | <urn:uuid:aaaf0fbc-6df5-4b44-bc3e-fc5468684cc0> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | http://www.crewtonramoneshouseofmath.com/math-screencasts.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891811794.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20180218062032-20180218082032-00024.warc.gz | en | 0.965255 | 305 | 2.890625 | 3 |
In his book How Children Fail, John Holt said, “The true test of intelligence is not how much we know how to do, but how we behave when we don’t know what to do.”
Often, as parents, we’re taken aback when we hear our child get frustrated with a problem and have a meltdown or lash out at a friend or even at us, when she doesn’t know what to do about a problem. Sometimes, we even wonder, “Where did she learn that behavior?”
Perhaps a more appropriate question is to ask how often as parents and caregivers do we model the perspective of “I don’t know the answer or how to solve the problem, let’s find out…” Children model the behavior of those they care deeply about and who care for them.
As you go through your day, look for opportunities to share this perspective with your children that it’s okay to not know the answer. Invite them to figure things out together with you.
We look forward to hearing what you discover! | <urn:uuid:4e8672c1-5c81-497c-9bf6-49646b1e3afa> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | https://blog.selfdesign.com/2018/01/14/its-ok-to-not-know-the-answer/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676591578.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20180720100114-20180720120114-00133.warc.gz | en | 0.968475 | 227 | 2.96875 | 3 |
The interactive screens section this month is based on two
downloadable Excel files:
on a Number Grid
and Number Grid
These were two GCSE coursework introductions.
They are made available here for teachers who might wish to present
these investigations to their students using the Excel files.
But if these examples stimulate other similar presentations, so
much the better.
"Products on a Number Grid" invites students to notice that the
product formed by the values in opposite corners of a rectangle on
a number grid maintain a constant difference for all positions of a
rectangle of a fixed size.
"Number Grid Functions" is a more general treatment. Here students
are invited to consider the effect of translations around a number
grid of varying width, first of a simple sum, but beyond that to
other operations or functions. | <urn:uuid:4d1154bc-79f5-4963-9142-dd309e4d789c> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | https://nrich.maths.org/5406 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818687606.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20170921025857-20170921045857-00471.warc.gz | en | 0.882394 | 172 | 3.09375 | 3 |
Summer tends to linger well into the fall in Murcia, and this year has been no different. The Segura River valley where the city is located heats up like a sauna in July and August and does not easily yield to cooler temperatures come September. Weeks after the fall equinox, highs in Murcia remained stubbornly in the 90s. Once again, it has been a veranico del membrillo – a quince summer.
This expression, a version bearing the Murcianized diminutive –ico (in other parts of Spain, the saying is veranillo del membrillo), is the equivalent of an Indian Summer, when unseasonably high temperatures assert themselves in early autumn, just when ripened quinces are beginning to appear in the markets.
Up until several years ago, I admittedly would not have known a quince had I seen one. This curious fruit was certainly not a Florida childhood staple, although it would not have been out of place on my grandmother’s New England table. In my mind, the quince evokes Colonial America and sensible Yankee desserts, preserves and ciders. Its roots, however, extend much further back. In fact, many botanists believe Adam and Eve’s Forbidden Fruit may have actually been a quince.
Even if it was one day a sinful temptation, the quince nonetheless fell out of favor, at least in the US. Its irregular shape and hard and astringent flesh that must be cooked to be eaten made it an outcast in a grab-and-go world.
Yet these are the precise qualities that have contributed to a quince renaissance in recent years. The humble quince has become a lovable poster child for champions of slow food and opponents of perfectly round fruits without character.
In Spain, quince has remained relatively common over the years. Here, it is typically cooked down with sugar to make concentrated blocks of dulce de membrillo, quince paste. Slices of the sweet jelly are the perfect foil to salty and tangy sheep’s milk cheeses like Manchego.
Quince became an important crop in Murcia in the Middle Ages under Arab rule, and centuries later contributed to the growth of the still significant canning industry in the city. Even though quince production has declined here over the last several decades (largely coinciding with the fateful construction boom), the fruit has not lost its power to conjure up hot fall days in the expression, el veranico del membrillo.
Little by little, the seasons are indeed shifting. Murcia’s imposing summer has finally begun to give way, allowing crisper air to seep into the night, which the sun labors to chase away with dwindling strength. Yet if experience proves me right, the heat will return at least one more, prolonging the quince summer.
Summer’s last stand calls for quince paste. Cooking down quinces into concentrated and sweet dulce de membrillo is a means to preserve the taste of warmer days for the inevitable winter to come.
Dulce de Membrillo – Quince Paste
The basic steps of this recipe are relatively straightforward – peel and core the quinces either before or after cooking; boil until tender; puree the peeled and cored fruit; mix with sugar and cook over low heat until concentrated; then pour into a mold and cool. But, as I learned through trial and error, timing can significantly influence the results.
Most recipes I came across in local Murcian cookbooks had a lot of gaps, presumably to be filled in with experience. For example, El Libro de la Gastronomía de Murcia suggests cooking the pureed fruit and sugar for 15 minutes, which was enough to make a tasty quince sauce (akin to apple sauce) but not enough to make a concentrated paste. I kept cooking and stirring for 30 minutes more and achieved satisfactory, and sliceable, results.
I have since researched different cooking methods and have come across wildly varying simmer times, from 8 minutes to several hours. I am still experimenting to find the version I like best. In any case, far worse things could happen than to end up with a delicious quince sauce.
I encourage you to visit Janet Mendel’s recent blog post on quinces for her complete and easy-to-follow recipe for dulce de membrillo. Mendel uses several techniques I am eager to try, such as adding some of the quince poaching liquid to the fruit puree and lining the mold with plastic wrap for easy removal. Mendel’s post also includes a lovely story about quince paste in Spain and a savory quince recipe with lamb inspired by several Mediterranean dishes.
To determine the amount of sugar you need, measure or weigh the cooked and pureed fruit and add the same quantity of sugar. I used three quinces, which was enough to fill a 5.5 x 4.5 x 1.5 inch aluminum container.
Cut the quinces in half and place them in a pot and cover with water. Bring to the boil, lower the heat and simmer until the flesh is tender and easily pierced with a fork, after about 30-45 minutes. Completely drain and, once the quinces are cool enough to touch, peel and core them.
Puree the fruit, then weigh or measure it and mix it with an equal amount of sugar in a heavy saucepan. Cook over medium low heat until the puree is reduced nearly by half, stirring frequently so it does not stick to the bottom of the pan. Pour into a rectangular mold and cool. Properly concentrated quince paste will keep in the refrigerator for up to several months. Serve thinly sliced with an assertive cheese such sheep’s milk Manchego. | <urn:uuid:aeadc5b9-4e1d-42f3-ae65-6669344a687e> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://gowithcuriosity.com/category/spanish-food/recipes-spain/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704132729/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516113532-00019-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.946079 | 1,194 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Fertilizer cacti at home conditions - a necessary agricultural application, the correctness of which depends on the growth of succulents and their regular flowering. But even if there are no flowering specimens in your collection, watering cacti with fertilizers is still important, because proper fertilizing stimulates the development of internal tissues, and their deficiency provokes the appearance of cracks on the stem.
In order to develop normally, cacti, like other plants, need to receive "building material" - various chemical elements. Some of them are plants obtained from water and carbon dioxide.
The rest is extracted either from the planting substrate, or from fertilizing - mineral fertilizers. What should be fertilized cacti at home, and this article is devoted.
The correct composition of fertilizers for cacti
- All necessary chemical elements are divided into two main groups: macro - and microelements.
- There are three main macronutrients: nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K).
Therefore, complex NPK (azofoski) fertilizers with different percentage of macroelements are suitable for cacti. Nitrogen in such mixtures is usually represented in nitrate and ammonium form.
Cacti generally grow slowly, so for their development excess nitrogen concentrations are not as necessary as for many food or ornamental crops with large leaf biomass. That is why the use of organic fertilizer solutions with a large mass fraction of nitrogen is not welcomed as a correct fertilizer.
Plants can simply burst - the development of external tissues will lag behind the development of internal ones. As a result, ugly, long visible cracks on the sides of the stem of the plant will remain.
Phosphorus is usually present in the form of highly soluble phosphates, for example, various potassium phosphates. It is believed that the necessary concentrations of phosphorus favorably affect the regular and abundant flowering. Potassium is essential for fruiting.
Knowing the low interest of plants in nitrogen and the strong need for phosphorus and potassium, we select fertilizers to meet these needs. All dry or liquid NPK fertilizers have a set of numbers corresponding to the ratio of N: P: K percentages (for example, 15: 15: 15 or 11: 22: 22, etc.).
In relation to cacti, it is better if the mass fraction of nitrogen in the dressing does not exceed 5-8%, and the proportion of phosphorus and potassium starts from 17% and increases depending on the variety.
Watering cacti at home with liquid fertilizer (with video)
In liquid fertilizers for cacti, as a rule, add trace elements in the form of easily soluble salts. Trace elements - iron, cobalt, copper, manganese, zinc, etc. - these are chemical elements that are needed in much smaller quantities.
At times in the stores you can find dry mixtures of trace elements in the form of easily soluble chelate salts. On the packaging of all fertilizers there are recommendations for the preparation of working solutions. If fertilizers are intended specifically for cacti, such recommendations can be followed; in other cases, it is better to prepare weaker solutions.
Adult plants can be fertilized up to 2-4 once a year during the active growing season. It is believed that the first watering in the season is best done without fertilizers, so that the plants after winter will have time to form a good peripheral root system.
And only after that, during the second or third irrigation, you can begin to give mineral supplements. Seedlings contained in the greenhouse under the lamps can be fertilized regularly throughout the year, for example, once a month, using slightly less concentrated solutions than for adult plants.
And what else can you fertilize cacti at home? In addition to mineral fertilizers applied with irrigation, there is a group of granular, slowly soluble fertilizers applied to the soil along with the planting mixture.
Granules of such fertilizers can be mixed in certain quantities in a new planting mixture. After planting as the cacti grow and during irrigation, these granules slowly dissolve - for months or even years, releasing the necessary elements into the soil. In your usual practice it is better not to use the last kind of dressings.
It is believed that the lack of certain macro-and micronutrients can lead to serious violations in the development of plants, which could be interpreted as the result of a lack of any chemical elements.
How the cacti fertilizer is performed is shown in this video: | <urn:uuid:a3f8901f-8cbf-42b8-bba8-8962b39267e3> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://en.cvetoshki.ru/kaktusy/chem-nuzhno-udobryat-kaktusy-v-domashnih-usloviyah.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347394074.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20200527110649-20200527140649-00439.warc.gz | en | 0.922329 | 942 | 3.09375 | 3 |
Is the Drive for Success Making our Children Sick?
We have a nationwide epidemic of school-related stress, anxiety and depression. Students' average days consist of 7 hours of school, plus sports, clubs, music activities followed by hours of homework. Weekends are filled with homework projects, test preparations, tournaments and other competitions. No down-time and not enough sleep. Kids in elementary school complain about migraine headaches and ulcers. "Many pediatricians see a clear connection to performance pressure."
There are schools all around the country that are making small but important structural changes to ease pressure and improve our children's health. Reforms include: start times, block schedules, homework limits, homework-free weekends & holidays, re-thinking assessments to show growth beyond conventional tests as well as re-thinking the number of clubs, sports, activities our students are involved in.
Research shows that when students are less anxious and depressed their academic achievement goes up. Let's choose the health of our children. The time for reform is now. | <urn:uuid:d880ff25-9508-4579-8ac7-91824c7628d7> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | https://www.onbalanceparenting.org/blog/2018/03/01/strive-for-perfection-is-making-our-kids-sick-time-for-reform | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039747215.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20181121052254-20181121074254-00398.warc.gz | en | 0.966439 | 208 | 2.796875 | 3 |
|Name: _________________________||Period: ___________________|
This test consists of 5 multiple choice questions, 5 short answer questions, and 10 short essay questions.
Multiple Choice Questions
1. Where did Uncle Terry encounter a ghost?
(a) In a shoe shop in a shopping center.
(b) In a friend's home.
(c) In a bakery.
(d) In the sancutary of a church.
2. What does Father make the narrator promise to give up at the end of Chapter 79?
(a) Not talking about his mother.
(b) Talking to Mrs. Shears.
(c) Not talking about Mr. Shears.
(d) His silly detective game.
3. In Chapter 109, what does the narrator spend the afternoon doing?
(b) Detective work.
(c) Reading his favorite book.
(d) Painting pictures of aliens.
4. What did Father take to the hospital when he went to visit Mother?
(a) Shoes from Han Coles.
(b) Books from Barnes and Noble.
(c) Food from Marks and Spencer's.
(d) Flowers from Spencer's.
5. What type of business does Father own?
(a) An auto repair business.
(b) A shoe repair business.
(c) A laundry business.
(d) A boiler repair business.
Short Answer Questions
1. What was the breed of the dog the narrator found on the grass?
2. Why does the narrator say prime numbers are considered military material?
3. How does Mrs. Alexander respond when the narrator asks if Mrs. Shears killed his mother?
4. What did Father tell the narrator his mother died of?
5. Who wrote the letter that the narrator finds at the bottom of the cupboard?
Short Essay Questions
1. Describe Rhodri.
2. Why does Christopher not believe in the supernatural? Give one example of supernatural mysteries that he does not believe in.
3. What does Christopher tell Mr. Jeavons about Terry? And why is it significant that he reveals his conversation with Terry?
4. Describe Christopher and Father's Saturday outing in Chapter 137.
5. How does Christopher determine where he will go live now that he has learned that father killed Wellington? Why does he make the decision to go to London?
6. Why does Christopher feel he cannot trust his father? How does he react towards Father after he confesses to Wellington's death?
7. How does the narrator view cardinal number and prime numbers?
8. What happened to Toby in Chapter 227? How does the narrator save Toby?
9. Describe Christopher's adventures at the police headquarters.
10. How does Christopher escape the police officer in Chapter 211?
This section contains 1,261 words
(approx. 5 pages at 300 words per page) | <urn:uuid:54cf40d6-1b6a-448f-be35-e99b27d02448> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://www.bookrags.com/lessonplan/the-curious-incident-of-the-dog-in-the-nightime/test3.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218191984.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212951-00231-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.936794 | 614 | 2.53125 | 3 |
As the Royal Society for Public Health launches its #ScrollFreeSeptember campaign, encouraging people to take a break from social media, Professor Yvonne Kelly from the ESRC International Centre for Lifecourse Studies at UCL, discusses new research on the negative impacts of social media use on young people’s health. She explains how the findings point to the need to limit the time that young people, especially girls, spend on social media.
The ScrollFreeSeptember campaign accompanies the launch of a second parliamentary inquiry in less than 12 months into the impact of social media use on young people’s mental health and well-being. Our Centre will be submitting a range of important new findings to that inquiry which seeks to grow the evidence base in an area where there is a great deal of hot debate, but where little is really known and understood.
For our team of researchers, the first indication that all was not well in the world of social media and young people’s mental health came in 2015 when we found that children who were heavy users of screen-based media were less happy and had more social and emotional problems than their peers who used it moderately. Children who used social media sites for chatting were also less likely to be happy and more likely to have problems than their peers who did not.
In March this year, our widely covered work on the trends for boys’ and girls’ social media use added weight to recent calls from the Children’s Commissioner for England to, as she put it, call time on a “life of likes”. In her report, Anne Longfield argued that there was clear evidence of children finding it hard to manage the impact of online life. She said children as young as eight were becoming anxious about their identity as they craved social media likes and comments for validation.
Social media and girls
Our research, based on the experiences of 10,000 children aged 10-15 who took part in the Understanding Society study, showed that this seemed to be the case particularly for girls who used social media for more than an hour a day. 10 year-old girls in the study who spent an hour or more on a school day chatting online had considerably more social and emotional problems later on – by age 15 – than girls of the same age who spent less or no time on social media. The number of problems they faced also increased as they got older, which was not the case for boys.
It was interesting to note that more girls than boys were using social media and for greater periods of time. At age 15, 43 percent of girls and 31 per cent of boys were using it for between one and three hours per day, with 16 and 10 per cent using it for more than four hours.
We think this tells us something important about the different ways that girls and boys interact with social media. For example, girls may be more likely than boys to compare their lives with those of friends and peers – whether those are ‘filtered’ selfies or positive posts about friendships, relationships or material possessions – these could lead to feelings of inadequacy, lower levels of satisfaction and poorer wellbeing.
The pressures associated with having peers like or ‘approve’ status updates and a perceived fall in or lack of popularity could add further pressure at, what for many teenagers is a tricky time in their lives.
Boys are more likely to be gaming than interacting online in the way just described and that wasn’t covered in this research, so it’s possible that for boys, changes in well-being may be more related to gaming success or skill.
But one of the key takeaways of this research is how social media use as a very young person is linked to lower levels of happiness later on – the effects are not short term – they have longer term consequences and
Social media and depression
More recently, we have turned our attention to the social media experiences of the children in the Millennium Cohort Study (MCS), using information on 11,000 14 year-olds to look at how social media use is linked with depression. We’ve also been asking ourselves what the pathways between these two things might look like, something that’s not really been done before. So, for example, are heavier users of social media getting too little sleep or having trouble getting to sleep because they are checking accounts at bedtime; are they experiencing cyberbullying either as victims or perpetrators; do they appear to have low self-esteem or a negative view of how they look? All these questions can help us better understand what’s at play and come up with better approaches to tackling these problems.
Preliminary findings reinforce the message that girls are particularly vulnerable to the negative effects of social media. Once again we see more girls than boys in this study using social media and for longer periods of time.
Does using social media affect literacy?
A follow up piece of research looks at whether there are links between the amount of time young people spend on social media and their levels of literacy. Findings suggest a link and that this is the same for boys and girls.
In this research we look at whether the more time young people spend on social media, the less time they have for the things that might improve their literacy such as reading for enjoyment and doing homework.
There are some clear messages from our research so far:
- Heavy users of social media are less happy and have more problems at school and at home – interventions to help them limit and manage their social media use better are likely to be important
- Girls are particularly vulnerable to the negative effects of social media and may be an important group to focus on among those looking to mitigate thse effects
- More hours spent on social media appear to impact negatively on young people’s wellbeing and could have knock on effects for their longer term prospects at school and work
Social media companies have been accused by the former Health Secretary Jeremy Hunt among others of turning a blind eye to the problem and the chief medical officer Dame Sally Davies has been asked to recommend healthy limits for screen time.
Our research indicates that it may indeed be time for recommended healthy and safe limits of social media use, that a focus on girls, especially initiatives to boost their mental health could help mitigate some of the negative effects.
The RSPH is hoping that going scroll free this September might give us all a chance to get our social media use a little more balanced, to think about the benefits to be enjoyed and the negatives to be avoided.
As well as pausing to think about our social media use and how it affects us, it will be an opportunity to examine the facts of the matter, a time to digest new, solid evidence that these large scale studies can help us with and consider the potential longer term costs and consequences of doing nothing.
The forthcoming inquiry hopes to inform “progressive and practical solutions”, including a proposed industry Code of Practice and tools for educators, parents and young people themselves to help them enjoy the benefits and eliminate the negative effects of their social media. We wholly support those efforts and hope they result in positive changes that will make campaigns like ScrollFreeSeptember unnecessary in the future. | <urn:uuid:74b826dc-8f4d-48a0-b5c4-2db1c1919868> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | http://childofourtimeblog.org.uk/tag/socio-emotional-difficulties/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376827963.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20181216165437-20181216191437-00544.warc.gz | en | 0.967834 | 1,465 | 3.296875 | 3 |
Stand at the Lock 7 Dam overlook at the foot of Sugar Hill Road. Can you visualize what this view must have looked like to native peoples? You would see Goat Island in the middle with rapids cascading down shale bedrock on either side of the island. Many of our present day town roads follow old trails used by native peoples. There is reason to believe that Riverview Road follows one of these pre-European historic trails west and Sugar Hill Road follows another north.
Glacial ice and meltwater played a major role in the geologic and landform development of the Mohawk Valley. Prior to the last glaciation, the Mohawk drained south from Schenectady and joined the Hudson River near Coeymans, NY. Following glaciation, this route was buried by glacial sediments and a much larger ‘Iromohawk’ river drained through the valley. For a period of a few hundred years, while the St. Lawrence Lowland was blocked with ice, the Iromohawk conveyed the drainage of the Great Lakes and the meltwater of the eastern Laurentide ice sheet through the valley. The Iromohawk cut wide channels across the Hudson-Mohawk Lowland, deposited cobble-sized gravels in many locations east of Little Falls, and eroded bedrock between Rexford and Cohoes, forming the route the modern river follows today. – The Mohawk River Action Agenda, NYSDEC, 2012
Under Chapter 532, Laws of 1922, the Superintendent of Public Works was authorized to develop the potential water power at the Barge Canal dams located at Crescent and Vischer Ferry. All Contract work at both plants was completed in 1925. The equipment at each plant includes two 2800 Kw, 0.8 power factor, 3 phase, 60 cycle, 2300 volt, 90 rpm vertical generators, each directly connected with a 4.000 hp, reaction-type, Francis turbine. The generators were furnished by General Electric. Both power plants were officially conveyed to the Power Authority of the State of New York on 13 March 1984 by the New York State Department of Transportation. In 1987 the Power Authority added 6,000 kilowatts of capacity to each plant, more than doubling their capacity. The additional electricity replaced about 3,200,000 gallons of oil annually. The vertical turbines were purchased from Voith Hydro of York, Pennsylvania. Both the Crescent and Vischer Ferry dams and powerhouses were rehabilitated at this time. | <urn:uuid:a147094d-0eb4-4f67-ab51-617e6f143c8b> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | https://bywayfriends.org/2014/11/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084888302.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20180119224212-20180120004212-00429.warc.gz | en | 0.96252 | 496 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Are There Major Risks For Having A Dental Bonding?
Dental bonding is a procedure that uses a composite material to repair teeth problems such as chips and breaks. Also, dentists recommend this to patients who have issues with teeth gaps and small teeth because these can be unattractive to some.
Furthermore, the material is also good to conceal tooth discoloration. That’s why some dentists use teeth bonding as a cosmetic option for these instances. With dental composite bonding, teeth imperfections now have easy remedies.
Dental bonding procedure
Generally, the teeth bonding procedure takes about 60 minutes to complete. Sometimes, it may take more time than that, especially if it involves more teeth to repair. Nevertheless, it requires only one visit to your dentist.
To begin with the dental bonding process, your dentist ensures that your teeth are clean. He removes the plaque and tartar that are present then dries your teeth. After that, he follows these steps:
- Using a shade guide, he carefully determines what color of the composite resin closely matches your natural teeth color. Once he figures it out, he readies the material beforehand.
- Now, he prepares your teeth for the dental composite bonding application. The bite surfaces should be rough to make sure that the material properly adheres. To do this, he etches the teeth slightly and then applies dental conditioning liquid on it.
- This time, he puts the tooth-colored composite material on the tooth surface. He molds the resin so it completely repairs and covers the tooth issue. When he’s satisfied with the form, he uses an ultraviolet light on the material to permanently harden it.
A final polishing may be necessary so the new dental bonding blends with the rest of the sheen of your smile.
Risks of dental bonding
There are no major risks that associate with teeth bonding. In fact, it’s a great option to restore your smile or even enhance it. Somehow, the only drawback here is the durability of the material. Since composite resin isn’t as hard as your real teeth, it is still susceptible to damage. Furthermore, it is not stain-resistant.
If you have dental composite bonding on your teeth, make sure that you avoid eating hard food. Candies, ice, chips, and cookies may result in chipping your bonded tooth. You also need to manage your habits like nail-biting and pen-chewing as it easily breaks the resin. On top of that, keep away from staining food if you don’t want to have an unfair teeth color.
Overall, it isn’t that difficult to maintain your new smile as long as you observe proper oral hygiene. Most importantly, you should avail of regular checkups and dental services in Thornhill Ontario for sustaining dental health. | <urn:uuid:49699905-f821-4eeb-a2d2-0efeb7093c69> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://worlddental.ca/dental-bonding-risks | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875143646.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20200218085715-20200218115715-00114.warc.gz | en | 0.922333 | 580 | 2.546875 | 3 |
ADHD is most commonly noticed around the age of 5, and according to medical guidelines, it affects 5% of school-aged children with the ratio of males
to females in assessed as having ADHD being at least 4 to 1. The observed prevalence of ADHD in boys and girls may be skewed as the characteristics of hyperactivity and impulsivity are seen more commonly in boys, whereas girls with ADHD, are more likely to display inattentive characteristics. Research suggests that 80% of children assessed as having ADHD continue to experience those characteristics during adolescence and 67% continue to have the characteristics into adulthood.
ADHD is not considered just a problem with poor attention but is additionally a problem with moderating emotions and effective self-regulation, particularly of activity level and impulse control. Dealing with the demands of everyday life requires self-regulation to develop successful life skills. For people with ADHD, problems with self-regulation often cause difficulty-managing emotions, so they might respond to small events with excessive behavior and emotion while not noticing more important events. Often there is a sense of skills being out of line with the individual’s age and intellectual ability.
In addition, problems with self-control make it difficult to develop good self-habits. These issues can result in complications in many aspects of life, including school or job achievement, performance in athletic activities, driving, as well as success in relationships, specifically friendships, dating, and marriage. | <urn:uuid:3863639f-7572-4cfc-ab8d-91667893d72a> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://www.twincitiestherapyandcounseling.com/services/adhd/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917118519.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031158-00520-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.970856 | 292 | 3.59375 | 4 |
The most important step
in the preparation of fruit juices is the sterilization of the juice.
Temperatures should be used which will sterilize the juices without
imparting a cooked taste. The recipes include directions for the
preparation of the fruit juices that have been found by experience to be
satisfactory beverages. Certain fruits such as peaches, apricots, and
prunes, do not give satisfactory juices and are therefore omitted.
(41) Apple Juice.
Apples for the production
of juice should possess a marked flavor. Winesap, Northern Spy,
Gravenstein, Newtown Pippin, are all good for this purpose. Use clean,
sound fruit and not wormy culls. A thermometer that may be immersed in
the juice or water will be necessary. A dairy thermometer reading to
185° F. or higher will answer the purpose. See Chap. VII for description
of crushers and presses.
1. Crush or grind the
fruit and press out the juice. If the fruit is heated to 150º to 160º F.
(not above 160° F.) for a few minutes it will press more easily. Heat
the juice to 150° F. in a pot.
2. Strain or filter the
juice through a jelly bag or other filtering device. It is usually
desirable to strain the juice twice.
3. Fill the juice into
bottles, allowing a space of about 1 1/2 inches in the necks of the
bottles for expansion of the juice during sterilization. Crown finish
bottles are best if any large amount of juice is to be put up.
4. Cork the bottles with
corks previously sterilized for 10 min. in boiling water. Tie the corks
down with a string to hold them in the bottles during sterilization. If
crown caps and bottles are used, place the caps on the bottles With a
crown bottle capping machine. (See Fig. 24.)
5. Pasteurization. Lay
the bottles in a horizontal position on the false wooden bottom of a
washboiler or large pot. Fill the boiler or pot with water. Heat the
water slowly until a thermometer held in the water registers 175° F.
Maintain this temperature for 20 min. (See Fig. 25.) For larger scale
pasteurization a large wooden vat with false bottom and heated with
steam coils may be used. The washboiler or other pasteurizer may be
filled full of bottles so long as the water completely covers them.
6. Paraffining the Corks.
As soon as the bottles are removed, clip the ends of necks and corks in
melted paraffin. Dip again when the bottles are cold. This prevents
molding. Dipping is not necessary for Crown Caps.
