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I cannot help but think about the verb なる when I hear or read the expression ~てならない.
Are the verb and the expression even related?
The expressions are related: the ならない in ～て・ならない is simply the negative form of なる.
However, it's worth noting that なる means more than just "to become": the underlying meaning is more like "to come into being". If I've understood correctly, current linguistic studies by Bjarke Frellesvig suggests that なる is related to an ancient copula (like English "is, to be") starting with n-.
Putting this together, another way of looking at this expression is
[VERB]て・ならない → "
[VERB] and it won't be" → or more idiomatically as English: "(if / when)
[VERB] happens, it won't do". The "it" here is the generic "it", like the "it" in "it's raining", or when you ask someone "how's it going".
何【なに】かして（は）ならない works out to "doing something won't do", and is an expression of prohibition: "you mustn't or shouldn't do something".
淋【さび】しくて（は）ならない works out to "(so) sad that it won't do" → "too sad (to go on, to continue with something, etc.)".
If the part before the ならない is itself in the negative, as in 何【なに】かしなくて（は）ならない, it works out to "not doing something won't do" → "you must or should do something".
What is the origin of the expression ~てならない ?
In a nutshell, this is ancient, and possibly older than Japanese itself.
I've read that this kind of construction for "must" or "should", using a negative conjunction and a negative form of the verb for "to become / to come into being", is shared by other languages in the region. That said, I don't speak or read Korean, Mongolian, Manchu, Tungus, ... so I cannot evaluate these claims myself.
If this construction is common to other languages in the region, that might corroborate the Altaic theory that Japanese is related to specific other languages, and it would suggest that this construction was inherited into Japanese from some earlier ancestor language.
Regardless of language relations, the て・ならない expression just within Japanese is very old indeed, appearing in the oldest written records in the Japanese language, such as the Man'yōshū completed some time around 759: see examples here, using the Old Japanese negative form of the verb, ならず. | <urn:uuid:a0f25b6a-ddd5-49f9-a795-5e334e021319> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/61409/origin-of-expression-%E3%81%A6%E3%81%AA%E3%82%89%E3%81%AA%E3%81%84 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618039594808.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20210423131042-20210423161042-00402.warc.gz | en | 0.934954 | 629 | 2.609375 | 3 |
February is Black History Month. St. Augustine, FL-based WOLFPACC celebrates by saluting two pioneers in the medical industry – James McCune Smith and Rebecca Lee Crumpler.
In 1837, Dr. Smith became the first African American to hold a medical degree, graduating at the top of his class at the University of Glasgow in Scotland and completing an internship in Paris. After graduation, he returned to his home state of New York, where he worked as a physician for the Colored Orphan Asylum in Manhattan for nearly 20 years. He also became the first African American to run a pharmacy in the United States. Throughout his career, Dr. Smith contributed to numerous medical journals and drew upon his medical training to refute common misconceptions about race, intelligence, medicine and society in general. Yet, despite his accomplishments and contributions, he was never admitted to the American Medical Association or local medical associations.
Dr. Crumpler, born in 1831, followed suit as the first African-American woman to become a physician in the US, beginning her career as a nurse in 1953 and graduating from the New England Female Medical College in 1864. Soon after, she began practicing medicine in Boston, primarily serving poor women and children. When the American Civil War ended in 1965, she moved to Richmond, Virginia, where she worked for the Freedmen’s Bureau, providing medical care to freed slaves. There, “men doctors snubbed her, druggist balked at filling her prescriptions, and some people wisecracked that the M.D. behind her name stood for nothing more than ‘Mule Driver,'” according to a biography, Changing the Face of Medicine, held by the National Library of Medicine. Dr. Crumpler’s written work, A Book of Medical Discourses, published in 1883, was one of the earliest medical publications written by an African American.
We here at WOLFPACC salute Dr. Smith, Dr. Crumpler and others who have defied societal norms to help make the medical profession and the world in general better.
If you’re considering a medical career, call 904-209-3140 to find out how WOLFPACC can help assure your success. | <urn:uuid:74798947-6b17-426b-800b-c31659bac512> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://wolfpacc.com/2016/02/03/wolfpacc-salutes-two-pioneers-during-black-history-month/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662526009.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20220519074217-20220519104217-00601.warc.gz | en | 0.973326 | 461 | 2.890625 | 3 |
About Module 7
Module 7 begins with the concept of urban landscapes and then looks at different aspects of urban development with an emphasis on transportation and urban design. These two topics are important to study together because of how closely interconnected they are. The designs of the urban areas we live in influence our choices of transportation. Likewise, our tastes for transportation influence the designs of our urban areas. And both transportation and urban design have large impacts on the environment. Next, the module briefly reviews the environmental impacts of urban form focusing on a few major contributors. Following the discussion of urban environmental problems, the module ends with an examination of what cities can do to become more sustainable and resilient with real-world examples.
What will we learn in Module 7?
By the end of Module 7, you should be able to:
- define the concept of an urban landscape, and discuss the role that landscape plays in major world cities;
- explain the connection between urban design and transportation, in particular for pedestrian-oriented neighborhoods, streetcar suburbs, and automobile suburbs;
- discuss the environmental impacts of urban form;
- know the representative examples of sustainable urban development;
- explain the challenge of transitioning to new states, in particular sustainable states, including the transition of physical infrastructure and the transition of our minds.
As you read through this module, look for ways that these key concepts are integrated in the topics we will cover here as well as previous modules.
What is due for Module 7?
There are a number of required activities in this module. The chart below provides an overview of the activities for Module 7. For assignment details, refer to the location noted. Due dates are noted in Canvas.
|Requirement||Location||Submitting Your Work|
|Reading Assignment: Most Walkable U.S. Cities||Urban Design and Transportation||No submission|
|Learning Activity: Sustainable Cities||Learning Activity: Sustainable Cities||Submit in Canvas|
If you have any questions, please post them to our Course Q & A discussion forum in Canvas. I will check that discussion forum often to respond. While you are there, feel free to post your own responses if you, too, are able to help out a classmate. If you have a more specific concern, please send me a message through Inbox in Canvas. | <urn:uuid:288bba75-c562-4eeb-baf0-c37424b317ed> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | https://www.e-education.psu.edu/geog30/node/449 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187823260.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20171019084246-20171019104246-00386.warc.gz | en | 0.910377 | 471 | 3.25 | 3 |
The Shema: How Much of Me Does God Own?
Hear, O Israel: The Lᴏʀᴅ our God is one Lᴏʀᴅ: And thou shalt love the Lᴏʀᴅ thy God with all thine heart, and with all thy soul, and with all thy might. And these words, which I command thee this day, shall be in thine heart; And thou shalt teach them diligently unto thy children, and shalt talk of them when thou sittest in thine house, and when thou walkest by the way, and when thou liest down, and when thou risest up. And thou shalt bind them for a sign upon thine hand, and they shall be as frontlets between thine eyes. And thou shalt write them upon the posts of thy house, and on thy gates (Dt. 6:4–9).
The young man, still a teenager, performed a number of rituals each day. The first was to deliver the daily newspaper. He got up very early, delivered the papers, and returned home before the rest of the family was even awake. Then, just as the sun was rising, he would wrap the long black leather strap of his tefillin around his left arm. At the end of the strap was a tiny wooden box which he positioned so that it pointed to his heart. A second tiny wooden box was placed between his eyes and secured with two leather straps tied behind his head. With these in place, and a yarmulke covering his head, he put his talks over his shoulders. Now he was ready to pray:
Shema Yisroel! Adonoi Elohenu, Adonoi Echod …
The Shema (pronounced Sh’mah): What is this prayer that is recited daily by observant Jews? What is the meaning of these Hebrew words that even the most secular Jew likely remembers from his childhood?
The Shema is probably the one aspect of Judaism with which all Jews identify. The Shema is from the Torah, found in Deuteronomy 6:4–9. It is not so much a prayer as a statement:
Hear, O Israel: The Lᴏʀᴅ our God, the Lᴏʀᴅ is one.
Rabbi Hayim Halevy Donin calls it a “declaration of faith.”* The Shema links Jews together. The Shema is the most important prayer a Jew can pray. It can, however, be the statement that keeps him from a relationship with the Messiah when it should be the one that causes him to look for Him.
Reciting the Shema
I was that young man who prayed faithfully each morning. I was less faithful with the evening ritual, even though it was equally important. The Bible says it should be said “when thou liest down, and when thou risest up” (Dt. 6:7). It is to be recited with great respect. We are talking to the Almighty God, which is not to be taken lightly. Many Jewish people say the prayer with their eyes closed, in order to concentrate and focus on the King of the universe. The Encyclopaedia Judaica tells us that the followers of Rabbi Shammai taught that the Shema should be said standing in the morning and lying down in the evening. According to the school of Rabbi Hillel, the man’s position was not important so long as he recited the Shema twice a day.* Today most would agree that what is important is that it is said, without regard to one’s physical stance while saying it.
The important principle of the Shema is that it incorporates the concept of the whole man. Numbers have always held great significance for the Jewish people. Rabbis have added the three words el, melekh, and ne’eman (God, king, and faithful) to the existing 245 words of the prayer, bringing the total to 248. According to Jewish tradition, the human is made up of 248 parts. Thus, the Shema is for the whole man.
Reciting the Shema is not a problem for most Jewish people because most have it memorized. I knew it in kindergarten. No, reciting it is not the problem. Fulfilling the requirements of the Shema is usually more difficult.
Requirements of the Shema
To truly fulfill the precepts of the Shema requires an unparalleled commitment.
… thou shalt love the Lᴏʀᴅ thy God …
Exodus 21:2–6 tells us that a slave could be set free after six years of service. However, if, for the security of his family or his love for his master, he wanted to stay in service, provision was made to do that. The passage goes on to say that the master would pierce the slave’s ear with an awl, making him his servant for life. The love of this slave for his master was thus shown to be very powerful. When a Jewish person recites the Shema, whether he knows it or not, he is talking about a powerful love. In a sense, it is this picture of slave love, a desire to commit oneself to another for life. The commitment is based on love.
… thou shalt love the Lᴏʀᴅ thy God with all thine heart …
In Hebrew, labab has the idea of will or intention. In other words, I must love God with all my will.
… soul … The Hebrew word nephesh has the idea of life. I must love Him with my life.
… might … This Hebrew word is mo’ed. I must love God with all my strength.
J. McBride, as quoted in the Theological Word Book of the Old Testament said, “The three parts of Deuteronomy 6:5 rather than signifying different spheres of biblical psychology, seem to be semantically concentric. They were chosen to reinforce the absolute devotion to God.”
And these words . . . shall be in thine heart.
It is clear, then, that the person who prays this prayer and means what he says would want to give his whole self to God, to hold nothing back. God would own him body, soul, and spirit. Contrary to an over-used line, popular when I was in high school, love does not mean “never having to say you’re sorry.” Rather, if I have given myself over completely to someone, I would want to ask forgiveness immediately if I hurt that person. Not to do so would mean I have only a passing interest, or none at all.
And thou shalt teach them diligently unto thy children …
A second requirement of the Shema is an undaunted compulsion. Moses said that these words should be taught diligently. The Hebrew word for diligence means to sharpen. The procedure for sharpening a blade of any kind requires going over it again, and again, and again, and again. When teaching our children about our commitment to God, we are compelled to repeat it time and again, patiently and lovingly.
We should also be talking about our commitment. In Hebrew school we learned that the Talmud teaches that every person has only so many words to speak. The teacher said that when your words are used up, you are dead. This bothered me, and I said, not to be funny, “If this is so, I would have been dead already!” Our commitment is to be so strong that God is always on our lips.
… and shalt talk of them when thou sittest in thine house …
This instruction refers to our time. We have more leisure time than any other civilization in history. We should be using that time to speak of God and His commands..
… and when thou walkest by the way …
We do so many things “by the way.” We have our jobs, our families, our sports, our hobbies, and yet we are told that God is the person we should be talking about.
… and when thou liest down, and when thou risest up.
God should be on our lips throughout the day. He is to be taught about and talked about.
And thou shalt bind them [the words] for a sign upon thine hand, and they shall be as frontlets between thine eyes.
The Jewish person literally binds the Scripture to his arm and head with the leather straps of his tefillin. They are a sign of his commitment.
And thou shalt write them upon the posts of thy house, and on thy gates.
In Jewish households even today a mezuzah (a small metal box containing the Shema) is nailed to the doorpost, a sign of the family’s commitment to their Jewish traditions.
Reflecting on the Shema
Reciting the requirements of the Shema is never enough. We must reflect on them. Deuteronomy 30 tells us that the Word of God is near to them (the Jewish people). This is very true. It is read in the synagogue, it may be bound as a sign, it may be posted on the door, it may even be on a bookshelf in a Jewish household. Most Jewish people know the Shema, if nothing else, by heart. But unless they have a personal relationship with the Messiah of Israel, the Word is not in their hearts. The prophets say that the Jewish people have eyes to see, but they don’t see; ears to hear, but they don’t hear; hearts to understand, but they don’t understand (cp. Isa. 6:9; Jer. 5:21; Ezek. 12:2).
Many Jewish people wear a necklace with the Hebrew letter chi (life) on it. For the religious person, life means loving God. Loving God means listening to His Word. The Apostle Paul wrote in his second letter to the Corinthians that the Word of God is read to this day, yet a veil covers their eyes (2 Cor. 3:14).
What about us, Christian friend? We are taught about God. We have Sunday school, Sunday morning services, Sunday evening services, and mid-week prayer meetings. We talk about what God has done in our lives. Our bookstores bulge with available material. All this is good.
But there is more! We can learn from our observant Jewish friends and their commitment. They are not ashamed of what they are. They let the world know in a tangible way. Yet they don’t have the reality of God. They have the outside, but not the inside. Many of us, however, know the reality of God; our hearts understand, but we don’t let the world see. Is your love for God so strong that you will bind His Word and teach, talk, and write about Him for all to see? Do your neighbors know from outward signs that you are a Christian, just as we would know an observant Jew if we saw him?
We tell our Jewish friends that if they love God with all their heart, soul, and mind, they should be ready to do what He asks in His Word. We tell our Christian friends that if they love God with all their heart, soul, and mind, they should be ready to put their commitment into action.
Let Him examine our commitment. May we prove worthy for His sake. | <urn:uuid:0717b868-7355-40f3-81ba-e95bac681d91> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://israelmyglory.org/article/the-shema-how-much-of-me-does-god-own/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154500.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20210804013942-20210804043942-00654.warc.gz | en | 0.971384 | 2,404 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Consistently ranked in the top 3 presidents by historians (The other two are Lincoln and Washington), one would not have expected Franklin Roosevelt to become not only one of America’s most admired presidents but the only four-term president as well. The son of wealthy New York parents, prior to his term as assistant Secretary of the Navy, it seemed the only thing FDR had going for him was sharing a last name with cousin Theodore (of the so-called “Oyster Bay Roosevelts”). Outside of politics, he was dependent on his mother for income and something of an idle son of wealth typical of the Gilded Age.
Yet Roosevelt inherited a flare for adventure from his mother’s family, the Delanos, traveling extensively before and during his initial time in Washington. He also had the Roosevelt ambition. When tapped to run for State Assembly in Upstate New York, he hired a car to criss-cross his district and shake as many hands as possible. By 1910, despite arguments with New York City’s infamous Tammany Hall machine, FDR became a Democratic Party stalwart. So it came as no surprise when Woodrow Wilson tapped him in 1912 to be Assistant Secretary of the Navy.
While Wilson might have rubbed people the wrong way during his eight years as president, Roosevelt won admirers. Like cousin Theodore, he was a master politician, skilled at making deals and bringing opposing sides together. By 1919, rumors had relief czar Herbert Hoover running for the Democratic nomination with FDR as his running mate, a ticket Roosevelt openly hoped to see. When Hoover declared that he was a Republican and not ready for the White House, Democrats nonetheless paired Roosevelt off with Ohio Governor James Cox. The ticket lost to Warren Harding, and the Democrats spent the next dozen years or so in the political wilderness.
Roosevelt took a break from politics and went into law. He and Eleanor had to rethink their marriage after she caught him in an affair. He started a law firm while building a home for Eleanor on his Hyde Park estate. The two remained partners, and Eleanor’s public service career blossomed in the early 1920′s. However, in 1924, it all nearly came to an end. It is thought (and biographer Jean Edward Smith does not contradict this) that he contracted polio, from which he made a remarkable recovery despite permanent damage to his legs. However, modern experts suspect that Roosevelt contracted influenza which led to Guillain-Barre Syndrome, which also attacks the nervous system.
Roosevelt, being a Roosevelt, was not about to let his diminished capacity stop him. After months of therapy and exercise, he learned how to walk assisted or with a crutch and a cane. He was soon back to work at his law firm and taking the waters at Warm Springs, Georgia. It was in this small town, where he built a center for rehabilitating polio victims, that he came into contact with many rural southerners who would be hit hard by the Depression. FDR became Georgia’s adopted son.
In 1928, New York Governor Al Smith opted not to run again in order to take on Herbert Hoover in the 1928 election. FDR, having now proven himself both a loyal Democrat and physicially robust in spite of the damage to his legs, was anointed Smith’s successor. Roosevelt fairly walked into governor’s mansion in Albany, the second office he held in common with Theodore. (Like FDR, Roosevelt had served as Assistant Secretary of the Navy before becoming President.) As the economy tanked, he implemented many programs that would serve as models for the New Deal.
By 1932, it was clear Hoover was in over his head. Hoover had inherited a humming economy and planned his presidency around it. When the stock market crash of October, 1929 blind-sided him, Hoover floundered, stubbornly clinging to his belief that government intervention of any kind would make matters worse, even declaring on a couple of occasions that “the Depression is over.” FDR ran against several candidates, including Al Smith, for the nomination. He eliminated Texas’ Jack Garner by tapping him for the vice presidency. (Garner would famously say that the vice president’s role wasn’t worth “a bucket of warm piss.”) FDR, while certainly popular with voters, did not so much win the election as Hoover lost it by imploding.
Once in the White House, Roosevelt proceeded to take action. It is Roosevelt who gave us the “100 days” every new president is now expected to perform upon taking office. With a Democratic Congress in both houses, he was able to declare a banking holiday and force banks to prove solvency before they reopened, founded the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC), the Securities and Exchange Commission, and several New Deal relief programs.
This is where we get most of our myths about FDR. Liberals claim that this was a permanent change in government while conservatives like to point out that the economy never came out of the Depression before World War II, that the New Deal failed. Both assertions are spectacularly wrong. Roosevelt never intended the New Deal to last forever, with the exception of Social Security, unemployment, the SEC, and the FDIC, all of which exist today (with Social Security’s problems a major component of our current debt issues). However, what conservatives fail to point out (or maybe do not realize) is that the New Deal did work while it was in place. In 1937, FDR decided it was time to shut down the more temporary parts of the New Deal, now that unemployment was falling and gross domestic product was on the rise. Unfortunately, this triggered the recession of 1937, which left the economy firing only only three cylinders for the next couple of years. Hamstringing his efforts to retrench and adapt was FDR’s bizarre scheme to pack the Supreme Court to protect remaining New Deal programs, followed by a failed purge of the Democratic Party. Roosevelt’s second term was as troubled as his first term was a success. It did not portend a third term.
However, things in Asia and Europe deteriorated. Isolationism dominated American public opinion in 1939 and 1940, but no one expected the US to remain completely neutral. Roosevelt began sending aid to Britain as the UK was America’s best defense against Hitler. FDR believed that peace with Japan could be brokered while the US waited for Germany to provoke them into the war, most likely through submarine warfare as with World War I. He did not declare himself a candidate, but openly said he could be drafted. The Democrats did so, and it is actually with some relief that the Republicans nominated Wendell Wilkie to challenge him. The men did not initially like each other, Wilkie proved to be a quick study on the crisis brewing in Europe and Asia. Wilkie issued statements designed to ensure FDR was able to work with Churchill in combating German and Italian aggression. After FDR won, he sent Wilkie to Britain to coordinate with Churchill. Said Roosevelt, “You may have to sit in this office some day.” If FDR’s second term was about hubris, his third was about duty.
FDR and Churchill worked closely once America entered the war. And Roosevelt worked hard to develop a good relationship with Josef Stalin. While Stalin himself is considered one of history’s biggest villains, it is very telling that the Soviet leader told FDR that he thought Hitler was unstable.
With the war still raging, a fourth term was a forgone conclusion to everyone but the GOP’s self-important nominee, Thomas Dewey. Vice President Garner committed political suicide by opposing Roosevelt in 1940, and then Vice President Henry Wallace proved to be too erratic. Roosevelt found a compromise running mate in Missouri’s Harry Truman. That may have been his best decision. His third term had taken its toll on him. By 1944, Roosevelt was suffering from severe high blood pressure and congestive heart failure. After the Yalta Conference, where the Allies planned the postwar world, Stalin noted that FDR looked like he had less than six months to live. His words proved prophetic. A mere 82 days after his fourth inauguration, Roosevelt died of a cerebral hemorrhage. Harry Truman was summoned to the White House from a weekly poker game with House Speaker Sam Rayburn. Eleanor Roosevelt informed Truman that the president was dead. When Truman asked if there was anything he could do for the First Lady, she responded, “Is there anything we can do for you? Harry, you’re the one who’s in trouble now.”
There are many who have a somewhat revisionist view of Roosevelt, blaming him for the present economic crisis. However, those same people look to Ronald Reagan as a model of how to face such upheaval. What they fail to understand that, while Reagan had a different ideology from FDR, FDR was Reagan’s hero and role model. From FDR, Reagan learned that a president needs to have a plan and self-confidence, and he needs to unite a people even when they may be diametrically opposed to his or her policies. Without Roosevelt, no president since World War II would have been able to do his job. | <urn:uuid:e7fa90d3-dba3-4f3b-a9c3-125d50664c6c> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://eviljwinter.wordpress.com/2013/01/02/franklin-d-roosevelt/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368707439689/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516123039-00076-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.983069 | 1,890 | 3.015625 | 3 |
El Salvador’s civil war took 175,000 lives, and during the dozen years of its duration human rights abuses ran rampant. Those who denounced the abuses—like Archbishop Oscar Romero, the six Jesuits at the University of El Salvador and other activists—were targeted for assassination. So, too, were the four missionary women murdered on Dec. 2, 1980. Now, just over a decade after the war ended with the peace agreement signed in Mexico in 1992, Elisabeth Jean Wood has written a timely account of the war as seen through the lens of its effects on four “case-study areas.”
Ms. Wood, an associate professor of politics at New York University and a visiting research professor at the Santa Fe Institute, is a scholar whose scholarship shows on every page—a circumstance that makes the reader’s journey through the book one that requires perseverance, because this is not an easy read. But the perseverance is worthwhile, because she manages to bring the war before the reader’s eyes, primarily through the words of the many men and women she interviewed over a period of almost 10 years, from 1987 to 1996.
Most of those interviewed (approximately 200, with a number of them interviewed several times) were campesinos, poor farmers who scratched out a bare living from the land—small plots of their own small parcels, or the large holdings of landowners for whom they worked. But she also spoke with military personnel and wealthy Salvadorans, and this broad approach lends the book a balanced perspective. The very fact that so many people were willing to speak with her testifies to the level of trust she achieved with them. Indeed, her inquiries, she tells us, “met with the enthusiastic collaboration of many residents of contested zones...irrespective of class, occupation or political affiliation.” Wood is physically courageous: her travels often took her into dangerous areas, and she realizes her good fortune in observing that she “was never caught in the wrong place at the wrong time.” Such luck, she adds in something of an understatement, “is a not-to-be-unappreciated aspect of fieldwork in settings of political violence.”
Early on, Wood explains the causes of the war in terms of what she calls patterns of economic, political and social exclusion. The latter phrase refers to the campesinos who, prior to the war, were at the mercy of the oligarchy—rich landowners who needed them to work on their coffee and cotton plantations, but who exploited them by paying the kinds of substandard wages that led people like Archbishop Romero to speak out against this and other injustices. The military establishment protected the rich landowners, with soldiers frequently billeted on their estates to provide armed security. The alliance of these two powerful groups created a deadly combination that all but smothered whatever aspirations the campesinos might have had in regard to adequate food, shelter, medical care and education for their children.
Maps are an important aspect of the book, not least because most represent the laborious work of campesinos themselves. The fact that they willingly entered into this unaccustomed task is yet another indication of the degree of trust Dr. Wood established with them. In commenting on their efforts, she says: “It was evident that the insurgent campesinos who participated in the [map-making] workshops took pleasure and pride in the task, which was seen as an invitation to document the achievements of the cooperatives”—achievements, that is, in the form of land claimed by the insurgents. Photographs, too, are sprinkled throughout the book, and like the maps, they lend a sense of concrete immediacy to the overall account of the war’s impact. One photograph, for example, a night scene, shows an elderly woman delivering tortillas at an insurgent campsite. The caption notes that supplies provided by local people were frequently delivered after dark to lessen the risk of discovery by government forces.
Not surprisingly, the better-off suffered least from the war. The inhabitants of one town included the owners of two straw-hat factories. Although they lost their factories, they were able to re-establish themselves in the nation’s capital. And the very rich not only emerged virtually unscathed, but in some cases prospered in the war’s aftermath. Ms. Wood says of one rich family: “At war’s end, the Llach family, whose heiresses included President Alfredo Christiani’s wife, appeared to be expanding their holdings...with the purchase of an additional estate in 1992.”
As for the campesinos, though still poor, they had achieved significant gains. The prewar domination by the rich and their military allies was largely gone, and campesinos could claim, as Ms. Wood puts it, “an unprecedented degree of representation” in organizations and cooperatives and political parties. In the case-study areas, agrarian reform in 1980 led to a transfer of farmland, though considerably less than what the insurgents had hoped for. High levels of postwar crime rates added to the difficulties of day-to-day life, as did the two earthquakes that wracked parts of the country in 2001. But the peace process itself at least resulted in “a significant democratization of political power.” The cost, however—175,000 lives—was heavy indeed. | <urn:uuid:1226f827-9521-4b6f-99f2-0cefdbc472a5> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | https://www.americamagazine.org/issue/culture/voice-people | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221215261.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20180819165038-20180819185038-00143.warc.gz | en | 0.975593 | 1,112 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Conflict: Resolution and Provention, John Burton, (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1990), 295 pp.
Negotiation, mediation, facilitation, and consensus building; escalation control; the limits of negotiation; of general applicability to environmental problems; written for first and third party participants.
Conflict: Resolution and Provention offers an historical and theoretical overview of approaches to conflict resolution. It particularly emphasizes a problem-solving approach to conflict resolution, and the need for conflict prevention (provention).
Conflict: Resolution and Provention will be of interest to those seeking a general understanding of historical and contemporary approaches to conflict resolution. This work is divided into twenty-one chapters in five parts, with an introduction, index and short bibliography. In the Introduction Burton defines the basic terms, sketches the human dimension of conflict, and describes the problem-solving approach to conflict resolution and provention. Burton uses the invented term "provention" to avoid the negative connotations of containment associated with the term, "prevention."
Part One describes the text's general approach to conflict resolution and provention. In Chapter One Burton defines the problem area under discussion. Chapter Two describes the basic assumptions about human behavior and motivations in which the study of conflict is grounded. Chapter Three explores the human dimension of conflict further by discussing human needs theory. Chapter Four examines the environment of conflict, describing the way in which conflicts emerge and escalate. Chapter Five argues that traditional approaches to decision-making have "helped to create an environment of conflict.", and Chapter Six explores the origins of such traditional approaches.
In Part Two Burton explores the political context of conflict, examining in particular relations between authorities. Chapter Seven argues that conflict could be understood and handled more effectively if there were some generally agreed upon theory in which to base approaches to conflict. Burton claims that human needs theory can supply this base. Chapter Eight discusses a core problem in human conflict, the problem of legitimation of authority, and the next chapter examines the particular problems associated with legitimation in multi-ethnic conflicts. Burton argues that "situations of conflict...typically reflect role behaviors that are defensive-aggressive because they lack a legitimized foundation." Chapter Ten discusses the relation between individual and society. Burton argues that from within a human needs framework the common good of society and the individual's good are identical. Chapter Eleven considers the appropriate uses of constructive intervention into conflicts, both socially, nationally and internationally.
Part Three discusses conflict resolution. In the opening chapter Burton describes conflict resolution as a form of decision-making. He presents traditional models of decision-making, and describes recent trends toward an interactive problem-solving approach to decision-making. Chapter Thirteen explores the historical changes in industrial and governmental decision-making, and their implications for practices of conflict resolution. Together these chapters lay the groundwork for Chapter Fourteen's discussion of conflict resolution as problem-solving. Burton discusses the characteristics and process of the problem-solving approach, and the role of third parties in this approach. Chapter Fifteen explores the impact of culture and cultural differences on the conflict resolution process, and Chapter Sixteen investigated the acceptability of conflict resolution. In which cases is a problem-solving approach to conflict resolution useful and relevant? Burton suggests factors to consider in assessing applicability.
Part Four turns from conflict resolution to conflict provention. Provention will involve longer-term policies and more systemic change that conflict resolution. Chapter Seventeen examines provention in greater detail, describing the problems associated with predicting conflicts and identifying the sources of conflict. Chapter Eighteen provention is further described as a matter of second-order change, that is, policy or institutional changes which are required as a consequence of environmental changes which are beyond human control. Chapter Nineteen explores the factors which lead societies to resist second-order change, and persist in much higher cost, dysfunctional, traditional patterns of decision-making.
Chapter Twenty opens the final part by responding to this resistance to the institutionalization of conflict provention. Burton argues that we need a paradigm shift which views conflict resolution and provention as a political system. Chapter Twenty describes that political system, and Twenty-One discussed the role and importance of education in precipitating this paradigm shift.
Conflict: Resolution and Provention describes the contexts and processes of conflicts and conflict resolution at a fairly general, theoretical level. | <urn:uuid:35c11c9a-ea20-427c-b7dc-53849d19081b> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | http://www.intractableconflict.org/www_colorado_edu_conflict/abstracts/BURTRESO.HTM | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583874494.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20190122202547-20190122224547-00545.warc.gz | en | 0.9195 | 885 | 2.515625 | 3 |
For people with obsessive compulsive disorder, their obsessions are relentless. They can’t just be shrugged off. Typically, if someone tries to make their obsessions stop, the obsessions will grow to be even stronger and more distressing. The troubling thoughts drive people with OCD to engage in their compulsions to try to reduce the anxiety and distress that they are feeling. Even if the compulsions are carried out, the obsessions will not go away. Obsessions and compulsions are perpetuated in this way. Usually, someone’s OCD will pertain to a specific theme, and the obsessions will mainly relate to that category.
In some cases, people with obsessive compulsive disorder are aware that their obsessions are irrational. Invading thoughts and urges continue to plague them, and they continue to act out of habit as a result. Sometimes, people don’t think they’re being irrational when they have obsessions. However severe the case may be, dealing with obsessive-compulsive disorder can have a negative impact on one’s overall well-being.
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) affects an estimated 1.2 percent of American adults 18 and older. Females are more likely to have OCD than males are, with the prevalence being 1.8 percent for females and 0.5 percent for males. The impact that OCD has on someone’s life can vary. In a sample of people who had OCD in the previous year, 50.6% reported severe impairment, 34.8% moderate impairment, and 14.6% only mild impairment, according to the results of the study.
Someone can develop obsessive compulsive disorder at any point in their life. Typically, it is found in children between the ages of eight and twelve, or in late adolescence and the early years of adulthood. Additionally, some people may live with OCD for many years before seeking treatment and receiving a diagnosis.
The Signs and Symptoms of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
While obsessive compulsive disorder is typically characterised by the presence of both obsessions and compulsions, in some cases OCD may present with only obsessions or only compulsions. OCD symptoms usually take up a lot of time, getting in the way of daily activities.
An obsession is a persistent pattern of unwanted and distressing thoughts, images, or urges.
Obsessional themes include, but are not limited to:
- Harming (having obsessive fears about harming yourself or others) (having obsessive fears about harming yourself or others)
- Contamination (having obsessive fears about germs or sickness) (having obsessive fears about germs or sickness)
- Unacceptable thoughts (having taboo sexual, religious, or aggressive intrusive thoughts) (having taboo sexual, religious, or aggressive intrusive thoughts)
- The concept of balance and harmony (having the need to keep things in order and symmetrical)
Some ways that these obsessions might present themselves are:
- Intrusive thoughts about losing control and violently hurting somebody
- Not knowing for sure whether or not you’ve turned off the oven to a distressing degree
- Fearing getting sick from shaking hands with someone or touching surfaces
- Experiencing unwanted taboo sexual images that don’t align with one’s own morals
- Feeling extremely uneasy when things aren’t symmetrical
This is by no means an exhaustive list of how obsessions may present themselves. The types of obsessive thoughts that people experience are numerous, and they differ from one person to the next.
Compulsions are the behaviours or rituals that people with obsessive-compulsive disorder carry out in an attempt to reduce anxiety and distress. Sometimes, people feel like they must engage in their compulsive behaviours in order to stop something bad from happening. Compulsions aren’t always physical actions. They have the capacity to think as well. Compulsions may be a very temporary fix for coping with the worry and fears attached to obsessions, but the obsessions come back, and the cycle repeats.
Compulsions can include any of the following:
- Repeated avoidance of checking, cleaning, and counting
- Putting things in order\s Seeking reassurance
Obsessive behaviours include the following:
- Checking the oven multiple times to ensure that it’s off
- Excessive sanitising of the hands
- Repeating a certain behaviour a specific number of times
- The process of rearranging objects in a way that promotes harmony and balance
- Asking friends or family for reassurance that you won’t lose control and carry out a violent action
Again, this is not an exhaustive list of all of the compulsive behaviours out there. There is a huge range of compulsions, and they vary depending on the individual.
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) Causes & Risk Factors
OCD cannot be attributed to a single factor, and scientists aren’t sure what causes it. Obsessive-compulsive disorder has been linked to a number of theories and risk factors. These include:
- Obsessive compulsive disorder in the family: OCD has a genetic component. Someone with a family history of OCD is more likely to also have OCD, such as if someone’s parent has OCD. According to studies, 20-40% of first-degree relatives (such as parents or siblings) have obsessive traits when it comes to OCD.
- The presence of other mental health issues, such as depression or anxiety, may increase one’s risk of developing OCD.
- Trauma in the past: Trauma or high stress situations may trigger obsessive compulsive disorder.
- History of abuse: A history of abuse (physical abuse or sexual abuse) particularly during childhood can make someone more likely to have obsessive compulsive disorder.
- Differences in parts of the brain: Through imaging studies, research has found evidence of abnormalities in certain parts of the brain (including the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), and caudate nucleus in people who have obsessive compulsive disorder.
Individuals who meet the criteria for more than one risk factor are at an even greater risk of developing OCD.
Obsessive-compulsive Related Disorders
The DSM-5 notes the presence of disorders that are related to obsessive compulsive disorder. Similarly to obsessive compulsive disorder, obsessive-compulsive related disorders are characterised by someone having obsessions and compulsions that cause distress and impact their life. However the difference is that these disorders each have unique distinguishing factors that set them apart and create enough criteria for them to be their own subtypes.
These obsessive-compulsive related disorders include:
- Skin-picking disorder: Patients with skin-picking disorders are unable to resist the overwhelming urge to pick at their skin. They end up obsessively picking at their skin, sometimes for hours throughout the day. Before they pick, people with skin picking disorder may feel anxious or tense, but once they start picking, they get a rush of pleasure and are relieved of their anxieties. Sometimes, the picking is severe enough that it can cause scarring or tissue damage, which may even require medical attention and antibiotics. Skin picking disorder is frequently preceded by a dermatological condition such as acne. Anxiety and depression are frequently seen alongside it.
- Trichotillomania (hair-pulling disorder): The behaviour associated with trichotillomania is pulling hair out, whether it be from their head, eyebrows, eyelashes, or elsewhere. Hair-pulling has been classified as either focused or automatic in patients with this condition. Focused hair pulling is closer to an OCD compulsion, and the person is very aware that they’re doing it. On the other hand, automatic hair pulling is done more automatically or subconsciously without the person being fully aware that they’re doing it. Hair loss can occur as a result of trichotillomania, which usually begins in childhood or adolescence.
- Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is characterised by a person’s obsession with what they perceive to be physical flaws, be they on their body, in their facial features, or on their skin. Their perception of flaws is skewed, and others may not even notice them. This obsession with flaws is accompanied by related repetitive behaviours. They may, for example, obsessively groom themselves in front of the mirror. The onset of BDD is typically in adolescence. Body dysmorphic disorder commonly occurs with major depressive disorder or social anxiety disorder.
- Hoarding disorder is a condition in which a person amasses and keeps an excessive number of possessions. They have an intense need to keep all of their belongings, and they have an extremely difficult time parting with any of their belongings, which is why they have so much. This results in very cluttered living situations. Many people with hoarding disorder will continue to buy more and more items even though they know there is no space for them at their home. Typically, there are feelings of embarrassment and shame around hoarding, especially if other people see their home. The condition is chronic, usually starting in adolescence and continuing into adulthood.
- OCD-induced by a medication or due to another medical condition: Some medications or substances have been linked to the development of obsessive compulsive disorder. For example, some studies have reported that certain antipsychotics may induce obsessive compulsive disorder in some patients. Obsessive compulsive disorder can also be caused by medical conditions. One example of this is Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders Associated with Streptococcal Infections (PANDAS) (PANDAS).
Another diagnosis to consider here is obsessive compulsive personality disorder. While it sounds very similar to obsessive compulsive disorder, there are clinical differences that set them apart from one another. It falls under the umbrella of personality disorders. People with obsessive compulsive personality disorder are extreme perfectionists and are fixated on doing everything their way, which is what they believe to be the only correct way. They may be preoccupied with lists, rules, and organisation. Typically, they do not question themselves or feel ashamed of this obsession to do everything perfectly. Relationships can be harmed by obsessive-compulsive personality disorder, especially if it is present in the home.
Many people with obsessive compulsive disorder commonly also experience major depressive disorder (MDD) (MDD). Anxiety symptoms such as agitation, apprehension, and worry are common in people with OCD and depression. Both of these conditions are also commonly treated by the same SSRI medications.
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Treatment (OCD)
Obsessive compulsive disorder is treatable. OCD can’t be cured, but it can be made easier to deal with through treatment. OCD can be treated with therapy or medication. Oftentimes, the two treatment types are used in conjunction with each other for the best results. The type and duration of treatment will depend on the severity of the obsessions and compulsions, as well as the effect that they have on the person’s quality of life.
In many cases, people who have obsessive compulsive disorder also have other co-occurring mental health conditions such as depression and anxiety. When a mental health professional decides on the best course of action for treating obsessive compulsive disorder, they will take these other conditions into account.
Types of therapy for obsessive compulsive disorder
Therapy can be very helpful for people with OCD. Their problems will be solved, new ways of dealing with stress will be learned and their compulsive behaviours will be confronted head on.
- A form of psychotherapy known as cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) aims to teach patients new ways of dealing with their problems by teaching them new ways of thinking and acting. Using cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), an individual can learn to recognise their unhealthy thought patterns and the ways in which they influence their actions, and then develop more helpful, healthy thought patterns and healthy behavioural patterns. Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) frequently incorporates instruction in relaxation techniques. Patients must also work outside of therapy sessions if they want to see the best results. CBT can be very effective for various mental health conditions, such as anxiety and depression, not just OCD.
- Treatment of OCD with ERP, a variation of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT). It entails exposing the patient to anxiety-inducing or obsession-triggering stimuli (exposure). This is followed by preventing the patient from engaging in the compulsive behaviour that is often associated with the obsession (response prevention). For example, with the guidance of the trained professional, a patient with contamination obsessions will be exposed to a trigger such as shaking hands with someone or touching a doorknob that many other people have touched. In order to stop themselves from washing their hands to the point of exhaustion, they’d have to break the habit. Over time, this can help people become desensitised to their triggers.
Types of medications for obsessive compulsive disorder
Patients with more severe symptoms often require psychiatric OCD medication as well as therapy. In order to treat OCD, a variety of medications are available, and the prescribing physician will select the most appropriate one for each patient based on their unique circumstances. The following are the four main classes of OCD medications:
- A class of antidepressants called SSRIs, which selectively block the serotonin reuptake, may be used to treat OCD. These include citalopram (Celexa), escitalopram (Lexapro), fluoxetine (Prozac), fluvoxamine (Luvox), paroxetine (Paxil), and sertraline (Zoloft) (Zoloft). These are the most commonly prescribed medications for OCD.
- SNRIs, or serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, are antidepressants in the same family as SSRIs. Studies have shown that the SNRI venlafaxine (Effexor) is effective in treating OCD.
- Anxiolytics, such as tricyclic antidepressants TCAs are antidepressants from a more venerable family. One TCA, clomipramine (Anafranil), has been shown to be effective in treating OCD. In fact, it was the first medication that proved to benefit patients with OCD. However, the side effects and risks of clomipramine are greater than those of SSRIs and SNRIs, so it typically is not prescribed as a first line of treatment.
- Antipsychotics: An antipsychotic can be added to an antidepressant if the effects of the first medication aren’t sufficient. The antipsychotic drug Risperidone (Risperdal) is the most extensively researched for treating OCD, for example.
It’s important to keep in mind that the effects of any of these drugs will take time to manifest. In order for an SSRI to be fully effective and have a noticeable impact on symptoms, patients may need to take it for 10-12 weeks. Additionally, people with OCD typically require a higher dose of these medications than people who are taking the meds for another condition such as depression.
If you think that you might have obsessive-compulsive disorder, do not hesitate to seek professional help. You can begin your search for an OCD diagnosis by taking one of the many tests and evaluations available. The sooner you’re diagnosed with OCD, the sooner you can start feeling better and adjusting to your new normal. | <urn:uuid:65274b9f-1429-4a65-b336-bbdee65847f6> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://www.belongly.com/glossary/obsessive-compulsive-disorder-ocd/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030335303.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20220929003121-20220929033121-00652.warc.gz | en | 0.949558 | 3,202 | 3.265625 | 3 |
Dealing Effectively with Depression and Bipolar Disorder
Depression and Bipolar Disorder are mood disorders, medical illnesses characterized by changes in mood, thought, energy and behavior.Depression is the most common mood disorder, affecting approximately 20 million Americans each year. Symptoms of depression include:
- Prolonged sadness or unexplained crying spells
- Significant changes in appetite and sleep patterns
- Irritability, anger, worry, agitation, anxiety
- Pessimism, indifference
- Loss of energy, persistent lethargy
- Unexplained aches and pains
- Feelings of guilt, worthlessness and/or hopelessness
- Inability to concentrate, indecisiveness
- Inability to take pleasure in former interests, social withdrawal
- Excessive consumption of alcohol or use of chemical substances
- Recurring thoughts of death or suicide
Bipolar Disorder is another common mood disorder which affects more than two million Americans. Bipolar disorder usually causes a person’s mood to alternate between symptoms of depression and mania, a heightened energetic state characterized by:
- Increased physical and mental activity and energy
- Heightened mood, exaggerated optimism and self-confidence
- Excessive irritability, aggressive behavior
- Decreased need for sleep without experiencing fatigue
- Grandiose delusions, inflated sense of self-importance
- Racing speech, racing thoughts, flight of ideas
- Impulsiveness, poor judgment, distractability
- Reckless behavior such as spending sprees, rash business decisions, erratic driving and sexual indiscretions
- In the most severe cases, delusions and hallucinations
Mood disorders are treatable. With the right combination of medication and/or talk therapy, you can stabilize the moods that interfere with your life. By using self-help skills and strategies that work with your treatment plans, you can experience levels of wellness, stability and recovery you may never have thought possible.
Six key concepts provide the foundation of effective recovery work. They are:
- Hope. With good symptom management, it is possible to experience long periods of wellness. Believing that you can cope with your mood disorder is both accurate and essential to recovery.
- Perspective. Depression and Bipolar Disorder often follow cyclical patterns. Although you may go through some painful times and it may be difficult to believe things will get better, it is important not to give up hope.
- Personal Responsibility. It’s up to you to take action to keep your moods stabilized. This includes asking for help from others when you need it, taking your medication as prescribed and keeping appointments with your health care providers.
- Self Advocacy. Become an effective advocate for yourself so you can get the services and treatment you need, and make the life you want for yourself.
- Education. Learn all you can about your illness. This allows you to make informed decisions about all aspects of your life and treatment.
- Support. Working toward wellness is up to you. However, support from others is essential to maintaining your stability and enhancing the quality of your life.
As you begin your journey to recovery, there are three important things you should do for yourself:
1. Seek good medical care.
At least once a year, and whenever your symptoms change or worsen, have a complete physical examination. This will determine if a medical problem is causing or increasing your symptoms. When you see your doctor, take a written listing of:
- All medications and health care preparations you are taking.
- Any new, unusual, uncomfortable or painful symptoms, and when you experience them.
- Any questions you need to ask your doctor about the above or other issues. Be prepared to take notes on your doctor’s answers.
2. Manage your medications carefully by taking the following steps:
- Learn about your medications, how they work, what to expect, possible side effects and dietary/lifestyle restrictions. Take them only as prescribed. Learn how a local DBSA support group can help with medication management.
- Use a daily reminder/medication saver system to make sure you are taking all of the necessary medications.
- Throw away old medications or those you are no longer taking.
- Realize that medications work best when you are making other healthy choices. Don’t expect a pill to fix a bad diet, lack of exercise or an abusive or chaotic lifestyle.
- Reduce or discontinue the use of alcohol. Alcohol is a depressant and makes recovery even more difficult. It can also interfere with the way your medication works.
3. Seek psychotherapy (talk therapy)
- Choose a psychotherapist with whom you feel comfortable.
- Work with your psychotherapist to find a treatment plan that works.
- Stay in touch with your psychotherapist and other health care providers. “Booster” visits can be useful in keeping symptoms from returning.
Through careful observation, you will learn what you need to do every day to keep yourself well. You will also gain the ability to recognize external events that may trigger an increase in symptoms, and you will be better able to spot early warning signs of an episode and symptoms that indicate you are in trouble. With this knowledge and perspective, use the tools listed here and others you have discovered for yourself. You will be able to develop a system for monitoring and responding to symptoms that will help you keep your moods stabilized. This system should include:
- Daily routines you need to follow to stay well, such as eating three healthy meals, getting adequate sleep, limiting or avoiding alcohol and exercising regularly.
- A plan for coping with external events that can trigger symptoms, such as an argument with a friend or an unexpected bill, and ways to cope with these events and keep them from causing or worsening your symptoms.
- A way to spot early warning signs, such as irritability, changes in sleep patterns or anxiety, that indicate your symptoms may be worsening.
- A way to recognize symptoms that indicate real trouble, such as reckless behavior, isolation or suicidal thoughts.
- A response plan for dealing with warning and/or trouble signs; concrete actions you can quickly take to stabilize your situation, such as calling a doctor, therapist or trusted friend, or arranging a brief hospital stay to stabilize your mood.
The following practices may help you to maintain wellness as you develop a system for monitoring and responding to symptoms:
- Attend a local DBSA support group regularly. If there is no group in your community, call DBSA and we’ll help you start one.
- Talk to your doctor, therapist or other health care professional regularly, especially when you are having trouble.
- Share talking and listening time with a friend often, especially during difficult times.
- Do exercises that help you relax, focus and reduce stress.
- Take a walk each day regardless of the weather. This keeps you in touch with the elements and connects you to the world around you.
- Develop problem-solving skills you can depend on.
- Participate in fun, affirming and creative activities.
- Record your thoughts and feelings in a journal.
- Create a daily planning calendar.
- Limit alcohol and avoid illegal drugs.
- Keep a regular sleep schedule.
- Improve your diet. Avoid caffeine, sugar and heavily salted foods.
- Seek opportunities to be exposed to light.
- Try to maintain a calming, safe environment.
- When you are confronted with troubling circumstances, stop, analyze your situation and make a positive choice.
Prepare a personal crisis plan to be used if your symptoms become so severe and/or dangerous that you need others to take over responsibility for your care. Your crisis plan may include:
A list of your supporters, their roles in your life and their phone numbers.
A list of all medications you are taking and information on why you are taking them, and the name and telephone number of your doctor and pharmacy.
A list of symptoms that may indicate the need for supporters to make decisions for you and take over responsibility for your care, such as:
- Uncontrollable pacing
- Severe, irritable depression
- Inability to stop compulsive behaviors
- Self-destructive behavior
- Abusive or violent behavior
- Substance abuse
- Thoughts or threats of suicide
- Significant changes in sleep patterns — inability to sleep or difficulty getting out of bed
- Refusal of food
- Instructions that tell your supporters what you need them to do for you.
- Directions for care of your children and/or pets in the event of hospitalization.
- Directions for notifying your employer in the event of your hospitalization and what he or she should be told.
- Insurance information to use in the event that emergency medical care and/or hospitalization is needed.
- A list of medications that have worked in the past to stabilize you in crisis situations and a list of any medications you do not wish to take, doctors you do not wish to see and hospitals where you do not wish to be treated.
Give completed copies of your plan to your supporters and explain your needs to them. Update your plan as needed. Your local DBSA support group can help develop your plan. You may also want to consult your health care provider to determine whether you should develop a medical advance directive, and consult legal counsel to determine if a statement of Power of Attorney is appropriate.
Addressing Traumatic Issues
If you feel traumatic events are causing or worsening your symptoms, seek a treatment program or additional support group that:
- Validates your experiences.
- Empowers you to take positive action on your own behalf.
- Helps you establish a connection with other people.
Mood disorders are serious illnesses and can be life threatening. People with mood disorders who do not receive effective treatment have a suicide rate as high as 20%. Your life is important, and you can help yourself stay well by adhering to the following strategies:
- Treat your symptoms early. Don’t wait until you are in a complete funk to act. Seek help from a qualified mental health care provider that you trust and respect.
- Set up a system with others so you are never alone when you are deeply depressed or feeling out of control.
- Have regularly scheduled health care appointments and keep them.
- Throw away all old medications. Have firearms or other things you could use to harm yourself locked away where you do not have access to them.
- Keep pictures of your favorite people in visible locations at all times.
- Instruct a close supporter to take away your credit cards, checkbooks and car keys when you are feeling suicidal.
- Make plans for the future that you can look forward to, and try to keep the present in perspective, remembering that the painful times will not last forever.
The way we live our daily lives has a strong impact on how we manage our moods and minimize our symptoms. Develop a lifestyle that supports your overall wellness by:
- Using therapy and educational materials to improve your self-esteem and change negative thoughts and beliefs into positive ones.
- Enhancing your life with things like pets, music and activities that make you feel good.
- Receiving treatment for an alcohol or substance abuse problem, if necessary.
- Having a comfortable living space where you feel safe and content.
- Establishing a career or hobby that you enjoy.
- Discovering a passion and becoming engaged in it.
- Keeping your life calm and peaceful.
- Taking good care of yourself.
- Eating well, getting plenty of rest and exercising regularly.
- Managing your time and energy well.
- Spending time with affirming, fun people.
Strategies for dealing effectively with mood disorders include an effective treatment plan that you follow; an attitude focused on hope, responsibility and recovery; an effective support system; healthy eating, sleeping and activity habits; recognition of symptoms and trouble signs and a response plan for crises. You can incorporate these strategies into your life in your own way and at your own pace. Everyone develops a different wellness plan, and the right one is the one that works for you. | <urn:uuid:f3060c7e-b459-4a65-8506-cd4326b0cbf7> | CC-MAIN-2015-40 | http://www.dbsalliance.org/site/PageServer?pagename=education_brochures_dealing_effectively | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443737833893.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001221713-00103-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.932604 | 2,493 | 3.390625 | 3 |
During World War II, Chinese Americans served in all branches of the military and fought in every theater of operation. They served with distinction, earning many military honors for their service and heroism. The number of Chinese nationals and Chinese Americans living in the U.S. at the start of World War II was limited because of discriminatory policies. Despite their small number, however, approximately 20,000 served in the Armed Forces, and of these, approximately 40 percent were not U.S. citizens.
The United States Congress is honored to present the Congressional Gold Medal (CGM) to the Chinese American veterans of World War II. Our Nation is forever indebted to these veterans for their bravery, valor, dedication, commitment, and sacrifice, particularly in the face of discrimination.
View the virtual Congressional Gold Medal Ceremony held in honor of the Chinese American World War II Veterans below:
NOTE: The decision has been made to discontinue the awarding of a “no-cost” Medal for applications received after February 28, 2021. Applications received after that date may still be reviewed (and if approved) for the purpose of having a veteran’s name listed on the website, but the veteran and/or family must make their own arrangements to purchase their Chinese American WWII Congressional Gold Medal directly from the U.S. Mint.
To register a Chinese American WWII veteran, please visit the Congressional Gold Medal Veteran Registry webpage.
To purchase a replica of the Congressional Gold Medal, visit the U.S. Mint webpage. | <urn:uuid:73c3f32a-1684-4a41-828d-cc13af8c40c4> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://chcp.org/news?pg=3 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585290.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20211019233130-20211020023130-00450.warc.gz | en | 0.96241 | 307 | 2.9375 | 3 |
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6 Dietary Carbohydrates: Sugars and Starches SUMMARY The primary role of carbohydrates (sugars and starches) is to provide energy to cells in the body, particularly the brain, which is the only carbohydrate-dependent organ in the body. The Recom- mended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for carbohydrate is set at 130 g/d for adults and children based on the average minimum amount of glucose utilized by the brain. This level of intake, however, is typi- cally exceeded to meet energy needs while consuming acceptable intake levels of fat and protein (see Chapter 11). The median intake of carbohydrates is approximately 220 to 330 g/d for men and 180 to 230 g/d for women. Due to a lack of sufficient evidence on the prevention of chronic diseases in generally healthy indi- viduals, no recommendations based on glycemic index are made. BACKGROUND INFORMATION Classification of Dietary Carbohydrates Carbohydrates can be subdivided into several categories based on the number of sugar units present. A monosaccharide consists of one sugar unit such as glucose or fructose. A disaccharide (e.g., sucrose, lactose, and maltose) consists of two sugar units. Oligosaccharides, containing 3 to 10 sugar units, are often breakdown products of polysaccharides, which contain more than 10 sugar units. Oligosaccharides such as raffinose and stachyose are found in small amounts in legumes. Examples of polysaccharides include starch and glycogen, which are the storage forms of carbohydrates in plants and 265
266 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES animals, respectively. Finally, sugar alcohols, such as sorbitol and mannitol, are alcohol forms of glucose and fructose, respectively. Definition of Sugars The term âsugarsâ is traditionally used to describe mono- and disac- charides (FAO/WHO, 1998). Sugars are used as sweeteners to improve the palatability of foods and beverages and for food preservation (FAO/ WHO, 1998). In addition, sugars are used to confer certain functional attributes to foods such as viscosity, texture, body, and browning capacity. The monosaccharides include glucose, galactose, and fructose, while the disaccharides include sucrose, lactose, maltose, and trehalose. Some commonly used sweeteners contain trisaccharides and higher saccharides. Corn syrups contain large amounts of these saccharides; for example, only 33 percent or less of the carbohydrates in some corn syrups are mono- and disaccharides; the remaining 67 percent or more are trisaccharides and higher saccharides (Glinsmann et al., 1986). This may lead to an under- estimation of the intake of sugars if the trisaccharides and higher saccharides are not included in an analysis. Extrinsic and Intrinsic Sugars The terms extrinsic and intrinsic sugars originate from the United Kingdom Department of Health. Intrinsic sugars are defined as sugars that are present within the cell walls of plants (i.e., naturally occurring), while extrinsic sugars are those that are typically added to foods. An additional phrase, ânon-milk extrinsic sugars,â was developed due to the lactose in milk also being an extrinsic sugar (FAO/WHO, 1998). The terms were developed to help consumers differentiate sugars inherent to foods from sugars that are not naturally occurring in foods. Added Sugars The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) has defined âadded sugarsâ for the purpose of analyzing the nutrient intake of Americans using nation- wide surveys, as well as for use in the Food Guide Pyramid. The Food Guide Pyramid, which is the food guide for the United States, translates recommendations on nutrient intakes into recommendations for food intakes (Welsh et al., 1992). Added sugars are defined as sugars and syrups that are added to foods during processing or preparation. Major sources of added sugars include soft drinks, cakes, cookies, pies, fruitades, fruit punch, dairy desserts, and candy (USDA/HHS, 2000). Specifically, added sugars include white sugar, brown sugar, raw sugar, corn syrup, corn-syrup
267 D IETARY CARBOHYDRATES: SUGARS AND STARCHES solids, high-fructose corn syrup, malt syrup, maple syrup, pancake syrup, fructose sweetener, liquid fructose, honey, molasses, anhydrous dextrose, and crystal dextrose. Added sugars do not include naturally occurring sugars such as lactose in milk or fructose in fruits. The Food Guide Pyramid places added sugars at the tip of the pyramid and advises consumers to use them sparingly (USDA, 1996). Table 6-1 shows the amounts of added sugars that could be included in diets that meet the Food Guide Pyramid for three different calorie levels. Since USDA developed the added sugars definition, the added sugars term has been used in the scientific literature (Bowman, 1999; Britten et al., 2000; Forshee and Storey, 2001; Guthrie and Morton, 2000). The 2000 Dietary Guidelines for Americans used the term to aid consumers in identify- ing beverages and foods that are high in added sugars (USDA/HHS, 2000). Although added sugars are not chemically different from naturally occur- ring sugars, many foods and beverages that are major sources of added sugars have lower micronutrient densities compared with foods and bever- ages that are major sources of naturally occurring sugars (Guthrie and Morton, 2000). Currently, U.S. food labels contain information on total sugars per serving, but do not distinguish between sugars naturally present in foods and added sugars. Definition of Starch Starch consists of less than 1,000 to many thousands of α-linked glucose units. Amylose is the linear form of starch that consists of α-(1,4) linkages of glucose polymers. Amylopectin consists of the linear TABLE 6-1 Amount of Sugars That Can Be Added for Three Different Energy Intakes That Meet the Food Guide Pyramid Food Guide Pyramid Patterns at Three Calorie Levels Pattern A Pattern B Pattern C Kilocalories (approximate) 1,600 2,200 2,800 Bread/grain group (servings) 6 9 11 Vegetable group (servings) 3 4 5 Fruit group (servings) 2 3 4 Milk group (servings) 2â3 2â3 2â3 Meat group (oz) 5 6 7 Total fat (g) 53 73 93 Total added sugars (tsp)a 6 12 18 a 1 tsp added sugars = 4 g added sugars. SOURCE: USDA (1996).
268 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES α-(1,4) glucose polymers, as well as branched 1-6 glucose polymers. The amylose starches are compact, have low solubility, and are less rapidly digested. They are prone to retrogradation (hydrogen bonding between amylose units) to form resistant starches (RS3). The amylopectin starches are digested more rapidly, presumably because of the more effective enzy- matic attack of the more open-branched structure. Definition of Glycemic Response, Glycemic Index, and Glycemic Load Foods containing carbohydrate have a wide range of effects on blood glucose concentration during the time course of digestion (glycemic response), with some resulting in a rapid rise followed by a rapid fall in blood glucose concentration, and others resulting in a slow extended rise and a slow extended fall. Prolonging the time over which glucose is avail- able for absorption in healthy individuals greatly reduces the postprandial glucose response (Jenkins et al., 1990). Holt and coworkers (1997), how- ever, reported that the insulin response to consumption of carbohydrate foods is influenced by the level of the glucose response, but varies among individuals and with the amount of carbohydrate consumed. Adults with type 1 or type 2 diabetes have been shown to have similar glycemic responses to specific foods (Wolever et al., 1987), whereas glycemic responses were shown to vary with severity of diabetes (Gannon and Nuttall, 1987). Individuals with lactose maldigestion have reduced glycemic responses to lactose-containing items (Maxwell et al., 1970). The glycemic index (GI) is a classification proposed to quantify the relative blood glucose response to foods containing carbohydrate (Jenkins et al., 1981). It is defined as the area under the curve for the increase in blood glucose after the ingestion of a set amount of carbohydrate in an individual food (e.g., 50 g) in the 2-hour postingestion period as compared with ingestion of the same amount of carbohydrate from a reference food (white bread or glucose) tested in the same individual, under the same conditions, using the initial blood glucose concentration as a baseline. The average daily dietary GI of a meal is calculated by summing the products of the carbohydrate content per serving for each food, times the average number of servings of that food per day, multiplied by the GI, and all divided by the total amount of carbohydrate (Wolever and Jenkins, 1986). Individual foods have characteristic values for GI (Foster-Powell and Brand Miller, 1995), although within-subject and between-subject vari- ability is relatively large (Wolever et al., 1991). Because GI has been deter- mined by using 50-g carbohydrate portions of food, it is possible that there is a nonlinear response between the amount of food ingested, as is the case for fructose (Nuttall et al., 1992) and the glycemic response.
269 D IETARY CARBOHYDRATES: SUGARS AND STARCHES The average glycemic load is derived the same way as the GI, but without dividing by the total amount of carbohydrate consumed. Thus, glycemic load is an indicator of glucose response or insulin demand that is induced by total carbohydrate intake. GI is referred to throughout this chapter because many studies have used this classification system. This does not imply that it is the best or only system for classifying glycemic responses or other statistical associations. The GI approach does not consider different metabolic responses to the ingestion of sugars versus starches, even though they may have the same GI values (Jenkins et al., 1988b). Utilization of the Glycemic Index Several food characteristics that influence GI are summarized in Table 6-2. Broadly speaking, the two main factors that influence GI are carbohydrate type and physical determinants of the rate of digestion, such as whether grains are intact or ground into flour, food firmness resulting from cooking, ripeness, and soluble fiber content (Wolever, 1990). Intrin- sic factors such as amylose:amylopectin ratio, particle size and degree of gelatinization, as well as extrinsic factors such as enzyme inhibitors and food preparation and processing, affect GI in their ability to interact with digestive enzymes and the consequent production of monosaccharides. With progressive ripeness of foods, there is a decrease in starch and an increase in free sugar content. The ingestion of fat and protein has been shown to decrease the GI of foods by increasing plasma glucose disposal through the increased secretion of insulin and possibly other hormones (Gannon et al., 1993; Nuttall et al., 1984). Significantly high correlations between GI and protein, fat, and total caloric content were observed and TABLE 6-2 Factors That Reduce the Rate of Starch Digestibility and the Glycemic Index Intrinsic Extrinsic High amylose:amylopectin ratio Protective insoluble fiber seed coat as in whole intact grains Intact grain/large particle size Viscous fibers Intact starch granules Enzyme inhibitors Raw, ungelatinized or unhydrated starch Raw foods (vs. cooked foods) Physical interaction with fat or protein Minimal food processing Reduced ripeness in fruit Minimal (compared to extended) storage
270 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES explained 87 percent of the variation in glycemic response among foods (Hollenbeck et al., 1986). In addition to these factors, the GI of a meal can affect the glycemic response of the subsequent meal (Ercan et al., 1994; Wolever et al., 1988). Examples of published values for the GI of pure carbohydrates and other food items are shown in Table 6-3. A number of research groups have reported a significant relationship between mixed-meal GI predicted from individual food items and either the GI measured directly (Chew et al., 1988; Collier et al., 1986; Gulliford et al., 1989; Indar-Brown et al., 1992; Järvi et al., 1995; Wolever and Jenkins, 1986; Wolever et al., 1985, 1990) or metabolic parameters such as high TABLE 6-3 Glycemic Index (GI) of Common Foods GI Food Item (White Bread = 100) Rice, white, low-amylose 126 Baked potato 121 Corn flakes 119 Rice cakes 117 Jelly beans 114 Cheerios 106 Carrots 101 White bread 101 Wheat bread 99 Soft drink 97 Angel food cake 95 Sucrose 92 Cheese pizza 86 Spaghetti (boiled) 83 Popcorn 79 Sweet corn 78 Banana 76 Orange juice 74 Rice, Uncle Benâs converted long-grain 72 Green peas 68 Oat bran bread 68 Orange 62 All-Bran cereal 60 Apple juice 58 Pumpernickel bread 58 Apple 52 Chickpeas 47 Skim milk 46 Kidney beans 42 Fructose 32 SOURCE: Foster-Powell and Brand Miller (1995).
271 D IETARY CARBOHYDRATES: SUGARS AND STARCHES density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration that are known to be influ- enced by GI (Liu et al., 2001). Although the glycemic response of diabetics is distinctly higher than that of healthy individuals, the relative response to different types of mixed meals is similar (Indar-Brown et al., 1992; Wolever et al., 1985). The prediction of GI in mixed meals by Wolever and Jenkins (1986) is shown in Figure 6-1. In contrast, some studies reported no such relationship between the calculated and measured GI of mixed meals (Coulston et al., 1984; Hollenbeck et al., 1986; Laine et al., 1987). There are a number of reasons why different groups have reported different findings on the calculation of GI in mixed meals. As previously discussed, there are a number of intrinsic (e.g., particle size) and extrinsic (e.g., ingestion of fat and protein, degree of food preparation) factors that can affect the glycemic response of a meal (Table 6-2), some of which are known to also affect the absorption of other nutrients such as vitamins and minerals. For instance, coingestion of dietary fat and protein can some- times have a significant influence on the glucose response of a carbohydrate- containing food, with a reduction in the glucose response generally seen with increases in fat or protein content (Gulliford et al., 1989; Holt et al., Mixed Meal GI Incremental Plasma Glucose Area (mg/dl-h) FIGURE 6-1 Correlation between calculated glycemic index (GI) of four test meals (â¢) and incremental blood glucose response areas. Based on data from Coulston et al. (1984). Reproduced, with permission, from Wolever and Jenkins (1986). Copy- right 1986 by the American Society for Clinical Nutrition.