7. Canning Apple Juice.
The strained apple juice may also be pasteurized in cans. Enamel lined
cans are safer to use than plain tin lined cans because of the action of
the juice on tin. Fill the cans with juice. Seal them. Pasteurize as
described above for bottles. Solder top cans previously described, or
sanitary cans that may be sealed with a small hand power capping machine
may be used.
(42) Red Grape Juice.
1. Varieties of Grapes.
Red grape juice should have a pleasing and pronounced flavor in addition
to a deep red color and tart taste. Practically none of the European
varieties of red grapes grown in the United States possess all of these
characteristics. They are, however, found in Eastern varieties. They may
also he obtained from European varieties if two varieties of European
grapes are mixed or their juices blended.
An excellent combination
of European varieties is made of equal quantities of Muscat and any good
variety of red wine grape. The Muscat furnishes flavor. Petite Serah,
Zinfandel, Carignarne and Mat.aro or other common variety of red wine
grape may be used for color and acid. Better varieties for this purpose
are Barbera St. Macaire, and Refosco. The Muscat is a large white raisin
and shipping grape of very pronounced flavor. It is grown very
extensively in California. The other varieties are red wine grapes grown
in California. Any Eastern variety of good color may be used without the
addition of red wine grapes. Concord and Isabella are both good
2. Picking. The grapes
should not be too ripe. If a Balling sugar tester is available, test the
grapes from time to time during ripening. Muscat grapes should be picked
at about 22% sugar when tested with the Balling saccharometer; red
grapes at 18% to 20%, that is, when they are still quite acid or tart.
3. Crushing. Crush
thoroughly. This can be done in an agateware pot with a potato masher or
with the hands. If Muscats are used, mix with an equal amount of some
red wine grape.
4. Heating to Extract
Color. Heat the crushed grapes with a thermometer inserted until a
temperature of 140° F. is reached. Stir the grapes often. Remove the
heated grapes from the stove and allow to stand in an agateware or
aluminum pot overnight. On a large scale the grapes may be crushed in a
hand power grape crusher (see Fig. 22),. and heated in a wooden vat by
means of a tin steam coil or in a large tin lined or alum- mum steam
kettle. Both methods are used commercially. The juice may also be heated
after pressing from the grapes and then returned hot to the grapes to
remove the color.
5. Pressing. Press the
grapes after they have stood overnight as directed above. Small
quantities may be pressed through a jelly hag or flour sack. A
ciderpress (see Fig. 22), may be used for larger quantities.
6. Filtering. As directed
for apple juice, Recipe 41.
7. Bottling and
Pasteurizing. As for apple juice. Grape juice may also be pasteurized in
cans to good advantage.
Blackberry, and Raspberry Juices.
1. Use ripe well colored
berries. Crush thoroughly.
2. Heat in an agateware
or aluminum pot to 150º to 160º F. with a thermometer inserted.
3. Press hot through a
bag or press. Strain several times until fairly clear.
4. To each gallon of
loganberry or blackberry juice, add 2 lbs. of sugar. To each gallon of
raspberry juice, add 2 lbs. of sugar and 1 pt. of lemon juice.
5. Bottle, and pasteurize
as for apple juice.
6. The juice is diluted
with from one to two cups of water to each cup of juice before serving.
Loganberry juice has become one of the most popular fruit juice
beverages of the United States.
(44) Lemon Juice.
Lemon juice does not
retain its flavor well after pasteurizing. Cull lemons and "juice"
lemons may often be obtained from lemon orchards or packing houses very
1. Cut the lemons in
half. Remove the pulp and juice in a lemon squeezer or on a glass lemon
cone. Strain out coarse pulp.
2. Bottle and pasteurize
as directed for apple juice. (Recipe 41.)
Lemon juice develops a
"limey" or "stale" flavor in time but is still good for lemonade.
(45) Orange Juice.
1. Use ripe fruit.. Fruit
at the beginning of the season will make a bitter juice.
2. Peel the fruit to
remove oil cells. Crush and press out juice. Or cut the whole oranges in
half and remove pulp and juice on an orange cone.
3. Strain through a
cheesecloth. Do not remove all the pulp by straining because it contains
the flavor. Do not allow oil from the skins to get into the juice
because this in time becomes stale in flavor.
4. Bottle and pasteurize
as for apple juice. (See Recipe 41.)
Orange juice retains its
flavor only a short time, not more than two or three months and is not
very satisfactory as a bottled juice.
1. Mix 1 pint of lemon
juice with each gallon of orange juice. Add 2 lbs. of sugar to each
2. Bottle and pasteurize
as directed for apple juice. (Recipe 41.) To serve this juice, dilute
each cup of juice with 1 or 2 cupfuls of water.
This juice retains its
flavor much better than ordinary orange juice.
(47) Grape Fruit Juice.
1. Cut the fruit in half
and remove pulp and juice on a glass cone.
2. Strain through
3. Heat in an agateware
pot to 175° F. and fill into scalded bottles, filling them full.
4. Cork and tie down the
5. Place bottles in water
previously heated to 175° F. and keep at 175° F. for 20 min.
6. Remove bottles and
seal with paraffin. This method removes the air from the bottles and
prevents darkening of the juice, which would otherwise take place.
Grape fruit juice is the
most satisfactory of all citrus fruit juices. A great deal of this is
now bottled in Florida for sale.
(48) Pomegranate Juice.
1. Choose well colored
ripe fruit.. Cut fruit in half and remove kernels. Be careful not to get
any of rind or pulp mixed with the kernels.
2. Crush the kernels,
press out the juice and heat to 150º F.
3. Allow the juice to
stand overnight. Strain until fairly clear.
4. Add 1 lb. of sugar to
each gallon of juice.
5. Bottle and pasteurize
as directed for apple juice. (See Recipe 41).
(49) Pineapple Juice.
1. Use well ripened
fruit. Remove butts and rinds. Crush the pulp and press out the juice.
2. Heat the juice to 150º
to 160° F. in an agateware or aluminum pot. Allow to stand overnight.
3. Bottle and pasteurize
as directed for apple juice.
(50) Clarification of
In addition to
filtration, fruit juices may be made clear by the addition of various
substances which will coagulate and settle, carrying with them to the
bottom of the container, the material which causes the cloudiness. Clay,
casein, and the white of egg are the most suitable materials for this
purpose. Clay and casein are coagulated by the acid of the fruit juice.
Egg white must be coagulated by heating the juice.
1. Clarification with
Clay. Prepare a solution of good grade of clay by soaking 1 lb. of dry
clay in each gallon of water. (A clay known as Spanish clay is
considered best for this purpose, it being a medium grade of potters'
clay.) The clay is soaked for about 10 days and then worked with the
hands until it forms a smooth thin mud with the water.
To clarify apple juice
with clay, add 1 pint of the thoroughly mixed clay to each 10 pints of
juice and heat with stirring to 150° F. Let stand overnight.
The next morning pour off
the clear juice and filter the sediment. The juice is then bottled and
pasteurized as directed for unclarified juice. If clarification is
imperfect, use more clay.
For grape juice, use 3/4
pint of the clay to each 10 pints of juice; other juices, 1 pint to 10
of juice and proceed as with apple juice. Occasionally, the juice will
not become clear with this amount of clay and more must be added.
2. Clarification with
Casein. Casein may be bought through a drug store. It comes as a
granular powder. To dissolve it, add to each 3 oz. by weight of the
casein, 1 tablespoonful of sal soda and 1 pint of water. Boil till
dissolved and then add 7 pints of water.
Casein is used for grape
juice only. To each 10 gallons of juice, add 1/2 gallon of the casein
solution. Heat to 150° F.; allow to stand overnight; pour off clear
juice. and filter the sediment.
3. Clarification by
Combined Use of Casein and Clay. This combination gives good results
with grape juice. Add 1/2 gallon of the casein solution and 1/2 gallon
of the clay solution to each 10 gallons of juice and proceed as in "1."
4. Clarification with Egg
White. Mix the white of 1 egg with a half pint of water. Add this to
each gallon of grape juice. Heat to 175° F. and proceed as above. Egg
white gives good results with grape juice but is not satisfactory for
most other juices. | <urn:uuid:8c83efd8-dacd-4a89-ae0d-8235489ec306> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.electricscotland.com/food/preservation/chapter22.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393442.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00171-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.896472 | 2,844 | 2.9375 | 3 |
LEGOs are designed to go together to form rectangles. Here I present some possibilities for equilateral triangles, which can be extended to form hexagons. Some of the more recent triangle designs, which I present below are being used in a current design for a tri-wheel drive system for a Mindstorms rover I am currently constructing.
These first triangular designs are equilateral triangles (same side lengths), and can be put together to form hexagons as well. These are extremely sturdy constructs and may find use in triangular or hexagonal bases.
Below is the smallest LEGO equilateral triangle. The parts used to construct it are shown to the right. It often takes a bit of pressure to snap this together since it is a tight fit, so take care when doing so.
One can make equilateral triangles of any size this way.
If the connectors are a bit cluncky,
one can use the thin technic liftarms with the small axles to secure the triangle.
Here is a rotating image of the result so you can get a good look.
The two following designs are slightly alternate forms.
One uses beams of length 11, but is offset slightly so that there are empty peg holes at the corners of the equilateral triangle.
The following design uses beams of length 9, and lacks holes at the triangle corners.
The following triangle is composed of beams of length 11, and has a a 3-blade rotor in the center to act as an axle. The parts list and instructions can be found here.
An animated version illustrates how the braces hold the central rotor in place. | <urn:uuid:0d171587-938d-4f3c-aaa9-9906e5dafa6c> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | http://www.brickengineer.com/pages/tag/equilateral/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540511946.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20191208150734-20191208174734-00124.warc.gz | en | 0.936798 | 329 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Wikimedia, Diego FontanetoA microscopic rotifer called a bdelloid, often studied as an interesting exemplar of asexual reproduction, has taken up to 10 percent of its genome from an estimated 500 other species in order to maintain genetic diversity, according to a new study published last week (November 15) in PLOS Genetics.
Animals that don’t swap genetic information through sex are often thought to eventually go extinct because their lack of genetic diversity prevents them from adapting to the changing environment and new niche opportunities. As a result, John Maynard Smith called bdelloids an “evolutionary scandal,” reported ScienceNOW. Despite this, these organisms, which live in aquatic environments, such as puddles, sewage treatment plants, or dew drops on soil, have lived for an estimated 80 million years.
Earlier studies have found that bdelloids have some foreign genetic material, but the extent of the borrowing was only studied in depth in the new study, which found that about one tenth of its DNA came from other species. Although it’s unclear how the microscopic organisms acquire the foreign DNA, it appears that they adopt many of the functions encoded within. Indeed, as much as 40 percent of the bdelloid’s enzymatic activity has a foreign component, the researchers found. “Its biochemistry is a mosaic in the same way,” Alan Tunnacliffe, a molecular biologist at the University of Cambridge in the United Kingdom and head author on the paper told ScienceNOW. “It's a real mishmash of activities.” The animal has sequences for the generation of enzymes that have only been seen in much simpler organism, for example, including two genes encoding enzymes that break down bezyl cyanide, and two others, apparently from a parasitic protozoan, that generate a compound involved in protection from cellular damage.
"We have a joke in the lab that every time you investigate these animals . . . they come out with something weird," Tunnacliffe told ScienceNOW. "It's like they're here to keep us entertained and surprised." | <urn:uuid:f1eec632-d6ca-4841-bfef-297fa51f9b0b> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | http://www.the-scientist.com/?articles.view/articleNo/33310/title/No-Sex-Required/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936463460.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074103-00261-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961735 | 439 | 3.46875 | 3 |
Junior colleges are schools that can offer education on a wide variety of subjects. They can award certificates or degrees that would earn the student the title of Associate in Art. A junior college, also referred to as a community college, is an option for students who are either too cash-strapped to pursue a degree in a four-year course, or it may be the student’s springboard to college after finishing two years in junior college.
Junior colleges can also offer certification programs. Graduates of a junior college can get a license to practice specialties in medicine, such as licensed vocational nursing or radiology specializations that will enable them to practice as x-ray technicians or sonographers. Junior colleges can also offer specialty programs dealing with computer programming, auto mechanics, or electrical work. Students can also get adequate training to enter the police force or seek work in the fire department.
Majority of public junior colleges have the benefit of providing students with a less expensive option to take up subjects normally given during the first two years of a four-year course. Additionally, if a student does not want to pursue college after completing junior college, he or she can also specialize in a field that does not need a four-year degree. Junior colleges can offer programs that are just as good as those offered in established colleges. Students also have the option of taking their subjects during the weekend, during the evenings, or online so that they can work.
Admission to a public junior college is not typically based on what the prospective student’s grades are in high school. Because of this, students who were not able to get high enough grades during high school can still get a college education. Before admission, the junior college may require students to take up an exam to determine their English and Mathematics skills. In addition, majority of junior colleges also give the students an option to enroll in remedial courses in order to pass classes where they may be having difficulty in.
Applicants to universities offering four-year programs sometimes do not need to present ACT or SAT scores. Instead of looking at high school transcripts, universities may grant admission or even scholarships based on the applicant’s performance when he or she was in junior college. This is advantageous to students who were not able to excel while they were in high school. Some junior colleges also offer guaranteed placements at the university once a student has finished the junior college program.
For students who are looking for less expensive options for higher education, or are just unsure about what course to take at the university, junior colleges can provide all the help they need, and more. | <urn:uuid:4d77c261-5d85-4438-86a5-2daec6eb80d0> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://encyclopedia.lexroll.com/encyclopedia/junior-college/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128322870.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20170628050821-20170628070821-00666.warc.gz | en | 0.978639 | 530 | 2.828125 | 3 |
America has been a great nation as one of the “Super powers” and due to its wealth and influence. However, what is really virtuous in America’s History? America was started from a desire for freedom, religious freedom, freedom to practice Christianity. There were other reasons behind the actual rebellion from the English King and the English state religion, but these had their roots in both freedom and independent Christian practice. America assisted Europe…in World War 1 and 2; stopping Hitler and Nazi Germany was certainly a noble and virtous self-sacrifice. America has been a generous nation financially to many needy nations and populations, whether due to natural disasters, war, or disease, and generosity is virtous. “Good will come to those who are generous and lend freely, who conduct their affairs with justice.” (Psalm 112:5). America historically has been the best friend Israel has had, and the virtue of this is found in scripture. “I will bless those who bless you, and whoever curses you I will curse; and all peoples on earth will be blessed through you.” (Gen 12:3). America was instrumental in bringing about the end of communist USSR and the removal of the Berlin wall unleashing freedom to hundreds of thousands in Russia and East Germany. As a Christian nation American churches have sent countless missionaries all over the world with the Good News of Yeshua. “He said to them, Go into all the world and preach the gospel to all creation. Whoever believes and is baptized will be saved, but whoever does not believe will be condemned.” (Mark 16:15-16).
In years to come should America cease to exist will it be remembered as a Christian nation of freedom? Powerful forces are seeking to transform America and take away individual freedoms; to make America weak morally and militarily; to install multiculturalism and hostility toward Christianity; to welcome Sharia law rather than our existing judeo-christian law as the law of the land. Will America give up its freedom and go into captivity to the state? Will America reject the God of the Bible and turn to worthless idols? America has been one nation united under God, with “In God We Trust” on our money. It has been the “Melting Pot”, as people from many other countries came here and became Americans, adopting American language, culture, laws, and receiving freedom, opportunity and citizenship in exchange. Yeshua said, “If a kingdom is divided against itself, that kingdom cannot stand. If a house is divided against itself, that house cannot stand. (Mark 3:24-25). Will Americans remain united or let the lies of the enemy bring division, hatred, slavery to the State, moral decay, and the loss of free speech and truth to a once free and virtuous nation. | <urn:uuid:b7fa8f14-90f4-4832-bb21-67407120f151> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | https://conservativechristianapologist.com/2016/11/02/americas-greatness/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583722261.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20190120143527-20190120165527-00507.warc.gz | en | 0.958929 | 579 | 2.625 | 3 |
Video - Morse Code and The Information Age
Follows the development of needle telegraphs in Europe which eventually lead to Morse code & key lever designs. During this period there was a focus on increasing the signal rate in order to send more letters per minute. This video focuses on details related to line coding strategies and how time/tempo played a role in information transmission. (1820-1900). | <urn:uuid:65fc88e8-90f6-4706-8998-d565b7216f77> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://www.weusecoins.com/video-morse-code-and-the-information-age/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247481624.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20190217051250-20190217073250-00186.warc.gz | en | 0.925524 | 81 | 3.296875 | 3 |
Iambic Pentameter Poems
The Many Beautiful Forms of Poetry:
Poetry is one of the most beautiful forms of writing that have been in practice for centuries. While poetic writing styles have gone through an enormous transition over the years and most of the poems these days are written in the free style, people still love to read the Shakespearean style of writing.
Let us now go through some of the most common and popular forms of poetry structure and poetic rhythm which have consistently mesmerized the masses for ages.
Iambic pentameter poems are known to be one of the most popular forms of poetry writing and Shakespeare was known for using this form of sonnet writing. With this writing style, certain syllables are given much more emphasis than the others are. The iambic style of writing was Shakespeare’s favorite style and has been very popular among all poetry lovers for centuries past. For a more in-depth explanation f this style of poetry, we suggest you read out post, What is Iambic Pentameter.
A blank verse is a poem of iambic pentameter that contains a non-rhyming pattern of lines. Robert Frost is one of the famous poets who have made use of this form of writing and one of his poems which utilizes blank verse form is entitled “Mending Wall”.
The free verse, as the name describes, is a poetic form that has no set rules of writing. It is a free style, which can include a rhythm scheme, but does not always do so.
An Ode or sonnet that describes a poet’s feelings is often called a lyric poem. This type of poem mainly focuses on describing a poet’s emotions in relation to a particular scenario or event.
The Petrarchan sonnet is another beautiful style of poetry that has been in use for generations. This type of poetry consists of a sonnet described as a lyric poem, which is made up of a single stanza that consists of 14 lines. While sonnets can be written in many forms, Petrarchan is one of the famous styles. The Petrarchan style involves the expression or introduction of a problem in an octave pattern and the resolution of the problem towards the end in a sestet pattern.
Poetry has become a well-known therapeutic art that gives the poet an outlet to express his or her feelings n a wonderfully creative way. No matter what style of writing the writer chooses to use, good poetry can capture the imagination of the person who is reading it and pull them into the mind of the writer, which can be a very intense experience. The beauty and eloquence with which the poets’ craft the words help the reader enjoy a world of imagination and beauty, which is introduced by the poet. | <urn:uuid:0e09e3c1-eb70-45f4-87e3-7a133796b587> | CC-MAIN-2014-49 | http://iambicpentameter.net/hello-world/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416400379520.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20141119123259-00113-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.968073 | 573 | 3.265625 | 3 |
Today wild tigers exist in Eastern Russia, China, Vietnam, Cambodia, North Korea, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, Bhutan, India and Nepal. In order to live in the wild, tigers need water to drink, animals to hunt, and vegetation in which to hide. As the mountains, jungles, forests, and long grasses that have long been home to tigers disappear, so too, do tigers. Agricultural expansion, timber cutting, new roads, human settlement, industrial expansion and hydroelectric dams push tigers into smaller and smaller areas of land. These small areas of forests are surrounded by rapidly growing and relatively poor human populations, including increasing numbers of illegal hunters. Tigers compete with an expanding human population and industry for land and food, many tigers are killed by poachers who sell the tiger’s body parts as ingredients for traditional Chinese medicines. If these trends continue, the wild tiger may evolve from being an endangered species and off the endangered species list to become an extinct species. Without wilderness, the wild tiger will not survive.
If the world is not careful, one of the beautiful creatures on the planet will become extinct. Everyday more and more tigers are being slaughtered for their skin, bones, meat, and other organs to produce clothes, home décor, medicine, food and even alcohol. For example bones are soaked in alcohol to make wine, and ground up bone mixed with herbs is believed to relieve pain such as arthritis. The tiger’s penis is used in a soup that is believed to enhance sexual performance, and the eyes of tigers are believed to be able to treat epilepsy and malaria (O’Heill, 2008). To protect tigers from poachers and the rapidly increasing loss of land, wildlife conservationists have worked with governments to establish wildlife reserves. Most reserves, however, are isolated islands of forestry in which tigers have little chance to survive due to the difficulty of meeting mates, the...
Please join StudyMode to read the full document | <urn:uuid:4ed2b466-7efe-4886-8a01-4442f33e0e0f> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | http://www.studymode.com/essays/Endangered-Tigers-1048041.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125947654.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20180425001823-20180425021823-00455.warc.gz | en | 0.938901 | 396 | 3.8125 | 4 |
By Timothy R. Pauketat
Quite a few miles west of Collinsville, Illinois lies the is still of the main subtle prehistoric local civilization north of Mexico. Cahokia Mounds explores the background in the back of this buried American urban inhabited from approximately A.D. seven hundred to 1400.
Read or Download Cahokia Mounds (Digging for the Past) PDF
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Extra info for Cahokia Mounds (Digging for the Past)
Some of the decorated pots were used by Cahokians to dispense potions, medicines, or special ritual foods to farmers Image Not Available who had come to Cahokia for the great ceremonies that took place. The carved, etched, or incised symbols on certain of these pots have been interpreted by archaeologists to be an early form of pictographic writing. These pictograms told the user how she or he fit into the grand natural design of things and how supernatural powers were managed by Cahokians used pots to Cahokians.
Was that the experience that led you to a career in archaeology or was there something else? Image Not Available Interview with Timothy Pauketat Image Not Available Timothy Pauketat: Collecting arrowheads was definitely a big part of my choice of archaeology as a career. But most arrowhead collectors don’t become professional archaeologists. For me, the real reason I went into archaeology was my parents. My mom, Janet, instilled in me a love of genealogy and natural history. In fact, she herself had collected rocks and arrowheads from her family’s farm.
Often prestige is determined by how closely one is related to the chief. chunkey A prehistoric Indian game played in the midwestern United States. A player rolled a stone disk as far as possible as the opponents threw spears at the point where they predicted the disk would stop. city-state An independent city that has control over its surrounding territory. effigy mound An earthwork created to represent a geometric form or a human, animal, or bird. Mississippi River Bottoms East of present-day St. | <urn:uuid:7ec06b53-07cf-49b8-acc9-ec259b300ca0> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | http://liftz.net/epub/cahokia-mounds-digging-for-the-past | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703527224.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20210121163356-20210121193356-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.939558 | 887 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Made in Space: Additive Manufacturing Advances
While additive manufacturing in space isn’t anything new — astronauts aboard the International Space Station (ISS) have been 3-D printing tools and other objects since 2014 — it’s seen a major change. The most recent advancement didn’t actually happen in space but, rather, in a “space-like environment,” and it brings zero-gravity structure printing one step closer to reality.
Made In Space
California-based company Made In Space, the same one that built the ISS’s printers, tested additive manufacturing in zero gravity over 24 days. The project included producing a nearly three-foot beam. And while the ISS printers don’t operate in the vacuum of space, the Made In Space team is pushing toward that possibility. Through the test period, they made additional polymer-alloy objects in the thermal vacuum chamber, an environment mimicking the lack of gravity as well as the vacuum of space and space temperatures.
Part of a larger project, Archinaut, the zero-gravity printer that produced the beam and other structures will be used as part of a new robotic system. In fact, the Archinaut project is said to include a satellite with robotic arms that will assemble the printed pieces in space, allowing for spacecraft development. Having the ability to build spacecraft in space, rather than on Earth where we’d still have to launch them, would make these craft much more advanced than anything currently available. This could become a reality as early as the 2020s. And it wouldn’t solely focus on building new spacecraft: Archinaut could also repair existing satellites by repairing and replacing parts using 3-D printing.
These technology advancements also mean astronauts may soon be able to build larger space telescopes, allowing NASA scientists to search for life outside Earth. These telescopes, of course, would be built in space using materials sent to the Archinaut spacecraft for production. Why the need for space-built scopes? At this point, technology is not yet advanced enough to fit a telescope large enough to produce high-quality imagery into a launch vehicle to get it from Earth to space.
With these projects and more potentially on the way, space manufacturing could be a boon to the industry. In fact, analysts expect it to reach $4.7 billion over the next 10 years. And it’s not just manufacturers themselves who could benefit: Materials producers, hardware and software companies, as well as additive manufacturing businesses will likely see opportunities.
Should terrestrial manufacturers begin looking to the stars for the next steps of their careers? Probably not — unless they’re moonlighting as NASA astronauts or personal friends of Elon Musk or Jeff Bezos. However, they may begin seeing “Made in Space” on consumer and industrial products in the next decade. On the other hand, they probably won’t need to worry about losing their jobs to space robots as these space products are likely to be those too expensive or tough to produce on Earth. | <urn:uuid:770ac3ce-82da-47c5-9e36-ec970b54405a> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://gesrepair.com/additive-manufacturing-in-space/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496668561.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20191115015509-20191115043509-00523.warc.gz | en | 0.947908 | 618 | 3.765625 | 4 |
As part of its ongoing efforts to generate public awareness of the importance and influence of space research and development, the European Space Agency (ESA) is holding a competition within its Member States to show how space materials and technologies can help meet basic needs of society. The idea behind the competition is that young designers should work materials in new ways to embody essential characteristics, features and properties of those used in space. This will assist in promoting the belief that European space activities are in tune with a social vision of the world and can present a more human, caring and friendly face. In addition, it will increase public understanding of design, especially in relation to space technologies, by showing how cultural, social and economic influences interact with the dimension of space.
The competition, an initiative of the ESA Technology Transfer Programme, is being organised jointly by ESA, @Loeb, and VIA (Valorisation de l'Innovation dans l'Ameublement), which promotes French creation and assists young designers not only in France, but increasingly throughout Europe.
Adapting new materials, technologies, processes and concepts employed in space to design and/or make objects or products creates exciting possibilities for designers. The actual brief or task for entrants is to design something imaginative which embodies the principles and characteristics of space and transfers them to life on earth. The design may have a specific use or application in the home or elsewhere, it may improve the quality of life or comfort for individuals (children, handicapped people, the elderly, refugees, for instance) in a specific environment, or it may even serve no useful purpose at all, but simply possess beauty as a work of art.
The basic condition is that the object should be made from materials and technologies either specifically developed for space or extensively used in space; or it could be made of materials which are not necessarily used in space, but are associated with it - in this case the object should exhibit space characteristics (lightweight, futuristic etc).
Concepts and designs can be entered in any of six categories which reflect today's lifestyle and environment. An international jury will select 25 entries, according to certain criteria, to be made into prototypes or mock-ups/models. Since an objective of the design should be to find an application for a mass market, the mock-ups will be made by individual companies active in the area of the design. This will create and foster a relationship between the designer and a given company which could lead to a more permanent partnership of mutual interest. For the young designer this could help achieve recognition and lead to future designs being more readily considered for production; for the company it could provide a new source of designs.
From the actual models, a further selection will be made with prizes for the three best designs (selected by an international committee), and a prize for the winner in each category.
A selection of 50 or so of the designs, including the 25 best or most interesting ones, will form the subject of a book - which will include an introductory chapter on the influence of space on art and design, as well as details about each of the designers and their philosophy. The models made from the 25 designs will be shown in major design exhibitions throughout the ESA Member States and on the website devoted to the competition.
The competition will be open to young designers aged between 20 and 40 who are nationals of any of the ESA Member States (plus Canada). Exceptions will be made for young designers from other countries studying at a university in one of the Member States or already resident and working there.
The competition will be launched in January, with entries to be submitted by 31 March. Selection of the 25 designs to be made into models will take place in May. Following model development and construction (June-December), the winners will be announced in January 2003.