272 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES 1997). Palatability can have an influence on GI, independent of food type and composition (Sawaya et al., 2001). Furthermore, there are expected inherent biological variations in glucose control and carbohydrate toler- ance that are unrelated to the GI of a meal. Finally, varied experimental design and methods for calculating the area under the blood glucose curve can result in a different glycemic response to meals of a similar predicted GI (Coulston et al., 1984; Wolever and Jenkins, 1986). For instance, it is important that the incremental area, rather than the absolute area, under the blood glucose curve be measured (Wolever and Jenkins, 1986). Taken together, the results from these different studies indicate that the GI of mixed meals can usually be predicted from the GI of individual food components. Physiology of Digestion, Absorption, and Metabolism Digestion Starch. The breakdown of starch begins in the mouth where salivary amylase acts on the interior α-(1,4) linkages of amylose and amylopectin. The digestion of these linkages continues in the intestine where pancre- atic amylase is released. Amylase digestion produces large oligosaccharides (α-limit dextrins) that contain approximately eight glucose units of one or more α-(1,6) linkages. The α-(1,6) linkages are cleaved more easily than the α-(1,4) linkages. Oligosaccharides and Sugars. The microvilli of the small intestine extend into an unstirred water layer phase of the intestinal lumen. When a limit dextrin, trisaccharide, or disaccharide enters the unstirred water layer, it is rapidly hydrolyzed by enzymes bound to the brush border membrane. These limit dextrins, produced from starch digestion, are degraded by glucoamylase, which removes glucose units from the nonreducing end to yield maltose and isomaltose. Maltose and isomaltose are degraded by intestinal brush border disaccharidases (e.g., maltase and sucrase). Maltase, sucrase, and lactase digest sucrose and lactose to monosaccharides prior to absorption. Intestinal Absorption Monosaccharides first diffuse across to the enterocyte surface, followed by movement across the brush border membrane by one of two mecha- nisms: active transport or facilitated diffusion.
273 D IETARY CARBOHYDRATES: SUGARS AND STARCHES Active Transport. The intestine is one of two organs that vectorially transports hexoses across the cell into the bloodstream. The mature enterocytes capture the hexoses directly ingested from food or produced from the digestion of di- and polysaccharides. Active transport of sugars involves sodium dependent glucose transporters (SGLTs) in the brush border membrane (DÃez-Sampedro et al., 2001). Sodium is pumped from the cell to create a gradient between the interior of the cell and the lumen of the intestine, requiring the hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The resultant gradient results in the cotransport of one molecule each of sodium and glucose. Glucose is then transported across the basolateral membrane of the small intestine by glucose transporter (GLUT) 2. Similar to glucose, galactose utilizes SGLT cotransporters and basolateral GLUT 2. Fructose is not transported by SGLT cotransporters. Facilitated Diffusion. There are also transporters of glucose that require neither sodium nor ATP. The driving force for glucose transport is the glucose gradient and the energy change that occurs when the unstirred water layer is replaced with glucose. In this type of transport, called facili- tated diffusion, glucose is transported down its concentration gradient (from high to low). Fructose is also transported by facilitated diffusion. One facilitated glucose transporter, GLUT 5, has been identified in the small intestine (Levin, 1999). GLUT 5 appears to transport glucose poorly and is the main transporter of fructose. Metabolism Cellular Uptake. Absorbed sugars are transported throughout the body to cells as a source of energy. The concentration of glucose in the blood is highly regulated by the release of insulin. Uptake of glucose by the adipocyte and muscle cell is dependent upon the binding of insulin to a membrane-bound insulin receptor that increases the translocation of intra- cellular glucose transporters (GLUT 4) to the cell membrane surface for uptake of glucose. GLUT 1 is the transporter of the red blood cell; how- ever, it is also present in the plasma membrane of many other tissues (Levin, 1999). Besides its involvement in the small intestine, GLUT 2 is expressed in the liver and can also transport galactose, mannose, and fruc- tose (Levin, 1999). GLUT 3 is important in the transport of glucose into the brain (Levin, 1999). Intracellular Utilization of Galactose. Absorbed galactose is primarily the result of lactose digestion. The majority of galactose is taken up by the liver where it is metabolized to galactose-1-phosphate, which is then con-
274 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES verted to glucose-1-phosphate. Most of the glucose-1-phosphate derived from galactose metabolism is converted to glycogen for storage. Intracellular Utilization of Fructose. Absorbed fructose, from either direct ingestion of fructose or digestion of sucrose, is transported to the liver and phosphorylated to fructose-1-phosphate, an intermediate of the glycolytic pathway, which is further cleaved to glyceraldehyde and dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP). DHAP is an intermediary metabolite in both the glycolytic and gluconeogenic pathways. The glyceraldehyde can be con- verted to glycolytic intermediary metabolites that serve as precursors for glycogen synthesis. Glyceraldehyde can also be used for triacylglycerol synthesis, provided that sufficient amounts of malonyl coenzyme A (CoA) (a precursor for fatty acid synthesis) are available. Intracellular Utilization of Glucose. Glucose is a major fuel used by most cells in the body. In muscle, glucose is metabolized anaerobically to lactate via the glycolytic pathway. Pyruvate is decarboxylated to acetyl CoA, which enters the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. Reduced coenyzmes generated in the TCA cycle pass off their electrons to the electron transport system, where it is completely oxidized to carbon dioxide and water. This results in the production of the high-energy ATP that is needed for many other metabolic reactions. After the consumption of carbohydrates, fat oxida- tion is markedly curtailed, allowing glucose oxidation to provide most of the bodyâs energy needs. In this manner, the bodyâs glucose and glycogen content can be reduced toward more normal concentrations. Gluconeogenesis. Glucose can be synthesized via gluconeogenesis, a metabolic pathway that requires energy. Gluconeogenesis in the liver and renal cortex is inhibited via insulin following the consumption of carbohy- drates and is activated during fasting, allowing the liver to continue to release glucose to maintain adequate blood glucose concentrations. Glycogen Synthesis and Utilization. Glucose can also be converted to glycogen (glycogenesis), which contains α-(1-4) and α-(1-6) linkages of glucose units. Glycogen is present in the muscle for storage and utilization and in the liver for storage, export, and maintenance of blood glucose concentrations. Glycogenesis is activated in skeletal muscle by a rise in insulin concentration following the consumption of carbohydrate. In the liver, glycogenesis is activated directly by an increase in circulating glucose, fructose, galactose, or insulin concentration. Muscle glycogen is mainly used in the muscle. Following glycogenolysis, glucose can be exported from the liver for maintenance of normal blood glucose concentrations and for use by other tissues.
275 D IETARY CARBOHYDRATES: SUGARS AND STARCHES Formation of Amino Acids and Fatty Acids from Carbohydrates. Pyruvate and intermediates of the TCA cycle are precursors of certain nonessential amino acids. A limited amount of carbohydrate is converted to fat because de novo lipogenesis is generally quite minimal (Hellerstein, 1999; Parks and Hellerstein, 2000). This finding is true for those who are obese, indi- cating that the vast majority of deposited fat is not derived from dietary carbohydrate when consumed at moderate levels. Insulin. Based on the metabolic functions of insulin discussed above, the ingestion of carbohydrate produces an immediate increase in plasma insulin concentrations. This immediate rise in plasma insulin concentra- tion minimizes the extent of hyperglycemia after a meal. The effects of insulin deficiency (elevated blood glucose concentration) are exemplified by type 1 diabetes. Individuals who have type 2 diabetes may or may not produce insulin and insulin-dependent muscle and adipose tissue cells may or may not respond to increased insulin concentrations (insulin resis- tant); therefore, circulating glucose is not effectively taken up by these tissues and metabolized. Clinical Effects of Inadequate Intake The lower limit of dietary carbohydrate compatible with life appar- ently is zero, provided that adequate amounts of protein and fat are con- sumed. However, the amount of dietary carbohydrate that provides for optimal health in humans is unknown. There are traditional populations that ingested a high fat, high protein diet containing only a minimal amount of carbohydrate for extended periods of time (Masai), and in some cases for a lifetime after infancy (Alaska and Greenland Natives, Inuits, and Pampas indigenous people) (Du Bois, 1928; Heinbecker, 1928). There was no apparent effect on health or longevity. Caucasians eating an essentially carbohydrate-free diet, resembling that of Greenland natives, for a year tolerated the diet quite well (Du Bois, 1928). However, a detailed modern comparison with populations ingesting the majority of food energy as carbohydrate has never been done. It has been shown that rats and chickens grow and mature success- fully on a carbohydrate-free diet (Brito et al., 1992; Renner and Elcombe, 1964), but only if adequate protein and glycerol from triacylglycerols are provided in the diet as substrates for gluconeogenesis. It has also been shown that rats grow and thrive on a 70 percent protein, carbohydrate-free diet (Gannon et al., 1985). Azar and Bloom (1963) also reported that nitrogen balance in adults ingesting a carbohydrate-free diet required the ingestion of 100 to 150 g of protein daily. This, plus the glycerol obtained from triacylglycerol in the diet, presumably supplied adequate substrate
276 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES for gluconeogenesis and thus provided at least a minimal amount of com- pletely oxidizable glucose. The ability of humans to starve for weeks after endogenous glycogen supplies are essentially exhausted is also indicative of the ability of humans to survive without an exogenous supply of glucose or monosaccharides convertible to glucose in the liver (fructose and galactose). However, adaptation to a fat and protein fuel requires considerable metabolic adjustments. The only cells that have an absolute requirement for glucose as an oxidizable fuel are those in the central nervous system (i.e., brain) and those cells that depend upon anaerobic glycolysis (i.e., the partial oxida- tion of glucose to produce lactate and alanine as a source of energy), such as red blood cells, white blood cells, and medulla of the kidney. The central nervous system can adapt to a dietary fat-derived fuel, at least in part (Cahill, 1970; Sokoloff, 1973). Also, the glycolyzing cells can obtain their complete energy needs from the indirect oxidation of fatty acids through the lactate and alanine-glucose cycles. In the absence of dietary carbohydrate, de novo synthesis of glucose requires amino acids derived from the hydrolysis of endogenous or dietary protein or glycerol derived from fat. Therefore, the marginal amount of carbohydrate required in the diet in an energy-balanced state is condi- tional and dependent upon the remaining composition of the diet. Never- theless, there may be subtle and unrecognized, untoward effects of a very low carbohydrate diet that may only be apparent when populations not genetically or traditionally adapted to this diet adopt it. This remains to be determined but is a reasonable expectation. Of particular concern in a Western, urbanized society is the long-term consequences of a diet sufficiently low in carbohydrate such that it creates a chronically increased production of β-hydroxybutyric and acetoacetic acids (i.e., keto acids). The concern is that such a diet, deficient in water- soluble vitamins and some minerals, may result in bone mineral loss, may cause hypercholesterolemia, may increase the risk of urolithiasis (Vining, 1999), and may affect the development and function of the centra1 ner- vous system. It also may adversely affect an individualâs general sense of well being (Bloom and Azar, 1963), although in men starved for an extended period of time, encephalographic tracings remained unchanged and psychometric testing showed no deficits (Owen et al., 1967). It also may not provide for adequate stores of glycogen. The latter is required for hypoglycemic emergencies and for maximal short-term power production by muscles (Hultman et al., 1999).
277 D IETARY CARBOHYDRATES: SUGARS AND STARCHES EVIDENCE CONSIDERED FOR ESTIMATING THE AVERAGE REQUIREMENT FOR CARBOHYDRATE The endogenous glucose production rate, and thus the utilization rate, depends on the duration of starvation. Glucose production has been deter- mined in a number of laboratories using isotopically labeled glucose (Amiel et al., 1991; Arslanian and Kalhan, 1992; Bier et al., 1977; Denne and Kalhan, 1986; Kalhan et al., 1986; King et al., 1982; Patel and Kalhan, 1992). In overnight fasted adults (i.e., postabsorptive state), glucose production is approximately 2 to 2.5 mg/kg/min, or approximately 2.8 to 3.6 g/kg/d. In a 70-kg man, this represents approximately 210 to 270 g/d. In the postabsorptive state, approximately 50 percent of glucose production comes from glycogenolysis in liver and 50 percent from gluconeogenesis in the liver (Chandramouli et al., 1997; Landau et al., 1996). The minimal amount of carbohydrate required, either from endogenous or exogenous sources, is determined by the brainâs requirement for glucose. The brain is the only true carbohydrate-dependent organ in that it oxidizes glucose completely to carbon dioxide and water. Normally, the brain uses glucose almost exclusively for its energy needs. The endogenous glucose production rate in a postabsorptive state correlates very well with the esti- mated size of the brain from birth to adult life. However, not all of the glucose produced is utilized by the brain (Bier et al., 1977; Felig, 1973). The requirement for glucose has been reported to be approximately 110 to 140 g/d in adults (Cahill et al., 1968). Nevertheless, even the brain can adapt to a carbohydrate-free, energy-sufficient diet, or to starvation, by utilizing ketoacids for part of its fuel requirements. When glucose produc- tion or availability decreases below that required for the complete energy requirements for the brain, there is a rise in ketoacid production in the liver in order to provide the brain with an alternative fuel. This has been referred to as âketosis.â Generally, this occurs in a starving person only after glycogen stores in the liver are reduced to a low concentration and the contribution of hepatic glycogenolysis is greatly reduced or absent (Cahill et al., 1968). It is associated with approximately a 20 to 50 percent decrease in circulating glucose and insulin concentration (Carlson et al., 1994; Owen et al., 1998; Streja et al., 1977). These are signals for adipose cells to increase lipolysis and release nonesterified fatty acids and glycerol into the circulation. The signal also is reinforced by an increase in circulat- ing epinephrine, norepinephrine, glucagon, and growth hormone con- centration (Carlson et al., 1994). The nonesterified fatty acids are removed by the liver and converted into ketoacids, which then diffuse out of the liver into the circulation. The increase in nonesterified fatty acids results in a concentration-dependent exponential increase in ketoacids (Hanson et al., 1965); glucagon facilitates this process (Mackrell and Sokal, 1969).
278 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES In an overnight fasted person, the circulating ketoacid concentration is very low, but with prolonged starvation the concentration increases dramatically and may exceed the molar concentration of glucose (Cahill, 1970; Streja et al., 1977). In individuals fully adapted to starvation, ketoacid oxidation can account for approximately 80 percent of the brainâs energy requirements (Cahill et al., 1973). Thus, only 22 to 28 g/d of glucose are required to fuel the brain. This is similar to the total glucose oxidation rate integrated over 24 hours determined by isotope-dilution studies in these starving individuals (Carlson et al., 1994; Owen et al., 1998). Overall, the key to the metabolic adaptation to extended starvation is the rise in circulating nonesterified fatty acid concentrations and the large increase in ketoacid production. The glycerol released from the hydrolysis of triacylglycerols stored in fat cells becomes a significant source of sub- strate for gluconeogenesis, but the conversion of amino acids derived from protein catabolism into glucose is also an important source. Interestingly, in people who consumed a protein-free diet, total nitrogen excretion was reported to be in the range of 2.5 to 3.5 g/d (35 to 50 mg/kg), or the equivalent of 16 to 22 g of catabolized protein in a 70-kg man (Raguso et al., 1999). Thus, it is similar to that in starving individuals (3.7 g/d) (Owen et al., 1998). Overall, this represents the minimal amount of protein oxi- dized through gluconeogenic pathways (Du Bois, 1928). This amount of protein is considerably less than the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) of 0.8 g/kg/d for adults with a normal body mass index (Chapter 10). For a 70-kg lean male, this equals 56 g/d of protein, which is greater than the estimated obligate daily loss in body protein from the shedding of cells, secretions, and other miscellaneous functions (approximately 6 to 8 g/d for a 70-kg man; see Chapter 10) and has been assumed to be due to inefficient utilization of amino acids for synthesis of replacement proteins and other amino acid-derived products (Gannon and Nuttall, 1999). In part, it also may represent the technical difficulty in determining a mini- mal daily protein requirement (see Chapter 10). If 56 g/d of dietary protein is required for protein homeostasis, but the actual daily loss of protein is only approximately 7 g, then presumably the remaining difference (49 g) is metabolized and may be utilized for new glucose production. It has been determined that for ingested animal protein, approximately 0.56 g of glucose can be derived from every 1 g of protein ingested (Janney, 1915). Thus, from the 49 g of protein not directly utilized to replace loss of endogenous protein or not used for other synthetic processes, approximately 27 g (0.56 Ã 49) of glucose may be produced. In people on a protein-free diet or who are starving, the 16 to 22 g of catabolized protein could provide 10 to 14 g of glucose. If the starving individualâs energy requirement is 1,800 kcal/d and 95 percent is supplied by fat oxidation either directly or indirectly through
279 D IETARY CARBOHYDRATES: SUGARS AND STARCHES oxidation of ketoacids (Cahill et al., 1973), then fat oxidation represents 1,710 kcal/d, or 190 g based upon approximately 9 kcal/g fat. The glycerol content of a typical triacylglycerol is 10 percent by weight, or in this case 19 g of glycerol, which is equivalent to approximately 19 g of glucose. This, plus the amount of glucose potentially derived from protein, gives a total of approximately 30 to 34 g ([10 to 14] + 19). Thus, a combination of protein and fat utilization is required to supply the small amount of glucose still required by the brain in a person fully adapted to starvation. Presum- ably this also would be the obligatory glucose requirement in people adapted to a carbohydrate-free diet. Thus, the normal metabolic adapta- tion to a lack of dietary protein, as occurs in a starving person in whom the protein metabolized is in excess of that lost daily, is to provide the glucose required by the brain. Nevertheless, utilization of this amount of glucose by the brain is vitally important. Without it, function deteriorates dramati- cally, at least in the brain of rats (Sokoloff, 1973). The required amount of glucose could be derived easily from ingested protein alone if the individual was ingesting a carbohydrate-free, but energy-adequate diet containing protein sufficient for nitrogen balance. However, ingested amounts of protein greater than 30 to 34 g/d would likely stimulate insulin secretion unless ingested in small amounts through- out a 24-hour period. For example, ingestion of 25 to 50 g of protein at a single time stimulates insulin secretion (Krezowski et al., 1986; Westphal et al., 1990), despite a lack of carbohydrate intake. This rise in insulin would result in a diminution in the release of fatty acids from adipose cells and as a consequence, reduce ketoacid formation and fatty acid oxidation. The ultimate effect would be to increase the requirement for glucose of the brain and other organs. Thus, the minimal amount of glucose irreversibly oxidized to carbon dioxide and water requires utilization of a finely bal- anced ratio of dietary fat and protein. Azar and Bloom (1963) reported that 100 to 150 g/d of protein was necessary for maintenance of nitrogen balance. This amount of protein could typically provide amino acid substrate sufficient for the production of 56 to 84 g of glucose daily. However, daily infusion of 90 g of an amino acid mixture over 6 days to both postoperative and nonsurgical starving adults has been reported to reduce urinary nitrogen loss without a sig- nificant change in glucose or insulin concentration, but with a dramatic increase in ketoacids (Hoover et al., 1975). Thus, the issue becomes com- plex in nonstarving people. Glucose utilization by the brain has been determined either by mea- suring arteriovenous gradients of glucose, oxygen, lactate, and ketones across the brain and the respiratory quotient (Kety, 1957; Sokoloff, 1973), or with estimates of brain blood flow determined by different methods (e.g., NO2 diffusion). A major problem with studies based on arteriovenous
280 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES differences is the limited accuracy of the blood flow methods used (Settergren et al., 1976, 1980). Using 18F-2-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose and positron emission tomography, the rate of glucose accumulation in the brain also has been determined (Chugani, 1993; Chugani and Phelps, 1986; Chugani et al., 1987; Hatazawa et al., 1987). This is an indirect method for measuring glucose utilization, and also has limitations (Hatazawa et al., 1987). Brain O2 consumption in association with the brain respiratory quotient also has been used as an indirect estimate of glucose utilization (Kalhan and Kiliç, 1999). Only data determined by direct measurement of glucose arteriovenous difference across the brain in association with determination of brain blood flow can be considered for setting an Estimated Average Require- ment (EAR), although the other, indirect methods yield similar results. The glucose consumption by the brain can be used along with informa- tion from Dobbing and Sands (1973) and Dekaban and Sadowsky (1978), which correlated weight of the brain with body weight to calculate glucose utilization. FINDINGS BY LIFE STAGE AND GENDER GROUP Infants Ages 0 Through 12 Months Methods Considered to Set the AI Carbohydrate Utilization by the Brain. In infants, the brain size relative to body size is greater than that in adults. The brain utilizes approximately 60 percent of the infantâs total energy intake (Gibbons, 1998). Therefore, the turnover of glucose per kilogram of body weight can be up to fourfold greater in the infant compared to the adult (Kalhan and Kiliç, 1999). The infant brain is fully capable of using ketoacids as fuel. In species in which the mothersâ milk is very high in fat, such as in rats, the circulat- ing ketoacid concentration is very high in the suckling pups, and the ketoacids are an important source of fuel for the developing brain (Edmond et al., 1985; Sokoloff, 1973). In addition, the gluconeogenic pathway is well developed even in premature human infants (Sunehag et al., 1999). Indeed, provided that adequate lipid and protein substrates are supplied, gluconeogenesis can account for the majority of glucose turn- over. Whether gluconeogenesis can account for the entire glucose require- ment in infants has not been tested. Growth. Studies have been performed using artificial formula feedings and varying the fat and carbohydrate content while keeping the protein
281 D IETARY CARBOHYDRATES: SUGARS AND STARCHES content constant (9 percent) (Fomon et al., 1976). Fomon and coworkers (1976) provided infants with formulas containing either 34 or 62 percent of energy from carbohydrate for 104 days. There were no significant dif- ferences in the length or weight of the infants fed the two formulas. Inter- estingly, it also did not affect the total food energy consumed over the 6 or 12 months of life. From the limited data available, the lowest intake that has been documented to be adequate is 30 percent of total food energy. However, it is likely that infants also may grow and develop normally on a very low or nearly carbohydrate-free diet since their brainsâ enzymatic machinery for oxidizing ketoacids is more efficient than it is in adults (Sokoloff, 1973). Human Milk. The lower limit of dietary carbohydrate compatible with life or for optimal health in infants is unknown. Human milk is recognized as the optimal milk source for infants throughout at least the first year of life and is recommended as the sole nutritional milk source for infants during the first 4 to 6 months of life (IOM, 1991). Carbohydrate in human milk is almost exclusively lactose (Table 6-4). The only source of lactose in the animal kingdom is from the mammary gland and therefore is found only in mammals. Lactose is readily hydrolyzed in the infant intestine. The resulting glucose and galactose also readily pass into the portal venous system. They are carried to the liver where the galactose is converted to glucose and either stored as glycogen or released into the general circula- tion and oxidized. The net result is the provision of two glucose molecules for each lactose molecule ingested. The reason why lactose developed as the carbohydrate fuel produced by the mammary gland is not understood. One reason may be that the provision of a disaccharide compared to a monosaccharide reduces the osmolality of milk. Lactose has also been reported to facilitate calcium absorption from the gut, which otherwise is not readily absorbed from the immature infant intestine (Condon et al., 1970; Ziegler and Fomon, 1983). However, isotopic tracer data have not confirmed this (Kalhan and Kiliç, 1999). The lactose content of human milk is approximately 74 g/L and changes little over the total nursing period (Dewey and Lönnerdal, 1983; Dewey et al., 1984; Lammi-Keefe et al., 1990; Nommsen et al., 1991) (Table 6-4). However, the volume of milk consumed by the infant decreases gradu- ally over the first 12 months of life as other foods are gradually introduced into the feeding regimen. Over the first 6 months of life, the volume con- sumed is about 0.78 L/d (see Chapter 2); therefore approximately 60 g of carbohydrate represents about 37 percent of total food energy (see Chap- ter 5) (Nommsen et al., 1991). This amount of carbohydrate and the ratio of carbohydrate to fat in human milk can be assumed to be optimal for infant growth and development over the first 6 months of life.
282 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES TABLE 6-4 Total Carbohydrate Content of Human Milk Total Total Total Reference Stage of Carbohydrate Lactose Glucose Lactation Content (g/L) Content (g/L) Content (g/L) Anderson 3â5 d 51.4 ± 2.2 et al., 1981 8â11 d 59.8 ± 2.3 26â29 d 65.1 ± 2.3 Anderson 3d 62 ± 9 et al., 1983 7d 67 ± 5 14 d 67 ± 6 Dewey and 1 mo 70.5 ± 5.6 Lönnerdal, 2 mo 72.1 ± 6.2 1983 3 mo 71.3 ± 7.9 4 mo 76.1 ± 4.0 5 mo 76.2 ± 3.3 6 mo 77.5 ± 2.7 Dewey et al., 4â6 mo 77.1 ± 3.0 1984 7â11 mo 75.7 ± 3.6 12â20 mo 72.3 ± 4.3 Neville et al., 33â210 d Mid-feed: 72.1 Mid-feed: 0.27 1984 Median 115 d Pooled Pooled pumped: 71.8 pumped: 0.27 Ferris et al., 2 wk 62.5 ± 6.5 1988 6 wk 67.8 ± 6.4 12 wk 68.5 ± 7.3 16 wk 70.0 ± 6.5 Lammi-Keefe 8 wk 76.2 ± 3.2 0.26 ± 0.05 et al., 1990 73.6 ± 3.8 0.31 ± 0.05 77.4 ± 6.7 0.33 ± 0.06 74.2 ± 4.7 0.33 ± 0.08 80.1 ± 4.6 0.33 ± 0.06 Allen et al., 21 d 63.4 ± 0.7 0.27 ± 0.01 1991 45 d 65.6 ± 0.4 0.27 ± 0.01 90 d 67.7 ± 0.7 0.31 ± 0.01 180 d 68.8 ± 1.4 0.32 ± 0.02 Nommsen 3 mo 74.4 ± 1.5 et al., 1991 6 mo 74.4 ± 1.9 9 mo 73.5 ± 2.9 12 mo 74.0 ± 2.7 continued
283 D IETARY CARBOHYDRATES: SUGARS AND STARCHES TABLE 6-4 Continued Total Total Total Reference Stage of Carbohydrate Lactose Glucose Lactation Content (g/L) Content (g/L) Content (g/L) Coppa et al., 4 d 78.1 ± 8.08 56.0 ± 6.06 1993 10 d 83.8 ± 6.45 62.5 ± 5.74 30 d 80.6 ± 6.90 64.1 ± 6.45 60 d 79.8 ± 7.01 66.2 ± 6.88 90 d 79.3 ± 7.03 66.3 ± 7.08 120 d 82.2 ± 10.31 68.9 ± 8.16 The method used to set the Adequate Intake (AI) for older infants is carbohydrate intake from human milk and complementary foods (see Chapter 2). According to the Third National Health and Nutrition Exami- nation Survey, the median carbohydrate intake from weaning food for ages 7 through 12 months was 50.7 ± 5 g/d (standard error of the mean). Based on an average volume of 0.6 L/d of human milk that is secreted (Chapter 2), the carbohydrate intake from human milk is 44 g/d (0.6 L/d à 74 g/L). Therefore, the total intake of carbohydrate from human milk and complementary foods is 95 g/d (44 + 51). Carbohydrate AI Summary, Ages 0 Through 12 Months The AI is based on the average intake of carbohydrate consumed from human milk and complementary foods. AI for Infants 0â6 months 60 g/d of carbohydrate 95 g/d of carbohydrate 7â12 months Special Considerations The carbohydrate content of milk protein-based formulas for term infants is similar to that of human milk (70 to 74 g/L). Whole cow milk contains lower concentrations of carbohydrate than human milk (48 g/L) (Newburg and Neubauer, 1995). In addition to lactose, conventional infant formulas can also contain sucrose or glucose polymers.
284 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES Children and Adolescents Ages 1 Through 18 Years Evidence Considered in Estimating the Average Requirement In the newborn, the brain weight is approximately 380 g; by age 1 year this has increased to approximately 1,000 g in boys and approximately 980 g in girls (Dekaban and Sadowsky, 1978; Dobbing and Sands, 1973), with a corresponding increase in energy requirement. After 1 year of age, there is a further increase in brain weight up to 5 years of age (approximately 1,300 g in boys and 1,150 g in girls). Subsequently, the brain size increases only modestly. The consumption of glucose by the brain after age 1 year also remains rather constant or increases modestly and is in the range reported for adults (approximately 31 µmol/100 g of brain/min) (Kennedy and Sokoloff, 1957; Sokoloff et al., 1977). Therefore, the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) for carbohydrate is set based on information used for adults (see âAdults Ages 19 Years and Olderâ). As for adults, the EAR is the same for both genders since differences in brain glucose utilization are small. The amount of glucose produced from obligatory endogenous protein catabolism in children is not known. Therefore, this information was not considered in the derivation of the EAR for children. Children ages 2 to 9 years have requirements for carbohydrate that are similar to adults. This is based on population data in which animal-derived foods are ingested exclusively (e.g., Alaska and Greenland natives), as well as in children with epilepsy who have been treated with ketogenic diets for extended periods of time (Swink et al., 1997; Vining, 1999). In these children, the ketoacid concentration was in the range of 2 to 3 mmol/L (i.e., similar to that in a starving adult) (Nordli et al., 1992). Carbohydrate EAR and RDA Summary, Ages 1 Through 18 Years EAR for Children 1â3 years 100 g/d of carbohydrate 4â8 years 100 g/d of carbohydrate EAR for Boys 9â13 years 100 g/d of carbohydrate 14â18 years 100 g/d of carbohydrate EAR for Girls 9â13 years 100 g/d of carbohydrate 14â18 years 100 g/d of carbohydrate
285 D IETARY CARBOHYDRATES: SUGARS AND STARCHES The Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for carbohydrate is set by using a coefficient of variation (CV) of 15 percent based on the varia- tion in brain glucose utilization. The RDA is defined as equal to the EAR plus twice the CV to cover the needs of 97 to 98 percent of the individuals in the group (therefore, for carbohydrate the RDA is 130 percent of the EAR). RDA for Children 1â3 years 130 g/d of carbohydrate 4â8 years 130 g/d of carbohydrate RDA for Boys 9â13 years 130 g/d of carbohydrate 14â18 years 130 g/d of carbohydrate RDA for Girls 9â13 years 130 g/d of carbohydrate 14â18 years 130 g/d of carbohydrate Adults Ages 19 Years and Older Evidence Considered in Estimating the Average Requirement Glucose Utilization by the Brain. Long-term data in Westernized popula- tions, which could determine the minimal amount of carbohydrate com- patible with metabolic requirements and for optimization of health, are not available. Therefore, it is provisionally suggested that an EAR for carbohydrate ingestion in the context of overall food energy sufficiency be based on an amount of digestible carbohydrate that would provide the brain (i.e., central nervous system) with an adequate supply of glucose fuel without the requirement for additional glucose production from ingested protein or triacylglycerols. This amount of glucose should be sufficient to supply the brain with fuel in the absence of a rise in circulating aceto- acetate and β-hydroxybutyrate concentrations greater than that observed in an individual after an overnight fast (see âEvidence Considered for Estimating the Average Requirement for Carbohydrateâ). This assumes the consumption of an energy-sufficient diet containing an Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range of carbohydrate intake (approximately 45 to 65 percent of energy) (see Chapter 11). Brain glucose utilization based on O2 consumption is summarized in Table 6-5. Only data determined by direct measurement of glucose arterio- venous difference across the brain in association with determination of
286 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES TABLE 6-5 Indirect Estimates of Glucose Utilization by Measuring Brain Oxygen (O2 ) Consumption O2 O2 Study Consumption Consumption Reference Population (mL/100 g/min) (L/100 g/d) Kennedy and 2 children, 6.2 8.93 Sokoloff, 1957 3y 5.6 8.06 Kennedy and 5 children, 5.3 7.63 Sokoloff, 1957 4â7 y 4.3 6.19 4.4 6.34 5.7 8.21 4.4 6.34 Kennedy and 2 children, 5.7 8.21 Sokoloff, 1957 10 and 11 y 4.9 7.06 Kennedy and 12 adults 4.18 6.02 Sokoloff, 1957 a For males, based on Dekaban and Sadowsy (1978) and Dobbing and Sands (1973). bO = 4.8 kcal/L = 1.2 g of glucose/L. 2 brain blood flow (Table 6-6) were considered for setting an EAR, although both methods yielded similar results. Data on glucose consumption by the brain for various age groups using information from Dobbing and Sands (1973) and Dekaban and Sadowsky (1978) were also used, which corre- lated weight of the brain with body weight. The average rate of brain glucose utilization in the postabsorptive state of adults based on several studies is approximately 33 µmol/100 g of brain/min (5.5 mg/100 g of brain/min or 8.64 g/100 g of brain/d) (Table 6-6). Based on these data, the brainâs requirement for carbohydrate is in the range of approximately 117 to 142 g/d (Gottstein and Held, 1979; Reinmuth et al., 1965; Scheinberg and Stead, 1949; Sokoloff et al., 1977). Regardless of age and the associated change in brain mass, the glucose utilization rate/100 g of brain tissue remains rather constant, at least up to age 73 years (Reinmuth et al., 1965). In 351 men (aged 21 to 39 years), the average brain weight at autopsy was reported to be 1.45 kg, with a standard deviation of only 0.02 kg. In 201 women of the same age range, the average brain weight was 1.29 kg with a standard deviation of 0.03 kg. There was excellent correlation between body weight and height and brain weight in adults of all ages. The glucose produced from the obligatory turnover of protein plus the glucose produced from glycerol is approximately 30 g/d (see âEvi-
287 D IETARY CARBOHYDRATES: SUGARS AND STARCHES Estimated O2 Glucose Brain Consumption Consumption Weight (g) a (g/d) b (L/d) 1,200 107.1 129 1,200 96.8 116 1,260 96.2 115 1,260 78.0 94 1,300 82.4 99 1,300 109.2 131 1,300 84.3 101 1,360 111.6 134 1,360 96.0 115 1,450 84.3 101 dence Considered for Estimating the Average Requirement for Carbo- hydrateâ). Therefore, the overall dietary carbohydrate requirement in the presence of an energy-adequate diet would be approximately 87 (117 â 30) to 112 (142 â 30) g/d. This amount of carbohydrate is similar to that reported to be required for the prevention of ketosis (50 to 100 g) (Bell et al., 1969; Calloway, 1971; Gamble, 1946; Sapir et al., 1972) and to that reported to have a maximal protein sparing effect when glucose was ingested daily (Gamble, 1946). The carbohydrate requirement is modestly greater than the potential glucose that can be derived from an amount of ingested protein required for nitrogen balance in people ingesting a carbohydrate-free diet (Azar and Bloom, 1963). This amount of carbohydrate will not provide sufficient fuel for those cells that are dependent on anaerobic glycolysis for their energy supply (e.g., red and white blood cells). For glycolyzing cells, approximately 36 g/d are necessary (Cahill, 1970). Glycolyzing cells can obtain energy through the functioning of the Cori cycle (i.e., lactate to glucose to lactate) and the alanine-glucose cycle. That is, the cyclic interconversion of glucose with lactate or alanine occurs without a net loss of carbon. In the absence of carbohydrate in the diet, and in the absence of a rise in ketoacids above the overnight fasting reference range, ingested protein
288 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES TABLE 6-6 Direct Estimates of Glucose Utilization by Measuring Brain Glucose Consumption Glucose Glucose Consumption Estimated Consumption Study (µmol/100 g Brain Weight (g)a Reference Population of brain/min) (mg/min) (g/d) Settergren 12 infants, 27 400 19.4 28 et al., 1976 average 5 mo Mehta et al., 10 infants, 66 1,000 118 170 1977 average 11 mo Settergren 42 infants 25 400â 1,450 18 â 65 26 â 94 et al., 1980 and children, 3 wkâ14 y Scheinberg 18 adults, 34 1,450 88 127 and Stead, 18â36 y 1949 Reinmuth 13 adults, 38 1,450 99 142 et al., 1965 21â29 y Sokoloff Adults 31 1,450 81 117 et al., 1977 Gottstein and 24 adults, 31 1,450 81 117 Held, 1979 21â43 y a Based on Dekaban and Sadowsy (1978) and Dobbing and Sands (1973). sufficient to provide the brain with glucose fuel is theoretically possible, but is not likely to be acceptable. The amount of dietary protein required approaches the theoretical maximal rate of gluconeogenesis from amino acids in the liver (135 g of glucose/24 h) (Brosnan, 1999). In summary, the EAR for total carbohydrate is set at 100 g/d. This amount should be sufficient to fuel central nervous system cells without having to rely on a partial replacement of glucose by ketoacids. Although the latter are used by the brain in a concentration-dependent fashion (Sokoloff, 1973), their utilization only becomes quantitatively significant when the supply of glucose is considerably reduced and their circulating concentra- tion has increased several-fold over that present after an overnight fast.
289 D IETARY CARBOHYDRATES: SUGARS AND STARCHES Diets contain a combination of carbohydrate, fat, and protein, and therefore available glucose is not limiting to the brain unless carbohydrate energy intake is insufficient to meet the glucose needs of the brain. Never- theless, it should be recognized that the brain can still receive enough glucose from the metabolism of the glycerol component of fat and from the gluconeogenic amino acids in protein when a very low carbohydrate diet is consumed. Aging. It is well known that the overall rate of energy metabolism decreases with aging (Roberts, 2000a). Also, the total body glucose oxida- tion rate is decreased, but only modestly. In adults 70 years of age or older, the glucose oxidation rate was only about 10 percent less than in young adults between 19 and 29 years of age (Robert et al., 1982). The actual brain mass slowly decreases after age 45 to 55 years. In 76- to 80-year-old men, the average brain mass was 1.33 kg, and for women in the same age range it was 1.19 kg (i.e., a loss of 8 to 9 percent of mass) (Dekaban and Sadawosky, 1978). This decrease is similar to that reported from autopsy data in Japan (mean 1,422 to 1,336 g) (Yamaura et al., 1980). Whether glucose oxidation changes out of proportion to brain mass remains a controversial issue (Gottstein and Held, 1979; Leenders et al., 1990). In any case, the decrease in brain glucose oxidation rate is not likely to be substantially less. Therefore, the EAR is the same for all adults. There is no evidence to indicate that a certain amount of carbohydrate should be provided as starch or sugars. However, most individuals do not choose to eat a diet in which sugars exceed approximately 30 percent of energy (Nuttall and Gannon, 1981). Carbohydrate EAR and RDA Summary, Ages 19 Years and Older EAR for Men 19â30 years 100 g/d of carbohydrate 31â50 years 100 g/d of carbohydrate 51â70 years 100 g/d of carbohydrate > 70 years 100 g/d of carbohydrate EAR for Women 19â30 years 100 g/d of carbohydrate 31â50 years 100 g/d of carbohydrate 51â70 years 100 g/d of carbohydrate > 70 years 100 g/d of carbohydrate The RDA for carbohydrate is set by using a CV of 15 percent based on the variation in brain glucose utilization. The RDA is defined as equal to the
290 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES EAR plus twice the CV to cover the needs of 97 to 98 percent of the individuals in the group (therefore, for carbohydrate the RDA is 130 per- cent of the EAR). RDA for Men 19â30 years 130 g/d of carbohydrate 31â50 years 130 g/d of carbohydrate 51â70 years 130 g/d of carbohydrate > 70 years 130 g/d of carbohydrate RDA for Women 19â30 years 130 g/d of carbohydrate 31â50 years 130 g/d of carbohydrate 51â70 years 130 g/d of carbohydrate > 70 years 130 g/d of carbohydrate Pregnancy Evidence Considered in Estimating the Average Requirement Pregnancy results in an increased metabolic rate and thus an increased fuel requirement. This increased fuel requirement is due to the establish- ment of the placentalâfetal unit and an increased energy supply for growth and development of the fetus. It is also necessary for the maternal adapta- tion to the pregnant state and for moving about the increased mass of the pregnant woman. This increased need for metabolic fuel often includes an increased maternal storage of fat early in pregnancy, as well as suffi- cient energy to sustain the growth of the fetus during the last trimester of pregnancy (Knopp et al., 1973). In spite of the recognized need for increased energy-yielding substrates imposed by pregnancy, the magnitude of need, as well as how much of the increased requirement needs to be met from exogenous sources, remains incompletely understood and is highly variable (Tables 5-23 through 5-27). There is general agreement that the additional food energy requirement is relatively small. Several doubly labeled water studies indicate a progres- sive increase in total energy expenditure over the 36 weeks of pregnancy (Forsum et al., 1992; Goldberg et al., 1993; Kopp-Hoolihan et al., 1999) (Table 5-27). The mean difference in energy expenditure between week 0 and 36 in the studies was approximately 460 kcal/d and is proportional to body weight. The developing fetus utilizes glucose as an energy-yielding substrate. However, there is some evidence that the fetus can utilize maternally pro-
291 D IETARY CARBOHYDRATES: SUGARS AND STARCHES vided ketoacids. The fetus does not utilize significant amounts of free fatty acids (Rudolf and Sherwin, 1983). As part of the adaptation to pregnancy, there is a decrease in maternal blood glucose concentration, a development of insulin resistance, and a tendency to develop ketosis (Burt and Davidson, 1974; Cousins et al., 1980; Phelps et al., 1981; Rudolf and Sherwin, 1983; Ryan et al., 1985). A higher mean respiratory quotient for both the basal metabolic rate and total 24-hour energy expenditure has also been reported in pregnant women when compared to the postpartum period. This indicates an increased utilization of glucose by the maternalâfetal unit. The increased glucose utilization rate persists after fasting, indicating an increased endogenous production rate as well (Assel et al., 1993; Kalhan et al., 1997) (see Chapter 5). Thus, irrespective of whether there is an increase in total energy expenditure, these data indicate an increase in glucose utilization. Earlier, it was reported that the glucose turnover in the overnight fasted state based on maternal weight gain remains unchanged from that in the nonpregnant state (Cowett et al., 1983; Kalhan et al., 1979). The fetus reportedly uses approximately 8 ml O2/kg/min or 56 kcal/ kg/d (Sparks et al., 1980). For a 3-kg term fetus, this is equivalent to 168 kcal/d. The transfer of glucose from the mother to the fetus has been estimated to be 17 to 26 g/d in late gestation (Hay, 1994). If this is the case, then glucose can only account for approximately 51 percent of the total oxidizable substrate transferred to the fetus at this stage of gestation. The mean newborn infant brain weight is reported to be approximately 380 g (Dekaban and Sadowsky, 1978). Assuming the glucose consumption rate is the same for infants and adults (approximately 33 µmol/100 g of brain/min or 8.64 g/100 g of brain/d) (see âAdults Ages 19 Years and Olderâ), and that ketoacids do not supply a significant amount of oxidiz- able substrate for the fetal brain in utero, the glucose requirement at the end of pregnancy would be approximately 32.5 g/d. This is greater than the total amount of glucose transferred daily from the mother to the fetus. Data obtained in newborns indicate that glucose oxidation can only account for approximately 70 percent of the brainâs estimated fuel require- ment (Denne and Kalhan, 1986). Whether this is the case in the late-term fetus is not known. However, the fetal brain can clearly utilize ketoacids (Patel et al., 1975). In addition, an increase in circulating ketoacids is common in pregnant women (Homko et al., 1999). Taken together, these data suggest that ketoacids may be utilized by the fetal brain in utero. If nonglucose sources (largely ketoacids) supply 30 percent of the fuel requirement of the fetal brain, then the brain glucose utilization rate would be 23 g/d (32.5 g à 0.70). This is essentially the same as the average maternalâfetal glucose transfer rate (mean 22 g, range 17 to 26 g) (Hay,
292 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES 1994). These data also indicate that the fetal brain utilizes essentially all of the glucose derived from the mother. In order to assure provision of glucose to the fetal brain (approxi- mately 33 g/d) as a fuel in the absence of utilization of a lipid-derived fuel, as well as to supply the glucose fuel requirement for the motherâs brain independent of utilization of ketoacids (or other substrates), the EAR for metabolically available dietary carbohydrate is the EAR for nonpregnant women (100 g/d) plus the additional amount required during the last trimester of pregnancy (35 g/d), or 135 g/d. There is no evidence to indicate that a certain portion of the carbohydrate must be consumed as starch or sugars. EAR and RDA Summary, Pregnancy EAR for Pregnancy 14â18 years 135 g/d of carbohydrate 19â30 years 135 g/d of carbohydrate 31â50 years 135 g/d of carbohydrate The RDA for carbohydrate is set by using a CV of 15 percent based on the variation in brain glucose utilization. The RDA is defined as equal to the EAR plus twice the CV to cover the needs of 97 to 98 percent of the individuals in the group (therefore, for carbohydrate the RDA is 130 percent of the EAR). The calculated values for the RDAs have been rounded. RDA for Pregnancy 14â18 years 175 g/d of carbohydrate 19â30 years 175 g/d of carbohydrate 31â50 years 175 g/d of carbohydrate Lactation Evidence Considered in Estimating the Average Requirement The requirement for carbohydrate is increased during lactation. The lactose content of human milk is approximately 74 g/L; this concentration changes very little during the nursing period. Therefore, the amount of precursors necessary for lactose synthesis must increase. Lactose is synthe- sized from glucose and as a consequence, an increased supply of glucose must be obtained from ingested carbohydrate or from an increased supply of amino acids in order to prevent utilization of the lactating womanâs endogenous proteins. Glycerol derived from endogenous or exogenous
293 D IETARY CARBOHYDRATES: SUGARS AND STARCHES fat may contribute to the increased production of glucose through gluco- neogenesis. However, the amount of fat that can be oxidized daily greatly limits the contribution of glycerol to glucose production and thus lactose formation. The EAR during lactation is the sum of the carbohydrate intake neces- sary to replace the carbohydrate secreted in human milk (60 g/d) and the EAR for adolescent girls and women (100 g/d). The EAR for carbohydrate during lactation is set at 160 g/d. EAR and RDA Summary, Lactation EAR for Lactation 14â18 years 160 g/d of carbohydrate 19â30 years 160 g/d of carbohydrate 31â50 years 160 g/d of carbohydrate The RDA for carbohydrate is set by using a CV of 15 percent based on the variation in brain glucose utilization. The RDA is defined as equal to the EAR plus twice the CV to cover the needs of 97 to 98 percent of the individuals in the group (therefore, for carbohydrate the RDA is 130 per- cent of the EAR). The calculated values for the RDAs have been rounded. RDA for Lactation 14â18 years 210 g/d of carbohydrate 19â30 years 210 g/d of carbohydrate 31â50 years 210 g/d of carbohydrate Special Considerations Individuals adapted to a very low carbohydrate diet can perform ade- quately for extended periods of time at power outputs represented by exercise at less than 65 percent O2 max (Miller and Wolfe, 1999). For extended periods of power output exceeding this level, the dependence on carbohydrate as a fuel increases rapidly to near total dependence (Miller and Wolfe, 1999). Therefore, for such individuals there must be a corre- sponding increase in carbohydrate derived directly from carbohydrate- containing foods. Additional consumption of dietary protein may assist in meeting the need through gluconeogenesis, but it is unlikely to be con- sumed in amounts necessary to meet the individualâs need. A requirement for such individuals cannot be determined since the requirement for carbohydrate will depend on the particular energy expenditure for some defined period of time (Brooks and Mercier, 1994).
294 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES INTAKE OF CARBOHYDRATES Food Sources White, brown, and raw sugars represent different forms and purifica- tion of sucrose. Corn syrups are the hydrolytic products of starch digestion. They are composed of various proportions of glucose (dextrose), maltose, trisaccharides, and higher molecular-weight products including some starch itself. Another source of carbohydrate, high fructose corn syrup, is often misunderstood. These syrups are also derived from cornstarch through the conversion of a portion of the glucose present in starch into fructose. The fructose content present in corn syrup is 42, 55, or 90 percent. The great majority of the remaining content is glucose. Other sources of sugars include malt syrup, comprised largely of sucrose; honey, which resembles sucrose in its composition but is composed of individual glucose and fruc- tose molecules; and molasses, a by-product of table sugar production. With the introduction of high fructose corn sweeteners in 1967, the amount of âfreeâ fructose in the diet of Americans has increased consider- ably (Hallfrisch, 1990). Nonalcoholic beverages (e.g., soft drinks and fruit- flavored drinks) are the major dietary sources of added fructose; fruits and fruit products are the major dietary sources of naturally occurring fructose (Park and Yetley, 1993). Using 1994â1996 U.S. Department of Agriculture food consumption survey data, nondiet soft drinks were the leading source of added sugars in Americansâ diets, accounting for one-third of added sugars intake (Guthrie and Morton, 2000). This was followed by sugars and sweets (16 percent), sweetened grains (13 percent), fruit ades/drinks (10 percent), sweetened dairy (9 percent), and breakfast cereals and other grains (10 percent). Together, these foods and beverages accounted for 90 percent of Ameri- cansâ added sugars intake. Gibney and colleagues (1995) reported that dairy foods contributed 31 percent of the total sugar intakes in children, and fruits contributed 17 percent of the sugars for all ages. Grains and certain vegetables are the major contributors of starch. The majority of carbohydrate occurs as starch in corn, tapioca, flour, cereals, popcorn, pasta, rice, potatoes, and crackers. Fruits and darkly colored vegetables contain little or no starch. Dietary Intake Data from the 1994â1996, 1998 Continuing Food Survey of Intakes by Individuals (CSFII) indicates that the median intake of carbohydrate was approximately 220 to 330 g/d for men and 180 to 230 g/d for women in the United States (Appendix Table E-2). This represents 49 to 50 percent
295 D IETARY CARBOHYDRATES: SUGARS AND STARCHES of energy intake (Appendix Table E-3). Between 10 and 25 percent of adults consumed less than 45 percent of energy from carbohydrate. Less than 5 percent of adults consumed more than 65 percent of energy from carbohydrate (Appendix Table E-3). Median carbohydrate intakes of Canadian men and women during 1990 to 1997 ranged from approximately 47 to 50 percent of energy intake (Appendix Table F-2). More than 25 percent of men consumed less than 45 percent of energy from carbohydrate, whereas between 10 and 25 per- cent of women consumed below this level. Less than 5 percent of Canadian men and women consumed more than 65 percent of energy from carbo- hydrate. Data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey shows that the median intake of added sugars widely ranged from 10 to 30 tsp/d for adults, which is equivalent to 40 to 120 g/d of sugars (1 tsp = 4 g of sugar) (Appendix Table D-1). Based on data from CFSII, the mean intake of added sugars in the U.S. population aged 2 and older was 82 g, accounting for 15.8 percent of the total energy intake (Guthrie and Morton, 2000). ADVERSE EFFECTS OF OVERCONSUMPTION Hazard Identification Sugars such as sucrose (e.g., white sugar), fructose (e.g., high-fructose corn syrup), and dextrose that are present in foods have been associated with various adverse effects. These sugars may be either naturally occur- ring or added to foods. Potential adverse effects from consuming a high carbohydrate diet, including sugars and starches, are discussed in detail in Chapter 11. Behavior The concept that sugars might adversely affect behavior was first reported by Shannon (1922). The notion that intake of sugars is related to hyperactivity, especially in children, is based on two physiological theories: (1) an allergic reaction to refined sugars (Egger et al., 1985; Speer, 1954) and (2) a hypoglycemic response (Cott, 1977). A number of studies have been conducted to find a correlation between intake of sugars and adverse behavior; some have been reviewed by White and Wolraich (1995). Most of the intervention studies looked at the behavior effects of sugars within a few hours after ingestion, and therefore the long-term effects are unclear. The cross-sectional studies are not capable of determining if the sugars caused adverse behavior or adverse behavior resulted in increased sugar
296 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES consumption. A meta-analysis of 23 studies conducted over a 12-year period concluded that sugar intake does not affect either behavior or cognitive performance in children (Wolraich et al., 1995) (Figure 6-2). Therefore, altered behavior cannot be used as an adverse effect for setting a Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) for sugars. Dental Caries Sugars play a significant role in the development of dental caries (Walker and Cleaton-Jones, 1992), but much less information is known about the role of starch in the development of dental caries (Lingstrom et al., 2000). Early childhood dental caries, also known as baby-bottle tooth decay or nursing caries, affects about 3 to 6 percent of children (Fitzsimons et al., 1998). This is associated with frequent, prolonged use of baby bottles containing fermentable sugars (e.g., cowâs milk, infant formula, fruit juice, soft drinks, and other sweetened drinks), at-will breast-feeding, and con- tinual use of a sweetened pacifier (Fitzsimons et al., 1998). Increased consumption of sugar-containing foods has been associated with a deterio- ration of dental health in 5-year-old children (Holbrook et al., 1995). Chil- dren 5 or 8 years of age who consumed sweet snacks between meals more than five times a day had significantly higher mean decayed and missing teeth and filled scores than children with a lower consumption (Kalsbeek and Verrips, 1994). Root caries in middle-aged and elderly adults was sig- nificantly associated with sucrose consumption (Papas et al., 1995). FIGURE 6-2 Weighted mean effect sizes and 95 percent confidence intervals (CI) by measurement construct following meta-analysis of 23 studies on the effect of sugar intake on behavior and cognition. Reprinted, with permission, from Wolraich et al. (1995). Copyright 1995 by the American Medical Association.
297 D IETARY CARBOHYDRATES: SUGARS AND STARCHES Dental caries is a disorder of multifactorial causation. Hence, it is diffi- cult to rationalize the relationship of sugars and dental caries as simply âcause-and-effectâ (Walker and Cleaton-Jones, 1992). Caries occurrence is influenced by frequency of meals and snacks, oral hygiene (tooth-brushing frequency), water fluoridation, fluoride supplementation, and fluoride toothpaste (Holbrook et al., 1995; Mascarenhas, 1998; McDonagh et al., 2000; Shaw, 1987). Fluoride alters the sugarsâcaries doseâresponse curve. Caries has declined in many industrialized countries and in areas with water fluoridation (McDonagh et al., 2000). Because of the various factors that can contribute to dental caries, it is not possible to determine an intake level of sugars at which increased risk of dental caries can occur. Triacylglycerol, LDL, and HDL Cholesterol Concentration Sugars. Fructose is more lipogenic than glucose or starches (Cohen and Schall, 1988; Reiser and Hallfrisch, 1987); however, the precise bio- chemical basis for this mechanism has not been elucidated (Roche, 1999). There is some evidence that increased intake of sugars is positively associated with plasma triacylglycerol and low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol concentrations (Table 6-7). The data on triacylglycerol concentration is mixed with a number of studies showing an increase in concentration with increased sucrose, glucose, or fructose concentration (Albrink and Ullrich, 1986; Hayford et al., 1979; Kaufmann et al., 1966; Mann et al., 1973, Rath et al., 1974; Reiser et al., 1979a, 1989; Yudkin et al., 1986), whereas other studies have shown no effect (Bossetti et al., 1984; Crapo and Kolterman, 1984; Dunnigan et al., 1970; Hallfrisch et al., 1983; Mann and Truswell, 1972; Surwit et al., 1997; Swanson et al., 1992). Smith and colleagues (1996) demonstrated that hypertriacylglycerolemia could be reduced in some people with the reduction (73 percent) of extrinsic sucrose in the diet. The investigators reported reduced plasma triacylglycerol concentrations in 32 hypertriacylglycerolemic individuals by greater than 20 percent, and the reduction remained significant with the control of weight loss. Parks and Hellerstein (2000) published an exhaus- tive review of carbohydrate-induced hypertriacylglycerolemia and concluded that it is more extreme if the carbohydrate content of a high carbohydrate diet consists primarily of monosaccharides, particularly fructose, rather than oligo- and polysaccharides. Purified diets, whether based on starch or monosaccharides, induce hypertriacylglycerolemia more readily than diets higher in fiber in which most of the carbohydrate is derived from unprocessed whole foods, and possibly result in a lower glycemic index and reduced postprandial insulin response (Jenkins et al., 1987b).
298 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES TABLE 6-7 Dietary Sugars and Blood Lipid Concentrations in Healthy Subjects Study Population/ Reference Dietary Intervention Triacylglycerol Concentration (mmol/L) Kaufmann 3 men and 1 woman, 2 males: no difference between diets et al., 1966 10â35 d/diet 1 male (ad lib to sucrose to fructose): 30% starch 0.98â1.98 to 2.76 to 4.50 30% sucrose 1 female (starch to fructose): 30% fructose 1.32â1.78 to 2.30â2.58 Dunnigan et al., 9 men and women, 4-wk 1970 crossover 1.05a 31% sucrose 1.04a sucrose-free Mann and 9 men, 2-wk Truswell, crossover 1.10a 1972 23% sucrose 1.11a 23% starch Mann et al., 9 men, 2-wk 1973 crossover 1.66a 17% sucrose 1.84b 34% sucrose 1.50a 34% sucrose + polyunsaturated fatty acids Rath et al., 6 men, 2- to 5-wk Significant increase with 1974 crossover 52% sucrose 17% sucrose 52% sucrose Hayford et al., 8 men, 10-d 1979 crossover 0.87a 45% sucrose 1.31b 65% sucrose 0.80a 45% glucose 1.33b 65% glucose Reiser et al., 19 men and women, Men Women 1979a 6-wk crossover Baseline 6 wk Baseline 6 wk 1.28a 1.42a 1.06a 0.98a 30% starch 1.54a 1.86b 1.06a 1.23b 30% sucrose Hallfrisch 12 men, 5-wk crossover 0.97a et al., 1983 0% fructose, 15% starch 1.07a 7.5% fructose, 7.5% starch 1.04a 15% fructose, 0% starch Bossetti et al., 8 men and women, 140-d 1984 crossover Baseline 14 d 0.60a 0.63a 11â16% sucrose 0.80a 0.56a 11â16% fructose
299 D IETARY CARBOHYDRATES: SUGARS AND STARCHES Low Density Lipoprotein High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Concentration Cholesterol Concentration (mmol/L) (mmol/L) 3.52a 1.01a 3.76b 1.05a 3.70b 1.07a Baseline 14 d Baseline 14 d 2.38a 2.35a 1.42a 1.37a 2.59a 2.48a 1.42a 1.40a continued
300 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES TABLE 6-7 Continued Study Population/ Reference Dietary Intervention Triacylglycerol Concentration (mmol/L) Crapo and 11 men and women, 14-d No significant difference Kolterman, crossover 1984 24% sucrose 24% fructose Albrink and 6 men per group, 11 d Significant increase when fed 36% or Ullrich, 1986 0% sucrose 52% sucrose and a diet containing 18% sucrose less than 14 g of fiber 36% sucrose 52% sucrose Yudkin et al., 14 men, 14-d crossover 1.02a 1986 18% sucrose 1.11a 37% sucrose 1.09a 19% sucrose 26 men, 14-d crossover 1.33a 23% sucrose 1.05b 9% sucrose 1.23a 24% sucrose Reiser et al., 11 men, 5-wk crossover 0.84a 1989 20% fructose 0.70b 20% starch Swanson et al., 14 men and women, 4-wk 1992 crossover Baseline 4 wk 1.16a 0.96a 19% fructose, 25% starch 1.02a 0.94a < 3% fructose, 39% starch Surwit et al., 42 women, 6-wk 1997 intervention 1.05a 4% sucrose 1.08a 43% sucrose Marckmann 20 women, 2-wk crossover 0.81a et al., 2000 2.5% sucrose, 59% carbohydrate 0.96b 23.2% sucrose, 59% carbohydrate Saris et al., 390 adults, 6-mo parallel 1.29a 2000 18.8% sugar, 52% carbohydrate 1.46a 29.5% sugar, 56% carbohydrate a,b Different lettered superscripts within each study indicate that values were signifi- cantly different.
301 D IETARY CARBOHYDRATES: SUGARS AND STARCHES Low Density Lipoprotein High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Concentration Cholesterol Concentration (mmol/L) (mmol/L) Significant reduction in high density lipoprotein concentration with fructose Significant decline observed for Significantly lower for 18%, 0% and 18% sucrose diets 36%, and 52% sucrose diets 1.27a 1.07b 1.42a 1.30a 1.27a 1.26a 3.06a 1.16a 2.73b 1.11a Baseline 4 wk Baseline 4 wk 2.62a 2.73a 1.28a 1.30a 2.65a 2.46b 1.32a 1.22a 2.38a 1.03a 2.60b 1.06a 2.43a 1.34a 2.72b 1.38a 3.68a 1.20a 3.61a 1.15a
302 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES Increases in LDL cholesterol concentration have been observed more consistently with increases in sugar intake (Table 6-7). Increases in LDL cholesterol concentration were reported when 7.5 and 15 percent fructose replaced an equal amount of starch (Hallfrisch et al., 1983), 36 and 52 per- cent sucrose were fed compared with 0 and 18 percent sucrose (Albrink and Ullrich, 1986), 20 percent fructose replaced an equal amount of starch (Reiser et al., 1989), and 19 percent fructose was fed compared with less than 3 percent fructose (Swanson et al., 1992). In general, most epidemiological studies have shown an inverse relation- ship between sugar intake and high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol concentration (Archer et al., 1998; Bolton-Smith et al., 1991; Ernst et al., 1980; Tillotson et al., 1997). Of the nine intervention studies reviewed, five showed no difference in HDL cholesterol concentration with varying intakes of sugars (Bossetti et al., 1984; Hallfrisch et al., 1983; Reiser et al., 1989; Swanson et al., 1992; Surwit et al., 1997). A significant decrease in HDL cholesterol concentration was observed when 24 percent fructose replaced the same amount of sucrose (Crapo and Kolterman, 1984); 37 percent sucrose was fed compared with 18 or 19 percent sucrose (Yudkin et al., 1986); and 18, 36, and 52 percent sucrose was fed compared with 0 per- cent sucrose (Albrink and Ullrich, 1986). Kant (2000) used the Third National Health and Nutrition Examina- tion Survey (NHANES III) survey to examine the association between the consumption of energy-dense, nutrient-poor (EDNP) foods on lipid pro- files. EDNP foods such as visible fats, nutritive sweeteners and sweetened beverages, desserts, and snacks have high fat and/or high carbohydrate and poor micronutrient content. HDL cholesterol concentration was inversely related and serum homocysteine concentration was positively related to EDNP food intake. Both serum homocysteine and HDL cholesterol concentrations are independent risk factors for cardiovascular disease (Aronow and Ahn, 1998; Boushey et al., 1995). GI. In controlled studies, the consumption of high glycemic index (GI) diets has generally resulted in modest increases in circulating con- centrations of hemoglobin A1c, total serum cholesterol, and triacylglycerols, as well as decreased circulating HDL cholesterol and urinary C-peptide concentrations in diabetic and hyperlipidemic individuals (Table 6-8). Furthermore, studies on dyslipidemic individuals show that a low GI diet can reduce cholesterol and triacylglycerol concentrations (Jenkins et al., 1985, 1987b). Data are limited for healthy individuals as only one study has measured the effect of predicted GI on blood lipid concentrations (Jenkins et al., 1987a). This study showed a 15 and 13 percent reduction in total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol concentration, respectively, when the GI was reduced by 41 (Jenkins et al., 1987a).
303 D IETARY CARBOHYDRATES: SUGARS AND STARCHES A significant negative relationship between GI and HDL cholesterol concentration was reported in two epidemiological studies (Ford and Liu, 2001; Frost et al., 1999) (Table 6-9 and Figure 6-3). Only the negative relationship to glycemic load was significant for postmenopausal women (Liu et al., 2001). HDL cholesterol concentrations were more responsive to changes in GI in women than in men (Figure 6-3). In contrast, Ford and Liu (2001) reported a more pronounced response in men than in women. Thus, although there is evidence for an association between high GI and risk factors for cardiovascular disease (Haffner et al., 1988a; Morris and Zemel, 1999), further controlled studies are needed. CHD. Four epidemiological studies have shown no risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) from consuming naturally occurring or added sugars (Bolton-Smith and Woodward, 1994a; Kushi et al., 1985; Liu et al., 1982, 2000; McGee et al., 1984) (see Table 11-7). Two epidemiological studies have been conducted to relate the risk of CHD with GI (Liu et al., 2000; van Dam et al., 2000) (Table 6-9). One study showed increased risk of CHD with increasing GI, but for only those with a body mass index greater than 23 (Liu et al., 2000). van Dam and coworkers (2000) observed no association between GI and risk of CHD in elderly men. Thus, there are insufficient data for setting a UL based on increased risk for CHD. Insulin Sensitivity and Type 2 Diabetes Sugars. Insulin has three major effects on glucose metabolism: it decreases hepatic glucose output, it increases glucose utilization in muscle and adipose tissue, and it enhances glycogen production in the liver and muscle. Insulin sensitivity measures the ability to do these effectively. Indi- viduals vary genetically in their insulin sensitivity, some being much more efficient than others (Reaven, 1999). Obesity is related to decreased insulin sensitivity (Kahn et al., 2001), which can also be influenced by fat intake (see Chapter 11) and exercise. Two prospective cohort studies showed no risk of diabetes from con- suming increased amounts of sugars (Colditz et al., 1992; Meyer et al., 2000). Furthermore, a negative association was observed between increased sucrose intake and risk of diabetes (Meyer et al., 2000). Intervention studies that have evaluated the effect of sugar intakes on insulin concentration and insulin resistance portray mixed results. Dunnigan and coworkers (1970) reported no difference in glucose tolerance and plasma insulin concentration after 0 or 31 percent sucrose was consumed for 4 weeks. Reiser and colleagues (1979b) reported that when 30 percent starch was replaced with 30 percent sucrose, insulin concentration was significantly elevated; however, serum glucose concentration did not differ.