Further information about the competition is available on the competition website at http://www.esa.int/technology/competition or from:
Mr David Raitt
Technology Transfer Programme
European Space Agency - ESTEC
PO Box 299
2200 AG Noordwijk
more information on esa at : http://www.esa.int
For further information:
Media Relations Office | <urn:uuid:2ccd5b4d-02f1-45e0-848f-60f329434b5f> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://www.esa.int/Newsroom/Press_Releases/The_influence_of_space_on_design_a_competition_is_launched | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439738819.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20200811180239-20200811210239-00455.warc.gz | en | 0.935139 | 848 | 3.140625 | 3 |
What does reform mean, exactly? It’s one of those words you hear all the time, but nobody ever stops to ask what it means or what it includes.
A quick check at TheFreeDictionary.com tells me that reform means improvement or change for the better. It’s a matter of positive intention, and it could include a wide variety of definitions to get there. For example, fixing mistakes, massive restructuring, simple fine-tuning, or the outright abolishing of outdated laws and practices. It could also mean an individual working on his personal growth or a country or alliance of countries working to right certain wrongs.
When a citizen’s conscience indicates the need for reform, he or she needs to follow it and work for improvement. As a concerned citizen, I realize how easy it would be to look the other way and ignore things. But many ideas weigh heavily on my mind, and certain movements give me tremendous hope. That’s why I’m bringing these issues to your awareness, in the hope that we can band together and create some serious reform in the fields of politics, education, and healthcare.
Political Reform: The Declaration of Independence and the United States Constitution are pretty clear regarding the creation of governments and their development for the purpose of ensuring the general welfare. When politicians get more concerned about their job retention than they do about serving constituents, watch out.
Educational Reform: It seems a shame that our children don’t meet up to the standards of yesteryear, nor do they meet up to the current standards of other countries. Why can’t we institute change that benefits the future prospects of our children?
Healthcare Reform: It’s obvious that the United States has long been the top leader and influencer in the world. That’s why we should not be afraid to make a change when we’re going down the wrong path! Our ability to adapt and survive is our strength, not a weakness. In fact, if we fail to act for the better interest of all concerned, we could seriously weaken our position in the world.
I hope that you will join a growing number of citizens who are prepared to enter the realm of activism, whatever that means to you, to initiate positive change. I’m going to be an excellent source of information. I can’t sugar-coat everything that needs to be changed, but I’m guessing that you wouldn’t want me to. I will be conveying much information to point out what needs to be changed and the best possible ways to achieve reform.
Water in a glass holds its shape, but it’s easy to re-form the shape of the water. Only pour it into a different container. Water doesn’t resist changing shape to suit the current situation. We can’t hope that everyone will jump on board and make changes without resistance, but we can bring certain conditions to light to educate the public and inspire change that will benefit more people.
Reforms can mean something different to everyone. However, if we believe change is possible we can then join hands and discover reliable solutions for the betterment of all. | <urn:uuid:79ac9ce9-d44e-4805-8f1c-efd53c1f000e> | CC-MAIN-2015-32 | http://reforms.com/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042987228.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002307-00209-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.940514 | 657 | 2.5625 | 3 |
First Point.—What grace does for sinners. This young man, whom death has taken in the very flower of his age, is the image of so many young persons who are deprived of sanctifying grace by sin and whose spiritual death is more terrible than that which merely destroys the life of the body. This desolate mother who accompanies to its last dwelling-place the inanimate body of her son is the Church; she is our mother; since she has begotten us in Christ in our infancy she has nourished us by her first lessons, and she does not cease to instruct and exhort us, and she labors untiringly to make us grow in virtue and in piety. This tender mother follows with her tears all her unfortunate children whom the sad stroke of sin has robbed of the life of grace. And even when all hope seems lost she does not abandon them; she asks them again from Jesus by her sighs and tears. Touched by her sorrow, Jesus is moved at the sad condition of an unfortunate sinner whom the passions conduct to hell.
Jesus drew near. This is the first condition of a return to God and virtue. Unhappy beings as we are by our own depraved will, we can indeed go far from God and hasten to our destruction; but to leave the ways of iniquity, or even to desire to do it, is the effect of grace. How good God is! Insulted and outraged by sinners, He had no need to avenge Himself, but merely to abandon them to themselves. Still He does not wish to do so. He selects them, pursues them, and urges them to return to Him and save themselves. " He drew near and touched the bier." Thus it is that Jesus touches the sinner by the good sentiments with which He inspires him, He disturbs him by remorse, He enlightens him by good counsels, He encourages him by holy examples, He terrifies him by the fear of death and by the judgment which follows.
By this secret touch of grace conscience is awakened as if from a long sleep, and the passions which were dragging him down are arrested. The sinner begins to find pleasures not so pleasant and the world not so lovable; he stops short in the midst of the excitement which carries him away. This is the moment when grace is at work; it is the moment when she may make her voice heard. Alas, as long as the sinner is dissipated by pleasures, preoccupied by human interests, absorbed by business, he sins and he perseveres in his sin. This terrible indifference can be explained only by a want of reflection but at the moment he reflects he is saved. The prodigal child perceived neither his ingratitude, nor his degradation, nor the rags which covered him, as long as he was absorbed by pleasures; but it was in his misfortune that he reflected, and that one inward glance sufficed to reveal to him all his shame and to lead him back to his father. And so it is with the sinful soul: hardly has she been arrested, hardly has she looked upon herself than Jesus makes her hear His voice, which shall recall her as it recalled the young man from death in the city of Naim—"Young man, I say to thee, arise"
Young man, you who are meditating on these words, you are only on the threshold of your career. You may think that you are proof against the stroke of death; the world tells you to take advantage of your youth, to crown yourself with roses while they are fresh and in bloom; but the world deceives you. This young man whom they carried to the tomb was as young as you. The funeral cortege which accompanied him proves that he was rich. He was as you are—the idol of his mother, the only son, but nothing could guarantee him from death. To you, as to him, Jesus speaks these words: "I, thy Master, command you to arise from sin and to break the bonds which hold you in slavery. I say to thee, arise!" May you be docile to this voice, which calls you to life by recalling you to virtue.
Second Point.—What the sinner should do to correspond with grace. The first thing which the young man does when he feels himself restored is to arise in obedience to the command his Liberator has given him. This promptitude to correspond with grace as soon as it is felt is one of the most essential conditions of conversion. Everything is possible to the will when it is excited by grace, enlightened by its light, and inflamed by the holy ardor which the divine Spirit spreads in it when He communicates Himself to it. Then the strongest bonds are easily broken; remember Magdalen at the feet of Jesus. The greatest obstacles are overcome by the wise men journeying far to follow the star which leads them to Bethlehem. The most violent passions are conquered. St. Paul becomes a vessel of election, after having been the most ardent persecutor!
Now, why are so many sermons sterile and unfruitful? Why do so many graces remain unprofitable? Is it because the preachers are wanting in eloquence? No. There are indeed some truths which require to be presented in a certain manner to strike some souls; but is there need of having recourse to the artifices of eloquence to tell you that you must die, that you shall be judged, that there are a hell and an eternity? Is it because hearts are too hardened? Not a year passes that some sinners are not touched and their hearts moved, and yet very few are converted. And why? Because very few profit by the moment of grace. They hesitate, they defer, they put off—the light disappears, grace is withdrawn, and they remain irresolute and in their weakness. They are doubly unfortunate men, because they conceive the most generous projects and cannot attain the point of realizing them.
The Evangelist observes that the young man after his restoration began to speak. Of course his first words were the expressions of his gratitude, the declaration of his resurrection, and the request to those who carried him to set him free. Such should be the language of the sinner whom Divine Mercy deigns to withdraw from the state of death in which he had been plunged. Penetrated by the immense benefit which he had so little merited, he should from the bottom of his heart return grateful thanksgiving to his Benefactor. But this is not enough. He should put away and reject far from him all that which hitherto, by leading him into sin, conducted him to hell. Occasions, habits, affections-- he must quit them all. In fine, he is obliged to manifest his resurrection by the splendor of his virtues. The greater the scandal of his sinful life, the greater should be the edification of his new life.
Jesus crowns His work by restoring the young man to his mother. You may judge by the tears she shed over this cherished son what was her care to preserve for him the life he had just recovered by removing the cause which occasioned its loss. Jesus likewise confides to the Church those whom He has drawn from spiritual death, and this tender mother surrounds them by her care. She instructs them by her lessons, sustains them by her exhortations, strengthens them by her sacraments, and hinders them from falling again into death. If ever you have the misfortune of losing the life of grace, do not despair; but be generous in your correspondence to the goodness of God when He shall recall you to Him.
Source: Short Instructions on the Feasts of the Year, Imprimatur 1897 | <urn:uuid:04ed68ed-f0e0-4c55-b5cd-5e537921b83f> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://www.crusaders-for-christ.com/blog/15th-sunday-after-pentecost-the-widows-of-naim | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655890092.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20200706011013-20200706041013-00268.warc.gz | en | 0.987156 | 1,574 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Rock Outcrop EcosystemState Rank: S4
Areas (not including alpine areas) where bedrock, with thin soil pockets in places, makes up the ground surface and vegetation is consequently sparse, with few if any trees. Vegetation is dominated by low shrubs and herbs which can tolerate the exposed, usually dry, and low nutrient conditions. Scattered trees (i.e., canopy cover totaling less than 30%) may be present, but will often be stunted or wind-flagged. Species composition will vary depending on the nature of the bedrock; the distinction made here is between circumneutral to calcareous rock versus acidic rock. Rock outcrop ecosystems generally grade into woodlands (rocky areas with tree canopies covering > 30-60%) or forests (tree canopies covering > 60%). This is a geographically broad type, and some of the communities listed are unlikely to be found together (e.g., Birch - Oak Talus Woodland and Rocky Summit Heath). Which communities make up any occurrence of this ecosystem will depend on geographic location, substrate pH, and probably other factors. | <urn:uuid:1e55c772-f664-4cb6-904f-d78c84d75988> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://maine.gov/dacf/mnap/features/eco_rockoutcrop.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1413558066650.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20141017150106-00227-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.930566 | 225 | 3.609375 | 4 |
Find more Shreve relatives and grow your tree by exploring billions of historical records. Taken every decade since 1790, the U.S. Federal Census can tell you a lot about your family. For example, from 1930 to 1940 there were 333 less people named Shreve in the United States — and some of them are likely related to you.
What if you had a window into the history of your family? With historical records, you do. From home life to career, records help bring your relatives' experiences into focus. There were 2,906 people named Shreve in the 1930 U.S. Census. In 1940, there were 11% less people named Shreve in the United States. What was life like for them?
In 1940, 2,573 people named Shreve were living in the United States. In a snapshot:
As Shreve families continued to grow, they left more tracks on the map: | <urn:uuid:32fbb5f0-05ab-4f2e-b45f-42aac11200ac> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | https://www.ancestry.com/family-trees/shreve | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084886792.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20180117003801-20180117023801-00476.warc.gz | en | 0.987729 | 188 | 2.859375 | 3 |
BirdNote: Migrating Birds
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Two-thirds of migrating birds fly at night, making it a challenge to track their movement.
Dr. Andrew Farnsworth of Cornell is using a combination of bio-acoustics and radar to learn when birds migrate and where they stop, feed, and rest.
The acoustics tell what species are migrating at night and where they are. Radar is wonderful at telling how many things are up there.
Using the two together is going to add to our ability to forecast and analyze migration and understand what particular stop-over habitat and places are important. | <urn:uuid:df2fd8f8-0221-4de9-87d7-d2531678141a> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://www.vpr.net/episode/54319/birdnote-migrating-birds/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510268363.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011748-00358-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.918299 | 134 | 2.703125 | 3 |
• fanfaronade •
Part of Speech: Noun
Meaning: Verbal fanfare, a vain boasting, boisterously blustering.
Notes: Today's word contains the name of the person given to fanfaronades: fanfaron. The influence of fanfare on the history of this word is reflected in the fact that there were at least two instances of a word fanfarade in the sense of "fanfare" reported in the 19th century.
In Play: The great advantage of fanfaronade over blustering, boasting, and bragging is its suggestive connotation of fanfare: "He introduced his daughter with a fanfaronade that made her blush so much, that shy Anne Wyoming finally interrupted him." Let's not forget the personal noun fanfaron: "Emile is quite an enjoyable fellow, but he is a fanfaron par excellence."
Word History: English lifted today's Good Word whole from French fanfaronnade, trimming only the double N. But then French took its word from Spanish fanfarronada "bluster" with a similarly simple renovation. The Spanish word comes from fanfarrón "braggart". Spanish borrowed this word from the Arabic farfar "talkative, garrulous", by adding its own pejorative suffix -ón, while replacing the R with an N under the influence of fanfarria "fanfare". The Arabic word comes from the verb farfara "to become agitated or talkative". (We must now thank Jeremy Busch for recommending today's exceptionally Good Word in the Alpha Agora without so much as an inkling of fanfaronade.)
Come visit our website at <http://www.alphadictionary.com> for more Good Words and other language resources! | <urn:uuid:d4dff0c7-9d81-4c4f-a899-79f40fe2f0f8> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://www.alphadictionary.com/goodword/word/fanfaronade | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802769419.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075249-00034-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.897956 | 371 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Malawi has launched a testing center for humanitarian drones.
The project is intended to explore the best ways to use drones to transport medicine and blood samples.
Malawi’s government will operate the testing center in cooperation with United Nations Children’s Fund, or UNICEF. It is the first center of its kind in Africa.
Officials from the government and UNICEF held a launch ceremony last week in the capital Lilongwe. Flights are expected to be fully operating by April 2017. The drones will be carrying materials as far as 40 kilometers.
The most immediate use of drones in Malawi will be to help speed up the identification of HIV in babies. HIV is the virus that causes the disease AIDS.
Malawi has one of the highest HIV infection rates in the world, especially among babies and children. Each year, about 10,000 children die in Malawi of HIV, according to UNICEF.
Currently, it can take up to 11 days to transport blood samples to laboratories by motorcycle or ambulance. It can then take another four weeks for blood test results to be returned.
UNICEF officials are hoping the drone flights will save many lives by cutting the time it takes to get HIV test results. It is important for infected children to get treatment as soon as possible to increase their chances for survival.
In March, UNICEF-Malawi successfully completed its first drone test flight. A drone traveled 10 kilometers to deliver materials from a community health center to a hospital in Lilongwe.
Drones also will be tested to see if they can support transportation and collect information. These are important tasks in Malawi, where severe droughts and flooding can make damage assessments difficult during emergencies.
Drone aircraft are also being used in other parts of Africa to transport blood, medicine and humanitarian supplies.
Earlier this year, the Rwandan government signed a deal to cooperate with a U.S.-based company to transport supplies to medical centers across the country.
In Madagascar, drones fly blood and laboratory materials from rural villages to a research station for testing. The aircraft help doctors speed up the identification of disease in patients and make quick deliveries of vaccines.
I’m Bryan Lynn.
Lameck Masina reported this story for VOANews.com. Bryan Lynn adapted it for VOA Learning English, with additional material from Agence France-Presse and UNICEF. Mario Ritter was the editor.
We want to hear from you. Write to us in the Comments section, and visit our Facebook page.
Words in This Story
drone – n. a small flying machine flown remotely by a pilot
ambulance – n. a vehicle that transports sick people
deliver – v. take something to a person or place
assessment – n. the act of making a judgement about something | <urn:uuid:9cb2f09d-7b3f-43fe-ac48-cfa88af8015b> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | https://learningenglish.voanews.com/a/malawi-launches-first-humanitarian-drone-testing-center/3644226.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934808133.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20171124123222-20171124143222-00704.warc.gz | en | 0.932601 | 584 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Famous African Americans ABC Book
Students create an ABC book with short biographies of famous African Americans in history. They utilize teacher-selected and/or student-researched library sources about African Americans in history.
7 Views 37 Downloads
"The Real McCoy:" African American Inventors in History
Class members research African American inventors, the challenges they faced in their attempts to patent their works, and the importance of their inventions to the development of technology. After a brief introduction to inventors Elijah...
6th - 12th Social Studies & History CCSS: Designed
Celebrating African American/Black Leaders in History: Their Religions and Their Legacy
Kick start Black History Month with a fantastic resource that blends a study of prominent African American leaders in history with information on different religions. Beginning with a brainstorm and then leading into a collaborative...
6th - 12th English Language Arts CCSS: Adaptable
F.E.W. Harper: Uplifted from the Shadows
What is stereotyping, and how do we handle stereotyping in our daily interactions? Your young historians will not only have the opportunity to learn about the first African American woman to publish a short story–Frances Ellen...
4th - 5th Social Studies & History CCSS: Adaptable
African American Pioneers in Aviation
Bessie Coleman. William Powell. Willa Brown. Benjamin O. Davis, Jr. While these names may not be familiar to many Americans, they are African American pioneers in aviation history. Class members have an opportunity to research the...
6th - 9th Social Studies & History CCSS: Adaptable
African Americans in World War II: Staging a Double V Campaign in the Classroom
The feelings and attitudes of African-Americans during World War II are examined by high schoolers. After watching various clips from "The War," they answer comprehension questions for each section. In groups, they create their own...
9th - 12th English Language Arts
Dream in Color — Middle School
Celebrate diversity with a toolkit designed to inspire young poets to develop their own voices. After examining poems by African American poets, individuals craft their own poetic stories. The packet features poems by Gwendolyn Brooks,...
6th - 8th English Language Arts CCSS: Adaptable
Black History Month Project: A Dinner Party
What would Frederick Douglass say to Martin Luther King, Jr. if he had the chance? Would Harriet Tubman have any comments for Rosa Parks if they sat across the table from each other? Pupils bring history to life by researching famous...
5th - 8th Social Studies & History CCSS: Adaptable
The First African American Regiment
Young historians examine a memorial sculpture of the first African American regiment in the Civil War, and then compare how the experiences of the regiment are portrayed in letters and poetry, as well as in the motion picture, Glory.
6th - 8th Social Studies & History CCSS: Adaptable | <urn:uuid:b1459625-a978-41e9-9374-0c99b80f811d> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | https://www.lessonplanet.com/teachers/famous-african-americans-abc-book | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549424079.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20170722142728-20170722162728-00544.warc.gz | en | 0.922898 | 613 | 4.0625 | 4 |
And then they kill us. A large number of fatalities from Hurricane Sandy were caused by falling trees—two teenage boys in North Salem, NY; a man killed in Pearl River, his family injured; a young couple walking their dog in Brooklyn.
We all know we’re supposed to be careful about old and dying trees, but somehow there’s nothing worse than paying a large bill to remove a maple on its last legs. With Sandy creating winds up to 90 MPH, many of the trees that fell weren’t old; all over the tri-state area, young trees have snapped in two, or dropped large limbs. So like this storm itself, whatever we thought we knew about trees and how to protect ourselves may in fact be changing.
The biggest problems are twofold: healthcare for trees, and planting viability.
People tend not to prune, feed, and stay on top of tree health. Trees can be expensive to maintain, but it is critical that they be cared for. Rot begins to spread, and once it is working its way unseen through a trunk or a limb, trouble can hit by surprise. People also hire pruners who are cheap but who don’t know what they are doing, and bad pruning jobs, with limbs lopped off midway, contribute to bad tree health.
And then there’s the places we plant them. As a rule, in this day and age, large trees shouldn’t be hanging over a house, unless you don’t mind living dangerously. Trees near a house are okay, so long as they have lots of space for their roots. But all too often we’re squeezing trees into lousy spaces, especially trees on the strips next to sidewalks in cities and towns alike, or the trees growing out of rocky outcroppings, whose roots are compromised.
(MORE: Is Your Garden Hose Toxic?)
What usually makes these trees vulnerable is poor drainage. The ground gets very wet, water doesn’t drain properly because there’s nowhere for it to go, and then the trees lose their footing, so to speak. Up and over they go. Tree roots are surprisingly shallow. If you go look closely at an overturned tree, you’ll be amazed at how little root system there is for such a big creature. Especially if the roots have been constricted by substructure concrete for roadbeds. Trees need to spread their roots to be more stable.
Stick with trees that are suitable for the area you live in; trees that aren’t hardy in freezing temperatures may look okay for a couple of winters, but their growth will be compromised and you’re asking for trouble down the line. And even though we all love instant gratification, you are better off choosing a smaller tree and letting it establish itself over time into its patch of earth rather than trying to plant a large tree whose roots might not take hold for a while. Don’t stake your trees for too long; trees need to sway in the wind and make other adjustments to weather conditions — it actually helps their root systems grow more stable.
We need to learn how to better live with our trees and move away from our simplistic understanding of them. Yes, trees are pretty and useful but they’re also a responsibility that too often people shirk. We’re well aware that cars can be dangerous and take safety precautions not to drive recklessly or in risky conditions. We have to show similar respect to these giant, powerful beings around us. They do so much for us. Let’s do more for them. | <urn:uuid:2414751d-352a-4b5b-86a0-46610b600e17> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://ideas.time.com/2012/11/01/when-trees-become-lethal/print/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500365.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20230206212647-20230207002647-00508.warc.gz | en | 0.961672 | 742 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Coming at a moment of profound political and social crisis, What Is Democracy? reflects on a word we too often take for granted.
Director Astra Taylor’s idiosyncratic, philosophical journey spans millennia and continents: from ancient Athens’ groundbreaking experiment in self-government to capitalism’s roots in medieval Italy; from modern-day Greece grappling with financial collapse and a mounting refugee crisis to the United States reckoning with its racist past and the growing gap between rich and poor.
Featuring a diverse cast—including celebrated theorists, trauma surgeons, activists, factory workers, asylum seekers, and former prime ministers—this urgent film connects the past and the present, the emotional and the intellectual, the personal and the political, in order to provoke and inspire. If we want to live in democracy, we must first ask what the word even means.
In this engaging and thought-provoking companion to her acclaimed documentary “What Is Democracy?”, filmmaker and author Astra Taylor offers an engaging introduction to foundational concepts in politics and philosophy. Democracy May Not Exist, but We’ll Miss It When It’s Gone demonstrates that real democracy — fully inclusive and completely egalitarian — has always been elusive. Weaving together history, theory, the stories of individuals, and interviews with leading intellectuals, Taylor invites us to reexamine the term. Is democracy a means or an end, a process or a set of desired outcomes? What if those outcomes, whatever they may be — peace, prosperity, equality, liberty, an engaged citizenry — can be achieved by non-democratic means?? In what areas of life should democratic principles apply? If democracy means rule by the people, what does it mean to rule and who counts as the people? Democracy’s inherent paradoxes often go unnamed and unrecognized. Exploring such questions, Democracy May Not Exist offers a better understanding of what is possible, why democracy is so hard to realize, and why it remains worth striving for.
"We live in an age that demands that we rethink democracy from the roots — and teach ourselves to think again as citizens. Smart and engaging, Astra Taylor’s Democracy May Not Exist makes a formidable contribution to meeting those pressing generational challenges." —Danielle Allen, author of Our Declaration: A Reading of the Declaration of Independence in Defense of Equality
"What is this thing called Democracy? Google the question and you will exceed one million hits. But for an honest and illuminating answer, read this book — every single word. Searching, lucid, visionary, Astra Taylor takes a deep oceanic dive into the history, meaning, uses, and promise of democracy — moving from Plato’s Greece to Syriza’s Greece, from the Global South to post-Communist East, from slavery to fascism, liberalism to neoliberalism, Occupy to the Commons. She knows what most political scientists don’t: that democracy is a promise unfulfilled, and in our strivings to achieve it nothing is guaranteed. But we can’t live without it." — Robin D. G. Kelley, author of Freedom Dreams: The Black Radical Imagination
"Astra Taylor is a rare public intellectual, utterly committed to asking humanity’s most profound questions yet entirely devoid of pretensions and compulsively readable. Now she plunges deep into the crisis that underlies so many others: the sorry state (and the exhilarating promise) of this thing called democracy. At once richly historical and immediately relevant, this wise, lucid and unflinchingly honest book deserves to be at the center of public debate." — Naomi Klein, author of No Is Not Enough | <urn:uuid:d9201d58-0b6e-4d79-8ce3-0aa3605c1faa> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://www.kinolorberedu.com/film/what-is-democracy | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320304915.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20220126041016-20220126071016-00492.warc.gz | en | 0.91858 | 747 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Does knowing which Botanical family an essential oil belongs to give one an indication of what that oil might be good for? Not really. It is the chemistry of an essential oil which will give one an indication of what a particular essential oil might be used for.
So, in that case, why do we want to know which family an essential oil belongs to? Well essential oils are derived from plants and plants are classified into families and knowing the family helps us to accurately identify the plant from which the oil was extracted from. Often plants may share the same common name, but when you take a look at their classification you may well find that they belong to different species, different genuses or even different botanical families. They can definitely have quite different chemical compositions, which means both their properties, and their cautions or contraindications can be quite different.
So what are the Botanical Families?
To understand this we need to look at Plant Taxonomy – the classification of plants. This universally accepted classification of plants moves from the more general, through each stage to the specific naming of each individual plant.
First we start with CLASS. Here there are only two possibilities – either plants produce flowers and are angiospsperms or they don’t and are gy-mono-sperms.
Then we have SUBCLASS. Again there are only two possibilities – plants that have two seed leaves – Dicots and plants with one seed leaf – monocots.
After that we have ORDER. These groupings are plants which have remote patterns of similarity to one another.
Now we get to FAMILIES. All the plants found in a particular family will have distinct patterns of similarities. Genetically they will also have a lot in common. On the other hand, plants found within the same family can also have major differences.
There are many, many different plant families. Some botanists only recognize 150 different families, while others recognize closer to 500 different families. Luckily for us, there are not a whole lot of families which have essential oil producing plants. Some of the Families contain many essential oil producing plants, while other may only have one essential oil producing plant.
The next level of classification is GENUS which is the first part of the Latin name and it is always written with a Capital letter. Plants within the same genus are often easily recognizable as belonging to the same group.
Then we have SPECIES which is the second part of the Latin name and is always written in lowercase. This is where the plant is specifically defined. The species part of the name often describes some aspect of the plant, the colour of the flowers, the size or shape of the leaves, or perhaps it is named after where it was found.
The Genus and Species together are the Latin name of the Plant and therefore of the essential oil produced by that plant.
Within this classification we can also find varieties, sub-species, cultivars and chemotypes.
So as you can see from this the Families are really a classification of the plant and refer to the patterns of similarity and genetics of the plants found within that family. They tell us about the plant’s characteristics, but it is the chemistry of the essential oil which will tell us about its properties.
As I mentioned some of the families only have one or perhaps a few essential oil bearing plants within it, and in cases like these it can be easy enough to compare the essential oils in question and perhaps come to a conclusion, based on what we know about the essential oils contained in the family, of what properties that family might impart to the essential oil. But in my opinion, this is not really accurate. You have other families where there are many essential oil bearing plants, and when you compare the essential oils extracted from these plants you can’t come to any consensus because the resulting oils are so very different.
Knowing the Botanical Family the plant the essential oil has been obtained from is helpful, but when working with the oil it is always necessary to take the particular oils own profile into consideration.
If you love essential oils as much as I do, you just want to get started creating blends and using them. However, because they are such highly concentrated substances, it is really important to pay attention to their safety. We need to ensure that we really understand the different safety implications of their use. Here are some blogs and articles written on different aspects of Safety.
These articles take a deeper look at the chemistry of plants, essential oils and their Properties.
When it comes to blending your essential oils together, these blogs and articles look at some different aspects and share some helpful tips and insights into this creative art.
Carrier Oils and Hydrosols
Carrier oils and hydrosols play an important role in aromatherapy. They each have their own properties and their addition to our blends and protocols can enhance the effectiveness of the approaches we take. Here are some blogs and articles written about some specific carrier oils and hydrosols.
Blog posts written about different carrier oils
Blog Posts written on Hydrosols
No matter what the underlying level of general health is, there are times when everyone can be challened with health conditions. Here are some blogs and articles that will outline some of these and bring some insight into how to incorporate aromatherapy and essential oils in our strategy of dealing with them.
Although many of us can become really caught up with the physical, many of the health challenges we face have their origin in the emotional level. Taking a look at emotional conditions, can help us get to the root of what is actually going on. Here are some blogs and articles dealing with Emotional Conditions to help bring some insight into what might be going on.
Blogs on Essential Oils and Conditions for Emotions.
While life may continue to unfold routinely most of the time, there are times when we are all faced with specific Life Passages that may need some extra attention or help to navigate. Here are some blogs and articles that may provide some suggestions and insight into how one might navigate some of them.
Beauty and Self Care
In addition to working with the challenges we are faced with each day, aromatherapy and essential oils can be a wonderful addtion to our beauty and self care routines. Here are some blogs and articles with ideas on how to incorporate them in your own routines. I find that they can really add to both their enjoyment and effectiveness.
There are times when taking an energetic approach is just what is needed to make a shift and help the healing to begin. Here are a seletion of articles and blogs that look at taking a more energetic approach in dealing with the challenges being faced.
Blends Created around Spiritual PhytoEssencing
Hydroptherapy is the use of water as a healing tool. Aromatic Hydrotherapy is the addition of essential oils and hydrosols to that healing art. The use of water, as a healing tool, can be traced back many centuries. The ancient Egyptians, Greeks and Romans all used the healing power of water in baths. Over the years many others have used natural hot springs, lakes and oceans for healing and it is a well-known practice in many cultures.
The origin of Hydrotherapy, as a medical tool, is usually traced back to Germany where in 1826, Vincent Priessnitz opened the Hydropathic Institute of Gräfenberg, offering all kinds of therapeutic water treatments. Some sources, however, suggest that two English on the medical uses of water had been translated into German in the century preceding the rise of the movement under Priessnitz. One of these was by Sir John Floyer, a physician of Lichfield, who, struck by the remedial use of certain springs by the neighboring peasantry, investigated the history of cold bathing and published a book on the subject in 1702. The other work was a 1797 publication by Dr James Currie of Liverpool on the use of hot and cold water in the treatment of fever and other illness, with a fourth edition published in 1805, not long before his death.
Sebastian Kneipp, who is often associated with hydrotherapy, used fresh water treatments to restore his own health in the 1850’s. This led to his doctrine of health known as the Kneipp Kur, which is still practiced and studied today. Hydropathy (as it was then known) was introduced into the United States in 1843.
Today hydrotherapy (literally meaning water treatment) can be found as a staple of many spas, and it continues to be a viable tool for healing and the maintenance of health. It can often be enhanced by adding essential oils. Keep in mind that if you are adding essential oils to the water you will need to add an equal number of drops of an emulsifier. If you don’t have an emulsifier you can use an equal number of drops of liquid soap.
Hydrotherapy can be as simple as using hot and/or cold baths or showers at home, to more sophisticated protocols in a spa or therapy practice. Valerie Gennarie Cooksley,in her book Healing Home Spa tells us that: “By manipulating temperatures and using various techniques, hydrotherapy can stimulate every organ in the body. It can help equalize blood circulation, increase muscle tone and nerve strength, improve digestion, alleviate congestion, stimulate perspiration glands, and aid in the elimination of toxins and waste via the skin.” Anne Roebuck, in her book, Aroma-Spa Therapy, says that: “All hydrotherapy treatments have an effect on the hypothalamus, as it is the body’s heat regulation center. The hypothalamus therefore responds to any stimulus that increases or decreases the body’s temperature, by maintaining homeostasis in the body.”
In order to get the desired effect, accurate water temperature is therefore very important. According to Valerie Gennarie Cooksley; it is generally not advisable to use water therapy within one hour of eating and it should be discontinued if one feels discomfort, extreme skin sensitivity, faintness, headache, nausea, shivering or palpitations. According to Anne Roebuck; Contraindications to hot water treatments include circulatory impairment, especially arterial disease, hemophilia and use of steroid medications, because of capillary fragility.
Do you like your Linens to be aromatic? Enjoying Aromatic Linens is a tradition that has been followed for hundreds of years. Many still use dried herb sachets to add a soft fragrance to their linens, but essential oils can also be used to do this.
An elusive, gentle aroma can be added to your clothing or bed linens using essential oils in a number of ways.
Washing by hand: add 1 – 2 drops of your blend to the final rinse water
Using a washing machine: add 3 – 5 drops to the final rinse.
Keep in mind that essential oils do not dissolve in water. Therefore use an equal number of drops of emulsifier. If you don’t have an emulsifier then add an equal number of drops of liquid soap to your essential oil blend.
Avoid using thick, heavy resinous essential oils such as frankincense and myrrh when using these methods.
You can also add blotting or construction paper that has had essential oils added to your shelves and drawers.
Hydrosols are another very gentle way of freshening up your sheets just before bed. Simply mist your sheets and pillow with the hydrosol of your choice. Orange Blossom, Rose, and Lavender are all good choices. I also like to use Sweet Grass too.
Aromatic Wedding Invitations
Make your Wedding Invitations Special by scenting this with a unique blend to mark the occasion. If you prefer, you can of course just use a single essential oil.
Once your blend is ready, add about 6 drops of your essential oil or unique blend to a 2.5 cm x 2.5 cm square of blotting or construction paper.
Cut the paper into four equal pieces and put these into a box with your wedding invitations and envelopes.
Leave everything closed up for at least 24 hours to allow the aroma to penetrate the paper.
Here are some blend ideas to get you started:
|2 drops Rose
||2 drops Neroli
||1 drop Orange
||2 drops Bergamot
|2 drops Jasmine
||3 drops Petitgrain
||3 drops Geranium
||3 drops Rosewood
|2 drops Neroli
||1 drop Patchouli
||2 drops Sandalwood
||1 drop Ylang Ylang
Attars are the Traditional Perfumes of India. While they may be called essential oils by some, they are in fact quite different. I was first introduced to Attars at a NAHA Conference in October 2000, when I heard Christopher McMahon’s presentation on these wonderful aromatics. I was reminded just how special and different Attars are, when I visited Durga Interiors in Vancouver (on 4th one block east of Banyen Books) for the first time last Sunday. Most of their stock is modern and antique East Indian Furniture and Artifacts, however, they also source and sell, genuine Indian Attars.
The art and craft that goes into preparing the Attars has been around for many hundreds of years. It is a process that generally stays within a family and is handed down from generation to generation.
The word ‘Attar’ as it is used in India, refers to those perfumes which have been prepared by hydrodistillation of aromatic plants into a receiving vessel containing sandalwood oil. The process starts with the growing of the plants. Some farmers will allocate a percentage of their land to growing a crop like Jasminum sabmac, Jasminum grandiflorum, Rosa damascena and will tend to the crop alongside their vegetables, fruit, grain and legume crops. Other plants grow in the wild and only require harvesting. Whether the plants are cultivated or wild, when the time for harvesting comes it takes many hours of labour to produce enough material for distillation.
In principle distilling attars is relatively simple. Aromatic materials are placed with water into a distilling vessel, which is heated from below. As the water heats up the plants release their volatile constituents and the aroma rich steam rises up, passing through a bamboo pipe, insulated with twine, and enters a receiving vessel containing sandalwood essential oil. The receiving vessels sits in a cool water bath where the steam condenses. As the steam cools, the plant essence and water separate. The essence becomes absorbed into the sandalwood. The sandalwood fixes the volatile constituents which prevents them from evaporating out again. Each day new aromatic plant material is added to the distilling vessel and the process of distillation is repeated. Over a period of 15 days the sandalwood becomes permeated with the fragrance of the material being distilled into it.
During the process it is very important that the attendant is aware of the rate at which the water is evaporating so that the botanical material never becomes charred due to contact with the bottom of the distilling vessel. Typically 5 kilos of sandalwood oil are kept in the receiving vessel. During the first phase the aromatic botanicals are distilled for about 4 and a half hours. Then the process is stopped. The first receiving vessel is removed and a second is attached. During the entire time of distillation the fires are carefully tended and the receiving vessels are turned by hand. There must be a constant flow of cool water on the surface of the receiving vessel so that condensation occurs and the aromatic molecules are absorbed into the sandalwood. Distillation is continued for another 4 hours. At the end of the day the spent botanical material is removed from the distilling vessel. The two receiving vessels are placed in a cool place overnight so that the water and the sandalwood being charged with the aromatic molecules can separate. The next morning before distillation is continued a new batch of fresh botanical material is added to the distilling vessel and the water is siphoned off from the two receiving vessels and readded to the distilling vessel along with the correct amount of fresh water, then the process is repeated with only one change. The second receiving vessel is used in the first phase and the first receiving vessel is used in the second phase. This process continues for a period of 15 days and the oil becomes more and more perfumed with the essence of the plant.
In addition to being a slow and labour intensive process, it takes a lot of aromatic plant material to produce even a small amount of attar, according to Christopher McMahon’s presentation it can take 1350 pounds of Rosa damascena flowers to produce 5 kilos of regular strength attar. No wonder true Attars are expensive.
Because creating true Attars is a very labour intensive process, requiring dedicated and careful human attention, there has been a decline in the number of companies who continue with these time-honoured techniques. Cost cutting techniques by less scrupulous people could include ’stretching’ the sandalwood with liquid paraffin or relying on synthetic chemicals and natural isolates for the aroma.
Certainly true Attars can enrich our lives through their wonderful aroma and what it invokes in each of us. If you are in the Vancouver area and want to experience true Attars you can visit Durga Interiors. Christopher McMahon’s company White Lotus Aromatics does offer some Attars for sale and if you do a search on line I am sure you will find others.
Drug Addictions and Essential Oils
When I was recently asked whether I had any suggestions for using essential oils with drug addictions, I went looking to see if I could find any real research on this. I paged through the many books and aromatherapy publications I have on my selves. I did internet searches on essential oils and drug addiction on Google Scholar and PubMed. None of this brought up a whole lot. An internet search on Google brought up some blog articles but nothing that I would consider real research. I also found some proprietary blends being marketed by MLM essential oil companies as being appropriate for addiction. My concern around this is that this does not take the whole individual into consideration and not all addictions are the same.
Each individual is unique, each situation is different with many different factors to take into consideration. In my opinion, one single blend is not going to be able to address this for everyone, if one wants to achieve good results it is most helpful to consider the individual and their unique circumstances. Here are just a few things I think one should consider when formulating a this blend.
From a physical point of view: What drug or type of drugs is the person addicted to? Is it a stimulant or a suppressant? Do they need to be relaxed or stimulated? Are they in withdrawal? What side effects are there?
From an emotional point of view: Why did they get addicted in the first place? Are or have the underlying issues been addressed? Have new issues come up that need to be addressed?
Moving Forward: Changing addictive behaviour is very difficult. Commitment on the part of the person addicted is certainly a good starting point, but changing behaviour is never easy. MedPage Today has an interesting article on how Neuroscience can explain why changing addictive behaviour is so difficult. Is there a willingness on their part to actually move forward? If there is great, but if there isn’t no one can make them.
If they are ready you can then consider: What method of application are they most likely to comply with? What are their aroma preferences? It is a whole lot easier to get people to sniff or use something if they enjoy the aroma.
In their book Essential Aromatherapy: A Pocket Guide to Essential Oils and Aromatherapy, Susan E. Worwood, Valerie Ann Worwood say that “During addiction all essential oil dosages should be half the maximum dosage.”
While in her book The Fragrant Mind, Valerie Ann Worwood says: During the withdrawal process essential oils can help in two ways – by contributing to a sense of well-being, and by treating the physical problems that go along with it. The essential oils of vetiver, helichrysum, spikenard, valerian, ormenis flower, nutmeg, juniper, bergamot, basil, clary sage, geranium, hyacinth, narcissus, tuberrose can be used to supplement and support any other treatment. Use the oils in warm baths, inhaled as a vapour and diffused in the room.
Dr Bruce Berkowsky in his Spiritual PhytoEssencing Repertory of Essential Oilslists under the rubric:
Drugs, abuse of: ammi visnage, camphor, celery seed, clary sage, coffee, cypress, hemp, lemon, patchouli, seaweed, thuja, yarrow.
I would add here that before using any essential oil you should make sure that it is actually appropriate for the person and their particular addiction and circumstances. While it may be more time consuming and require more thought, creating a blend for the individual will bring about better results than just using a one blend fits all type of approach. Certainly looking at the oils contained in other blends, or listed above by Valerie Ann Worwood and Dr. Bruce Kerkowsky is a good starting point but before using any oil in a blend consider it carefully. What are its properties, its contra-indications, its actions? Does it fit into the individual and the situation you are blending for? You will find that not all of the oils will so consider the choices carefully and take the whole individual into consideration as you come up with your blend. Actually I think that this is something you should do for any blend one creates, blending for an accomplished aromatherapist is both a science and an art and this is one of the things I value so highly about what I do.
I did find this one research study on using Cumin that was interesting.
Effects of the fruit essential oil of Cuminum cyminum Linn. (Apiaceae) on acquisition and expression of morphine tolerance and dependence in mice.Abbas Haghparast,Jamal Shams,Ali Khatibi,Amir-Mohammad Alizadeh,Mohammad Kamalinejad, Neuroscience Letters, Elsevier,1 August 2008 Copyright © 2008, Elsevier.
The problem of morphine tolerance and dependence is a universal phenomenon threatening social health everywhere the world. The major objective of this paper was to investigate the effects of fruit essential oil (FEO) of Cuminum cyminum on acquisition and expression of morphine tolerance and dependence in mice. Animals were rendered dependent on morphine using the well-established method in which was morphine (50, 50, 75 mg/kg; s.c.) injected three times daily for 3 days. In experimental groups, administration of FEO (0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 0.5, 1 and 2%; 5 ml/kg; i.p.) or Tween-80 (5 ml/kg; i.p.) was performed 60 min prior to each morphine injection (for acquisition) or the last injection of morphine on test day (for expression). Morphine tolerance was measured by tail-flick before and after administration of a single dose of morphine (50 mg/kg; s.c.) in test day (4th day). Morphine dependence was also evaluated by counting the number of jumps after injection of naloxone (5 mg/kg; i.p.) on the test day. The results showed that Cumin FEO, only at the dose of 2%, significantly attenuated the development of morphine tolerance (P < 0.01) and dependence (P < 0.05) while it could be significantly effective on expression of morphine tolerance (1 and 2%) and dependence (0.5, 1 and 2%) in a dose-dependent manner. Solely Cumin FEO injection (0.001–2%) did not show any analgesic effect. In conclusion, the essential oil of Cuminum cyminum seems to ameliorate the morphine tolerance and dependence in mice.
Aromatherapy and Animals
Animal’s systems, and the way that they are able to deal with and process essential oils, are different to that of humans and so when using any aromatic substances with animals we need to use different protocols, dosages, and methods of use. We may not be able to use all our essential oils with animals but, with care and attention to detail, we are able to help our pets with these gifts of nature.
Working with animals has developed into a discipline on its own. At this point in time, there are not that many people who have specialized in working with animals. One of the best known is Caroline Ingraham. Caroline believes in allowing animals to guide their own treatment using their own innate responses.
In the wild animals self-medicate, they instinctively know what they need, how much to take and when to stop. Just because they have been domesticated doesn’t mean that animals have lost their basic instincts. When animals are allowed to participate in the choice of their own remedies the results can be very profound. Keep in mind that essential oils are very potent substances and the way that animals metabolize aromatic substances is different to the way humans do. Therefore the method of application is very important. One should never force a remedy onto an animal and they should always have room to move away from a remedy if they need to. This makes topical application of aromatic substances tricky. Another factor to keep in mind is that essential oils components are more readily absorbed through the skin in hairy areas. As most animals have fur coats of one sort or another, this must be taken into consideration and the dosage must be very much lower than it would for a human.
Keep in mind that essential oils are very potent substances and the way that animals metabolize aromatic substances is different to the way humans do. Therefore the method of application is very important. One should never force a remedy onto an animal and they should always have room to move away from a remedy if they need to. This makes topical application of aromatic substances tricky. Another factor to keep in mind is that essential oils components are more readily absorbed through the skin in hairy areas. As most animals have fur coats of one sort or another, this must be taken into consideration and the dosage must be very much lower than it would for a human.
While the external application of extracts/oils is used, for the treatment of conditions such as wounds, sweet itch, mud fever etc. these will only be applied to very specific small areas of the body, in very low dilutions and over a limited period of time. Very little essential oil is applied. Most often these oils have been diluted in a water-based gel or perhaps a clay poultice.
Inhalation is often a much more effective method of application. The animal may choose to sniff or lick the remedy but they should always have room to move away from the remedy should they wish to. An animal’s sense of smell is vital to its survival. By flaring their nostrils they direct the air with all its odors right to their olfactory receptors. This, in turn, connects to both the cortex and the limbic regions of their brain thereby eliciting many responses.
In her book Aromatherapy for Animals, Caroline Ingraham says “Inhalations offer high absorption from a relatively small dose. The volatile nature of the essential oil allows the molecules to enter the nasal chamber where they interact with the chemical receptors sending information to the brain. As soon as an aroma is inhaled, the animal’s brain will define and select the correct remedy. The rich vasculature and large surface area of the nasal mucosa allow for swift drug absorption through the membrane, which now acknowledged, calls for certain drugs to be administered intra-nasally in conventional veterinary medicine. Since most essential oils are volatile lipophilic substances, access into the body through this route also allows for rapid absorption. Caution – never leave an inhalation strapped onto an animal for more than two minutes. Always supervise.”
In Animal Aromatics hydrosols, gels, vegetable, and macerated oils can all be used for healing. This can be with or without the addition of essential oils. Before deciding on what remedies to offer an animal one should first collect as much information on what is going on as possible. Don’t overtax the animal by presenting a whole lot of oils one after the other. No more than five or six should be offered in sequence. Then there should be a break for a few minutes before continuing if necessary. When treating a specific condition topically, the animal should be offered the remedy for approval before application. A sniff is usually all that is needed for the go-ahead but if the animal backs or draws away from the remedy it shouldn’t be used. When offering the oils for use by inhalation it is best to use single notes, not blends so that the animal is able to guide the application.
Caroline Ingraham suggests that one holds the open bottle firmly in your hand approximately 15 – 30 cm (6 – 12 inches) from the animal’s nose. Do not put the bottle immediately under their nostrils, but rather allow them to come closer to you if they want to. Carefully watch for any reactions. If the animal shows no interest take the oil away and offer something else. Positive reactions may vary depending on the animal, after sniffing, they may stand still for a while in thought or they may flare their nostrils as they take in the aroma. Watch for even the slightest flaring of the nostrils especially with dogs and cats. The nostrils will not flare if the aroma is not wanted. After a while, the animal may gradually come closer. If the animal turns away remove the bottle.
Working with animals in this way often requires time and patience as the animal must be allowed to move through the process at its own pace, however, I have found that using Caroline Ingraham’s suggested protocols can have extremely rewarding results.
Horses respond well to essential oils and aromatics. They are herbivores and normally eat plants containing essential oils. Therefore they do have the metabolic pathways the enable them to break down most essential oils. Horse will be inclined to take the essential oils by inhalation and licking. Dogs as carnivores seem more drawn to taking the oils through inhalation. Cats do not have metabolic pathways to break down essential oils. They are generally very sensitive to essential oils and the range of remedies they select is very small. A cat will only choose a plant for its medicinal value. They do not have the enzymes to readily metabolize and get rid of unwanted plant compounds, however, they are able to cope with the plant oils that they require. An unwanted essential oil can be relatively toxic to a cat so it is very important to watch their response to the aromas and not force any on them.
Caroline Ingraham, Aromatherapy for Animalsself-published ©2001
Caroline Ingraham, The Animal Aromatics Workbookself-published ©2006
There are a couple of standard cautions that apply right across the board with it comes to using essential oils. Using essential oils in and around the eyes is one of them.
As Tisserand and Balacs say in their book Essential Oil Safety:
Undiluted essential oils should not be applied to or very near the eyes. Great care should be taken, even with diluted essential oils.
The truth of the matter is that although essential oils are wonderful healing substances they are just too concentrated to be used in and around the eyes. So what do we do when we need eye care? Where do we turn for a natural remedy?
Well one alternative might be to use herbs and herbal teas. One could make an infusion of the tea and then dilute it down to be used in eye compresses, or now that so many herbal teas come in bags some herbalists advocate using the tea bags.
Another alternative, and one more of interest to me as an aromatherapist, is to use a hydrosol. Hydrosols, as the by product of any steam distillation process, are formed whenever plant material is distilled to form essential oils, however most aromatherapy suppliers will only carry a few of the more popular and versatile hydrosols.
Recently I had what certainly felt and looked like a stye forming on my left eye. I went straight for my Green Myrtle Hydrosol. I used an eye compress with the Green Myrtle Hydrosol and felt almost immediate relief. Overnight the little white bump almost disappeared and it was completely gone in another day. Certainly not anywhere as long as this quote “Styes can last from 1 to 2 weeks without treatment, or as little as 4 days if treated properly.” Well mine was gone in 2 days and all I used was the Green Myrtle Hydrosol in an eye compress and lightly sprayed around my eye. Yeah for Hydrosols!
So what are hydrosols?
The word hydrosol is derived from the Latin “hydro” meaning “water” and “sol” meaning “solution”. In aromatherapy hydrosols are also known as hydrolates or floral waters. In her book Hydrosols, The Next Aromatherapy, Suzanne Catty uses the following definition: “Hydrosols are the condensate water coproduced during steam- or hydro-distillation of plant material for aromatherapeutic purposes.”
While hydrosols consists mainly of water they do contain some of the water soluble micro molecules of essential oil as well as water soluble plant components and it is these micro molecules that imparts both the aroma and the therapeutic properties to the hydrosols. Because they are so much less concentrated than essential oils, they are very gentle compounds making them excellent for using on delicate tissues and around the eyes. While there are a number of different hydrosols that are gentle and effective for many different purposes and conditions Suzanne Catty only recommends four to be used as an eye wash (Green Myrtle, Roman Chamomile, German Chamomile and Cornflower). Once you start working with hydrosols you will find that there are a myriad of ways to use these gentle, but very effective substances. Hydrosols should be kept very cool or refrigerated and their shelf life will vary depending on the plant material it has been derived from, however many of the hydrosols that are freely available are quite stable and generally last around two years.
Go Green with Essential Oils
As people look for additional ways to ‘go green’, using essential oils around the house makes more and more sense! Moving away from chemical cleaners makes sense and when you consider how many essential oils have antibacterial, antifungal, antimicrobial, antiseptic, antifungal, antiviral, germicidal and insecticidal properties, adding them to your natural recipes makes sense! They have the added benefit of making you home smell wonderful as well!
7 Essential Oils to consider :
- Lavender (Lavendula angustifolia) has antibacterial, anti-fungal, antimicrobial, antiseptic, aromatic, bactericidal and insecticidal properties. The name lavender comes from the Latin ‘lavare‘ meaning to wash, and it has been used in soaps and for cleaning for a very long time.
- Lemon (Citrus limonum) has antibacterial, antifungal, antiseptic and disinfectant properties. Cleanliness is often associated with a ‘lemon-fresh’ aroma.
- Tea Tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) has antibacterial, antifungal, antimicrobial, antiseptic, antiviral, deodorant, fungicidal, germicidal and insecticidal properties. One of the strongest anti-fungal essential oils around and it is great for getting rid of mold and mildew.
- Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus) has antibacterial, antifungal, antiseptic and antiviral properties. Often used to help fight colds and flu and great to keep surfaces clean when there is sickness in the house.
- Palmarosa (Cymbopogon martinii) has strong anti-fungal and antiseptic properties. Its anti-fungal properties are thought to be even stronger than Tea Tree.
- Pine (Pinus sylvestris) has antibacterial, anti-fungal, antimicrobial, antiseptic, antiviral, bactericidal, deodorant, disinfectant and insecticidal properties. Pine’s fresh scent can be uplifting.
- Sweet Orange (Citrus sinesis) has antiseptic and insecticidal properties. It is good for cleaning and conditioning wood and is a great degreaser.
Diffusing Lemon and Orange can be a wonderful way to rid your house of cooking smells!
My favourite Germ Busting Synergy is: 8 parts Lavender; 10 parts Lemon; 5 parts Eucalyptus globulus; 3 parts Geranium; 3 parts Palmarosa which I usein a number of different ways. For instance, in a spritzer bottle at a 3% dilution in water, it makes a great kitchen or bathroom surface cleaner.
Essential Oils and Learning
It has been found that if one smells the right essential oil/essential oil synergy while studying, it helps to keep one relaxed and focused, which in turn makes it easier to retain that information. It has also been found that when one has to share that information later (like writing an exam), sniffing the same essential oil/essential oil synergy will help to unlock the information. Obviously the essential oil or essential oil synergy should be chosen with care, as you want to use oils that will help to keep you focused and alert, as well as relaxed. We would choose from the more energizing type oils and leave the more sedating oils for other applications. Rosemary and Basil are two oils that are often turned to. While it is easy to diffuse the oils while learning, you can’t take your diffuser with you into the exam room, but you could put your essential oil or essential oil synergy into a personal inhaler and sniff that as you write the exam.
Sometimes people have real challenges when it comes to studying, learning, absorbing and retaining new information. In this case it might be helpful to look at what the underlying emotional aspect or trigger is. These challenges can generally be classified as:
- Emotional, Mental and Physical Health Concerns
- Employment and Financial Issues
- Housing, Legal and Transportation Issues
- Issues with Family Relationships and Social Support
However, it is my opinion that there is always an emotional layer to everything we experience. So while the essential oils cannot directly address issues like employment and finances, family relationships etc, they can be used to relieve the emotional charge around those issues. Creating an essential oil synergy, that has been specifically customized to the individual and their specific needs, can certainly help to support them move forward towards a positive outcome.
Using Essential Oils Around Your Home
Have you thought about utilizing essential oils around the house? Here are a few ideas to get you going. Half the fun is putting together a special blend that really says home to you.
Wipe down kitchen surfaces with a blend of germ busting essential oils. Put about 500ml (2 cups) of distilled water into a spray bottle and add 8 drops of lavender, 15 drops of lemon and 5 drops of eucalyptus. Shake well before spraying.
When wiping out fridges, microwaves etc. add a couple of drops of essential oil to the rinse water. Any of the citrus oils would be a good choice.
To get rid of cooking smells add 3 drops of lemon and 3 drops of orange to an aroma lamp.
Bathrooms can also be wiped down with a blend of germ busting essential oils. Again add 500ml (2 cups) of distilled water to a spray bottle and add 20 – 30 drops of your own special essential oil blend. Essential oils with germ busting properties include: basil, bergamot, eucalyptus, ginger, lavender, lemon, patchouli, petitgrain, rosewood and thyme.
To clean glass and mirrors mix 1 cup (250ml) of distilled water, º cup (62,5ml) vinegar in a spray bottle then add 20 drops of lemon. Shake well before using. This cleans well and leaves a lovely fresh smell. Most of the citrus oils are great for cutting through grease.
For sweet smelling linen add 1 – 2 of drops of essential oil or blend of essential oils to a cotton ball and pop it onto your linen shelves. I use a cotton ball on each shelf. A blend I enjoy using in my linen cupboard is 10 drops Lime, 4 drops Orange, 3 drops Cinnamon, 1 drop Patchouli. I also use cotton balls in my clothing cupboards, here I use a mixture of Patchouli and Cedarwood. Experiment a little and find a blend you really enjoy.