304 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES TABLE 6-8 Controlled Studies of Low Glycemic Index (GI) Diets on Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism in Healthy, Diabetic, and Hyperlipidemic Subjects Type of Change in Glycated Reference Study Design Diet GI Proteins Healthy subjects Jenkins et al., 6 men, 2 wk â41 Fructosamine 1987a Kiens and Richter, 7 young men, 30 d â24 Not reported 1996 Frost et al., 25 women, 3 wk â18 Not reported 1998 Diabetic subjects Collier et al., 7 type I children, â12 Albumin 1988 6 wk Fontvieille et al., 8 type I men â14 Fructosamine 1988 and women, 3 wk Jenkins et al., 8 type II men â23 HbA1c 1988a and women, 2 wk Fructosamine Brand et al., 16 type II men â14 HbA1c 1991 and women, 12 wk Fontvieille et al., 18 type I and II â26 Fructosamine 1992 men and women, 5 wk Wolever et al., 15 type II men â27 Fructosamine 1992a and women, 2 wk Wolever et al., 6 type II over- â28 Fructosamine 1992b weight men and women, 6 wk
305 D IETARY CARBOHYDRATES: SUGARS AND STARCHES Change in Glycated Change in Blood Lipidsa (%) Commentsb Proteins (%) â7c,d â15 c,d TC â32%c,e urinary C-peptide excretion â13 c,d LDL-C â10%c,e creatinine clearance during the day Not reported Not reported Euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp showed no difference in glucose uptake between high and low GI diets at low plasma insulin, but glucose uptake was reduced at high plasma insulin with low GI diet Not reported Not reported Using short insulin tolerance test, in vivo insulin sensitivity improved after low GI diet â19 c,d â14 c,d TC Reduced postprandial glucose response to standard test meal with low GI diet â18.1c,d â5.8c,d TAG â8.9% c,d plasma phospholipids â6.1% c,d daily insulin needs â6.6 c,d â5.8c,d TC â30%c,d fasting blood glucose â6.6 c,d â11 c,e â11%c,e plasma glucose response to Not significant standard meal â12.1c,e â21.1c,e TAG â11%c,e fasting blood glucose â13.3%c,e mean daily blood glucose â3.4c,e â7c,e TC â30%c,e urinary C-peptide excretion â29%c,e postbreakfast blood glucose TAG rose on high GI diet (p = 0.027) and fell on low GI diet, but the difference between the two diets was not significant â8c,e â6.8c,e TC â22.4%c,e TAG for the 5 subjects with TAG > 2.2 mmol/L continued
306 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES TABLE 6-8 Continued Type of Change in Glycated Reference Study Design Diet GI Proteins Frost et al., 25 type II men â5 Fructosamine 1994 and women, 12 wk Järvi et al., 20 type II men â26 HbA1c 1999 and women, 2 d Fructosamine Luscombe et al., 21 type II men â20 Fructosamine 1999 and women, 4 wk Hyperlipidemic subjects Jenkins et al., 30 men and â17 Fructosamine 1987b women, 4 wk a TC = total cholesterol, LDL-C = low density lipoprotein cholesterol, TAG = triacylglycerols, HDL-C = high density lipoprotein cholesterol. b PAI-1 = plasminogen activator inhibitor-1. GI. There are well-recognized, short-term effects of high versus low GI carbohydrates on several key hormones and metabolites. In particular, compared to regular consumption of low GI carbohydrates, regular con- sumption of high GI carbohydrates results in high concentrations of circu- lating glucose and insulin (Table 6-8). In healthy individuals, there also appears to be an amplification of glucose and insulin responses to con- sumption of high GI foods with repeated consumption (Liljeberg et al., 1999). Based on associations between these metabolic parameters and risk of disease (DeFronzo et al., 1992; Groop and Eriksson, 1992; Haffner et al., 1988b, 1990; Martin et al., 1992; Rossetti et al., 1990; Warram et al., 1990), further controlled studies on GI and risk factors for diabetes are needed. Furthermore, studies are needed on the extent to which con- sumption of high GI diets might influence the development of diabetes compared to other putative dietary variables that also influence insulin secretion (e.g., dietary fiber). In prospective epidemiological studies, three of the four published studies support an association between GI and the development of type 2 diabetes (Table 6-9). Data from the Nursesâ Health Study illustrated a significant association between the dietary glycemic index and risk of type 2 diabetes that was significant both with and without an adjustment for
307 D IETARY CARBOHYDRATES: SUGARS AND STARCHES Change in Glycated Change in Blood Lipidsa (%) Commentsb Proteins (%) â15.8c,d â11.3c,d TC â21.3%c,d fasting blood glucose â26.3c,d TAG â5.9c,d â5.2c,e TC â31%c,e 9-h blood glucose profile â2.5c,e â8.3c,e LDL-C â53%c,d PAI-1 activity Not significant +5.7c,e HDL-C Fasting plasma glucose did not significantly differ between the diets Not significant When TAG > 2 24-h urinary C-peptide was not significantly mmol/L different â8.8c,e TC Changes in weight loss and fat intake did â9.1c,e LDL-C not explain the lipid effects â19.3c,e TAG c Significant effect (p < 0.05). d Treatment difference (across treatment). e Endpoint difference (between treatment). cereal fiber intake (Salmerón et al., 1997b). In contrast, the Iowa Womenâs Health Study showed no significant relationship between GI and the devel- opment of type 2 diabetes after adjusting for total dietary fiber, although the association was positive in the GI range of 59 to 71 and then declined with GI values greater than 71 (Meyer et al., 2000). The reasons for the discrepancy between studies are not known, but may be related to the accuracy of dietary intake records, the imprecision in calculating GI from reported diets, and the age of individuals entering the investigations. There are currently no intervention trials in which dietary GI is manipulated and development of chronic diseases monitored; such studies are needed. Obesity Sugars. Several studies have been conducted to determine the rela- tionship between total (intrinsic plus added) and added sugars intake and energy intake (Table 6-10). The Department of Health Survey of British School Children showed that as total sugar intake increased from less than 20.7 percent of energy to up to 25.2 percent of energy, intake increased by approximately 100 kcal/d (Gibson, 1993). In contrast, the Bogalusa Heart
308 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES TABLE 6-9 Cross-Sectional and Cohort Studies on the Relation of Glycemic Index (GI) to the Risk of Diabetes, Coronary Heart Disease (CHD), and Cancer and Its Association with High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDL-C) Concentration and Glucated Hemoglobin (HbAlc) in Diabetes References Study Design GI Diabetes Salmerón et al., 42,759 healthy, male Quintile mean 1997a health professionals 65 Cohort, 6-y follow-up 70 73 75 79 Salmerón et al., 65,173 healthy, female Quintile mean 1997b nurses 64 Cohort, 6-y follow-up 68 71 73 77 Meyer et al., 35,988 postmenopausal 2000 women < 58 Cohort, 6-y follow-up 59â65 66â71 72â80 > 80 Buyken et al., 2,810 type I diabetic 2001 men and women 58.2â77.7 Cross-sectional study 79.8â81.5 81.5â85.5 85.5â111.5 Hu et al., 84,941 healthy, female 2001 nurses Cohort, 16-y follow-up CHD and related parameters Frost et al., 1,420 British adults Mean: 86 1999 Cross-sectional study
309 D IETARY CARBOHYDRATES: SUGARS AND STARCHES Main Effecta Commentsb RR of diabetes p for trend = 0.03 after adjustment for 1.00 cereal fiber intake 1.16 For high GL plus low cereal fiber intake, the 1.19 RR of diabetes was 2.17 (1.04â4.54) 1.20 1.37 RR of diabetes p for trend = 0.005 after adjustment for 1.00 cereal fiber intake 1.21 Significant association between glycemic 1.37 load and risk of diabetes (RR = 1.47 1.37 for 5th quintile) 1.37 RR of diabetes GI and GL were not associated with risk 1.00 of diabetes 1.19 1.26 0.96 0.89 HbA1c (%) Using bivariate model, serum HDL-C 6.05 was inversely associated with GI 6.27 (p for trend = 0.0001), and TAG 6.59 was positively associated with GI 6.55 (p for trend = 0.01) Significant association between GL and risk of diabetes (p trend < 0.001); this is an updated analysis from Salmerón et al. (1997b) that includes 3,300 new cases of type 2 diabetes Negative relationship between GI and HDL-C (p < 0.0001) continued
310 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES TABLE 6-9 Continued References Study Design GI Liu et al., 75,521 female nurses GI quintile mean 2000 Cohort, 10-y follow-up by GL score 72 75 77 78 80 van Dam et al., 646 elderly Dutch men Tertile median 2000 Prospective analysis 77 82 85 Ford and Liu, 13,907 men and women 2001 Cross-sectional study < 76 76â79 80â83 84â87 > 87 Liu et al., 280 postmenopausal 2001 women Quintile mean Prospective analysis 68 73 75 77 81 Cancer Franceschi Italian men and women et al., 2001 with colon cancer 1,953 cases < 70.8 4,154 controls 70.8â73.8 73.9â76.5 76.6â79.6 > 79.6 a RR = relative risk, OR = odds ratio. b GL = glycemic load, TAG = triacylglycerol, BMI = body mass index. Study reported a significant decrease in energy intake with increased total sugar intake (Nicklas et al., 1996). A negative correlation between total sugar intake and body mass index (BMI) has been consistently reported for children and adults (Bolton-Smith and Woodward, 1994b; Dreon et al., 1988; Dunnigan et al., 1970; Fehily et al., 1984; Gibson, 1993, 1996b; Miller
311 D IETARY CARBOHYDRATES: SUGARS AND STARCHES Main Effecta Commentsb RR of CHD associated with high glycemic RR of CHD load only for those with BMI > 23 1.00 1.01 1.25 1.51 1.98 RR of CHD No association between GI and risk of CHD 1.00 (p for trend = 0.7) 1.12 1.11 Serum HDL-C (mmol/L) p for trend < 0.001 1.36 The decrease in HDL-C was similar for subjects with BMI < 25 and those with BMI ⥠25 1.31 1.30 1.27 1.28 Plasma HDL-C Plasma TAG Nonsignificant negative association (mmol/L) (mmol/L) between GI and HDL-C concentration 1.45 1.16 (p for trend = 0.1) 1.42 1.20 Nonsignificant positive association between 1.42 1.14 GI and TAG concentration 1.40 1.27 (p for trend = 0.03) 1.29 1.37 OR of colon and p for trend < 0.001 rectum cancer Similar findings for glycemic load 1.0 1.3 1.6 1.5 1.7 et al., 1990) (Table 6-11). A study of 42 women compared the effects of a high sucrose (43 percent of total energy) and low sucrose (4 percent of total energy), low fat (11 percent total energy) hypoenergetic diet (Surwit et al., 1997). There were no significant differences between groups in total body weight lost during the intervention. On the other hand, a study using
312 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES HDL (Cholesterol Concentration (mmol/L) Glycemic Index (quintiles) FIGURE 6-3 Relation between high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol con- centration and five quintiles of glycemic index in men and women. Reprinted, with permission, from Frost et al. (1999). Copyright 1999 by Elsevier Science (The Lancet). 23 lean men, 23 obese men, 17 lean women, and 15 obese women found that lean and obese individuals of the same gender had similar total sugar intake (Miller et al., 1994). However, the obese individuals derived a greater percentage (38.0 to 47.9 percent) of their sugar intake from added sugars compared with lean individuals (25.2 to 31.4 percent). Increased added sugars intakes have been shown to result in increased energy intakes for children and adults (Bowman, 1999; Gibson 1996a, 1997; Lewis et al., 1992). Despite these observations, a negative correlation between added sugars intake and BMI has been observed (Bolton-Smith and Woodward, 1994b; Gibson, 1996a; Lewis et al., 1992). For adolescents, nonconsumers of soft drinks consumed 1,984 kcal/d in contrast to 2,604 kcal/d for those teens who consumed 26 or more oz of soft drinks per day (Harnack et al., 1999). Using NHANES III data, Troiano and colleagues (2000) found that soft drinks contributed a higher proportion of daily energy intake for overweight than for nonoverweight children and adoles- cents. Kant (2000) demonstrated a positive association between energy- dense, micronutrient-poor food and beverage consumption (visible fats, nutritive sweeteners, sweetened beverages, desserts, and snacks) and energy intake. Ludwig and colleagues (2001) examined the relationship between con- sumption of drinks sweetened with sugars and childhood obesity. They concluded that for each additional serving of the drinks consumed, the
313 D IETARY CARBOHYDRATES: SUGARS AND STARCHES odds of becoming obese increased by 60 percent. Drinks sweetened with sugars, such as soft drinks, have been suggested to promote obesity because compensation at subsequent meals for energy consumed in the form of a liquid could be less complete than for energy consumed as solid food (Mattes, 1996). Published reports disagree about whether a direct link exists between the trend toward increased intakes of sugars and increased rates of obesity. The lack of association in some studies may be partially due to the perva- sive problem of underreporting food intake, which is known to occur with dietary surveys (Johnson, 2000). Underreporting is more prevalent and severe by obese adolescents and adults than by their lean counterparts (Johnson, 2000). In addition, foods high in added sugars are selectively underreported (Krebs-Smith et al., 2000). Thus, it can be difficult to make conclusions about associations between sugars intake and BMI by using self-reported data. Based on the above data, it appears that the effects of increased intakes of total sugars on energy intake are mixed, and the increased intake of added sugars are most often associated with increased energy intake. There is no clear and consistent association between increased intake of added sugars and BMI. Therefore, the above data cannot be used to set a UL for either added or total sugars. GI. Although there have been several short-term studies on the rela- tionship between dietary GI and hunger, satiety, and energy intake at single meals, many of the studies are confounded by differences between test diets in variables other than GI (Roberts, 2000b). Among relatively con- trolled studies (Guss et al., 1994; Holt and Brand Miller, 1995; Ludwig et al., 1999; Rodin, 1991; Spitzer and Rodin, 1987), voluntary energy intake was 29 percent higher following consumption of high GI test meals or preloads compared to those of low GI, as summarized in Figure 6-4 (Roberts, 2000b). These data strongly suggest an effect of GI on short- term energy intake, but there are currently little data on the effect of GI on energy intake from longer-term clinical trials. Such data are necessary before the effects of the GI of carbohydrate-containing foods on energy regulation can be appropriately evaluated because the effects of GI on energy intake might become smaller over time. Obtaining data from clini- cal trials is especially important because although one nonblinded study reported greater weight loss success in obese patients treated with a low GI diet compared with a conventional low fat diet (Spieth et al., 2000), the two epidemiological studies reporting BMI in their evaluations of the rela- tionship between GI and development of chronic diseases observed no significant association between GI and BMI (Liu et al., 2000; Salmerón et al., 1997a, 1997b).
314 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES TABLE 6-10 Sugar and Energy Intake Sugar Intake Reference Design and Study (% of Energy) Total sugar Gibson, 1993 2,705 boys and girls Department of Health Survey of British < 20.7 School Children 20.7â25.2 > 25.2 Nicklas et al., 568 boys and girls, 10 y 18.0 1996 Bogalusa Heart Study 22.0 26.4 31.2 Farris et al., 568 boys and girls, 10 y 16.1 1998 Bogalusa Heart Study 23.5 28.2 35.6 Added sugar Lewis et al., Nationwide Food 1992 Consumption Survey (1977â1978) Gibson, 1996a 1,087 men and 1,110 women < 10 Dietary and Nutritional 10â13 Survey of British Adults 14â16 17â20 > 20 Gibson, 1997 1,675 boys and girls, 1.5â4.5 y < 12 U.K. National Diet and 12â16 Nutrition Survey of 16â20 Children 20â25 > 25 Bowman, 1999 Continuing Survey < 10 of Food Intakes by 10â18 Individuals > 18 (1994â1996) a,b,c Different lettered superscripts within each study indicate that values were signifi- cantly different.
315 D IETARY CARBOHYDRATES: SUGARS AND STARCHES Energy Intake (kcal) Boys Girls 10â11 y 14â15 y 10â11 y 14â15 y 1,954a 2,401a 1,753a 1,819a 2,095b 2,526b 1,838b 1,961b 2,066b 2,549b 1,871b 1,901a,b 2,291 2,245 2,274 2,016 2,249 2,286 2,144 2,061 High consumers of added sugars had greater energy intakes than consumers of moderate and low added sugars Men Women 2,219a 1,438a 2,430b 1,681b 2,455b,c 1,738b 2,549b,c 1,773b 2,596c 1,774b Boys Girls 1,129a 1,097a 1,168a,b 1,102a 1,187a,b 1,139a 1,188a,b 1,115a 1,217b 1,116a 1,860a 2,040b 2,049b
316 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES TABLE 6-11 Interventional and Epidemiological Data on Sugar Intake and Body Mass Index (BMI) Sugar Intake Reference Study Design (% of energy) Total sugars Dunnigan et al., 9 men and women, 31% sucrose 1970 4-wk crossover sucrose-free Fehily et al., 1984 493 men, 45â59 y 7-d weighed dietary record Dreon et al., 1988 155 obese men, 30â59 y 13.7 ± 8.4 g/1,000 7-d dietary record kcal Miller et al., 1990 107 men and 109 women, 18â71 y 24-h recall and 2-d dietary questionnaire Gibson, 1993 2,705 boys and girls Department of Health Survey of British School Children < 20.7 20.7â25.2 < 25.2 Quintile Bolton-Smith and 11,626 men and women, Woodward, 1994b 25â64 y 1 Scottish Heart Health 2 and MONICA studies 3 4 5 Gibson, 1996b 1,087 men and 1,110 women, Quintile 16â64 y 1 Dietary and Nutritional Survey 2 of British Adults 3 4 5
317 D IETARY CARBOHYDRATES: SUGARS AND STARCHES BMI (kg) 62.4 63.8 Significant negative association between sucrose intake and BMI Significant negative correlation between sucrose intake and BMI Significant negative correlation between sugar intake and percentage of body fat for women; no association for men Boys Girls 10â11 y 14â15 y 10â11 y 14â15 y 18.6a 20.2a 18.2a 21.2a 17.9a,b 20.0a,b 18.1a 20.2b 17.5b 19.2b 17.9a 19.8b Men Women 27.0 26.5 26.4 26.0 26.0 25.5 25.5 25.1 24.7 24.4 Significant negative correlation between sugar intake and BMI Men Women 24.9 25.4 25.3 24.7 25.2 24.5 24.8 23.8 24.4 24.4 Weak negative association between sugar intake and BMI continued
318 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES TABLE 6-11 Continued Sugar Intake Reference Study Design (% of energy) Added sugars Lewis et al., 1992 Nationwide Food Consumption Survey (1977â1978) Bolton-Smith and 11,626 men and women, Quintile Woodward, 1994b 25â64 y 1 Scottish Heart Health and 2 MONICA studies 3 4 5 Gibson, 1996a 1,087 men and 1,110 women, 16â64 y < 10 Dietary and Nutritional 10â13 Survey of British Adults 14â16 17â20 > 20 Ludwig et al., 2001 Planet Health intervention and evaluation project a,b,c,d Different lettered superscripts within each study indicate that values were signifi- cantly different. Physical Activity Although consumption of high GI test foods increases glucose oxida- tion and suppresses the availability of free fatty acids (Ritz et al., 1991), for factors that would be predicted to have an adverse effect on the capacity for endurance exercise there are conflicting reports on whether consump- tion of high GI diets prior to exercise results in measurably adverse exer- cise performance. Some studies report a negative effect of consumption of high GI carbohydrates prior to exercise compared with consumption of low GI carbohydrates (DeMarco et al., 1999; Gleeson et al., 1986; Okano et al., 1988; Thomas et al., 1991), while other studies report no effect on exercise performance (Chryssanthopoulos et al., 1994; Décombaz et al., 1985; Febbraio et al., 2000; Hargreaves et al., 1987; Sparks et al., 1998). It is possible that the level and duration of exercise and amount of test food have critical influences on the results obtained in such studies. Since the
319 D IETARY CARBOHYDRATES: SUGARS AND STARCHES BMI (kg) High consumers of added sugars tended to weigh less than moderate consumers Men Women 27.2 26.5 26.4 25.8 26.1 25.6 25.4 25.4 24.5 24.1 Significant negative correlation between added sugar intake and BMI Men Women 25.9a 26.0a 25.5a,b 24.9a,b 24.8b,c 24.2b 24.4c,d 24.1b 24.1c,d 23.8b Significant negative correlation between added sugar intake and BMI For each additional serving of sugar-sweetened drink consumed, BMI and frequency of obesity increased; baseline consumption of sugar-sweetened drinks was independently associated with change in BMI available studies are in considerable conflict, the potential for GI to impact exercise performance at submaximal levels of exercise seems limited. Lung Cancer One case-control study in Uruguay (463 cases and 465 controls) sug- gested that foods rich in sugars, total sucrose intake, sucrose-to-dietary fiber ratio, and GI were associated with increased risk of lung cancer (De Stefani et al., 1998). Breast Cancer The data examining sugars intake and breast cancer have been incon- sistent (World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer
320 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES Voluntary Energy Intake After Consumption of Test Meal (kcal) or Preload (consumption of low-GI test = 100) Test Meal/Preload FIGURE 6-4 Summary of data from crossover studies examining the effects of the glycemic index (GI) of test meals or preloads on subsequent energy intake. â from Spitzer and Rodin (1987), from Rodin (1991), from Guss et al. (1994), ⢠from Holt and Brand Miller (1995), â« from Ludwig et al. (1999). All published studies that used pairs of diets differing in GI that contained physiologic amounts of ener- gy, were isocaloric, and were approximately matched for all factors are summa- rized (i.e., data from 10% sugar solutions in Guss et al. and the high and medium GI meals only in Ludwig et al. ). Where energy intake was assessed at more than one time point, data from the longest period were used. Reprinted, with permission, from Roberts (2000b). Copyright 2000 by the International Life Sciences Institute. Research, 1997) and therefore are insufficient to determine a role of sugars in breast cancer (Burley, 1998). There are indications that insulin resis- tance and insulin-like growth factors may play a role in the development of breast cancer (Bruning et al., 1992; Kazer, 1995).
321 D IETARY CARBOHYDRATES: SUGARS AND STARCHES Prostate Cancer The Health Professionals Follow-Up Study (n = 47,781 men) demon- strated a reduced risk of advanced prostate cancer associated with increased fructose intakes. Both fruit intake and nonfruit sources of fructose predicted reduced risk of advanced prostate cancer (Giovannucci et al., 1998), but evidence to suggest a role of sugars in prostate cancer is lacking (Burley, 1998). Colorectal Cancer The World Cancer Research Fund and American Institute for Cancer Research (1997) reviewed the literature linking foods, nutrients, and dietary patterns with the risk of human cancers worldwide. Data from five case-control studies showed an increase in colorectal polyps and colorectal cancer risk across intakes of sugars and foods rich in sugars (Benito et al., 1990; Macquart-Moulin et al., 1986, 1987; Miller et al., 1983; Tuyns et al., 1988). The subgroups studied showed an elevated risk for those consum- ing 30 g or more per day compared with those eating less than 10 g/d. Others have concluded that high consumption of fruits and vegetables, as well as the avoidance of foods containing highly refined sugars, are likely to reduce the risk of colon cancer (Giovannucci and Willett, 1994). In many of the studies, sugars increased the risk of colorectal cancer while fiber and starch had the opposite effect. One investigator suggested that the positive association between high sugars consumption and colorectal cancer reflects a global dietary habit that is generally associated with an increased risk of colorectal cancer and may not indicate a biological effect of sugars on colon carcinogenesis (Macquart-Moulin et al., 1987). Burley (1997) concluded from a review of the available literature that there was insufficient evidence to conclude whether sugars had a role in colon cancer. Concerning a possible relationship between GI and colon cancer, two groups recently reported a case-control study suggesting increased risk of colon cancer among individuals consuming a high versus a low GI diet (Franceschi et al., 2001; Slattery et al., 1997). However, data from other types of investigations are currently unavailable. Summary GI There is a significant body of data suggesting that more slowly absorbed starchy foods that are less processed, or have been processed in traditional ways, may have health advantages over those that are rapidly
322 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES digested and absorbed. These foods have been classified as having a low GI and reduce the glycemic load of the diet. Not all studies of low GI or low glycemic load diets have resulted in beneficial effects. However, none have shown negative effects. At a time when populations are increasingly obese, inactive, and prone to insulin resistance, there are theoretical reasons that dietary interventions that reduce insulin demand may have advantages. In this section of the population, it is likely that more slowly absorbed carbohydrate foods and low glycemic load diets will have the greatest advantage. Dietary GI and glycemic load have relatively predicable effects on circulating glucose, hemoglobin A1c, insulin, triacylglycerol, HDL choles- terol, and urinary C-peptide concentrations, particularly in individuals with diabetes and hyperlipidemia. Although the data are lacking in healthy individuals, on theoretical grounds, these effects would be expected to result in reduced risks of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease in individuals consuming low GI versus high GI carbohydrates. However, the results of epidemiological studies are not always consistent, perhaps because of the difficulty of predicting dietary GI precisely from the rela- tively simple dietary assessment tools used in some studies. Thus, although there may be beneficial metabolic and disease prevention effects of con- suming a greater proportion of carbohydrate from low GI sources, further studies are needed before general recommendations on this issue can be made for the general healthy population. Further research is especially needed because recommendations to reduce the GI of carbohydrate consumed by the general healthy popula- tion would have a significant impact on recommended food sources. Currently, recommended healthy carbohydrate sources with a high GI include whole wheat breads, some breakfast cereals, and potatoes. A recommendation to replace bread and potatoes in the U.S. diet with foods of lower GI would involve major changes in current dietary patterns, and thus substantial evidence of significant beneficial effects of GI is needed. Another important practical issue in considering recommendations on GI is that dietary fiber somewhat decreases GI and may have a beneficial role in several chronic diseases, including the prevention of cardiovascular dis- ease (see Chapter 7). Currently, the median intake of Dietary Fiber is only about half the Adequate Intake (AI) for Total Fiber (see Appendix Table E- 4 and Chapter 7), and the question of whether lowering the GI has mea- surable beneficial effects on chronic diseases among individuals consum- ing recommended fiber intakes has received little attention (Luscombe et al., 1999). Concerning obesity, there is limited evidence suggesting an effect of GI on short-term energy intake. Data from long-term clinical trials on the effects on energy intake are lacking and further studies are needed in this area.
323 D IETARY CARBOHYDRATES: SUGARS AND STARCHES In summary, a UL based on GI is not made at the present time because, although several lines of evidence suggest adverse effects of high GI carbo- hydrates, it is difficult to eliminate other contributing factors, and the critical mass of evidence necessary for recommending substantial dietary change is not available. Furthermore, it should be noted that sugars have a lower GI than starch yet are rapidly absorbed. However, the principle of slowing carbohydrate absorption, which may underpin the positive find- ings made in relation to GI, is a potentially important principal with respect to the beneficial health effects of carbohydrate. Further research in this area is needed. Sugars Based on the data available on dental caries, behavior, cancer, risk of obesity, and risk of hyperlipidemia, there is insufficient evidence to set a UL for total or added sugars. Although a UL is not set for sugars, a maxi- mal intake level of 25 percent or less of energy from added sugars is sug- gested based on the decreased intake of some micronutrients of American subpopulations exceeding this level (see Chapter 11 and Appendix J). Because not all micronutrients and other nutrients such as fiber were not examined, the association between added sugars and these nutrients it is not known. While it is recognized that hypertriglyceridemia can occur with increasing intakes of total (intrinsic plus added) sugars, total sugars intake can be limited by minimizing the intake of added sugars and con- suming naturally occurring sugars present in nutrient-rich milk, dairy prod- ucts, and fruits. Intake Assessment Median intakes of added sugars were highest in young adults, particu- larly adolescent males (35.7 tsp or 143 g), and progressively declined with age (Appendix Table D-1). At the 95th percentile of intake, added sugars intakes were as high as 52 tsp (208 g or 832 kcal) for men aged 19 to 50 years. RESEARCH RECOMMENDATIONS ⢠There is a need for more research to elucidate the metabolic and long-term health differences resulting from the ingestion of high versus low glycemic index carbohydrates using larger, diverse sample sizes and whole-food diets. ⢠There is a need for research to determine if the energy density approach to weight reduction is effective in the long-term.
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338 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES Wolever TMS, Nuttal FQ, Lee R, Wong GS, Josse RG, Csima A, Jenkins DJA. 1985. Prediction of the relative blood glucose response of mixed meals using the white bread glycemic index. Diabetes Care 8:418â428. Wolever TMS, Jenkins DJA, Josse RG, Wong GS, Lee R. 1987. The glycemic index: Similarity of values derived in insulin-dependent and non-insulin-dependent diabetic patients. J Am Coll Nutr 6:295â305. Wolever TMS, Jenkins DJA, Ocana AM, Rao VA, Collier GR. 1988. Second-meal effect: Low-glycemic-index foods eaten at dinner improve subsequent break- fast glycemic response. Am J Clin Nutr 48:1041â1047. Wolever TMS, Jenkins DJA, Vuksan V, Josse RG, Wong GS, Jenkins AL. 1990. Glycemic index of foods in individual subjects. Diabetes Care 13:126â132. Wolever TMS, Jenkins DJA, Jenkins AL, Josse RG. 1991. The glycemic index: Methodology and clinical implications. Am J Clin Nutr 54:846â854. Wolever TMS, Jenkins DJA, Vuksan V, Jenkins AL, Buckley GC, Wong GS, Josse RG. 1992a. Beneficial effect of a low glycaemic index diet in type 2 diabetes. Diabet Med 9:451â458. Wolever TMS, Jenkins DJA, Vuksan V, Jenkins AL, Wong GS, Josse RG. 1992b. Beneficial effect of low-glycemic index diet in overweight NIDDM subjects. Diabetes Care 15:562â564. Wolraich ML, Wilson DB, White JW. 1995. The effect of sugar on behavior or cognition in children. A meta-analysis. J Am Med Assoc 274:1617â1621. World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research. 1997. Food, Nutrition and the Prevention of Cancer: A Global Perspective. Washington, DC: Amer- ican Institute for Cancer Research. Yamaura H, Ito M, Kubota K, Matsuzawa T. 1980. Brain atrophy during aging: A quantitative study with computed tomography. J Gerontol 35:492â498. Yudkin J, Eisa O, Kang SS, Meraji S, Bruckdorfer KR. 1986. Dietary sucrose affects plasma HDL cholesterol concentration in young men. A nn Nutr Metab 30:261 â 266. Ziegler EE, Fomon SJ. 1983. Lactose enhances mineral absorption in infancy. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2:288â294. | <urn:uuid:d3b3bbb4-f1c2-43de-90c7-0761983cb070> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://www.nap.edu/read/10490/chapter/8 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570987841291.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20191024040131-20191024063631-00075.warc.gz | en | 0.848258 | 41,158 | 3.578125 | 4 |
Two recent studies have found that diet likely plays less of a role in gout than once thought, but a healthy weight may be associated with a lower risk of developing the disease.
The first study, an observational study of over 400,000 people published in Arthritis Research & Therapy, has found that diet did not play a significant role in hyperuricaemia, the high levels of uric acid in the blood linked to gout.
The researchers collected data from four cohorts with European ancestry from the Database of Genotypes and Phenotypes and the UK Biobank resource. Three of these cohorts consisted of members of the general population in the US and UK, and people in the UK with gout comprised the fourth.
They then sorted participants according to diet, genetic risk variants, BMI, alcohol use, diuretic treatment, sex and age to calculate which risk factor contributed the most. In the gout cohort, the contribution of urate-lowering therapy was also assessed.
The team discovered that diet had a minor role in determining uric acid levels and hyperuricaemia. In contrast, the use of urate-lowering therapy had the most prominent effect on hyperuricaemia.
“[The study] reaffirms the importance of taking medication to prevent the formation or dissolve crystals in the joints, and hopefully prevent joint damage,” said Dr Ken Cai, a rheumatologist at Westmead Hospital in New South Wales.
“People think that gout is the disease of excess or it’s related to people who don’t look after themselves, drink too much or eat too much bad food,” said Dr Cai, adding that the role of diet has been very much overblown.
However, he pointed out, while drastically changing diet does not necessarily have a significant impact on gout disease, there are substantial benefits to losing weight and eating healthier – not only for gout, but also in lowering cardiovascular disease risk, preventing diabetes and improving overall health.
To this point, a second study, also published in Arthritis Research & Therapy, has found that gaining weight over adulthood was associated with increased gout risk. Conversely, reaching and maintaining a healthy weight during adulthood might prevent and help gout treatment.
Using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), the research team conducted a retrospective analysis of over 10,000 adults aged 40–74 years in the US, 320 of whom developed gout.
They categorised individuals into four weight change patterns: those whose BMI started and remained in the obese range, those who gained weight and became obese, those who were obese and lost weight and those who remained non-obese.
Researchers found that people who started and remained obese had the highest risk of developing gout, and gaining weight was also associated with an increased risk for gout. Those who maintained a non-obese weight had the lowest risk. Losing weight was associated with reduced risk of gout, although the numbers were too small to show significance.
“Clearly, there is a benefit of addressing weight when a patient is obese,” said Dr Cai, but pointed out the study only suggested an association between obesity and gout rather than causation.
“There can be a lot of factors involved over time. As people get older, they might acquire more medical problems, and there might be other factors at play, which can be difficult to fully account for,” he said.
“For those who are overweight or obese, it’s important to address that because it is part of improving their risk factor profile for many conditions.” | <urn:uuid:921f4405-edb8-4fb6-bc67-098082ce97bc> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://rheuma.com.au/diet-weight-and-gout-risk/18955 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103034930.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20220625095705-20220625125705-00636.warc.gz | en | 0.966735 | 754 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Gasification is the process of converting solid fuels to gaseous fuel. It is not simply pyrolysis; pyrolysis is only one of the steps in the conversion process. The other steps are combustion with air and reduction of the product of combustion, (water vapour and carbon dioxide) into combustible gases, (Carbon Monoxide, Hydrogen, Methane, some higher Hydrocarbons) and inerts, (Carbon Dioxide and Nitrogen). The process leads to a gas with some fine dust and condensible compounds termed tar, both of which must be restricted to less than about 100 ppm each, if the gas is to be used in internal combustion engines.
The producer gas obtained by the process of gasification can have end use for thermal application or for mechanical or electrical power generation. Like any other gaseous fuel, producer gas has the control for power when compared to that of solid fuel, in this solid biomass. This also paves way for more efficient and cleaner operation. The producer gas can be conveniently used in number of applications.
Biomass has been a major energy source, prior to the discovery of fossil fuels like coal and petroleum. Even though its role is presently diminished in developed countries, its is still widely used in rural communities of the developing countries for their energy needs in terms of cooking and limited industrial use. Biomass, besides using in solide form, can be converted into gaseous form through gasification route.
BIOMASS GASIFICATION (PDF) | <urn:uuid:d54f135d-763f-4ebb-929c-b9c46c06c2b3> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | http://cgpl.iisc.ac.in/site/Technologies/Biomass-Gasification | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103821173.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20220630122857-20220630152857-00530.warc.gz | en | 0.935199 | 313 | 4.15625 | 4 |
San Francisco Chronicle
‘Horizontal hurricanes’ pose increasing risk for California
By Kurtis Alexander
As increasingly intense hurricanes batter the Southeast and the Caribbean, heightening some of the worst fears about a changing climate, California is facing its own threat of bigger and more destructive storms. Mounting research, much of it done in the wake of the near-record rains that pulled California out of a five-year drought this past winter, shows that seasonal soakers may not come as often as they used to, but could pack more punch when they do arrive.
The potential consequences of the findings are enormous. The massive weather systems that rise out of the Pacific Ocean, now popularly called atmospheric rivers, can drop as much water as Hurricane Irma dumped on Florida this month — billions of gallons that submerged cities and towns.
A few years ago, the U.S. Geological Survey ran a simulation of what a sequence of severe atmospheric rivers might look like in California. It came away with a model of 23 days of rain and wind that caused floods and landslides to the tune of $300 billion in property damage.
A more tangible show of the system’s potential came with the big drenchers earlier this year, which caused mass flooding in San Jose and other cities and triggered a near-catastrophe at Lake Oroville when a pair of dam spillways failed.
Nonetheless, scientists have only begun to understand what drives atmospheric rivers. The term itself was coined just two decades ago. That’s the challenge a growing network of researchers is taking on, including a group in Sonoma County.
At a research station on Lake Mendocino, north of Ukiah, local water officials are working with outside climate experts to measure and monitor atmospheric rivers with the hope of better anticipating the giants. The group recently launched a $19 million radar system that will eventually ring the Bay Area.“Being able to forecast where landfall is going to be, and how long they’re going to linger, is important,” said Jay Jasperse, chief engineer for the Sonoma County Water Agency. “There has been improvement in the forecasting skill and the understanding of what’s causing these storms, but there’s still a lot to learn.”
Sometimes called horizontal hurricanes, atmospheric rivers are exactly what they sound like: airborne channels of water that develop over the Pacific Ocean and are pushed along by strong winds toward the West Coast during the winter.
The systems commonly wring out over California, providing as much as 50 percent of the state’s annual rainfall in a matter of days — dumpings that are critical to water supplies but, at times, bring on disaster.
Jasperse and his colleagues are already looking to apply what they’ve learned about the events to managing drinking-water reservoirs. For example, by better predicting rainfall, they can begin to more accurately free up reservoir space.
Perhaps more important, the Sonoma County research holds promise of providing flood and landslide warnings to residents across California.
“It’s really about getting the science to forecast extreme climate events,” said Sonoma County Supervisor Shirlee Zane, who helped win state and federal assistance for the water agency’s unusually advanced initiative. “The problems (of climate) are all being lived out in the last month, and sadly it’s being lived out in a way that’s so tragic to people.” A group of Southern California scientists, some of whom are partnering with Sonoma County, plan to begin publishing regular 14-day to 21-day outlooks on atmospheric rivers as soon as this winter. Current forecasts typically don’t anticipate the events more than a week out.
“There’s a lot of interest in knowing what the next storm is going to look like: Are we going to get pummeled, or can we handle it?” said Marty Ralph, who as one of the foremost experts on atmospheric rivers is spearheading the forecasting tool.
Ralph, director of the Center for Western Weather and Water Extremes at UC San Diego’s Scripps Institution of Oceanography, is also working to develop a rating system for the storms.
The blasts will be evaluated for intensity on a scale of 1 to 5, similar to hurricanes. A test run of the ratings last winter pegged the strong atmospheric river in February, which contributed to the damage at Oroville Dam, as a category 5 event.
Research published in the journal Geophysical Research Letters in August, which Ralph participated in, indicates that atmospheric rivers are carrying increasing amounts of water.
The authors, who analyzed storms over the past 70 years, speculated that a warming ocean and a warming atmosphere were producing more water vapor and energizing Pacific weather systems, similar to the way Atlantic Ocean hurricanes have been gaining strength.
Another study, published this month in the journal Scientific Reports, suggests that the swelling intensity of atmospheric rivers — while carrying the potential for more damage — will also help California maintain typical rainfall levels amid a drying climate.
In other words, rain might come less frequently but in hardier doses. The combination could mean big swings in rainfall year to year.
“Whether we get a few or more atmospheric rivers in a year really determines whether we’re in a drought or flood,” Ralph said.
During the height of the drought, California went as long as a year without seeing a single atmospheric river. But the state was hit by more than 30 of the systems last winter, according to Scripps researchers. That explains why the season was one of the wettest on record.
Because of the prospect of significant damage, the U.S. Geological Survey conducted a disaster preparedness exercise in 2011, loosely based on a series of atmospheric rivers that struck during the winter of 1861-62. The string of storms a century and a half ago left much of California covered in water and thousands dead.
Dale Cox, who led the simulation, said it was designed around conditions the state could realistically experience in the near future.
“This wasn’t a way-out-there kind of storm,” he said. “As far as disasters go, earthquakes are the charismatic species. They’re the ones that people tend to fear the most. Floods don’t get the attention, yet that’s what’s going to be California’s big one.” | <urn:uuid:8ef2928c-808c-4faf-8b05-949872299b37> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://badlandsjournal.com/node/2333 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540548544.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20191213043650-20191213071650-00086.warc.gz | en | 0.95078 | 1,331 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Talking with Kids about Sexuality: Toddlers
One question that comes up a lot on my Facebook page is how parents can begin to address the topic of sexuality early in their child’s life.
If we’re not going with “the talk” plan, what does that mean about what we talk about with younger kids? I put this question forward to Dr. Dae and we spent some time together talking about what different age groups need to know.
Today we’ll focus on what kinds of things parents need to talk with toddlers about. Remember, this is the stage where you’re laying the groundwork for an open, honest line of communication between you and your child. Here are some specific areas that parents with toddlers should think about addressing:
- Discuss body parts with proper names: Dr. Dae suggests that using nicknames can confuse and create issues down the line with shame, body image, self-esteem and healthy sexuality. She also cautions against using terms such as “down there” when discussing genitals. Instead, focus on helping your child develop a healthy, working vocabulary for all of their body parts.
- Discuss public and private body parts: This is a great age to introduce a concept that you’ll continually come back to, namely, that there are public and private parts of our bodies. At this age, using something that a child already knows can help them understand the concept. For example, anything that your bathing suit covers is a private part. This means that these parts are their own and that others are not supposed to touch them unless it’s a trusted adult who is helping with toileting or hygiene or a doctor who’s examining them with the child and parent’s permission. Help your child name trusted adults so they can identify these people when they need to do so.
- No secrets: At this age you want to go ahead and begin talking with your child about the fact that they don’t need to keep secrets from you. Make sure they know that they can tell or ask you anything without fear of rejection or getting in trouble. Let them know that if anyone does ask them to keep a secret from their parents, then that’s something that they should tell you right away.Also, be sure to answer questions about sexuality honestly, but considering your child’s level of development. Keep it simple for this age group, and ask, “Is that what you wanted to know, or do you need more information?”
- Self touch: This is an age when many children will begin to touch their genitals experimentally and realize that it is pleasurable. Self-touch makes some parents nervous. I asked Dr. Dae for her thoughts on the best way to handle self-touch. She said,
Recognize that children have no sexual frame of reference as we adults do, so when they stroke their genitals, or attempt to self-stimulate, this is perfectly normal and they have just found another wonderful part of their very own bodies. Avoid punishing them or saying things like, ‘that’s dirty!’
As a clinical sexologist, I see both men and women for varying degrees of relationship issues and sexual dysfunction. When I ask my clients to recall their first memories surrounding sex, an overwhelming percentage of them remember the exact moment they were caught masturbating and it was not a positive experience. Whether it was a pointed comment such as ‘good girls don’t do that’ or a slap on the hand with a disapproving look, or the extreme of being physically abused, an intense exchange with their parents bred shame and set a derogatory tone regarding their sexuality.
Instead, take the approach that self touch is a natural exploration, just like the other ways that your child is exploring how their body works.
These are some beginning tips for talking with toddlers about sexuality. Do you have other suggestions for this age group? | <urn:uuid:6f90d424-f4ab-4a49-9902-8215052192f2> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | https://jennifershewmaker.com/2013/11/01/talking-with-kids-about-sexuality-toddlers/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806421.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20171121170156-20171121190156-00183.warc.gz | en | 0.968248 | 813 | 2.828125 | 3 |
As part of ongoing efforts to fight anti-Semitism, a special trip to Israel, entitled “Bearing Witness,” has been developed for Catholic schoolteachers. Sponsored by the Anti-Defamation League, the trip is aimed at familiarizing teachers with Jewish history to help them more effectively educate their Catholic students about Judaism. Participants said the trip to Israel has strengthened their personal faith, while providing the tools they need to teach about events in Jewish history, such as the Holocaust, to combat rising anti-Semitism.
Want more news from Israel?
Click Here to sign up for our FREE daily email updates | <urn:uuid:9c28d6c1-ffa6-421f-bb7a-f8a93b44321e> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | http://www.israeltoday.co.il/NewsItem/tabid/178/nid/4068/Default.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247490806.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20190219162843-20190219184843-00044.warc.gz | en | 0.96063 | 125 | 2.8125 | 3 |
The Tone Map
In poems, the speaker moves through a series of moods and tones of voice, arranged in a particular order, to tell an emotional story. Even when poems seem like a simple series of images and we can’t say exactly what events are taking place, there is usually an emotional drama that develops over the course of the poem and culminates in some kind of emotional resolution. As students learn to name the tones of voice that the poem moves through, they will learn to describe mixed emotions, such as “sweet sorrow,” and to distinguish subtle shifts in tone and mood. They will build their vocabulary of feeling, train their emotional intelligence, and prepare themselves to speak more accurately and confidently about any piece of writing or work of art.
Letter Poems Deliver: Experimenting with Line Breaks in Poetry Writing
Letter poems are a particularly apt medium for exploring a defining characteristic of poetry—line breaks. As students work to transform narrative-style letters into poetic format, they are forced to think carefully about where to end each line. Students begin by discussing letters they have written and working with an online tool as an introduction to letter poems. As a group, students look at a letter form of “This is Just to Say” by William Carlos Williams and add line breaks to turn it into a poem. They then compare the poem they created with the original, discussing why the poet made the line break choices he did. Next, they work in small groups to rewrite another letter as a poem and then compare the various groups’ results with the original poem. Students...
Building Classroom Community through the Exploration of Acrostic Poetry
Building classroom community is one of the most challenging yet most important tasks for any teacher, and it needs to be reinforced frequently throughout the year. This lesson gives students the opportunity to be innovative, creative, and expressive while building a sense of community. In this lesson, students explore the genre of acrostic poetry and participate in a shared writing experience with acrostic poems. Using the Internet, students explore and investigate the characteristics of acrostic poetry. They then brainstorm positive character traits about one of their classmates using an online thesaurus and compose an acrostic poem. Students use an interactive online tool to write and print the final draft and then share their poem with the class.
Pick a Perfect Poem to Perform
Students will read widely and deeply a variety of poetry from a poetry anthology. Students will develop an appreciation for variations and complexities in content, structure, theme, and overall effectiveness of individual poems. Students will also develop an understanding and appreciation for the oral performance and communication of poetry
Poetry and The Odyssey
As they read the Odyssey, students will explore the perspectives of its characters--and particularly its women-- through poetry. In the end, they will work with a partner to write a poem that is a dialogue between two characters. What might Penelope want to say to Circe, for example? Partners will perform their dialogue poems, each assuming the voice of a character.
Poetry Portfolios: Using Poetry to Teach Reading
Students learn to read and write when they have an active interest in what they are reading and writing about. This lesson supports students’ exploration of language skills as they read and dissect poetry. Through a weekly poem, students explore meaning, sentence structure, rhyming words, sight words, vocabulary, and print concepts. After studying the poem, students are given a copy of the poem to illustrate and share their understanding. All of the poems explored are then compiled into a poetry portfolio for students to take home and share with their families. To further connect home to school, a family poetry project is suggested.
Exploring How Poets Walk the Line
This lesson plan aims to inspire students to understand how a place, new or familiar, can spark a poem – contemporary and classic. Each student will have the opportunity to write a poem and read it to the group, as well as research and select a poem to read. Poets find as much inspiration in places which are not beautiful, as in those which are. An ordinary urban street can be as inspiring as a thrilling landscape. This realisation gives students the confidence and freedom to explore and express their responses, positive and negative, to their immediate surroundings, as well as respond to special places they recall, or perhaps imagine. ‘Exploring How Poets Walk The Line’ will enable students to discover and share the rich seam of poetry with fellow students; poems...
The purpose of the lesson is to use poems to create short theatrical scenes in which heightened language would be placed in a dramatic context. Each student is responsible for the full realization of her chosen vision: designing, casting, directing and organizing rehearsal time with fellow students who have responsibilities of their own.
Rap a Tap Tap – Expression through Music, Movement and Drama
This lesson can be used for students ranging from Grades 1-6 (with modifications that apply to Kindergarten and Grades 7-8). It incorporates music, dance and movement, and drama with poetry to help students learn how to portray different emotions through various art forms. It also provides students with opportunities for working with others as well as self and peer reflection.
What Is Poetry?
An excellent way to gauge student attitudes towards and experiences with poetry is to begin your poetry unit by asking students to define what poetry is to them in their own words. Invite students to express their own views on poetry by asking them to complete the sentence: “Poetry is …” or “Poetry is like…” Not only does this get students thinking about their relationship with poetry, it also gives them an unintimidating opportunity to create metaphors and similes. For example: Poetry is like putting an IKEA bed together. (Carl Leggo) Poetry is my grandmother’s collection of recipes stained with the ingredients that smudge her handwritten notes. Poetry is a DJ spinning, grooving, and synchronizing beats on his...
Canada in 2016
In this lesson, students will be invited to annotate Percy Bysshe Shelley’s “England in 1819” with questions, comments, and connections (preferably on a whiteboard/smart board where the poem is projected, for a collaborative process.) Through discussing the results, students will explore the historical context of the poem and make connections to contemporary issues. The class will work to identify themes that emerged from their annotation/discussion of the poem. Lastly, students will be provided with a selection of articles on current events. Students will choose an event that is important to them as inspiration for writing their own poem addressing Shelley’s themes. Students should apply their own perspective and tonal approach to Shelley’s themes,...
To many students, the word “ballad” will call to mind a slow, probably sentimental song. In the world of poetry, however, a ballad is a lively storytelling poem written in what is called the ballad stanza. The ballad stanza is simple to illustrate and recognize, and is not difficult to describe. In its most familiar version, the ballad stanza is four lines of alternating four-beat (tetrameter) and three-beat (trimeter) verse, with the second line rhyming with the fourth. Students may recognize this form from the theme song to “Gilligan’s Island,” written out here with the accented syllables (the “beats”) in capital letters: Just SIT right BACK and you’ll HEAR a TALE, A TALE of a FATEful TRIP That STARTed FROM this TROPic...
Using the Four-Square Strategy to Define and Identify Poetic Terms
Poetry can seem intimidating to many students, but the four-square graphic organizer strategy gives students a tool they can use to explore and analyze any poem. In this lesson, students will learn the definitions of alliteration, assonance, simile, and rhyme. Using these definitions and a graphic organizer, they will search through a variety of poems for examples of each poetic element. Finally, students will use what they’ve learned to perform an in-depth reading of Mary Oliver’s poem “The Esquimos Have No Word For ‘War’”.
Unrequited Love Poems
Tired of trite imagery and sickly sweet words on Valentine's Day? Let's stomp on that box of chocolates! By creating an iMovie storyboard of a poem with pencil sketches, this mini-unit helps students SLOW down their recitation, learn a poem by heart, recite with emotion, and respond to poetry in multi-modal ways.
“I planted him in this country/like a flag” writes Margaret Atwood in “Death of a Young Son by Drowning”, a poem that explores a mother’s grief and her forging of identity in the Canadian landscape. Physical and human geography often play an important role in poetry. From Fred Wah’s visceral evocations of dust storms in Swift Current Saskatchewan in “Breathe Dust” to Lee Maracle’s racial politics in “War”, landscapes become an anchor for memory, ideas and action. We have all planted a flag to claim and name a territory that resonates in our lives. It’s time to write a poem about it! In this unit, students write their own geo-poem and turn it into a geo-video that captures in words and images a personal...
Writing Poetry with Rebus and Rhyme
If you’ve ever drawn a heart for the word “love,” you’ve written a rebus. Rebus, writing which substitutes images for words in the text, is used by authors to write books for young readers able to identify only a limited number of words, so why not use this same technique to teach writing? Students are first introduced to a variety of books using rebus writing. They then brainstorm lists of rhyming words that they could use in their own rebus poems. Finally, students create their own rebus poems and share them with an audience. This lesson uses Jean Marzollo’s book I Love You: A Rebus Poem as a model for using rebus writing to create wonderful poetry; however, any of the rebus books included on the accompanying book list would be...
Slipping, Sliding, Tumbling: Reinforcing Cause and Effect through Diamante Poems
Combine higher order thinking with creativity in this lesson that uses diamante poems to illustrate the phenomenon of cause and effect. Students define and identify instances of cause and effect to help them generate their own examples. After practicing the diamante format in a shared writing experience, students construct their own diamante poems illustrating cause-and-effect scenarios of their choice. The diamante poem will start with the cause and transition to the effect.
The Cento, or Collage Poem
This writing exercise will encourage students to pay attention to how poems work at a line-by-line level. Students will mine many source poems for individual lines and create their own poem by collaging these lines into a unique sequence. The cento is an ancient form that can be traced back more than two thousand years; the word “cento” is Latin for “patchwork”. A cento is essentially a collage made from language, with lines from great poems repurposed to create entirely new texts. Modernist poets like T. S. Eliot and Ezra Pound used similar strategies in some of their best-known work (“The Waste Land” and The Cantos, respectively) and New York School poets like Ted Berrigan and John Ashbery also played with this form with notable results....
A Taste of Canada
Students in grades 4-6 often do a study of Canada. In Grades 4 and 5 for example, students explore the different regions of Canada in Social Studies. They often do an in-depth study of the landforms, physical characteristics of different regions of Canada, as well as its varied climate and abundance in natural resources. So, what does Canada feel like? What does it taste like? What does it look like? How do our senses let us experience Canada as a nation? By using sensory imagery as a literary device, students are able to develop deeper, multisensory understandings to what they have been working on. The results are actually quite stunning and make excellent visual displays if connected to artwork.
Old & New Thinking
“The more things change, the more they stay the same.” Styles may transform over time, along with social mores, laws and priorities and even the standards by which we treat one another across cultures and genders and generations. But the ways we yearn, the ways we love, the ways we hate, the ways we befriend, feel befuddled or defeated, the ways we dream and dawdle and die: in fundamental ways these states of being don’t change. The purpose of this exercise is to explore the idea of communication across time in a dramatic context, using poetry as our text, pointing up the ways in which we are different and the ways in which we might connect despite living a hundred years apart.
A Race with Grace: Sports Poetry in Motion
Can athletes’ moves be described as beautiful? How are grace, beauty, and aesthetics expressed through movement? These and many other questions will provide the framework for students’ exploration of poetry in motion of athletes who participate in a variety of sports. Examining examples from their own experiences and from popular media, students learn about the aesthetic elements of athletics. After viewing images of various athletes, students create a class word wall with adjectives that describe movement. Students then write in reflective journals, view and interpret media, conduct Internet research, take digital photographs, and create original poems. As a culminating activity, the teacher presents students’ poetry to the class in a multimedia presentation.
One of the wonderful things about poetry is its ability to be both specific and generous at the same time. Remarkably, it seems that the more specific a poem becomes -- the more it roots itself in a place, time, or mood-- the more its readers delight in seeing themselves reflected in its lines. This lesson is about finding ways to be specific, and as an added bonus, includes a way to get your students’ writing outside of the four walls of your classroom -- an act of generosity on their part, for sure!
Literary Parodies: Exploring a Writer’s Style through Imitation
The popular saying “Imitation is the sincerest form of flattery,” coined by Charles Caleb Colton, is the basis for this lesson, which asks students to analyze the features of a poet’s work then create their own poems based on the original model. Students analyze sample poems and their parodies, focusing on the language and style of the original writer. They then write their own parody of the poem. This lesson uses William Carlos Williams’ poem “This is Just to Say,” but a list of alternative poems and their parodies is also included.
Finding the Heart in Whitman’s “O Captain! My Captain!”
In Walt Whitman’s “O Captain! My Captain!” he uses rhyme, meter, repetition, assonance, and other rhetorical and poetic devices to capture the emotional historical moment in the United States of America after Lincoln’s assassination. Through group discussion, students will examine the figurative language of the poem to connect the metaphor of the captain to the slain president. In small groups, students will practice round-robin and choral readings of the poem to feel the bodily impact of Whitman’s poetic language and then perform the recitations for their peers. Students will then write their own elegies or poems inspired by current events in the style of Whitman.
Talking Poetry with Blabberize
In this lesson students are given the opportunity to be imaginative and expressive through the writing of three types of poems: acrostic, diamante, and theme. Building on their creativity, students then use Blabberize to create Blabbers of one of their poems. Sharing their Blabbers with the class and online community will make the students more excited about writing poetry as well as providing practice of technology skills.
Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered weak and weary / Over many a quaint and curious volume of forgotten lore*... I decided to write a really scary poem! Creepy, freaky and downright weird. In these lessons students create their own horror poems by combining found language from poems published on the Poetry in Voice site with their own "diction clouds" inspired by colour. *Excerpted from “The Raven” by Edgar Allan Poe.
The Response Poem
There is a long tradition in poetry of poets writing in response to work that has inspired them, borrowing a line from one poem to begin or end a new poem. In this way, poets may re-contextualize a particularly vivid verse while essentially having a conversation with poets they have never met, sometimes reaching across culture, language, and even centuries to connect with those whose work they admire.
Speaker & Mover 1: Listening, Mirroring
One way of allowing students to become less self-conscious about public speaking is to give them a task that focuses them on something other than the sound of their own voices in front of people. This exercise concretizes the idea of ‘intention’: what are you doing to another person with your text? It also allows for a spontaneous collaboration between two students who can have the luxury of feeling that they’re ‘in it together’.
Developing Oral Language and Vocabulary through Poetry
In this unit I have noted variations for students in grades three to grade seven. There are many ways you can begin but here is an example that has worked with my class. You will find a list of resources I have used for ideas about slam poetry, eg: Sara Holbrook and poems by Larry Swartz, Sheree Fitch, Ralph Fletcher, Georgia Heard and Nancy Atwell. Start the unit by bringing in poetry books and other poetry resources. Let kids to pick poems that they like. Ask class what they know about poetry and start a chart that can be left up in the classroom. Choose a favourite book of poetry, for example, Sheree Fitch's Toes in My Nose. Photocopy each poem in the book. Read a poem and see who wants it and give it away. Students are expected to practice the poem and share it with the...
Earth Verse: Using Science in Poetry
This lesson is a great way to teach both scientific and English content to a class, although the teacher can easily choose another book and subject area. In this lesson, students listen to poems in the book Science Verse by Jon Scieszka. Students then create diamante, acrostic, or theme poems with illustrations. To help increase fluency, students read their poems to the class. Finally, students create original poems using facts they have learned in the current science curriculum.
Swish! Pow! Whack! Teaching Onomatopoeia through Sports Poetry
Students explore different poems written about sports by reading and listening, looking closely at the use of onomatopoeia in each piece. After a discussion of the poems, students view a segment of a sporting event and generate a list of sounds used in that event. Using their lists as a springboard, students then create their own onomatopoeic sports poems, draw accompanying illustrations, and compile their work in a flip book. Finally, students present their flip books to the class.
Poetry from Science!
Poetry and science are not usually things that we put together in the same sentence, let alone the same lesson at school. But there are many reasons why we should! Science, even when it adheres to rigorous methods, is a creative process, and scientists are very imaginative people! In addition, science is often a place where new language evolves, as new names are needed to describe discoveries. Often the words used by scientists have multiple meanings and so can be rich in metaphoric potential. Science can also invoke emotions and a diversity of human experience. The plan (and challenge) is therefore to compose original poems using ONLY text from a primary, peer-reviewed scientific article. It can be done!
Students will be introduced to acrostic poems in this lesson, as a way to ease them into poetry writing. The thought of writing poetry tends to intimidate some students. We want them to feel confident and comfortable in writing simple poems as a start. Acrostic poems are easy to write because they have a few simple rules and do not require rhyme. The teacher will introduce what an acrostic poem is to the children and model how to write one, using an object found in the classroom, e.g. a book. What is an acrostic poem? An acrostic poem uses the letters in a word to begin each line of the poem. All lines of the poem relate to or describe the main topic word.
Being One Inch Tall
Opening our students’ minds and having them see the world from different perspectives can have a positive impact on their lives. Through Shel Silverstein’s “One Inch Tall”, this unit allows students to imagine what the world would be like if they were only one inch tall. It would enable them to use powerful and imaginative words to describe how their normal day-to-day life would seem from a perspective of somebody only one inch tall. It would be a great introduction to a unit on environment and looking at microcosms that exist all around them.
Drawing Shakespeare’s Sonnets
These two sonnets are a great lesson in the use of metaphor, personification, and paradox—Shakespeare loves to play with figures of speech. In this exercise, students will learn about the structure of a sonnet; how to isolate imagery; how to use drawings to learn about the meaning of metaphors; and how to pay attention to other figures of speech, like personification and paradox, in order to understand the meaning of the poems.
The Poetry Video
There is a great tradition of combining poetry and film: the twentieth-century French poet, artist, and filmmaker Jean Cocteau was particularly interested in using the medium of the moving image to explore new ways to create and celebrate poetry. His films, especially Blood of a Poet and Orphée, feature striking examples of visual poetry and often include recitations of written poetry at the centre of key scenes. Poetry videos have become increasingly popular as technology has become more accessible. It’s now possible to make short films with a sophisticated cell phone or computer.
Students are always learning about environmental issues, as well as, equality and inequality throughout the curriculum. Whether it is through units in Science (Wildlife& Ecosystems, Ocean Health, Air Pollution, Climate Change, Weather Extremes, Animal Habitat Destruction), Social Studies (Residential School, Refugees), Earth Day or Pink Day, students are always learning about the consequences of individual or collective behaviour. This poetry frame inspires students to reflect on what they have learnt and promotes critical thinking, as well as, cooperative learning. For example, “Somewhere today, water is being carelessly wasted in running taps, showers and baths while others face debilitating drought.” or “Somewhere today, people are running from...
Character vs. Self
When developing a character, the actor will employ an approach that moves forward on two fronts: The first is to make an external study of the character, observing people in the world around to make choices that are within our capacity to mimic: I might choose to emulate the way my father-in-law dons and doffs his specs when playing professorial suitor, or I might choose to rush through sentences with the heart-palpitating energy of an old friend. Mode of dress, the pitch of the voice, the carriage of the body pain in the joints, age: these are all external choices. The second is to find common ground with the character, all the ways he or she can identify with hopes dreams, fears, compulsions, both positive and negative emotions. Connection. For an actor to best succeed in this mode,...
It has been said that in 1816 Lord Byron rented a house in Geneva, “Villa Diodati” where he, Percy Byshe Shelley, and Mary Shelley met. They spent the summer together, and over a period of 3 days of rain they were forced to remain inside. In order to pass the time, Byron challenged each person there to construct his or her own fantastical ghost story. This lesson has two components; the first is to recreate the challenge of 1816, and the second component is to teach the components of romanticism. Lesson One: Divide the students into groups of 4, and give each group a poem written by Byron, and a poem written by Percy Bysshe or Mary Shelley. Have the students read over both poems and discuss, with each other, which poem is better. Have the students write down their reasoning...
Using our Online Writing Workshop in the Classroom
This lesson provides ideas for teachers and librarians who want to incorporate our month-long, online, poetry workshop into your classroom’s daily routine. Students will be building their own writer’s notebooks and experimenting with writing and sharing poetry under the guidance of Poetry In Voice Creative Director, Damian Rogers. You’ll find suggestions on how to use this online tool to inspire students to take risks and how to support and assess your students’ writing experiences without limiting the scope of their explorations. New writers are on a journey to becoming authors who are willing to share their own work; this lesson helps teachers support the process students will undertake, not the quality of the product at the end of the course.
Dramatic texts can be created out of source material that was never intended for use as such: newspaper articles, political speeches, song lyrics, and lines of poetry. Just as poetic text can be made from found material (‘found poetry’), just as Marcel Duchamp can hang a urinal on a wall and call it art, (‘found art’), so a text can be cut up and rearranged to create a new text. It's fun, it can inspire ideas (through serendipity) and it removes the pressure of having to come up with scenes from scratch. This lesson provides an introduction to the idea of exploring the dramatic possibilities of poetic texts: finding inspiration within severe limitations and exploiting serendipity, the happy coincidences that fuel all creative endeavours.
Sonic Patterns: Exploring Poetic Techniques through Close Reading
In addition to developing background knowledge about allusions and the etymology of key words, students use an online tool to examine the relationship between the speaker and his father in Robert Hayden’s “Those Winter Sundays.” Then students explore how the poet uses consonance, assonance, and alliteration to illustrate this complex relationship. Finally students use the idea of a composed memory and their knowledge of sonic patterns to draft, revise, and share their own original text.
Animals Can Write Poetry Too
Younger students tend to have a special spot in their hearts for animals. This is the best time to introduce poetry, simple as it may be, from the perspective of animals. This unit gets students engaged in playful and descriptive words that help them imagine being in their preferred animal’s foot. This will introduce them to a writing experience in which full sentences are not needed. They can experience some freedom in playing with words and being more focused on certain writing elements such as voice and word choice.
Antonyms & Poetry: Exploring the Flipsides of Me
Understanding ourselves and realizing our strengths and weaknesses is an important life skill to teach our students. What better way to do that than to explore and be inspired by Sheree Fitch’s poem entitled “Sometimes”? This unit could be a great introduction to poetry at the beginning of the year. This time is usually spent with activities that enable the class to get to know each other. The students have the opportunity to express who they are and to reflect on their identity through poetry. By working with antonyms, students are able to discover the different sides of themselves. It’s a great way for students to realize their similarities and differences. This lesson also involves getting students to recite their poems. It can be a powerful tool to use...
Afterwords : The Beauty That Lies Beside
The whole purpose is to tear down whatever is cliché and words that don’t lead to a concept but to an overused social rule, by exposing the students to the concrete reality, to the truly scalable, sizeable and perceivable object, to cold, hard anchors, to breed candour and cynicism, and to outlining consequences rather than abstract and vague situations. Students are thus free to express sensations through metaphors, to cleverly mix up cause and consequences, to use non-verbal sentences and the infinitive form of the verb, to alternate between rhythm and off-rhythm, to experience with sound and tone variations, and to answer, through creation, to one of the most inherent questions to art: what is beauty?
Understanding Lyric Poetry
To demonstrate how various poetic techniques, such as rhyme, rhythm, diction, and repetition contribute to the effect and meaning of a lyric poem. This lesson would take place following the study of a number of lyric poems and the above techniques.
Poetry Snapshots: Using Images to Get the Big Idea
Using the definition that image poetry uses “concrete things to describe abstract ideas”, this lesson begins with the idea of haikus as “poetry snapshots”; images of one idea, in three lines. Students begin as “poetry detectives” and investigate collections of traditional and modern haikus to discover how to take poetry snapshots with words. By connecting concrete images with abstract ideas, students will learn how to read, write and paint their own image poems for an audience. This lesson is designed for grades 5-8 but can be adapted for all grade levels.
This is an introduction to “The Raven” by Edgar Allan Poe through recitation and drama. It begins with a recitation by the teacher with the students finishing each verse either individually or as a class. The class is divided into groups of 3 and given 2 verses. Their task is to find the meanings of the challenging words and references in their verses. The class reconvenes and each group gives a synopsis of their verses and then recites. There is an option to use ipads or other technology to facilitate this step. Each group is expected to generate written definitions of the relevant words to share with all students. The next step is to research various recordings of the poem. Basil Rathborne is a fine example. There is also a version by Bart Simpson. The students are then...
The Connection between Poetry and Music
Music helps children develop rhythmic intelligence and notice rhythm in language, which are important skills in learning how to read and developing fluency as readers. In this lesson, students listen to poems read aloud, and they discuss the rhythm and sound of poetry. Students then perform poems using musical instruments to emphasize cadence. Using online tools, they learn about line breaks and the way these affect the rhythm of a poem. Finally, students write poems they believe will be enhanced by music and perform them for the class.
Just Act Natural: Poetry and Play
What a poem does on the page and what it does aloud can be two very different things. Since the recital audience does not read but only listens, some of a poem’s more visually formal conventions should be deemphasized in the early stages of recital work to allow the student to access the poem's voice(s) and wisdom. Teachers should encourage students to play with a poem in as many ways as possible. This series of three lessons focuses on teaching the recognition of formal poetic conventions (such as metre, rhyme, and enjambment), both as guides to understanding and sometimes as obstacles to delivering engaging recitations. Having students play with the poem and make it suit their purposes, teachers can offer strategies for better comprehension, oratorical fluency...
Identity and Self-Discovery through Poetry
This lesson is inspired by Denise Clark’s work with her senior English students at Vancouver Technical Secondary School in Vancouver, British Columbia. People often write about what they know best, and in many cases, writers give us insight into their own worlds through their poetry. This lesson aims to have students use questioning to explore the theme of identity in poetry. Students will see that they can connect their own personal experiences, passions, and questions about identity in order to better understand and respond to poetry, and to eventually write poems themselves.
Shared Poetry Reading: Teaching Print Concepts, Rhyme, and Vocabulary
Although phonological awareness is important for early reading comprehension, other skills are equally important as students develop their reading abilities. Designed to facilitate successful early reading for kindergarten students, this lesson teaches the acquisition of vocabulary, one-to-one matching, left-to-right directionality, and awareness of rhyme. Students study these important aspects of reading using a shared exploration of a poem that includes peer interaction, hands-on experience with print, and a collaborative examination of new and familiar words.
Strategies for Teaching Poetry to High School Students
1. Always choose poems that are slightly higher than age appropriate, though with a mixture of topics and appeal. 2. Use prominent days throughout the year to read poems by celebrated writers, as well as supply important biographical details: T. S. Eliot — September John McCrae, Rupert Brooke, Wilfred Owen — November Robert Burns — January Robert Frost — March William Shakespeare — April 3. Review memorization skills and presentation skills each year. 4. Teach specific literary devices in the earlier grades and have students memorize lines that exemplify that particular device. imagery: concrete...
There are many advantages to be found in studying and reciting poetry: Poetry offers examples of mastery of language and stocks the mind with images and ideas expressed in unforgettable words and phrases. Poetry trains and develops our emotional intelligence. Poetry reminds us that language is holistic and that how something is said is part of what is being said: the literal meaning of words is only part of their whole meaning, which is also expressed through tone of voice, inflection, rhythm. Poetry lets us see the world through other eyes, equips us imaginatively and spiritually to face the joys and challenges of our lives, and widens our scope of sympathy for the vastness of human experience. This lesson will help students understand the power...
Ekphrasis: Using Art to Inspire Poetry
In this lesson, students explore ekphrasis—writing inspired by art. Students begin by reading and discussing several poems inspired by works of art. Through the discussion, students learn ways in which poets can approach a piece of artwork (for instance, writing about the scene being depicted in the artwork, writing in the voice of the person depicted in the artwork, speaking to the artist or subject of the painting, etc.). Students then search online for pieces of art that inspire them and, in turn, compose a booklet of poems about the pieces they have chosen.
Multipurpose Poetry: Introducing Science Concepts and Increasing Fluency
Poetry can be a fun and unintimidating way for ESL students to develop their oral fluency. In this lesson, students discuss what they know about poetry and then work in small groups to develop a choral reading of two poems about an assigned insect. The poems serve as an introduction to a research investigation (via the Internet) about the insect. Students use a worksheet to compile factual information about the insect and present the information, along with their choral poetry readings to the class.
5, 6, 7, 8… Let’s Go Alliterate!
Alliteration is a fun way to get younger students exposed to poetry. Having students play with words that start with the same letter is a great addition to Early Literacy. It’s a fun and less formal way to teach students about naming words (nouns), describing words (adjectives) and action words (verbs).
Poems for Two Voices
I’ve used this lesson with grades 8–10, but mostly with grade 9. A two-voice poem is written in two columns. Two students read the poem, and each chooses a column to read. When there are words that appear on the same line, the students read those words in unison. Two-voice poetry can be used in any subject area, but it’s especially effective when students are studying similarities and differences or harmony and discord. It allows for a dynamic blend of monologue by and dialogue between the two voices. Here are some great examples of two-voice poetry: “A Graduation Poem for Two” by Stephanie Klose (a great first example to model with a student) Joyful Noise: Poems for Two Voices by Paul Fleischman Spark the...
Poetry from Prose
Students compose found and parallel poems based on a descriptive passage they have chosen from a piece of literature they are reading. They first work in small groups to brainstorm words to describe concrete objects and then arrange their words from most descriptive to least descriptive. They then use their knowledge of descriptive text to select a descriptive passage from a book they are reading. They pick out words, phrases and lines from the prose passage then arrange and format the excerpts to compose their own poems. This process of recasting the text they are reading in a different genre helps students become more insightful readers and develop creativity in thinking and writing.
Poetry In Voice Analysis
For this project, you will explore and analyze the poem you have selected for the Poetry In Voice Contest. Ensure that this poem challenges, upsets, enriches, frightens, puzzles, and/or emboldens you.
Poetry for Two Voices: Reading, Writing and Performing
Using poets Phil Kaye and Sarah Kay’s YouTube performance of “When Love Arrives” as an inspiration, students will perform and write comparison poems for two voices. After a discussion of the unique structure of these poems, students will choose two things: people (like: teacher and student), things (such as: computer and typewriter) or ideas (ex. childhood and adulthood) to compare and contrast when writing their own poems. Finally, student will choose, prepare and perform their peers’ poetry in pairs for the class and the student author to see.
Speaker & Mover 2: Advanced
There is a genre of theatre, inspired by classical traditions in many countries (China, India, Japan, Bali) and pioneered in Poland and throughout Europe in the sixties and seventies, known as ‘physical theatre’ and sometimes ‘third theatre’. As a discipline it lies somewhere between dance and conventional text-based theatre. It is better known and appreciated in Quebec than in the rest of Canada. Robert Lepage is the best-known Canadian to come out of this tradition. It emphasizes an experience which is non-linear and non-narrative, and often uses poetry in performance. As such, it provides the most potent connection between the work of Poetry In Voice and the discipline of theatre. This exercise can serve as an introduction to this form. The variation for...
Sometimes limiting our choices inspires incredibly creative results. This writing exercise will give your students the chance to find their own voices while working with a block of text written by someone else. Erasures are fun, but they can also be serious. This lesson plan refers to several examples of complex literary work created by respected poets using erasure as a tool, but this is ultimately an accessible writing exercise appropriate for students at all skill levels. Students will also be introduced to the kind of problem-solving that all poems demand, highlighting the importance of word choice and form.
Group Challenge: Preparing Students for a Team Recitation Contest
In this unit, students will be introduced to the art of recitation through a group challenge. In groups of three, students will select, prepare, and perform one poem each. Their scores will then be tallied with their teammates. In the spirit of fun and as a new way of introducing elements of our recitation contest, younger students will be able to hone recitation skills, work together, and perform for their peers. Additionally, at the end of this unit, schools have the opportunity to form their team who could go on to compete in our new contest; team regionals.
Back Talk: Poetry and Social Justice in the Classroom
Often, poets use their craft to comment on social issues that are personally, politically, and culturally relevant. In this unit, we’ll look at the Poetry In Voice anthology as a place where poets, especially Indigenous ones, use their voices to speak back to cultural and political norms, and historical wrongs in order to disrupt commonly held beliefs. This series of lessons was first presented at the 2016 Poetry In Voice Nationals Teacher's Workshop. The Powerpoint presentation is included in the materials. | <urn:uuid:6db630d6-22bf-49df-86b7-dbf34ecf4c46> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | https://www.poetryinvoice.com/teachers/lesson-plans | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125947795.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20180425100306-20180425120306-00584.warc.gz | en | 0.951709 | 8,619 | 4.40625 | 4 |
The hieroglyphs of ancient Egypt are often listed in groups of associated glyphs. The following hieroglyphs have been grouped according to the system established by Sir Alan Gardiner and are all depictions of fish or parts of fish.
Phon; jn Det; tilapia
Phon Det; bw
Phon; aD, but only in the title “land supervisor” (ad-mr)
Phon; ha Log; elephant snouted fish
Phon; bs Det; fish
Det and Log; fish scale
Abb; the sign is an abbreviation of a word,
Det; the sign acts as a determinative (it has no phonetic value, but provides further information about the full word),
Log; the sign is a logogram (it represents an entire word or idea),
Phon; the sign has a phonetic value, and
Phon Det; the sign is a phonetic determinant (it acts as a determinative but also has a phonetic value).
A: Man and his occupations
B: Woman and her occupations
C: Anthropomorphic Deities
D: Parts of the body
F: Parts of Mammals
G: Birds, 1
H: Parts of Birds
I: Amphibious Animals, Reptiles, etc.
K: Fishes and Parts of Fishes
L: Invertebrata and Lesser Animals
M: Trees and Plants
N: Sky, Earth, Water
O: Buildings and Parts of Buildings
P: Ships and Parts of Ships
Q: Domestic and Funerary Furniture
R: Temple Furniture and Sacret Emblems
S: Crowns, Dress, Staves, etc
T: Warfare, Hunting, Butchery
U: Agriculture, Crafts and Professions
V: Rope, Fibre, Baskets, Bags, etc.
W: Vessels of Stone and Earthenware
X: Loaves and Cakes
Y: Writing, Games, Music
Z: Strokes, Geometrical Figures, etc.
Copyright J Hill 2010 | <urn:uuid:8eee5a93-0cdf-454b-8e22-6f20926bd992> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://ancientegyptonline.co.uk/k-fish/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320300658.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20220118002226-20220118032226-00646.warc.gz | en | 0.872156 | 483 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Today, the Vicksburg National Military Park Quarter remembers when President McKinley approved the establishment of the park on February 21, 1899.
From Indiana at Vicksburg by the Indiana-Vicksburg Military Park Commission, published in 1910:
The Vicksburg National Military Park.
The Act of Congress authorizing the establishment of the Vicksburg National Military Park was signed by President McKinley February 21, 1899.
In conformity with its provisions, on March 1st of that year the Secretary of War appointed Lieut. Gen. Stephen D. Lee, C. S. Army; Capt. William T. Rigby, veteran of the 24th Iowa Infantry, and Capt. .James G. Everest, veteran of the 13th Illinois Infantry, commissioners, for inaugurating and carrying on the work under his direction.
Past Commander-in-Chief G. A. R. John S. Kountz was elected secretary and historian by the Commission, and the choice was approved by the Secretary of War.
General Lee died May 28, 1908, and Capt. Lewis Guion, veteran of the 26th Louisiana Infantry, was appointed to succeed him.
Secretary and Historian Kountz died June 14, 1909.
The park commemorates the campaign, siege and defense of Vicksburg, beginning March 29th and ending July 4, 1863.
It contains 1,288 acres, and practically includes the fighting ground of the siege and defense operations, from May 18th to July 4th.
These consisted of two assaults by the Union army, on May 19th and 22d; the siege operations of that army from May 23d to July 4th, and the heroic defense of the Confederate army under General Pemberton.
The service of the Confederate army assembled after May 14th, with headquarters at Jackson, Mississippi, under General Johnston. and the service of the part of the Union army opposed to Johnston during the latter part of the siege, are included in the park work.
These outside operations and the five battles preceding the investment of Vicksburg are described by historical tablet inscriptions.
The siege and defense operations are commemorated in the same way, and also by position tablets and markers established in the exact places where the operations were carried on.
The nature of the operations commemorated and marked in this way give a distinctive character to the Vicksburg Park.
The main part of the battlefield is bounded on the inside by Confederate avenue, closely following the line of defense, and on the outside by Union avenue, closely following the first parallel (trench) of the Union army.
The park picture, therefore, has definite and exact boundaries.
As the approaches, the second and the third parallels of the Union army were made from its first trench, none of the details of the picture are mixed or confusing.
The student easily follows them from point to point with absorbing interest.
The deployment of the two opposed armies is plainly marked on the respective avenues by tablets and monuments.
The Confederate line of defense is plainly shown by 150 markers; the Union trenches and approaches are traced through their respective lines by 363 markers.
Therefore, a drive in the park of a few hours gives a good idea of the nature and extent of the operations, the way in which they were pushed forward and opposed, and the names of the commands engaged on each side.
The aggregate length of the park roadway is thirty miles, and includes the two principal avenues (Union and Confederate), eleven secondary avenues (Grant, Sherman, Pemberton. Connecting, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky. Louisiana, Pennsylvania, Wisconsin), thirty short circles (Johnston. Logan. Maloney, Pemberton, Sherman, Navy, Observation, Tilghman, Memorial, Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Illinois. Illinois Memorial, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Louisiana, Maryland, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, New York, North Carolina. Ohio, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, Wisconsin), and sections of the public roads of this county.
Five secondary avenues (Grant, Sherman, Kentucky, Louisiana, Pennsylvania) and the short circles give individuality and increased appropriateness to the respective sites for memorials. monuments, statues and towers that have been or will be. placed in the park.
Sixteen bridges have been built, twelve on Union avenue, three on Confederate avenue, one at Battery Maloney; six steel and ten reinforced concrete.
There are 896 tablets of all kinds in the park, all by the United States; 568 Union, 328 Confederate; 30 bronze, 866 iron; 162 historical, 197 battery, 227 Union trench markers, 150 Confederate trench markers, 136 Union approach markers, 19 headquarters, 5 mortuary.
The avenues, circles and sections of public roads are marked by 120 guideboards.
The Commission has mounted 127 guns at the old battery sites, like the ones used at each during the siege and defense; 65 Union, 62 Confederate, 114 field, 13 siege.
Congress has appropriated $1,175,000 for the park, including $150,000 for the construction of a memorial at the Battery Selfridge, commemorative of the service of the Union navy, at a cost not to exceed $200,000.
The work has been contracted for and its total cost will be less than $150,000.
Fourteen States have appropriated for the park as follows: Alabama, $25,000; Illinois, $260,000; Indiana, $38,000: Iowa. $150,000: Massachusetts, $5,000; Michigan. $20.000 : Minnesota, $25,500; Mississippi, $50,000; New Hampshire. $5,000; New York, $12,500; Ohio. $56,000; Pennsylvania, $15,000; Rhode Island, $5,000; Wisconsin, $130,000; total, $797,000.
These appropriations provide for twelve state memorials, 159 regimental and battery monuments (for 198 organizations) and about 274 markers.
Additional to these, Louisiana has given the park twelve monuments (for twenty-seven organizations), costing $1,801.80; Missouri, three monuments (two Union each for one organization, one Confederate for fifteen organizations) and three markers (two Union, one Confederate), costing $1,230.70; Tennessee, one monument for six organizations, costing $171; and Virginia, one monument for the Botetourt Artillery Company, costing $690; total $3,89:150.
In most cases these gifts were made in anticipation of and to encourage liberal appropriations by the respective legislatures for state memorials in the Vicksburg Park; in the case of Louisiana, by parish police jury, city of New Orleans and individual contributions; in all other cases, solely by individual contributions.
There are 444 memorials, monuments and markers in the park or under construction, by States and as gifts; 404 Union, 40 Confederate.
About 100 more can be reasonably expected, from the other States that had organizations (number stated in each case) engaged in the operations commemorated by the park, namely: Arkansas. 15; Florida, 3; Georgia, 21; Kansas, 1; Kentucky, 12; Louisiana, 41: Missouri, 42; Maryland, 1; North Carolina, 3; South Carolina, 12; Tennessee, 29; Texas, 15; West Virginia, 1.
Kentucky and Missouri had troops engaged in both armies; each, doubtless, will give the park a fine joint memorial, Union-Confederate.
Two portrait bronze statues are in place, both Confederate; Lieut. Gen. Stephen D. Lee, full length figure, given by his son and friends in twenty-seven States, and Brig. Gen. Isham W. Garrott. bust, given by his sons. S. B. and John F.
Five more are assured for the park (Union: Col. William F. Vilas, full length figure, given by Mrs. William F. Vilas and their daughter, Mrs. Mary Vilas Hanks; Capt. Andrew Hickenlcoper, full length figure, given by his family. Confederate: Brig. Gen. Lloyd Tilghman, equestrian, given by his sons. Sidell and Frederick B.; Lieut. Gen. John C. Pemberton. equestrian, given by his son. Frank R.; Col. James II. Jones, bust, given by his family and friends).
Eight portrait tablets are assured (Union: Col. Joseph J. Woods, given by his family; Col. James R. Slack, given by Sculptor Adolph A. Weinman.
Confederate, given by Louisiana parish police juries; Gens. Louis Hebert and Francis A. Shoup; Cols. Edward Higgins. Leon D. Marks. Robert Richardson and Allen Thomas).
Portrait statues or tablets of Indiana field officers are desired as follows:
Of division commanders, Brig. Gen. A. P. Hovey, Brig. Gen. N. Kimball. Brig. Gen. J. C. Sullivan (3); of brigade commanders. Brig. Gen. G. F. McGinnis, Brig. .Gen. W. P. Benton, Col. H. D. Washburn. Col. D. Shunk, Col. J. R. Slack (portrait tablet secured). Col. J. Keigwin. Col W. T. Spicely, Col. J. I. Alexander (8); of field officers. Lieut. Col. W. Swaim, 24th. mortally wounded May 16th; Maj. J. C. Jenks, 18th. mortally wounded May 22d; Maj. J. H. Finley. 69th, mortally wounded May 22d (3); total for Indi ana, 14.
It is reasonable to expect, in the near future, and as gifts by relatives and friends, statues of Generals Grant, Logan, Osterhaus. Buckland (Union) and Forney (Confederate).
The Commission is in correspondence with the friends of many other officers, Union and Confederate, engaged in the operations commemorated by the park, and is very hopeful of favorable responses in some eases.
It is expected that the Minnesota legislature will appropriate for a statue of General Baldwin; the Nebraska legislature for a statue of General Thayer; the New York legislature for a statue of General Potter; the Pennsylvania legislature for a statue of General Parks, and that other state legislatures will make like appropriations.
The attention of wealthy Americans is being invited to the creditable opportunity offered by this feature of the park work for patriotic donations.
In these several ways the Commission hopes to secure the statue (equestrian, standing or bust), or the portrait tablet, of each general officer, Union and Confederate, engaged in this campaign, siege and defense of Vicksburg in 1863.
Each will be placed at an appropriate site in relation to the line of the command during the siege and defense, of the officer it portrays.
When these hopes have been realized, even partially, the park will present a most attractive, inspiring and realistic battlefield picture.
When the Union Navy Memorial is finished, with the approval of the Secretary of War, the Commission will ask the Congress to the park bounded by the Louisiana circle and the Warrenton road, commemorative of the service of the Confederate Navy on the Mississippi River and its tributaries during the Civil War, at a cost not to exceed $125,000.
William T. Rigby, Chairman.
Vicksburg, Mississippi, June 1, 1910. | <urn:uuid:4451791b-f883-4376-8ddb-cbce14cf787a> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | http://atlcoin.com/atlcoinblog/2018/02/21/practically-includes-the-fighting-ground-vicksburg-national-military-park-quarter/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267861456.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20180618222556-20180619002556-00317.warc.gz | en | 0.94603 | 2,406 | 3.265625 | 3 |
Chemical and gas sensors are for sensing various chemical elements in an environment.
Gas sensors detect various atmospheric gases, toxic and nontoxic gases. The chemical content of the gas is also part of the detection process and hence are also known as chemical sensors. Different types of technologies are used to analyze the gas content.
All such sensors are also known as gas detectors and hence the terms are used interchangeably and should not be confused with.
Various gas sensors are CO2 sensor, CO sensor, O2 sensor, Hydrogen sensor, Methane (CH4) sensor, LPG (Liquid Petroleum Gas) sensor, Gas leakage sensor, Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2), Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S), Ammonia, Sulfur Dioxide (SO2), Ozone (O3) sensor, Natural Gas (CNG) sensor, Argon detector etc.
Different models of portable and fixed type of gas detectors are available for different purposes. Portable sensors are used for industrial and hazardous environments where individuals need to carry them and check the gas levels before entering confined areas, hazardous areas etc. The portable ones are also known as gas detection meters.
Carbon monoxide detector (CO sensor) with alarms and external contacts (Greystone make)
One of the most common types of gas sensor is Carbon monoxide detector (CO detector) is used to check the level of carbon monoxide in the atmosphere in general environment or industrial environments. These are also known to their shortened form as CO sensor, representing carbon monoxide. Carbon monoxide is produced in common equipment such as motor vehicles, generators etc. and is harmful to human beings if inhaled above the permitted levels. Hence it is essential that the occupants of the area need to be alerted as soon as the level of carbon monoxide goes high. The carbon monoxide sensor is available with alarms as a combined unit.
The carbon monoxide detector continuously checks the level of CO in the environment and the signals can then be used on a display screen and for continuous data logging purpose etc. Carbon Monoxide (CO) sensor alarms are sensors combined with audio visual alarms which will generate an alarm if the detected level exceeds the permitted levels. Also, there are NO/NC contacts which can be connected to external alarms and automation systems.
Carbon monoxide detectors are especially used in underground parking systems. We undertake supply and installation of all types of Greystone make sensors.
Oxygen Sensor (O2 sensor) for a safe environment
Oxygen sensors known in its short form as O2 sensors are used to monitor oxygen levels in the environment. Also known as oxygen quality indicators, these keep a watch on the available oxygen limits in a particular environment for safe operation of human beings. The level of oxygen is measured either as a percentage of the total air or in the measuring unit ppm (parts per million)
Oxygen sensors are also used to check the quality of oxygen in combustion engines such as automotive, generators etc. where the quality of intake air is instrumental for efficient combustion cycle. Also, the oxygen quality of exhaust of this equipment needs to be monitored to limit air pollution.
Carbon Dioxide gas sensor (CO2 sensor)
Another common gas sensor is Carbon dioxide sensor which is known by its chemical shortened name as a CO2 sensor. Obviously, the carbon dioxide sensor detects the level of CO2 in the environment.
All the sensors including CO2 sensors are capable of producing analogue and digital signals for display, control, automation etc. through attest automation systems.
A single instrument with a combination of above three type of sensors viz. Carbon Monoxide sensor, Oxygen sensor and Carbon dioxide sensor is known as air quality monitor.
Ammonia (NH3) gas sensors
Ammonia (NH3) gas sensors are installed to warn and quantify an Ammonia gas release. These gases can be released biologically, industrially or commercially in scientific laboratories, heavy industrial plants or amusement parks/Multi-storey buildings. The NH3 sensors are usually placed near the loading rack and storage area, at the vaporizer, injection section, pipeline outlet and other locations near the Ammonia fluid handling equipment, having significant leak probability. These devices can be both stationary or handheld/mobile depending on the location.
Ammonia (NH3) is a colorless gas or compressed liquid with an extremely pungent odor. Since Ammonia is lighter than air, sensors are normally positioned in the breathing zone, four to six feet above grade, or above the potential leak sources. Sensor spacing is determined by the specific hazard locations and the subsequent dangers presented to local personnel.
Any minor leakage of ammonia gas needs to be taken care of as it can seriously damage the skin, eyes and respiratory system. Exposure to high concentrations of ammonia in air causes immediate burning of the nose, throat and respiratory tract. The gas has a density of 0.6 relative to air (1.0) and is flammable above 15% by volume in air.
To prevent any leakage, we can keep a regular check on the cylinders, valves, piping fixtures and the working environment.
Total Volatile Organic Compound (TVOC) & Air quality sensors
Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) are gas derivatives of solids and liquids found in the air. VOC is generally measured to determine the quality of air, especially in industrial environments. Such gas elements may have short and long terms effects on health. Hence such environments need continuous monitoring of TVOC compounds. We supply TVOC sensors for such applications. We provide complete solutions with control panels connected to exhaust fans. When VOC content is higher than programmed levels, it will activate the exhaust fan through a VFD control panel. This is similar to a CO monitoring system, but with TVOC sensors.
Hydrogen sensors are used for detecting the presence of hydrogen beyond permitted levels. These are especially useful in Oil refineries, chemical factories etc. We have two versions available viz. portable hydrogen sensors and fixed type. The fixed ones are useful in large installations. The portable one are mainly for the safety of the operators. They can check the level of Hydrogen before they enter into any work area.
Nitrogen Dioxide & Nitrogen Oxide Sensors
Nitrogen dioxide & Nitrogen Oxide fall into the category of Nitric oxides and causes respiratory problems. Prolonged exposure also causes chronic breathing problems such as Asthma. Nitrogen Dioxide may combine with Voltalie Organic Compound (VOC) in atmospheric temperature. We supply sensors for sensing both Nitrogen Dioxide and Nitrogen Oxide.
Other types of Gas sensors
Toxic gas sensor products
The toxic sensor is a wide category covering all sensors used to measure toxic gases. Various examples of toxic sensors are Methane (CH4) sensor, Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2), Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S), Ammonia, Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) etc.
MQ sensor technology based gas sensor
MQ sensor is a technology used for sensing gases. There are multiple series of sensors available such as MQ-2, Multi gasMQ-3, MQ-4 etc. The operating principle is that the output current and resistance varies depending on the detected gas. Thus measurement of the output current gives an exact indication of the measured gas.
Sensors for explosive gases with LEL and UEL
Lower Explosive Limits (LEL) and Upper explosive limits (UEL) are a common terminology used for explosive gases. These indicate the upper and lower limits at which explosion of explosive gases can happen. This is calculated by considering different gases in the environment including oxygen. These are very important characteristics in explosive environments for carrying out a safe operation.
Multi-Gas sensor products
There are many gas leak detectors available which will check multiple gases in a single instrument. An Air quality monitor is one such sensor which will check general environment for Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide and Carbon monoxide. Another model of a four gas detector has LEL (Lower Explosive Limit), O2, H2S & CO. | <urn:uuid:e8836bfa-f3e1-4c9b-ab14-8815256e263a> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://wordpress-98609-619235.cloudwaysapps.com/sensor-supplier-dubai-uae/chemical-gas-sensor/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296948609.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20230327060940-20230327090940-00630.warc.gz | en | 0.916511 | 1,665 | 3.328125 | 3 |
Undoing racism-By DesignNovember 1, 2012 Leave a comment
On virtually every indicator of individual and community health and well-being, people of color in the U.S. experience worse outcomes and more barriers to success than their white counterparts. Intervening to reverse these trends requires intention and attention: intentionality about understanding the historic and present-day manifestations of racism and attention to effective ways to intervene.
Last week, I facilitated a workshop at the Massachusetts Nonprofit Network’s annual conference, Rising Beyond the Challenge. IISC’s workshop was titled “What’s Race Got to Do with It? Designing our Work Using Structural Racism Analysis.” We explored the questions of how race and racism inform, affect and create the context for our work for social change. We explored a few working definitions, including the four levels of racism:*
- Internalized—The set of private beliefs, prejudices, and ideas that individuals have about the superiority of whites and the inferiority of people of color. Among people of color, it manifests as internalized oppression. Among whites, it manifests as internalized racial superiority.
- Interpersonal—The expression of racism between individuals. It occurs when individuals interact and their private beliefs affect their interactions.
- Institutional—Discriminatory treatment, unfair policies and practices, inequitable opportunities and impacts within organizations and institutions, based on race, that routinely produce racially inequitable outcomes for people of color and advantages for white people. Individuals within institutions take on the power of the institution when they reinforce racial inequities.
- Structural—A system in which public policies, institutional practices, cultural representations, and other norms work in various, often reinforcing ways to perpetuate racial group inequality. It is racial bias among institutions and across society. It involves the cumulative and compounding effects of an array of societal factors including the history, culture, ideology and interactions of institutions and policies that systematically privilege white people and disadvantage people of color.
*Adapted from Applied Research Center
It’s clear from this multi-level understanding, that we are far from the post-racial society that many would have us believe we are now witnessing. The history of race and racism have an enduring impact on current events and circumstances, and racialized outcomes are still in evidence, even if interpersonal racism and some aspects of institutionalized racism are waning. So, how can we think strategically about how to make lasting changes in the lives of individuals, families and communities?
Understanding that racism operates on multiple drives us toward taking a systems thinking approach to addressing its impact. We used the systems thinking iceberg as a tool for understanding more deeply how race and racism affect our programming, goals and approaches, and for thinking strategically about where to intervene for the highest leverage impact. Systems thinking guides us to shifting mental models as the highest leverage way to change a system. That’s why work connecting unconscious bias and structural interventions by john a. powell and others is so important. And, it’s why it’s so important to make sure we have the people who are most affected by our work at the table when we design and evaluate it. Their voices and perspectives are essential to make sure we’re challenging both mental models and practices that hold inequities in place.
We closed the workshop with a quick look at steps in the process of designing our work, and resources that can help us to be intentional and strategic about the role of race and racism. We offered a few design disciplines:
- Understand the historical context
- Understand the current context as well as data on outcomes, and develop a frame that explains why paying attention to race matters
- Explore effective practices and their possible reception by your target groups
- Design in ways that invest in opportunity structures rather than simply finding solutions for individuals
- Use targeted universalism as a design strategy
Click Here to download the resource guide that support these design principles!
What would you add to this set of design disciplines? What helps you to understand race and design your work in ways that leads to greater equity? | <urn:uuid:a384cc3f-8dd7-418c-855c-5b78531f6b04> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://interactioninstitute.org/undoing-racism-by-design/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988718309.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183838-00561-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.939829 | 833 | 3.234375 | 3 |
The India Pattern musket, nicknamed the Brown Bess, was the gun carried by most of our troops on that fateful day in June 1815. Mark Murray-Fletcher of the Royal Armouries traces its history.
The Brown Bess musket was as essential a part of the victory at Waterloo as the Scots Greys and their famous charge. In celebration of the victory in Belgium 200 years ago we have spoken to the present Duke about his ancestor, The Duke of Wellington and Waterloo. We have also put together a victory menu for those keen to celebrate at the table with waterloo recipes. And of course the story of the Brown Bess. So how did the Brown Bess musket play its part in the most important battle for a hundred years?
THE BROWN BESS
On a soaking wet morning in what is now Belgium, on Sunday, the 18th of June 1815, two armies waited to do battle: the French under the Emperor Napoleon around La Belle Alliance and the allies under the Duke of Wellington near the small village of Waterloo on the ridge of Mont St Jean.
The ensuing battle was to be the last on the European continent to involve a British army for almost a hundred years – until the First World War – and one of Britain’s greatest and most important victories. It was also probably the last time that the musket played a decisive, indeed a pivotal role in a European conflict.
THE MUSKET – INDIA PATTERN MODEL
The standard musket issued to the British soldier throughout the late 18th and early 19th centuries was the India Pattern model, made in two variants and used against both Revolutionary and Napoleonic France. The first model was introduced in 1793 and the updated version in 1810. These muskets are similar to the shotguns we use today in that they are of the same calibre – .729in to .76in, or, in shotgun terms, 12-bore – and in their ranges, both being effective at about 40 metres, al-though as muskets use a solid lead ball they were capable of reaching beyond 100 metres. Interestingly, during the 20th century, in parts of Africa, the musket could still be found in use as a shotgun.
The story of the development of the British India Pattern musket is that of the government’s response to an urgent need for small arms to fight the French. Today we would term it an “Urgent Operational Requirement” or UOR, the sort of process that governs the issue of urgently needed equipment for the conflict in Afghanistan.
This story starts at the end of the American Revolutionary War in 1783 when the British army was armed with the Pattern 1777 and Pattern 1779(S) Short Land Pattern musket, a musket characterised by its 42in barrel, made to the strict quality-control guidelines of the Board of Ordnance. In 1783, at the conclusion of the American war, the expectation was for a period of peace, a time when the need for ordnance materials would be low, so the contracts then standing for the Pattern 1777 and the Pattern 1779(S) musket were cancelled.
This common response to peace would be repeated many times in the following decades. Parliament was not prepared to fund equipment it deemed unnecessary, so financial retrenchment was the order of the day.
The world changed in 1793, a mere 10 years after the loss of the American colonies, when Britain found itself again at war, this time with Revolutionary France. An army now reduced in size to an authorised strength of only 44,432 men had to be expanded rapidly along with the local militia and volunteer forces. The call for muskets was going to be huge but in 1793 the total stock of muskets in armouries around Britain, including the central arsenal at the Tower of London, was around 60,000. Compare this with the stocks held in French arsenals, which amounted to 700,000-plus. The picture was not encouraging and something needed to be done.
At first the Ordnance tried to ramp up production of the Short Land Pattern muskets by engaging new contractors. But they were able to produce only slightly more than 31,000 muskets in 1793, a number woefully inadequate for the expanding forces. The Ordnance had to fill the gap somehow and did this by ordering 10,000 muskets from the Birmingham gun trade and 10,000 from its usual emergency suppliers in Liège, Belgium. But even this would not be enough, especially as the private contractors in Birmingham and London were hard at work fulfilling orders for the private trade and for the East India Company, one of the biggest private purchasers of military arms, both of them prompt payers.
To begin to solve this lack of supply the Master General of the Ordnance, the Duke of Richmond, suggested to the government that the East India Company be persuaded to sell its stocks of muskets to the government and agree not to place further orders until the Ordnance’s requirements were met. He told Henry Dundas, the Home Secretary, that he was:
‘…aware how unpleasant it must be to take such a step, and to deliver out to our troops these East India Arms, which are considered of somewhat an inferior quality to ours, but …the least important must give way to the most; and you will be best able to judge whether the East India Company can admit of a delay in respect of these arms. [Henry Dundas, as Chairman of the Board of Control, had earlier been instrumental in securing parliamentary approval for the renewal of the East India Company’s monopoly.] And altho’ they might not be quite so perfect as ours, they undoubtedly must be serviceable ones, and such as the new Raised Corps must put up with on the current Emergency.”
The suggestion was agreed to and by the end of 1794 the company had delivered into government stores 29,920 muskets, all that it could spare. Transactions for company muskets would continue throughout the duration of the Revolutionary and Napoleonic wars. By 1815 the company had sold the Ordnance at least 142,970 small arms.
The musket that the East India Company supplied was originally designed by General Lawrence for company service and then altered and simplified by Lieutenant-Colonel Edward Windus in 1771. In company service it was known as the “Windus Pattern”. In 1795 the Ordnance began to order “India Pattern” muskets on its own account and by 1797 it adopted the musket officially as the Model 1793 and began to place substantial orders for it with the Birmingham gun trade.
The Model 1793 India Pattern musket was standardised by the Ordnance in 1797 to take account of its cheapness, simplicity of design and ease of manufacture. And by the end of 1797 the Birmingham gun trade was able to have delivered some 72,000 muskets to the government proof house at Bagot Street. The success of this model, along with its slightly modified successor, the Model 1810 India Pattern, can be gauged by the fact that between 1795 and 1815 nearly three million were produced at an average price of 18s.5d. It was the Model 1810 that was most numerous at Waterloo, although some of the Guards were armed with an intended replacement for the India Pattern, the Pattern 1804 New Land Pattern musket, the development and subsequent issue of which had been stopped due to an outbreak of peace.
The Model 1793 India Pattern is stocked to 41⁄2in (11.43cm) of the muzzle, the 39in barrel (99cm) being retained by three pins and an upper swivel screw. There are three brass ramrod pipes, as opposed to the four for the Short Land Pattern musket. All the brass is simpler in design, which aided the mass production of cast parts for the “setter uppers” (assemblers), as is the lock. The stock is plain walnut, the wood of an inferior heart and sap quality. Supplies of this walnut were still obtained from Italy, despite Napoleon’s attempts to throttle British trade with Europe. The amount of powder to be used for a charge was recommended as 6dr. The overall length of the musket is 55in (139cm) and with its attached bayonet 73in (185.5cm). The weight is measured at 9lb 11oz (4.394kg), almost a pound less that the earlier Short Land pattern musket, a weight similar to that of the current British Army L85A2 rifle.
SHORTCOMINGS OF THE BROWN BESS MUSKET
During the India Pattern’s service many in the army and within the Ordnance were aware that the India Pattern had shortcomings. Hans Busk, author of The Rifle and How to Use It, wrote in 1859 that the British service musket was: “The very clumsiest and worst contrived of any firelock in the world. It required the lar-gest charge of powder and the heaviest ball of any; yet owing to the absence of every scientific principle in its construction, its weight and windage were the greatest, its range the shortest, and its accuracy the least; at the same time it was the most costly of any similar arm in use, either in France, Belgium, Prussia or Austria.”
This was somewhat unfair, being written some 30 years later with the benefit of hindsight, for test results then and now show that the India Pattern was, indeed, no worse than many of its foreign competitors and in some cases considerably better. However, it should be noted, that the quality of British gunpowder was by far the best in Europe and the most widely available. In fact, Britain supplied much of the powder used by her allies on the Continent during the Napoleonic wars.
Engagements for the infantry were traditionally at relatively close distances, often the result of closely controlled battlefield management. In 1811 a soldier of the 71st Regiment of Foot, writing of fighting the French at Fuentes de Onõro, recorded: “… during our first advance a bayonet went through between my side and clothes, to my knapsack, which stopped its progress. The Frenchman to whom the bayonet belonged fell, pierced by a musket ball from my rear-rank man. Whilst freeing myself from the bayonet, a ball took off part of my right shoulder wing and killed the rear-rank man, who fell upon me. We kept up our fire until long after dark. My shoulder was black as coal from the recoil of my musket; for this day I had fired 107 round of ball cartridge.”
This was not an uncommon account and it would have been just as true of Waterloo. If we were to take an average of 80 cartridges fired by about 50,000 allied infantry at Waterloo the expenditure of ammunition would have amounted to more than four million cartridges. Although not scientific, it does give a flavour of the ferocity of battle that Sunday in June 1815.
In terms of performance, tests show that the musket is most accurate at about 50yd. Analysis of 19 battles between 1750 and 1830 shows that the average engagement distance for infantry was 64yd and that closing fire, when infantry was advancing and firing, was delivered at a mere 30yd. In terms of rate of fire a British infantryman was expected to manage three rounds a minute in combat. Tests carried out by the East India Company in 1834-5 using a Board of Ordnance India Pattern musket showed that it could penetrate three 1in-thick deal planks set 12in apart at 60yd and then penetrate 1in into the third three-layer set of planks. This set of results was with the service charge of 6dr of good-quality British powder, and when you observe the slow-motion footage of a musket ball penetrating a gel block and the shattering of simulated bone you can well understand the damage that musket balls wrought on the field of Waterloo.
See the weapons of Waterloo at the Royal Armouries, Leeds exhibition: Waterloo: The Art of Battle, 22 May to 23 August. The museum is open daily 10am-5pm. Entry is free; www.royalarmouries.org. | <urn:uuid:40a8f01c-ff0d-4190-be4c-e4f81f946ee4> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://www.thefield.co.uk/shooting/muskets-at-the-battle-of-waterloo-the-brown-bess-28421 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570987817685.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20191022104415-20191022131915-00071.warc.gz | en | 0.972735 | 2,553 | 2.96875 | 3 |
This year, as long as the cloud cover stays away, observers can expect to see upward of 100 shooting stars per hour, with the best time to watch being after midnight when the First Quarter Moon has set. With the moon dipped below the horizon, the darker skies should mean more meteors can be seen.
The Geminids are created from the embers of a disintegrating asteroid and appear in the night sky near the constellation of Gemini the Twins, hence their name. Tiny specks of dust hit the Earth’s atmosphere at about 126,000km/h and vaporize from friction with the air – thus appearing as the streaks of light that we call shooting stars.
Sadly, at this time of year the Geminids are better seen in the skies of the Northern Hemisphere, so all of us south of the equator will miss out. For all you keen meteor watchers on the upper side of the globe, find yourselves a dark field somewhere away from city lights, take along a garden chair, wrap up very warm indeed, take along a steaming hot flask of tea, and sit back and enjoy the spectacle! | <urn:uuid:5e71dd69-ffbe-4213-9d6d-fcadb5666ce8> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | http://www.thaisrussomano.com/blog/for-all-the-star-gazers-out-there | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125949489.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20180427060505-20180427080505-00010.warc.gz | en | 0.934934 | 230 | 2.765625 | 3 |
- A loose-lying system which effectively compensates movement and deformation
- The system can be mounted on a wet foundation
- The use of membranes with a signal layer for rapid detection of any damaged areas
- The process of installation is fireproof as it is performed without the use of an open flame
- Repairability throughout the term of service
- Isolation of possible leaks
- The product can be mounted at low temperatures
- Increased reliability of the system due to two layers of waterproofing
- Water tightness of the system can be controlled at all stages of construction and operation
An insulation system for foundations which are fully or partially embedded. The system prevents the negative effects of ground and soil water on the structure of the foundation and protects its operational space from water and subzero temperatures. The system can be used for projects which have the following parameters of interaction with the geological environment:
- Geological factors: specific soils are widespread; the dominating types of ground are clay and loamy soils.
- Hydrogeological factors: soil water is present due to the accumulation of snow melt and rain water. Groundwater is represented by one or more pressure horizons of variable power, located above the level of the base slab. Groundwater has a heterogeneous chemical composition and contains various pollutants.
TN-FOUNDATION Expert is a two-layer system with vacuum quality control. The system includes two waterproofing materials: LOGICBASE V-SL (LOGICROOF T-SL), a membrane with a signal layer, and LOGICBASE V-ST (LOGICROOF T-PL), a membrane with a textured surface.
LOGICBASE V-SL (LOGICROOF T-SL) and LOGICBASE V-ST (LOGICROOF T-PL) membranes are used to make 2 waterproofing sheets, up to 150 m2 in size. The TLOGICBASE V-ST (LOGICROOF T-PL) waterproofing layer is placed on LOGICBASE V-SL (LOGICROOF T-SL) with its textured surface down. Two layers are welded to each other along their perimeter, forming a leakproof sheet with an area of up to 150 m2. After the welding of two waterproofing layers, holes are cut in the LOGICBASE V-ST (LOGICROOF T-PL) upper membrane, fittings are welded to these holes and pipes for vacuum control of the quality are attached.
The vacuum test involves sucking the air out of the waterproofing sheet (the space between the two waterproofing membranes) through the pipes connected to the sheet, after which the vacuum level is measured. The surface pattern of LOGICBASE V-ST (LOGICROOF T-PL) prevents adhesion of membranes during vacuum testing. The leak resistance criterion is the preservation of vacuum in the sheet for 5 minutes. If the system is found to lack leak resistance, the damaged areas are found and the sheet is repaired. If waterproofing has to be repaired, a special injection mixture is injected into the space between the two membranes through the pipes connected to the system. After polymerization, the repair material restores the leak resistance of the waterproofing.
The bottom layer of the vacuum system is geotextile, the protective layers on horizontal surfaces are geotextile, plastic film and protective screed, and on vertical surfaces geotextile and PLANTER geo or PLANTER standard profile-shaped membrane.
Area of application:
TN-FOUNDATION Expert system is designed for waterproofing the foundations of complex or unique buildings and structures of higher criticality ratings, which are built in pits with backfilling in complex engineering/geological conditions.
Substitutes in PVC systems
- LOGICBASE V-PT (used for protection instead of geotextiles and plastic film on top of the waterproofing under the foundation plate and on the stylobate, and instead of geotextile on the walls, on the external side of the waterproofing layer). We recommend the use of this membrane.
Substitutes in TPO systems
- LOGICBASE P-PT is used for protection instead of geotextiles and plastic film on top of the waterproofing under the foundation plate and on the stylobate, and instead of geotextile on the walls, on the external side of the waterproofing layer. We recommend the use of this membrane. | <urn:uuid:6eb3d72d-3b08-477b-846c-6223df4992ed> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://logicroof.ru/en/solution/base/tn-fundament-ekspert/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107892062.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20201026204531-20201026234531-00595.warc.gz | en | 0.907858 | 928 | 2.71875 | 3 |
For Immediate Release, March 8, 2016
Legal Petition Seeks Crackdown on Aquarium Fish Caught With Cyanide Poison
OAKLAND, Calif.— Conservation groups filed a legal petition today to prevent the import of tropical aquarium fish that are caught overseas using cyanide, a practice that kills or injures tens of millions of tropical fish and causes widespread destruction of some of the world’s most important coral reefs.
Each year as much as 90 percent of the 12.5 million tropical fish entering the United States as pets are caught illegally with cyanide.
“The sad reality is that cyanide poisoning is causing widespread destruction of some of the world’s most stunning coral reefs. By acting on our petition the Obama administration can put a huge dent in this destructive practice,” said Nicholas Whipps, a legal fellow at the Center for Biological Diversity. “We can’t allow our love of these fish lead to the wholesale destruction of coral reefs.”
Wild reef fish are caught in the Philippines, Indonesia and other countries by squirting cyanide directly onto reefs to stun tropical fish, which kills as much as 75 percent of all nearby fish on contact, as well as nearby corals. The fish that survive are then shipped to the United States and sold as aquarium fish. Today’s petition asks the National Marine Fisheries Service, U.S. Customs and Border Protection and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to use their authority under the Lacey Act to halt these illegal imports.
“Millions of animals suffer and die each year through the careless acts of aquarium fishers removing wild fish from the oceans,” said Teresa M. Telecky, director of wildlife at Humane Society International. “The U.S. government must act now to put a stop to this cruel and illegal practice by requiring certification that imported live fish were not caught with cyanide.”
Under the Lacey Act, it is illegal to import animals caught in violation of another country’s laws. The largest reef-fish-exporting countries — the Philippines, Indonesia and Sri Lanka — have banned cyanide fishing but do little to regulate the practice; the Lacey Act prohibits the import of these illegally caught fish into the United States, but enforcement is lacking. As many as 500 metric tons of cyanide are dumped annually on reefs in the Philippines alone. The petition by the Center for Biological Diversity, For the Fishes, the Humane Society of the United States and Humane Society International requests that imports of tropical aquarium fish be tested for cyanide exposure in order to enter or be sold in the United States.
“Coral reefs now face unprecedented stress and die-offs from climate change. Those exposed to cyanide poisoning and other unsustainable practices may never recover,” said Rene Umberger, executive director of For the Fishes. “Saltwater aquarium hobbyists concerned about their impacts should choose from the dozens of captive-bred species now available and steer clear of all fish captured in the wild until federal enforcement is in place.”
The Center for Biological Diversity is a national, nonprofit conservation organization with more than 990,000 members and online activists dedicated to the protection of endangered species and wild places. www.biologicaldiversity.org.
Get For the Fishes’ award-winning mobile app, Tank Watch, and learn which saltwater aquarium fish species may be captive-bred and which are captured in the wild.
Humane Society International and its partner organizations together constitute one of the world’s largest animal protection organizations. For more than 20 years, HSI has been working for the protection of all animals through the use of science, advocacy, education and hands on programs. Celebrating animals and confronting cruelty worldwide — on the Web at hsi.org.
The Humane Society of the United States is the nation’s largest animal protection organization, rated most effective by our peers. For 60 years, we have celebrated the protection of all animals and confronted all forms of cruelty. We are the nation’s largest provider of hands-on services for animals, caring for more than 100,000 animals each year, and we prevent cruelty to millions more through our advocacy campaigns. Read more about our 60 years of transformational change for animals, and visit us online at humanesociety.org. | <urn:uuid:53b5d34b-0b7a-4da5-9e30-e79b5d4d91f8> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.biologicaldiversity.org/news/press_releases/2016/cyanide-03-08-2016.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100972.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209202131-20231209232131-00492.warc.gz | en | 0.927924 | 894 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Mumps spreads easily through sneezing and coughing, or just touching infected surfaces. A vaccine, first introduced in 1967, reduced U.S. cases by 99 percent, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
However, mumps still can spread among vaccinated groups, a sign that immunity may wear off for some people as they get older, according to a 2018 article in Clinical Infectious Diseases. Most outbreaks take place in close-contact settings, especially among college-age kids who tend to live in dormitories, play sports together, kiss acquaintances, and share cups and cigarettes.
More than 2,000 U.S. mumps cases occurred in 2018. That’s down from 6,000-plus cases CDC reported in both 2016 and 2017, but a far cry from the hundreds reported in 2012.
Texas is not immune. In 2018, mumps outbreaks occurred at Texas Christian University in Fort Worth, Texas State University in San Marcos, and a national cheerleading competition in Dallas.
Mumps still spreads much faster and more dangerously among unvaccinated groups, and immunization remains the best protection. CDC recommends children get two doses of the vaccine (MMR), which also guards against measles and rubella, and can include chickenpox (MMRV). Unvaccinated adults and college-age students also can receive the vaccine, and during outbreaks, high-risk groups may need a third dose.
Download a printable copy of the infographic below.
Tex Med. 2019;115(3):47
March 2019 Texas Medicine Contents
Texas Medicine Main Page | <urn:uuid:68769e60-dbf3-4049-aaee-799ecc6e28d7> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://www.texmed.org/TalkMumps/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371810807.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20200408072713-20200408103213-00304.warc.gz | en | 0.937775 | 326 | 3.828125 | 4 |
720 words; 3 minutes to read
Audio summary by volunteer Averi Brailey.
This post draws largely on the work of Dr Jennifer Kamorowski and colleagues.
The criminal justice system is making increasing use of ‘risk assessment’ instruments and procedures to inform decisions about bail, sentencing, parole and probation. The idea is that whether a person is released should depend in part on the risk that the person might commit another crime.
Predicting future actions by individuals is generally itself a very risky activity, with a high likelihood that our predictions turn out to be wrong. This is true in every field, not just in criminal justice. Our predictions about how people in a group may do x or y are reasonably accurate, but our predictions about specific people are generally quite inaccurate. For example we know with a fair degree of accuracy roughly how many murders will occur in a year in Canada, but we have very little idea of who will actually be involved.
Predictions about individual future actions are also subject to many biases. Many studies have shown that juries, judges, prosecutors and parole officers also have biases that affect their perceptions of risk and even of guilt.
Mistakes carry serious consequences
When the decisions involve a person’s liberty, as is the case with bail or parole, a high possibility of errors must be a very serious concern. It is important to take steps to prevent future crimes, but if we are too cautious in using risk assessment, as is often the case, the result is that many people will be and are imprisoned or otherwise constrained without just cause, and that is a serious violation of basic human rights.
One way the justice system has tried to overcome this problem is through the use of structured risk assessment instruments (SRAI). These instruments usually involve a series of questions or measures that, taken together, are considered to have a higher accuracy in making predictions about individual’s future actions. The instruments are supposed to be used by people who are specially trained, including to minimize their personal biases.
These instruments, now widely used in criminal justice in many countries including Canada. For example all federal prisoners in Canada are evaluated for parole against such an instrument.
How well do risk assessment instruments work?
A considerable amount of research has examined the degree to which these instruments are effective. The consensus of the research is that SRAIs are generally more accurate than unaided predictions made by experts (such as psychologists). That’s the good news.
But that good news has to be qualified by 3 provisos. First, the instruments all still have relatively high error rates. To take a hypothetical example, an instrument that predicted accurately 85% of the time whether a person would commit another crime would be considered very, very accurate. But that would still mean that 15% of the time, people would be unfairly penalized by the continued denial of their liberty. And some people would still be released who would commit another crime. That’s a large number of wrong predictions with very serious negative consequences.
Second, the final decisions about risk are not made by trained experts but by judges or supervisors in the bail and parole system – people who often have no training and may have little understanding of the mathematics of risk as outlined here. In other cases, such as civil commitment hearings in the US, juries must interpret risk assessment data, which they often struggle to do fairly.
Third, as shown by Kamorowski and colleagues, even the experts using these instruments are often inclined to override the results and substitute their own personal judgments even though those judgments are much more likely to be biased on grounds such as ethnic background. As they report, The current objectivity and outcome research… suggests that when an evaluator uses a risk assessment tool, the results do not necessarily reflect an objective evaluation.
Caution always needed in judging risk
The reality is that human decisions will always have some degree of error, and some of that error will in turn be due to bias. These tools can help but they will never totally overcome the problems. That is why Risk assessment tools should be used to identify ways to manage and reduce risk – but their vulnerability to evaluator bias indicates they should not be used to justify significant deprivations of freedom. | <urn:uuid:3dc576e9-20d4-41b5-85df-17b0e4b63b29> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://johnhoward.ca/blog/risks-and-benefits-of-risk-assessment/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296949107.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20230330070451-20230330100451-00607.warc.gz | en | 0.968479 | 874 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Cinnaminson, NJ, January 12th
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has designated January as National Radon Action Month. Radon is estimated to claim the lives of approximately 21,000 Americans each year and is a leading cause of lung cancer deaths among nonsmokers.
Radon can be found all across North America. It is a naturally occurring radioactive gas that is released in rock, soil and water. In homes and other buildings, it can accumulate to dangerous levels as it moves up through the ground to the indoor air through cracks and other holes in the foundation. In some situations, radon can also enter through well water.
Knowing the radon level indoors, where people spend a considerable amount of time, is important because when building occupants breathe in radon, radioactive particles from it can get trapped in the lungs. In fact, both the U.S. Surgeon General and EPA urge all Americans to protect their health by testing their homes, schools and other buildings for it.
“Exposure to elevated levels of radon can increase a person’s risk of lung cancer and it may take years before health problems appear,” said Joe Frasca, Senior Vice President, Marketing at EMSL Analytical, Inc. “According to the EPA, homes with high levels of radon have been found in every state. This is why testing is so important. Fortunately, testing a home or building is affordable and if a problem is discovered, it can be fixed. At EMSL we support National Radon Action Month and are pleased to provide radon analysis and test kits for assessing exposure risks from air and water samples.”
EMSL Analytical has also sponsored an educational video about National Radon Action Month that can be seen at: https://youtu.be/SAOP0zz6yjo
To learn more about radon or other indoor environmental quality (IEQ), occupational, health and safety testing services, please visit www.EMSL.com
, call (800) 220-3675 or email [email protected]
. To access radon and other IEQ test kits, visit www.EMSLTestKits.com
.About EMSL Analytical, Inc.
EMSL Analytical is one of the leading testing laboratories with 46 locations throughout the United States and Canada. EMSL is a nationally recognized and locally focused provider specializing in fast laboratory results for mold, bacteria, Legionella
, USP <797>, pathogens, asbestos, lead, soot, char & ash from fires, VOC’s, odors, radon, formaldehyde, indoor air quality, microbiology, environmental, industrial hygiene, radiological, food, beverage & consumer products and material testing services for the identification of unknown substances. EMSL services both professionals and the general public. EMSL maintains an extensive list of accreditations from leading organizations as well as state and federal regulating bodies including, but not limited to A2LA, AIHA-LAP, LLC (AIHA-LAP, LLC EMLAP, AIHA-LAP, LLC IHLAP, AIHA-LAP, LLC ELLAP), NVLAP, CDC ELITE, CPSC, CA ELAP, NY ELAP, TX DOH, NJDEP and multiple other state accrediting agencies. Please visit our website at www.EMSL.com
for a complete listing of accreditations. In addition, EMSL carries a wide range of Sampling Equipment and Investigative Products for environmental professionals. | <urn:uuid:4d5181b8-b14b-4791-8b28-dc1b8f1c1f02> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://www.emsl.com/News.aspx?newsid=3675 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703519984.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20210120085204-20210120115204-00690.warc.gz | en | 0.926844 | 731 | 2.859375 | 3 |
A new scientific study seen exclusively by the BBC indicates that the drug Thalidomide is still causing birth defects in Brazil today. It’s been given to people suffering from leprosy to ease some of their symptoms, and some women have taken it unaware of the risks they run when pregnant.
About ten thousand Thalidomide babies were born worldwide until the drug was withdrawn in the early 1960s. But in Brazil the drug was re-licensed in 1965 as a treatment for skin lesions, one of the complications of leprosy. Researchers now say 100 Brazilian children have injuries exactly like those caused by Thalidomide.
Read Brazil’s new generation of Thalidomide babies
by Angus Crawford, BBC Newsnight, 24 July 2013. | <urn:uuid:a284f9ee-cfe4-4514-bca7-8c59d91526f9> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://desdaughter.com/2013/07/24/brazils-new-generation-of-thalidomide-babies/?share=google-plus-1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027323221.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20190825062944-20190825084944-00031.warc.gz | en | 0.976057 | 156 | 3.171875 | 3 |
|Georges Jacques Danton|
Birthplace: Arcis-sur-Aube, Champagne, France
Location of death: Paris, France
Cause of death: Execution
Race or Ethnicity: White
Sexual orientation: Straight
Occupation: Activist, Government
Executive summary: Key figure in French Revolution
One of the most conspicuous actors in the decisive episodes of the French Revolution, born at Arcis-sur-Aube on the 26th of October 1759. His family was of respectable quality, though of very moderate means. They contrived to give him a good education, and he was launched in the career of an advocate at the Paris bar. When the Revolution broke out, it found Danton following his profession with apparent success, leading a cheerful domestic life, and nourishing his intelligence on good books. He first appears in the revolutionary story as president of the popular club or assembly of the district in which he lived. This was the famous club of the Cordeliers, so called from the circumstance that its meetings were held in the old convent of the order of the Cordeliers, just as the Jacobins derived their name from the refectory of the convent of the Jacobin brothers. It is an odd coincidence that the old rivalries of Dominicans and Franciscans in the democratic movement inside the Catholic Church should be recalled by the names of the two factions in the democratic movement of a later century away from the church. The Cordeliers were from the first the center of the popular principle in the French Revolution carried to its extreme point; they were the earliest to suspect the court of being irreconcilably hostile to freedom; and it was they who most vehemently proclaimed the need for root-and-branch measures. Danton's robust, energetic and impetuous temperament made him the natural leader in such a quarter. We find no traces of his activity in the two great insurrectionary events of 1789 -- the fall of the Bastille, and the forcible removal of the court from Versailles to the Tuileries. In the spring of 1790 we hear his voice urging the people to prevent the arrest of Jean-Paul Marat. In the autumn we find him chosen to be the commander of the battalion of the national guard of his district. In the beginning of 1791 he was elected to the post of administrator of the department of Paris. This interval was for all France a barren period of doubt, fatigue, partial reaction and hoping against hope. It was not until 1792 that Danton came into the prominence of a great revolutionary chief.
In the spring of the previous year (1791) Mirabeau had died, and with him had passed away the only man who was at all likely to prove a wise guide to the court. In June of that year the king and queen made a disastrous attempt to flee from their capital and their people. They were brought back once more to the Tuileries, which from that time forth they rightly looked upon more as a prison than a palace or a home. The popular exasperation was intense, and the constitutional leaders, of whom the foremost was the Marquis de Lafayette, became alarmed and lost their judgment. A bloody dispersion of a popular gathering, known afterwards as the massacre of the Champ-de-Mars (July 1791), kindled a flame of resentment against the court and the constitutional party which was never extinguished. The Constituent Assembly completed its infertile labors in September 1791. Then the elections took place to its successor, the short-lived Legislative Assembly. Danton was not elected to it, and his party was at this time only strong enough to procure for him a very subordinate post in the government of the Parisian municipality. Events, however, rapidly prepared a situation in which his influence became of supreme weight. Between January and August 1792 the want of sympathy between the aims of the popular assembly and the spirit of the king and the queen became daily more flagrant and beyond power of disguise. In April war was declared against Austria, and to the confusion and distraction caused by the immense civil and political changes of the past two years was now added the ferment and agitation of war with an enemy on the frontier. The distrust felt by Paris for the court and its loyalty at length broke out in insurrection. On the memorable morning of the 10th of August 1792 the king and queen took refuge with the Legislative Assembly from the apprehended violence of the popular forces who were marching on the Tuileries. The share which Danton had in inspiring and directing this momentous rising is very obscure. Some look upon him as the head and center of it. Apart from documents, support is given to this view by the fact that on the morrow of the fall of the monarchy Danton is found in the important post of minister of justice. This sudden rise from the subordinate office which he had held in the commune is a proof of the impression that his character had made on the insurrectionary party. To passionate fervor for the popular cause he added a certain broad steadfastness and an energetic practical judgment which are not always found in company with fervor. Even in those days, when so many men were so astonishing in their eloquence, Danton stands out as a master of commanding phrase. One of his fierce sayings has become a proverb. Against Brunswick and the invaders, "il nous faut de l'audace, et encore de l'audace, et toujours de l'audace" -- we must dare, and again dare, and forever dare. The tones of his voice were loud and vibrant. As for his bodily presence, he had, to use his own account of it, the athletic shape and the stern physiognomy of the Liberty for which he was ready to die. Jove the Thunderer, the rebel Satan, a Titan, Sardanapalus, were names that friends or enemies borrowed to describe his mien and port. He was thought about as a coarser version of the great tribune of the Constituent Assembly; he was called the Mirabeau of the sansculottes, and Mirabeau of the markets.
In the executive government that was formed on the king's dethronement, this strong revolutionary figure found himself the colleague of the virtuous Roland and others of the Girondins. Their strength was speedily put to a terrible test. The alarming successes of the enemy on the frontier, and the surrender of two important fortresses, had engendered a natural panic in thecapital. But in the breasts of some of the wild men whom the disorder of the time had brought to prominent place in the Paris commune this panic became murderously heated. Some hundreds of captives were barbarously murdered in the prisons. There has always been much dispute as to Danton's share in this dreadful transaction. At the time, it must be confessed, much odium on account of an imputed direction of the massacres fell to him. On the whole, however, he cannot be fairly convicted of any part in the plan. What he did was to make the best of the misdeed, with a kind of sombre acquiescence. He deserves credit for insisting against his colleagues that they should not flee from Paris, but should remain firm at their posts, doing what they could to rule the fierce storm that was raging around them.
The elections to the National Convention took place in September, when the Legislative Assembly surrendered its authority. The Convention ruled France until October 1795. Danton was a member; resigning the ministry of justice, he took a foremost part in the deliberations and proceedings of the Convention, until his execution in April 1794. This short period of nineteen months was practically the life of Danton, so far as the world is concerned with him.
He took his seat in the high and remote benches which gave the name of the Mountain to the thoroughgoing revolutionists who sat there. He found himself side by side with Marat, whose exaggerations he never countenanced; with Robespierre, whom he did not esteem very highly, but whose immediate aims were in many respects his own; with Camille Desmoulins and Phélippeaux, who were his close friends and constant partisans. The foes of the Mountain were the group of the Girondins -- eloquent, dazzling, patriotic, but unable to apprehend the fearful nature of the crisis, too full of vanity and exclusive party-spirit, and too fastidious to strike hands with the vigorous and stormy Danton. The Girondins dreaded the people who had sent Danton to the Convention; and they insisted on seeing on his hands the blood of the prison massacres of September. Yet in fact Danton saw much more clearly than they saw how urgent it was to soothe the insurrectionary spirit, after it had done the work of abolition which to him, as to them too, seemed necessary and indispensable. Danton discerned what the Girondins lacked the political genius to see, that this control of Paris could only be wisely effected by men who sympathized with the vehemence and energy of Paris, and understood that this vehemence and energy made the only force to which the Convention could look in resisting the Germans on the northeast frontier, and the friends of reaction in the interior. "Paris", he said, "is the natural and constituted center of free France. It is the center of light. When Paris shall perish there will no longer be a republic."
Danton was among those who voted for the death of the king (January 1793). He had a conspicuous share in the creation of the famous revolutionary tribunal, his aim being to take the weapons away from that disorderly popular vengeance which had done such terrible work in September. When all executive power was conferred upon a committee of public safety, Danton had been one of the nine members of whom that body was originally composed. He was despatched on frequent missions from the Convention to the republican armies in Belgium, and wherever he went he infused new energy into the work of national liberation. He pressed forward the erection of a system of national education, and he was one of the legislative committee charged with the construction of a new system of government. He vainly tried to compose the furious dissensions between Girondins and Jacobins. The Girondins were irreconcilable, and made Danton the object of deadly attack. He was far too robust in character to lose himself in merely personal enmities, but by the middle of May (1793) he had made up his mind that the political suppression of the Girondins had become indispensable. The position of the country was most alarming. Dumouriez, the victor of Valmy and Jemmappes, had deserted. The French arms were suffering a series of checks and reverses. A royalist rebellion was gaining formidable dimensions in the west. Yet the Convention was wasting time and force in the vindictive recriminations of faction. There is no positive evidence that Danton directly instigated the insurrection of the 31st of May and the 2nd of June, which ended in the purge of the Convention and the proscription of the Girondins. He afterwards spoke of himself as in some sense the author of this revolution, because a little while before, stung by some trait of factious perversity in the Girondins, he had openly cried out in the midst of the Convention, that if he could only find a hundred men, they would resist the oppressive authority of the Girondin commission of twelve. At any rate, he certainly acquiesced in the violence of the commune, and he publicly gloried in the expulsion of the men who stood obstinately in the way of a vigorous and concentrated exertion of national power. Danton, unlike the Girondins, accepted the fury of popular passion as an inevitable incident in the work of deliverance. Unlike Billaud Varenne or Hébert, or any other of the Terrorist party, he had no wish to use this frightful two-edged weapon more freely than was necessary. Danton, in short, had the instinct of the statesman. His object was to reconcile France with herself; to restore a society that, while emancipated and renewed in every part, should yet be stable; and above all to secure the independence of his country, both by a resolute defense against the invader, and by such a mixture of vigor with humanity as should reconcile the offended opinion of the rest of Europe. This, so far as we can make it out, was what was in his mind.