Potpourri is often used to fragrance various rooms in the house. Gather dried leaves, flowers and small wood shavings. Crush the plant materials to desired size. Place in a wide mouthed glass jar and add your essential oil or blend of essential oil to the mixture. The amount of essential oil you add will depend on the size of your jar. Try 7 – 10 drops. Stir contents well and tighten the lid on the jar. Let the potpourri rest for several days as this will allow the plant material time to absorb the aroma. Lavender on its own is great. For a floral type blend try 4 drops geranium, 2 drops grapefruit and 2 drops petitgrain and for a more exotic blend try 5 drops sandalwood, 2 drop patchouli and 3 drops lime.
Make your own carpet freshener. Put 1 cup of cornstarch into a container and add 15 – 30 drops of essential oil or blend of essential oil. Mix well and leave to set for a couple of days. Sprinkle over carpets, leave for 30 minutes – 1 hour the vacuum up. The blend you use will depend on personal taste you could try any of the blends mentioned above. I often use a blend of 10 drops lime, 6 drops mandarin and 4 drops patchouli for my carpets.
To keep your vacuum cleaner smelling fresh add 1 – 2 drops of essential oil to the outside of the dust bag.
Blends to try around the house
|4 drops of Rosewood
||5 drops of Lime
||5 drops of Grapefruit
||5 drops of Lemon
|3 drops of Geranium
||3 drops of Bergamot
||3 drops of Bergamot
||3 drops of Lavender
|3 drops of Lemon
||2 drops of Lavender
||2 drops of Rosemary
||2 drops of Geranium
Essential Oil Tips for Cleaning Your Home
Here are some essential oil tips to incorporate when cleaning your home. I’ve tried most of them, some more successfully than others.
Add a drop or two of essential oil to your washing machine. It has been suggested that adding Eucalyptus globulus to a wash cycle may kill dust mites in bedding. As essential oils don’t mix with water remember to add 1 or 2 drops of emulsifier to them before adding. If you don’t have an emulsifier use 1 or 2 drops of liquid soap.
You could add a couple of drops of essential oil to cotton cloth or pad and place in the drying during the cool down or wrinkle release cycle. Remember that the oils are volatile and so you don’t want them in the dryer during the hot cycle. Lavender gives bedding and towels a clean, fresh scent, while lemon or sweet orange can remove greasy and oily smells from the laundry.
Keep these smelling fresh by sprinkling a carpet freshener (add 8 – 10 drops essential oil or essential oil synergy to 1/2 cup baking soda shake well) on the mat, leave for about an hour and then shake out.
Instead of mothballs pop a drop or two of essential oil on a cotton ball and place in closets and drawers. Lavender, Geranium, Palmarosa, Patchouli and Cerdarwood are some suggestions.
Add 5 drops of lemon or pine to 1/4 cup of white vinegar which is then added to a bucket of water.
To a 1 quart spray bottle add 1 cup white vinegar, 10 – 15 drops of essential oil (Lemon is great) and fill with water. Shake well and spray windows.
Adding essential oil to pain can counteract any unpleasant smell. You will need quite a bit of essential oil about 5 ml to 1 gallon (3.78 litres) of paint. Mix well.
Lemon oil is great for cutting grease and a drop or two in the sink can make a difference.
A drop or two of peppermint on a cotton ball placed anywhere mice could enter the house is a great deterrent.
Vacation Time and Essential Oils
It’s vacation time and your bags are packed and you’re ready to leave. Hopefully you’ve remembered to take along a few essential oils to make your holiday even more pleasant.
When traveling by car consider making up a mister with essential oils. In fact I make up misters to keep the car smelling fresh all the time. Fill up a small spray bottle with 90ml (3 oz) distilled water or hydrosol, then add 60 drops of your special essential oil blend. For those prone to travel sickness/nausea consider adding some peppermint to the blend. See More Summer Blends for suggestions.
When you arrive at your destination have a mister spray to freshen up your hotel bedroom. Make up as described above and add 60 drops of your favourite blend or see the blends below.
If you have traveled over time zones you might be faced with Jet lag. To counteract this you can add essential oils to your morning and evening bath. Grapefruit in the morning is a wonderful pick me up and will get you going in the morning. In the evening add roman chamomile or lavender (or a blend of the two) to your bath to help you sleep peacefully through the night. Remember essential oils don’t dissolve in water so add an equal number of drops of emulsifier to the bath. If you don’t have an emulsifier you can use an equal number of drops of liquid soap.
To keep those pesky insects away you can make up a mister to spray into the air or add your blend of essential oils to carrier oil (sweet almond etc) or a body cream to use topically. If you are spraying the blend into the air you can use 60 drops of your blend in 90ml (3ozs) of distilled water and if you are applying it topically to your skin you need to dilute the blend down to 15 drops in 30ml (1oz) of carrier or 45 drops in 90ml (3 ozs). Make up your own favourite blend of insect repellent essential oils or see the Summer Blends below.
While spending all this time outside having fun I do hope that you will use lots of sunscreen, however, if you do end up suffering from sunburn, lavender hydrosol can be very helpful in soothing red, sunburned skin. Just dab on carefully over the burned areas.
Essential oils in a Basic Holiday Care Kit could include:
||Bruises, bumps, digestive complaints, insect bites, jet lag, skin rashes
|Eucalyptus Globulus, Smithii or Radiata
||Colds, fever, insect bites, swelling
||Blisters, bruises, jet lag, mosquito repellent
||Bruises, bumps, fever, headaches, insect bites, insect repellent, jet lag, sunburn, swelling
||Digestive complaints, fever, headaches, indigestion, insect repellent, jet lag, muscular aches and pains, nausea, travel sickness
||Mental fatigue, headaches, insect repellent, aids memory, muscular aches and pains
||Cuts & wounds, insect repellent, cold sores, anti-infectious, anti-funga
|6 drops of Bergamot
||4 drops of Eucalyptus
||4 drops of Geranium
||4 drops of Eucalyptus Citriodora
|4 drops of Lemon
||6 drops of Lemon
||6 drops of Lemon
||6 drops of Geranium
|5 drops of Rosemary
||4 drops of Peppermint
||5 drops of Mandarin
||4 drops of Rosemary
||Pesky Bug Blend
|2 drops of Clary Sage
||4 drops of Lavender
||2 drops of Basil
||2 drops of Rose
|4 drops of Geranium
||1 drop of Peppermint
||2 drop of Lemongrass
||1 drop of Neroli
|1 drop of Peppermint
||1 drop of R. Chamomile
||2 drops of Patchouli
||1 drop of Clary Sage
While essential oils are wonderful gifts from nature because they are such highly complex cemical compounds we should know their contraindications before we use them. That way we can be sure we are using them both effectively and safely.
Keep all essential oils away from Children, Eyes and Pets. Do not ingest or use any oil undiluted on the skin unless advised otherwise by a qualified Aromatherapist.
Angelica – Avoid during pregnancy. Angelica Root is phototoxic. May cause skin irritation or sensitization.
Basil – Use in low concentrations and avoid on sensitive skins. Do not use in pregnancy.
Benzoin – Generally considered non-toxic and non-irritating however this oil can be a strong skin sensitizer so do not use on the skin.
Bergamot – Expressed bergamot is phototoxic when applied to the skin and may irritate sensitive skin. If applied to the skin avoid sunlight or UV rays (including sun beds) for 12 hours. Some suppliers carry a rectified bergamot known as FCF grade which is safe to use on the skin.
Black Pepper – Use in low concentrations on the skin as this oil can irritate the skin.
Cardamom – Generally considered non-toxic, non-irritating and non-sensitizing, however use in small doses as aromatically a little goes a long way.
Carrot Seed – Generally considered non-toxic, non-irritating and non-sensitizing. Avoid in pregnancy.
Cedarwood – Generally considered non-toxic, non-irritating and non-sensitizing however it is best to avoid its use in early pregnancy. Do not use this oil prior to sunbathing.
Chamomile, German –Generally considered non-toxic, non-irritating and non-sensitizing.
Chamomile, Roman – Generally considered non-toxic, non-irritating and non-sensitizing however it is best to avoid its use in early pregnancy.
Cinnamon Leaf – Use in low concentrations on the skin as this oil can be a skin irritant. Do not use during pregnancy.
Clary Sage – Generally considered non-toxic, non-irritating and non-sensitizing. Do not use during pregnancy. Do not use while drinking or driving.
Clove – Use in low concentrations on the skin as this oil can cause skin irritations.
Cypress – Generally considered non-toxic, non-irritant and non-sensitizing. Avoid during pregnancy.
Eucalyptus – Generally considered non-toxic, non-irritant and non-sensitizing, however, when taken internally this oil is toxic.
Eucalyptus Citriodora – Generally considered non-toxic, non-irritating and non-sensitizing
Fennel – Do not use during pregnancy. Use with extreme caution if suffering from epilepsy. Use with caution on sensitive skins as this oil may cause mild skin sensitisation.
Fir – Generally considered non-toxic, non-irritant and non-sensitizing. Although some varieties of Fir may cause some skin irritation.
Frankincense – Generally considered non-toxic, non-irritating and non-sensitizing. Avoid during the first trimester of pregnancy.
Geranium – Generally considered non-toxic, non-irritating and non-sensitizing however it is best to avoid its use in early pregnancy.
Ginger- Use in low concentrations as this oil can cause skin irritation.
Grapefruit – Do not use before exposure to sun or UV rays.
Helichrysum – Also know as Everlasting and Immortelle is generally considered to be non-toxic, non-irritating and non-sensitizing.
Jasmine – Generally considered non-toxic, non-irritating and non-sensitizing. Do no use in pregnancy and use with caution on people who are hypersensitive or allergic to perfumes, cosmetics or spicy foods.
Juniper – Avoid in pregnancy. Prolonged use can damage kidneys. On skin non-toxic, non-irritant and non-sensitizing.
Lavender – Generally considered non-toxic, non-irritating and non-sensitizing.
Lemon – Generally considered non-toxic, non-irritant and non-sensitizing. Phototoxic avoid exposure to sunlight or uv rays for at least 12 hours after use.
Lemongrass – Generally considered non-toxic, possible dermal irritant so use with care with dermal applications. Avoid in pregnancy.
Mandarin – Generally considered non-toxic, non-irritating and non-sensitizing.
Manuka – Generally considered non-toxic, non-irritating and non-sensitizing. No formal testing.
Marjoram, Sweet – Generally considered non-toxic, non-irritating and non-sensitizing. Avoid during pregnancy.
Melissa –Generally considered non-toxic, non-irritating and non-sensitizing.
Myrrh – Avoid if allergic to cosmetics and perfume. Avoid during pregnancy.
Niaouli –No formal testing. Use with caution during pregnancy and with children.
Neroli – Generally considered non-toxic, non-irritating and non-sensitizing.
Nutmeg – When tested at low doses found to be non-toxic, non-irritating and non-sensitizing. It may irritate sensitive skins.
Orange – Generally considered non-toxic, non-irritating and non-sensitizing however as with most expressed oils it can be phototoxic and if used on the skin do not expose skin to sun or UV rays for 12 hours after use.
Oregano – Moderate skin irritant and strong mucous membrane irritant. Do not use at more than a 1% dilution.
Patchouli – Generally considered non-toxic, non-irritating, non-sensitizing and non-phototoxic. It may curb the appetite. Do not use on anyone allergic to spicy foods and use cautiously on anyone with known allergies to perfumes and cosmetics.
Palmarosa – Generally considered non-toxic, non-irritating and non-sensitizing, however care should be taken with anyone known to be sensitive to cosmetics.
Peppermint – Generally considered non-toxic. Avoid in pregnancy. Keep away from children.
Petitgrain – Generally considered non-toxic, non-irritating, non-sensitizing and non-phototoxic when tested at low doses. Some cross sensitivity has been reported when there is an existing allergic reaction to balsams.
Pine – Generally considered non-toxic, non-irritating, non-sensitizing and non-phototoxic. However they can oxidize very easily and then they are potentially sensitizing.
Rose – Generally considered non-toxic, non-irritating, non-sensitizing and non-phototoxic.
Rosemary – Generally considered non-toxic, non-irritating and non-sensitizing. Avoid during pregnancy and use with extreme caution if suffering from epilepsy.
Rosemary ct. Verbennone – Generally considered non-toxic, non-irritating and non-sensitizing. Avoid during pregnancy and use with extreme caution if suffering from epilepsy. Do not use on children younger than 10 years of age.
Rosewood – Generally considered non-toxic, non-irritating, non-sensitizing and non-phototoxic.
Sandalwood – Generally considered non-toxic, non-irritating, non-sensitizing and non-phototoxic.
Spike Lavender – Avoid during pregnancy.
Spikenard -Generally considered non-toxic, non-irritating, non-sensitizing and non-phototoxic.
Tea Tree – Generally considered non-toxic, non-irritating, non-sensitizing.
Thyme –Avoid in pregnancy and high blood pressure. It can be a potent irritant to people with sensitive or fragile skins. Only use in very low doses.
Vetiver – Generally considered non-toxic, non-irritating non-sensitizing and non-phototoxic.
Ylang Ylang – Generally considered non-toxic, non-irritating, non-sensitizing and non-phototoxic. However do use in low concentrations as excess use may lead to feelings of nausea and headaches.
Yarrow –Avoid in pregnancy and with young children.
Methods of Use and Applications
When it comes to methods of use, there are a variety of different applications we can consider when it comes to our essential oils effectively. These include Aromatherapy Baths, Inhalation, Aromatic Compresses, Aroma Massage.
Fill a bath with warm water. Although the essential oils can be added directly to the water they are actually not soluble in water and will float on top of the water. To eliminate this you can add an equal number of drops of emulsifier to the 6 drops of your essential oil blend (if you don’t have an emulsifier, mix your essential oils in a little liquid soap), then add to the bath, swish around to mix and relax and enjoy the bath for 10 to 15 minutes.
There are a number of ways in which we can enjoy the benefits of essential oils through inhalation. For instance essential oils (1 – 6 drops) can be added to an aroma lamp, perfume lantern or an electrical diffuser. If you don’t have one of these simply add your essential oil or essential oil blend to a bowl of hot water and the aromatic molecules will find their way into the air. A drop or two of essential oil or blend can be added to a tissue or cotton ball for personal sniffing. Create a mister by adding your essential oils to a bottle with a spray top, swirl well to blend and then add distilled water. Shake the bottle well before misting. The amount of blend needed will depend on the size of your bottle.
Fill bowl with water, (warm for arthritic pain, Fibrositis, lower back pain etc. cold for sprains, headache or a cooling effect), add 4 – 6 drops of your essential oil or blend. Wipe cloth over the surface of the water, wring out any excess and then apply to the required area. Repeat as the cloth changes temperature. Hot and cold compresses may also be used alternately when there is a flare up of inflammation and swelling in joints. Repeat cycle of hot, then cold two to three time, each compress should be applied for 2 — 3 minutes. Always end with a cold compress.
When applying essential oils topically to the skin they should always be diluted in a carrier and gentle massage is no exception. One doesn’t have to be a professional to massage a loved one. A caring, gentle touch is all that is needed. To 30ml of carrier oil add 10 – 15 drops of your essential oil blend.
Essential Oils Applied Topically to the Skin
In addition to massage, there are many other reasons why one might want to apply an essential oil/ essential oil synergy topically to the skin. Skin care, perfumes, first aid, pain and symptom relief and the list goes on.
Please note, that whenever you do, the essential oil or essential oil synergy should always be diluted in a carrier. This can be a gel, a cream, an ointment, a lotion or a carrier oil. The correct dilution will depend on a number of variables including age, health conditions, how often the blend is to be applied and over what period of time. | <urn:uuid:bd9a691e-3086-4b3b-a440-02d729190661> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://westcoastaromatherapy.com/article-archives/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585246.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20211019074128-20211019104128-00713.warc.gz | en | 0.940726 | 12,861 | 3.078125 | 3 |
(Credit: Danny Kim)
Firing up the grill and cooking a meal outdoors is one of the few primal pleasures still left to the modern cook. No pots, no pans, no electricity, no complicated techniques–it’s just you, some fire, and some food.
Oh, plus the grill you’re cooking on. And the charcoal briquettes you might be burning, or the can of propane you picked up last week. And the metal grill itself, forged in some giant factory, and even the newspaper you might use to light your charcoal chimney. Even though it might seem pretty primitive, grilling involves as much technology as anything else we do–even fire counts as “technology,” when you get right down to it–and most modern cookout equipment was only invented in the 20th century. Heck, even the idea of cooking outside on a regular basis only became popular once people started living in the suburbs en masse, after WWII.
And since one of the cornerstones of American grilling is a little bit of gear obsession, we decided to break down the history of all the grilling technology we’ve come to love:
- (Credit: Flickr/DrPete)
FIRE: Starting somewhere between 40 and 50 thousand years ago, humans figured out how to set things on fire. Soon after (maybe even the same day!), we started using said fire to cook things, which set off a whole chain of events (eating more plants, domesticating them, inventing farming) that led to human civilization as we know it today. An auspicious beginning!
- An Ancient Greek Grill, 6th-4th Century (Credit: Wikimedia)
GRILLS: After humans figured out how fire worked, the next step towards modern grilling was figuring out how to make metal that wouldn’t melt over a bed of hot coals. This took a while, but we figured it out by the Bronze Age–historians and archaeologists have found evidence that you could get grilled goat, mutton, or pork from food stalls on the streets of Ur by 2300 BC.
- An illustration of Native Americans cooking on the original “barbecue”–a wooden structure used to cook food over flames (Credit: The Woodpit)
AMERICA (AND BARBECUE):It’s a little bit of a tautology (okay, a lot of one) to say that the modern American cookout couldn’t exist without the European discovery of America, but the colonization of the New World also introduced a new element into the European tradition of cooking things over a fire: barbecue.
While culinarily distinct from grilling (BBQ is all about low, slow, indirect cooking), the all-day outdoor party aspect of most early barbecue is essential to how Americans celebrate cookouts today. At first, the word “barbecue” came into English as a word referring specifically to the wooden rotisseries and smoking platforms (like a rotisserie) that Native Americans would use to cook meat over fire pits, but by the 1660s, Englishmen were publishing accounts of hanging out at barbecues, referring to the slow, pit-cooking style that we know as barbecue today.
Barbecue then spread to the American South, where roasting up a couple hogs became a standard way to spend a holiday. George Washington’s diary entry for May 27, 1769, notes that he “went in to Alexandria to a Barbecue and stayed all Night,” winning eight shillings from a card game, and barbecues became a favorite for political events (nothing like free food to bring out the vote) throughout the 19th century. Andrew Jackson even planted two groves of “barbecue trees” on the White House grounds during his administration, to use as fuel for Presidential pig roasts. Private citizens would hold barbecues, too, but only as community shindigs, like the 1898 party that one writer went to in Louisiana, where they cooked up “a whole beef” and “three muttons.”
- The recommended camp grilling equipment from Camp Cookery (Credit: Camp Cookery)
CAMP COOKING: For most Americans of the 19th and early 20th centuries, cooking over a grill remained an indoor technique (and was generally known as “broiling”). But in the early 1900s, camping and similar outdoor endeavors started to become more popular (the Boy Scouts of America were founded in 1910), and people started publishing cookbooks about how to cook outdoors. One, Camp Cookery, written by Horace Kephart (and dedicated to a “Mistress Bob”), recommended that campers in rough terrain, or on the move, bring a modified “camp broiler,” essentially a fold-up grill, along with a large lightweight fry-pan and a few pots.
- From the October, 1932 issue of Popular Mechanics (Credit: Popular Mechanics)
THE FIRST MODERN GRILLS:By the 1930s, though, cooking outdoors had become more generally popular. This 1932 item about a foldable charcoal grill (from an issue of Popular Mechanics that also contains articles like “Queer Things About Your Dog” and “Handwriting–the Traitor”) says that it’s for “campers and others doing outdoor cooking,” suggesting that backyard chefs might be enjoying the benefits of cooking al fresco.
- From the August, 1941 and July, 1942 issues of Popular Mechanics (Credit: Popular Mechanics)
PICNIC GRILLS:And by the early ’40s, all pretensions of camping had been dropped, and Popular Mechanics was writing that this “Picnic Grill on Folding Legs has Removable Ash Pan,” and another “Portable Charcoal Cooker Rolled Like Wheelbarrow.” After WWII, the wave of returning GIs moving with their families to the suburbs sealed the deal, and the cookout became an American institution.
- A box of Ford Charcoal Briquets, from the Ford Charcoal Briquette Picnic Kit No. 10, sold as an official accessory for the Model T (Credit: Model T Ford Forum)
CHARCOAL BRIQUETTES: These uniform, pressed lumps of charcoal and binders (you can read more about how they’re different from hardwood charcoal in our charcoal guide) were patented in 1897 by a guy named Ellsworth B.A. Zwoyer, but didn’t really catch on until the 1920s, when Henry Ford decided to start turning the scrap wood from his Model T production into charcoal. Ford’s friend, relative, and business partner, E.G. Kingsford, found a plot of land for the charcoal factory near the Ford sawmill in Michigan’s Upper Peninsula, and eventually gave his name to the ubiquitous Kingsford charcoal brand (which now has an 80 percent market share in the US). Thomas Edison was known to go on camping trips with Kingsford and Ford on the U.P. (Ford and Edison had been friends ever since Ford began his career in Edison’s lab), and the inventor had a hand in designing the charcoal briquette factory.
In the early 1950s, when backyard grilling really took off in the newly suburban America, Kingsford increased production by 35 percent to keep up, and even limited advertising “for fear of not being able to meet the demand,” according to one historian.
- Salesmen demonstrating early Webers to an eager audience (Credit: Weber Kettle Club)
THE WEBER:The classic American charcoal grill didn’t hit backyards until 1952, when one man, George Stephen, invented the first Weber. Stephen was a welder at the Weber Brother Metal Works, outside of Chicago, where he put together sheet-metal spheres into buoys for the Coast Guard. One day, disappointed with how the ash from the coals in his shallow grill kept getting on his food, he decided to make his own by cutting one of the metal spheres in half and adding legs. His neighbors called it “Sputnik” (not meant as a compliment to its space-age technology), but the deep kettle design kept ash out of the food, and, after some tweaks (and vent holes) were added, let George control the coals’ heat much better than his store-bought grill could. The design quickly caught on, and a modern grilling icon spread across the country.
- An ad for the LAZY-MAN grill in the June, 1957 issue of Popular Mechanics, left, and a promotional photo for the Model AP, right (Credit: Popular Mechanics/Wikimedia)
THE LAZY-MAN:After Kingsford Briquettes, the Weber Kettle, and the shift to the suburbs, the last piece of the modern cookout technology puzzle to fall into place was the invention of the portable gas grill. Professional kitchens (and indoor stoves) had been using gas grills for decades, but it took until the 1954 for the first portable, consumer-grade gas grill to hit the market. And, amazingly, it was called the LAZY-MAN.
By 1957, you could get a LAZY-MAN Open Fire Charcoal Type Gas Broiler for $59.50 (as advertised above in Popular Mechanics), featuring little walnut-sized nuggets of porcelain that the company called “permanent coals,” which the gas burners would heat up to mimic the spread-out effect of charcoal grill’s heat. For an extra $70, though, you could pick up the LAZY-MAN Model AP (on the right), the first gas grill to use the cart-style setup that’s become standard today. Both used propane tanks that the LAZY-MAN’s manufacturer, Chicago Combustion Corporation, had modified from plumbers’ 20-pound propane cylinders.
- The Big Green Egg(Credit: Danny Kim)
THE BIG GREEN EGG:Gas made grilling easy, and gas grills continue to be the most popular new grills sold in the U.S., after passing charcoal sales in 1994. But even back in the ’60s, some grillers wanted even more of a challenge than their standard Weber kettles. They wanted something like the Big Green Egg.
Traditional Japanese ceramic kamado cookers started coming over to the US after WWII, brought by servicemen who had tried them out while overseas, but it wasn’t until 1974, when Ed Fisher (himself a Navy vet) started the Big Green Egg company, that the style really took off in BBQ purist circles. Equally good at both grilling and low-and-slow smoking, the BGE has built up a serious cult over the years, and is fast becoming a standard part of the American cookout landscape.
- THE GRILLING BOOK:With the Weber, the gas grill, and the Big Green Egg accounted for, not much has changed in the American grillosphere in the past forty years. Sure, there have been little tweaks to the technology, and a ton of new, mostly unnecessary, accessories to buy (grill spatulas do not need built-in LED displays), but the big change has been in the food we actually grill. If Bon Appetit published The Grilling Book even twenty years ago, there would be dozens of ingredients, flavors, and techniques that we wouldn’t have been able to include, from kimchi to dried chipotles, that have become available all over the country in the past decade’s food renaissance. It’s good to remember that, no matter what you’re cooking on, whether it’s a campfire and a rock or a GasMaster 9000, the food you put on the grill is what really makes the difference. | <urn:uuid:e93d8e65-27c6-48b9-9f61-ca059a3f4b5b> | CC-MAIN-2016-22 | http://www.bonappetit.com/test-kitchen/cooking-tips/article/the-history-of-american-grilling-technology | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464049281876.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524002121-00075-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.956245 | 2,503 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Women on the Land
October 15 is the United Nation's International Rural Women's Day, designed to bring awareness to women working and living in rural communities across the world. In our part of the world, there is a strong history of women engaging with the rural environment, and there are innumerable examples right through the BRAC and PROV collections. From rural publicans in the Licensing Registers, grieving mothers in the Inquest deposition registers and women petitioning council for better roads in Shire Correspondence records, our shelves are full of the footprints of rural women.
One place you will find many references to rural women are Shire Rate Books, where it doesn’t take long to find multiple entries for women farmers and rural landholders in the 19th century. Just one of many examples is Irish-born Bridget Gill, a farmer from Shelbourne, south of Marong.
Bridget appears across the Shire of Marong Rate Books up until her death in 1897. As you can see, she is listed as a farmer, with 134 acres and a dwelling at Shelbourne:
Excerpt from 1890 Shire of Marong Rate Book (Shelbourne Division)
Public Records Office of Victoria, VA 2464 Marong Shire, VPRS 16266 P01, Unit 27, 1890
Bridget McGillicuddy appears to have arrived in Victoria at the age of 17 with her brother Thomas in the year following the death of their parents 1. On the manifest of the Royal Standard, they are recorded as being Irish, and Bridget lists her occupation as ‘dairy maid’. Thomas and another sibling, Catherine, met and wed partners at St Killian’s in Bendigo, and in 1870 Bridget herself tied the knot with John Gill.
As their family started to grow, John took up property in the Shelbourne district (south-west of Bendigo), purchasing several blocks of land between what is now McKenzie and Meudell Roads. Nine years after their marriage, and with Thomas, 8, Dennis, 6, Bridget, 3, and infant twins John and Catherine under foot, John died suddenly, leaving Bridget to manage not only five young children but significant tracts of land.
In 1881, toddler John became ill and died; Bridget stated at an inquest that he was otherwise a ‘strong, healthy child’ but had been taken with an attack of vomiting. She administered soda, water and milk with a view to taking him to Sandhurst the following morning but he died before sunrise came. Dr James Boyd agreed that the little boy had been ‘well-nourished and healthy’, and that if Bridget had been able to get to a doctor sooner, it would have been ‘to no avail’.