The position of the Mountain had now undergone a complete change. In the Constituent Assembly its members did not number more than 30 out of the 578 of the third estate. In the Legislative Assembly they had not been numerous, and none of their chiefs bud a seat. In the Convention for the first nine months they had an incessant struggle for their very lives against the Girondins. They were now (June 1793) for the first time in possession of absolute power. It was not easy, however, for men who had for many months been nourished on the ideas and stirred to the methods of opposition, all at once to develop the instincts of government. Actual power was in the hands of the two committees -- that of public safety and of general security. Both were chosen out of the body of the Convention. The drama of the nine months between the expulsion of the Girondins and the execution of Danton turns upon the struggle of the committee to retain power -- first, against the insurrectionary commune of Paris, and second, against the Convention, from which the committees derived an authority that was regularly renewed on the expiry of each short term.
Danton, immediately after the fall of the Girondins, had thrown himself with extraordinary energy into the work to be done. The first task in a great city so agitated by anarchical ferment had been to set up a strong central authority. In this genuinely political task Danton was prominent. He was not a member of the committee of public safety when that body was renewed in the shape that speedily made its name so redoubtable all over the world. This was the result of a self-denying ordinance which he imposed upon himself. It was he who proposed that the powers of the committee should be those of a dictator, and that it should have copious funds at its disposal. In order to keep himself clear of any personal suspicion, he announced his resolution not to belong to the body which he had thus done his best to make supreme in the state. His position during the autumn of 1793 was that of a powerful supporter and inspirer, from without, of the government which he had been foremost in setting up. Danton was not a great practical administrator and contriver, like Lazare Carnot, for instance. But he had the gift of raising in all who heard him an heroic spirit of patriotism
and fiery devotion, and he had a clear eye and a cool judgment in the tempestuous emergencies which arose in such appalling succession. His distinction was that he accepted the insurrectionary forces, instead of blindly denouncing them as the Girondins had done. After these forces had shaken down the throne, and then, by driving away the Girondins, had made room for a vigorous government, Danton perceived the expediency of making all haste to an orderly state. Energetic prosecution of the war, and gradual conciliation of civil hatreds, had been, as we have said, the two marks of his policy ever since the fall of the monarchy. The first of these objects was fulfilled abundantly, partly owing to the energy with which he called for the arming of the whole nation against its enemies. His whole mind was now given to the second of them. But the second of them, alas, was desperate.
It was to no purpose that, both in his own action and in the writings of Camille Desmoulins (Le Vieux Cordelier), of whom he was now and always the intimate and inspirer, he worked against the iniquities of the bad men, like Carrier and Collot d'Herbois, in the provinces, and against the severity of the revolutionary tribunal in Paris. The black flood could not at a word or in an hour subside from its storm-lashed fury. The commune of Paris was now composed of men like Hébert and Chaumette, to whom the restoration of any sort of political order was for the time indifferent. They wished to push destruction to limits which even the most ardent sympathizers with the Revolution condemn now, and which Danton condemned then, as extravagant and senseless. Those men were not politicians, they were fanatics; and Danton, who was every inch a politician, though of a vehement type, had as little in common with them as John Calvin of Geneva had with John of Leiden and the Münster Anabaptists. The committee watched Hébert and his followers uneasily for many weeks, less perhaps from disapproval of their excesses than from apprehensions of their hostility to the committee's own power. At length the party of the commune proposed to revolt against the Convention and the committees. Then the blow was struck, and the Hébertists were swiftly flung into prison, and from there under the knife of the guillotine (March 24th, 1794). The execution of the Hébertists was the first victory of the revolutionary government over the extreme insurrectionary party. But the committees had no intention to concede anything to their enemies on the other side. If they refused to follow the lead of the anarchists of the commune, they were none the more inclined to give way to the Dantonian policy of clemency. Indeed, such a course would have been their own instant and utter ruin. The Terror was not a policy that could be easily transformed. A new policy would have to be carried out by new men, and this meant the resumption of power by the Convention, and the death of the Terrorists. In the month of Thermidor 1794 such a revolution did take place, with those very results. But in Germinal feeling was not ripe. The committees were still too strong to be overthrown. And Danton seems to have shown a singular heedlessness. Instead of striking by vigor in the Convention, he waited to be struck. In these later days a certain discouragement seems to have come over his spirit. His wife had died during his absence on one of his expeditions to the armies; he had now married again, and the rumor went that he was allowing domestic happiness to tempt him from the keen incessant vigilance proper to the politician in such a crisis. He must have known that he had enemies. When the Jacobin club was "purified" in the winter, Danton's name would have been struck out as a moderate if Robespierre had not defended him. The committees had deliberated on his arrest soon afterwards, and again it was Robespierre who resisted the proposal. Yet though he had been warned of the lightning that was thus playing around his head, Danton did not move. Either he felt himself powerless, or he rashly despised his enemies. At last Billaud Varenne, the most prominent spirit of the committee after Robespierre, succeeded in gaining Robespierre over to his designs against Danton. Robespierre was probably actuated by the motives of selfish policy which soon proved the greatest blunder of his life. The Convention, aided by Robespierre and the authority of the committee, assented with ignoble unanimity. On the 30th of March Danton, Desmoulins and others of the party were suddenly arrested. Danton displayed such vehemence before the revolutionary tribunal, that his enemies feared lest he should excite the crowd in his favor. The Convention, in one of its worst fits of cowardice, assented to a proposal made by St. Just that, if a prisoner showed want of respect for justice, the tribunal might pronounce sentence without further delay. Danton was at once condemned, and led, in company with fourteen others, including Camille Desmoulins, to the guillotine (April 5th, 1794). "I leave it all in a frightful welter", he said; "not a man of them has an idea of government. Robespierre will follow me; he is dragged down by me. Ah, better be a poor fisherman than meddle with the government of men!"
Events went as Danton foresaw. The committees presently came to quarrel with the pretensions of Robespierre. Three months after Danton, Robespierre fell. His assent to the execution of Danton had deprived him of the single great force that might have supported him against the committee. The man who had saved France from Brunswick might perhaps have saved her from the White reaction of 1794.
Wife: (m. 1787)
Law School: University of Reims (1785)
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Copyright ©2014 Soylent Communications | <urn:uuid:506f739f-3cad-408a-9300-9ced2a19237e> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://www.nndb.com/people/658/000092382/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698541839.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170901-00027-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.984821 | 4,349 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Rockfishes and their close relatives are some of the most important fishes on the Pacific Coast. They occur on reefs, around sunken vessels, and among kelp beds, and they often comprise more than 90 percent of all the fishes living in these locations. Rockfishes are favorites of recreational and commercial fishers and have major economic value. They are the frequent subjects of underwater photographers, but in spite of a wide appreciation of their beauty, identifying these closely related species, particularly underwater, is challenging. With over 400 color photographs of both juveniles and adults, this is the first book to present all of these remarkable fishes in one guide and the first devoted solely to their identification.
Published October 2012. 200 pages. 400 color photos! | <urn:uuid:e31985cb-4c36-44c2-a5a4-60d46bd7f9eb> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://www.reef.org/node/5357 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802770043.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075250-00016-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.963547 | 148 | 2.765625 | 3 |
A team of researchers recently published a paper in the journal ACS Applied Nano Materials demonstrating the successful synthesis of copper nanoparticles (Cu NPs) in the organic phase by reduction method for the first time along with the feasibility of using them in practical applications.
Study: Organic-Phase Synthesis of Blue Emission Copper Nanoparticles for Light-Emitting Diodes. Image Credit: Toria/Shutterstock.com
Cu NPs are suitable for different applications such as biomedicine and photoluminescence as they are cost-effective and non-toxic compared to other metal nanoparticles, such as gold (Au) NPs. Copper nanoparticles also have a tunable emission wavelength.
Cu NPs receive less attention than other metal NPs however, as Cu is easily oxidized compared to Au or silver (Ag), making the synthesis of Cu NPs with fewer defects considerably difficult.
Currently, all Cu NPs are synthesized in the aqueous phase owing to a limited number of organic reducing agents. However, aqueous phase Cu NPs are unsuitable in electroluminescent-light emitting diodes (EL-LED)-related applications as aqueous Cu NC films are often damaged during the deposition of the electron transport layer.
Although organic-phase Au NP-based EL-LEDs were fabricated by the phase transfer method to overcome these limitations, the method can potentially cause ligand detachment, leading to low photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) and more defects.
In this study, researchers synthesized an organic-phase Cu NPs by the reduction method and evaluated their effectiveness in EL-LEDs.
Copper (II) bromide (CuBr2), indium chloride (InCl3), tris(dimethylamino)phosphine (DMA)3P, trioctylphosphine oxide (TOPO), 1-octadecene (ODE), 1-dodecanethiol (DDT), oleylamine (OLA), and trioctylphosphine (TOP) were used as starting materials for this study.
3 g TOPO, 5 ml OLA, and 0.45 mmol CuBr2 were mixed into a 50 ml three-necked bottle and then degassed at 140oC for 60 min to remove oxygen and water. Subsequently, argon (Ar) was added to the mixture, which was again heated at 200oC. A mixture of 1 ml OLA and 0.35 ml (DMA)3P was quickly added to the above mixture at 200oC to reduce Cu2+.
1.5 ml DDT was then added and the resultant mixture was heated at 200oC for 40 min to obtain Cu NP solution. The obtained Cu NP solution was subjected to centrifugation for 3 min at 11000 rpm to remove impurities, then mixed with methanol and octane, and again centrifuged for 3 min at 11000 rpm. Eventually, the precipitate was dissolved in octane.
Cu NPs passivated by InCl3 were also synthesized following the above method with minor changes. In this synthesis, 7 g TOPO, 3 ml OLA, and 0.45 mmol CuBr2 were used as input materials, and a mixture of 6 ml TOPO and 100 mg InCl3 was used after the reduction of Cu2+ and the resultant mixture was heated for 60 min at 300oC. Eventually, the collected Cu NPs were dissolved in hexane.
Cu NP-based LED was fabricated using 30 nm poly (3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT: PSS), 30 nm polyvinyl carbazole (PVK), 40 nm Cu NPs, 100 nm aluminum (Al), and 40 nm zinc-doped magnesium-oxide (ZnxMg1-xO) NPs.
A FEI Tecnai G2 F30 transmission electron microscope, X-ray diffractometer, FluoroSENS-9000 spectrophotometer with a static xenon lamp, Hamamatsu Quantaurus-QY, Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), Fluo Time 300 “Easy Tau” fluorescence lifetime spectrometer, UV-Vis-NIR spectrometer, and Everfine ATA-500 were utilized to characterize the fabricated samples.
Organic-phase Cu NPs were successfully synthesized for the first time using (DMA)3P as the reducing agent. Blue light emission was detected when the samples were excited by an ultraviolet lamp, indicating the successful fabrication of blue-light emitting Cu NPs.
The size of the prepared Cu NPs was 5.24 ± 0.47 nm. The PLQY of Cu NPs increased gradually and eventually attained the highest value of 15% when the reaction temperature was increased from 180 to 200oC. However, the PLQY of the Cu NPs decreased when the temperature was further increased above 200oC.
No considerable influence of the reaction temperature was observed on the Cu NP emission wavelength. The low PLQY value was attributed to the oxidation of Cu(0) to Cu+ on the Cu NP surface.
The In3+ passivation of the Cu NP surface at high temperatures successfully prevented the oxidation of Cu, which increased the maximum PLQY value to 32%. Additionally, a blue emission of 452 nm wavelength was observed.
The fluorescence lifetime of Cu NPs without In3+ passivation and with In3+ passivation was 3.4 ns and 4.9 ns, respectively. The PLQY of the Cu NPs remained almost unchanged even after their exposure to air for 20 days, indicating exceptional stability.
The Cu NP-based EL-LEDs were directly fabricated using organic-phase In3+-passivated Cu NPs without performing the phase transfer process. The maximum current efficiency and external quantum efficiency (EQE) of these fabricated EL-LEDs were 0.3 cd A−1 and 0.14%, respectively. The EQE of these EL-LEDs was comparable to the gold Au NP-based LEDs as the orthogonal ligand of Cu NPs did not interfere with other LED layers.
Significance of the Study
Taken together, the findings of this study demonstrated the successful synthesis of organic-phase Cu NPs with improved emission properties for the first time and their application in the fabrication of the first blue emission Cu NP EL-LED. However, more research is needed to thoroughly understand the In3+ passivation mechanism on the Cu NP surface.
Zhang, W., Xu, W., Liu, H. et al. (2022) Organic-Phase Synthesis of Blue Emission Copper Nanoparticles for Light-Emitting Diodes. ACS Applied Nano Materials https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsanm.1c04541 | <urn:uuid:2a4e9c5b-f829-407a-b8a1-de6dc5ec3139> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.azonano.com/news.aspx?newsID=38793 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510707.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20230930181852-20230930211852-00404.warc.gz | en | 0.943062 | 1,467 | 2.53125 | 3 |
A cove is described by wikipedia as “A cove is a small type of bay or coastal inlet. They usually have narrow, restricted entrances, are often circular or oval, and are often inside a larger bay. Small, narrow, sheltered bays, inlets, creeks, or recesses in a coast are often considered coves. Colloquially, the term can be used to describe a sheltered bay.”
Merriam Webster defines it as “a small sheltered inlet or bay ”
Imagine the cove surrounded by tamarind trees, that is an amazing and breathtaking view and a place to be on a hot and sunny day. | <urn:uuid:75f702ad-0ed7-4c6d-9cab-5f3a81b3200c> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://www.tamrincove.com/tag/cove/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934808254.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20171124142303-20171124162303-00157.warc.gz | en | 0.973556 | 138 | 3.375 | 3 |
The COVID-19 pandemic could affect the availability and distribution of antiretroviral medicines to millions of patients around the world, the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS said on Monday.
According to the UNAIDS, a new study has revealed the potential impacts COVID-19 pandemic could have in low- and middle-income countries around the world on supplies of the generic antiretroviral medicines used to treat HIV.
The UNAIDS said its survey discovered that the lockdowns and border closures imposed to stop COVID-19 are impacting both the production of medicines and their distribution, potentially leading to increases in their cost and supply issues, including stock-outs over the next two months.
The Executive Director of UNAIDS, Winnie Byanyima in a press release, said, “It is vital that countries urgently make plans now to mitigate the possibility and impacts of higher costs and reduced availability of antiretroviral medicines.
“I call on countries and buyers of HIV medicines to act swiftly to ensure that everyone who is currently on treatment continues to be on it, saving lives and stopping new HIV infections.”
“Since 24.5 million people were on antiretroviral therapy at the end of June 2019, millions of people could be at risk of harm—both to themselves and others owing to an increased risk of HIV transmission—if they cannot continue to access their treatment,” the press release read in part.
UNAIDS says recent modelling estimates that a six-month disruption of antiretroviral therapy in sub-Saharan Africa alone could lead to 500,000 additional AIDS-related deaths.
“The production of antiretroviral medicines has been affected by several factors. Air and sea transport is being severely curtailed, hampering the distribution of the raw materials and other products, such as packaging material, that pharmaceutical companies need to manufacture the medicines.
“Physical distancing and lockdowns are also restricting the levels of human resources available in manufacturing facilities. The combined result of shortages of materials and workforces could lead to supply issues and pressure on prices in the coming months, with some of the regimens for first-line treatment and those for children projected to be the severest hit,” it added.
According to the agency, an array of circumstances are conspiring to add pressure on the overall cost of finished antiretroviral medicines.
“Increased overhead and transport costs, the need for alternative sourcing of key starting materials and active pharmaceutical ingredients and currency fluctuations caused by the forecasted economic shock are combining to push up the cost of some antiretroviral regimens.
“It has been estimated that a 10–25 per cent increase in these could result in an annual increase in the final cost of exported antiretroviral medicines from India alone of between US$ 100 million and US$ 225 million.
“Considering that in 2018 there was an HIV financing shortfall of more than US$ 7 billion, the world cannot afford an added burden on investments in the AIDS response.”
UNAIDS, however, said it is working with its partners to mitigate the impact of the projected shortage. | <urn:uuid:59f20ed7-7adb-46f5-b8cd-80e0caeee832> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://askmaryhub.com/2020/06/23/covid-19-millions-are-at-risk-over-the-shortage-of-hiv-drugs/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141163411.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20201123153826-20201123183826-00386.warc.gz | en | 0.954921 | 661 | 3.109375 | 3 |
An exploding field into which many mathematics graduates (and others) are going is known as "Data Science". This is a profession in which people look at data (sometimes "Big Data", sometimes not such big data), and try to figure things out from it. It uses statistics, computer programming, visualisation and knowledge of the context of the data.
This article is a case study showing the type of work a data scientist would do in order to pull together information from different sources to tell a story about it. It is very technical in places, but even skipping over the technical details will give you insight into how exciting it can be to chase after an elusive goal in this field. And if you are interested in finding out more,
there are some suggested references included as well.
This case study discussed what I did to produce the data table in the activity Where Are You Flying?
It turned out to require much more effort than one might have expected, and have many points at which choices had to be made. This gives a little flavour of what someone doing "data science" might have to do on a regular basis, and also some
of the (potentially important) issues in presented data. For this reason, it is written more like a story or journal entry than a nice "cleaned-up" explanation of how the data was finally extracted. At the end, there are some questions to ponder and further investigation.
Getting the raw data
The two things I needed were a list of which countries are in which continent, and where planes flew from London. The continents turned out to be a little easier, at least to begin with...
- I obtained information on continents from Wikipedia. This page has lots more information than I needed (or so I thought). But it links to a page with nice
computer-readable source (click on the "Edit page" icon or the "Edit" tab to access the source text). I copied the list of countries and the continent abbreviations into two separate files which you can download: continents.txt and continent-abbreviations.csv. (CSV stands for "comma-separated values", a plain-text format for spreadsheet-like data; this file can be opened in any spreadsheet software.)
- Getting historical flight data proved to be more challenging. The American Government publishes freely-available historic flight data on internal flights within the USA via the Bureau of Transportation Statistics website. But there is no British equivalent, as far as I can tell.
- There are commercial providers which will sell data on international flights and internal commercial flights within other countries. This data clearly has commercial value. But I was looking for an "open data" solution to my question as I really didn't want to have to pay to create this activity.
- The UK's Civil Aviation Authority publishes some summary statistics, rather than the flight-by-flight data that the USA publishes. So I decided to make do with that. I downloaded the 2017 annual punctuality statistics from their website
and saved the file as caa-flight-delays.csv.
Wrangling the data
Real-life data is messy. Different data sources are in incompatible formats or use different conventions. Sometimes data is missing. This is a problem that librarians and information professionals have been dealing with for well over a century: how do we organise information in such a way that connected items can be easily matched up? They have come up with a variety of
good solutions, but as there are multiple solutions, different organisations use different ones (and some don't follow any of the standard solutions), which can also cause difficulties, as we will see...
So here's what I did to clean up and draw the data together, using the Open Source software R
and the tidyverse suite. (You can read much more about working with this software in Hadley Wickham's book R for Data Science
, which he has made freely available.) The
final code I wrote is in the file get-london-flights.R
, but there was also a fair amount of playing with the data in RStudio to get a feel for it and to try things out. For example, I regularly looked at the data tables to ensure that things appeared to be reasonable before going further, or asked for a list of airports in the file to
ensure that I spelled everything correctly.
The continents and countries
- The continent abbreviation data was almost fine: I just read in the data table, except that the abbreviation for North America, "NA", was interpreted by R as meaning "the data is Not Available", so I had to take account of that.
- The format of the country names in the Wikipedia data file is something like "Afghanistan, Islamic Republic of" (just taking the first country on the list). Some countries don't have a comma, for example "American Samoa". That's not too bad; I can handle that. I started by checking that each country appears only once in the table, as problems will arise later if that's not
the case. This is relatively easy to do in R, using something like:
continents_raw %>% group_by(Name) %>% count() %>% filter(n > 1)
Oh dear. It turned out that some countries appear twice in the data file, mostly those spanning Europe and Asia. There are also interesting and significant cases (at least for my purposes) such as Madeira, which is part of Portugal but lies on the continental shelf of Africa: there are many flights to Madeira listed in the CAA flight data file (as I discovered later). A decision
had to be made for each of these. I decided that most of the Europe/Asia countries should be classified as Asia for this purpose, for no particularly good reason. However, for the Russian Federation, I decided to regard it as lying entirely in Europe: almost all of the flights are to Moscow or St Petersburg, which are in Europe. This was the first set of decisions I had to make;
different decisions might have made a difference to the results.
- On a more technical note, the format of the Wikipedia data is a little weird. I regarded it as a CSV file with funny field separators (the "|" symbol), but then fields were separated by a pair of these "|" symbols. So I ended up with lots of unnecessary columns, which I then deleted. (Oh, and the header row was separated with "!" symbols instead, so I manually edited the
file to make it consistent.)
The flight data
- The first step was to look at the data table to get a feel for it. My initial observations included noting:
- The country names are in UPPER CASE, whereas in the Wikipedia file they are just Capitalised.
- The country names are short; they don't appear to have the parts after the commas in the Wikipedia file.
- There is a column called "arrival_departure" which seems to indicate whether this row of the table is referring to flights arriving into the airport ("A") or departing from the airport ("D").
- Some rows have 0 flights! (The "number_flights_matched" column.)
- To handle these, I did the following:
- I split the Wikipedia country names at the comma, and made two columns in the continents table, one with just the main name ("name.main") and one with the full name ("name.full"), and I also capitalised them; for example, "Afghanistan, Islamic Republic of" became "AFGHANISTAN" (for "name.main") and "ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF AFGHANISTAN" (for "name.full"). By looking at a few rows of the
flight data, I suspect that the "name.main" column will be much more useful.
- For the flight data, I only kept rows which had an "arrival_departure" value of "D", and for which there was at least one flight recorded.
- At some point, I thought I really ought to check that only one country has each main name, but it turns out that this is not the case: there are two pairs of countries which have the same main name, CONGO and KOREA. For each of these, the two countries involved are in the same continent (Africa and Asia, respectively), so I need keep only one of each pair for my purposes. (The
particular choice of which to keep does not make any political statement, though other choices I made earlier might do so. I did, however, choose to remain consistent with the countries actually appearing in the CAA data.)
- I filtered the CAA flight data to only keep flights out of the London airports, as those are what I am interested in on this occasion. There is a question here: which airports count as London airports? Is "London Gatwick" a London airport? What about "London Southend"? I followed the CAA classification that these are both considered as "London area" airports (though in
my first iteration, I excluded Southend - I later found the CAA classification).
Tying the flights and continents data together
I now have a table of countries and the continents they lie in, and a table giving the number of flights out of the London airports and their destinations. To count the number of flights to different continents, I somehow need to tie these two together.
- I started by listing all the countries appearing in the CAA table, and doing a quick visual scan. (Something like: unique(caa_data$origin_destination_country) will do this.) It is hard to scan over the entire file, so listing each country appearing makes this a manageable task.
- A couple of things jumped out at me: three entries have parentheses, namely "SPAIN(CANARY ISLANDS)", "PORTUGAL(MADEIRA)" and "PORTUGAL(EXCLUDING MADEIRA)". I'll get rid of the parentheses before I go further. (This is where I needed to decide whether Madeira is in Europe or Africa; I went with Europe.) There's also a country called "Unknown" (not in upper case) which I
removed as there are only two flights involved. This left me with a new column called "destination country" with the cleaned-up name.
- Now, all I need to do is to match the countries in the CAA table with the short names in the continents table. I started by checking that every country in the CAA table appears in the Wikipedia table. It turned out that there were 19 missing. (I used the anti_join function to do this, as in the R source code.) 13 of these just had slightly different names in the two
tables, 5 had the full names in the CAA table, and 1 (KOSOVO) did not appear at all. Kosovo is missing from the Wikipedia table, presumably because it is not currently recognised as a country by the UN, so I added it to the table of continents. For the other 18, I manually created a new table listing these, giving the corresponding CAA and Wikipedia names, and then merged this
information into the flights table.
Why is it that the country names in these two data sources don't match? It turns out that there is no generally agreed naming system for countries! Wikipedia bases its list on the United Nations list of preferred English names; see here
for information on their working group and their report. Within the report, it
is clear that countries have multiple names.
On the other hand, the Getty Research Institute has an internationally-recognised Thesaurus of Geographic Names (TGN)
, which is relied upon by institutions around the world; their preferred English names of countries sometimes differs from the UN names.
The CAA data does not seem to match either of these two; it is not clear where their country names come from.
This sort of data processing issue shows how valuable it is to make use of a widely recognised naming convention for something like country names: it makes further data analysis feasible.
Analysing the data
- At long last, I was ready to analyse the data! It made sense to handle domestic flights separately, which I did by adding a fictitious continent called "UK" to the table of continent codes, and changing the continent code of "UNITED KINGDOM" to "UK". That was far simpler than trying to separate out the domestic flights from the caa_data table and dealing with it as a special
- After that, I simply matched up the continents table to the caa_data table to associate every route with the continent it's in, then counted up the total number of flights for each continent.
- Finally, I tied up the continent names with each continent code, so that the table would be more readable.
- I then output the table as a CSV file, so that I could read it into any spreadsheet software. This table, continents-count.csv, is reproduced at the start of the activity Where Are You Flying?
Representing the data
Now that I had the data, I had to decide how to represent it. For the sake of this activity, I decided to use Excel to produce pictorial representations (even though R would do a perfectly good job), as that way I can play with some "interesting" representations which R might be less happy about generating. I also used graphics software to produce some of the graphics.
Some further questions
This resource is part of the collection Statistics - Maths of Real Life
- Would the results be significantly different if we included all UK airports rather than just the London-area ones?
- Did I use the correct data? What other sources of data can you find on the CAA website which might give better data, or at least more useful data?
- What other interesting questions could you ask about the data available? How might you go about answering them?
- Are there other questions related to flights you'd like to know the answers to, but for which the data is not available? How might you go about collecting the data you'd need to answer your questions?
The icon for this article incorporates the R logo, obtained from the R Project website. Its use is subject to the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International license (CC-BY-SA 4.0). While this article talks about using R, it has not been
endorsed by the R Project and should not be taken as representing the views of the R Project in any way. | <urn:uuid:3e76d62e-e648-41fe-aab8-7a4f10c90a24> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://nrich.maths.org/13862 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655879532.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20200702142549-20200702172549-00552.warc.gz | en | 0.955339 | 3,037 | 2.890625 | 3 |
What is ecological thinking?
One of the critical lessons that ecology is teaching us is that humans are not separate from nature, but are members of the web of life (Hes and Du Plessis 2014).
The first step to integrating ecological thinking into scenographic practice, involves grasping the fundamentals of ecology and living systems. Ecology demonstrates how eco-systems are not just a collection of species, but are also relational systems that connect humans, as organic systems, with animals and plants – It stimulates an increased understanding that the world is fundamentally interconnected and interdependent (Hes and Du Plessis 2014). From an ecological perspective, humans are not separate from nature but are deeply embedded in the ‘web of life’ (Capra 1994). As Naess (1989) suggests, “A human is not a thing…but a juncture in a relational system without determined boundaries in space and time” (1989: 79). Thus, humans are an integral part of the processes of co-creation and co-evolution that shape the living world (Hes and Du Plessis 2014).
Ecological thinking requires a broadening of identity in how we see ourselves in relationship to the world around us. Hes and Du Plessis explain that “as one’s identity expands, so does one’s view of the world. With these changed perceptions also come a change in values, behaviours and possible leverage points” (2014). Sean Esbjörn-Hargens (2010) describes this ‘widening of identity’ as a transition from ‘me’ (egocentric) to ‘my group ‘(ethnocentric) to ‘my country’ (sociocentric) to ‘all of us’ (worldcentric) to ‘all beings’ (planetcentric) to finally ‘all of reality’ (Kosmoscentric). In performance practice, this could be interpreted as a widening in identity from ‘me’ as the artist to considering how I might create work that actively engages with communities as well as the ‘living world’.
This notion of ‘creative expansion’ inspired by Esbjörn-Hargen’s ‘widening identity’, asks the performance maker and scenographer to engage with the work on multiple levels – it challenges the theatre artist to look beyond usual anthropocentric values (such as egocentric, ethnocentric, sociocentric and worldcentric perspectives) often adopted in the theatre practice to also incorporate planetcentric and kosmoscentric views.
The challenge of ecological thinking requires altering our assumptions, attitudes, to understand that we are participating in, and co-evolving with nature (Eisenberg and Reed, 2003: 3). In other words, in order to engage with the world from an ecological perspective, we need to see ourselves as part of (rather than above) nature – to engage with the ‘human’ aspects of our context in relationship to the biophysical context (Hes and Du Plessis 2014). This implies making a conscious effort to contemplate how our work as theatre practitioners might connect to broader communities and ‘living systems’.
Ecology incorporates principles of wholeness, interdependence, diversity, partnership, energy flows, flexibility, cycles and sustainability (DeKay 2011: 65). These themes of interconnection, relationship and co-existence underpin the value system of ecological thinking or what Dominique Hes and Chrisna du Plessis (2014) also describe as the ‘ecological worldview’. The ecological worldview presents a universe that consists of dynamic relationships and processes – It is a “globally integrated view, acknowledging and integrating diversity and previous levels of development, focusing on the long-term future of the world system” (Hes and Du Plessis 2014). In summary, the ecological worldview asks theatre artists and scenographers to think beyond the transient qualities of the theatre or site, to also understand how their work affects wider communities and living systems.
Ecological thinking is profoundly about understanding that ecology is not just about non-human things, it has to do with the way we imagine ourselves as part of nature (Morton 2010). Adopting an ecological perspective entails altering the lens through which we perceive the world and ourselves (Kegan 1982). At the core of this shift is a change in focus, a moving away from egocentric and anthropocentric thought (separateness) to include concepts of integration, awareness and holistic perception (interconnectedness). Mark DeKay explains that this is no easy cognitive task, but rather part of a transition in our developing capacity as humans (2011: 60). Despite this challenge, ecological thinking is crucial to designers of any discipline engaging with sustainability and offers a holistic approach to the possibilities of producing positive benefits as well as remediating past environmental damage (Zari and Jenkin 2010). | <urn:uuid:6a4e3722-f2b9-42d2-a926-d40a79c1a9d8> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | https://ecoscenography.com/ecological-thinking/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187824675.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20171021081004-20171021101004-00890.warc.gz | en | 0.918118 | 1,022 | 2.703125 | 3 |
SIM410 Assignment 4. Purpose and importance of Medicare and Medicaid programs
Medicare in addition to Medicaid are legislative programs providing health and medical services to particular group of individuals. Medicaid is a health care program for individuals below a certain income level. Medicare is a health care program paid by the individuals themselves. Medicare program is designed to pay for the senior population that is 65 years and above when health costs are higher than their income. It also serves some individuals below the age of 65 years who have medical conditions or disability. Medicare guaranteed that hospitals and doctors could provide care without a significant loss. It also revolutionized the way families were able to deal with old age. This improved care as it made end of life decisions much more humane and gave older individuals for instance Americans a significant degree of security and independence. It evolved to include the disabled as well.
Medicaid developed to meet the needs of those who are poor and unable to obtain other forms of insurance. It is primarily needs based. Given the inability of our model of primarily employer provided health insurance to cover significant parts of the population it provided a significant public good (Maeda, 2014). Medicaid is a significant benefit to doctors too. The poor have much more complicated illnesses that are expensive and time consuming to treat, often due to an absence of preventive care. By taking the recipient out of a purely charity model the doctor and hospital can focus on getting the patient better. In the case of children the lifelong benefits of Medicaid might even pay for themselves. Medicaid is by the state money and the federal…SIM410 Assignment 4…
Before Medicare people were often left in a terrible position without the ability to obtain and pay for medical care when they were most likely to need it. This was after they passed the time in their life when they were able to maintain a regular income, notably retirement. Older people were made dependent on struggling younger members of their families. Medicare and Medicaid programs portray a very significant purpose to the health care sector and the society. These programs deliver health insurance for the disabled, low-income earners and seniors. Medicaid and Medicare aid individuals find healthcare when they are not in a position to afford it.
Healthcare coverage options
Health insurance is a form of insurance coverage that caters for the cost of insured individuals’ health in addition to surgical costs. Plan type directs a person’s approach in receiving the treatment they require and amount of money they need to pay on that particular day. Depending on the type of health insurance coverage, either the insured pays the charges from pocket and receives compensation, or the insurer makes payments straight to the health specialist (Green & Rowell, 2015). Healthcare providers are funded by either government insurers or insurance via a scheme of reimbursement. Reimbursement systems offer incentives to healthcare professionals…SIM410 Assignment 4….
Health coverage are programs that aids in paying for medical outlays. Medicaid programs have resulted in lots of new options for healthcare coverage. Health insurance marketplace is a way to purchase health cover. It permits one to equate the charges plus benefits of dissimilar policies. Health Insurance Marketplace is administered by the federal government. Entities can obtain commercial insurance coverage through the Exchange. Assistance with the cost of these plans is available depending on your income, family size, and the plan selected. Examples of healthcare coverage options that facilitate or limit access include emergency care, medication coverage, and lab diagnosis among others.
For instance, primary care physician office visits, are the daily healthcare provided by a health care specialist. The provider organizes other high-quality care that the patient may require. Preventive services are offered by the Medicare program. Preventive care is care one receives to detect medical conditions, prevent illness, and keep one in good health. Medicare Part B covers many preventive services, such as screenings, vaccines, and counseling. Surgery is another healthcare coverage option provided by the plans.
Role of Diagnosis Related Groups and charity care within healthcare facilities
Diagnosis Related Group is a classification system for patients that regulates potential compensation to health centers and boosts cost restraint initiatives. Diagnosis Related Group payment insures charges related through an in-patient stay from admission to discharge time. DRG allows health care centers administrators determine required resources in treating a specific group of people and also predict the treatment cost. Diagnosis Related Group takes into account the number of patients admitted in the hospital for acute care. Each DRG has a payment allocated to it that permits the hospital to define the amount it can charge for service delivery. The DRG system builds greater opportunity for health amenities to advantage financially from keeping correct records….SIM410 Assignment 4….
Charity care involves the provision of free or reduced prices to patients earning low income. Charity care allows uninsured individuals receive both inpatient and outpatient care at a decreased cost. Charity care is only authorized to individuals who meet certain asset as well as income measures. The hospital benefits community in form of charity care. The total community value available to acquire the specific requirements of a certain community is not accounted for by the charity care. Health systems and hospitals deliver great value to their resident societies apart from the provision of high quality care.
Individuals who are uninsured suffer from vital health outcomes because of not having coverage. Substandard health care quality, high death probability in addition to lower degrees of preventive care are linked to one being uninsured. Several uninsured individuals avoid pursuing medical care lest they are encountered with an emergency. In most cases they delay seeking care up to the time their warning signs turn out to be unbearable. Therefore, the vulnerable populaces are less probable of obtaining diagnosis during the early phases of an ailment. They are more likely to suffer from difficulties due to the serious health conditions. Multiple charity programs target the outreach of uninsured populations toward improving their health.
Green, M. A., & Rowell, J. A. C. (2015). Understanding health insurance: A guide to billing and reimbursement.
Maeda, A. (2014). Universal health coverage for inclusive and sustainable development. Washington, D.C: World Bank Group. | <urn:uuid:da7b40d6-205a-4b10-a53a-842b1313b343> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://nursingdepo.com/2023/01/06/sim410-assignment-4/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224654606.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20230608071820-20230608101820-00643.warc.gz | en | 0.958599 | 1,221 | 3.09375 | 3 |
Methods for Working with DOM
When a digger is working with HTML or XML document, it works with DOM (Domain Object Model) structure of the document. So basically such document consists of nodes. When you use the find method, you search through nodes of the document, switch to the found node and, respectively, to block context. Inside the current block (node) there can be nested (child) nodes, and they also may have child nodes and so on. In a block context, you can manipulate the nodes of the current block, delete or replace them.
Examples of commands you can use for nodes manipulations:
# DELETE ALL NON-TEXT CHILD NODES - node_remove_all
# DELETE ALL `а` NODES - node_remove: a
# REPLACE ALL `а` NODES TO EMPTY `p` NODES - node_replace: path: a with: <p></p>
# REPLACE ALL `а` NODES TO THEIR CONTENTS - node_replace: path: a with: content
Let's use following HTML source as example:
<div> <span>some text</span> <a>some link</a> <span>another text</span> </div>
Examples of usage:
- find: path: div do: - node_remove_all - parse # REGISTER WILL BE EMPTY AS ALL NODES WERE REMOVED
- find: path: div do: - node_remove: span - parse # REGISTER VALUE: some link # BECAUSE ALL `span` NODES WERE REMOVED
- find: path: div do: - node_replace: path: span with: ' some text ' - parse # REGISTER VALUE: " some text some link some text " # BECAUSE ALL `span` NODES WERE REPLACED WITH TEXT " some text "
- find: path: div do: - node_replace: path: span with: content - parse # REGISTER VALUE: some textsome linksome text # BECAUSE ALL `span` NODES WERE REPLACED WITH THEIR CONTENTS
In the next chapter, we learn how to manipulate the attributes of a node. | <urn:uuid:94e4cb57-dcf1-43ce-8a54-3a0c8b9b9886> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | https://www.diggernaut.com/dev/meta-language-methods-working-with-dom-nodes.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267159160.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20180923055928-20180923080328-00267.warc.gz | en | 0.650776 | 479 | 3.546875 | 4 |
About the Albanian Language
Albanian is a unique Indo-European language. It is spoken by about 6 million people, mainly in Albania and Kosovo. There are two principal dialects: Gheg, the northern dialect, and Tosk, the southern dialect, which is the official language of the Republic of Albania and is the one taught in the Pimsleur program. In their less extreme forms the dialects are mutually intelligible. Albanian is also one of the official languages of Kosovo and the Republic of Macedonia. | <urn:uuid:68bde649-f01c-4005-8f25-035e8eabebb6> | CC-MAIN-2016-18 | http://www.pimsleur.com/learn-albanian/about-this-language | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461861735203.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428164215-00100-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.956631 | 108 | 3.28125 | 3 |
Digital transformation is revolutionizing every sector and every organization, both public and private. And healthcare facilities are no exception. Across hospitals today, connected devices are everywhere to be found, while more and more confidential patient information is being digitized. Though rapid technological developments are certainly increasing the quality of healthcare, this is accompanied by a huge growth in the threats to hospitals and patients, plus the risks of attacks on their data.
Day-to-day activity at hospitals is going digital, with an increasing amount of equipment such as pacemakers and insulin pumps being digitally connected. These can send data on their operating status or on the patient, and can even be programmed remotely. In 2016, 114,000 patients at a pharmaceutical laboratory were contacted after a security flaw was found in an insulin pump model. The control unit contained a vulnerability which, if exploited, could be used to inject the patient with a potentially fatal dose of insulin.
Obsolete IT environments
Workstations are also connected, so they can access email and tools such as scanners and MRI machines. Yet, many facilities still operate using an obsolete IT environment, according to McAfee. A study by Deloitte of 24 hospitals in 9 EMEA countries also revealed that more than half of them use standard default passwords to secure their hardware. What’s more, only a fifth of hospitals surveyed said that the majority of their IT equipment uses secure networks to ensure the reliability and confidentiality of their data.
Data worth more than gold
Hackers are increasingly targeting facilities like these, as the data they can steal is so valuable. In fact, the information stored by hospitals (like medical records and social security numbers) is worth more than gold to them. Data can be sold on the black market for around 50 dollars – that’s 50 times what a credit card number is worth, according to Symantec.
No wonder cyberattacks are increasingly targeting hospitals. And there’s no shortage of cases. In May 2017, a global cyberattack caused millions of computers to be blocked. The culprit… WannaCry ransomware. The UK’s healthcare service, the NHS, was one of the worst hit by the attack. Thousands of consultations, examinations, and surgeries had to be canceled in more than 40 facilities after their systems were blocked. The NHS had failed to download a Windows update which would have prevented WannaCry from infecting it. Hundreds of thousands of other computers are still running on Windows XP – a real security loophole.
Attacks that cost dearly
In March 2016, the Locky virus blocked access to nearly 10,000 files, or 3% of the content of an IT department at a hospital in Boulogne-sur-Mer, northern France. In February that year, a hospital in California paid 17,000 dollars’ worth of bitcoins to regain access to its IT system. MedStar Health, an IT system used to manage around a dozen hospitals in Maryland, United States, also had its network shut down after a cyberattack. And the list of cyberattack victims in the healthcare sector continues to grow and grow.
In the second quarter of 2016, hospitals were the target of 88% of ransomware attacks, according to a study by security solutions provider NTTSecurity.
Hospitals dedicate very little of their financial and physical resources to their IT security – just 6% of their budget in 2016 compared to the industry average of 16%, Symantec explains. But repeated cyberattacks have made them more aware of the need to act now to protect their IT system and their patients’ data by putting a security policy in place. According to the Hospital Information Systems Atlas published every year since 2013 by the French Directorate-General for Healthcare, 91% of healthcare centers have a security policy in force. The Digital Hospital program aims to raise this figure to 100% by January 1, 2018.
Oodrive – the software publisher specializing in managing sensitive data – provides online backup solutions to recover your data after a cyberattack, as well as certified collaboration solutions used by companies with the most stringent security requirements. | <urn:uuid:c31488cf-ca0d-4ac7-94d6-1b9d7788727a> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://www.oodrive.de/blog/sicherheit/health-data-and-data-security-2-sides-of-the-same-coin/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027315750.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20190821022901-20190821044901-00102.warc.gz | en | 0.964349 | 829 | 2.59375 | 3 |
1. INTRODUCTION: BEING DIGITAL
In 1995, Nicholas Negroponte, director of the MIT Media Lab, concluded his influential book Being Digital with the observation that the advent of digital technology was no ordinary phenomenon. "Being digital is different," he said. "We are not waiting on any invention. It is here. It is now. It is almost genetic in its nature, in that each generation will become more digital than the preceding one."
Indeed, with each passing year since those words were written the world has become more and more digital. The pace of change has been swift. Entire industries have been transformed by the new digital reality. Whether it is in the field of music, photography, publishing, journalism, banking, finance, manufacturing, health care, education, entertainmentno segment of industry or government is untouched. Today digital technologies pervade almost every aspect of life in modern society. If there is a first law of digital technology, it would be this: whatever can be, will be transformed to bits.
In this course we explore the transformation from "atoms" to "bits" that Negroponte aptly described. We examine a variety of business, technical, legal and ethical issues and seek to identify the opportunities and challenges managers face in the incessant movement toward being digital. We also look at a number of enterprises spawned by digital technology to learn about how they function. Among these "digital enterprises" are some of the world's most-recognized namesAmazon, eBay, iTunes, Yahoo! and Google. But we also learn about less widely known enterprises that each in their own way are making a mark on the digital frontier.
At the core of the digital revolution is the remarkable and far-reaching Internet, which serves as the circulatory system for the torrent of bits flowing through cyberspace. The Internet is the vast network of networks that ties together millions of computers in such a way as to allow us the unprecedented ability to interact with each other. The Internet is surely a technical marvel, but it is much more than silicon and fiber. At its core is a protocol that allows a multitude of digital devices to speak the same language and thereby exchange bits of information. In this way, the Internet is glue that binds the digital world together.
Each day countless individualsperhaps as many as one billionaround the world enter the digital realm via the Internet to do various tasks from the mundane to the masterful. What brings people of all ages and every walk of life to the Internet in such numbers? The ease of communication is surely one reason. The inexpensive and easy ability to send e-mail and instant messages to anyone else connected to the network is a clear advantage. Beyond basic communication, people search for information about every thing imaginable that is of interest to them. People also engage in various kinds of transactions: to buy and sell goods and services, pay bills and taxes, to find a place to live or a new job. In this course we look at all of these things and more.
If the past is an indication of the future, the digital revolution has only just begun to make its impact felt. Those individuals who will lead us in the next generation must cultivate an understanding of digital technology and where it is heading. While there is much to be optimistic about, not everything about being digital bodes well for society. It is only through knowledge that we can avoid the pitfalls. The goal of this course is intended to help guide the way.
Questions to consider:
Things to read:
A new crop of kids: Generation We
Stefanie Olsen | 01.22.2007
How the Internet is Changing Consumer Behavior and Expectations (presentation)
Lee Rainie | 05.09.2006
Internet Penetration and Impact
Mary Madden | 04.26.2006
We Are the Web
Kevin Kelly | 08.00.2005
The Future of the Internet
Susannah Fox, Janna Q. Anderson and Lee Rainie | 01.09.2005
Things to watch:
Raymond Kurzweil | 09.29.2005
The Six Webs, 10 Years On
Bill Joy | 09.25.2005
The Power of the Network to Change the Way We Work, Live, Play, and Learn
John Chambers | 09.08.2005
Assessing the Internet: Lessons Learned, Strategies for Evolution, and Future Possibilities
Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn | 08.22.2005
Origins and Future of the Web
Tim Berners-Lee | 09.24.2004
Internet moving into Iron Age
Vint Cerf | 06.18.2004
A Brief History of the Internet
Scott Bradner | 02.08.2004
Extreme Globalization: What's Next in Telecommunications
Nicholas Negroponte | 04.15.2003
The Networked World of E-Business: Are We Ready for It?
Lou Gerstner | 10.10.2002
Musings on the Internet
Vinton G. Cerf
The Diffusion of Electronic Business in the U.S.
Emin M. Dinlersoz and Rubén Hernández-Murillo
A Brief History of the Internet
Barry Leiner, et al.
The Digital Economy Fact Book 2004
William F. Adkinson, Jr., Thomas M. Lenard and Michael J. Pickford
The Internet and Daily Life
A Nation Online
US Dept of Commerce
The Vanishing Hand: the Modular Revolution in American Business
Richard N. Langlois
Attention Economy and the Net
Surveying the Digital Future: Ten Years, Ten Trends
Jeffrey I. Cole, et al.
Ten Strategies for Survival in the Attention Economy
Saul J. Berman
Look it up:
Places to visit: | <urn:uuid:fac6bcc2-8eee-4006-88b8-74ff486f91e9> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | http://digitalenterprise.org/introduction/intro_text.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875145282.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20200220193228-20200220223228-00485.warc.gz | en | 0.892534 | 1,190 | 3 | 3 |
As the Global Climate Strike date (Sept. 20) approaches, the question that will be on the minds of millions will be: “Is there a possible way to avoid a disaster that could threaten the existence of life on earth?” Michael Pollan’s book The Omnivore’s Dilemma helps provide an answer, and that answer is “yes,” but with some qualifications. Here’s why:
A short history of corn
Pollan starts with an explanation of corn, which is the largest crop grown in the United States. Corn seems to have evolved from the grass called teosinte. It is a most unusual plant, starting with the unusual way in which it recruits carbon from the atmosphere, also known as photosynthesis. Most plants create carbon compounds that have three carbon atoms. Corn has a simple trick: It creates compounds with four such atoms. That sounds like a minor detail, until one realizes that the process of photosynthesis also involves the plant’s releasing water into the atmosphere. Since corn absorbs one-third more carbon atoms for photosynthesis than do most other plants, it also is far more efficient in relation to how much water it releases. Also, whereas a single seed of wheat produces about 150 wheat seeds, a single corn kernel produces up to 300 new ones.
Then there’s the evolution aspect. Corn has evolved to be completely reliant on human beings. That’s because its seeds (kernels) are tightly encased in leaves and cannot be released on their own. Also, because the corn seeds grow half way up the plant, they absorb more of the plant’s energy, meaning that the growth of the plant, itself, takes up less energy related to the production of the corn seeds (the kernels) than in other annuals (wheat, barley, etc. all of which die at the end of their growing season).
These features (plus a few more) made early societies like the Aztecs dependent on corn. As Pollan puts it, “corn has succeeded in domesticating us.” And because of its complex pollination system, corn proved easy to hybridize. The Native Americans hybridized thousands of different species of corn, adapted to different soils and climates. Also, corn is an easy crop to store for long periods of time.
US Agricultural policy and corn monoculture
Under FDR, US agricultural policy was to keep the small farmers in business by in effect paying them not to grow too much in order to keep prices higher. Under Reagan, that changed to direct price subsidies. No matter how much a farmer grew, a certain price was guaranteed and if they got a lower price, the federal government paid the farmer the difference. This induces the farmer to grow ever more. Economies of scale means that growing massive amounts of a single crop creates more profits. Corn is a natural for monoculture because of the amount it produces from a single kernel. The fact that it depletes nitrates from the soil at a higher rate than other crops is not a deterrent because of the development of modern chemistry; chemical fertilizers take care of that (to a point). And if monoculture attracts pests, then modern pesticides can take care of that too. The resulting soil depletion (also due to plowing the soil) are compensated for by ever increasing doses of chemicals. These facts lead to a policy that rewards the huge growers.
“So the plague of cheap corn goes on, impoverishing the farmers (both here and in the countries to which we export it), degrading the land, polluting the water, and bleeding the federal treasury, which now spends up to $5 billion a year subsidizing cheap corn,” writes Pollan. In 1970, the US produced 4 billion bushels of corn. By 2005, that was 10 billion, according to Pollan. (By 2013-14 it had increased to 13 billion bushels.)
As for what to do with all the surplus corn, again modern chemistry takes care of that, partly through breaking down the corn into such products as high fructose corn syrup, which is added to huge numbers of processed foods. But the single greatest user of corn and corn by-products is the beef industry; 60% of the corn produced in the US goes to feed cattle on the feed lots, known as “Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations” or CAFO’s.
Here, the cattle are concentrated by the thousands in huge, open air pens and fed a mixture of products, most of which cows did not evolve to eat. Corn and corn by products are the major ingredient. Because cows (which are ruminants) evolved to eat grass, not corn, they do not digest the corn easily and are subject to infection and disease as a result. That’s partly why they have to be fed antibiotics on their way to their date at the slaughter house.
These methods not only produce unhealthy meat, they also deplete the soil by killing off the bacteria and insects that maintain soil fertility and health. By plowing the earth, they help increase erosion. There is also the run-off of nitrates and pesticides which damage the environment, including causing algae bloom in oceans.
Not directly mentioned in Pollan’s book, but of significance here, it is estimated that 9% of global greenhouse gas emissions comes from agriculture. We will see the relevance below.
Organic farming, which as of 2005 was an $11 billion per year industry, has been popularized as a solution. Although in some ways it is really a fraud (such as with “organic, free range chickens” who are cooped up in a hen-house and given access to a tiny patch of bare dirt which qualifies them to be labeled “free range”), it is a step forward. For one, it doesn’t damage the soil as much. Also, the farm workers aren’t exposed to as many chemicals, nor are those who eat the product.
Pollan also says that it has been shown that organic vegetables are, in fact, higher in nutritional value. That may be because the plants are forced to produce their own defenses against pests – defenses which translate into nutrition for us. Another possible reason might be that the soil is healthier and provides more nutrients.
It does little or nothing for the issue of global warming, however. That’s because, according to Pollan 80% of the fuel used for agriculture is used to bring food to the market. According to the US Department of Agriculture, 30% by weight of all hauling by rail, roadways and waterways is so used. The transport sector is the single largest emitter of greenhouse gas (at 29% of the total). But these figures are misleading; they underestimate how a transformation in agricultural practices can be a huge step away from global climate disaster.
No, we’re not talking about growing and smoking pot! We’re referring to what is also known as regenerative farming. To understand this, we have to return to the beginning.
And in the beginning, there was… the bison. And there were the wolves. And there were thousands of square miles of grasslands at least in North America; similar conditions existed elsewhere. It is estimated that in the US these grasslands (and some other areas) supported up to 60 million bison, which are also a ruminant, like cattle. The bison were forced by predators – mainly wolves – to bunch up together and also to frequently be on the move. This accomplished several things: It prevented the bison from grazing the grass down to the very roots, which would have prevented the grass from regenerating itself as well as from the more ground-hugging types from growing altogether. It also meant that the bison were a constantly moving fertilizer (manure) spreader.
Enter Joel Salatin, about whom Pollan spends a major portion of his book. Although he calls himself a “grass farmer”, Salatin raises not only beef, but hogs, chicken (both broilers and egg layers), turkeys, rabbits and vegetables. Salatin mimics nature by how he raises his animals through “managed grazing”. He divides his pastures into small “paddocks” enclosed with mobile electric fences and moves the cattle from one paddock to another every few days.
How does all this relate to the issue of greenhouse gas emissions and global climate disaster? Let’s get back to the roots, literally – the roots and the dirt they grow in.
When Pollan visited his farm – named “Polyface Farm” – the first thing Salatin did was take him out to a field and get him down to dirt level. He emphasized that healthy soil is not simply a soil with proper NPK (nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium) amounts and balance (as modern chemistry claims). Nor is it inert; rather it is in constant change, more like a living organism than a “thing.” Pollan explains the importance of humus, which is “what’s left of organic matter after it has been broken down by the billions of big and small organisms that inhabit a spoonful of earth – the bacteria, phages, fungi and earthworms responsible for its decomposition” if they haven’t been killed off by harsh chemicals. Pollan explains that this decomposition is only part of the process. “A whole group of other organisms slowly breaks humus down into chemical elements plants need to grow, elements including but not limited to, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. This process is as much biological as chemical, involving the symbiosis of plants and the mycorrhizal fungi that live in and among the roots; the fungi offer soluble nutrients to the roots, receiving a drop of sucrose in return…. [Humus also enables the soil to]hold water in suspension so that rainfall remains available to plant roots instead of instantly seeping away.” Think: water and soil retention vs. water runoff and soil erosion.
Salatin explains to Pollan that grass grows in phases – slowly at first, then a sudden spurt and then another slow stage where it becomes “woody” and less sweet. He explains that it’s vital to have the cows graze at the peak of the first growth phase, after it’s started to grow but before the growth levels off. This accomplishes a couple of things: It allows the lower-to-earth grasses such as clover to grow. A legume, clover fixes nitrogen to the soil with its roots. This rotational grazing also stimulates the just grazed grass to grow again. In doing so, the grass puts most of its energy into growing above the soil, shedding much of its roots, which then decay below ground, enriching the soil.
First cows, then chickens
After the cattle, Salatin brings in the chickens who, among other things, eat the fly larvae growing in the cow manure. Scratching and clawing at the manure to get at the larvae, they also help spread it. Also, by eating the larvae, they eliminate a huge mass of flies, thereby eliminating the need for Salatin to bathe his cattle in pesticides. They, too, leave their nitrogen-rich droppings in the paddock as they happily run about doing what chickens were born to do.
Carbon “sequestration” (removal)
Here’s where the issue of carbon emissions and sequestration (removal of carbon from the atmosphere) comes in.According to Pollan “if the sixteen million acres now being used to grow corn to feed cows in the United States became well-managed pasture, that would remove fourteen billion pounds of carbon from the atmosphere each year, the equivalent of taking four million cars off the road.” Given that there are about 270 million cars in the US, that is just a drop in the bucket. But it shows how “grass farming” could be a major step in the right direction, if combined with other fundamental economic and political changes.
These changes include one that Salatin insists on: Selling locally only. Since as Pollan explains, 80% of the fuel used in bringing food to the market is used by processing and transporting the food, consuming locally grown foods would be another important step.
Up to individual consumers?
Simply leaving it up to individual consumers to “consume locally” is a non-starter. It might make a few people feel morally just doing so, but it won’t counter all the pressures that agribusiness and their allies bring to bear. In addition, businesses from Cargill to Dow Chemical have too much influence to ever allow such methods to become generalized. From imposing all kinds of “health” requirements on slaughterhouses that enable only the biggest to survive, to socializing the real costs (in terms of environmental degradation, human health, etc.) thereby enabling them to sell cheap, industrial agriculture will remain the order of the day under capitalism. But Salatin’s “grass farming” (he actually backtracks and says he’s not even farming grass; he’s farming solar power!) shows what’s scientifically possible.
There are powerful interests opposed to these methods. First are the recipients of agricultural subsidies. According to Forbes, by 2018, “Over $11 billion in farm subsidies flowed to just 6,618 lucky recipients who received at least $1 million since 2008.”Of the 23 largest recipients, these subsidies ranged from $10 million to $23.8 million. Nor did the money even go to rural residents. “Residents living in America’s five most populated cities received $18 milion in farm subsidies” and 25% of the subsidy money went to somebody who received at least $250,000.
As for the smaller farmer, like a drug addict hooked on meth, once she or he is hooked on government subsidies to raise corn, it’s nearly impossible to get off. That’s because after just a few years the soil has become so depleted (and also compacted by the use of heavy equipment) that it would take years to recover. Meanwhile, the mortgage and other debts have to be repaid. And big farm or small, the over 90 million acres of farmland devoted to raising corn involve massive investment in that particular crop.
According to Pollan, just two companies – Cargill and ADM – buy one-third of all the corn produced in the US. They control the corn-growing process from start to finish. All this means that there are powerful investments in keeping US agriculture as it is.
Then there is the chemical fertilizer industry, which invests $3.8 billion annually in new facilities (according to their report). As far as pesticides and herbicides, the EPA stopped releasing reports on their total sales 20 years ago, according to Pesticide Action Network. However, they report that in 2012, agribusiness spent $12.6 billion on pesticides (90% of the total) and the expenditures for pesticides as a percentage of overall farming costs is increasing.
Corn is also essential to the food processing industry, as Pollan explains. He also explains the profits involved. Whereas 40% of the retail price of an egg (= unprocessed food) goes to the farmer whose chickens laid the egg, only 4% of the price of the ubiquitous corn sweeteners go to the corn farmer. (This also proves the labor theory of value!) As Pollan quotes farmers, “there’s money to be made in food, unless you’re trying to grow it!”
According to the capitalists – including Bill Gates, who salutes the chemical fertilizer industry – all these methods are necessary in order to provide inexpensive food. But is it really so cheap? The reality is that they have once again privatized the profits while socializing many of the costs – costs which include algae bloom from nitrate runoff into lakes and oceans, health care costs, and the costs of long term environmental damage including but not limited to global climate change.
Two truly revolutionary steps
Two revolutionary steps are necessary: One is to gear food production to social – including environmental – need rather than private profit. This would have to coincide with a conscious and systematic plan for such production. But neither of these steps is possible in isolation; they could only be realized in the context of a planned economy based on social and environmental need. And in any case, even if it were possible to plan food production based on human and environmental need inside a profit-driven (i.e. a capitalist) economy, just that change alone wouldn’t solve the global climate change crisis. What’s needed for that is the transformation of the entire economy, including transportation, industrial production, etc. through such planning.
Such a plan would have to include an integration of the countryside with more urban areas. True, more labor is required for grass or regenerative farming, but huge amounts of labor are potentially being freed up through the introduction of computers and mechanization in other industries.
Then there’s another issue: This writer, who grew up in New York City, worked for a couple of summers on dairy farms as a teenager. My experience tells me how enormously healthy, both physically and mentally, such work is, especially for young people. Yes, “getting back to nature” should be part of a planned economy!
Another part would have to be preserving wilderness areas. Three quarters of Polyfarm is actually forest. And Salatin explains how the forest areas are necessary for soil and general environmental health of the rest of the farm.
All of this and more would have to be considered in planning an economy.
As shown by the failure of the Soviet Union and similar governments, such a plan can only succeed if it is managed and controlled by the workers themselves, including such farmers as Joel Salatin. In other words, through a workers’ state.
And how we get there is a whole other topic!
If you found this article interesting, you would be interested in the following:
David Walters has written further on the topic of regenerative agriculture. See Developing a Marxist approach to global agriculture: A primer on the role of animals in maintaining soil health.
Also relevant is the article Can the green new deal save the planet?
In The Environmentalist Manifesto we expose the role of the non profits and the union bureaucracy in tying the environmental movement to the Democratic Party and to big business, thereby watering down that movement.
Finally, for a Marxist approach to how a workers state can develop, see our pamphlet What is Revolution?
Originally posted at Oaklandsocialist.com. | <urn:uuid:cb3c05e7-6e0b-4cbb-bfad-2c67eb1228ec> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://newpol.org/global-warming-grass-farming-and-a-planned-economy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474377.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223085439-20240223115439-00278.warc.gz | en | 0.962661 | 3,876 | 3.875 | 4 |
Definitions for malaguenaˌmæl əˈgeɪn yə or, often, -ˈgweɪn-
This page provides all possible meanings and translations of the word malaguena
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"Malagueña", is a song by Cuban composer Ernesto Lecuona; written in 1928 it was originally the sixth movement of the Suite Andalucia, to which Lecuona added lyrics in Spanish. The song has since become a popular, jazz, marching band, and drum corps standard and has been provided with lyrics in several languages. | <urn:uuid:1137ae65-0185-4e9e-8f7e-1e92a8dc551f> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://www.definitions.net/definition/malaguena | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246633799.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045713-00249-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.93471 | 137 | 2.75 | 3 |
When an applicant who has filed for the patent but has not been granted patent i.e. his patent application is under consideration then the term patent pending applies. Patent pending enables an applicant to prevent their invention from being used by others. So they can use the term patent applied for etc to warn others from using their invention for their own purpose.
However, there are also rules which warn those who try to marks any product or procedure as patent pending; different countries adopt different policies s far as patent pending requests are concerned. To patent a product one has to submit an application in the patent office; upon verification the application is either accepted or rejected. In the application the applicant provides detail about his invention and makes claim that he should be given patent of the product or concept which he has invented.
Generally, the application is filed in the patent office which falls under the jurisdiction of the applicant which in majority of the cases is the country in which the applicant is residing. However there are regional forums also like European Patent Office where also the application can be filed.
The applicant goes through the process of patent prosecution wherein he has to interact with the patent office as why he should be granted patent of the respective product. The applicant has to put forth strong argument-he should prove that the invention which he is claiming to be his own is beneficial to the society and if patent is granted to him then this won’t become a stumbling block in the invention of the new product. There is also patent litigation which deals with the legal aspects of the patent.
There are different types of patents such as plant patents, software patents, design patents and utility patents. Patent office also contains different types of application which can be used for different purposes.
There are several cases wherein during the patent period someone tries to use the concept of the patentee for business purpose or for some other purpose. This is termed as patent infringement. Patent infringement means others trying to use a patentee’s technique for making profit or for his personal motive without taking the consent of the patentee. It is illegal and the patentee has all the rights to take legal action against those persons or organization.
Different countries have different laws to deal with the infringement but every country tries to protect the right of the patentee. The patentee may too provide various excuses as to why he did resort to such an illegal procedure. They may try to prove that the patentee has adopted illegal means to obtain patent rights and at the time of filing the application that particular method or technique were already being used by some others.
So it is imperative that the patent application forms should be filled with utmost care. And during the patent pending period too it must be ensured that the others are not trying to use the applicant’s product for their own benefit. | <urn:uuid:06d83997-3504-4669-8fb4-4ed3d7d6b2bd> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://positivearticles.com/patent-pending/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780060908.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20210928214438-20210929004438-00631.warc.gz | en | 0.974259 | 565 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Natural gas is escaping from more than 3,300 leaks in Boston’s underground pipelines, according to a new Boston University study that underscores the explosion risk and environmental damage from aging infrastructure under city sidewalks and streets.
The vast majority of the leaks are tiny, although six locations had gas levels higher than the threshold at which explosions could occur. Although there have been no reports of explosions in Boston from any of the leaks, the study comes three years after a Gloucester house exploded probably because of a cracked and corroded gas main dating to 1911.
The research, being published Tuesday in the journal Environmental Pollution, confirms what Bostonians sometimes smell on city streets: a telltale whiff of gas.
“It is something that is distributed across all neighborhoods in Boston,’’ said Nathan Phillips, associate professor in BU’s Department of Earth and Environment and a lead author of the study. Phillips and an assistant drove a black hatchback over every one of Boston’s 785 miles of roads to test methane, the primary ingredient in natural gas, in the air. “And we know once we go outside of Boston, Newton is just as leaky. . . . Any old, mature city is going to have this problem.”
Gas companies and the state Department of Public Utilities say the risk of an explosion from the leaks is exceedingly small. Serious leaks are repaired right away — as were the six that Phillips’s research team discovered — and the remaining ones are not at levels high enough to cause an explosion.
“Do they pose a safety problem to the public? No, safety is our highest priority,’’ said Ann G. Berwick, chairwoman of the state Department of Public Utilities. She said the agency has a financial incentive program to encourage gas companies to replace aging mains.
Leaks can develop in corroded pipes but are most often caused by contractors or homeowners using excavation equipment, according to the public utilities department. During cold weather, frost can penetrate deep into the ground and shift the earth around mains to cause hairline fractures. Other cracks can form at joints where service lines to homes or businesses join mains.
A spokesman for National Grid, the predominant gas distributor in Boston, said it does not make sense to repair all the minor leaks if they are not causing a safety problem. Rather the company is working to replace aging pipes with more flexible plastic pipe as quickly as possible, at a rate of about 150 miles a year in Massachusetts. “It’s a better course of action,” said David Graves, the spokesman, adding that National Grid investigates every report of a gas odor — actually the rotten egg smell of mercaptan, an odor added to odorless gas.
“We always respond and always make the situation safe,” he said.
About 9 billion cubic feet of natural gas was unaccounted for in Massachusetts gas distribution system in 2010, which includes leaks, thefts, and purging of pipelines for maintenance, according to federal energy statistics. That represents about 5 percent of all greenhouse gas emissions each year in Massachusetts, Phillips said. Counting only leaks that utilities have documented, it would represent about $40 million worth of gas, according to an analysis by the Conservation Law Foundation, a Boston-based legal advocacy group. Many leaks are not known.
The problem is not one of safety alone. Leaking natural gas can damage vegetation and trees by displacing oxygen in the soil, scientists say. It is also a potent greenhouse gas that contributes to climate change: Methane is over 20 times more effective at trapping heat in the atmosphere than carbon dioxide, although it is not as long-lived. Phillips and co-author Robert B. Jackson of Duke University began their research in part with global warming in mind. Natural gas emits far less carbon dioxide than coal when it burns, and new reserves have driven down its price, greatly expanding its use in power plants, homes, and businesses. But Phillips and Jackson were curious whether leaks — and other emissions that occur during the extraction and transportation of natural gas — might mean the fuel is not as friendly to the climate.
“The question we are struggling with is how leaky is natural gas as a fuel source,’’ said Jackson.
To test the air, Phillips and an assistant drove about 15 to 20 miles an hour down one side of a street with a device in the back that measured methane in the air higher than 2 parts per million — the amount normally in the air. Sometimes when they got a high reading, they would get out of the car and test the air — in some cases they traced it to a specific manhole cover. They knew it was gas from pipelines, rather than landfills or other sources, because of its chemical signature, which showed it was an old fossil fuel rather than newer methane created from decaying garbage, for example. The study was funded by Barr Foundation.
Phillips, who credits gas companies for working hard to fix gas leaks, said his work captures only a hazy picture of leaking gas in Boston; he drove down only one side of streets, and gas readings depended heavily on wind and other weather. The amount of methane in the air also does not directly reflect what is happening underground. For example, a large amount of gas could be trapped underneath a street and only a small amount makes it to the surface.
‘Any old, mature city is going to have this problem.’
“There are a lot of unknowns,’’ said Phillips. He and Jackson have put sensors on Boston buildings to understand the collective effect of gas leaks in the city — and how much escapes to the atmosphere.
Shanna Cleveland of the Conservation Law Foundation, which has a natural gas leak report coming out soon, said the state Department of Public Utilities could require timelines for gas companies to repair various grades of leaks and improve upon accelerated reimbursement rates for gas companies that replace old gas lines.
A bill sponsored by state Representative Lori Ehrlich of Marblehead that would require a timeline for the most serious leaks to be fixed and require utilities to notify police and fire of the locations of leaks unanimously passed the House in June and is before the Senate.
Ehrlich said better regulations are needed for gas pipelines. “If everyone could see methane, I doubt if there would be any leaks left,” Ehrlich said. “Can you imagine if it came out red?”Beth Daley can be reached at [email protected]. Follow her @Globebethdaley. | <urn:uuid:3559822e-f56c-4d51-a1d9-c4a15ce13c48> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | http://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2012/11/20/boston-riddled-with-mostly-small-natural-gas-leaks-boston-university-study-finds/m1LvyBqHhdVhCQEZM60mwJ/story.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257647498.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20180320150533-20180320170533-00561.warc.gz | en | 0.958502 | 1,350 | 2.515625 | 3 |
A child’s brain develops more rapidly during infancy. A new born baby is very vulnerable to the outside world and hence more care is required. An infant always tries to imitate the outside sources, in this way they develop their language and motor skills. The period between a child’s birth and early childhood, is crucial to their mental health and well being.
Children experiencing some form of a mental health issue, may tend to exhibit certain signs and symptoms right from infancy. It becomes really difficult to assess mental health problems in infants who do not speak, express their feeling or thoughts.
Have you heard of depression and anxiety in infants?
Yes, there are some cases where infants have anxiety, stress and depression problems. There are specific behaviors and environmental factors that pose a risk for babies to have mental issues in future.
When infants are recorded to have episodes of crying severely, for approximately 3 to 4 hours, they are known as colic babies. If your baby seems to be excessively colic than usual for a long period of time then consider consulting a counsellor or a psychologist. There may be chances of mental health problems and an early assessment may help you better cope with this issue.
Early intervention and treatment in the case of psychological issues, results in better recovery. This makes it essential for parents and caregivers to be aware of the signs and symptoms of mental health problems. With the help of a child psychologist, infants falling in age group 0 to 3 years can also be assisted.
Attachment and bonding between the child and the caregiver is very important for the children’s future emotional development. An attachment disorder usually occurs when an infant is neglected for a long period of time, which makes them lose trust. Some symptoms of this kind of disorder include avoiding eye contact, excessive crying, no smiles, rejects your attempts to pacify, lack of interest in playing, etc.
Sometimes babies may be overly responsive. Symptoms such as excessive crying, excessive call for feeding in a shorter span of time, disturbed sleep, and tensed muscles are some signs of concerns. If you notice these behaviors, do consult a professional who specializes in working with children.
Genetics do play a vital role in mental illness, therefore another factor may be parents addicted to drugs and alcohol. Their babies are at greater risk of developing mental illnesses. There may also be a higher risk of permanent behavioural, cognitive, emotional and psychological damage in these children.
Keep a lookout for signs in your baby. If your infant exhibits very few signs of interacting, or prefers not to be touched or held by anyone including caregivers and parents, it may be a major cause of worry. In such cases one must visit a psychologist, as these behaviours may point to early symptoms of autism, developmental disorders or other mental health issues.
In some cases , food is major struggle for some children. Parents sometimes notice their children in taking either excessively small amount or large amount of food in their diet. These signs may be pointing out to eating disorders.
Eating disorders in children can lead to a low self-esteem, depression, mood swings, lack of concentration, fatigue, irritation, etc. There are many kinds of eating disorders that should assessed by showing these problems to a professional.
Some children are not very responsive to sensory inputs; they do not notice or react much when they are wet or dirty, temperature extremes or when they are touched. Usually when infants are tired, hungry or require changing they may fuss. In fact, if your infant doesn’t, it should not be overlooked. They may have less energy and feel lost. In these cases there might be a possibility of having Sensory Processing Disorder.
Children who show a lot of stress and anxiety should be assessed. Due to major brain development occurring in the early stages of childhood it is in this period as this would help them develop and grow better.To lessen the risk that your child will have a psychological issue, visiting a professional may prove beneficial.
Counselling can help you learn and understand your child’s needs and cope with the situations that can arise. With the help of information and resources provided by our online counsellors, it would be easier to deal with infants having mental health issues. | <urn:uuid:132c089a-668a-46c3-bfaa-8235b1bfe68d> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://therappo.com/articles/managing-mental-health-in-infants/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027313747.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20190818083417-20190818105417-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.960512 | 859 | 3.28125 | 3 |
1. What constitutes terrorism? It is actually harder to know, and that’s dangerous.
For an act to be considered as “terrorism” under the ATB, “the purpose of such act, by its nature and context, is to intimidate the general public or a segment thereof, create an atmosphere or spread a message of fear, to provoke or influence by intimidation the government or any of its international organization, or seriously destabilize or destroy the fundamental political, economic, or social structures of the country.” (Sec. 4, ATB) Comparing it with Section 3 of the HSA, the HSA provides with more specificity that a terrorist act must be one which is “sowing and creating a condition of widespread and extraordinary fear and panic among the populace, in order to coerce the government to give in to an unlawful demand.”
Notice that intimidation of the general public or spreading a message of fear (no longer ‘widespread’ nor ‘extraordinary’, and apparently, regardless whose ‘fear’ it is) now count as acts of terrorism. Will burning effigies and megaphoning dystopian scenarios cause fear, enough to be qualified as terrorism?
The ATB includes “acts intended to cause extensive damage or destruction to a government or public facility, public place or private property” as terrorist acts. Will graffiti of militant groups on their rallies count as a terrorist act since, for some, this is considered as damage to public property?
Included among the terrorist acts are “acts intended to cause death or serious bodily injury to any person, or endangers a person’s life”. Will the occasional physical altercations, sometimes descending to ‘riots’, between law enforcement personnel and rallyists fit in this definition?
Even acts which “seriously destabilize the fundamental political, economic, or social structure of the country” count as terrorism. We know that we have heard “destabilization” quite a number of times as being ascribed to the opposition’s airing of grievances, sometimes even with a fancy matrix.
There is an exception in the law, however. Terrorism, according to the ATB shall “not include advocacy, protest, dissent, stoppage of work, industrial or mass action, and other similar exercises of civil and political rights, which are not intended to cause death or serious physical harm to a person, to endanger a person’s life, or to create a serious risk to public safety.” A good exception. However, notice that the exception has an exception in itself. Protests and activism must not have the intention to cause death or serious physical harm to a person, to endanger a person’s life, or to create a serious risk to public safety. One can easily say that a noisy barrage in Mendiola may create a serious risk to public safety.
The coverage has likewise been expanded to include not just the widespread, but also those intending to cause serious physical harm to even a singular, specific person. This seems quite encompassing.
The bar for an act to be considered as terrorism has been dangerously set too low. It is too open to interpretation that it may fit whatever
2. More criminal acts based on a vague definition.
Threat to Commit Terrorism (Sec. 5), Planning, Training, Preparing, and Facilitating the Commission of Terrorism (Sec. 6), Proposal to Commit Terrorism (Sec. 8), Inciting to Commit Terrorism (Sec. 9), Recruitment to and Membership in a Terrorist Organization (Sec. 10), Providing Material Support are the new crimes in the ATB not found in the HSA. With more acts hinged on a vaguer definition of terrorism, we can only guess the flurry of cases that may come invoking sections of the ATB charging who knows who.
Will the hashtag #OustDuterte count as inciting to commit terrorism, since it tends to “destabilize” the government? Maybe a quarter of Philippine Twitter population may be in jail (or prolonged detention) if this happens. How about the case of leftist student organizations? Their existence and presence inside campuses could be criminalized as their organizations may be tagged as terrorist organizations, and their recruitment activities will constitute as a crime. Your guess is just as good as mine.
3. Terrorism might be harder to define, but the ATC has the discretion in identifying who the terrorists are.
The Anti-Terrorism Council (ATC), composed of the Executive Secretary, Secretary of Justice, Secretary of Foreign Affairs, among others (Sec. 45) (who, based on the previous or current persons occupying such positions, have statements that made headlines one way or another) may designate an individual, groups of persons, organization, or association, whether domestic or foreign, upon a finding of probable cause that the individual, groups of persons, organization, or association commit, or attempt to commit, or conspire in the commission of the acts we mentioned in number 1 and number 2 (Sec. 25, ATB).
Any group of persons which commits any of the acts we have mentioned or organized for the purpose of engaging in terrorism shall, upon application of the Department of Justice (DOJ) before the authorizing division of the Court of Appeals (CA) with due notice and opportunity to be heard given to the group of persons, organization or association, be declared as a terrorist and outlawed group of persons, organization or association, by the CA. Well, at least, the judicial authority to declare a group as terrorist is now lodged with a higher court. Under the HSA, the authority was with the Regional Trial Court. (Sec. 26, ATB).
Curiously, the power of ATC to designate terrorists requires no court authority.
4. Suspected? Your private conversations can be wiretapped.
This is a provision of the HSA that was retained by the ATB, but with additional powers, of course. If you use Smart or Globe to make your calls, it appears that the ATC, may file a written application with the CA for the issuance of an order, which has the power to compel telecommunications and internet service providers (yes, Smart, Globe, PLDT, Converge, etc.) to produce ALL customer information and identification records as well as call and text data records, content (right, content, I’m quoting the bill by the way) and other cellular or internet metadata of any person suspected of any of terrorism (Sec. 16, ATB). This compelling power is not found under the HSA. The CA must find probable cause before issuing the order (Sec. 17, ATB).
The powers that were carried over by ATB include the power to “secretly wiretap, overhear and listen to, intercept, screen, read, surveil, record or collect any private communications” from and between terrorists and even mere suspects.
5. Wiretapped not just for hours, for days, but for as much as 2 months.
Oh the horror of someone listening to your private conversation, much more if you are being suspected of terrorism. Well, apparently, you have to bear with this secret wiretapping not just for a period of one month as stated in the old HSA (Sec. 10, HSA), but at a period not exceeding 60 days (Sec. 19, ATB). Yes, the ATB extended the possible duration of effectivity of an order allowing law enforcement agencies to wiretap a suspected terrorist.
Well, if it gives you some sense of calmness, a law enforcement officer who wiretaps or intercepts without a court order shall be punished by imprisonment of ten years (Sec. 24, ATB), that is, if you will know that you have been secretly wiretapped or intercepted and be able to file a complaint.
6. Warrantless Arrest? Yes. Detained? From 3 days, now up to 24 days.
The HSA provides that upon your warrantless arrest, the arresting officer must deliver said charged or suspected person to the proper judicial authority within a period of three (3) days counted from the moment the said charged or suspected person has been apprehended or arrested, detained, and taken into custody by the said police, or law enforcement personnel (Sec. 18, HSA). Accordingly, you must be already charged within that period. The logic is that there must be a reason why one is detained. If charges aren’t filed against a person within three days, then why does he remain captive?
The ATB extends that to 14 days, extendible to 24 days on certain grounds. Yes, you can be detained for more than three weeks without a formal charge even if you were arrested without a warrant.
As a safeguard, which hopefully will be done, the law enforcement personnel shall inform the judge of the nearest court (copy furnished ATC and the Commission on Human Rights) of such detention. Well, again, if it gives you some sense of calmness, a law enforcement officer who violates the notice rule shall be punished by imprisonment of ten years (Sec. 29, ATB), that is, if you’ll be released by your violator-captor and risk that he be charged.
7. Even if you are not a terrorist, you should be scared.
Even if you are not a terrorist, which I hope is true, you should be scared. An unfortunate reality is that laws may sometimes be used to oppress through absurd interpretations. We note of one instance where Atty. Diokno shared that one of his clients was summoned on his commentary that funds should be used for the country’s pandemic response instead of buying helicopters, citing that it is an “unlawful use of utterance”. We note that media companies were subjected to multiple threats of shutdowns and lawsuits, with one reaching as far as an actual shutdown. With the ATB, we’ll be seeing sentences of 12 years of imprisonment up to life imprisonment, which is a lot, considering the unclear coverage of what constitutes terrorism.
A skeptic may say I am stretching my interpretation too far. I hope I do. I hope my fear is just exaggerated. I hope that the way I am absurdly stretching these interpretations are unique to me, but many lawyer groups, such as the Concerned Lawyers for Civil Liberties, the National Union of People’s Lawyers, among other rights groups, have raised alarms. The concern is not imaginary. It is real, imminent, and very much felt. Airing of grievances is an indispensable element of participative democracy. It is a constitutional right which we ought to protect while we have.
Well, they say only terrorists should be afraid of the Anti-Terror Bill. What is being ignored is that after this bill is passed, whether you believe in yourself that you are not a terrorist, if the ATC says otherwise, then you are technically a terrorist. When the time comes that you need to address the government for any reason, a terrorism label might already be on your forehead. You should be scared. We hope this legal authority will not be abused, but we can only hope.
We need a law which will target, discourage, and penalize terrorism. While, admittedly, it is arguable that the Revised Penal Code and the Anti-Money Laundering Act, among others, are enough, the Human Security Act has imposed a high barrier to discourage charges of terrorism. Section 50 of the HSA provides that upon acquittal, any person who is accused of terrorism shall be entitled to the payment of damages in the amount of P500,000 for every day that he or she has been detained or deprived of liberty or arrested without a warrant as a result of such an accusation. Such is a hefty sum that effectively discouraged attempts to prosecute terrorism. The HSA may indeed need some change.
Personally, I would not mind the vague definition or the authority to wiretap our conversations (with judicial determination of probable cause, of course) if this is for the noble purpose of quelling terrorism. After all, who would not want to be safe in his own country? However, I may be too idealistic and naïve. Notwithstanding all the safeguards in the ATB, such as the involvement of the Commission on Human Rights (Sec. 47, ATB), the exception of the definition on activism (Sec. 4, ATB), protection of most vulnerable groups (Sec. 51, ATB), monitoring of progress of investigation and prosecution of all persons accused/detained (Sec. 46, ATB), a legal affairs program which shall ensure respect for human rights and adherence to the rule of law (Sec. 45, ATB), among others, we always note that a law is only as good as the persons implementing and interpreting it. With the current political climate and with statements coming from some government officials themselves, it is reasonable, and even patriotic, for us to doubt and worry. Protection of the citizens against terrorism should go along the protection of our constitutionally guaranteed rights. #
(ATB used is based on the Senate Bill uploaded in the Senate website. I urge you to read more.) | <urn:uuid:c4b8f414-1e50-43c0-bbd5-cb1488f5372b> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://yourlawyersays.com/2020/06/04/7-reasons-why-the-anti-terror-bill-should-be-junked/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178381230.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20210307231028-20210308021028-00093.warc.gz | en | 0.953807 | 2,713 | 2.953125 | 3 |
As embedded computer systems in everyday objects become more sophisticated, those objects become vulnerable to hackers. Researchers and computer security software companies are now studying the possibility of automobiles being hacked.
McAfee, a security software company, is conducting research in Beaverton, Ore., to identify the possibility of hacker threats on automobiles. McAfee released a report last year, titled Caution: Malware Ahead, warning that hacker threats to automobiles were not far off.
The report cites several possible vulnerabilities, including the possibility of a hacker guessing a vehicle's Bluetooth PIN to gain access to the embedded system. Cars with a GPS that's connected to cloud-based applications could be used by hackers to track drivers without their knowledge, the report also noted.
Using a laptop, researchers from the University of California hacked into a vehicle in 2010, gaining access to nearly every function of the car. "We are able to forcibly and completely disengage the brakes while driving, making it difficult for the driver to stop,” the researchers stated, reported Phys.org. “Conversely, we are able to forcibly activate the brakes, forcing the driver forward and causing the car to stop suddenly."
There haven't been any recorded cases of automobiles being hacked for criminal purposes, but carmakers, researchers and security experts generally agree that it's only a matter of time before a hacker uses a computer to steal a car. According to a recent Car and Driver article, carmakers are constantly changing their code and improving security in vehicles, but many expect the automobile security world could become an arms race similar to the security battlefront found on personal computers everywhere.
Read the full Phys.org report here.
NEW ON THE PODCAST | <urn:uuid:3ffee8d3-5923-4fda-8829-3a8c5f6c72c1> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://www.govtech.com/security/When-Will-Your-Car-Gets-a-Virus.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818689373.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20170922220838-20170923000838-00172.warc.gz | en | 0.95112 | 343 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Flu season is no joke – not with an estimated 156 deaths this last season – and when spring fails to arrive or Fall gets nasty, it seems to drag on and on. Here’s the thing: That persistent cough and runny nose may not flue at all. Allergies present many of the same symptoms and it can be difficult to tell a cold or flu from an allergy. With kids especially, it’s easy to mistake allergies for flu (though rarely vice versa). So it’s important that parents take a beat to check.
“Allergy symptoms can include sneezing, runny nose, nasal congestion, itchy watery eyes and itchy nose or throat. Some of these symptoms like congestion are also common with colds, so a lot of people have a hard time telling the difference between them,” says Dr. Neeta Ogden, a pediatric allergist, asthma specialist, and immunologist in New Jersey. “In fact, a recent survey found that nearly half of allergy sufferers, some 49 percent, find it difficult to differentiate allergies from a cold.”
So when kids are sneezing, congested, or suffering from a runny nose might seem like there’s only one possible reason, but there are ways to figure out the true culprit. One of the biggest differences is duration – cold and flu symptoms only last 7 to 10 days. Allergies are a different story.
“Allergies can wax and wane, go away and come back, or just persist,” cautions Ogden. “They can also be more prevalent at certain times of year – so if you find yourself sniffling and sneezing at the start of spring each year, it’s probably time to see an allergist for a proper diagnosis.”
Viral illnesses like the cold and flu don’t present exactly like allergies, either – symptoms like itchy eyes, nose and ears are typically associated with allergies, not colds, whereas cold and flu symptoms such as sore throats and fever aren’t common with allergies. There may be some differences in nasal secretions as well, but it’s not necessarily a reliable diagnostic tool. The context of a runny nose helps parents determine if they are dealing with a virus or an allergy better than the color of the mucus – how long has the child been sick? Do they have low energy, fever or aches? Have they exposed to any common allergy triggers? Common allergy triggers include pollen, ragweed, dust mites, mold, animal dander, and cockroaches.
The Differences Between Seasonal Allergies and Illness
- Colds and flu end, but allergies come back again and again: Cold and flu symptoms run their course in about a week. Allergies can be seasonal or persistent, but will often be a chronic problem.
- Common triggers of seasonal allergies include pollen, ragweed, dust mites, mold, animal dander and cockroaches.
- OTC is okay: There are numerous over-the-counter remedies specifically for kids, but parents should consult their pediatrician before starting any treatment.
- Allergies can be dangerous: severe allergic asthma can make it very hard for a child to breathe. If a child is in distress, seek medical attention immediately.
The best help parents can offer their kids is to observe their symptoms and learn their allergy triggers. There are a number of over-the-counter allergy medications safe for kids, but parents should consult their pediatrician before starting any treatment; allergies are persistent and can be very dangerous.
“If your child has severe allergic asthma, they definitely can be dangerous and can make it very hard for a child to breathe. These are some of the most severe cases that deserve the attention of a board-certified allergist,” Ogden warns. ”It’s important to understand the differences between allergies and colds, so kids can get the most appropriate treatment and find the relief they need. | <urn:uuid:46cc1fcb-4204-4306-aa3b-1e275f533960> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | https://www.fatherly.com/parenting/tell-difference-seasonal-allergies-illness/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583513009.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20181020163619-20181020185119-00038.warc.gz | en | 0.944955 | 839 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Anna and Pete complete their parenting experiment. But which one did a better job? And who will win the extra day of vacation?
Professor Bot: In Part 1 of this two-part lesson, Ms. Weaver gave Anna and Pete an assignment. Ms. Weaver instructed them to do everything by themselves.
“Themselves” is a reflexive pronoun.
In today’s lesson, Ms. Weaver will look at Pete’s and Anna’s research. First, let’s see Pete’s experiment.
(Pete throws the bag of flour on his chair and throws many other things on his flour baby. Next, we see him outside enjoying ice-cream without his flour baby.)
Ms. Weaver: Okay, Pete, let me see your research first.
(Pete hands her a big binder filled with research.)
Ms. Weaver: That’s a heavy binder. And you and your Baby look great.
Pete: Thanks, Ms. Weaver. We feel great!
Ms. Weaver: Anna. Anna, you’re next. Anna? Anna wake up!
(She wakes up but is very confused.)
Anna: I'm here, Baby! I’m here! I’m here! Here's your bottle.
(She accidentally squirts her bottle and milk goes everywhere.)
Ms. Weaver: Anna, you and your baby look awful. What happened?
Anna: Well, I took her everywhere. Everywhere. And I fed her every three hours. So, I haven’t slept since … what day is it?
Ms. Weaver: It’s Friday. What happened there?
(Ms. Weaver points to a large bandage on Anna’s flour baby.)
Anna: Oh, that. Oh, that. I was making myself a salad and had a little accident with a knife. I put my flour baby in front of me. And then I accidentally stabbed it. But I gave it First Aid!
Ms. Weaver: Is that a burn?
Anna: Yes. Yes it is. While I was making myself dinner, I put Baby next to me. I accidentally knocked her into the sink. So I put her in the microwave to dry. That’s when she caught fire.
(Pete smiles, thinking he’s won.)
Professor Bot: Okay. So, we use a reflexive pronoun when it refers to the subject of a sentence or clause.
But we DON’T use a reflexive pronoun with prepositions of place.
Anna uses examples of both in one sentence: While I was making myself dinner, I put Baby next to me.
We use a reflexive pronoun in the first part of the sentence. “Myself” refers to the subject “I.”
But in the second part of the sentence, we don’t use a reflexive pronoun in the prepositional phrase. We use the pronoun “me.” Why? “next to” is a preposition of place.
(Back in the meeting room, we’re about to learn who won the parenting experiment. Pete is smiling, thinking he won.)
Ms. Weaver: Anna, Anna, you should be very proud of yourself.
Pete: Proud? She stabbed and burned her baby!! And she only did one page of research…and it’s covered in milk. Ew.
Ms. Weaver: Yes, Pete. But she followed instructions.
Pete: Hey, I did ...
Ms. Weaver: Please, Pete. Anna, I think your baby has lost some weight. Is there something else you want to share?
Anna: Yes. I’d like to share … these! I made them myself this morning.
Pete: You baked your baby? You should be ashamed of yourself!
Anna: I baked them at the end of the experiment, Pete. At that point, this was just a bag of flour.
Pete: It was always just a bag of flour!!
Ms. Weaver: Pete, will you listen to yourself?! You sound crazy.
Pete: I sound crazy! This whole experiment was crazy!! She was the one who carried around and fed it and ...
(Anna puts a cookie into his mouth. He chews it and begins to smile.)
Pete: Mmm. That is good.
(They all agree and eat the cookies.)
Professor Bot: So, what have we learned? We’ve learned when to use reflexive pronouns and when not to.
Go to our website for more information! You can practice using reflexive pronouns in our comments section.
accidentally – adj. happening in a way that is not planned or intended
ashamed – adj. feeling shame or guilt
bake – v. to make food, such as bread and cake, by preparing a dough, batter, etc., and cooking it in an oven using dry heat
bandage – n. a covering, such as a strip of cloth, that protects or supports part of the body that has been hurt
binder – n. a cover for holding together sheets of paper
bottle – n. a glass or plastic container that has a narrow neck and usually has no handle
burn – n. an injury caused by fire, heat or acid
burn – v. to destroy or damage something by fire or heat
cookie – n. a sweet baked food that is usually small, flat, and round and is made from flour and sugar
dry – v. to remove water or moisture from something or someone
First Aid – n. emergency treatment given to a sick or injured person
knife – n. a usually sharp blade attached to a handle that is used for cutting
knock – v. to touch or hit someone or something in a way that is not planned or intended
microwave – n. an oven in which food is cooked or heated quickly by very short waves of electromagnetic energy
squirt – v. to suddenly force a liquid out through a small opening
stab – v. to wound someone or something with a pointed object, such as a knife
In last week's lesson, Professor Bot taught you when to use reflexive pronouns. This week, he teaches you when not to use them.
Now, you try it!
Use the Comments section below and tell us about a time when you did something yourself, or a person or people you know did something by himself, herself or themselves.
After the holiday dinner, I washed all of the dishes myself. ("I" is the subject and "myself" is the reflexive pronoun.)
Subjects and their reflexive pronouns:
Remember, do NOT use reflexive pronouns:
After prepositions of place:
Ex: I put Baby next to
I put Baby next to me. (right)
Ex: I put my flour baby in front of
I put my flour baby in front of me. (right)
After these verbs: meet, feel, relax, concentrate:
Ex: They will meet
themselves at The Studio next Friday. (wrong)
They will meet at The Studio next Friday. (right)
After verbs that describe things we normally do for ourselves, such as dress, shave and wash:
Ex: Anna got dressed
herself for a day with her new flour baby. (wrong)
Anna got dressed for a day with her new flour baby. (right)
See how well you understand this lesson by taking a listening quiz. Play each short video, then choose the best answer.
Download the VOA Learning English Word Book for a dictionary of the words we use on this website.
Send us an email if you have comments on this course or questions.
Grammar focus: Reflexive pronouns
Topics: Following instructions; describing an accident | <urn:uuid:f6c830fd-23c3-4314-b790-9e5d23e835ce> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | https://learningenglish.voanews.com/a/lets-learn-english-level-2-lesson-18/4231290.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578605555.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20190423154842-20190423180842-00355.warc.gz | en | 0.947247 | 1,645 | 2.984375 | 3 |
There are people a lot smarter than me talking about digital storytelling. There are people doing crazy, imaginative things using hundreds of different tools. There are also people more passionate than I am about digital storytelling. I could tell you about how I have my students brainstorm, storyboard and create stories on some digital tool (I worry that would be a boring story though). There is a lot I don’t know about how to create a story. And like I said, other people do it better than me. But what I have been thinking about recently is why we need to teach storytelling. And so that’s the story I will tell here.
There are anthropological reasons we tell stories:
Anthropologists find evidence of folktales everywhere in ancient cultures, written in Sanskrit, Latin, Greek, Chinese, Egyptian and Sumerian. People in societies of all types weave narratives, from oral storytellers in hunter-gatherer tribes to the millions of writers churning out books, television shows and movies…Anthropologists note that storytelling could have also persisted in human culture because it promotes social cohesion among groups and serves as a valuable method to pass on knowledge to future generation. Scientific American, The Secrets of Storytelling
There are economic reasons we tell stories:
…a test audience responded more positively to advertisements in narrative form as compared with straightforward ads that encouraged viewers to think about the arguments for a product…. Studies such as these suggest people accept ideas more readily when their minds are in story mode as opposed to when they are in an analytical mind-set. A 2007 study by marketing researcher Jennifer Edson Escalas of Vanderbilt University
Perhaps why we tell stories could be summarized in a tidy diagram (though I doubt it):
We tell stories because we are complicated living organisms:
…What really hits people is the story because it’s not an intellectual thing and it’s not just a scream. It’s not pure emotion; it’s a melding of those two things, which is where we exist as human beings. We’re not thought machines, we’re not screaming machines, we are thought/feeling machines, if we’re machines at all, let’s pretend we’re not. We are thought/feeling entities. Margaret Atwood
There are hundreds of reasons why we tell stories. To increase verbal skills. To develop imagination. To propagate the species. To instruct. To attempt to make sense of the universe. To share. To help children go to sleep. To distract. To build community. To enforce morals. To connect. To teach.
I’ve been thinking a lot of stories as we passed the anniversary of 3/11.* As someone who studied history because she loves stories, I strongly believe that we tell stories to remember. There have been so many stories shared of the event a year ago because we cannot forgot what happened. My story of the event would start with a tweet and a blogpost. Others have created beautiful art, that may not be a narrative but still helps us remember. Others have created films, trying to capture the emotions of people and the power of nature. Articles have been written. Books have been created. I think for many of us, we couldn’t stop telling these stories if we wanted to. All of these stories will make sure that 3/11 is not forgotten. And the story is still be written in so many ways.
Storytelling is something essential to our existence and helping students tell their stories is our privilege. We teach them the tools so when they want to tell their own story, they are ready. We need to make sure that their stories and their voices are not lost. How they tell their stories matters less than the fact that their stories are told.
And so I leave you with one of my favorite stories right now, The Tsunami and the Cherry Blossom. This narrative arc, from the power of the tsunami to the gentle sway of a sakura, helped me understand this place where I live in this strange time. And once you watch this, there is no longer a need to explain why we tell stories.*It feels a bit funny to be incorporating the triple disaster of March 11th into this post. But it’s been on the forefront of my mind this week and if I’m really telling my story on this blog, then I’ve got to include it. | <urn:uuid:1f14f899-b916-4401-9378-7ccb995cb8ef> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | https://rebekahmadrid.wordpress.com/2012/03/16/telling-stories/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084889736.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20180120221621-20180121001621-00382.warc.gz | en | 0.954355 | 911 | 2.9375 | 3 |
A personal brand is the sum total of impressions that we make on other people. It is our image among the circle of people we wish to influence, be that our immediate team, our entire company, our industry, or an entire country. We create our brand through every single communication interaction. It is more than our online presence and media coverage. We create our brand through our body language, the words we choose to speak, and the manner in which we deliver our words.
Body language is a primary means of creating our personal brand because people judge us by our appearance within seconds of meeting us and nonverbal body communication is at least 50% of interpreted attitude meaning.1 There are the large movements of our body and the small gestures of our hands and face that influence in how people perceive us. The large movements include our position and posture, such as how close we are standing to others and whether we are leaning forward or leaning back. The small gestures include how we are using our hands and the movements of our muscles on our face. If we want our personal brand to exude power we will stand with our legs more than shoulder length apart, use grand hand gestures, and smile only occasionally. If it is receptiveness we want to be known for then we will keep our feet shoulder width apart, keep our hands open, and smile and nod frequently. After others get an initial impression from our body language, they focus on our words.
The words we select to communicate not only have meaning in and of themselves, but also in how we string them together. The audience we wish to influence has particular vernacular, and using words that have meaning to them allows us to have influence. The way we string words together can have very different effects on the audience. If we state ideas in no particular order and without intent, our ideas are not likely to cause an emotional reaction or be remembered. On the other hand, if we intentionally use rhetorical devices, such as alliterations and anaphora, we are more likely to engage both an emotional and a logical response from others. Alliteration is the repetition of the same sound, such as ‘common cause of catastrophe’. Anaphora is the repetition of the same word or phrase as the start of successive verses, such as ‘I have a dream’ in Martin Luther King’s famous speech.
While our focus is often on content, the style of our speaking is also important. Paralinguistics is the academic terms for our speech characteristics, which is everything except the words.2 This includes our pitch, tone, speed, and volume. American culture associates lower pitch with power and privileges those who speak louder and faster with a greater share of conversation time. Often we think of our style as just ‘being natural’ and forget that we actually have control and likely already vary our style for different audiences.
Knowing that every interaction builds personal brand, we can set intentions about our body language, word choice, and style in advance of each situation. Setting the intention, preparing, and practicing increases the probability that each situation builds personal brand in the way we wish to reach our professional goals.
- Mehrabian, A. & Ferris, S.R. (1967). Inference of Attitudes from Nonverbal Communication in Two Channels. Journal of Consulting Psychology, Vol 31(3), 248-252.
- Jaspers, J. M., Saager, P. G., Oever van den, T. (1973). Nonverbal Communication. Nederlands Tijdschrift voor de Psychologie en haar Grensgebieden, Vol. 28(1), 21-35.
Jennifer Kammeyer combines over 25 years of industry and academic experience to advise leaders on intentionally using communication to elevate professional relationships and improve business outcomes. She offers coaching one-on-one, in teams, and through workshops. As adjunct faculty at San Francisco State University, she is up to date on new communication research and trends, allowing her to counsel professionals on a wide range of communication topics. Popular training topics include building executive presence, leadership communication, public speaking, high-value meetings, and mindful communication. She has been personally practicing mindfulness since 1999 and incorporates these concepts into her teaching. | <urn:uuid:58063f3c-c302-411b-8e22-fa814023346a> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | http://jenniferkammeyer.com/build-your-personal-brand/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593657139167.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20200712175843-20200712205843-00105.warc.gz | en | 0.938168 | 872 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Intellect, Emotions, and Dispositions as Goals
I would like to offer an example of what is coming by inviting you to read Teacher Tom’s post on What Was in Those Boxes?
The story illustrates a way to document both opportunities and facilitation in way that can be agreed upon locally to exist or not exist. No outside judgment required. What I am going to turn into documentation instruments has been written about for at least a hundred years. Nothing is new, but the language doesn’t bow to expert authorities. I am curious what everyone thinks about this, especially here in the beginning in November 2016 in the age of Trump.
Tom Hobson’s retelling the events of the arrival of school supplies illustrates another way of looking at early childhood education that is just as specific and “measurable” as any out there.
I would say these children had an INTELLECTUAL experience, not an academic one, a distinction made clearly by Lilian Katz.
“Intellectual goals and their related activities are those that address the life of the mind in its fullest sense (e.g. reasoning, predicting, analyzing, questioning, etc.), including a range of aesthetic and moral sensibilities.”
An alternative QRIS would alter the “readiness” discourse, which seems to emphasize academic prowess at the expense of intellect, emotions, and dispositions. Why is that?
I think the answer is that neoliberal dogma wants the populace to be docile and obedient. Readiness for rigid, prison-like schools fits nicely. However, all of us know how destructive that is and hate it. Rather we wish to offer amiable spaces in which children thrive. I would say Tom Hobson’s event illustrates an amiable space. I can use it to show how an alternative system could be used to document and professionalize teaching young children.
The children had a certain, definable experience, Julianne Wurm in More Working in the Reggio Way uses the Italian word assemblea to label this kind of time, which is one of the key opportunities to look for in a school. The events of facilitation followed a particular sequence which you can find on The Learning Frame page here.
You can see how the events of the large group time then altered the free play time in an intentional way for the next passage on The Learning Frame. The children were intentional and cooperative; a local group of parents could agree upon what their intentions were. Two dimentions of their actions were that (1) all genders were making contributions to those shared intentions. and (2) using a simple record of who plays with whom outside, a social dynamic matrix, friendship pairings from outside play were irrelevant. New combinations of children were cooperating in those shared intentions. Those are concrete measures independent of the need to examine “quality.”
Essentially, the system you will see emerge uses an intellectual, dispositional structure: Opportunity + facilitation = experience as education. Recognize John Dewey?
We can all see describable dimensions of the opportunity and also see describable actions by the facilitator that enabled the flow. Those facilitation actions in the assemblea portion and the free play portion were distinctly different. I will show you what they were in a way that they can be tallied or observed on video recordings.
This is the alternative product I am working on that is measurable, verifiable, transportable, and soon to be free at no cost to anyone. Such studies of competency in early education aim in a democratic, participatory, human direction in which no one is controlled or manipulated in any way. In other words no coercion, no readiness, no coaching, no technical assistance, and no exploitation.
It’s very possible. | <urn:uuid:dca4a283-1332-47ad-bcf3-ebf1dfb0b3d0> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | https://tomdrummond.com/seig/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627999210.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20190620105329-20190620131329-00291.warc.gz | en | 0.961698 | 777 | 2.984375 | 3 |
News tagged with biomass
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Biomass, is a renewable energy source, biological material derived from living, or recently living organisms, such as wood, waste, and alcohol fuels. Biomass is commonly plant matter grown to generate electricity or produce heat. For example, forest residues (such as dead trees, branches and tree stumps), yard clippings and wood chips may be used as biofuel. However, biomass also includes plant or animal matter used for production of fibers or chemicals. Biomass may also include biodegradable wastes that can be burnt as fuel. It excludes organic material such as fossil fuel which has been transformed by geological processes into substances such as coal or petroleum.
Industrial biomass can be grown from numerous types of plant, including miscanthus, switchgrass, hemp, corn, poplar, willow, sorghum, sugarcane, and a variety of tree species, ranging from eucalyptus to oil palm (palm oil). The particular plant used is usually not important to the end products, but it does affect the processing of the raw material.
Although fossil fuels have their origin in ancient biomass, they are not considered biomass by the generally accepted definition because they contain carbon that has been "out" of the carbon cycle for a very long time. Their combustion therefore disturbs the carbon dioxide content in the atmosphere.
Plastics from biomass, like some recently developed to dissolve in seawater, are made the same way as petroleum-based plastics. These plastics are actually cheaper to manufacture and meet or exceed most performance standards, but they lack the same water resistance or longevity as conventional plastics. | <urn:uuid:550a9d65-f7eb-4a85-93cf-09634d2b5e40> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | https://phys.org/tags/biomass/sort/rank/1d/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195526324.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20190719161034-20190719183034-00248.warc.gz | en | 0.957117 | 352 | 2.625 | 3 |
Howard Zinn that once said that if we did not know our history we would have to trust our politicians. Archaeology
is the study of human cultures through their material remains and environmental data, and a good complement to
history. Historians try to understand what happened long ago from what people say happened. And it is easy to imagine
how sometimes witnesses were too close to the events to be able to convey a fair account. Other times, often times,
there are plenty of incentives not to write the truth as we know it. Winston Churchill said that history is written
by the victors. Most people prefer not to leave behind full accounts of embarrassing stories and situations for
This course is an overview of the history of North America seen through its
watercraft. It is impossible to imagine the history of the United States without ships and boats, from Columbus'
caravels and 'naos' to the Mayflower, four or five generations later, or the merchantmen that supplied the thirteen colonies, the warships
that won the Revolutionary War and the War of 1812, the magnificent ships of the Golden Age of Sail, or the ships,
boats, and submarines of the Civil War.
The course is divided into two sections. The first five lectures are an introduction
to nautical archaeology, explaining basic concepts and introducing some vocabulary. The last two lectures of this
section entail a discussion of the importance of nautical and underwater cultural heritage, the problems of its
conservation and study, and the differences between archaeologists and treasure hunters. The second section consists
of an overview of the watercraft used in the North American continent upon Christopher Columbus's arrival, the
ships and boats brought by the Europeans, and their development from the 16th to the 19th centuries.
Since ANTH318 is an elective course I expect all students to enjoy it, come
to class, participate, and take the opportunity to learn and think for pure pleasure.
I do not believe any students will die poor and lonely if they do not master
the contents of my ANTH318 - Nautical Archaeology of the Americas. However, the course is an opportunity to make
cross-curricular connections among many educational disciplines.
My main goal in class is to emphasize Bertrand Russell's idea that "what
is wanted is not the will to believe, but the will to find out, which is the exact opposite."
The study of the past is always tainted with our particular beliefs on the
subject under analysis. Independent, logical reasoning is our only hope to form a fair idea about things that happened | <urn:uuid:4959d8b0-079f-489d-a3be-bf5fa8178bd7> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | http://nautarch.tamu.edu/shiplab/ANTH318/indexNautArchAm.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267864343.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20180622030142-20180622050142-00520.warc.gz | en | 0.949408 | 532 | 3.234375 | 3 |
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March 25, 2019 3:24 PM
Have you recently considered getting a new laptop because yours is old and slow? Can you make yourself a cup of coffee while you wait for your operating system to load? Most computers are made with traditional rotational HDD drive inside, drives that have mechanical moving parts, and used to come in two different speeds: 5400RPM/7200RPM (measuring the speed of the platter on the disk).
However, Solid State Drives that flash drive instead of mechanical parts have recently gotten cheaper and more popular. These SSD drives are so much faster and more reliable than the old traditional HDD drives. Installing them would improve your computer’s performance significantly by making everything run faster, even loading your operating system within seconds. SSD Drives also take less energy to run (meaning your laptop's battery would last longer) they don't get as hot or make any noise when they work.
So before buying a new computer, consider getting a SSD drive if you don’t already have one installed. Once you do so you basically have two options:
Cloning your existing drive to the new SSD
Backing all your data, and install a fresh operating system (This is what we usually recommend).
*Always remember to back-up all your data before starting the process of replacing your drive. You can either backup to an external drive, or cloud storage. | <urn:uuid:c2f3b94b-3bb6-4e87-a3c8-f8c9720730e7> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://www.speedgeek.com/blog/ssd-upgrades | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986675409.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20191017145741-20191017173241-00405.warc.gz | en | 0.947009 | 299 | 2.640625 | 3 |
This article originally appeared in the April 19, 2012, edition of the St. Louis Post-Dispatch.
From climbing trees to making tall bike ramps that are hastily disassembled before parents get home, warmer temperatures have always seemed to bring out the daredevil in children. With these adrenaline-pumping activities comes a greater risk for concussion.
A concussion is a brain injury caused by a direct blow to the head or a hit to the body hard enough to shake the head. Concussions are a well-known concern in competitive athletics, but they can happen during any sport or recreational activity at any age. Experts estimate as many as 3.8 million concussions happen from recreation and sports activities each year, according to an August 2010 report in the medical journal “Pediatrics.”
Concussion is a medical condition about which there is a lot of misinformation. Many parents believe your child must be a star athlete to experience a concussion. Still others believe that if a child does not black out or faint, he or she does not have a concussion. Both of these widely spread beliefs are incorrect.
“People who rule out concussions because a child did not lose consciousness run the risk of complications for not treating the effects on the brain,” said Dr. Sean Goretzke, director of Neurology at SSM Cardinal Glennon Children’s Medical Center. “Parents, trainers and coaches need to be familiar with the symptoms of a concussion.”
Concussion symptoms affect the body in a variety of different ways—physically, mentally and emotionally. Physical symptoms of a concussion include a headache, nausea, vomiting and dizziness. People who have a concussion may experience issues with problem solving, memory, focusing and staying on task.
Emotional problems can be a sign of a concussion as well. People with concussions may be moody, anxious and have poor impulse control. They may have problems falling asleep or being excessively tired.
Many injuries have standard treatments—like ice, physical therapy and medications. Concussions are different. A majority of concussions will actually resolve on their own, but the time period for that healing is different from person to person. Most people experience the serious effects of a concussion for up to seven to 10 days, but others may experience “post-concussive syndrome” and have effects that last for weeks or even months. Knowing when the concussion has healed and physical activity can be safely resumed is crucial to a person’s health.
Experts have noted that there are many people who, after experiencing one concussion, are more likely to experience multiple concussions. A child who receives a second concussion while still experiencing the effects of the first concussion can have a longer recovery time and more serious symptoms.
Many athletes of all levels have considered it a badge of honor to “play through the pain” after being hurt during a game, but it is crucial that anyone who receives a concussion gets appropriate treatment.
“You can’t just play through,” Goretzke said. “A lot of states are passing legislation to protect student athletes. Missouri passed a bill last summer that, once a concussion is determined, the athlete can’t return to play until a medical provider with concussion expertise gives approval.”
If you believe your child has experienced a concussion, it is important to make an appointment with a concussion expert who can treat your child and know when the concussion has healed. SSM Cardinal Glennon holds a concussion clinic to evaluate children who have experienced a head injury. Your child’s pediatrician can also recommend resources for treatment.
There are ways to lessen the chance of concussion. Whether they are playing organized sports or other recreational activities, kids should wear a certified helmet appropriate to the activity. The helmet should be properly fitted and worn correctly.
Dr. Bob Wilmott is Chief of Pediatrics at SSM Cardinal Glennon Children’s Medical Center and is a Professor of Pediatric Medicine at Saint Louis University School of Medicine. If you have a question about your child’s health, go to the “Ask Dr. Bob” section of the Cardinal Glennon Web site at www.cardinalglennon.com. | <urn:uuid:dcca5845-b336-4003-a753-45defbde5ce7> | CC-MAIN-2015-32 | http://www.cardinalglennon.com/AskDrBob/Pages/Parentsshouldknowsignsofconcussion.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042986451.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002306-00269-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.957392 | 867 | 3.40625 | 3 |
SMOS Shines At Symposium
Today, a focus at ESA’s Living Planet Symposium is on the innovative SMOS mission, which recently became operational. Early results are proving very encouraging with its first observations due to be released in early July.
ESA’s Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) satellite was launched in November to gather data on moisture in the surface layers of soil and salt in the surface of the oceans. SMOS will improve our understanding of the water cycle and help advance weather and climate studies.
SMOS has completed an intense programme of calibration and commissioning and, in May, it formally began its operational life delivering data.
Although it is still early days, scientists and users are very impressed with the first snapshots of ‘brightness temperature’ ““ the microwave radiation emitted from Earth’s surface.
ESA’s Mission Manager, Susanne Mecklenburg said, “We still have some way to go before the full soil moisture and ocean salinity data products are available, but the brightness temperature data we have been working on for the past months clearly demonstrate what this advanced mission has to offer.”
The satellite carries an innovative sensor to image brightness temperature. As key observables, these images are used as input to derive global maps of soil moisture and ocean salinity. Given the success of the mission so far, the maps are expected to be available by the autumn.
To test the usefulness of SMOS data for numerical weather prediction, data are also being delivered, within three hours of sensing, to meteorological centers such as the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts.
In a few months, global maps of soil moisture with an accuracy of 4% and 50 km resolution ““ the same as being able to detect a teaspoon of water in a handful of soil ““ will be available, and maps of ocean salinity down to 0.1 ‘practical salinity units’ ““ equivalent to a gram of salt in 10 liters of water ““ averaged over 10 to 30 days and areas of 200 Ö 200 km.
While users await the full results, the mission’s usefulness is already being shown: in early May, SMOS picked up clear differences in soil moisture as heavy rains hit Tennessee and Kentucky, USA, and the subsequent drying period.
Yann Kerr from the Centre d’Etudes Spatials de la Biosphere said, “The brightness temperature data currently being delivered by SMOS are better than expected.”
“The user community is very much looking forward to the full products that will not only advance our understanding of Earth processes, but also have many practical applications for water management, weather forecasting, and flood and drought prediction.”
he data for ocean salinity are also encouraging. Nicolas Reul from the French Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea commented that, “We are now generating composites of sea-surface salinity maps from SMOS data.”
“Measurements taken in situ from floats show that SMOS data are to within 0.5 psu globally, and 0.4 psu in the tropics ““ even though the data has not gone through full processing.”
While there are still a few months to go before SMOS delivers full soil moisture and ocean salinity products, which will be available free of charge for all users, the current release of brightness temperature data provides a taste of what is to come.
Image Caption: SMOS (Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity), an ESA Earth Explorer satellite, was launched into orbit from the Plesetsk Cosmodrome in northern Russia on Monday 2 November 2009. Credits: ESA – AOES Medialab
On the Net: | <urn:uuid:20e94381-2888-4a00-9176-6efb00e4aa2c> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://www.redorbit.com/news/space/1886706/smos_shines_at_symposium/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657133417.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011213-00290-ip-10-196-40-205.us-west-1.compute.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.934966 | 798 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Classical greek and roman theatre – drama was dissociated from the worship of dionysis/religion a research paper about roman and greek arts. Our modern theater owes its origins to the ancient greeks here is a study guide for classical (greek and roman) drama (tragedy, comedy, and more. Sample essay: history of greek drama we will revise your paper until you are completely satisfied level of research,. Course catalog english iii • writing a research paper—process o history of drama—greek/roman plays, medieval drama,.
Posts about greek tragedy written by silversteinvitale greek drama and oedipus download research paper assignment: ancient greek drama research progress report. Academic research papers research papers over 40,000 research papers on every subject custom research paper and editing services available research papers at the lowest prices on the web. The masks of ancient greek drama and japanese noh drama may seem to be very different due to their appearance japanese noh. The ancient greek drama was a theatrical culture that flourished in ancient greece from c 700 research on the ancient mask theatre of ancient greece.
The greek theater paper #2 questions research your paper paper two the greek theater spring 2014 paper #2 athenian drama in its social context,. Home → sparknotes → drama study guides study questions greek tragedy left more to the imagination than modern theater does. In the article she did want to make clear that she does not dislike the people in the greek life roman and greek cultures research paper drama was seen as an.Research topics: in text quotation of poems and plays in mla style quoting dialogue in a verse drama. Open document below is an essay on trifles (modern drama) vs antigone (greek drama) from anti essays, your source for research papers, essays, and. The present study deals with the pedagogy of drama supervision in higher education with an emphasis on applied drama research the paper uses greek.
Useful 'oedipus rex' research paper sample free research paper example on oedipus the king topics read also tips how to write good academic research projects. Comedy, humor, and satire in drama essay writing service, custom comedy, humor, and satire in drama papers, term papers, free comedy, humor, and satire in drama samples, research papers, help. Students explore greek drama, research greek playwrights and plays, and present scenes from greek plays.
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Oedipus the king textbook backpack literature an introduction to fiction are different for ancient greek drama than for research assistance research paper. Greek theatre research greek theatre social and historical background: this really influenced the greek drama, and helped bring the industry forward. Looking for timely research paper help which won't ruin your budget address us for top-notch research paper samples and start writing right away with our expert-written research writing tips and guidelines. Drama essay writing steps three types of greek drama: play to write about and completed the research preparing to write a drama essay.Download | <urn:uuid:48806c93-5275-4e03-bf87-263c04ae299d> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | http://iicourseworkftqq.northviewtech.us/research-paper-on-greek-drama.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267158045.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20180922044853-20180922065253-00378.warc.gz | en | 0.915415 | 730 | 3.0625 | 3 |
A lot of homes contain a door frame marked by a lengthy row of pencil marks, each one showing how big the children of the house have gotten since the last measurement. The urge to assess how one grows lingers into adulthood, though, it shifts from height to other measures, such as waistlines and bank accounts. One of the most useful benchmarks of how you're growing financially is to periodically calculate your net worth, a metaphorical pencil mark or "you are here." Both your estimated net worth and your liquid net worth are useful pieces of information.
Net Worth Basics
Fundamentally, accounting works on a simple basis. Income and things you own are counted as assets or credits, and things you owe or pay on are debits or liabilities. Net worth is a snapshot of the relationship between those two figures at a given point in time. Calculating your net worth means adding up all of your assets, and subtracting your liabilities. The number that's left indicates roughly how much of an estate you've accumulated to that point.
Calculating Your Net Worth
To calculate your own net worth, start by adding up your assets. For example, you might have $35,000 of equity built up in your $250,000 home. Count the $35,000 you've paid for, because the rest isn't yours yet. Add in the total in your savings accounts, your 401(k) and other investments, the book value of your car and the estimated value of your remaining possessions. Now subtract your outstanding loans, the balance you owe on your car, your credit card balances and any other debts. The figure remaining is your net worth.
Equity In a Business
If you're self employed, it can be harder to calculate your net worth. Thomas Stanley and William Danko, authors of the 1998 best-seller "The Millionaire Next Door," spent 20 years interviewing people with a $1 million or more in net worth. Many of them were taken aback at being classed as millionaires. In their own minds they were just regular blue-collar guys, taking a small salary from their company. Yet, the equity they'd built in the company amounted to a million or more. Ask your accountant how to value your business as part of your overall net worth.
Liquid Net Worth
That business is a perfect example of the difference between net worth and liquid net worth. It's much of your net worth, but can't be converted to cash readily. Liquid assets, on the other hand, are those you hold in cash or can readily convert to cash, like stocks. Your liquid net worth, then, is the total of liquid assets you can draw on at a given moment. Most of your net worth is not liquid, so keeping enough liquid assets to meet emergencies is an important point to consider in your financial planning.
- How to Calculate an Equity Multiple
- How to Calculate Cash Flow From Investing Activities
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- Yard Landscaping Ideas for Water Conservation
- How to Build Your Net Worth in Five Years
- Does Net Worth Include Intangible Assets?
- How to Make High Efficiency Detergent
- How Do I Factor in Depreciation in Buying an Apartment? | <urn:uuid:d23f072c-a2b0-4f20-829c-ace1d15551b9> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | https://budgeting.thenest.com/difference-liquid-net-worth-estimated-net-worth-20217.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267157503.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20180921190509-20180921210909-00547.warc.gz | en | 0.949938 | 663 | 2.625 | 3 |
posted by april
Shelby walks at a constant rate. the equation that represents this relationship is d=4t, where d is the distance in miles and t is the time in hours.
What does the constant 4 tell you about shelby?
Make use of structure. What question is answered by the equation d=4(32)?
4 is the speed
distance = speed * time | <urn:uuid:9985dfa6-fd85-4d9f-8cea-71cd7192e3a3> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | https://www.jiskha.com/display.cgi?id=1426568311 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267863518.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20180620104904-20180620124904-00634.warc.gz | en | 0.953802 | 83 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Throughout our long epilepsy roller coaster ride, we experience things not many will. We develop mental and physical toughness that not only will help us fight our epilepsy, but will stay with us through other events in our lifetime. People may think epilepsy defines us, but the words in my mind that define us are a bit different. We may have seizures, but they don’t need to hold us back. I hope you realize that these words do relate to us in so many ways, and people see it every day.
1. Strength: the quality or state of being physically (or mentally) strong.
2. Warrior: a brave or experienced soldier or fighter.
3. Inspirational: providing or showing creative or spiritual inspiration.
4. Supportive: providing encouragement or emotional help.
5. Fighter: a person who does not easily admit defeat in spite of difficulties or opposition.
6. Hopeful: feeling or inspiring optimism about a future event.
7. Lavender: the color for epilepsy awareness. This is for good reason: seizures are generally caused by abnormal electrical impulses in the brain, so one approach to treating them is relaxing the brain and nervous system.
**definitions from lexico.com (Oxford) | <urn:uuid:d20bf24e-47b0-4650-9fb8-f82d7e6b6633> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://www.epilepsylifestyle.com/post/2019/09/22/7-words-that-come-with-having-epilepsy | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600401601278.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20200928135709-20200928165709-00301.warc.gz | en | 0.921749 | 254 | 2.984375 | 3 |
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The flashcards below were created by user
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- Bathing, showering
- -obtaining and using supplies.
- Child rearing
- -providing care and support to provide developmental needs for child
Rest and Sleep
- -engaging in quiet and effortless actions that interrupts physical and mental activity, resulting in a relaxed state
- Formal Educational Participation
- -participating in academic, nonacademic, and vocational educational activities
- Job Performance
- -performing the requirements of a job
- Play Participation
- -Participating in play
- Leisure Participation
- -Planning and participating in non obligatory activities
- Peer, Friend
- -engaging in activities at different levels of interaction and intimacy, including engaging in desired sexual activity
What would you like to do?
Home > Flashcards > Print Preview | <urn:uuid:92b579b7-bca6-449c-addc-476a4c60d1cd> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | https://www.freezingblue.com/flashcards/print_preview.cgi?cardsetID=298834 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187821088.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20171017110249-20171017130249-00015.warc.gz | en | 0.881474 | 186 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Financial scandals have been making headlines over the last decade, and now they are on public display in Lower Manhattan. The Museum of American Finance’s exhibit, Scandal! Financial Crime, Chicanery and Corruption that Rocked America, and its associated walking tour, are exposing more than two centuries’ worth of white-collar crime to Wall Street visitors. Below are some of the little-known facts about financial scandals, compiled by the Museum’s Deputy Director, Kristin Aguilera.
10. The country’s first financial scandal occurred in 1792. The perpetrator, William Duer, was a former member of the US Treasury Department under Alexander Hamilton.
9. In response to the first financial scandal, the New York State Legislature enacted a law against public trading, which led to the creation of the private association of traders in 1792 that eventually became the New York Stock Exchange.
8. Secretary of the Interior Albert Fall, who served during the Harding Administration, holds the dubious distinction of being the first member of a presidential cabinet to be sent to prison as a result of his actions in office. He was convicted of accepting bribes in return for drilling rights on government oil reserves in the Teapot Dome Scandal.
7. The Credit Mobilier Scandal involved 15 congressmen, six senators and Vice President of the US Schuyler Colfax, and was a betrayal of the public trust of epic proportions: These men profited from a company that was egregiously overcharging the government to build a cross-country railroad.
6. The Salad Oil Scandal, one of the largest financial swindles of all time, remains largely unknown because the story broke just a few days before President Kennedy was killed and was overshadowed by news of the assassination.
5. By 2001, Fortune magazine had named Enron “America’s most innovative company” six years in a row. When Enron collapsed later that year, it became the largest bankruptcy in US history.
4. Financial scandals have spurred dozens of reforms to ensure that similar events never recur. In recent history, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act was enacted in response to a slew of accounting scandals that made headlines and rocked the markets between 2000-2002.
3. Ponzi schemes are named after Charles Ponzi, who coaxed approximately $7 million from investors in the 1920s, promising a 50 percent return in 45 days through a scheme that purportedly involved arbitrage of postal reply coupons.
2. As is the case with most financial scandals, Ponzi schemes are not sustainable in the long run. And as Bernie Madoff would attest, perpetrators always get caught.
1. As Mark Twain reportedly said, history doesn’t repeat itself, but it does rhyme. Modern-day financial scandals contain many of the same elements as the scandals of the 18th century.
Scandal! Financial Crime, Chicanery and Corruption that Rocked America will be on display at the Museum of American Finance (48 Wall Street) through April 2011. The next Wall Street Scandals walking tour will be held on Saturday, August 14, at 1 PM. For more information, visit www.moaf.org or call 212-908-4110. | <urn:uuid:8fa021a6-5574-497c-acff-a6d35efdf721> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://blog.downtownny.com/2010/08/top-10-things-to-learn-about-financial-scandals/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107871231.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20201020080044-20201020110044-00263.warc.gz | en | 0.956631 | 667 | 3.0625 | 3 |
What is it used for?
- Excess fluid accumulation of any origin where potassium supplementation is necessary
How does it work?
This medicine contains two active ingredients amiloride and bumetanide. They are commonly known as diuretics.
Amiloride and bumetanide act in the kidney to remove excess water from the blood, by causing an increase in the removal of salts such as potassium and sodium. This removal of salts causes water to be drawn out of the blood and into the kidneys, where it is then excreted in the urine. Removing water from the blood causes a decrease in the volume of fluid circulating through the blood vessels. This drop in fluid volume decreases the effort required by the heart to pump blood around the body.
There are many conditions which may lead to an accumulation of fluid in the body (oedema). This medicine is used in heart failure, where the pumping mechanism of the heart is less effective. It is used to relieve the symptoms of heart failure, such as the shortness of breath seen with fluid on the lungs.
Bumetanide when used alone can cause low potassium levels in the blood (hypokalaemia). Amiloride on the other hand prevents potassium loss, and is therefore included in this preparation not only to improve the effectiveness but also to prevent excessive potassium loss.
- It is recommended that individuals taking this medicine have their fluid and salt (electrolyte) balance monitored regularly.
- If you experience any of the following symptoms while taking this medicine you should inform your doctor promptly, so that the amount of fluids and salts in your body can be checked: thirst, lethargy, confusion, weakness, drowsiness, muscle cramps, scanty production of urine, abnormal heart rhythm, seizures, nausea and vomiting.
- As diuretics cause your kidneys to produce more urine, you may prefer to take this medicine in the morning rather than before going to bed, as this will reduce the likelihood of you needing to get up in the night to visit the toilet. Seek further advice from your doctor or pharmacist.
Use with caution in
- Elderly people
- Enlarged prostate gland (prostatic hypertrophy)
- High blood uric acid level (hyperuricaemia)
- Low blood sodium levels (hyponatraemia)
- Low levels of chloride in the blood (hypochloraemia)
- Obstruction of the urinary tract (urethra)
Not to be used in
- High levels of potassium in the blood (hyperkalaemia)
- Inadequate production of natural steroid hormones by the adrenal glands (Addison's disease)
- Kidney failure
- Kidney failure, preventing production of urine (anuria)
- Liver disease that is causing the patient to become unconscious (precomatose state)
- Severe liver disease
- Severely low concentrations of salts in the blood (severe electrolyte depletion)
This medicine should not be used if you are allergic to one or any of its ingredients. Please inform your doctor or pharmacist if you have previously experienced such an allergy.
If you feel you have experienced an allergic reaction, stop using this medicine and inform your doctor or pharmacist immediately.
Pregnancy and Breastfeeding
Certain medicines should not be used during pregnancy or breastfeeding. However, other medicines may be safely used in pregnancy or breastfeeding providing the benefits to the mother outweigh the risks to the unborn baby. Always inform your doctor if you are pregnant or planning a pregnancy, before using any medicine.
- There is no information available about the safety of this medicine during pregnancy. Seek medical advice from your doctor.
- There is no information available about the safety of this medicine during breastfeeding. For this reason, the manufacturer states that it should not be used during breastfeeding. Seek medical advice from your doctor.
Medicines and their possible side effects can affect individual people in different ways. The following are some of the side effects that are known to be associated with this medicine. Because a side effect is stated here, it does not mean that all people using this medicine will experience that or any side effect.
- A drop in blood pressure that occurs when going from lying down to sitting or standing, which results in dizziness and lightheadedness (postural hypotension)
- Skin rashes
- Disturbances of the gut such as diarrhoea, constipation, nausea, vomiting or abdominal pain
- High blood glucose level (hyperglycaemia)
- High blood uric acid level (hyperuricaemia) which can cause kidney problems and gout
- Abnormal enlargement of breasts in men (gynaecomastia)
- Pain in the joints (arthralgia)
- Breast pain
- Disturbances in the levels of chemical components (electrolytes) in the blood
The side effects listed above may not include all of the side effects reported by the drug's manufacturer.
For more information about any other possible risks associated with this medicine, please read the information provided with the medicine or consult your doctor or pharmacist.
How can this medicine affect other medicines?
Bumetanide causes a loss of potassium (hypokalaemia) from the blood, which may increase the risk of adverse effects when taken with cardiac glycosides such as digoxin.
When bumetanide is taken together with medicines that decrease blood pressure there is an increased risk of a large drop in blood pressure and fainting, especially when given with the first dose of ACE inhibitors (eg captopril).
Amiloride when taken together with ACE inhibitors (blood pressure lowering medication) or potassium supplements results in an increased risk of high blood potassium levels (hyperkalaemia) and this combination should be avoided.
The blood pressure lowering and diuretic effects of bumetanide may be reduced or abolished when used together with indomethacin and possibly other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory (NSAIDs)medicines.
Bumetanide may reduce the ability of the body to remove lithium, leading to increased amounts of lithium in the blood. This may give rise to increased adverse effects. | <urn:uuid:c4a6ca70-9e12-47bc-8459-f25b07781dcc> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://www.netdoctor.co.uk/medicines/heart-and-blood/a7921/burinex-a-discontinued-in-the-uk-november-2008/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187825264.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20171022132026-20171022152026-00687.warc.gz | en | 0.899305 | 1,285 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Tuesday, September 11, 2018 by Zoey Sky
Preppers know that gardening is a lucrative and relaxing hobby, but getting started may seem complicated for newbie gardeners. If you don’t know where to start, here are some tips that can help you set up a well-maintained garden in your yard or on your homestead. (h/t to Survivopedia.com.)
Must-have gardening tools include a sturdy pair of pruning scissors for trimming bushes and plants and cutting off dead branches or flower heads. With a pair of lopping pruners, you can trim well-established and larger plants.
Digging and raking tools like a garden fork, spade, and trowel are necessary to get soil for your plants. Use the spade and trowel to dig holes for plants. Meanwhile, the garden fork can be used to break up big clumps of soil or remove dead plant roots.
Try to get one or two rakes with metal prongs so you can remove stones or level the soil before you get started. A plastic rake will do for basic maintenance tasks like clearing leaves.
For watering tools, you can use either a watering can or a garden hose. Use a watering can for smaller and delicate seedlings and plants, then use a garden hose for heavy-duty tasks like watering established trees.
When removing weeds, you’ll require a gardening knife, a forked trowel, and a walk-behind weed eater (but only if you have a large plot of land). These tools can make it easier to trim and uproot invading plants.
After getting your gardening tools, choose the plants you’ll cultivate in your garden. This requires some planning because your decisions will be affected by the soil type in your garden.
If you’re not sure what you want to plant, check the neighbors’ gardens. Chances are they’re already growing things that are suited to your location and the soil type in your neighborhood.
Using only seeds to start your garden can get expensive and frustrating. Using started plants is preferable if you want immediate results. Consider combining the two options by getting seedlings from local nurseries and planting seeds for flowers that will grow well in your location.
One common mistake to avoid is mixing too many annual plants because they’ll probably die off after growing for only one year. If you want color and longevity in your garden, balance annual and perennial plants.
Don’t get one plant of each kind because this can make your garden look disorganized. To create an eye-catching and well-designed landscape, repeat the same hardscaping materials (e.g., paths, planters, and pots) and plants in different areas in your garden. (Related: 7 Trouble-free vegetables to grow for newbie gardeners.)