Excerpt from Bridget's deposition at the inquest for baby John Gill
Public Records Office of Victoria, VA 862 Office of the Registrar-General, VPRS 24 Inquest Deposition Files P0, Unit 422, Item 1881/556 John Gill, 1881
The following year, Bridget purchased further blocks of land, a large block closer to Marong, and another with frontage to McKenzie Road adjoining three blocks inherited from John, which is where she looks to have resided with her little family in a small, weatherboard house. The farms were mostly under cultivation, with post-and-five-wire or post-and-two-rail fences, a couple of small dams, a stable with four stalls, sheds and a stock yard. The point where McKenzie and Meudell Roads meet was referred to in Marong Shire meetings as "Mrs Gill's corner" 2.
Excerpt from Marong & Shelbourne Parish Plans
Public Records Office of Victoria, VA 3972 Department of Natural Resources & Environment, VPRS 16171 Regional Land Office Parish & Township Plans Digitised Reference Set, P01, Unit Plans S-Ti Shelbourne Parish Plan
Public Records Office of Victoria, VA 3972 Department of Natural Resources & Environment, VPRS 16171 Regional Land Office Parish & Township Plans Digitised Reference Set, P01, Unit Plans L-Me Marong Parish Plan
She appears to have kept cows, perhaps enough for milk and to sell a little, and chickens, but the land was mostly for cropping. Upon her death in 1897 - only in her 40s - Bridget’s possessions reflected those of any other farmer at the time, and the inventory in her probate record shows us that the land was used largely for oats and hay. As well as gathered crops of both, she had three horses, harness, a plough, reaper and binder, chaff cutter, scarifier and harrows.
Excerpt from the inventory of Bridget Gill's probate papers
Public Records Office of Victoria, VA 2624 Master In Equity Supreme Court, VPRS 28 Probate & Administration Files P0, Unit 852, Item 66/771 Bridget Gill 1898
Bridget was buried in White Hills with John. Her personal property was sold up by executors and neighbours, Patrick Keating and John Slattery, with the proceeds paying off the small mortgage remaining on her seven allotments of 350 acres. The land was then to be let until Kate reached the age of 21 in 1900 at which point, she directed it be sold and the proceeds divided between Kate, Thomas, Denis and Bridget 3.
Bridget is far from being unusual in being recorded as an active farmer in the Rate Books - in Marong in the same year we have Amelia House and Catherine Mahaer, also at Shelbourne, Sarah Underdown at Axe Creek, Elizabeth Meurillion, Bridget Wall and Catherine McColl at Dead Horse Flat in the 1890s, and Annie Mulvahill at Campbells Forest in the 1950s. The United Nation's theme for this year's International Day of Rural Women is 'building resilience' and we're certain - as always - there's much to be learned from the past when it comes to building ways forward for women in rural communities in the future.
BRAC’s suggestions for areas of further research:
Extent of farm ownership by women in northern Victoria
Management practices used by women on 19th century farms
Divestment of women-owned farm property upon their death
The role of widowhood in women taking up farming
The experiences of fatherless children raised on farms by farming women
Interested in reading about other extraordinary women in the Sandhurst area? Take a look at our online exhibition from March 2020, Locating the Women of Bendigo.
1 Public Records Office Victoria, Series: VPRS 7666; Series Title: Inward Overseas Passenger Lists (British Ports), Microfiche Copy of VPRS 947
2 Marong Shire Council, Bendigo Advertiser, 7 May 1880, p3
3 Public Records Office Victoria, VA 2624 Master in Equity Supreme Court, VPRS 7591 Wills P02, Unit 272, Item 66/771 Bridget Gill 1890
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The first successful Franciscan mission in our country was also the cradle of the Franciscan Order in the United States of America. Both began in 1573 in the Spanish province of La Florida, a territory that included all of eastern North America along the coast of the Atlantic Ocean. The first Franciscan friars in La Florida landed at the Spanish settlement of Santa Elena on Parris Island, South Carolina. In La Florida, 70 friars were authorized by the Spanish Crown to serve 26,000 Christianized Indians in 40 missions.
Today monuments stand at the edge of the golf course on the United States Marine Base at Parris Island marking the excavated ruins of two Spanish forts that protected Santa Elena. It is important to note that the first enduring Christian community in teh United States was the Franciscan parish of St. Augustine. The beautiful, Spanish-style Cathedral-Basilica of St. Augustine rightly cherishes its honor as our country's oldest parish and the cradle of the Catholic Church in the United States of America. (1)
(1) "The Cradle of the Church and Franciscan Order in the USA," by Thomas Murphy, O.F.M.
St. Anthony Friary
357 Second Street North
Saint Petersburg, Florida 33701
Monday - Friday
9:00 AM to 4:30 PM | <urn:uuid:b0515351-c4ea-4cc0-9def-4b9a03ff9c35> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | http://www.safriary.org/about-us/history-of-the-franciscan-friars/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232259177.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20190526125236-20190526151236-00249.warc.gz | en | 0.927539 | 276 | 2.75 | 3 |
Any parent who has held their screaming child down to get a shot or during a check-up knows how nerve-wracking a visit to the doctor can be.
It’s agonizing to watch your baby feel pain – even when it’s for their own good. But what if there was a simple way to ease that pain?
Medical researchers at the University of Alberta have found that listening to music effectively reduces the amount of pain children perceive when they’re in the emergency room.
The team analyzed clinical trials with 42 children between the ages of three and 11 who came to the pediatric emergency department at the Stollery Children’s Hospital and needed IVs.
Some listened to music while receiving the IV and others did not. Researchers then noted the amount of stress each child expressed, their perceived level of pain, and their heart rate.
“We did find a difference in the children’s reported pain – the children in the music group had less pain immediately after the procedure,” said lead researcher Dr. Lisa Hartling.
“The finding is clinically important and it’s a simple intervention that can make a big difference. Playing music for kids during painful medical procedures would be an inexpensive and easy-to-use intervention in clinical settings.”
The conclusions make sense. We know that music affects mood, which is why many pregnant women make special soothing playlists for labor and delivery.
What do you think? Would you bring your iPod and speakers to your child’s next doctor appointment? | <urn:uuid:f5b5ea49-971d-453b-818e-ce56c4c450a1> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | https://www.modernmom.com/2d27c53e-3b4b-11e3-b6a4-bc764e04a41e.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583509845.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20181015205152-20181015230652-00145.warc.gz | en | 0.966102 | 319 | 2.84375 | 3 |
This section provides information on the processes that can be simulated in the SPHY model. For more detailed information please refer to the peer-reviewed publication introducing the SPHY model.
The SPHY model has been developed by combining the best components of existing and well tested simulation models: HydroS, SWAT, PCR-GLOBWB, SWAP and HimSim. SPHY was developed with the explicit aim to simulate terrestrial hydrology at flexible scales, under various land use and climate conditions. SPHY is a spatially distributed leaky bucket type of model, and is applied on a cell-by-cell basis. In order to minimize the number of input parameters, and avoid complexity and long model run-times, SPHY does not include energy balance calculations, and is therefore a water-balance based model. The main terrestrial hydrological processes are described in a physically consistent way so that changes in storages and fluxes can be assessed adequately over time and space. SPHY is written in the Python programming language using the PCRaster dynamic modelling framework.
An overview of the SPHY model concepts is shown in the Figure. SPHY is grid-based and cell values represent averages over a cell, but sub-grid variability is taken into account. A cell can be glacier-free, partially glacierized, or completely covered by glaciers. The cell fraction not covered by glaciers consists of either land covered with snow or land that is free of snow. Land that is free of snow can consist of vegetation, bare soil, or open water. In order to distinct between land cover types at sub-grid level, SPHY calculates and stores the state variables as grid-cell averages. Sub-grid variability is mainly determined by the fractional vegetation coverage, which affects processes such as interception, effective precipitation, and potential evapotranspiration.
The land compartment is divided in two upper soil stores and a third groundwater store, with their corresponding drainage components: surface runoff, lateral flow and base flow. SPHY simulates for each cell precipitation in the form of rain or snow, depending on the temperature. Any precipitation that falls on land surface can be intercepted by vegetation and in part or in whole evaporated. The snow storage is updated with snow accumulation and/or snow melt. A part of the liquid precipitation is transformed in surface runoff, whereas the remainder infiltrates into the soil. The resulting soil moisture is subject to evapotranspiration, depending on the soil properties and fractional vegetation cover, while the remainder contributes in the long-term to river discharge by means of lateral flow from the first soil layer, and base flow from the groundwater reservoir.
Melting of glacier ice contributes to the river discharge by means of a slow and fast component, being (i) percolation to the groundwater reservoir that eventually becomes base flow, and (ii) direct runoff. The cell-specific runoff, which becomes available for routing, is the sum of surface runoff, lateral flow, base flow, snow melt and glacier melt.
If no lakes are present, then the user can choose for a simple flow accumulation routing scheme: for each cell the accumulated amount of material that flows out of the cell into its neighboring downstream cell is calculated. This accumulated amount is the amount of material in the cell itself plus the amount of material in upstream cells of the cell. For each cell, the following procedure is performed: using the local drain direction network, the catchment of a cell is determined which is made up the cell itself and all cells that drain to the cell. If lakes are present, then the fractional accumulation flux routing scheme is used: depending on the actual lake storage, a fraction of that storage becomes available for routing and is extracted from the lake, while the remaining part becomes the updated actual lake storage. The flux available for routing is routed in the same way as in the simple flow accumulation routing scheme.
As input SPHY requires data on state variables as well as dynamic variables. For the state variables the most relevant are: Digital Elevation Model (DEM), land use type, glacier cover, reservoirs and soil characteristics. The main dynamic variables are climate data such as precipitation, temperature, reference evapotranspiration. Since SPHY is grid-based optimal use of remote sensing data and global data sources can be made. For example, the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) can be used to determine the Leaf Area Index (LAI) in order to estimate the growth-stage of land cover. For setting-up the model data on streamflows are not necessary. However, to undertake a proper calibration and validation procedure flow data are required. The model could also be calibrated using actual evapotranspiration, soil moisture contents, or snow coverage.
The SPHY model provides a wealth of output data that can be selected based on the preference of the user. Spatial output can be presented as maps of all the hydrological processes. Maps often displayed as output include actual evapotranspiration, runoff generation (separated by its contributors), and groundwater recharge. These maps can be generated on daily base, but most users prefer to get those at monthly or annual aggregated time periods. Time-series can be generated for each location in the study area. Time-series often used are stream flow under current and future conditions, actual evapotranspiration and recharge to the groundwater. | <urn:uuid:0c24aa73-d520-4d6a-a08e-cd16c119e31d> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | http://www.sphy.nl/concepts/model-overview/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499829.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20230130201044-20230130231044-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.923956 | 1,098 | 3.03125 | 3 |
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PSCP, the PuTTY Secure Copy client, is a tool for transferring files securely between computers using an SSH connection.
If you have an SSH-2 server, you might prefer PSFTP (see chapter 6) for interactive use. PSFTP does not in general work with SSH-1 servers, however.
PSCP is a command line application. This means that you cannot just double-click on its icon to run it and instead you have to bring up a console window. With Windows 95, 98, and ME, this is called an ‘MS-DOS Prompt’ and with Windows NT, 2000, and XP, it is called a ‘Command Prompt’. It should be available from the Programs section of your Start Menu.
To start PSCP it will need either to be on your
PATH or in your current directory. To add the directory containing PSCP to your
PATH environment variable, type into the console window:
This will only work for the lifetime of that particular console window. To set your
PATH more permanently on Windows NT, 2000, and XP, use the Environment tab of the System Control Panel. On Windows 95, 98, and ME, you will need to edit your
AUTOEXEC.BAT to include a
set command like the one above.
Once you've got a console window to type into, you can just type
pscp on its own to bring up a usage message. This tells you the version of PSCP you're using, and gives you a brief summary of how to use PSCP:
Z:\owendadmin>pscp PuTTY Secure Copy client Release 0.60 Usage: pscp [options] [user@]host:source target pscp [options] source [source...] [user@]host:target pscp [options] -ls [user@]host:filespec Options: -V print version information and exit -pgpfp print PGP key fingerprints and exit -p preserve file attributes -q quiet, don't show statistics -r copy directories recursively -v show verbose messages -load sessname Load settings from saved session -P port connect to specified port -l user connect with specified username -pw passw login with specified password -1 -2 force use of particular SSH protocol version -4 -6 force use of IPv4 or IPv6 -C enable compression -i key private key file for authentication -noagent disable use of Pageant -agent enable use of Pageant -batch disable all interactive prompts -unsafe allow server-side wildcards (DANGEROUS) -sftp force use of SFTP protocol -scp force use of SCP protocol
(PSCP's interface is much like the Unix
scp command, if you're familiar with that.)
To receive (a) file(s) from a remote server:
pscp [options] [user@]host:source target
So to copy the file
/etc/hosts from the server
example.com as user
fred to the file
c:\temp\example-hosts.txt, you would type:
pscp [email protected]:/etc/hosts c:\temp\example-hosts.txt
To send (a) file(s) to a remote server:
pscp [options] source [source...] [user@]host:target
So to copy the local file
c:\documents\foo.txt to the server
example.com as user
fred to the file
/tmp/foo you would type:
pscp c:\documents\foo.txt [email protected]:/tmp/foo
You can use wildcards to transfer multiple files in either direction, like this:
pscp c:\documents\*.doc [email protected]:docfiles pscp [email protected]:source/*.c c:\source
However, in the second case (using a wildcard for multiple remote files) you may see a warning saying something like ‘warning: remote host tried to write to a file called ‘
terminal.c’ when we requested a file called ‘
*.c’. If this is a wildcard, consider upgrading to SSH-2 or using the ‘
-unsafe’ option. Renaming of this file has been disallowed’.
This is due to a fundamental insecurity in the old-style SCP protocol: the client sends the wildcard string (
*.c) to the server, and the server sends back a sequence of file names that match the wildcard pattern. However, there is nothing to stop the server sending back a different pattern and writing over one of your other files: if you request
*.c, the server might send back the file name
AUTOEXEC.BAT and install a virus for you. Since the wildcard matching rules are decided by the server, the client cannot reliably verify that the filenames sent back match the pattern.
PSCP will attempt to use the newer SFTP protocol (part of SSH-2) where possible, which does not suffer from this security flaw. If you are talking to an SSH-2 server which supports SFTP, you will never see this warning. (You can force use of the SFTP protocol, if available, with
-sftp - see section 220.127.116.11.)
If you really need to use a server-side wildcard with an SSH-1 server, you can use the
-unsafe command line option with PSCP:
pscp -unsafe [email protected]:source/*.c c:\source
This will suppress the warning message and the file transfer will happen. However, you should be aware that by using this option you are giving the server the ability to write to any file in the target directory, so you should only use this option if you trust the server administrator not to be malicious (and not to let the server machine be cracked by malicious people). Alternatively, do any such download in a newly created empty directory. (Even in ‘unsafe’ mode, PSCP will still protect you against the server trying to get out of that directory using pathnames including ‘
The login name on the remote server. If this is omitted, and
host is a PuTTY saved session, PSCP will use any username specified by that saved session. Otherwise, PSCP will attempt to use the local Windows username.
The name of the remote server, or the name of an existing PuTTY saved session. In the latter case, the session's settings for hostname, port number, cipher type and username will be used.
One or more source files. Wildcards are allowed. The syntax of wildcards depends on the system to which they apply, so if you are copying from a Windows system to a UNIX system, you should use Windows wildcard syntax (e.g.
*.*), but if you are copying from a UNIX system to a Windows system, you would use the wildcard syntax allowed by your UNIX shell (e.g.
If the source is a remote server and you do not specify a full pathname (in UNIX, a pathname beginning with a
/ (slash) character), what you specify as a source will be interpreted relative to your home directory on the remote server.
The filename or directory to put the file(s). When copying from a remote server to a local host, you may wish simply to place the file(s) in the current directory. To do this, you should specify a target of
.. For example:
pscp [email protected]:/home/tom/.emacs .
/home/tom/.emacs on the remote server to the current directory.
As with the
source parameter, if the target is on a remote server and is not a full path name, it is interpreted relative to your home directory on the remote server.
PSCP accepts all the general command line options supported by the PuTTY tools, except the ones which make no sense in a file transfer utility. See section 3.8.3 for a description of these options. (The ones not supported by PSCP are clearly marked.)
PSCP also supports some of its own options. The following sections describe PSCP's specific command-line options.
-lslist remote files
-ls option is given, no files are transferred; instead, remote files are listed. Only a hostname specification and optional remote file specification need be given. For example:
pscp -ls [email protected]:dir1
The SCP protocol does not contain within itself a means of listing files. If SCP is in use, this option therefore assumes that the server responds appropriately to the command
ls -la; this may not work with all servers.
If SFTP is in use, this option should work with all servers.
-ppreserve file attributes
By default, files copied with PSCP are timestamped with the date and time they were copied. The
-p option preserves the original timestamp on copied files.
-qquiet, don't show statistics
By default, PSCP displays a meter displaying the progress of the current transfer:
mibs.tar | 168 kB | 84.0 kB/s | ETA: 00:00:13 | 13%
The fields in this display are (from left to right), filename, size (in kilobytes) of file transferred so far, estimate of how fast the file is being transferred (in kilobytes per second), estimated time that the transfer will be complete, and percentage of the file so far transferred. The
-q option to PSCP suppresses the printing of these statistics.
-rcopies directories recursively
By default, PSCP will only copy files. Any directories you specify to copy will be skipped, as will their contents. The
-r option tells PSCP to descend into any directories you specify, and to copy them and their contents. This allows you to use PSCP to transfer whole directory structures between machines.
-batchavoid interactive prompts
If you use the
-batch option, PSCP will never give an interactive prompt while establishing the connection. If the server's host key is invalid, for example (see section 2.2), then the connection will simply be abandoned instead of asking you what to do next.
This may help PSCP's behaviour when it is used in automated scripts: using
-batch, if something goes wrong at connection time, the batch job will fail rather than hang.
-scpforce use of particular protocol
As mentioned in section 5.2.1, there are two different file transfer protocols in use with SSH. Despite its name, PSCP (like many other ostensible
scp clients) can use either of these protocols.
The older SCP protocol does not have a written specification and leaves a lot of detail to the server platform. Wildcards are expanded on the server. The simple design means that any wildcard specification supported by the server platform (such as brace expansion) can be used, but also leads to interoperability issues such as with filename quoting (for instance, where filenames contain spaces), and also the security issue described in section 5.2.1.
The newer SFTP protocol, which is usually associated with SSH-2 servers, is specified in a more platform independent way, and leaves issues such as wildcard syntax up to the client. (PuTTY's SFTP wildcard syntax is described in section 6.2.2.) This makes it more consistent across platforms, more suitable for scripting and automation, and avoids security issues with wildcard matching.
Normally PSCP will attempt to use the SFTP protocol, and only fall back to the SCP protocol if SFTP is not available on the server.
-scp option forces PSCP to use the SCP protocol or quit.
-sftp option forces PSCP to use the SFTP protocol or quit. When this option is specified, PSCP looks harder for an SFTP server, which may allow use of SFTP with SSH-1 depending on server setup.
PSCP returns an
ERRORLEVEL of zero (success) only if the files were correctly transferred. You can test for this in a batch file, using code such as this:
pscp file*.* user@hostname: if errorlevel 1 echo There was an error
Like PuTTY, PSCP can authenticate using a public key instead of a password. There are three ways you can do this.
Firstly, PSCP can use PuTTY saved sessions in place of hostnames (see section 18.104.22.168). So you would do this:
pscp sessionname:file localfile, where
sessionnameis replaced by the name of your saved session.
Secondly, you can supply the name of a private key file on the command line, with the
-i option. See section 22.214.171.124 for more information.
Thirdly, PSCP will attempt to authenticate using Pageant if Pageant is running (see chapter 9). So you would do this:
For more general information on public-key authentication, see chapter 8.
If you want to provide feedback on this manual or on the PuTTY tools themselves, see the Feedback page.[PuTTY release 0.60] | <urn:uuid:051580c5-12c8-48a1-a91e-01d1c5585183> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/0.60/htmldoc/Chapter5.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195526714.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20190720214645-20190721000645-00212.warc.gz | en | 0.844087 | 2,822 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Students in K-12 public schools are under tremendous stress because of the COVID-19 pandemic and its repercussions on households, and even before a public health and economic crisis, 77% of school-aged girls reported that they wanted access to crisis counselors. Instead, school districts and states poured massive resources into police officers in schools, perpetuating the criminalization of students. In the wake of the protests against police brutality across the United States and the entire world following George Floyd’s and Breonna Taylor’s senseless murders, one of the most important conversations rising from this dire situation is around School Resource Officers (“SROs”) and their increasingly dangerous and costly presence in schools. These nationwide conversations over race relations have led to several victories in removing school police in Minneapolis, Portland, Denver, and other school districts.
Increasingly, school-based police intervene in situations previously handled by administrators, guidance counselors, or school security guards. School police took prominence in national conversations following the Parkland shooting and became particularly common in states like Florida, despite criticism of their effectiveness and overwhelming evidence that school counselors are more effective at mitigating violence before it occurs.
When I was a public-school teacher in Miami, the term “School Resource Officers” fooled me into believing that officers would be a helpful authority figure and engage in positive interactions with students; this didn’t happen. I had several students in regular contact with school police, get in trouble for smoking vape pens or marijuana on campus, or repeatedly skipping. These should not require involvement of a school police officer. Interacting with a police officer is frightening and potentially traumatic for a person of any age, but certainly for a young person without their parent present. Studies show that schools have shifted towards using school police rather than administrators, counselors, or staff to deal with challenging student behaviors, which has disproportionately affected Black and Indigenous children, and has “increasingly criminalized traditional school disciplinary issues and exacerbated the school-to-prison pipeline.”
Over-policing Black and Indigenous people starts at a young age, oftentimes in middle or high school—though there have been recent news stories of Black girls as young as six being detained by school police. The school-to-prison pipeline continues to thrive across the country because of school police programs, particularly in schools with high numbers of Black, Indigenous, and students of color. In my experience as a teacher, I saw frequent educational disruptions to students who came in repeated contact with the school police, even when their punishment was a suspension instead of an arrest. Instead of dealing with a school police officer and missing class, these students should’ve been connected with counselors, who could more appropriately address their behavior and issues they’re dealing with using methods like mindfulness or meditation practices, or de-escalation techniques for confrontation. These practices would likely have long-lasting, positive impact. Following established restorative justice practices address the root of the child’s issues and give a child healthy methods of dealing with difficult emotions, ensuring that they are much more likely to have a successful and positive school experience and form a community with their teachers, administration, and peers.
School police aren’t just a problem for students who have faced discipline. There have been reported instances of sexual assault between students that go unreported by school police, where oftentimes the school delegates its duty to investigate Title IX claims to school police without proper Title IX training. What’s more egregious is the growing list of school police accused of sexual assault or sexual misconduct by girls across the country. Too often, school police are in positions of power and prey on and harass students—particularly Black and brown students—who are too young or vulnerable to understand the implications of power imbalances between the police and the student, or too afraid to speak out against their perpetrator for fear of not being believed.
Between COVID-19 ravaging Black, Indigenous, and Latinx communities and the protests in support of Black lives, students in these communities have enough stress on their plates without needing to worry about police in schools instead of on their education. In fact, students have been pushing to get cops out of their schools. As schools consider reopening, the time is ripe to divest in school police programs in favor of mental health funding to truly help students succeed long-term. | <urn:uuid:c352c296-0603-40ce-8aaf-740c8ee21a9e> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://nwlc.org/blog/to-protect-girls-of-color-get-rid-of-school-police-and-invest-in-mental-health-counselors/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107900860.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20201028191655-20201028221655-00554.warc.gz | en | 0.969739 | 886 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Phobia occurs with id impulses are repressed and anxiety is displaced another object or situation.
Little Hans-Freud (1909)
Phobias develop due to unresolved childhood conflict.
One way the ego deals with a childhood conflict is by displacing the fear onto another object.
Hans= Father displace onto horses.
Other theorists have argued that fear of spiders hides unconscious conflicts… | <urn:uuid:3399c6f9-4012-431a-92d4-4acb2acf5563> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | https://getrevising.co.uk/revision-notes/psychodynamic_explanation_for_phobia | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125937074.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20180419223925-20180420003925-00233.warc.gz | en | 0.870454 | 82 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Mystery object number 5 was a fingertip.
Click on the activity below to find out above cells and their contents.
All living things are made up of tiny building blocks called cells. Cells are so small that they can only be seen with a microscope. In the photograph above has been magnified but still it does not show the skin cells. Groups of cells that have the same job (function) and work together are called tissues. An example of a tissue in our bodies is muscle tissue. | <urn:uuid:f3762fd3-7002-4bdd-8c31-3b0c817ece15> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | http://www.lancsngfl.ac.uk/projects/lancslive/index.php?category_id=38 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267157070.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20180921112207-20180921132607-00445.warc.gz | en | 0.978298 | 101 | 3.328125 | 3 |
BUILT WITH TOOLS.
"To understand how buildings use energy, you need tools to document them. Simulation software then can help to measure and optimize those things during the design process."
TOOLS + SOFTWARE
Students have the opportunity to use BUILT lab equipment for assigned research projects related to studying how building perform. From monitoring lighting levels, thermal comfort, and energy use to simulating the energy performance of new buildings, BUILT provides the equipment and technical know-how for students to engage in research.
At BUILT we have specifically sought out equipment that is easy to use for students that may not have experience in collecting and analyzing data. A great example of this is our collection of thermal imaging cameras for smartphones and tablets, which deliver visual data in the form of images easily readable and transmittable. Other equipment, like the Vernier LabQuest2, are specifically designed to expose students to research in an easily-customizable and easily-digestible format. From interface to file format, we seek straight forward data sets that students new to research can feel comfortable working with.
The BUILT tool library also contains research-grade equipment for more advanced students and technical research projects. Research-grade equipment includes Onset HOBO data loggers, Mocon TVOC sensors, and FLIR thermal imaging cameras.
For a complete inventory of BUILT's tools and software, explore the buttons below. | <urn:uuid:fa5e351f-b012-400a-9335-46faf20b59d0> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://buildingsciencelab.weebly.com/tools.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370491998.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20200328134227-20200328164227-00177.warc.gz | en | 0.920897 | 293 | 2.6875 | 3 |
It’s true that Halloween candy is empty calories, which most Americans get too much of already. But stories of Halloween candy poisionings are mostly myths. Image credit: Rochelle Hartman
Written by Sara Peach for UNC Health Care
CHAPEL HILL – Among the scariest Halloween myths is this one: Strangers are plotting to kill children by poisoning trick-or-treat candy. Such stories have prompted police departments to X-ray Halloween bags and the media to issue terrifying warnings.
The truth is that no genuine case of random child-poisoning related to trick-or-treating has ever been documented. (Eight-year-old Timothy O’Bryan died Oct. 31, 1974, after eating cyanide-laced Pixy Stix, but his own father was later convicted of the murder.)
Even if candy is unlikely to carry poison, it generally contains plenty of saturated fat and sugar. Read on to learn how you and your children can stay healthy on Halloween.
The claim: Dark chocolate is a health food, so you may indulge guilt-free
Recent research points to potential health benefits of dark chocolate. Some studies suggest that it can improve blood flow and blood-vessel function, and it may lower blood pressure.
But before you fill your cauldron with the magical stuff, remember that chocolates are high in saturated fat, which nutritionists blame for raising cholesterol and the risk of heart disease.
Researchers are still uncertain about how much dark chocolate you should eat to attain maximum benefits to your circulatory system, Southern said.
And watch out: Dutch-processed chocolate may not provide the same health boost as dark chocolate processed in other ways. (Check the label to determine how your chocolate was manufactured.)
The bottom line: To avoid overdoing it on the saturated fat, health-minded witches and warlocks should eat only a few squares of dark chocolate each week.
The claim: Fat-free candy is healthier than chocolate
Fat-free goodies such as hard candies and licorice don’t contain saturated fat, so some people believe they are better for your body than chocolate. But sugary snacks can still pack plenty of empty calories, Southern said.