Include some of these plants if you want to cultivate a survival garden that will provide you with food for your stockpile:
To enrich your garden soil, try working in compost to the top 20 to 30 centimeters (eight to 12 inches) of the soil using a garden fork/spade. Once several months have passed, the compost should be broken down. Enrich garden soil with nutrients just before spring starts or during winter.
If you don’t want to dig, mix soil with compost. However, this method will take much longer.
To mix soil with compost:
When watering plants, give them just enough water to survive without letting the soil get waterlogged. Take your time when watering your plants. This will let the water reach deep into the ground.
Garden soil should be moist at about five to six centimeters (two to three inches) below the surface. The amount of water plants will need will depend on factors like air moisture, the temperature, and the types of soil and plants. If the weather is often dry and hot, plants will need frequent watering and vice versa.
Even the same plants in different stages of growth will require different amounts of water. Try to water young trees daily to encourage healthy roots and development. Depending on the temperature and weather, established plants will only need to be watered once every three or four days.
When plants start growing in your garden, you need to prevent pests and weeds from destroying them. Remove weeds at least once a week to keep them under control. Cover the soil with mulch or straw to help control the weeds and manage the moisture level. If the soil in your garden is moist, it’ll be easier to remove weeds.
Careful planning is key to preventing the spread of garden bugs and pests. Take care of your plants to keep harmful insects away, and make sure the plants get enough essential nutrients, sunlight, and water regularly.
With some research, hard work, and tips from the pros, you can set up your own survival garden.
You can read more articles about professional gardening tips for newbies at HomeGardeningNews.com. | <urn:uuid:a1c20d52-67c1-456b-879a-212e02a7eed1> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | http://starvation.news/2018-09-11-professional-gardening-tips-that-even-newbies-can-follow.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267158429.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20180922123228-20180922143628-00422.warc.gz | en | 0.914634 | 1,026 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Ontario Power Generation (OPG) has demolished the powerhouse of the former Nanticoke Generating Station, located on the shores of Lake Erie in south east Ontario, Canada.
Once the largest coal-fired power plant in the world, Nanticoke’s powerhouse was finally demolished more than a year after that of the plant’s two 198 m (650 ft) tall smokestacks.
The facility took 11 years to build, measured 150,000 sq m (491,000 sq ft) and had a maximum generating capacity of 4,000 MW. OPG said that at peak capacity Nanticoke could power a city of three million people.
Nanticoke was brought online in 1972 and decommissioned in 2013. In 2016 the Independent Electricity System Operator selected OPG, one of the largest electricity generators in Ontario, and its partner companies to develop a 44 megawatt solar facility on the Nanticoke site.
Mike Martelli, OPG president of renewable generation, said: “The closure of Nanticoke Generating Station remains one of North America’s single largest climate change initiatives. Building and sustaining a clean, low cost electricity system is fundamental to a healthy environment and a strong, low-carbon economy.”
“I want to thank all of the employees that contributed to the legacy of a high performing station and the community for their decades of support and ensure residents that Nanticoke Solar is a continuation of OPG’s rich legacy of generation electricity in their backyard.”
OPG, Six Nations of Grand River Development Corporation and Mississaugas of the Credit First Nation completed the new solar facility earlier this year. Nanticoke Solar’s 200,000 solar panels came online on March 29. | <urn:uuid:2bc00f49-d26f-4694-a35d-8b89716016e6> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://www.khl.com/demolition-and-recycling-international/coal-fired-power-plant-demolished/139921.article?utm_source=newsletter&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=Demolition+%26+Recycling+International+-+5th+September+2019&utm_term=D%26RI | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347389355.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20200525192537-20200525222537-00311.warc.gz | en | 0.945926 | 363 | 2.890625 | 3 |
lying to the east of the Paris region, is one of the great historic
provinces of France. As far back as the times of the Emperor
Charlemagne, in the ninth century, Champagne was one of the great
regions of Europe, a rich agricultural area that was famous for its
fairs. Today, thanks to a type of sparkling wine to which the
region has given its name, the word Champagne is known worldwide
if many of those who know the drink do not know exactly where it comes
Champagne, that most delightful of sparkling
wines, was not actually invented in the region. According to legend, it
was monks who bought the method for making sparkling wine up
in the south of
France; but they soon discovered that the chalky soil and climatic
conditions in the Champagne region produced a bright
was in many people's opinion
better than the sparkling wines
produced further south. There was of course more to the story
champagne than that; commercial success over the centuries had as much
to do with the fact that the Champagne region was close to Paris
and other great European cities, as with the inherent qualities of the
product. But there is no region in France - perhaps no other region in
the world - whose name has been made so famous by a local product.
The modern region of Champagne-Ardenne
is not however one of the most prosperous of French regions;
indeed, in terms of GDP, it is 17th out of the 21 regions of
continental France - though 8th in terms of GDP per inhabitant. The
difference is explained by the fact that in spite of bordering on the
Paris region, Champagne is a relatively sparsely populated region -
forming the north eastern end of what geographers have called the
"empty diagonal" of France.
the capital Châlons is by no means the main city in
Champagne-Ardenne region; this honour goes to the former capital Reims
Rheims in English), one of the great historic cities of northern
France, and four times the size of Châlons.
The Champagne-Ardenne region consists
of four departments - the Ardennes
(08), the Aube
(10), the Marne
(51) and the Haute-Marne
(52). The region is bordered by Belgium in the north, by Lorraine
east, by Franche-Comté and Burgundy
in the south, and by
region and Picardy
in the west.
The region is made up essentially of
relatively flat agricultural land and areas of gently undulating hills.
The hills are higher and more pronounced in the north of the region -
the area of the Ardennes - and the south of the region, an area known
as the Plateau de Langres. The central part of Champagne is an
important agricultural area, with vast expanses of cereal production,
and – in particular north of Reims – production of
vegetables and sugar
beet. In the north of the Ardennes department, the landscape
characterised by wooded hills and valleys. The famous vineyards of
Champagne lie on the chalky hills to the south west of Reims, and
around the town of Epernay.
Apart from the
former regional capital Reims, the Champagne region is not a
particularly busy tourist destination. Its rurality, accessibility and
low population density have attracted a number of second-home owners
from the Paris region and from Belgium and Holland -
in the hillier areas; but more often than not, it is a region that
tourists pass through, rather than a destination. Lying on the main
autoroutes from Paris to Germany and from the UK or Belgium
the south of France, Reims, a university city, has all the
of a bustling regional capital; the old city is dominated by
the 13th century cathedral, one of the great gothic cathedrals
northern France, and a UNESCO world heritage site. Badly damaged in the
first world war (see WW1
sites and map
), the cathedral has been painstakingly restored
true glory. The city is also home to some of the major Champagne
producers, such as Taittinger, and cellar tours are available.
However, for perhaps the most
visits and champagne tasting, many visitors will prefer to visit the
smaller town of Epernay, fifteen miles south of Reims. Lying in the
heart of "champagne country", Epernay is home to many of the most
famous champagne producers, including Moët & Chandon
Perrier-Jouët. The town being small, it is easy to
of champagne houses or cellars on foot.
Finally, there is another small area
champagne, which is quite distinct from the Reims-Epernay vineyard. The
southern champagne vineyard area lies in the Aube department, between
the towns of Bar sur Aube and Les Riceys.
Among the many historic sites in France that are
known than they ought to be, the small hill town of Langres
in the south of the region, must be near the top of the list. Sometimes
referred to as the "Carcassonne of the North", the old town is a
remarkable ensemble of historic stone buildings, enclosed within 3.6
kilometres of ramparts, mostly dating from the 13th and 17th centuries.
But parts are much older, as Langres has been a fortified city since
Roman times; and unlike Carcassonne, Langres is not jam-packed with
The Champagne region prides itself on
historic links with some of the most iconic leaders that France has
ever had - and in particular Joan of Arc (Jeanne d'Arc), who came from
the village of Domrémy, now in the Aude department, and
Gaulle, who is buried at Colombey les Deux Eglises, in the Haute Marne.
Contrary to false information repeated on several websites, de Gaulle
was not born here, and had no ancestral link to the region.
tourist attractions in
Champagne-Ardenne regional tourism site
hand-picked selection of hotels in
the Champagne region.
Champagne hotels have been selected on account of their
hotel name for more details, with online booking and best
For full lists of Champagne hotels, see page top right.
- Epernay - Troyes area :
takes the hassle out of finding a good hotel; we have read hundreds of
hotel reviews on different websites, excluded hundreds of hotels from
our listings, and only kept those for which the favourable or very
favourable reviews well outnumber the poor write-ups. As a result, our
hotel lists are short and very selective.
Naturally, the type and quality of service provided will
according to the type of hotel chosen; visitors cannot expect the same
service or room quality in a two-star hotel as in a four-star chateau
hotel. Our choice lists hotels that are generally judged to be above
average or well above average for their category.
See our selection of Paris
cellars visits (51): at Rheims and at Epernay. Travel
underground and see how the precious product is matured.
Mézières (08): capital of the
birthplace of the poet Rimbaud. Old town.
les Deux Eglises . village with the country residence of
General de Gaulle, who is buried here.
the "champagne capital", small town in the hills south of Reims, with
many of the biggest champagne producers. Cellar tours, champagne tours.
one of the finest mediaeval cathedrals in France. Once the kings of
France were crowned here. Historic city centre. Basilique St.
Roman triumphal arch, Champagne cellar visits.
du Der (52)
. the biggest reservoir in Europe (48km²), built in 1967, this
become a particularly important area on the migration routes of water
birds. The annual visits of flocks of cranes draw birdwatchers from all
over Europe. See Birds in
(10): Near Bar sur Aube: one of the biggest theme parks in
fortified hill town with 3.6 km of ramparts and city gates. Off the
beaten track, the historic stone-built town centre is a
ensemble. A gem
natural parks (51): the Montagne de Reims, hills south of
Reims; the forêt d'Orient, near Troyes.
tourism: the Seine, the Marne, the Aube and various canals.
Château-fort (08) - purportedly the biggest
fortress in Europe, built in the early fifteenth century.
(10): 13th century gothic cathedral with fine stained
glass; historic city centre. | <urn:uuid:9c99e534-b36c-4a25-b92b-b66b3a45afcb> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://about-france.com/regions/champagne.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422118973352.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124170253-00244-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.905462 | 1,933 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Green Card Law
A Green Card is the common term for the document granting formal permission to a resident alien to remain in the United States permanently. A Green Card holder (i.e., the permanent resident) is someone who has been granted authorization to live and work in the United States permanently. One can become a permanent resident (Green Card holder) several different ways.
Most who are granted Green Card holder status are sponsored by a family member or employer in the United States. Others acquire Green Cards as a result of refugee or asylee status or other humanitarian programs, or are able to apply on their own.
To retain permanent resident status, one should not move to another country with the intention of remaining there permanently, remain outside the US for more than a year, fail to file tax returns, or declare themselves a “nonresident” on their tax returns.
For more information on obtaining and keeping a Green Card, you may review the materials below. Additionally, you can find a lawyer in your area that specializes in immigration law under the “Law Firms” tab found on the menu bar, above.
Articles on HG.org Related to Green Cards
- Can I Take the Bar Exam If I Am not a Citizen?Individuals who want to be lawyers generally must pass a bar exam. This test is perceived as one of the most grueling in the country, requiring many individuals to invest an entire legal education and post-graduation months preparing for it. The test is created in such a way that it should indicate whether a person is qualified to practice law in a given jurisdiction.
- What E-2 Visa Holders Need to Know About Applying for a Green CardIf you are an E-2 visa holder who has entered the U.S. to supervise or manage your investment in a U.S. venture and decide to make your stay more permanent, you can apply for a green card by filing a petition for either employment-based immigration or family-based immigration.
- The Current Rhetoric on Immigration Stokes Fear, Ignores FactsBaseless, anti-immigrant rhetoric may stir certain segments of the voting bloc, but the facts will trump demagoguery. In reality, immigrants are crucially important to America. Immigrants enrich our culture, increase our productive capacity as a nation, and enhance our influence in the world.
- 5 Common Misconceptions About the EB5 Immigrant Investor ProgramThe EB-5 Immigrant Investor Program was established by Congress in 1990 to encourage foreign investment in the U.S. Over the past 26 years, the program has allowed thousands of foreign investors to make substantial capital investments in the U.S. Although the program has been in force for more than a quarter century, there are still some misconceptions about its purpose.
- The Consequences of a DUI on CitizenshipIf a legal permanent resident wants to apply for naturalization, his or her conviction of a DUI may impact this decision. However, there are many factors that may be considered.
- Employment-Based ImmigrationApproximately 140,000 immigrant visas are available each fiscal year for aliens (and their spouses and children) who seek to immigrate based on their job skills. If you have the right combination of skills, education, and/or work experience and are otherwise eligible, you may be able to live permanently in the United States. The five employment-based immigrant visa preferences (categories) are listed below.
- Employment Immigration Visa Options for Florida BusinessesLast year, the H-1B filing period lasted only five business days due to the high demand for H-1B visas. In 2015, there are 65,000 H-1B spots set aside for foreign nationals working for U.S. companies that meet the requirement of at least a bachelor’s degree or equivalent, and 20,000 spots for those with U.S. master’s degrees. The demand for H-1B visas this year is expected to be even greater than in 2014.
- 6 Circumstances Where You Need a Florida Immigration AttorneyThose wishing to enter the U.S. as a legal immigrant or facing deportation often find the U.S. immigration process to be complicated, confusing and even frightening. Hiring an experienced Florida immigration attorney to help you navigate this process can increase the chances of a favorable outcome for your case.
- How to Avoid Everyday Immigration Mistakes Employers MakeFlorida employers seeking to hire foreign nationals have several options for doing so through a variety of work visa options from the U.S. government. Most employers find the work visa application process confusing and frustrating, which is why it is important to seek the counsel of an experienced immigration attorney to assist you.
- Retention of I-140 Priority Date for a Subsequent Employment-Based PetitionA beneficiary of an approved I-140 petition for the first, second or third preference category may retain the priority date of the approved petition for any subsequently filed first, second or third category employment-based petition.
- All Immigration Law Articles
Articles written by attorneys and experts worldwide discussing legal aspects related to Immigration including: extradition, green cards, naturalization and citizenship, visas, work permits and visas.
Green Cards – US
- Form I9 Employment Eligibility
The Immigration Reform and Control Act requires all U.S. employers to verify the employment eligibility and identity of all employees as of November 6, 1986. This includes both identity and work eligibility.
- Green Card Definition - United States Immigration Support
A Green Card or Permanent Resident Card serves as proof of a person's lawful permanent resident status in the United States. An individual with a Green Card has the right to live and work permanently in the United States. A person’s valid Green Card also means that he or she is registered in the U.S. in accordance with United States immigration law.
- National Interest Waiver Green Card
In recent years, obtaining a green card based on a National Interest Waiver application has become much more difficult. However, in very specific situations it is still an option that should be considered as a means of obtaining a green card without having to navigate through the lengthy and uncertain labor certification application process.
- The Green Card Test and the Substantial Presence Test - IRS
An alien may become a resident alien by passing either the green card test or the substantial presence test as explained on this site.
- United States - Permanent Residence
A United States Permanent Resident Card, also known as a green card (due to its color in the earlier versions), is an identification card attesting to the permanent resident status of an alien in the United States of America. Green card also refers to an immigration process of becoming a permanent resident. The green card serves as proof that its holder, a Lawful Permanent Resident (LPR), has been officially granted immigration benefits, which include permission to reside and take employment in the USA. The holder must maintain permanent resident status, and can be removed from the US if certain conditions of this status are not met.
- US Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS)
This page provides information on the services provided by USCIS to applicants, petitioners, authorized representatives, community-based organizations, and the general public. Included among the immigration benefits the USCIS oversees are: citizenship, lawful permanent residency, family and employment-related immigration, employment authorization, inter-country adoptions, asylum and refugee status, replacement immigration documents, and foreign student authorization.
- US Department of State - Official Site of the Visa Lottery
The Congressionally mandated Diversity Immigrant Visa Program makes available 50,000 diversity visas (DV) annually, drawn from random selection among all entries to persons who meet strict eligibility requirements from countries with low rates of immigration to the United States.
- US Employment Based Green Cards
There are two ways to obtain a so-called US Green Card (permanent residence). One way is through a family member. The other way is to obtain an employment-based Green Card (you can also try for the annual Green Card diversity lottery). This section discusses three types of Employment-based Green Cards.
Organizations Related to Green Cards
- America Green Card Organization
Green card is your ticket to obtaining a permanent US residence. It is one of the easiest way to immmirgate into the United States of America. An applicant is only required to be a native born in an eligible country and have high school education or equivalent experience. The green card applications are collected and processed by the State Department of United States of America, and the qualifying ones are shuffled by a computer and drawn randomly until a quota is reached. A successfully drawn green card application is considered winning and entitles the applicant to live and work in United States as an equal citizen. Every year US government hands out 50,000 of green cards.
- Consumer Fraud Reporting - Green Card Scams
Here's an interesting green card VISA lottery scam. The email claims that the "winner" won a United States green card... through a "lottery promotion". The email starts with "We wish to notify you that you had been selected among the lucky winner's of the U.S Visa lottery (GREEN CARD) through our e-mail ballot lottery program held on the 20th of March 2007 in-Helsinki-(FINLAND)"
- Unite Families
Many lawful permanent residents (green card holders) are currently living in the United States, separated from their families. These are mostly young families — a husband or wife, separated from their spouse and young child. They are waiting for their I-130 petitions (petition for relative) to be approved. The current waiting time is 5 years. While they wait, their spouse and child are not allowed to enter the U.S., even for a brief visit. The permanent resident, on the other hand, must reside predominantly in the U.S., otherwise they lose their permanent residency status. Immigration law is splitting them.
Publications Related to Green Cards
- Green Card and Naturalization - How to Become a Legal Immigrant
Gaining citizenship in the United States is a challenge. However, if you go about things in the right way, it is possible to become a legal immigrant.
- Green Card Articles
USA Green Card was founded in 1997 and is located in Boston, Massachusetts. We are the leading worldwide organization dedicated to the preparation, processing, and submission of Diversity Immigrant Visa ("Green Card") Lottery applications.
- US Tax Guide for Aliens
You should first determine whether, for income tax purposes, you are a nonresident alien or a resident alien. Figure 1-A will help you make this determination. If you are both a nonresident and resident in the same year, you have a dual status. Dual status is explained later. Also explained later are a choice to treat your nonresident spouse as a resident and some other special situations. | <urn:uuid:9f8ee4f8-8fe1-458b-b0f7-42ca2cc44c80> | CC-MAIN-2016-22 | http://www.hg.org/green-card.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464051299749.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524005459-00155-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.946913 | 2,229 | 2.734375 | 3 |
The carpenter Miles Archibald Romney converted to Mormonism in Lower Penwortham in 1837. Four years later he and his wife Elizabeth left England for Nauvoo, Illinois. There he built Joseph Smith a temple that was not quite completed when the prophet was shot dead by a mob. Another mob burned down Miles’s temple, and he fled Nauvoo with his family. Hounded by animals, Indians and more mobs, they made their way to Salt Lake City, where he helped Brigham Young build a temple that still stands. Young sent Miles and his son, Miles P., to St George, Utah, where they built a tabernacle and a temple. Young commanded Miles P. to take more than one wife; he took five. He led the Mormon campaign against anti-polygamy laws, was harassed by marshals, and from time to time sent one or two of his wives into cornfields or mountain hideouts to escape arrest. In Arizona the editor of the Apache Chief called him ‘a mass of putrid pus and rotten goose pimples; a skunk, with the face of a baboon, the character of a louse, the breath of a buzzard and the record of a perjurer and common drunkard’. Miles P. crossed the border and set up a polygamous colony in Mexico. There his son Gaskell built a cattle farm and a door factory, but lost it all when revolutionaries besieged the colony. The family fled to El Paso. ‘I was kicked out of Mexico when I was five years old because the Mexicans were envious of the fact that my people … became prosperous,’ Gaskell’s son George said. George chased a Mormon girl called Lenore to Hollywood, rescued her from a Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer contract, took her to Detroit, ran a car company, became governor of Michigan, then squandered his lead over Nixon in the race for the Republican nomination in 1968 by saying he’d been ‘brainwashed’ by generals who told him the Vietnam War could be won. Last month his son Mitt arrived in Tampa persecuted for being a millionaire 250 times over, accused of sacrificing American workers on the altar of his own wealth, his status as a human the subject of national doubt.
I went to Tampa that week. The day I showed up the skies were protected by helicopters. ‘Here comes a mob,’ somebody said. At the corner of Kennedy Boulevard and Tampa Street, policemen in riot gear formed a line to meet the Poor People’s March of socialists and anarchists. The cops far outnumbered the protesters. A man with a megaphone and a black plastic boot on his head addressed the police: ‘They’ve got you dressed up like turtles.’ The turtles kettled the marchers to the east. I heard a libertarian carrying a Ron Paul sign discuss capitalism with a socialist. Could a pizza oven be owned by everyone who cooked and served the pizzas? Then it started to rain. One group of stalwarts danced up Tampa Street. The turtles marched away, singing ‘Do Wah Diddy Diddy’. Somebody ran out into the street and did a back flip.
The hypothetical pizza parlour was the first of many small businesses I would hear about that week. Republican politicians talked about the bar their families owned, the forklift-truck dealership, the security-guard agency, the hardware store, the snow-ploughing service, the petrol company, the upholsterer, the dress shop, the fruit stand. Those who had no relations who owned small businesses mentioned Cuban refugees who built boats or Cambodian refugees who operated doughnut shops. Owners of firms that make signs, fabricate metal, prepare convention displays, and construct pipelines came forward to describe the way Obama was strangling them with regulations and penalties for not providing employee healthcare. In July, Obama had said: ‘If you’ve got a business – you didn’t build that; somebody else made that happen.’ No, the Republicans said, we built it. They said it again and again. Like the story of the Romney family, the appeal mixed aspiration and grievance. Small business politics is a cover for big business policies, and occasionally this would come to the surface in the form of wild applause for union-busting governors like Scott Walker of Wisconsin or Chris Christie of New Jersey. Imagine Nikki Haley’s joy when she saw the first Boeing built in South Carolina roll down the tarmac ‘surrounded by six thousand non-union employees’.
That Monday night, after the protest, I met two local union members on a bridge. The Republicans had assigned me to a hotel across the bay in Clearwater, I had no access to cash because of a UK bank holiday, so I took personal responsibility and set out to walk. Just west of downtown, Kennedy Boulevard gives way to sprawl: storefront cheque-cashing services, law firms specialising in personal bankruptcy, fast-food chains, pawn shops, hair-loss clinics, bridal shops, a disproportionate number of luxury bathroom tile outlets, a 24-hour fitness centre, and a gentleman’s club called Envy (cash only). Life here was getting married, renovating your bathroom, going broke, declaring bankruptcy and trying to save what you could of your hair. I headed south on Westshore Boulevard past big wooden houses shaded by palm trees and artificial ponds carved out of the swamp: these are called Yankee towns. On Gandy Bridge I was stopped by a pair of police cars. ‘Where’s your vehicle?’ a cop with a shaved head asked me. I didn’t have one. ‘Could we see some ID?’ I gave them a passport. ‘You’re American, don’t you have a driver’s licence?’ He took my passport to his car to see if I was subject to any pending warrants. ‘You know,’ his partner said, ‘you’re walking a long way.’ I was aware. ‘What are you down here for?’ I told him. ‘Me, I’d be protesting. I’d be raising hell.’ The protests so far were ‘piddly stuff’. He was quite wistful. In the back of the patrol car I learned that the doors can’t be opened from the inside even when they’re unlocked. I was dropped four miles over the bridge in St Petersburg, and walked north towards Clearwater. Beneath the overpass for I-275 I saw the corpse and cracked shell of an unlucky turtle. I didn’t see any ‘Beware of Alligator’ signs until just before I got to the hotel. The walk had taken nine hours. On CNN Piers Morgan was interviewing the five sons of Mitt Romney, who all have the strange quality of laughing at things that have no potential to be funny. I suppose otherwise they’d never laugh at all.
In their biography The Real Romney, Michael Kranish and Scott Helman write that ‘within the family, Romney’s zany side was well known.’[*] They give two examples: Romney assuming ‘the voices of cartoon characters’ in letters home from Bordeaux, where he was a missionary in the late 1960s; and Romney doing the moonwalk while discussing church affairs with members of his congregation. But he won the Republican nomination by being the best funded and least zany of the field. At the convention, his rivals were diminished. Rick Santorum, the only one allowed a prime speaking slot, told of his immigrant grandfather who came to Pennsylvania from Italy when ‘there were no government benefits for immigrants except one: freedom!’ Then behind him a heckler in a purple dress shouted: ‘This is corporate bullshit!’ By the time the guards had dragged her out, Santorum was on to the ‘assault on marriage and the family’. She had also yelled out ‘Afghanistan’, a word hardly anyone else would say, not Condoleezza Rice, not Paul Ryan, not Romney himself.
On Tuesday night I stood with five Occupiers on Ashley Drive. They were holding ‘Mr 1%’ signs and shouting at the delegates: ‘Don’t look at me, you might catch poverty.’ David Brooks of the New York Times walked by. He always seemed to be walking by. A man pointed at the ‘Mr 1%’ sign and said: ‘That should be “Mr 0.001%”, thank you.’ They were considering a trip to a strip club to confront delegates about ‘issues beyond tits and ass’. ‘Time to de-cock us,’ a woman said. I tried and failed to crash a party in a tent and a party in the theatre on Franklin Street. At a dive across the way, I asked a woman in a zebra-stripe dress what she was doing at the RNC. ‘I’m a hardcore libertarian,’ she said, ‘but the economy’s more important to me than social issues, so I have to be at this.’
In other bars, sitting in the company of jolly Republicans, I heard that the president’s problem is that he’s a ‘pansy-ass’, that he wouldn’t come to Israel’s aid against Iran because he’s ‘too Muslim himself’, that he’s trying to hide his family from the country because he’s ‘not a real American’, that it would be easy for him to prove everything with some ‘microfiche’ from the hospital where he was born, that the best thing about America is ‘our defence’, and that Obamacare is ‘full of terrible, terrible things’ called ‘entitlements’. I heard that the country’s best years were the ones between 1983 and 1987, that no one ever did as much for American women as Ronald Reagan and the personal computer, that the parties at the RNC have never been as good as they were for Goldwater in San Francisco in 1964, that New York is a bad place to live because of rapists, that the hottest guys at the convention were the officers of the Secret Service, and that anyone looking to get lucky would have better luck among the Democrats. I saw a woman swoon as she said the words ‘tax cut’. I tried to buy the Fox News presenter Megyn Kelly a drink, but she was drinking on Murdoch’s tab. She told me that she was enjoying the convention, her second, it was good to get out of the studio and out among ‘real people’, there was ‘a lot of energy in the room’ when Paul Ryan spoke, but generally people in Minneapolis four years ago had been ‘more fired up for Palin’. Kelly was still in makeup and her eyelashes looked long enough to sweep broken glass off the bar. She asked me where I worked, and I told her. ‘So you review books?’ That reply always ends a conversation.
On the way into the hall on the last night I saw Martin Amis, on assignment for Newsweek, being scanned with a metal detector. I collected my floor pass and headed for stage right, by the West Virginia delegation, who were wearing ‘War on Coal’ pins and mining helmets to remind the nation which state lights their light bulbs. Jane Edmonds, an African American who worked for Romney, took the stage. ‘Minority speaker! Turn your camera off, MSNBC,’ I heard a young delegate say. There were many minority speakers and many female speakers, but the crowd was overwhelmingly white and male, and they loved Clint Eastwood, no matter how the media mocked him. They had loved Paul Ryan too, even if the fact-checking press caught him lying four times. If they didn’t love Mitt Romney, it was by now too late. The donors loved him, and he loved himself. You could tell by the way he tilted his head downward and to the left when he accepted the party’s nomination. The down-left tilt was combined with an up-right finish when he admitted that he wanted Obama to succeed when he was first elected. Another down-up tilt when he talked about how women make good governors. He raises his eyebrows when he says something he thinks is going to surprise you, as when he spoke of his plan to create 12 million new jobs as soon as he takes office. While he was talking about what it’s like to lose your job, two people in the upper deck to my left stood up holding a pink sign and yelling: ‘People over profits!’ The crowd around me chanted ‘USA! USA! USA!’ to drown them out. Security guards showed up and ripped the sign from the hecklers’ hands in a way that did not look gentle. When the chanting stopped, Romney was still talking about what it’s like to be unemployed.
Outside the gates, mounted police were kettling a protest of what looked to me to be a few hundred people. The protesters were angry and lots of them were holding both middle fingers to the TV cameras. They were all chanting: ‘Shame! Shame! Shame!’ One guy looked at me, mistaking me for a delegate, and said: ‘You people are freaks.’ On my way home I stopped at a strip club I’d passed on my long walk. ‘We were told this week was going to be better than the Super Bowl,’ a dancer said to me. ‘I made $3000 a night when the Super Bowl was here. This week I barely cleared $300. A lot of the Republicans have been cheap fucking assholes.’ She checked me for a wire, going so far as to touch my glasses. Then she asked me if I wanted to go into the back room, where we might catch ‘somebody big’ behaving badly, but the price wasn’t within my budget. I had a last drink with a delegate from Wichita who told me Clinton had deserved a second term but Obama didn’t because his policies had failed.
I flew from Tampa to New York City. On the radio were reports of two public shootings; on television relentless ads for diabetes management systems. There were stop-and-frisk searches on the subway. My left ankle had been swollen since the long walk, and I spent two days icing it, then flew to Charlotte. On the drive downtown from the airport you ride the Billy Graham Parkway and are greeted by a billboard that says: ‘Don’t Believe the Liberal Media.’ At a Chinese restaurant, I saw Aaron Black on CNN walking his bike down the street in that day’s March on Wall Street South. He was explaining that some of the protesters from Tampa hadn’t come north for the Democrats: ‘A lot of our people are not interested in protesting Obama.’ The first day of the convention I walked to the tent encampment in Marshall Park. There were fifty tents around an artificial creek. A concrete bridge led to the kitchen. There was a wall posted with poems and a protest schedule, a pile of cough drops, vitamins, shampoo, plasters and deodorant, and a power station for recharging batteries and a wifi router. I saw signs spread out across the ground: ‘Obama Is a Fucking Traitor!’ Somebody said: ‘Obama’s not a traitor because he worked for the banks all along.’ Up the hill an ice sculpture that spelled out ‘Middle Class’ was symbolically melting. The word ‘middle’ toppled over. ‘The middle class has fallen,’ a man in a yellow Obama T-shirt said.
My way to the Planned Parenthood rally at the Nascar Hall of Fame was blocked by a kettled march. Subjects not mentioned in Tampa were aired: drone strikes and Bradley Manning. A man I’d met in Tampa was speaking over an amp: ‘The United States is scared of South-East Asia,’ he said. ‘The United States is scared of Africa. The United States is scared of Bradley Manning.’ He gave the microphone to a woman who launched into ‘Twelve Steps to Overcome Addiction to Voting for the Lesser of Two Evils’: ‘Make a list of war crimes committed by Bush, cross out the word Bush and write Obama.’
I left the demonstration, found another checkpoint, and through the barricades I entered the zone of earnest and unabashed American liberal feeling. By the Nascar building, the crowd were wearing pink ‘Yes We Plan’ shirts. Cory Booker, the mayor of Newark, was telling them that Roe v. Wade ‘didn’t come on the wheels of inevitability’. Sandra Fluke, the woman Rush Limbaugh called a ‘slut’ and a ‘prostitute’ for advocating contraception, reminded the crowd that Romney had vetoed a bill allowing rape victims access to Plan-B contraceptives in emergency rooms, and Ryan had sponsored a bill allowing hospitals to decline to give women abortions when their lives are endangered. One edge the Democrats have is their ability to speak literally when Republicans rely on euphemisms. But this breaks down when they move from opposition to promoting their own policies, and every measure is qualified by a hiccup of the halfway. They talk of protecting the citizenry from the ‘recklessness of some on Wall Street’, and they boast of ‘providing access to healthcare’ rather than ‘providing healthcare’.
I went to the Truman Project’s national security training session for progressive candidates. The session was dull. Experts, many of them war veterans, were available to advise candidates on foreign policy issues, and to prepare them to talk on television. The leader of the session showed slides of himself marching through the Hindu Kush, but he didn’t have much to say about Syria, so I went to the flacks at the door. They told me they advise that the US should ‘put our thumb on the scales by providing anti-tank weapons good enough to pierce Syrian armour but not US or Israeli armour’. It would be repeated many times that week that Obama had killed bin Laden, had ended the Iraq war, that unlike Romney he cared about the troops in Afghanistan and had written letters to their parents when they died, that he stood with Israel, that Netanyahu had called their co-operation ‘unprecedented’. (Though it was Obama who said to Sarkozy of Netanyahu, ‘You’re fed up with him? I have to deal with him every day,’ and it was Romney who worked at Bain Consulting with Netanyahu in the 1970s and told the New York Times: ‘We can almost speak in shorthand.’) The non-scandal of Charlotte was the omission of recognition of Jerusalem as the capital of Israel in the party’s platform. Obama had it restored. The platforms are these days fantasy documents for zealots. The Republicans’ calls for banning abortion and, under certain conditions, a constitutional amendment to abolish the federal income tax.
In terms of personnel, the Democrats have a few advantages over the Republicans: more presentable living members of political dynasties; more genuinely enthusiastic and script-reading Hollywood celebrities; and more leading politicians whose humanness isn’t subject to doubt. Joseph Kennedy III, Bobby Kennedy’s 31-year-old grandson and a candidate for Congress in Massachusetts, has a weaker Boston accent than my own. He introduced a video of his uncle Teddy slinging zingers at Romney during their 1994 Senate campaign: ‘I’m pro-choice. My opponent is multiple choice.’ ‘Now he supports the minimum wage. If we give him two more weeks he may even vote for me.’ Michelle Obama is currently the most popular political figure in America, with an approval rating of 66 per cent. Her politics consist of showing obese children how to exercise, coming to the aid of veterans’ families, and loving her husband ‘more than I did four years ago’. She says her most important job is ‘mom-in-chief’, just as, according to Romney’s biographers, Ann Romney is known as the ‘CFO’, or ‘chief family officer’. Michelle elided her career as a corporate lawyer to talk about her family’s rise from poverty; Ann had no career to omit (her husband said: ‘Ann would have succeeded at anything she wanted to’) and no poverty to overcome. One woman who did mention a career beyond helping out with her children’s homework was Lilly Ledbetter, the Alabama tyre-plant manager and namesake of the law that guarantees women equal pay for equal work. It was an achievement of Obama’s that had eluded Bill Clinton, whose instrumental role in overturning Depression-era legislation and converting Wall Street into a casino did nothing to dampen the crowd’s adulation. He’s more convincing than Joe Biden when he says the words ‘poor folks’.
On the last night I entered the fortress of Charlotte, concerns about the weather had moved Thursday night’s speeches from the Bank of America Stadium back to the Time Warner Cable Arena. It relieved somebody of the task of papering over the bank logos, which were symbolically inconvenient, but there remained a shortfall of 50,000 seats. After I made it through the perimeter gates, an event staffer told me that the secret service had just shut the perimeter down: ‘You can’t get in now if you’re not a senator, a congressman or a pretty actress.’ Scarlett Johansson was on one of the arena’s exterior screens urging the younger generation to register to vote. A line of about fifty people had formed outside the arena, and word was the venue’s capacity had been reached, and only delegates would now be allowed to enter. I wandered the dead zone around the arena. I watched Caroline Kennedy talk about what her father and her uncle believed in. I considered going into the Hyatt, which had a metal detector outside, possibly indicating the presence of the president. I noticed an unguarded entrance to the east. It turned out to be for caterers, and I walked right in. David Miliband, I was told, was not so lucky, though he didn’t miss much. Obama’s most memorable lines were the self-regarding ones: ‘I’m no longer just a candidate. I’m the president.’ And then came an oddly aggrandising comparison of his own humility to Lincoln’s. It was treacle from there: the student who won the science fair while she was living in a homeless shelter, the autoworker who won the lottery and bought his wife a car his factory built. Obama’s mocking of Republican tax-cutting led straight into boasting of his own tax-cutting bona fides. His ode to citizenship was a sly move probably too subtle to land with the 60 per cent of Republican voters who harbour doubts about his birthplace. So too his rewrite of ‘you didn’t build that’ from Roanoke to ‘you did that,’ where ‘you’ is, if not the state, the Obama voter. You and Obama will continue the mission of mutual self-perfection, I hope.
On College Street when the show was over, I fell into conversation with an energy consultant from Washington, who gave me a pass to a ‘Miami Nights’-themed after-party on Stonewall Street. ‘There’ll be a lot of energy folks there,’ she said. I’d heard a lot about energy in the past few days, mostly about natural gas and fracking. ‘The water’s on fire, let the corporation burn’ had been a frequent protest chant. I asked her if the public was aware of all this. ‘Well, that’s my job. Hardly anybody knows there’s an energy revolution going on. You live in Europe. I’m a big fan of nuclear. Obama’s been good on that. He hasn’t been scared off by Fukushima.’ Her real passion, though, was for foreign policy, even though it was a ‘third-tier issue’, and she was glad the president had ‘dropped Samantha Power’ and ‘listened to Hillary’. At the party I lost track of her when she went to the Sponsors’ Lounge to find some of her clients. I didn’t meet any energy folks, but I had several conversations with some nice folks from Charlotte who work in clothing retail. ‘Do you like Charlotte?’ I do, thank you. My father owned a small business. My mother always helped me with my homework. And God bless America.
[*] HarperCollins, 423 pp., £17.99, February, 978 0 06 212327 5. | <urn:uuid:fa57f6d8-4e53-420a-98a9-178336f39b89> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | http://www.lrb.co.uk/v34/n18/christian-lorentzen/diary | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982296721.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823195816-00184-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.977602 | 5,318 | 2.5625 | 3 |
This chapter is organized into four sections: “Knowing a language, Linguistic competence, Communicative competence, and The influence of communicative competence”. “Knowing a language”, gives an overview of the main questions related to knowing a language. The author reminds us the grammar-translation language teaching method mentioned in the previous chapter, Chapter 4. He points out that knowing the grammar and vocaabulary is crucial but being able to put the knowledge into practice is required. In “Linguistic competence” part, Cook argues that isolating the formal systems of language (i.e. its pronunciation, grammar, and vocabulary) either for learning or for analysis, is a useful first step. Theoretical linguistics provides a more fundamental and rather different, argument for separating the formal systems of language from other kinds of knowledge and skills, as in particular work of Noam Chomsky. The author suggests that we need to take further account of his ideas. Chomsky claims that all human beings are born with the innate faculty. In this view, Universal Grammar (UG) plays an important role in learning a language. It forms linguistic competence. According to Chomsky, language is more biological than social. Some features that involved in its use like body language or cultural knowledge aren’t separated from language. “Communicative competence” part provides an overview of the definition of the term itself and history of it. In the late 1960s Del Hymes made an attempt to describe communicative competence. Is it offered as contrast to Chomsky’s linguistic competence. Hymes suggested that four types of knowledge, possibility,feasibility,appropriatenesss, and attestedness are required for successful communication. In terms of possibility, a communicatively competent speaker knows what is possible in a language. Knowledge of possibility is not enough for communication. However, it does not mean...
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Well known for providing life-altering assistance to their owners, service dogs are credited for offering an array of assistance, from guiding a visually or hearing-impaired person through the day to alerting their owner of an impending seizure or diabetic episode.
But now, service dogs are assisting those battling less visible — yet equally debilitating — problems associated with mental health disorders. Uniquely trained to detect problems common to conditions such as post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety and depression or panic attacks, psychiatric service dogs are leading millions of individuals toward more functional, fulfilling lives.
Older adult veterans with PTSD and individuals with Alzheimer’s or other dementias are among the beneficiaries.
What Is a Service Dog?
We’ve all seen them in public settings: those calm, well-behaved canines trotting along at their owner’s side. But what exactly makes a dog a service animal?
A trained psychiatric service dog can be the difference between being free to interact and enjoy life, or being limited by isolation and fear.
As defined in the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), a service dog is “individually trained to do work or perform tasks for the benefit of an individual with a disability, including a physical, sensory, psychiatric, intellectual, or other mental disability.” A psychiatric service dog is further defined as one trained to “…detect the onset of psychiatric episodes, and lessen their effects.”
These canines undergo vigorous training to earn their title, mastering everything from impeccable manners to performing unique tasks. The ADA grants properly trained dogs the right to accompany their owners in public places: stores, schools, restaurants and more. Most dogs wear an identifying vest, but that is not required. Appropriate personnel are legally permitted to inquire if a dog is a service dog, but not about the owner’s disability, nor is the owner obligated to disclose any details.
It’s worth noting that other types of dogs provide beneficial assistance to individuals facing challenges, such as therapy or emotional support dogs. However, only service dogs are protected under the ADA; others are not afforded the same privileges and access.
How Psychiatric Service Dogs Help
Howie Gallagher, head trainer at Golden Opportunities for Independence in Walpole, Mass., trains canines to be partnered with owners dealing with PTSD and anxiety disorders. The ways these dogs assist their owners — commonly referred to as handlers — are numerous, Gallagher says.
“They’re trained to track movement, which enables them to spot if their handler is having a nightmare or flashback, as well as signs of anxiety, such as picking at their skin,” he says.
The dogs perform tasks to mitigate the problem and calm the handler.
“To wake someone from a nightmare, the dogs tap them with their paw until they wake. The dogs then turn on the lights [they can be trained to flick a wall switch with their paw or snout] and return to begin deep pressure therapy to calm the person,” Gallagher says. “To stop self-harm behavior, the dogs will nudge their noses between the person’s hands, preventing them from picking at skin. They offer a better outlet for stress, like bringing the person something to hold to fidget with.”
The dogs are also trained to identify an object — such as a firearm — and bark persistently. “They can’t overpower someone, but they can give them a brief moment to think about the severity of their actions,” Gallagher says.
The Challenges of Public Places
Public places commonly pose an obstacle for those living with mental health issues. For many, the actions of their service dog make the difference between staying home and attending a class or stopping for groceries.
“In public, if a stranger is too close to their handler, the dog will back up and create a barrier and some distance,” Gallagher explains. “They also learn a very subtle cue that means ‘act like you need to go out.’ The dog will stand up and bark, ignoring requests to stop. The handler now has an excuse to step outside for a break, without needing to explain.”
Jennifer Mauger, a certified professional dog trainer at L’Chaim Canine in Akron, Ohio, has seen the changes in her clients. One recent client is in his mid-50s and living with an anxiety disorder. “John” (not his real name) has found new freedom with his 1½-year-old poodle mix.
“The dog’s tasks include blocking, nudging/waking him when it’s time to take meds, providing deep pressure therapy and removing John from a store when he’s becoming overwhelmed,” says Mauger. Now, “John runs errands more frequently and is more willing to stay out longer. [The dog] has facilitated social interactions that might not otherwise have taken place,” adds Mauger.
Alzheimer’s and Dementia Assistance
The use of psychiatric service dogs for clients dealing with cognitive or memory disorders is a promising area, initiated by the research of an Israeli team composed of social worker Dafna Golan-Shemesh and professional dog trainer Yariv Ben-Yosef. Successful trials have since been done in the U.S. and abroad.
Natural followers of routine, dogs are perfect for reminding handlers about meals, grooming, or medicine. They can be trained to alert or summon for help with a household emergency, such as a fall or a burner left on, or if their handler attempts to wander.
While it’s an area with potential, the use of service dogs for this purpose is still developing, and placements are typically made only if another responsible adult lives in the home.
“If the owner has memory or cognitive issues, they may inadvertently neglect the dog or expose him to medication or other danger,” says Patti Anderson, therapy animal trainer at Doggone Good Coaching in Plymouth, Minn.
Finding a Reputable Organization
Pairing up with a service dog is a significant investment of money, time and emotion, so finding one through a trusted organization is crucial.
“There are organizations that claim to train service dogs, but lack skill and credentials,” Anderson warns, adding that a thorough investigation is in order. “Ask questions. Find out how long they’ve been in business, how many dogs they’ve trained and how many they’ve successfully placed. Talk to past clients with similar situations,” advises Anderson.
Also: explore the dogs’ origins. Most well-known organizations breed their own puppies or have long-standing relationships with few, select breeders. “By breeding our own dogs, we have a good idea of their health, temperament and work drive,” explains Gallagher.
Programs that rehabilitate rescue dogs also exist, but warrant a closer look. “Such programs should be run by very dog-savvy people, with proven experience choosing and evaluating dogs,” Anderson comments.
Another sign of a trustworthy organization: It will require a physician’s release. “We need to ensure the intended individual is safe to be around a dog,” says Gallagher.
Lastly, do your own sleuthing. Get online and ask around at your veterinarian, physician or related mental health association.
How You Can Help
Most organizations rely on foster families to raise their puppies until they’re old enough to begin training.
“The puppies grow up like a regular dog, learn to live in a home and become familiar with many different experiences,” Gallagher explains.
Some requirements of a foster-puppy raiser:
- Attend basic obedience classes and veterinary appointments, as specified by your organization
- Bring the puppy along on typical daily events: e.g., shopping, dining, going to work, visiting the dentist
- Feed, love and care for the puppy
- Return your puppy to the organization when he’s ready for training, usually around one year of age
Contact organizations near you for more information about fostering.
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The experts listed for the publication Eat this, not that five factors that can lead to prediabetes -
- Bad dream.
Doctors have warned that lack of sleep is closelyassociated with both diabetes and prediabetes. Lack of sleep increases levels of the stress hormone cortisol and increases glucose production, which raises blood sugar levels.
- Visceral fat.
Studies show that excess belly fat especially affects the risk of prediabetes.
Even modest weight loss can help reduce the risk of developing prediabetes.
- Low physical activity.
Regular exercise is important.
As mentioned, there is evidence that stress can affect blood sugar levels, increasing the risk of prediabetes.
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What is gold?
Gold is a chemical element with the symbol Au (Latin : Aurum) and atomic number 79. It is one of the precious metals, known to man. In its purest form, Gold is considered a noble metal and is a slightly, reddish yellow, dense, soft, malleable and ductile metal.
It is one of the least reactive elements and occurs in its native, free, elemental state as nuggets or grains, in rocks, in veins and in alluvial deposits. Sometimes it is found mixed with other elements as gold compounds.
How is gold processed?
Gold was one of the first precious metals to be mined because it commonly occurs in its original state. It is a scarce metal and it is concentrated by geological processes to form commercial deposits of two principal types : lode (primary) deposits and placer (secondary) deposits.
Lode deposits are the targets for gold prospectors seeking gold at the site of its deposit from mineral solutions. Gold is collected in a precipitate form and further purified. in lode mining, ores of gold are collected from the source by quarrying rocks with the ore deposits. This is known as the mother lode, geology.
A mother lode is the principal vein or zone of veins of gold or silver, found in rocks.
Placer mining is the mining of water stream bed deposits. It is also done by open pit or open cast mining or other surface excavation processes. Gold in ancient times, before modern, sophisticated equipment was developed, was sourced through placer mining.
In olden times, river beds were panned for gold bits, carried along with eroded rocks by the force of gushing water streams from underground water sources.
Why is gold considered a precious metal?
- A precious metal is a rare, naturally occurring metal of high economic value due to its extremely stable nature under harsh condition, natural or man made.
- In ancient days, gold was used by nobility and various historical artifacts have been discovered made of gold from archaeological sites. It was used as currency by early civilisations, infact it is still used in international trading. The reason being so, grading the quality of gold doesn’t change over the years.
- It is so malleable, that a single gram can be beaten into a sheet of one square meter and further till it is semi transparent.
5 Interesting facts about gold
- Gold is edible. Gold dust and gold foil are used in gourmet cuisine.
- Our bodies contain a small percentage of gold.
- More gold is recoverable from a ton of personal computers than from 17 tonnes of gold ore.
- Nearly all the gold on earth came from meteorites that bombarded the planet millions of years ago.
- The world’s largest gold nugget was called ‘Welcome Stranger’. It was found in Victoria, Australia in 1869 and weighed over 71 kg of which 65 kg became refined or pure gold. | <urn:uuid:8123b8b7-d2d8-4450-a43c-7821077185f0> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://www.origin.mocomi.com/how-is-gold-formed/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224643388.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20230527223515-20230528013515-00532.warc.gz | en | 0.959317 | 628 | 3.5625 | 4 |
Biomass plays an important role in the paper & packaging industry. The industry is the largest user of biomass because of its raw material needs. In addition it is also the largest and most efficient generator of energy based on biomass.
This is accomplished through extensive use of biomass boilers. These boilers are mainly fuelled by residual like bark, sawdust, thinnings and stumps. Most of these boilers are connected to the production of pulp and virgin fibre based paper.
In several countries, like Spain and France, governments support energy and fossil carbon saving projects connected to recycled paper mills.
Smurfit Kappa supports and actively participates in such projects. For instance the biomass boilers in Navarra in Spain and Cellulose du Pin in France. The steam turbine in Nervión in Spain is another example.
90% of our fuel consumption consists of either renewable fuel (biomass) or the relatively low CO2-emitting fossil fuel natural gas.
In 2012, 42% of all energy used was biomass based. | <urn:uuid:1d9ce094-35f1-417d-896e-e4a195ed182d> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://www.smurfitkappa.com/vHome/fi/Sustainability/Environment/CarbonManagement/Biofuels/Pages/default.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917120694.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031200-00019-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.957994 | 214 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Write ON! Writing Strategies for the ESL Classroom
All of your ESL students can write words in English.
Most of them can even write complete sentences. But they can’t really write. Writing, and I mean good writing, whether it is in your native or second language is not easy. And it’s not something we do intuitively, naturally. Good writing has to be taught.
Let’s face the facts. Students want to speak English. They rarely want to write (and if they do, it’s email writing for business purposes). But it is absolutely essential for ESL students to learn solid writing strategies. Good writing skills, in any language, are a big advantage in the job market and vital for academic success. So, let’s look at the writing strategies you should be teaching – today!
How to Teach Writing Strategies
Choose a Strategy
Consider your students’ level of English but also what they are struggling with. Do they need to learn to organize their writing? Do they need to get their point across more clearly? Do they simply need to write more? First, consider your goal and choose the strategy that will help you achieve it.
Give them samples of the type of writing they are expected to achieve. Read them in class. Write something together, as a class or in small groups. Guide them step by step. For example, if you’re teaching them to write an email, instruct them to write the greeting, the purpose of the email and the closing.
Let Them Try it on Their Own - with Your Assistance
The next logical step is to instruct them to write on their own, but walk around the classroom and offer support and guidance to those who need it.
There’s no better way to improve writing than by practicing and then practicing some more. Give them writing assignments they must complete on their own and then turn in. Make sure to give the kind of feedback that will encourage them to keep writing. Of course, you have to correct mistakes but focus on how well they have used a particular writing strategy. Maybe their text is plagued with spelling mistakes, but the text is clear and well-organized.
The Writing Process
Students should be familiar with the basic writing process:
Organize and develop ideas
You can ask students to generate ideas on their own; you can do it as a class. But they must know what they will write about before they put pen to paper. The way they organize their thoughts will depend on the writing strategy you are teaching. Editing and revision should be left for last.
Some Writing Strategies for the ESL Classroom
Fast and Furious Writing
Say you’re trying to foster creative writing. Nothing kills creativity faster than agonizing over every single word and how it’s spelled. This exercise is great for when you want to get those creative juices flowing. Remember and remind students that this is not a grammar or spelling exercise. The main objective is to get some writing done! Give them a topic to write about – make it easy, something that will flow easily, like a narrative: Write about the best summer vacation you ever had.
Tell them they will have a time limit (say 10-15 minutes). They must write as fast as they can, just letting the words flow. No erasing or pausing. Give them a one minute warning before time is up. Once they’re done, they will have produced what they should consider a raw material, not the final piece of writing. Help them polish this raw material for grammar, spelling and structure. They should start the revision process on their own and submit it to you for a final revision.
Graphic organizers are excellent tools for organizing writing. Word clusters or Topic Wheels are great for brainstorming ideas they will cover in their topic. Story Maps are perfect for students who are learning to write a story.
Nothing inhibits writing more than a blank sheet of paper. Similar to graphic organizers, templates are forms that have blanks or questions students can complete, or samples they can model. Typical templates used for ESL students are email, CVs or resumes, and reviews. Young learners in particular need templates more than adult learners. For example, this template helps them write about their holidays by giving them prompts.
Addressing the Reader
One aspect of good writing that students need to know is that they must always address the reader. What does the reader need to know? What questions can they expect the reader to ask? For example, if you're writing an email to invite people to a special event, you can expect them to want to know when and where it will be held.
Bear in mind that ESL students need specific types of writing strategies.
They may rarely have to write lengthy essays or reports (or they might have to, particularly students who will sit for international examinations). Give them the type of writing they will need. And give them the tools to get it done.
Want more tips like this?
300 NEW Creative Prompts:300 unique ways to keep the words flowing. | <urn:uuid:3ac4c364-5887-4d50-a962-a9c3c0a8e0e5> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://busyteacher.org/16910-writing-strategies-for-the-esl-classroom.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375096290.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031816-00025-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.95131 | 1,036 | 3.828125 | 4 |
In honor of the 100th anniversary of the sinking of the Titanic this week, a museum in Wales is presenting an exhibit focused on amateur radio operator Artie Moore, the man who first transmitted messages about the sinking of the Titanic to local residents. At the time, his messages were met with disbelief since he was thousands of miles away from the Titanic.
The exhibit, “The Titanic, the Mill and the Signal: Artie Moore and Titanic’s SOS,” will also explore “life at the turn of the century in Wales, as well as the local area’s links to Titanic in this 100th anniversary year of her sinking.”
According to the Blackwood Amateur Radio Society,
“At 24 years of age on 14th of April 1912 Artie received the faint signal of a ship in distress. The signal read: ‘CQD SOS 11.50pm from MGY we have struck an iceberg sinking fast come to our assistance position lat 41.46 north Lon 50.14 west MGY’. This was the distress call of the unsinkable Titanic! The call continued: ‘Sinking we are putting passengers off in small boats weather clear’. Artie reported this to the locals who did not believe his incredible news that the unsinkable Titanic had perished, two days later they received confirmation of this terrible event through the national press and Artie achieved considerable notoriety as a result. One newspaper reported: ‘A Young boy from the valleys of South Wales has witnessed through the modern invention of wireless the death of a famous ship thousands of miles away'”.
If you can’t make it to Wales to catch this exhibit, you can take in another aspect of Titanic radio history online. The RMS Titanic Radio Page includes details about the Titanic Radio Department, transcriptions of the Titanic’s distress calls, and a photo of the ship’s “Marconi” room.
Just one dollar a month makes you a patron of Radio Survivor. Help us through our Patreon Campaign! | <urn:uuid:5082801e-dd16-441c-bfa8-a2a817bea4d8> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | http://www.radiosurvivor.com/2012/04/10/amateur-radio-on-the-front-lines-during-titanic-disaster/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738662507.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173742-00053-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.956988 | 424 | 3.15625 | 3 |
India is the land of myriad festivals which are held all across the different states of the country. There is hardly any place in India which is not touched by the hues and joys of a festival. Jammu and Kashmir is no exception and festivals and fairs in different parts of this northern most state of India. Losar celebrations in Jammu and Kashmir, in the Ladakh district can be regarded as the most elaborate and convoluted of the different social and religious events and festivals of Ladakh. There is an interesting story that is at the root of the Losar celebrations in Ladakh. King Jamyang Namgyal , on the eve of setting out on an expedition against the Balti forces in winter was advised not to lead an expediting before the next year. To solve the problem, keeping the regard of the advice, he preponed the New Year celebrations in Ladakh by two months. This became established as a tradition and since then the Losar is celebrated on the first day of the eleventh month of every year.
Description of Losar celebrations
Each and everybody, men, women and children make an active participation during the Losar celebrations in Jammu and Kashmir. The rites and the rituals that are followed during the Losar is an interesting amalgamation of the Buddhist and the pre Buddhist Bon religious practices. It is during the end of the harvesting season that people start taking preparations for celebrating Losar. There are provisions that are stocked and goats and sheep kept for the elaborate customary feasts that form an integral part of the Losar celebrations. Chang, a local barley beer is a popular drink for the Losar celebrations and grain from the harvest is kept for its brewing, as a part of preparations for the Losar celebrations. People wear new clothes and adorn themselves in new jewelry to enhance the festive mood in the air. The slaughtering of the goats and the sheep which were kept reserved for the festivities are done with a ritual to mark the beginning of the Losar celebrations.
Time for Losar celebrations
It is on the 29th day of the 10th month which is the time for the Losar celebrations. The festival starts on the first day of the 11th month officially. | <urn:uuid:4e0f9f79-a213-4d91-ad9b-ffa99fccf550> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://www.indianholiday.com/fairs-and-festivals/jammu-kashmir/losar-celebrations.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593657147031.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20200713225620-20200714015620-00143.warc.gz | en | 0.964895 | 445 | 2.734375 | 3 |
A rise in car accidents involving distracted driving among teens has motivated legislators to pass a statewide ban on texting and driving. It's also what's motivating the creation of new technology that will try to eliminate this distraction.
Keeping your eyes on the road and off your phone is something anyone can be guilty of. According to the American Automobile Association, teen drivers are four times more likely than adults to get into an accident due to texting and driving.
Damaris Jimenez, a parent, says, "Most of the accidents you see around town are usually people distracted by their phones we're all guilty of doing it."
But technology is slowly eliminating this threat to safety with many new products like Surete
"Surete is a patent-pending app and device combo that helps to eliminate distracted driving like texting emailing or using social media," says Mitch Fonseca, Co-Founder of Surete. He explains, "the device goes connected to the vehicle's starter and the application gets loaded on the phone. Once you approach the vehicle, your application syncs with the device and it enables the vehicle to start. Once the application syncs with the vehicle when you start the car, the app actually locks the screen so the user can't text email or use social media while they're driving."
Eliminating distracted driving isn't the only feature. It also allows parents to see where their child is going and even check how fast they're driving. Fonseca adds, "Most parents really enjoy it because it can help protect their children and it can help keep their children safe."
This is something local parents can agree with. Jimenez says, "It'll keep them more focused and keep them safer, making sure to always be diligent of whatever is going on around them."
Debra Lugo, also a parent, adds, "Teens, nowadays, all they know is just their cellphones, and they don't pay attention to anything. If their phone rings, either Facebook or Instagram, Twitter, anything, they automatically want to be checking, and it's very dangerous. Maybe this was it will help prevent a lot of accidents, and a lot of mishap in general so that we can all be safer."
The Surete app can be found on Android and Apple products. For more information, you can check out their website at Surete.co.
The company is also advertising their product to fleet companies to help them keep their drivers safe and reduce liability for the business. | <urn:uuid:f4dcf60e-6193-4826-af49-537cf5d5e70c> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | https://www.kgns.tv/content/news/Preparing-for-TX-Texting-While-Driving-Ban-427707963.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583515375.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20181022180558-20181022202058-00221.warc.gz | en | 0.975966 | 510 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Alcohol is the drug of choice among Northland youth.
19% of our youth used alcohol in the last 30 days and the average age youth begin drinking alcohol is 12!
Whatever it is that leads adolescents to begin drinking, once they start they face a number of potential health risks. Although the severe health problems associated with harmful alcohol use are not as common in adolescents as they are in adults, studies show that young people who drink heavily put themselves at risk for a range of potential health problems.
Read further from Northland Coalition | <urn:uuid:16ce1468-506a-4e5f-858a-889ddaa2e3b0> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | https://alcoholcampaign.org/2017/05/04/no-brainer/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267158766.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20180922221246-20180923001646-00103.warc.gz | en | 0.962325 | 108 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Assessment is an integral part of instruction. For the past decade, the focus on assessment—particularly via high-stakes mandated tests—has shifted away from the classroom and left teachers feeling like they are drowning in data. Assessment is, and needs to be again, much more than a number.
Assessment in Perspective is about moving beyond the numbers and using assessment to find the stories they tell. This book helps teachers sort through the myriad of available assessments and use each to understand different facets of their readers. It discusses how to use a range of assessment types -- from reading conference notes and student work to running records and state tests -- together to uncover the strengths and weaknesses of a reader. The authors share a framework for thinking about the purpose, method, and types of different assessments. They also address the questions they ask when choosing or analyzing assessments:
The book emphasizes the importance of triangulating data by using varied sources, both formal and informal, and across multiple intervals. It explains the power of looking at different types of assessments side-by-side with displays to find patterns or inconsistencies. What's more, students are included as valuable sources of data. Letting students in on the process of assessment is key to helping them set goals, monitor their own progress, and celebrate growth. When assessment is viewed in this way, instruction can meet high standards and still be developmentally appropriate. | <urn:uuid:9630d44c-1f5e-4e57-805c-dbcde11c50de> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.americanpoems.com/store/1052-1000-1571109889-Lifes_Literacy_Lessons_Stories_and_Poems_for_Teachers.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394010962725/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305091602-00088-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.948875 | 279 | 3.796875 | 4 |
"Scientists Discover the Largest Birds to have Flown the Skies in History."
Painting © Brian Choo
Ever imagined a bird as big as a dinosaur flying in the sky?
Fossils of giant-sized toothed birds from Seymour Island, Antarctica from 50 million years ago-- a time where the ecosystem is still so diverse and habitable has been discovered by scientists.
Frogs and plant fossils are even found which indicates that the island was once warm and not too icy. Fossil of birds were also discovered. Penguins were also existent even now, however, fossils that are relative to ducks and albatrosses have also been discovered in Antarctica. A new fossil that was peculiar among all the other birds on the Seymour Island has also been revealed and it is specified as the Pelagornithids or “bony-toothed” birds.
Pelagornithidae are ancient birds that had sharp, bony spikes and sawlike jaws. Their sizes were also different and has been labeled “gigantic”.
The largest flying bird alive today is the wandering albatross, which has a wingspan that reaches 11 ½ feet. The Antarctic pelagornithidae fossils that has been examined have a wingspan that doubles that of the albatross.
Throughout the history, these has been considered to have giant sizes: birds and a group of flying reptiles called pterosaurs. Pterosaurs were reptiles that lived in the jurassic period.
.Pterosaur Wing Diagram © Encyclopedia of Alabama
Pterosaurs as pictured by an artist
Reconstruction of a pterosaur specimen by Samuel Thomas von Soemmerring
The fossils has been studied based from the fragments of whole bones collected in the 1980’s by paleontologists from University of California at Riverside.
Peter A. Kloess, Doctoral Candidate, Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley
Photo © iStock mrganso
Pterosaurs are often called by popular media or general public as “flying dinosaurs” however, dinosaurs are defined as the descendants of the last common ancestor of the Saurischia and Ornithischia, which excludes the pterosaurs.
Pterosaurs are considered to be closely related to birds and other dinosaurs than to crocodiles or any other living reptile, though they are not bird ancestors.
They have also been identified as fish and fruit eaters and even prey on other pterosaurs. The pterosaurs reproduced by eggs as viewed by the fossils discovered. | <urn:uuid:b5984932-57f6-436f-9338-67d5f2cadebd> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://www.avcreativitystudio.com/post/scientists-discover-the-largest-birds-to-have-flown-the-skies-in-history | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224650201.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20230604161111-20230604191111-00325.warc.gz | en | 0.969408 | 546 | 3.796875 | 4 |
Written by Shawn McEvoy, Applied Nutrition for Healthy Living, Spring 2013
Everyone in their life has heard someone say, “eat your breakfast, it’s important.” Whether you take that advice or not is up to you but in reality, eating a healthy breakfast is crucial to our diets and our health. In this particular article Healthy Breakfast Roundup: Your Favorite Morning Eats, they mentioned how eating breakfast every morning you can actually “have more energy throughout the day” and have a higher performance with whatever you are doing.
One thing you want to look out for when eating breakfast is choosing foods that will keep you full for longer periods of time that are healthy. The article mentioned that “overindulging in calories and fats will have you feeling hungry in a few hours, sluggish and at risk for weight gain.” This is completely true. If you eat foods that are high in fats and calories, they will make you even hungrier in just a few hours. If you were to eat healthy foods during breakfast, you are able to eat a lot more of them making you full for a longer period of time.
It is very important to eat a healthy and well balanced breakfast every morning. You will be able to see dramatic changes in your health, performance, and your day to day activities. Next time you prepare your breakfast ALWAYS think, healthy, good protein, good calories, and portion control. If you are able to meet these four requirements, you’re that much closer to maintaining a healthy breakfast.
What’s your favorite breakfast food? | <urn:uuid:0607ba8c-c0cd-46aa-8218-4a0df0375919> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://spatterson3.blogs.plymouth.edu/2013/05/15/wednesdays-food-for-thought-breakfast-noms/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394021920399/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305121840-00086-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.97023 | 326 | 2.578125 | 3 |
With the variety of piping options available for gas systems, it can be overwhelming to choose which type is best suited for your project.
While certain types of pipe are widely used for gas piping, there are some that should not be considered due to their inability to safely contain and transport these potentially hazardous materials.
In this article, we’ll discuss why some pipes shouldn’t be used in gas piping and what alternatives you have when installing a system.
What Type of Pipe is Not Commonly Used for Gas Piping?
Copper pipe is the most common type of pipe used for gas piping, but it is not the only type. Other types of pipe, such as PVC, CPVC, and black iron, are not commonly used for gas piping due to their lack of durability and potential for corrosion. PVC and CPVC pipes are not suitable for gas piping because they are not strong enough to withstand the pressure of the gas. Black iron pipe is not commonly used for gas piping because it is prone to corrosion and can be difficult to install.
Which material is best for gas pipeline?
1. Consider the type of gas that will be transported through the pipeline. Different types of gas require different materials for the pipeline.