“I can eat a lot of Twizzlers before I get full,” she said.
Like alcohol, candy is considered a discretionary calorie, which means that it contains no nutritional value. In order to meet nutritional needs, most Americans should only consume 100 to 200 discretionary calories each day. But the majority of people actually eat 400 discretionary calories a day, Southern said.
“Sugar is replacing what we really need to be eating, and just popping a vitamin pill doesn’t really do the same thing,” she said.
The bottom line: Like chocolate, you should eat fat-free candy only in moderation. And don’t forget to eat plenty of vitamin-rich fruits and vegetables. (Some may also enjoy eye-of-newt.)
The claim: If you don’t hand out candy, trick-or-treaters will toilet-paper your house
Many foods, such as fresh mango, taste just as good as candy. But because of packaging and safety concerns, those foods can be difficult to pass out to trick-or-treaters. Other options, such as packaged dried fruit, generally cost more than candy.
Since it’s hard to avoid Halloween candy, start by teaching your kids year-round healthy eating habits. To do so, avoid using candy as a reward or a punishment, Southern said. But don’t forbid them to eat candy, because then they will see it as special and desirable. When they do eat candy, keep portions small, and feed them plenty of nutritious food so they are not as hungry for sweets. Limit the amount of television they watch, because children’s shows often contain processed-food advertisements. You can also help your kids to decide in advance how many pieces they are going to eat each day.
Media contact: Tom Hughes, (919) 966-6047, [email protected] | <urn:uuid:33aa9529-f5b1-4266-b062-d9017361123c> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | https://www.healthcanal.com/public-health-safety/33499-facts-and-myths-about-halloween-candy.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187822480.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20171017181947-20171017201947-00643.warc.gz | en | 0.94726 | 862 | 2.671875 | 3 |
- About Us
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We encourage new farmers to use ecological farming practices. We believe farmers are important stewards of our land and ecosystems. We also believe ecological, diversified and human scaled farm business models can be more economically resilient, healthy and rewarding for farmers.
Starting at the ground level – a living, fertile, vibrant soil ecosystem is the foundation for any ecological farm business. Vibrant, fertile and living soils are vital for healthy, resilient crops and livestock. Less disease and pest management, better weathering of droughts and flooding, and tastier food are better for the bottom line.
Ecological farming generally involves a diversity of crops, animals and methods. Management techniques include cover crops, green manures, composting, mulching, crop rotation, no till cropping and the use of animal waste to maintain fertility. Diversification provides integrated farm systems, complementary production cycles and infrastructure as well as a form of income insurance that helps with production and price fluctuations.
Energy use and off-farm inputs are minimized. In a time of rising oil costs and decreasing fossil fuel supplies, a great dependence on off-farm and non-renewable energy, fertility and chemical sources is both environmentally and economically unsustainable. At the end of the day, entrepreneurial ecological farmers aim to have more control over the costs of their farm inputs and operations and thus more control over their bottom lines.
While we do not exclusively support certified organic agriculture, the rigorous standards in organic certification can prove an effective way for a farmer to convey their ecological management practices to the end consumer. | <urn:uuid:731aed91-79b4-4a9d-9169-7b9e1e783852> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | http://www.farmstart.ca/about-us/our-objective/ecological-agriculture/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982296721.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823195816-00012-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.916254 | 326 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Misdiagnoses, or diagnostic errors, occur when a doctor comes to the wrong conclusion about what is wrong with a patient. According to doctors from Johns Hopkins, “misdiagnosis accounts for an estimated 40,000 to 80,000 hospital deaths per year.” But what can you do to prevent yourself from being injured by a misdiagnosis? Experts in the field of evaluating and studying what goes wrong in the diagnosis of patients provide these useful tips:
- Pay attention and take care of troublesome symptoms before they become bad enough to require a trip to the emergency room. Once an emergency room visit is necessary, and urgent care is needed, the chance of a misdiagnosis and other medical errors increases. Research by Isabel Health Care has shown the prevalence of misdiagnosis in the ER is a result of complex decision-making paired with above average uncertainty and stress.
- Give a complete health summary and medical history to your doctor. Your body reacts differently to some illnesses when you are on certain medications or have certain medical conditions. That’s why it’s important your doctor is made aware of your complete medical history.
- Ask your doctor if there are any alternative diagnoses for your current symptoms.
- Get a second opinion. This ensures that a second doctor agrees with the initial diagnosis and ensures the correct treatment plan.
- Consider seeing a specialist. Specialists focus on specific areas and therefore know more about those specific areas than general practitioners. For example, if you are seeing a general practitioner and he diagnoses you with a sinus problem, consider visiting an ENT. ENT’s are trained specifically for ears, nose, and throat problems and would likely give you a more definitive diagnosis.
- Speak up and research your condition. It’s natural for patients to be nervous when visiting a doctor. The more research you have done, the more comfortable you will feel speaking with your doctor. If you don’t fully communicate how you feel to your doctor the harder it will be for your doctor to make a correct diagnosis. | <urn:uuid:517a6f14-d62e-471c-98d0-c78f2c169c2f> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | https://www.carpeylaw.com/blog/misdiagnosis-of-medical-conditions-and-practical-prevention-tips/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376828448.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20181217065106-20181217091106-00514.warc.gz | en | 0.920778 | 420 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Because We Can Change the World
A Practical Guide to Building Cooperative, Inclusive Classroom Communities
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Change the world, one classroom at a time!
Mara Sapon-Shevin skillfully blends vision statements, stories, and strategies to guide teachers in promoting social justice and creating classrooms that allow all children to experience academic success. This new edition of a highly acclaimed book:
Provides a powerful vision of diverse, inclusive elementary classrooms
Discusses the barriers to creating cooperative classrooms and how they can be overcome
Offers activities, songs, and children’s literature that promote acceptance and understanding
Includes new “Reframing Our Work” sections with reflective questions that help readers examine their own beliefs and teaching practices
|Sold By||SAGE Publications|
|ISBNs||9781412978385, 9781412978385, 9781452271668, 1452271666|
|Number of Pages||288| | <urn:uuid:f28b69b1-a481-48d9-bd9f-c4b741b7fa22> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://redshelf.com/book/isbn/9781412978385 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590348509972.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20200606031557-20200606061557-00422.warc.gz | en | 0.833667 | 311 | 2.84375 | 3 |
The main objective of this project is to test alternative hypotheses:
- That there is a common basal dentition characterizing all crown group gnathostomes (Osteichthyes + Chondrichthyes)
- That patterned dentitions evolved separately in each group.
This is one of the key questions in vertebrate evolution; how did these two major jawed vertebrate groups build the dentitions so responsible for their evolutionary success? Testing these hypotheses will provide a context for interpreting stem-osteichthyan and stem-chondrichthyan dentitions but also, ultimately, for interpreting dentitions of stem-gnathostomes (including 'Placodermi'). Currently, stem-chondrichthyans include problematic taxa previously assigned to the fossil group 'Acanthodii', although recently some acanthodians were identified as stem-osteichthyans.
Patterns of dentition development and associated gene expression have been investigated in only a small number of crown-group gnathostomes including the small-spotted catshark (Chondrichthyes), the Queensland lungfish, trout, cichlids and pufferfish (Osteichthyes). The latter three are derived osteichthyans (Teleostei), with substantial phylogenetic gaps between all these taxa. These gaps make an assessment of a basal crown-gnathostome dentition problematic. To fill this gap, we will focus primarily on the chondrichthyan dentition, including groups with superficially different dentitions: Batoidea (skates, rays) and Selachii (sharks). Among the osteichthyans, we will focus on more phylogenetically basal non-teleost taxa, Polyodon (paddlefish) and Lepisosteus (gar).
We will collate morphological, developmental and molecular characters for these taxa, from teeth in both oral dentitions and those in extra-oral clusters. Each will form a separate component of this grant, requiring different techniques, but with the overarching goal of testing our two hypotheses.
A) Examine ontogenetic series of dentitions in extant crown-group gnathostomes, for common patterns among the major clades Chondrichthyes and Osteichthyes.
Chondrichthyes: We wil examine ontogenetic series of extant batoid and selachian dentitions (Neoselachii), to discover common patterns of development:
1) presence or absence of a symphyseal set of teeth; 2) alternate tooth addition versus addition in single-family sets; 3) lifetime proximal tooth family addition versus early establishment of a fixed number; 4) abrupt morphological changes within dentitions; 5) differences in morphological characters between upper and lower jaw dentitions; 6) developmental order in extra-oral (pharyngeal) denticles; 7) development of rostral 'teeth', with replacement, or with continuous growth.
These characters will be compared in a diverse suite of extant Neoselachii from all three major clades, extinct Neoselachii (Synechodus, Sclerorhynchoidea), Hybodontidae, sister group to Neoselachii; stem-chondrichthyans, especially Cladoselache.
Osteichthyes: We will examine ontogenetic series of the extant paddlefish Polyodon (Chondrostei; Actinopterygii) and the gar Lepisosteus (Holostei; Actinopterygii), representative of phylogenetically basal Osteichthyes, to establish any dentition characters in common with Chondrichthyes. The bichir (Polypterus) and bowfin (Amia) will also be examined.
B) An 'ancient gene network' (AGN) for gnathostome dentitions, both oral and pharyngeal (associated with the pharyngeal arches), has recently been established. Preliminary work on the shark Scyliorhinus canicula has shown that shh expression is involved in tooth induction, determining alternate positions and the number of tooth families along the jaw shh also determines tooth position in teleosts, and in the cichlid jaw, edar, shh, pitx2, eda, and wnt7b are involved in spacing of teeth and of tooth sets. We will consolidate comparable details of gene expression in chondrichthyans such as Scyliorhinus and Leucoraja, and the phylogenetically basal osteichthyans Polyodon and Lepisosteus. | <urn:uuid:d42be3dd-f025-4103-b27a-2ad4e24c8de7> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | http://chondrichthyes.myspecies.info/content/about-project | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267160641.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20180924185233-20180924205633-00038.warc.gz | en | 0.854676 | 974 | 2.921875 | 3 |
- The kidney filters approximately 4320 meq/day of HCO3- (24 meq/L ×180L/day). Under normal circumstances, the kidney is able to completely reabsorb all the filtered bicarbonate. This is vitally important, since any loss of bicarbonate in the urine would disturb acid base balance.
- The process of bicarbonate reabsorption occur predominantly in the proximal tubule (about 90%). The rest occur in the thick ascending limb and in the collecting tubule. All involve hydrogen ion secretion as shown in the diagram below. To completely reabsorb bicarbonate,the kidney must secrete 4320 meq/day of hydrogen ions in addition to the amount required to exrete the daily acid load.
- The primary step in proximal hydrogen secretion is the secretion of H+ by the Na+ - H+ antiporter in the luminal membrane. Hydrogen ions are generated by the intracellular breakdown of H20 to OH- and H+.
- Hydrogen ions secreted combine with filtered HCO3- ions to form carbonic acid and then CO2 + H2O, which are then passively reabsorbed.
- Technically, HCO3- ions reabsorbed in this process are not the same as the ones filtered. Note that a new HCO3- ion is generated from the intracellular breakdown of H20 to OH- and H+ and subsequent reaction of OH- with CO2 to form HCO3- . This new bicarbonate then crosses the basolateral membrane via a Na+ - 3HCO3- cotransporter.
- The net effect is one mol of bicarbonate ion returned to systemic circulation for every H+ ion that is secreted and reabsorption of virtually all filtered bicarbonate.
- Similar processes occur in the thick ascending loop of Henle and intercalating cells of the collecting duct. In contrast to the proximal tubule, hydrogen ion secretion in the collecting tubule is mediated by a H+ ATPase pump in the luminal membrane and a Cl-HCO3- exchanger in the basolateral membrane as shown in the diagram above. The H+ ATPase pump is influenced by aldosterone, which stimulates increased H+ secretion. Hydrogen ion secretion in the collecting tubule is the process primarily responsible for acidification of the urine, particularly during states of acidosis. The urine pH may fall as low as 4.0.
- Proximal reabsorption of bicarbonate can be affected by many factors, in particular, potassium balance, volume status and renin/angiotensin levels. Therefore these factors can have very significant effects on acid base balance. Their specific effects will be discussed later.
Press next to continue. | <urn:uuid:566c8de9-9e00-41d3-ba99-a6eeb9945e92> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | http://fitsweb.uchc.edu/student/selectives/TimurGraham/Bicarbonate_reabsorption.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936462472.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074102-00225-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.889276 | 586 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Elijah Brown, Edwin Horton, and the other men listed below are just a few of the many Vermonters who fought in the Civil War. Each wrote many letters home to his family describing the conditions in which he lived and his experiences. The Vermont Historical Society is proud to host a vast collection of Civil War manuscripts and letters. We've provided transcripts for the men listed below, and the full collection can be accessed by visiting the Vermont Historical Society Library. You may also search the collection via our Online Catalog.
**Please note that some of the letters may be difficult to read. If so, try reading the letters aloud, stopping to discuss incorrect vocabulary and other confusing points in each letter.
- Give one letter to each student and have the class read them aloud in order, or have two students dramatize the Horton letters.
- Give students a worksheet with the following questions (the National Archives has an excellent worksheet for students on analyzing documents):
- What is this document?
- When was it written?
- What is its purpose?
- Who wrote this letter?
- List three things this document tells you.
- What does this document say about the Civil War?
- Have students make lists of important events or battles in the letters. Trace the events on a map and the Civil War Timeline. Ask the following questions:
- Were the soldiers involved at the end or the beginning o the War?
- What was happening in the War at the time the document was written?
- Have students write back to the soldier.
- Make a list of a soldier's basic needs (food, clothing, shelter, etc.). Ask the following questions:
- How were these needs met?
- What did they need from home?
- How did they pay or things they needed?
- Find letters on the Internet from Confederate soldiers. Compare their experiences.
- Turn the letters into a play. Make costumes and scenery based on actual Civil War photographs.
- For more information on the Civil War, read or have the students read excerpts from Howard Coffin's Full Duty: Vermonters in the Civil War
- Use these letters in addition to the VHS Civil War teaching kit (available to rent from the Vermont Historical Society) to enrich your students' learning experiences. | <urn:uuid:722d0eff-2090-4652-bd71-37070540162d> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://vermonthistory.org/educate/online-resources/civil-war-letters | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187822992.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20171018142658-20171018162658-00335.warc.gz | en | 0.944492 | 471 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Q. What is White Nationalism?
A. The idea that Whites may need to create a separate nation as a means of defending themselves.
Q. Do White Nationalists feel they are superior to other races?
A. No. The desire of White Nationalists to form their own nation has nothing to do with superiority or inferiority.
Q. Do White Nationalists seek to dominate other races?
A. Not at all. In fact, formation of a White nation removes any possibility of White dominance of other races, as well as the plausibility of the accusation that Whites wish to dominate others.
Q. Do White Nationalists seek to insulate themselves from competition from other races?
A. No. A separate White nation would establish a policy of free trade with its new neighbors. Labor markets are global, and the formation of a White nation would not protect Whites from economic competition.
Q. Well if White Nationalists don't feel superior, don't want to dominate others, and don't seek protection from competition, then why would they want a separate nation?
A. To avoid exploitation.
Q. Exploitation? This is rich! So how is it that Whites are exploited?
A. It is a long list. Burdensome racial preference schemes in hiring, racial preference schemes in university admissions, racial preference schemes in government contracting and small business loans. Beyond quotas there is the denial of rights of free speech and of due process to Whites who are critical of these governmental policies. We have special punishments for assaults committed by Whites if the motives might be racial. In addition, Whites pay a proportion of the costs of the welfare state that is disproportionate to what they receive in benefits.
But the most exploitative aspect of the situation is that neither the racial quotas, the business preferences, the loss of freedom of speech, nor the disproportionate contributions to the welfare state have managed to sate the appetites of non-Whites living in the United States.
The more Whites sacrifice, the more non-Whites demand. Many Whites are beginning to believe that no amount of tribute, other than mass suicide, would satisfy the non-White demands.
If our presence stirs up that much hatred in the hearts of non-Whites, then the only sensible course of action is to separate ourselves from them.
Q. You claim that non-Whites are the aggressors and haters in race relations. Aren't you afraid that most Whites will think this is ridiculous?
A. Not in the slightest. For the past 30 years most Whites have taken part in a mass migration or "White flight" away from neighborhoods inhabited by non-Whites. Aggressors don't flee. For example, on a per-capita basis, Blacks are 49 times more likely to assault a White than a White is to assault a Black. Assaults by Whites against Blacks are approximately 40 times scarcer than they would be if races were randomly mixed and assault rates did not vary by race. The best measure of racism is the number of non-economically motivated attacks. White score low in this regard, non-Whites high.
The fact is that non-Whites are clamoring to enter this country in droves. Whites are fleeing en masse to formerly uninhabited areas to escape these new arrivals.
Q. But how can Whites be exploited when it is Whites who have enacted these racial preferences, the taxation, the welfare payments and set immigration quotas?
A. Excellent question! It is true that Whites are exploited by their fellow Whites. In fact, we do not expect any resistance by non-Whites to the formation of a separate nation. We expect White integrationist elites to resist. They are the ones who have a great deal to lose.
Q. If life in America is so bad for Whites why don't you just move back to Europe?
A. We are a majority. We do not have to move back. We can resolve to defend ourselves against this onslaught. We have the option of peacefully ceding lands already inhabited by non-Whites to separate non-White nations. We would save money, and could restore our civil liberties and free ourselves from constant threats of violence by so doing.
Q. What would your separate state look like?
A. The truth is we don't know yet. Our separate state would follow the geographic outlines of White flight. The model for this state would be the modern gerrymander created by the Voting Rights Act to create majority non-White congressional districts. We would simply cede these to a separate nation. The mechanics of this process will be explained more fully later in a post entitled "sweating the details."
Q. Would all Whites be welcome in your separate state?
A. Absolutely. There would be no restriction by country of origin, and no genetic tests, skin color or hair color tests or any nonsense like that. The only restriction would be that those who would wish to recreate the present system by importing non-Whites and then encouraging their hostility would not be welcome. They would have to remain in or move to the lands ceded to the non-Whites.
Q. You are proposing that inclusion and exclusion be based on ideology and feelings. Won't your act of nation splitting turn into a witch hunt?
A. For White liberals it is definitely going to feel like a witch hunt! When the time comes, those who are guilty of "integrationism" should do the sensible thing and flee. It will spare us all a lot of pain.
Q. Is this White nation something that you intend to pursue right away?
A. No. The White nation is, by most accounts, about 20 years off. When the rest of the U.S. begins to look like Southern California it will happen more or less automatically, without much of a push from us.
Q. Why do you use the term "European-American?"
A. All Whites are descended from European immigrants, and we are not actually "White." The term European-American has political significance for two reasons. First, it recognizes that most people in the U.S. of European extraction have intermarried to such an extent that it is no longer possible to identify American Whites as "Irish" or "German" or "Italian." But more important, use of the term "European-American" is intended to recognize that White elites in the United States have exploited differences based on religion and European national origin to divide European-Americans, with the intention of rendering us unable to defend ourselves against non-White demands.
Q. What is White separatism?
A White separatists will agree on most points with a White Nationalist, except that he may not see a need to establish a separate nation within the present territorial boundaries of the U.S.
Q. What is a White supremacist?
A. That is a White who wishes to subjugate other races by force, ordinarily by military conquest. White supremacists are very rare in 1997, and there is no visible trend or base of support which would allow them to carry such a political program into effect.
Other articles by Yggdrasil can be found in Stormfront's Library of Texts .
Home | Join discussion forum | The Truth About Martin Luther King | Contact Us | <urn:uuid:f44990f8-2d07-46dd-86f6-f4e81dda6fc1> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | https://www.stormfront.org/whitenat.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719079.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00289-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.951226 | 1,496 | 2.640625 | 3 |
OVERVIEW: What every clinician needs to know
Pathogen name and classification
Coronaviruses are in the family Nidovirus. There are six species of coronaviruses that infect humans and many others that infect animals.
The coronaviruses that cause human disease are found in two genera: alphacoronaviruses (HCoV-229E, HCoV-NL63) and betacoronaviruses (HCoV-HKU1, HCoV-OC43, and the coronavirus associated with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)). There is an additional novel betacoronavirus, identified in 2012, that can cause human disease – Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS CoV).
Coronaviruses are enveloped and have the largest RNA genome of any virus with lengths up to 32 kb. On electron microscopy, they have a crown-like appearance, which gives them their name.
What is the best treatment?
There are currently no recommended antiviral treatments for coronavirus infections in humans.
Supportive care is recommended
During the SARS outbreak from 2002 to 2004, patients were treated with corticosteroids and ribavirin, but there are no data to suggest these therapies were beneficial.
In MERS CoV, studies in non-human primates have shown some efficacy of IFN-alpha-2b plus ribavirin, and a retrospective cohort study of IFN-alpha-2a with ribavirin in humans have shown improved survival at 14 but not 28 days, but there are no prospective trial outcomes of combination in humans.
There are no applicable data on antiviral resistance.
How do patients contract this infection, and how do I prevent spread to other patients?
In temperate climates, the four non-SARS, non-MERS CoV human coronaviruses (HCoV-229E, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-NL63, and HCoV-HKU1) occur primarily in the winter months. However, infections have been detected throughout the year.
Spread is by contact with infected secretions or by large aerosol droplets, so close contact increases risk of transmission. Caretakers or healthcare workers may spread infections in hospitals or nursing homes.
For the SARS coronavirus, the rapid outbreaks identified in Hong Kong and elsewhere suggested that airborne (e.g., on an airplane or via building ventilation systems) or fecal-oral spread may also be possible.
For MERS CoV, all cases and clusters have either occurred in Saudi Arabia and surrounding countries in the Arabian Peninsula, or have been linked by travel to this area. Current evidence points to camels as primary hosts and a likely animal source for human cases, though bats also are a reservoir. Person to person transmission has been seen in case clusters, mostly in healthcare facilities, and involve close contact in the absence of infection control precautions – the mechanism is felt to be droplet or contact transmission as with other coronaviruses.
Updated information can be obtained via the CDC website. www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/MERS.
Exposure to or eating civet cats in China has been associated with SARS.
Coronaviruses are found throughout the world. The exact prevalence and distribution is unknown because of the variability in assay types and utilization.
It is unknown if there are true increases in prevalence, as testing methods, including polymerase chain reaction (PCR), have rapidly improved following the SARS outbreaks of 2002-2004. The differences in testing methods over time make it difficult to interpret trends in the epidemiology of coronaviruses before 2002.
Infection control issues
Coronaviruses are more easily spread among hospitalized or institutionalized populations or others in closed conditions.
Strict infection control measures, both for airborne droplets as well as surface contact precautions, can reduce the risk of transmission of all coronaviruses.
The U.S. Centers for Disease Control recommend heightened infection control measures including contact and airborne precautions for hospitalized patients with suspected or confirmed MERS CoV infection.
There are no vaccines against the non-SARS coronaviruses and no plans to develop them, given antigenic variation within the four known species and the fact that others are likely to be discovered.
There has been strong interest in developing a SARS vaccine, and several candidates are in the stages of animal testing. The primary target of vaccine has been the S surface glycoprotein, which is necessary for neutralizing antibody responses in vitro. There have been no studies in humans.
Monoclonal antibodies against the S glycoprotein on the SARS coronavirus have also shown initial promise in in vitro studies, and further investigation is ongoing.
Candidate vaccines against MERS CoV are under investigation.
There are no recommendations for post-exposure prophylaxis for any of the human coronaviruses.
What host factors protect against this infection?
Knowledge of factors that confer protection against clinical disease with coronaviruses is limited.
In patients who survive SARS, cell mediated and innate immunity both appear to play an important role.
In MERS CoV, increasing age and pre-existing concurrent health conditions are associated with mortality. It is not known what specific host factors may be protective.
What are the clinical manifestations of infection with this organism?
Two of the four non-SARS human coronaviruses (HCoV-229E and HCoV-OC43) can cause symptoms of the common cold in healthy human volunteers, with upper respiratory congestion and rhinorrhea. It is assumed that the other two (HCoV-NL63 and HCoV-HKU1) can do the same, but this has not been experimentally proven.
The clinical syndromes of HCoV-229E and HCoV-OC43 are very similar to rhinoviruses.
In addition to acute upper respiratory tract infections, coronaviruses have also been linked to otitis media, asthma exacerbations, and community acquired pneumonias in children and adults.
There are some studies that link coronaviruses to diarrhea disease in infants; however, no clear causal link has yet been determined.
For SARS, most cases of severe disease occurred among adults, not children.
Those at most risk for severe disease and death from SARS include the elderly, those with diabetes or other comorbid conditions, those with an atypical presentation, and those with high LDH.
Most patients with SARS presented with a nonspecific viral prodrome with malaise, fatigue, and fever. Respiratory symptoms were not initially present, but dyspnea progressing to respiratory distress followed in patients who developed severe illness. This lung disease is the hallmark of SARS, and patients most often died of respiratory distress and multi-organ failure.
As with SARS, the primary clinical feature in MERS CoV has been fever and severe pulmonary disease, including pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome. A subset of cases have additionally developed acute kidney injury. Other less common findings include pericarditis, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and disseminated intravascular coagulation.
There are some indications that mild disease with MERS CoV is underreported and therefore underrepresented in the cases to date.
What common complications are associated with infection with this pathogen?
For the SARS coronavirus, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and multi-organ failure were the most common causes of death.
In MERS CoV infection, mortality from reported cases is approximately 40%, primarily due to respiratory failure, shock and multi-organ failure.
How should I identify the organism?
Viral culture is difficult to perform and insensitive for coronavirus.
PCR is the test method of choice in patients with suspected coronavirus infections. However, most patients are not diagnosed outside of research or surveillance studies since there is no specific therapy available.
For suspected cases of SARS, PCR should be performed on two separate specimens, either from the same site (respiratory, stool, serum plasma) or the same specimen type on two separate occasions.
Acute and convalescent serum specimens for SARS enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) should also be obtained. Recall that there have been no documented cases of SARS worldwide since 2004.
For diagnosis of MERS CoV, lower tract respiratory specimens (e.g. induced sputum, endotracheal aspirate, bronchoalveolar lavage) should be obtained for real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR). If lower tract specimens are not feasible, or in mild illness, upper respiratory tract specimens such as nasopharyngeal swabs may be obtained.
Acute and convalescent sera should also be obtained for MERS CoV.
Updated information can be obtained via the CDC website www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/MERS
In the United States, consultation for suspected cases of MERS CoV may be obtained via the CDC Emergency Operations Center (770) 488-7100.
How does this organism cause disease?
The upper respiratory coronaviruses infect nasal epithelium and cause release of cytokines, much as rhinoviruses do, leading to rhinorrhea, congestion, and other symptoms of the common cold. Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE-2) is a receptor for HCoV-N63 and Aminopeptidase N for HCoV-229e.
The SARS coronavirus has an S glycoprotein that mediates infection via attachment to cells in the upper respiratory tract. ACE-2 is a receptor for SARS and is expressed on many cell types. The lungs are the almost exclusive target of infection, with the gastrointestinal (GI) tract second.
Lung pathogenesis is likely mediated by ACE2, which causes diffuse alveolar damage via the angiotensin-renin system. SARS 3a and 7a proteins also contribute to lung damage by inducing apoptosis in alveolar cells.
In SARS, severe cases are found to show a histopathologic pattern consistent with ARDS. As in other causes of ARDS, the initial phase reveals capillary congestion and resultant edema, followed by hyaline and fibroblast proliferation in the alveolar spaces, and finally, in the later organization phase, fibroblast proliferation in the alveolar septa.
DPP4 is the functional cellular receptor for MERS CoV, in contrast to SARS which has ACE-2 as its receptor.
MERS CoV appears to cause disregulation and apoptosis in the antigen presentation pathway compared to SARS, and so likely causes disease via different cellular pathways.
WHAT’S THE EVIDENCE for specific management and treatment recommendations?
Balboni, A, Battilani, M, Prosperi, S. “The SARS-like coronaviruses: the role of bats and evolutionary relationships with SARS coronavirus”. New Microbiol. vol. 35. 2012 Jan. pp. 1-16. (This source details possible evolution of coronaviruses.)
Hui, DS, Chan, PK. “Severe acute respiratory syndrome and coronavirus”. Infect Dis Clin North Am. vol. 24. 2010 Sep. pp. 619-38. (This is a good review of epidemiology and clinical presentation.)
Prill, MM, Iwane, MK, Edwards, KM. “Human coronavirus in young children hospitalized for acute respiratory illness and asymptomatic controls”. Pediatr Infect Dis J. vol. 31. 2012 Mar. pp. 235-40. (This source attempts to assess how commonly coronaviruses may be the cause of respiratory illness in hospitalized children.)
Tseng, CT, Sbrana, E, Iwata-Yoshikawa, N. “Immunization with SARS coronavirus vaccines leads to pulmonary immunopathology on challenge with the SARS virus”. PLoS One. vol. 7. 2012. pp. e35421(This source highlights challenges of vaccine development for all human coronaviruses.)
Weiss, SR, Leibowitz, JL. “Coronavirus pathogenesis”. Adv Virus Res. vol. 81. 2011. pp. 85-164. (This is a good general overview of pathogenesis.)
Yu, IT, Xie, ZH, Tsoi, KK. “Why did outbreaks of severe acute respiratory syndrome occur in some hospital wards but not in others”. Clin Infect Dis. vol. 44. 2007 Apr 15. pp. 1017-25. (This source reviews epidemiology and infection control.)
“State of Knowledge and Data Gaps of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in Humans”. PLoS Curr. vol. 12. 2013 Nov. pp. 5(This source reviews current scientific and clinical understanding of MERS CoV and the remaining knowledge gaps.)
Rasmussen. (This source reviews epidemiology, diagnosis, and infection control for MERS-CoV for US clinicians.)
Copyright © 2017, 2013 Decision Support in Medicine, LLC. All rights reserved.
No sponsor or advertiser has participated in, approved or paid for the content provided by Decision Support in Medicine LLC. The Licensed Content is the property of and copyrighted by DSM.
- OVERVIEW: What every clinician needs to know
- Pathogen name and classification
- What is the best treatment?
- How do patients contract this infection, and how do I prevent spread to other patients?
- What host factors protect against this infection?
- What are the clinical manifestations of infection with this organism?
- What common complications are associated with infection with this pathogen?
- How should I identify the organism?
- How does this organism cause disease? | <urn:uuid:fbf643b7-555c-4eeb-a7d7-79137cf0fb40> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | https://www.infectiousdiseaseadvisor.com/home/decision-support-in-medicine/infectious-diseases/coronaviruses-including-sars/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514572484.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20190916035549-20190916061549-00322.warc.gz | en | 0.906975 | 2,970 | 3.78125 | 4 |
Reviewed by Monika Cope-Ward, LCSW
Written bytherapist.com team
Last updated: 11/14/2023
Your personality consists of the way you think, feel, behave, and interact with others. It’s shaped by your genetics, environment, culture, family, and past experiences. A healthy personality allows you to be yourself while still responding to stress and change in helpful ways.
When a person has a personality disorder, it means they have deeply rooted patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that have caused them distress and impacted their life over a long period of time. These traits are worsened by stress or change and cause the person to act in ways that are different than what’s expected.1
Types of personality disorders
There are many kinds of personality disorders. For the most part, they’re split into three “clusters.” The disorders in these clusters share certain qualities, but each one also has distinct characteristics.
Cluster A personality disorders
Cluster A personality disorders involve suspicion of or disinterest in others. People with these disorders may have paranoid thoughts, cold or inappropriate feelings, or hostile or distrustful behaviors.
- Paranoid personality disorder: Involves unfounded suspicion of others that makes it hard to trust people and maintain relationships
- Schizoid personality disorder: Features emotional and social detachment, as well as a preference for isolation
- Schizotypal personality disorder: Unusual ideas and behaviors make it hard to relate to others; often involves “magical thinking,” where a person believes they can affect someone else just by thinking about them
Cluster B personality disorders
Cluster B personality disorders involve erratic or overly emotional ways of thinking and behaving. People with these disorders may disregard the emotional needs of others in order to satisfy their own, which can lead to manipulation, lack of empathy, and irresponsible behavior.
- Antisocial personality disorder (ASPD): A pattern of disregarding other people’s rights and feelings, with no remorse for those actions
- Borderline personality disorder (BPD): Characterized by extreme moods, unstable relationships, impulsive behaviors, and an unstable sense of self
- Histrionic personality disorder: Features excessive, exaggerated, and quickly changing expressions of emotion, usually with the goal of gaining attention
- Narcissistic personality disorder: An overblown sense of self-importance, arrogance, and selfishness, along with a lack of empathy for others
Cluster C personality disorders
Cluster C personality disorders involve high levels of anxiety or fearfulness, though the specific fears that characterize each disorder can differ widely.
- Avoidant personality disorder: Someone is excessively shy and sensitive to criticism, and they have low self-esteem
- Dependent personality disorder: Involves a lack of self-confidence and extreme dependence on others, even to the point of tolerating mistreatment or abuse
- Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (OCPD): Characterized by an extreme focus on perfectionism, order, rules, and control—note that this differs from obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), which is an anxiety disorder
Personality disorder—trait specified
It’s possible to have the distinguishing features of a personality disorder but not fit neatly into one of the 10 specific disorders described above. If someone fits this description, they may receive the diagnosis “personality disorder—trait specified.”2
Is multiple personality disorder real?
Multiple personality disorder is now called dissociative identity disorder (DID), and it is a real diagnosis. However, it’s very different from the sensationalized version often shown in movies and on television. DID is a type of dissociative disorder, not a personality disorder.
What causes personality disorders?
There’s no single cause of personality disorders, but genetics are believed to play a strong role.3 However, they aren’t the only factor that can affect your likelihood of developing certain personality disorders. Other risk factors include:
- Biochemistry: Because brain structure and chemical balances vary from person to person, some people are at greater risk than others.
- Abusive or traumatic childhood: Your environment, especially during childhood, has a significant effect on your mental health. Growing up in an abusive, traumatic, neglectful, or unpredictable household may increase your risk.
- Childhood mental health struggles: Being diagnosed with certain mental health disorders as a child, such as oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), may increase your risk of being diagnosed with particular personality disorders later in life.4
Are personality disorders mental illnesses?
“Mental illness” is an umbrella term used to describe a variety of mental health conditions, including mood disorders, anxiety disorders, and trauma-related conditions. It’s difficult to say decisively whether personality disorders are mental illnesses due to a lack of clinical clarity in defining them.5 Many clinicians don’t consider people who have personality disorders to be mentally ill because those people generally know right from wrong and can control their behavior. People with mental illnesses, on the other hand, tend to have a hard time controlling their behavior on their own.
Can you tell if you have a personality disorder?
It’s important not to self-diagnose a mental health condition. Reading and learning about personality disorders and other conditions can be helpful, but working with a mental health professional is the only way to find out what’s driving your symptoms.
Treatment for personality disorders
Personality disorders can’t be cured, but they can be treated. People with these disorders often don’t realize that their thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are causing distress or damaging their relationships. However, they may decide to seek treatment if their condition impacts their everyday life: For example, if their behavior causes them to lose their job or if loved ones tell them repeatedly that there’s an issue.
Therapeutic options for treating personality disorders include:
- Schema therapy
- Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)
- Dialectical behavioral therapy (DBT)
- Interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT)
- Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT)
- Psychodynamic therapy
The effectiveness of any type of therapy will likely depend on what type of personality disorder you’ve been diagnosed with. Find a therapist near you to get a diagnosis and begin treatment.
Alongside therapy, medicine may be a part of your treatment plan. While no medication has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) specifically to treat personality disorders, certain medications may help ease symptoms:6
- Antidepressants can lessen symptoms of depression, including low mood, irritability, and anger.
- Mood stabilizers can reduce severe mood swings, impulsive anger, and aggression.
- Antipsychotics can reduce impulsive aggression and lessen the likelihood of losing touch with reality.
- Anti-anxiety medications can ease symptoms of anxiety and agitation.
Why are personality disorders difficult to treat?
These disorders are often hard to treat because people’s personalities are such a deeply held piece of who they are. It’s hard to change core features of our being.
In addition, personality disorders are “egosyntonic,” meaning that people who have them are often unaware they have a problem. Instead, they tend to view others as the problem and therefore don’t believe they need treatment.
Personality disorders are difficult to treat, but that doesn’t mean treatment and improvement are impossible. The therapies and medications listed above can be effective for those who seek help. Search our provider directory to find a mental health professional in your area.
About the author
The editorial team at therapist.com works with the world’s leading clinical experts to bring you accessible, insightful information about mental health topics and trends.
Sociopaths tend to act impulsively, struggle with anger management, and lack...
Some therapists use personality typing frameworks like the Big Five, MBTI, and...
Narcissists crave admiration from others. But they’re sensitive to criticism...
What are the causes and signs of a psychopath? Can psychopathy be treated... | <urn:uuid:931cdcf0-fd4d-43dd-acc6-bec18b8b1b00> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://therapist.com/disorders/personality-disorders/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947475701.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20240301193300-20240301223300-00681.warc.gz | en | 0.921708 | 1,707 | 3.359375 | 3 |
ABAD originally means time in an absolute sense and is synonymous with dahr [q.v.; see also
Zaman]. When under the influence of Greek philosophy the problem of the eternity of the
world (see qidam) was discussed in Islam, abad (or abadiyya) became a technical term
corresponding to the Greek term éfyartÚw, incorruptible, eternal a parte post, in opposition to
azal (or azaliyya) corresponding to the Greek term égenhtÚw, ungenerated, eternal a parte ante.
(Ibn Rushd--cf. ed. Bouyges, index--uses azaliyya for 'incorruptible']. [For azal see qidam.] As
to the problem concerned, viz. if the world is incorruptible, the philosophers of Islam subscribed
to the Aristotelian maxim that azal and abad imply each other, that what has a beginning must
have an end and what has no beginning cannot have an end. According to this theory time,
movement and the world in general are eternal in both senses. Among the theologians who all
believe in the temporal creation of the world, only Abu 'l-Hudhayl, one of the earlier
admitted the Aristotelian maxim mentioned. (He applied the theory 'that what has a first term
must have a last one' even to God's knowledge and power, saying that God having arrived at
the final term of His power, would not be able any more to create even an atom, to move a leaf or to resuscitate a dead mosquito. See al-khayyat, al-Intisar, ed. Nyberg, 8 ff.; Ibn Hazm, iv, 19t-3). The theologians opposed the Aristotelian dictum by the argument that if the world were without a beginning, at the present moment an infinite past would have been traversed, which is impossible [cf. qidam]; in the future, however, there is no such impossibility, since in the future no infinite will ever be traversed. Besides, the series of integers needs a first term but no final one, and a man may have eternal remorse, although his remorse must have a beginning (al-Maqdisi, al-Bad' wa-l-Ta'rikh, ed. Huart, i, 1t5, cf. ii, 133). They concluded therefore that there is no rational proof either for the incorruptibility of the world or its opposite. According to the qur'an, xxxix, 67, on the Day of Judgment 'the whole earth shall be His handful and the heavens will be rolled up in His right hand'. It became the orthodox view that the annihilation of the whole world (including the destruction of heaven and hell, which, however, will not
happen, as is known by revelation) is possible, dha'iz, considered as something in God's power (al-Baghdadi, Farq, 319). This world (dunya) will be destroyed, but not heaven and hell.
(S. van den Bergh)
The problem is treated in extenso by al-óhazzali in ch. ii of his Tahafut al-Falasifa, ed.Bouyges, 80 ff.
cf. Ibn Rushd, Ta-qhafut al-Tahafut, ed. Bouyges, 118 ff., tr. by S. van den Bergh, 69 ff. (with notes)
cf. also S. Pines, Beitraege zur islamischen Atomenlehre, 15, note 1.
Philosophy Home - Encyclopedia Home
Source: from the Encyclopedia of Islam --© 1999 Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands | <urn:uuid:66f2fd41-d929-4f10-b08c-aae7f08bb72f> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://muslimphilosophy.com/ei2/abad.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1412037663739.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20140930004103-00251-ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.899885 | 826 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Water Cycle Bingo
Test your understanding of terms associated with the water cycle (hydrologic cycle).
Terms related to direction
Learners identify earth's layers and tectonic plates from clues
Water Cycle Game
its about the water cycle and how a raindrop changes form.
Basic plate tectonics
About plate tectonics
You'll be introduced to some environmental impact facts.
Circular Economy Bingo!
Bioeconomy and circular economy concepts
Weather: Air Pressure, Fronts, Weather, Winds
Air Pressure, Fronts, Weather, Winds
Answer the questions - check polarpedia.eu!
Check POLARPEDIA.EU for clues | <urn:uuid:507c9382-2312-4e54-aa87-372344ebaa95> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://dev.wisc-online.com/arcade/games/natural-science/earth-science?gameTypes=BASEBALL_BINGO_TICTACTOE | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780055632.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20210917090202-20210917120202-00140.warc.gz | en | 0.740054 | 141 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Amnesty International's report, Bringing Human Rights Home to Chicago and Illinois, is an action-oriented blueprint for advancing human rights in Chicago and Illinois. The report, prepared in connection with Amnesty International USA's annual Human Rights Conference, outlines ten pressing human rights issues facing the city of Chicago and the state of Illinois as a whole and recommends steps for immediate action by city, state and/or federal officials.
Gun violence is a widespread problem across the United States. Each year, more than 11,000 people are killed as a result of someone pulling a trigger. Gun violence impacts a range of human rights from the right to life; security of the person; to the rights to education; freedom of movement and freedom from discrimination. The reasons for gun violence in Chicago are complex. Poverty, unemployment, lack of access to education, and the fragmentation of gangs across the city are some of the factors that play a role in the violence. Also, the recent decision to close nearly 50 public schools has put thousands of children going to school at risk of violence or death. All states have an obligation to respect, protect and fulfill human rights, including the right to life and security of the person, and have a duty to take positive measures to prevent acts of violence and unlawful killings.
Gun Violence in Chicago
In 2013, 414 people were killed in Chicago; with more than 80 percent of those deaths attributed to gun violence. While amounting to an 18 percent decrease from 2012, which saw a total of 506 homicides that year, Chicago had the highest number of homicides across the country in 2013. Chicago's homicide rate is alarmingly elevated, especially compared with other big cities like Los Angeles and New York. For instance, New York City has three times the population of Chicago, and had 333 murders in 2013. Los Angeles, with over a million more people than Chicago, had 255 murders in 2013. Seventy-five percent of Chicago's gun-death victims in 2012 were African- American or Latino.
Violence affects everyone in Chicago, but it is particularly devastating for the City's youth who are so often the perpetrators and victims of violence. From 2008-2012, almost half of Chicago's 2,389 homicide victims were killed before their 25th birthdays.
While an alarming number of young people in Chicago have been killed in gun attacks, many more are exposed to gun violence on a regular basis. While 414 people were killed in 2013, there were a total of 1,864 shootings in the city which resulted in 2,328 gunshot survivors. There were an additional 10,343 crimes committed with a handgun or firearm in Chicago during 2013. Studies have shown that children who are exposed to violence suffer increased rates of depression, aggression, delinquency, and poor school performance.
Chicago's homicides have taken place mostly in neighborhoods in the west and south of the city. Gun crime in Chicago is most prevalent in communities with high rates of poverty and unemployment. The City of Chicago as a whole has an extreme poverty rate of nearly 10 percent, with more than 260,000 households living in extreme poverty (i.e. $10,000 or less for a family of three in 2012). The high school graduation rate for black males in Chicago is 39 per cent and a staggering 92 per cent of all black males aged 16-19 were unemployed in 2012. These issues are also human rights issues: the right to a living wage; affordable housing; equal access to education and health care, including mental health care, are human rights. | <urn:uuid:5ed26f0a-d3a3-45cc-8a1d-c3b6596ea49f> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.amnestyusa.org/research/reports/chicago-and-illinois-gun-violence | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398628.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00170-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.967091 | 708 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Counting the Bottom Billion: Measuring the Wealth and Progress of African Economies
Published: December 2011
What do the statistics from the international databases tell us about income and growth in Sub-Saharan Africa? Less than we would like to think. The article takes a starting point in per capita GDP estimates in Africa. Recently, Ghana announced a revision of its GDP statistics, increasing its national income estimates by over 60%. This article shows that similar revisions are to be expected in other countries. Many statistical offices are currently using outdated data and methods. It is argued that with the current uneven application of methods and poor availability of data, any ranking of African economies according to GDP levels is misleading. It is argued that the World Bank, prominent among data disseminators, is currently not providing the necessary information to complement its datasets, and that this shortcoming misleads data users. | <urn:uuid:7a14bb0e-754d-4b24-a8f7-2b4b229c0318> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | https://www.worldeconomics.com/Journal/Papers/Counting%20the%20Bottom%20Billion.details?ID=494 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794865913.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20180524033910-20180524053910-00244.warc.gz | en | 0.942288 | 175 | 2.609375 | 3 |
The origins of the Yerkes National Primate Research Center of Emory University can be traced to an article written by the Center’s founder, Robert M. Yerkes, PhD, and published in Science in 1916. In the article, Dr. Yerkes called for the establishment of a primate research institute for the systematic study of the fundamental instincts and social relations of primates. Dr. Yerkes reasoned that primates, because of their evolutionary closeness to humans, could shed the most light upon the roots of human behavior.
He also wrote in Science, “I am wholly convinced that the various medical sciences and medical practices have vastly more to gain from the persistent and ingenious use of the monkeys and the anthropoid apes in experimental inquiry.”
Dr. Yerkes’ research on his first two great apes and the other animals he was able to study during the 1920s persuaded Yale University, the Rockefeller Foundation and the Carnegie Foundation to fund the establishment of the Yale Laboratories for Primate Biology. The Center opened in 1930 in Orange Park, Florida.
Dr. Yerkes, who received a doctorate in psychology in 1902 from Harvard University, was a distinguished professor of psychobiology at Yale University when he established the Center in 1930. The chimpanzee colony included four animals that Dr. Yerkes had in Connecticut, 13 chimpanzees that were donated by a prominent Cuban citizen and 16 apes that were a gift from the Pasteur Institute of France. The same year, the first chimpanzee birth occurred at the Center; the offspring, named Alpha, provided Dr. Yerkes with the first detailed observations of a chimpanzee’s development and reproductive processes.
In 1941, when Dr. Yerkes retired, Yale University renamed the Center the Yerkes Laboratory of Primate Biology in honor of Dr. Yerkes’ leadership and contributions to science.
With Dr. Yerkes’ death in 1956, Yale officials decided the geographical separation of the university and the Orange Park facility was not conducive to the development and conduct of collaborative research and educational programs for Yale faculty and students. Emory University agreed, in 1956, to assume ownership of the Center. The transfer occurred at a time of increasing scientific interest in the study of primates, in part as a result of the development of the polio vaccine through primate research.
In 1960, the U.S. Congress enacted the National Institutes of Health’s (NIH) Primate Research Centers Program to provide the scientific community with the specialized resources needed for primate research. The following year, Emory received NIH’s Regional Primate Research Center status for the Yerkes facility in Orange Park. NIH funding enabled the transfer of the Center to the Emory University campus, which was completed in 1965. A 117-acre field station, located in Lawrenceville, Georgia, opened the following year.
Other historical achievements are:
1985 – The Yerkes Research Center received full accreditation from The Council on Accreditation of the Assessment and Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care International (AAALAC), the gold standard of laboratory animal care. Yerkes has maintained full AAALAC accreditation for 26 consecutive years.
1999 – The Yerkes facility was expanded to accommodate the newly established Emory Vaccine Center, to facilitate vaccine development and research in AIDS, malaria, hepatitis C and other infectious diseases. This same year, the Yerkes Research Center became the first home for the newly formed Center for Behavioral Neuroscience (CBN), which provided resources to foster innovative research on the basic neurobiology of complex social behaviors associated with fear, aggression, affiliation and reproduction.
2001 – The DNA vaccine microbiologist Harriet Robinson, PhD, developed was shown to prevent development of AIDS in monkeys infected with a highly virulent form of HIV. Today, this vaccine is in clinical trials in humans. This same year, memory expert Stuart Zola, PhD, came to Emory from UC San Diego to become director of the Yerkes Research Center.
2002 – The NIH designated the Yerkes Research Center and seven other primate research centers as national primate research centers in recognition of their involvement with and impact on research programs worldwide.
2003 – The Yerkes Research Center became a critical component of the Southeastern Regional Center of Excellence for Emerging Infections and Biodefense, a federally funded initiative to develop new vaccines, drugs and diagnostic tests against emerging infections and to defend against organisms that might be used in bioterrorist attacks.
2004 – The Yerkes Research Center opened a new 92,000-square-foot neuroscience research building with state-of-the-art lab and imaging facilities currently used by scientists throughout the university. The Yerkes Research Center is the only center to have onsite MRI, PET and cyclotron facilities. The center has invested more than $3 million in imaging capabilities to facilitate neuroscience research projects involving studies of anatomy, physiology and function.
2005 – The Yerkes Research Center celebrated its 75th anniversary of advancing science and improving health.
2007 – The National Institute of Aging granted Yerkes researchers more than $10 million during a five-year period to compare changes that occur in normal aging humans, humans with Alzheimer’s disease and humans with mild cognitive impairment to changes that occur in nonhuman primates. The goal is to identify ways to diagnose aging-related diseases earlier in order to increase the chances for effective treatment as well as to develop new treatments based on specific physiological changes. This is the largest grant Yerkes has ever received.
2008 – In the first study of its kind, Yerkes researchers developed the first transgenic nonhuman primate model of Huntington’s disease (HD). This development is leading to greater understanding of the underlying biology of HD and to the development of potential therapies. This same year, Yerkes opened a multi-purpose building at its field station in Lawrenceville. Certified LEED Gold, the CVMAR as it’s known is the cornerstone for programs using social colonies of genetically typed nonhuman primates to help researchers understand the interaction between genetics and environment and the roles they play in human health and disease.
2009 – Three Yerkes researchers received highest honors for their work to advance science and improve health. Yerkes director Dr. Stuart Zola and researcher Larry Young, PhD, were selected as fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, an honor the organization’s members bestow upon their peers. Dr. Young also received one of only four McKnight Technological Innovations in Neuroscience awards this year. Kerry Ressler, MD, PhD, was also recognized for his contributions with the prestigious Freedman Award, which the National Alliance for Research on Schizophrenia and Depression presents annually.
2010 – The National Institutes of Health awarded Emory University $6.6 million to support a Morris K. Udall Center of Excellence in Parkinson’s Disease Research to facilitate collaboration among researchers who will focus on developing more effective Parkinson’s disease treatments with fewer side effects. Yerkes Researcher Thomas Wichmann, MD, is the principal investigator of the new center.
2011 – The Yerkes Research Center began construction on its Dual-Function Facility, which will further research in the national health priority areas of infectious diseases and transplantation. The National Institutes of Health awarded the Yerkes Research Center $15 million for this construction as part of the American Reinvestment and Recovery Act.
2012 – The Institute of Medicine (IOM) elected Yerkes researcher Kerry Ressler, MD, PhD, to its new class. Election to the IOM is one of the highest honors in the fields of health and medicine, and recognizes individuals who have demonstrated outstanding professional achievement and commitment to service. Also, a team of researchers at the Yerkes Research Center and the Emory Vaccine Center received a three-year grant of $6 million from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation as part of a worldwide effort aimed at developing an effective vaccine for HIV/AIDS.
2013 – The Yerkes Research Center dedicated its Dual-Function Facility (DFF) and its Integrated Research Addition to its Neuroscience Research Facility. The DFF, which was awarded gold LEED, will support research for more than 60 basic, translational and clinical scientists and staff who focus on transplantation medicine and infectious diseases. The three-story addition, which was awarded silver LEED, includes research space for behavioral neuroscience, drug development, genetics, proteomics and psychiatric diseases.
2014 – The Yerkes Research Center received continued full accreditation from the Association for the Assessment and Accreditation of Llaboratory Animal Care International (AAALAC). Such accreditation shows an institution is serious about setting, achieving and maintaining high standards for animal care and use, and is committed to animal welfare in science. This latest review begins the 31st consecutive year of full accreditation for the Yerkes Research Center. Also this year, R. Paul Johnson, MD, began as Yerkes Director.
For more than eight decades, the Yerkes Research Center has been dedicated to improving human health and well-being and to advancing scientific understanding of primate biology, behavior, veterinary care and conservation. We will continue to build upon our solid foundation of scientific advancements and to provide expert care for all of the animals at our research center. | <urn:uuid:9af46cad-1963-4ac3-ba7d-50e326d373c1> | CC-MAIN-2016-18 | http://www.yerkes.emory.edu/about/history.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461861727712.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428164207-00129-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.944276 | 1,919 | 3.03125 | 3 |
How Should You Choose an Essay Topic? As a rule, course instructors define the topics for essay writing. From time to time, students get an opportunity to pick up the subject on their own. Choosing an essay topic is a half way to submitting a successful paper. As it is said, give a dog a bad name and hang him. It is possible to submit an “A” paper even for the class you have no idea about. For instance, History is a chink in your armor. But there is no way you know nothing at all. By using the right to choose an essay on any topic, you may survive in academic meaning. If you are incompetent in the matter of World War II, but the teacher asked you to cover this historical event, there is still a range of other issues to discuss. Think of sharing your thoughts about Pearl Harbor or Hiroshima and Nagasaki if you have to cover a military event. But don’t pick general or too much easy essay topics like “Why Do We Need History?” or “What Happened in 1940’s?” It is important because you cannot change the subject. If you cope with such a task as choosing only good essay topics, there will be no need to focus on other issues. Keep to the point. Match every covered issue with your primary theme. For instance, while writing about Pearl Harbor, you may want to recall the eponymous motion picture. It will help to describe this historical moment more emotionally and thoroughly. When you are experiencing difficulties with selecting the subject, try brainstorming. Sit down and make an extensive list of the best essay topic ideas for your class. Delete all those which have nothing to do with the teacher’s requirements. The list of the essay topics for high school students attending biology class may look this way: Can Cancer Be Cured Today? Is It Ethical to Clone? Are Human Beings Able to Become Younger? It’s not enough to select good topics for essay writing. It is crucial to meet all academic standards. Choosing an essay topic is a half way to submitting a successful paper. As it is said, give a dog a bad name and hang him. How to choose an appropriate research topic? Research papers are far more complicated than essays. While you have access to all necessary data, statistics, and facts to support your essay, you have to search and gather information on your own to accomplish a research paper. The process of research may take a plenty of time. Fortunately, it is easier to use convenient modern technologies and devices to do it as fast as possible. You have to manage your time in a way that you will conduct worthy research and prepare an excellent paper based on collected materials. This type of assignment requires accurate deadlines. | <urn:uuid:4d1453c0-f3f5-4025-8d35-c86d6086c832> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | http://essaywhales.com/Services/how-to-choose-an-essay-topic/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439739370.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20200814190500-20200814220500-00300.warc.gz | en | 0.951391 | 566 | 2.59375 | 3 |
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