2. Consider the pressure of the gas that will be transported. Different pressures require different materials for the pipeline.
3. Consider the temperature of the gas that will be transported. Different temperatures require different materials for the pipeline.
4. Consider the environment in which the pipeline will be located. Different environments require different materials for the pipeline.
5. Consider the cost of the material. Different materials have different costs associated with them.
6. Research the different materials available for gas pipelines.
7. Compare the different materials and their properties to determine which material is best for the gas pipeline.
8. Consult with a professional engineer to ensure the material chosen is suitable for the gas pipeline.
Plastic Gas Piping:
Plastic gas piping is not commonly used for gas piping due to its lack of durability and flexibility.
Plastic pipes are prone to cracking and breaking, making them unreliable when transporting combustible materials such as natural gas or propane.
This poses a major safety risk because even the smallest leak can cause an explosion.
In addition, plastic cannot withstand extreme temperatures; therefore it cannot be used in exposed areas that may be affected by hot or cold weather.
Furthermore, plastic pipes tend to corrode easier than metal pipes which could lead to unsafe accumulation of toxic fumes inside the pipe itself.
Overall, plastic gas piping is not recommended for use in any situation where safe transportation of combustible material is necessary.
Metal pipes remain the most reliable source for secure installations since they are strong enough to resist corrosion while also being able to handle temperature changes without compromising their integrity.
Flexible Corrugated Stainless Steel Tubing (CSST):
Flexible Corrugated Stainless Steel Tubing (CSST) is not a commonly used pipe for gas piping. CSST has been around since the early 1990s, and its use is regulated by local codes in some jurisdictions due to safety concerns.
Compared to rigid steel pipes, CSST’s flexibility makes it easier to install but also creates potential hazards if installed incorrectly or without proper bonding.
It may be possible for lightning strikes or nearby electrical arcs to ignite the gas inside of an un-bonded CSST line which can lead to property damage and even death.
Additionally, some insurers do not cover homes that contain this type of pipe unless all necessary bonding requirements are met according to code standards.
Lastly, while it may be legal in certain areas with special permits, many municipalities do not allow its installation as a form of gas piping due to the risks associated with it.
Polyethylene (PE) Gas Line:
Polyethylene (PE) gas line is not a commonly used type of pipe for gas piping applications.
This type of plastic pipe has several disadvantages that make it less desirable than other types of materials.
First, PE gas line is prone to leaks because the material can be easily pierced and damaged by sharp objects or tools during installation and maintenance work.
Furthermore, PE does not have inherent corrosion resistance properties; therefore, protective coatings are needed to protect against corrosion in order for it to last long-term.
In addition, PE pipes do not stand up well under high temperatures which can cause them to become brittle with time leading to failure down the road.
Finally, this type of plastic is more difficult and expensive to install due to its flexibility requiring special fittings and connectors compared with other materials such as steel or copper pipes that don’t require additional components or fixtures during installation.
For these reasons, polyethylene (PE) gas line is rarely used for gas piping projects today and alternative options are typically preferred instead.
How to identify which type of pipe is not commonly used for gas piping?
The most commonly utilized pipes are:
Unlike with gas piping, where one size can accommodate any need – depending on your area – plumbers utilize various sizes of pipe to fit different types of requirements.
The most common sizes are found within the range of 14-inches, 18 inches and 30 inches.
Utilizing a 14 inch ID would be sufficient for a single-family residence.
A spacious house may require an extra-large diameter of pipe (20 in), while larger facilities could benefit from utilizing a 30 inch dimension for added flexibility relating to installation and operation of equipment.
Exploring the Different Types of Pipe Used for Gas Piping:
If you’re planning to employ the use of different types of pipe, it’s essential that you consider all possibilities; this will help ensure that your gas piping project is as efficient and cost-effective as possible.
Choosing between a Type S or Type L pipe for gas service is all about appropriateness and ease of installation.
Utilizing HVAC Type L pipe offers a more seamless transition from the attic or crawl space into the home, whereas Type S is ideal for situations where a run of electricity must be carried through an area without making any modifications.
Type S pipe, on the other hand, can be utilized in areas requiring electrical connections, or wherever access may prove challenging.
Type L pipe is simply the most convenient option for your HVAC system whenever running electric lines throughout your home while maintaining its sleek appearance.
Types of Pipe Used in Gas Piping:
Type S, L and U:
Type S is a flexible pipe designed for easy transitions from one area to another.
This type of pipe is often used in areas where a run of electric wiring must be passed through.
Type L is the most common style for this purpose since it is both flexible and seamless, making it perfect for any homeowner who desires a clean install without any additional modifications.
Type U is similar to Type L but its outer casing has been reinforced with metal plates that make it more durable.
This style of pipe can also be used for carrying gas around tight corners or under high pressure.
The Pros and Cons of Using Non-Commonly Used Pipe for Gas Piping:
1. Non-commonly used pipe is more cost-effective than other types of gas piping.
2. It is often easier to install than other types of gas piping due to its light weight.
3. Non-commonly used pipe can withstand extreme temperatures and pressure, making it ideal for use in a variety of applications.
1. Non-commonly used pipe may not meet all local codes and regulations, so it should be checked before installation.
2. Some non-commonly used pipes may be more prone to corrosion or other damage than other types of gas piping, so regular maintenance is important.
3. Non-commonly used pipe may not be as durable as common types of pipe, so it is important to choose the right type for your specific needs.
What Are the Different Types of Pipe Used for Gas Piping?
In the gas industry, there are two commonly used types of pipe:
Black iron pipe:
The most common type is black iron pipe which is made from welded or seamless steel and has a corrosion-resistant coating.
This type of pipe is relatively inexpensive, durable and can withstand higher temperatures than other types of piping materials.
Other popular options include copper tubing which offers good thermal conductivity, stainless steel for its strength and longevity, as well as PVC (polyvinyl chloride) for cost efficiency and easy installation in tight spaces.
Fiberglass reinforced plastic pipe (FRP) :
Fiberglass reinforced plastic pipe (FRP) may also be used for some applications but its use is not very common due to the high cost associated with this material.
Steel pipes may also be used but they must have an appropriate finish applied in order to resist corrosion caused by natural gas or propane fumes over time.
Finally, aluminum isn’t commonly used for gas piping due to its potential reactivity when exposed to certain chemicals found in natural gas or propane gases such as carbon dioxide and water vapor.
What Are the Risks of Using Non-Commonly Used Pipe for Gas Piping?
1: Potential for Leaks:
Non-commonly used pipe may not be as reliable as commonly used pipe when it comes to preventing gas leaks.
2: Fire Risk:
Because gas is highly flammable, any cracks or openings in the pipe can create a fire hazard.
3: Corrosion Risk:
Certain types of pipes are more prone to corrosion, which can lead to dangerous gas leaks.
4: Poor Installation Practices:
Non-commonly used pipes require special tools and techniques for installation, which can lead to improper installation if not done correctly.
5: Lack of Regulation Compliance:
Non-commonly used pipes may not comply with local building codes and regulations, creating a risk of major fines or even criminal charges if discovered.
How to Choose the Right Type of Pipe for Gas Piping?
It is essential to consider the requirements of your project before selecting which pipe type would be ideal.
The four most common types of pipe are:
Ideal for low-pressure applications, such as a pneumatic tube in a ceiling. It is inexpensive and highly energy efficient; however, sealing it requires considerable effort!
Unprotected gas piping is commonly used for convenience purposes such as providing outlets from baths and toilets.
If you’re looking for a more sturdy option, protected (CPVC & CPAM) pipe is the way to go.
It’s heavier than unprotected options, but provides superior protection against corrosion and doesn’t require any additional sealing efforts at all!
This configuration consists of both a horizontal and vertical portion; the horizontal segment can accommodate up to one half inch thick steel pipe while the vertical section stands between 2.5″ – 5″ tall.
In order to transport gas safely through a building or along an underground pipeline with this method, these segments must be installed within 36 inches apart.
Commonly referred to as B-tubes, they consist of two parallel pipes connected by threads on one end and capped joints on the other.
These components can then be combined together to create myriad lengths that are suitable for any application!
You will frequently see steel or aluminum pipes used for gas piping; however, there are other options available as well.
Utilizing plastic pipes in your commercial construction project can yield benefits such as reduced installation time, less material costs and quicker completion of the job.
With our comprehensive range of pipe and fittings, we ensure that any construction task can be completed rapidly and successfully. | <urn:uuid:1350dccd-e61d-47c0-9998-778b39f4fe6b> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.viphomely.com/what-type-of-pipe-is-not-commonly-used-for-gas-piping/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100575.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206000253-20231206030253-00897.warc.gz | en | 0.932539 | 2,403 | 2.78125 | 3 |
There is growing evidence for the potential risk of brain injury due to repetitive, subconcussive head impacts in youth football. Despite increased awareness and efforts to reduce head impact exposure (HIE) in this sport, an objective, longitudinal assessment of HIE in youth football is noticeably lacking.
PURPOSE: To examine HIE in middle school football players over multiple seasons.
METHODS: HIE was evaluated in 94 middle school football players (11-14 yr) who participated in a community youth tackle football program with the same coaching staff over eight consecutive seasons (2012-2019). HIE was assessed using the Head Impact Telemetry System, which utilizes a helmet-mounted array of six single-axis accelerometers to measure head impact frequency, severity (linear and rotational acceleration) and location. Mean head impacts per player per session (HIPS) and median head impact severity measures were compared across seasons.
RESULTS: There were 33,519 head impacts registered throughout the eight-year study. Mean practice HIPS and overall HIPS decreased each season, resulting in a 79.4% (10.7 vs. 2.2 HIPS, P < 0.001) and 74.4% (12.5 vs. 3.2 HIPS, P < 0.001) decrease, respectively, from 2012-2019. Mean game HIPS were reduced by 60.6%, with a significant difference observed between 2012-14 and 2015-19 (17.7 ± 0.7 vs. 9.5 ± 2.1 HIPS, P < 0.01). Median linear and rotational acceleration remained relatively unchanged during the study. Head impacts greater than 80 g decreased every season from 103 in 2012 to 11 in 2019. Nine subjects experienced physician-diagnosed concussions during the study, resulting in a concussion rate of 1:3724 head impacts.
CONCLUSIONS: Head impacts incurred by youth football players from a community football league decreased considerably over eight seasons, with players in the final year of the study sustaining approximately one-fourth the head impacts per session as players experienced during the first year. The greatest and most consistent decline occurred in practices, though players also had much fewer head impacts in games. While factors associated with observed reductions in head impact exposure were not investigated, these results suggest that coaching and/or player behavior can be modified to greatly reduce the head impact burden and brain injury risk of youth football players. | <urn:uuid:77b04364-af4e-4a35-8a0c-96e4cb7f4b55> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://journals.lww.com/acsm-msse/Fulltext/2021/08001/Head_Impact_Exposure_Of_A_Youth_Football_Team_Over.176.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585281.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20211019202148-20211019232148-00545.warc.gz | en | 0.969905 | 492 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Don't Fawn Over Fawns
Spring has sprung! As we wander through the woods or even our backyards, we may encounter young wildlife at this time of year, particularly fawns. When these encounters occur it is important to keep a respectful distance from the animal to ensure their safety. For more information on what to do if you encounter orphaned or injured wildlife read the Don't Fawn Over Fawns flyer.
Bait Ban and Bird Feeding
Under an Ann Arbor deer feeding prohibition ordinance and a Michigan Department of Natural Resources baiting and feeding ban, it is illegal to put out any substance composed of grains, minerals, salt, fruit, vegetables, hay or any other food material, whether natural or manufactured, which may lure, entice or attract deer. Removing bird feeders entirely is the only way to guarantee they will not act as bait for deer, however such drastic action is not required with the right planning. With a little care and effort, you can significantly reduce the likelihood that your feeders will attract deer and still enjoy legally feeding birds or squirrels. For more bird feeding tips, read the Bait Ban and Bird Feeding Flyer.
Deer Resistant Gardening
If you live in an area with foraging deer, you've likely watched some of your plants experience browse. But before you give up on gardening altogether, try making your yard less appealing to deer by choosing plants that deer find less desirable. Learn more via the city's deer resistant gardening webpage.
Non-Lethal Deer Deterrents
City staff have created a comprehensive list of non-lethal deer management techniques that allow citizens to reduce deer impacts on their property. We have listed a variety of exclusionary methods, repellents and deterrents that are allowed within the City of Ann Arbor and have scientifically shown some efficacy. Residents who want to reduce deer impacts on their property should review and consider implementing these various strategies via the non-lethal deer deterrent webpage.
Tips for Avoiding a Deer Vehicle Crash
Cruising the roads to enjoy autumn’s colors? Be on the
lookout for deer. Animal collisions rise dramatically in the fall when deer are
mating and the days are shortening, increasing the overlap of when deer are
most active and when people are driving. Driver awareness is key, but
sometimes in our day to day lives distractions overcome even the most mindful
of drivers. View these deer driver awareness reminders to ensure you have a safe commute no matter
where you are and what steps to take should a deer collision occur. | <urn:uuid:a179bf52-1ced-4163-934e-e211352c170c> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://www.a2gov.org/departments/community-services/Pages/Deer-Management-Project-.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575541310970.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20191215225643-20191216013643-00194.warc.gz | en | 0.928097 | 524 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Previous abstract Next abstract
Since January 12, 1994, an experiment called GROCSE (Gamma-Ray Optical Counterpart Search Experiment) has been monitoring the night sky for the optical counterparts of gamma-ray bursts. The basic detector consists of an 8.9 cm aperture electronic camera attached to a rapid slewing computer-controlled mount. This device is activated by the real-time telemetry data stream from the BATSE instrument onboard the Compton Gamma-Ray Observatory. The BATSE signals are filtered and broadcast via the BACODINE network to Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory using the UNIX socket communication protocol linked via Internet. The typical response time to obtain the first image is approximately 15 seconds following the initial burst detection. The field of view of the camera is restricted to 0.18 sterdians to match the online angular position errors associated with the BACODINE GRB coordinate estimates. Under dark skys, the limiting detection magnitude is 8.5. By October 1994, the GROCSE camera has been triggered by seven BATSE bursts. Data from these events are being analyzed to provide either a detection or an upper limit for GRB optical luminosity. Results will be presented for the ratio of optical to gamma-ray intensity. A second generation camera system is currently under development that is expected to push the limiting magnitude to approximately $m_v$ = 13. The status of this effort will be briefly reported.
Thursday program listing | <urn:uuid:040425c5-6d75-45fa-bc3b-82383d565a10> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | https://aas.org/archives/BAAS/v26n4/aas185/abs/S11107.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738660342.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173740-00020-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.903717 | 291 | 2.9375 | 3 |
goal of this project was to build and implement an inverted pendulum
balancer, in the vertical two dimensional plane, using Proportional-Integral-Derivative
(PID) feedback control.
inverted pendulum balancer is a radio controlled car modified
by adding a plexiglass platform and an inverted pendulum with
free rotating pivot. The electrical component of the balancer
brings together computational hardware (Atmel Mega32 microcontroller),
an input angle sensor (US Digital Optical Shaft Encoder), and
an output motor driver (National Semiconductor LMD18200 H-Bridge)
onto a single board whose sole purpose is to autonomously control
the motion of the car in order to keep the pendulum from falling.
by the School of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering’s
Feedback Control Systems course at Cornell University, our desire
was to integrate the knowledge of stabilizing an unstable system
using feedback control (MAE478), the fast, flexible computing
power of microcontrollers (ECE476), and the use of real-world
engineering tools and budgetary constraints imposed on us by project
managers. The result was a simple, cheap, and fun device that
completed our desired goal.
motivation originated from Feedback Control Systems (MAE478),
a course that we are both currently enrolled in. We wanted to
attempt at a project where we could implement a feedback controller
with a microcontroller. The question was what to control. After
doing some research, we found a Stanford University EE281 project
by Geoffrey Bainbridge. This "Self-Balancing Robot"
project attempted to design a one-legged robot which balances
itself using a feedback control with Atmel Mega163 microcontroller.
Bainbridge attempted to balance a rod directly connected by two
wheels. He quickly added a third supporting wheel and pivot after
the two wheel design created unwanted rotational motion about
the vertical axis. In addition, Bainbridge used a tilt sensor
to measure the robot’s angle. However, the tilt sensor proved
to be inaccurate due to the combination of the robot’s horizontal
acceleration and the arm’s gravitational freefall.
basic structure of the feedback control system is shown below.
The angle sensor reading is subtracted from the reference angle
to produce the error. This error is used to calculate the motor
control parameters using the PID algorithm (discussed below).
The motor control is then sent to the device. We decided to keep
our feedback control system SISO (single-input single-output)
instead of MIMO (multi-input multi-output) for simplicity to help
with our black-box modeling. The reference angle is the only input
to the system, and the feedback control uses the error in angle
from the reference and calculates a motor output.
limited mechanical engineering ability, along with the short timeframe
to complete the project, favored the use of a prefabricated car.
A four-wheeled vehicle would not experience the rotational motion
that Bainbridge encountered in his project. RadioShack’s
extensive selection of toy Radio Controlled cars made our selection
process very easy. Once a stable vehicle with fast response characteristics
was discovered and modified to hold an inverted pendulum, the
search turned to finding a reliable, high-resolution angle sensing
device. The two most viable choices were a MEMS accelerometer
or optical encoder. After initial testing, the analog accelerometer
could not perform as well as the digital encoder. Therefore, the
1024 cycles per revolution (CPR) optical shaft encoder from US
Digital became our angle sensor. This is a vast improvement over
the tilt sensor, as the encoder was not affected by the effects
of gravity or the car’s acceleration.
Atmel Mega32 microcontroller was used instead of the Mega163 due
to its superior speed, for external interrupt sampling of the
encoder data, and more versatile timer options. Initial black-box
testing of the car’s DC motor capabilities gave us a good
idea of the car’s performance. Different driving scenarios
were observed, including single-direction driving and oscillatory
motion. Upon finishing motor control, we moved on to testing the
sensor. The optical encoder’s input signals were quickly
converted to an error angle referenced from its initial count
final design stage was the Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID)
Controller to relate angle error to motor velocity and direction
(see equation below). The proportional term (A) applied a voltage
to the motor proportional to the error. This value affected the
cart’s response time; higher the proportional term, the
faster the car’s response at the expense of system stability.
The integral term (B) would correct any steady-state error that
would occur due to any sluggish response by the motor. Integral
control would give the motor a little extra “push”
to ensure correct tracking of the reference angle. However, a
higher integral control term would create oscillations that are
either unrecoverable or may throw the system to instability. Finally,
the derivative term (C) is used to smooth out changes in error
over time. This term can usually smooth out the oscillations in
the vehicle at the expense of slower response. Fine-tuning of
these three variables according to system behavior will allow
the car to balance the inverted pendulum.
& Hardware Design
Deisgn - The hardware required for the inverted pendulum
balancer can easily be separated into 2 subsystems: Mechanical
Our first priority was to quickly acquire a device capable of
forward and reverse motion, with quick transitions and fast acceleration.
Lacking the knowledge of mechanical cart design and the ability
to gear a motor correctly for sufficient torque to move the cart,
we quickly adopted the idea of using a radio controlled car as
our base. After testing various RC cars from RadioShack, we found
that seemed to have the performance we required, along with a
sturdy base which would easily allow for a pendulum apparatus
to be installed.
vehicle’s DC motor was located in an easily accessible location
at the rear underside of the car. Six AA batteries were the manufacturer’s
defined power source; therefore, we knew our power supply would
have to supply at least 9 volts. The six AA’s were installed
with a break in the last contact of the battery holder and an
ammeter (DVM set to measure current) in series to measure the
current drawn by the device. With the car not under load (i.e.
not on the floor with the wheels in the air), the device drew
300 mA. We estimated that under load, the car would require at
least 600-800 mA to run with enough power. After rummaging through
many power supplies in the Phillips Hall Digital Lab, we found
a 12v 1500mA power supply from RadioShack, which would be more
than enough for our needs. It was later discovered that under
load and quick transition in motion, the device actually drew
approximately 900mA from the supply.
choosing our device, our next task was to build an inverted pendulum
on the car. A Plexiglas plate was used to create a platform on
which to attach the pendulum (see Image
9 ). This plate was secured to the car with 4 bolts at each
corner of the vehicle. At the center of the platform, two brackets
were placed with their inside angles touching each other, connected
by a ¼” screw, and used to create the pivot of the
pendulum (see Figure
3). Finally, a 38” rod (3/8” diameter) was screwed
into the center of the top bracket to create our pendulum. It
would seem strange to have a 38” rod above a 12” car.
The rod’s height, by design, however, acts in our favor,
as the larger moment of inertia (and higher center of mass) actually
slow down the rod’s initial movement. The added weight to
the vehicle would amplify the unwanted effects of the car’s
suspension system. Therefore, four elastic bands were placed around
the car in order to lock the shocks in a compressed position.
the pendulum sitting on the top bracket, and the screw acting
as a pivot, our next task was to be able to detect the angle and
direction of the pendulum’s tilt. Our first option was a
MEMS accelerometer from Analog Devices, ADXL202E. However, initial
tests proved that the accelerometer’s analog signal would
not provide us with the resolution that we required for angle
detection. The digital output of the leadless, surface mount ADXL202E
was disabled with the PCB that we used to mount it. Therefore,
we turned to the MAE department, where we were able to borrow
a 1024CPR (cycles per revolution) optical shaft encoder
from MAE478’s feedback lab.
than using the encoder’s shaft as the pivot, we decided
to use an approach that would put the least amount of stress on
the delicate piece of equipment. The encoder was placed in parallel
with the pendulum’s bracket. The height of the encoder’s
shaft was aligned with the pivot, effectively creating an imaginary
line from the pivot to the encoder’s shaft. Finally, a pin
was attached to the shaft of the encoder, with plastic tie-wraps,
and connected to the pendulum’s bracket. The bracket had
a 0.096” hole drilled above the pivot such that the pin
would fit tightly, without slipping; therefore, when the pendulum
moved, the encoder’s shaft rotated (See Figure
3 and Image
the unstable pendulum was assembled and mounted on the car, an
electrical circuit had to be designed to accept information from
the optical encoder, process the information, and then control
the vehicle in forward and reverse motion. We did not need any
radio control circuitry or turning capabilities for our design;
therefore, the car’s motor lines were separated from the
rest of the manufacturer’s circuitry by clipping the wires
leading to the motor. Applying a potential to the motor leads
will cause the motor to spin in one direction, while reversing
the polarity on the leads will cause the DC motor to pin in the
opposite direction. To control the car’s forward and reverse
motion, we required a simple 4-switch device (See Figure
1) that would ensure protection against a short of the DC
supply, that is, switches 1 and 4 or 2 and 3 could never be closed
at the same time. To operate the motor in one direction, simply
close switches 1 and 3; for reverse operation, open switches 1
and 3 and close switches 2 and 4. To stop the motor completely,
simply open all switches.
than physically implementing each switch as a transistor, the
National Semiconductor LMD18200T H-Bridge was used. This convenient,
11-pin package accepts up to 55V supply voltage and can deliver
up to 3A of output current. The device contains the 4-switch setup
required for our motor control, along with protection diodes and
circuitry to ensure there is never a short from the supply to
ground. Upon connecting the supply (pin 6) and ground (pin 7),
only 3 inputs control the operation of the motor. A break bit
(pin 4) is used to effectively short the output terminals connected
to the motor. Without a potential difference across the motor
leads, the device does not operate. A high break bit implements
this feature; a low break bit will allow current to flow through
the motor. The direction of the motor is determined by the direction
bit (pin 3). When direction is high, output 1 (pin 2) will source
while output 2 (pin 10) will sink, and vice versa for a low direction
bit. Finally, the speed of the motor is determined by a pulse-width
modulated (PWM) signal at pin 5 of the H-Bridge. Speed is directly
proportional to the pulse width at this input; the higher the
duty cycle, the higher the speed of the motor. In addition, for
increased performance, 0.01 µF capacitors were placed from
each output to its corresponding bootstrap pin and a 100 µF
supply bypass capacitor (between motor supply and ground) to absorb
the recirculating currents of the inductive loads, as per manufacturer’s
recommendations. Without this 100 µF capacitor, the motor
behavior was very sluggish. The motor was connected to the H-Bridge
through a 2-pin header (See Figure
2, J3). Two more 2-pin headers were used for debugging purposes.
The first was placed in parallel to the 2-pin motor header(See
Figure 2, J2) such
that voltage across the motor could easily be measured. The second
header was placed in series between the H-bridge’s output
2 (pin 10) and the corresponding motor lead to measure current
going through the motor. Under normal operation, a jumper should
be placed across this header (See Figure
the hardware to drive the motor was identified, we moved to creating
a stand-alone board such that all controls would be on the vehicle.
Using a 6” x 2-1/16” Perf Board, we began laying out
the necessary components for the Atmel Mega32 microcontroller
to run without the STK-500 development board. Our initial board
used a single 12V supply to provide power to both the MCU and
the motor. A Texas Instrument UA7805CKCS voltage regulator was
used to bring a regulated 5V to the MCU. A 0.1 µF capacitor
to ground was placed on each side of the regulator to block any
noise on the line from resetting the MCU. A 16 MHz crystal was
placed across XTAL1 (pin 13) and XTAL2 (pin 12), with a 27 pF
capacitor to ground at each pin. Finally, a 2x3 header was used
to allow for In-System Programming of the Mega32 (See Figure
2). The Vcc line in the ISP header was disabled. Connecting
the ISP’s 5V line, which brings in Vcc from the STK-500
during programming, to the MCU’s regulated Vcc line, which
comes directly from the 12V power supply, could lead to the two
supplies fighting each other if they were both on at the same
time. Therefore, we decided that the best option would be to disable
the ISP’s Vcc line, and always use our 12V supply line.
This, however, required the board to be powered externally when
programming. The MISO (ISP pin 1), SCK (ISP pin 3), MOSI (ISP
pin 4), ~Reset (ISP pin 5), and Ground (ISP pin 6) lines were
connected to the MCU’s pins 7, 8, 6, 9, and 11 respectively
to complete the In-System Programming setup. Finally, we dedicated
PORTD.4, D.5, and D.6 on the MCU as the 3 motor control signals;
Break, PWM, and Direction respectively.
the optical encoder to the circuit was the final step in the hardware
required to balance the pendulum. Output channels A and B from
the encoder (pins 3 and 5 respectively) were used to trigger external
interrupts on PORTD.2, D.3 respectively. The encoder was connected
to the circuit using a 1x5-pin header, which delivered +5V, ground,
and Channels A and B lines from the MCU to the encoder. (See Figure
2, J4) Turning on the power seemed the only thing stopping
our circuitry at this point.
our software was ready to be tested, problems with the hardware
surfaced almost immediately; the most drastic being noise issues
orignating from the motor. Since only one power supply was used
(12V to the motor and regulated to 5V for the MCU), noise created
when the motor would change directions would travel down the ground
line and reset the MCU, which had an absolute maximum rating of
200mA DC current on Vcc and ground pins. Physically separating
the ground lines (but all leading to the same supply ground) did
not help. This was further seen when tested using the STK-500
and a separate H-Bridge on a prototype bread-board circuit. Since
noise kept resetting the MCU and the only line connecting the
STK-500 to the H-bridge was ground, an isolated ground scheme
had to be used. Therefore, we went from a single supply design
to two supplies, 5V to power the MCU and the encoder, and 12V
strictly to power the motor.
completely isolate the motor circuitry, which only consists of
the H-Bridge, from the MCU, three 4N35 opto-isolators are used
to detach the three MCU lines (break, PWM, and direction) from
their H-Bridge counterparts. This device uses an infared diode
to turn a phototransistor on and off. When current passes through
the diode, the transistor is essentially a closed switch, shorting
to ground in our application. When the photodiode is off, the
transistor is an open circuit and the output is high, 12V though
a 1 kOhm pull-up resistor. Since the 12V power supply is not regulated
and usually outputs around 14V, two LED’s in series were
placed between the 12V supply and the pull-up line to bring the
voltage to approximately 11V. This was done because of the H-Bridge’s
absolute maximum input rating of 12V on pins 3,4, and 5. The opto-isolator
is an inverting device, therefore, rather than inputting a signal
referenced to ground, we used 5V as the input and referenced it
to each of the three signals. Once the signals are inverted through
the opto-isolator’s transistor, the correct signals are
passed to the H-bridge, with exception that a logical high is
12V rather than 5V. Since the opto-isolators use phototransistors
that receive IR signals, there is no physical connection between
the MCU's circuitry to the H-bridge. Therefore, no noise from
the motor can go to the MCU.
the three opto-isolators made board layout very tight. Therefore,
only one power switch is used. The switch controls MCU power,
while 12V motor power is always connected. It is worthy to note
that if no input signals come in to the H-Bridge, the motors do
not run. Both power supplies are connected to the board with two-pin
headers. The complete separation of grounds between the motor
and MCU solved all noise issues, and allowed for high-speed motor
transitions without MCU reset.
Design - There are three main functions in the final
controller code: sensor (encoder) input, PID control calculation,
and motor control output. The motor controller code (test_motor.c)
was written first. The DC motor is controlled via a H-Bridge and
three signals control the break (on/off), speed, and direction
of the motor. These signals were outputted from the pins on Port
D of the microcontroller to pins on the H-bridge. The speed of
the motor is controlled by a pulse-width-modulated (PWM) signal.
The current delivered to the motor is proportional to the pulse-width,
thus the percentage of duty-cycle period determines the speed
of the motor. Since we did not know at what frequency to output
the PWM signal and how sensitively the duty-cycle period would
affect the speed of the motor, we wanted to write a motor driver
code that could change both the PWM signal frequency and duty-cycle
period with ease. For this reason, we picked Port D of the microcontroller.
The OC1A (PD5) pin on port D can serve as an external output for
Timer 1's Output Compare mode. The "Fast PWM Mode" operation
on Timer 1 provides a high frequency PWM waveform generation.
The counter for Timer 1 is incremented from zero to TOP then restarts
from zero. The OC1A is set (pin is set high @ 5V) when the counter
reaches the TOP value. The OC1A is cleared (pin is set low @ 0V)
when there is a compare match between the counter and OCR1A register.
Thus, the TOP value of the counter (along with the clock prescaler
value) determines the frequency and the OCR1A register value determines
the duty-cycle period of the PWM signal being outputted (See Figure
4). In "Fast PWM Mode" of the 3 timers on Mega32,
only Timer 1 allowed to set the TOP value in ICR1 register instead
of fixed values. This allowed for variable frequency of PWM signal.
OCR1A and ICR1 registers are both 16-bit registers, thus the values
had to be set using two write operations, with the high byte always
written before the low byte. Two unsigned integer global varialbes,
motor_PWM_period and motor_PWM_duty were declared. The function
motor_updateDuty() set the high and low bytes of motor_PWM_duty
to OCR1AH and OCR1AL respectively. The function motor_updatePeriod()
set the high and low bytes of motor_PWM_period to ICR1H and ICR1L
test the frequency and the duty-cycle period of the PWM signal
driving a DC motor, test code (void test_speed()) was written
which utilized the pushbuttons on the STK-500 development board.
Two buttons were defined to increase or decrease the value of
the ICR1 register, which in effect increased or decreased the
frequency of the PWM signal. Two buttons were defined to increase
or decrease the value of the OCR1A register, wihch in effect increased
or decreased the duty-cycle period of the PWM signal. When changing
these register values, the code had to check that the value of
OCR1A was less than the value of ICR1. If the OCR1A value became
larger than the ICR1 value, a compare match between the counter
and OCR1A would never happen because the Timer 1 counter would
reset to zero at ICR1 value. One button was defined to toggle
the direction signal and another button was defined to toggle
the break signal. Using this implementation, we found that setting
the ICR1 value to 300 is sufficient for controlling the motor.
This was equivalent to having 208.3Hz PWM signal ((16e6Hz/256)/300=208.3Hz).
we developed a function (void motor_controller()) in the motor
test code, where we planned to accpet the output of the PID controller.
The PID calculation would use the angle of the pendulum to calculate
the speed at which to drive the cart. The sign of the error would
determine the direction of the movement of the cart. The function,
motor_controller(), accepts the output of the PID calculation
and sets the speed (duty-cycle period), direction (sign of the
PID output), and duration of time for which to go at this speed.
After these parameters are set, the break is turned off (set low)
and waits until the timer runs out. When the timer runs out, the
break is turned on (set high) and the function ends. It is important
to note that the duration of timer determines the rate at which
the PID calculation is performed. After the function ends, the
code goes back to the PID calculation (see Figure
5) where error of the angle is used to calculate the new speed
and direction. Using this new function, we tested how quickly
the cart can oscillate. The test proved that the cart was capable
of changing directions fast enough, the character behavior that
we suspected that would be required to balance an unstable pendulum.
we decided that an optical encoder would be a better sensor for
measuring tilt than an accelerometer, we wrote the sensor controller
code. The encoder converts real-time shaft angle, speed, and direction
into two channel TTL square wave outputs with index pulse. The
resolution is 1024CPR (cycles per revolution), or 1024 cycles
per each 360 mechanical degrees of shaft rotation. The square
wave is outputted on both channels once per cycle. When the shaft
is rotating in a clockwise rotation, channel B leads channel A
by ¼ of cycle period, and when the shaft is rotating in
a counterclockwise rotation, channel A leads channel B by ¼
of cycle period. The index pulse also outputted once per cycle
when both channel A and channel B are low. (See Figure
6) By keeping track of which one of the two channels goes
high first, we can keep track of the rotation of the shaft. By
measuring the timing between rising/falling edges between Ch.
A and B square wave outputs, we can calculate the speed of the
shaft's rotation. We, however, do not care about the velocity
of the shaft's tilt so it was not calculated. On the other hand,
we do care about the angle of the shaft, which can be kept track
of by counting every cycle that the encoder outputs.
get the MCU to process all the data outputted from the encoder
turned out to be a tricky task. 1024 cycles per revolution translates
into 360/1024=0.35 mechanical degrees per cycle. For every 0.35
degrees, the encoder outputs two square waves and an index pulse.
The first attempt at trying to count each encoder cycle with the
MCU utilized the External Interrupt pin on Port D (D.2) connected
to the index pulse output of the encoder. The external interrupt
service routine was setup to be triggered on every falling edge
of the index output. According to the specifications of the encoder,
one of the channels would go high at most 300ns after the falling
edge of the index pulse. Since it takes approximately 35 cycles
to enter an ISR (~2e-6 or 2µs), the voltage on channel A
and B are checked at the beginning of the ISR. If one of the channels
is high and the other is low, we know the direction of the rotation
and can increment/decrement the counter accordingly. With this
implementation, the counter seemed to work well when rotated fast
but not slow in one direction and when rotated slow but not fast
in the other direction. This was probably due to the fact that
the ISR was triggered on a falling edge and that the channel's
levels were changing too fast compared to the ISR duration.
painful attempt at debugging this implementation, we decided to
try another implementation with two external interrupts (INT0/D.2
and INT1/D.3) connected to the two channel outputs of the encoder.
The external interrupt service routines were triggered on every
logical level change. During the ISR for Channel A, the 0th bit
of the global unsigned char variable sensor_channel would be toggled.
During the ISR for Channel B, the 1st bit of the sensor_channel
variable would be toggled. After each bit toggle in each ISR,
the value of the sensor_channel variable would be checked. If
the value of sensor_channel equaled 1 (0x01) in the ISR for Channel
A, it would imply Ch.A was leading Ch.B, thus counter-clockwise
rotation of the shaft. If the value of the sensor_channel equaled
2 (0x02) in the ISR for Channel B, it would imply Ch.B was leading
Ch.A, thus clockwise rotation of the shaft. For every cycle of
clockwise rotation, the counter variable, sensor_index, was incremented
by one and for every cycle of counter-clockwise rotation, the
sensor_index variable was decremented by one. This implementation
worked like a charm for various speed of rotation in both directions.
The sensor_index variable was declared as an unsigned char, because
we knew that once the pendulum was mounted on the car, the range
of the pendulum would be less than 90 degrees (1024/360*90=256).
The sensor_index was initialized at 128 so that the counter can
count up to 45 degrees in both directions.
the sensor input and the motor output codes were tested independently,
the two logics were merged together and tested first without the
PID calculations (controller.c). This
code was used to drive the motor with manual rotation of the encoder
shaft. At reset of the program, the motor is not driven with any
voltage. When the shaft is rotated for more than 15 degrees in
one direction, the motor was driven in one direction. If the shaft
is brought back to the original position, the motor was stopped.
If the shaft was rotated for more than 15 degress in the other
direction, the motor was driven in the reverse direction. Using
this code, we assured that the the sensor input and motor output
logic were working together.
the PID control calculation was pretty straight forward (balancer.c).
The proportional (kp), integral (ki), and drivative (kd) constants
were defined at the beginning of the code. It is worth noting
that the delta t values in the PID equation are absorbed into
these constants. In the pid_controller() function, the error of
the angle is calculated by taking the difference between the sensor_index
value and the init_sensor_index value. At reset of the program,
the sensor_index is initialized to the init_sensor_index value
and is constantly updated via external interrupts from the encoder.
This error, which can be positive or negative value, is then used
to calculate the prorportional, integral, and derivative terms.
The variables are cast to float for these calculations because
the constants could be decimal values. The three terms are added,
the sign of the sum determines the direction, and then its absolute
value is taken. This newly calculated value is the speed of the
motor, or the percent of duty-cycle period of PWM signal. This
value is checked against the max_motor_duty variable, and is changed
to its value if it exceeds the value. This is to ensure that the
duty-cycle period of the PWM signal never exceeds a predefined
threshold (at most 100 percent). The new calculated value is then
passed on to the motor_controller().
flow of code is diagramed in Figure
5. In order to prevent the car from moving at high speed in
one direction when the pendulum completely fell to one side, a
safety feature (safty_check()) was implemented at the end of each
PID calculation cycle. The safety_check function has two saftely
check features. The first feature checks the angle of the pendulum
tilt (sensor_index) and if it exceeds approximately 40 degrees
from the reference point, then we assume that the cart has no
chance of balancing the pendulum again and stops the motor operation.
The second feature checks if the cart moves above a predefined
speed (safety_speed) in one direction for a period of time (safety_timer).
This part of the safety feature is to ensure that the safety does
not solely rely on the angle reading of the pendulum from the
encoder. The pendulum can be initialized at any angle, so the
motor can be operating at high speed even if the MCU does not
register the angle of the pendulum as having fell to one side.
of the Design
PID constants were determined through systematic trial and error.
Initially, the integral and derivative terms were set to zero
and the proportional term was gradually increased until the system
went unstable. Once we knew the maximum proportional term, we
added the derivative term to smooth the oscillation of the cart.
The integral term remained at zero because the oscillation caused
by the integral term caused the balancer to behave poorly.
run the balancer by starting off with the pendulum balanced. Setting
all initial conditions to zero allows the encoder to initialize
upon reset and create a reference angle. A light tap to the top
of the unstable pendulum is all that is required to start the
balancing process. The balancer quickly adjusts itself to recover
the error in the angle. The pendulum successfully completes 5-7
recovery periods on average before the motor/car characteristics
inhibit the quick response needed to recover the angle. The initial
balancing proves that the problem of the inverted pendulum balancer
can be solved, yet our mechanical limitations, namely poor motor/car
performance (gear train slippage and soft-wheel slippage with
the floor, which creates delay in the system as shown below),
keep us from the ultimate feat of infinite balance.
block inidcated by e^(jwT) term]
long as one adheres to the setup procedures, anyone can operate
the inverted pendulum balancer. The procedure is as follows:
Connect 5V and 12V power lines to correct pins on the circuit
With both power supplies off, balance the pendulum on the car.
Turn on the 12V supply to power motor.
Turn on the 5V supply to allow initialization of encoder.
Gently tap the top of the pendulum in any direction.
a video of the inverted pendulum balance for ~8 seconds
device will not interfere with any other device in the room. The
only high-frequency device on the board is the 16 MHz crystal,
whose leads are short with capacitors to ground, to keep all noise
at a minimal. The RF circuitry of the RC car is disabled so as
to not interfere with anyone else’s circuitry, let alone
our own. Finally, the PWM signal is at such a low frequency (208.3
Hz) and passes through shielded cable such that it would not radiate
to interfere with anyone else’s circuit. Note: These frequencies
are not the same as those being transmitted by students with RF
projects. This virtually ensures no interference between projects.
metal rod used as a pendulum can create a dangerous situation
when placed on a moving vehicle. Therefore, we request that all
observers respect a 10’ safety zone. In addition, a software
safety feature is implemented to apply the break to the motor
if it travels in one direction for more than 2 seconds without
changing directions or if the MCU processes that the pendulum
has fallen more than 40 degrees.
We Would Do Differently Next Time
the budget constraint is not removed, we would choose our car
more carefully, and base the decision not only on response but
also on mechanical design and stability (rocking, suspension,
etc). The pendulum would be reinforced such that movement would
be restricted to the vertical plane, with no rotational movement
in the pendulum, which causes excess pressure on the encoder and
possible erroneous sensor readings.
entire design process revolved around what we had learned in MAE478.
Towards the end of the semester (and the end of the project),
the feedback course began moving from system analysis to controller
design and system modeling. Using techniques that we had learned
towards the end of the semester in the initial design phase (in
the middle of the semester) would have certainly created a more
robust and precise controller. The ability to model the mechanical
system, to use grey-box analysis (rather than black box analysis),
and apply bode plot and root locus design to create dominant poles
and zeros that make the system perform the way we want it to would
also have made for a more fulfilling design process, where more
knowledge between the two courses could be integrated. Finally,
the noise issue was dragged out for about 4 days while we tried
quick fixes to our original board. The minute this problem was
observed and the noise on the ground line viewed with the oscilloscope
(which showed very high noise spikes around 1V in amplitude),
the new board design (with isolated MCU and motor circuitry) should
have been adopted. This would have given us more time to fine-tune
the PID controller and maybe smooth out some mechanical bottlenecks
that prevented us from longer balancing time.
the project, our one worry was that the car/motor’s response
was not good enough for our desired task; this was in fact true.
The car could not balance the pendulum indefinitely. Slippage,
originating in both the gear train and the soft tires (in contact
with the floor), would create a delay in our system that eventually
drove it to instability. The delay made it impossible for the
car to catch up, even though its velocity computations were correct.
However, while we could not balance the pendulum indefinitely,
the limited balancing achieved our main objective, which was to
balance the pendulum. The amount of time for which we balance
is out of our hand with our current budget, yet the prototype
clearly shows that the project can be done, albeit with quality
parts. We are confident that by using our circuit and logic on
a more sound mechanical setup and obviously adjusting PID parameters,
the system can achieve the ultimate feat of indefinite balance.
aspects of the design were our own. Of course ideas were taken
from MAE478’s feedback control labs, yet they were not implemented
in the same fashion. In addition, we did request outside help
from persons with a Mechanical Engineering background in our vehicle/pendulum
design. The code and circuit implementation of the design were
our own. We did not have time, however, to fabricate the stand-alone
board. Since we needed a prototype anyway, a perf board circuit
was made and after numerous hours of soldering and debugging the
two different circuits (single vs. dual power supplies), we decided
that time would be better allocated in fine-tuning the PID controller
rather than fabricating a board.
the short timeframe of ~1 month and the mechanical hurdles encountered,
we are pretty happy with the amount accomplished. The project
was a continuous learning process and it turned out to be one
of the most rewarding experiences at Cornell.
of Ethics Checklist:
1. To accept responsibility in making engineering decisions
consistent with the safety, health, and welfare of the public,
and to disclose promptly factors that might endanger the public
inverted pendulum balancer can be a hazard to others standing
within the immediate vicinity of its path of motion. To that
end, we request that all observers maintain a 10’ safety
distance even with our 2 Sec. motor safety check, that is, if
the motor is rotating in the same direction for more than 2
seconds, or the pendlum reaches an angle greater than 40 degrees
from reference, a safety stop is executed.
To avoid real or perceived conflicts of interest whenever
possible, and to disclose them to affected parties when they
the Spring 2003 semester, another group attempted to balance
the inverted pendulum. While some may find it in our interest
to see our project succeed and out-perform theirs, our philosophy
was to help all groups with any questions they might have. Therefore,
we fully disclosed our method of angle detection to the other
group. We recommended to them that their potentiometer method
may not have enough resolution to detect an accurate angle error,
and that they may want to borrow an encoder from the MechE.
Dept.. In addition, we showed them how to isolate the motor
from the MCU with optoisolators.
To be honest and realistic in stating claims or estimates
based on available data.
original goal was “to build and implement an inverted
pendulum balancer, in the vertical two dimensional plane, using
PID control. Proportional-Integral-Derivative(PID) feedback
control will be implemented using a microcontroller, which will
sense a tilt of the pendulum and govern a motor to balance the
inverted pendulum.” (HW6 - Project Proposal)
was no claim of time-frame which the pendulum will balance.
We succeeded in balancing, yet could not achieve the ultimate
task of infinite balance due to the inferior motor/car.
To reject bribery in all its forms.
was no bribery involved in our project. No person had anything
to gain by our successful completion of the inverted pendulum
balancer, nor did we have a motive to bribe any person as our
project worked and we were under budget.
To improve the understanding of technology, its appropriate
application, and potential consequences.
our website, we hope to have the ability to reach all those
interested in basic feedback control and practical engineering
using microcontrollers and various salvageable parts.
To maintain and improve our technical competence and to
undertake technological tasks for other only if qualified by
training or experience, or after full disclosure of pertinent
entire project was a learning process. Our technical competence
improved with every line of code written, every IC soldered.
From identifying the special features of the Atmel Mega32’s
PWM capabilities, to understanding how to isolate a noisy motor
from a sensitive MCU, we learned from each mistake made.
To seek, accept, and offer honest criticism of technical
work, to acknowledge and correct errors, and to credit properly
the contributions of others.
of our design was always welcome. Many people thought of different
ways to make our pendulum balance longer. Most ideas, however,
were contrary to all understanding of balancing an object easier.
Yet some criticisms were very helpful. For example, Prof. Land’s
help in isolating the motor from the MCU was probably the most
helpful step in moving from separate motor and encoder testing,
to motor, encoder, and MCU integration.
To treat fairly all persons regardless of such factors as
race, religion, gender, disability, age, or national origin.
shows that two people of different religion, disabilities, age,
and national origin, can work together to achieve a common goal.
To avoid injuring others, their property, reputation, or
employment by false or malicious actions.
no time did we perform any malicious actions towards any group
in the ECE476 lab. This directly relates to the conflict of
interest code mentioned above. We did, however, encounter malicious
acts towards us, where someone (accidentally or purposefully)
knocked down our accelerometer with Op-Amp daughter board and
stepped on it. Luckily, we switched to the optical encoder and
did not need the accelerometer.
To assist colleagues and co-workers in their professional
development and to support them in following this code of ethics.
mentioned above, any persons in the ECE476 lab that came to
us for help, be it with motor questions or stand-alone board
issues, received our help promptly and courteously.
I: Program Listing
tester code: test_motor.c
tester code: test_sensor.c | test_sensor2.c
code without PID: controller.c
code with PID: balancer.c
set up of pendulum pivot and encoder
4: PWM output of
5: Code flow sequence
channel output from usdigital.com
Grinder Monster RC Truck from RadioShack.com
Digital Optical Shaft Encoder S1 [one on left] from usdigital.com
Pivot and Encoder Shaft #1
Pivot and Encoder Shaft #2
board with one power supply
board with two power supplies #1
board with two power supplies #2
board with two power supplies #3
Pendulum Balancer [cart/circuit/pivot]
Pendulum Balancer [overall picture]
Pendulum Balancer [mounted cirucuit]
Inverted Pendulum Balancer
[balances for ~8 seconds]
III: Parts List
Atmel Mega32 Microcontroller [lab]
16 MHz Crystal [lab]
National Semiconductor LMD18200 H-Bridge [sampled]
Radioshack Grinder Monster RC Truck (Catalog #: 60-4311) [$11.97]
US Digital Optical Shaft Encoder (S1-1024-IB) [borrowed from MAE
Optoisolators (4N35) [lab]
110V 60Hz AC to 12V DC transformer (1500mA max) [lab]
6"x2-1/16" PC Board [lab]
Mini slide switch [$0.35 from Jameco #204142]
.100" Straight Male Headers [$0.16 each from Jameco #108337]
Wire with 2 pin female connectors [$1.00 each from lab]
Various resistors, capacitors, and wires [lab]
7-3/4"x6"x1/4" Plexi glass [scrap]
L-shaped metal [scrap]
metal rod [scrap]
threaded rod [scrap]
Various screws and nuts [scrap]
COST: $17.12 < $25.00 Budget
IV: Task List and Distribution
Mechanical assembly of pendulum on the cart - Eitan
Circuit layout and soldering - Eitan
Coding and documentation - Kenji
Testing and debugging - Eitan and Kenji
Project documentation - Eitan and Kenji
Beny Sherer for help with mechanical assembly and various advice.
Eryk Nice for lending us the encoder and helping us with PID control.
Bruce Land for all the advice and support.
our friends and family for putting up with our complaining.
the doubters for the extra motivation to proving you wrong. =)
for his box...
Semiconductor H-Bridge Datasheet
Digital Optical Shaft Encoder Specs
Univ. EE281 Project: "Self-Balancing Robot" by Geoffrey | <urn:uuid:0648d017-a757-4a9f-b9a5-2f7a5cc5b459> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | https://people.ece.cornell.edu/land/courses/ece4760/FinalProjects/s2003/es89kh98/es89kh98/index.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469258951764.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723072911-00281-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.902847 | 10,090 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Hearing loss and depression are quite prevalent among older adults. Both of these conditions are often difficult to identify because they generally develop gradually and may not always be apparent to the afflicted individual. Various studies have shown a complex association between hearing loss and depression. Of course, the two conditions can occur separately, but research indicates an increased risk of depression for seniors with hearing loss.
How Are Hearing Loss and Depression Linked?
I’m sure it comes as no surprise that both hearing loss and depression are common conditions in adults over the age of 65. As the body and mind slowly decline it opens the door to a wide range of potential health problems.
Age and Hearing Loss
Age-related hearing loss, also known as presbycusis, typically involves a gradual breakdown of the physical structure of the inner ear. As the hairs in the inner ear become reduced or damaged, it becomes more difficult to accurately detect and identify sounds. These hairs are responsible for carrying signals to the auditory nerve, which then get passed to the brain for interpretation. This can make it difficult to understand speech and communicate effectively.
Age and Depression
While depression is common in older adults, it should not be considered a natural part of aging. There is an array of factors that can contribute to depression in seniors, some of the more common ones include:
- Existing medical issues – chronic health conditions
- Diagnosis of a severe health problem, suffering a stroke or heart attack
- High or chronic stress
- Sleep issues, lack of quality sleep
- Diminished mobility
- Lack of physical exercise and poor nutrition
- Social isolation
- Hearing loss
Hearing Loss and Depression
When we take a closer look at the impact of hearing loss on the life of the affected individual, it becomes clearer to see how hearing loss poses an increased risk for depression. Because hearing loss generally makes it more strenuous to communicate, this often results in older adults becoming withdrawn to avoid scenes of stress and embarrassment. One of the most significant problems with hearing loss is that it usually comes on so gradually that the person affected is not consciously aware of it. This can lead to further frustration and confusion. If hearing loss goes long enough untreated, it can easily result in isolation and depression.
Hearing Aids Help Combat Hearing Loss and Depression
Hearing loss in older adults can end up forming a barrier between them and the rest of society as they struggle with the ability to communicate, and may become more distant and withdrawn as a result. Feeling a sense of belonging is typically essential to mental health, and when that becomes compromised, seniors may feel different from others and conflicted about how they fit in. Hearing aids can help restore the ability to communicate more easily and thoroughly for people with hearing loss.
It’s Not Just About Volume
A common misconception about hearing loss is that if you turn up the volume, the problem is solved. Repeating yourself and speaking louder around seniors with hearing loss is generally not contributing to resolving the issue. It often just serves to allow the individual to continue to live with hearing loss untreated, without even really making things any easier.
Hearing loss often involves the inability to detect certain sound frequencies. All the volume adjustment in the world will not assist with this issue. Hearing aids are designed to help restore the ability to hear those lost frequencies and become reacquainted with the meanings of those sounds.
Daily Hearing Aid Wear for Seniors With Hearing Loss
Seniors who decide to get hearing aids to treat their hearing loss are often shocked and pleasantly surprised about how the devices are able to enhance communicative capacity. However, consistent wear is crucial to ensure the hearing aids are delivering optimal performance. The more regularly hearing aids are worn, the more thoroughly hearing abilities are likely to be restored.
One study performed at the University of Manchester examined the effects of hearing aid wear on depressed seniors with hearing loss. The results demonstrated that seniors who wore their hearing aids “most of the time” experienced a greater reduction in the symptoms of depression than those who wore their hearing aids “some of the time”. Hearing aids need to be worn regularly in a range of situations so the brain gets re-familiarized with quiet settings as well as noisy ones. | <urn:uuid:cca0fae4-0472-4f99-b85c-bafd75634471> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://hearathome.ca/senior-hearing-loss-and-depression-how-can-hearing-aids-help/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780053918.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20210916234514-20210917024514-00661.warc.gz | en | 0.959243 | 861 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Transition to Circular Economy – How can the agricultural sector contribute?
There is a need to adjust to a more circular economy. Agricultural companies have the potential to implement such a transition by developing new circular business models, including biogas and bio-fertiliser farm production.
This project will contribute to the transition through three collaborative project partners (Halmstad University, Vessige Biogas Ekonomisk Förening and Falkenberg Municipality), which are investigating the obstacles and driving forces for developing the circular business models, as well as policy development and behavioural changes that may push towards a circular economy in the agricultural sector.
Workshops with stakeholders and survey and interview studies will find out how production and disposal of biogas and bio-fertilisers can be safeguarded, as well as the standards, instruments and laws that promote the circular solutions.
New knowledge is to be developed that increases the willingness of agricultural companies to develop and implement circular business models. Plans and models for new solutions are developed and utilised for wise use both nationally and internationally. | <urn:uuid:f6474040-0bbb-40b4-84be-6c4435db690d> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.hh.se/english/research/our-research/research-at-the-school-of-business-innovation-and-sustainability/research-projects-at-the-school-of-business-innovation-and-sustainability/completed-projects-fih/transition-to-circular-economy---how-can-the-agricultural-sector-contribute.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100232.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20231130193829-20231130223829-00226.warc.gz | en | 0.928781 | 220 | 2.5625 | 3 |
The classical conception of beauty consists of the harmonious arrangement of integral parts that produce the whole. It is the primordial Western conception and is embodied in classical and neo-classical art. According to Aristotle in the Metaphysics and Poetics, beauty is a result of symmetry and definiteness. It is not just the beauty of the objects, but also the value and loving attitude towards them. There are many other forms of beauty, but this is a short description of some of them.
Despite the differences between Western and non-Western notions of beauty, there is value in evaluating human attractiveness. The concept of beauty is measurable and universally applicable and, in theory, can be used to assess different cultures. The prevailing Western standards of beauty are widely disseminated by media outlets that engage in globalized cultural exchange. However, the intentions behind art are critical. Beauty can be equated with immortality, but this is an overly generalization.
Aristotle and Plato disagreed on what constitutes beauty. They both held differing conceptions of beauty. Aristotle, however, had an objective definition of beauty, defining it by its object characteristics and avoiding the subjective response. Further, they both believed that beauty was a result of the artist’s skill and the characteristics of the art object. The distinction between beauty and aesthetics was largely maintained until the eighteenth century, when a new view of beauty emerged.
As with other attributes, beauty is a combination of qualities that please the senses and the aesthetics. A face can be beautiful, but so can a sunset, a body, an object, and an idea. In addition to these qualities, aesthetics also studies beauty as one of the most important branches of philosophy. Beauty is a value that contrasts with ugliness, which is a distorted version of reality. In popular culture, beauty can be a subjective experience and is influenced by the culture of a society.
A dictionary of words that go with beauty can be found on the collocations page. The collocation examples are based on corpora and sources on the web. The editors of the Cambridge Dictionary do not necessarily endorse the usage of these examples. They are simply examples of how beauty is used in different contexts. A Cambridge dictionary should not be relied upon for accuracy. This is because it is a personal preference. So, when choosing a word for beauty, it is essential to understand what it means to use it properly. | <urn:uuid:a64a85b3-008f-45b4-9d54-897b2cf280da> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | http://mainvibes.com/what-is-beauty-11/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500158.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20230205000727-20230205030727-00353.warc.gz | en | 0.950142 | 485 | 3.359375 | 3 |
factor - factor a number
factor [number ...]
The factor utility will factor positive integers less than or equal to
2^32 - 1.
When a number is factored,
it is printed,
followed by a ``:'',
and the list of factors on a single line.
Factors are listed in ascending order,
and are preceded by a space.
If a factor divides a value more than once,
it will be printed more than once.
When factor is invoked with one or more arguments, each argument will be factored.
When factor is invoked with no arguments,
factor reads numbers,
one per line,
from standard input,
until end of file or error.
Leading white-space and empty lines are ignored.
Numbers may be preceded by a single
Numbers are terminated by a non-digit character (such as a new-line).
After a number is read,
it is factored.
factor has no known bugs. This documentation corrects a bug in the BSD implementation of factor, which incorrectly states that factor will accept negative integers.
The Perl implementation of factor was originally written by Jonathan Feinberg, [email protected] and modified by Benjamin Tilly, [email protected].
This program is copyright (c) Jonathan Feinberg and Benjamin Tilly (1999).
This program is free and open software. You may use, modify, distribute, and sell this program (and any modified variants) in any way you wish, provided you do not restrict others from doing the same. | <urn:uuid:18d7dc5b-fc92-41d2-8a60-ac878cd08cbd> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://search.cpan.org/dist/ppt/bin/factor | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609532573.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005212-00609-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.857971 | 337 | 3.359375 | 3 |
The Rohingya are an ethnic minority residing in the country of Myanmar and are thought to have a population of around 1 million. Tensions around the Rohingya turned into violence against them in August forcing thousands of Rohingya women, men and children to leave their homes in Myanmar to seek refuge in neighboring Bangladesh. Already over 626,000 people have made their journey by either land or sea to find help in often overcrowded refugee camps. Lacking access to safe hygiene facilities, limited food and shelter resources leaves many people vulnerable – the bottom line: the fight to survive does not end when they leave Myanmar.
Over half the population arriving in Bangladesh are girls and women who are often more vulnerable to both violence and rape. Kolima is one of these women. She has shared her story with ADRA from inside one of the refugee camps where she has now been living for four months. A five-day journey by foot followed by a boat ride alongside her four children aged 2-12 have led her to where she is today. Her father and mother in law were killed and she does not know where her husband is, Kolima has the sole responsibility of protecting her family. The family shares a make-shift home with 3 other refugee families, made of bamboo and two tarps ties together “we don’t feel secure here” Kolima shares.
Kolima’s story is echoed in the temporary homes of thousands around her who can only hope and wait. Due to their refugee status, the Rohingya people in Bangladesh are unable to find either permanent or temporary work, they have limited access to education for their children and are unable to cultivate land to grow food – they are reliant on humanitarian assistance to receive help. It is estimated that over 200 people will continue to cross the Bangladesh border from Myanmar and arrive into this situation every single day. The capacity of the humanitarian community and country resources are overwhelmed but continue to work towards helping people.
ADRA New Zealand is working alongside the wider ADRA network to contribute to providing aid to the most vulnerable. Already ADRA supporters have helped to contribute shelter kits which will help to provide shelter for 30,000 people living in refugee camps and emergency food packs to help provide food to 45,000 with more plans to continue assisting people living in refugee camps. Greg Young (ADRA South Pacific Division) has shared with us “Whilst we cannot make a difference in everyone’s life, we are making a difference in the lives of those who receive food from us and are provided with accommodation, and one would like to think that our Christian approach to their needs as we interact with them shows that we really care and are not just doing a job”. ADRA New Zealand plans to continue supporting refugees in Bangladesh through providing emergency resources over the next few months. Thank you for your continued support.
If you would like to help support ADRAs relief efforts, please make a donation today. | <urn:uuid:c99848cc-a6fb-4cb6-9c13-e1f99ece94b4> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://www.adra.org.nz/rohingya/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027315222.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20190820045314-20190820071314-00412.warc.gz | en | 0.976566 | 591 | 2.6875 | 3 |
This guy, the great southern white butterfly, could be coming to a wedding near you. As an invited guest, no less. The great southern, known to the scientific community as Ascia monuste, is one of the most commonly used butterflies for releases at weddings.
Can't say that we've seen a release first hand. As to why, it's all about symbolism, not that southern great whites are particularly symbolic. But they are common, and if you're going to sell a butterfly for release at a wedding, better to do it with one that's not on the edge of extinction.
The great southern looks white as it flutters about (less so when perched on a leaf), and white is symbolic of purity and the hopefulness of a new start in life. Butterflies generally — monarchs, julia and common buckeyes are also used at weddings — are symbols of transformation as they go from egg to caterpillar to pupae, emerging as a fully formed butterfly.
As we mentioned, it is among the more common butterflies in Florida, and in certain light, the southern great white reminds us of the inside of an oyster shell, with its subtle hues changing as light hits it.
It's a relatively large butterfly, with a wingspan that can exceed three inches. Males and females are the same size but have somewhat different looks; males are mostly white with a black edge along the apex of the forewing; in the dry season, females are similar. In the wet season, females become more grayish. Females also have a black spot near the apex of each forewing that are apparent when the wings are open. One cool feature of the great southern: the torquoise "clubs" atop their attennae, a characteristic both sexes share.
The southeastern United States is the northern most point of the range of this butterfly. Great southern whites can be found along the south Atlantic and Gulf coasts into Mexico, through the Caribbean, Central America and into South America. Great southern whites have been known to stray occasionally as far north as Maryland and as far west as Colorado.
Plants in the mustard family, including cabbage and virginia pepper, serve as host plants for great southern caterpillars. Females will lay as many as 20 eggs on the upper surfaces of leaves of the host, either singly or in small clusters.
Once they hatch, the young great southern whites begin chomping away at the host plant's leaves. Eggs are yellow; mature larvae, or caterpillars, are yellow with gray stripes that wrap around the body, with small black spots. Adults find the nectar of verbena and lantana and a few other flowers to be quite tasty.
In Florida, great southern whites are in flight, or active, throughout the year and produce multiple generations. Favored habitats include salt marshes, coastal dunes, open fields and gardens.
Great southern whites are members of the Pieridae, a family of white and sulphur butterflies, with 1,100 species mostly found in tropical places around the globe. | <urn:uuid:f38eca87-247f-4f72-8ab3-b1540d2c941e> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | http://www.wildsouthflorida.com/southern.white.butterfly.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296949009.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20230329151629-20230329181629-00299.warc.gz | en | 0.964752 | 627 | 2.59375 | 3 |
|Credit: Getty Images|
Topics: Internet, Neuroscience, Research, Star Trek
We humans have evolved a rich repertoire of communication, from gesture to sophisticated languages. All of these forms of communication link otherwise separate individuals in such a way that they can share and express their singular experiences and work together collaboratively. In a new study, technology replaces language as a means of communicating by directly linking the activity of human brains. Electrical activity from the brains of a pair of human subjects was transmitted to the brain of a third individual in the form of magnetic signals, which conveyed an instruction to perform a task in a particular manner. This study opens the door to extraordinary new means of human collaboration while, at the same time, blurring fundamental notions about individual identity and autonomy in disconcerting ways.
Direct brain-to-brain communication has been a subject of intense interest for many years, driven by motives as diverse as futurist enthusiasm and military exigency. In his book Beyond Boundaries one of the leaders in the field, Miguel Nicolelis, described the merging of human brain activity as the future of humanity, the next stage in our species’ evolution. (Nicolelis serves on Scientific American’s board of advisers.) He has already conducted a study in which he linked together the brains of several rats using complex implanted electrodes known as brain-to-brain interfaces. Nicolelis and his co-authors described this achievement as the first “organic computer” with living brains tethered together as if they were so many microprocessors. The animals in this network learned to synchronize the electrical activity of their nerve cells to the same extent as those in a single brain. The networked brains were tested for things such as their ability to discriminate between two different patterns of electrical stimuli, and they routinely outperformed individual animals.
If networked rat brains are “smarter” than a single animal, imagine the capabilities of a biological supercomputer of networked human brains. Such a network could enable people to work across language barriers. It could provide those whose ability to communicate is impaired with a new means of doing so. Moreover, if the rat study is correct, networking human brains might enhance performance. Could such a network be a faster, more efficient and smarter way of working together?
Scientists Demonstrate Direct Brain-to-Brain Communication in Humans
Robert Martone, Scientific American | <urn:uuid:d51bda01-eaf9-4d6c-a1ec-a5d70e61ce44> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://blacksciencefictionsociety.com/profiles/blogs/list/tag/research | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496665573.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20191112124615-20191112152615-00193.warc.gz | en | 0.955499 | 486 | 3.640625 | 4 |
Staying Safe in the Sun!
We all LOVE playing in the sun and now we know how to stay safe too!
This term we have been working toward our Sun Safe accreditation, all pupils have learnt about Sun Safety in assembly and in class to reinforce key Sun Safe messaging and to develop their understanding of the importance of Sun Safety.
It is recommended that parents apply sunscreen before school during summer months. However, please note that your child may still need to reapply their sunscreen at school to ensure protection during peak UV hours (between 11am and 3pm). Parents are welcome to send sunscreen in to school with their children but please ensure that is clearly labelled with their name.
It is recommended that all sunscreen provided by parents should have a minimum Sun Protection Factor (SPF) 30+, be 'broad-spectrum' to provide both UVA and UVB protection and if labelled with a UVA star rating, carry a minimum of 4 stars
We ask that parents also ensure their child has access to a suitable sun hat that is clearly labelled and kept at school .
We have attached some activities for you to look at together with your child at home. They will also be bringing home some information this week for you to look through together.
Enjoy the sun, but stay safe! | <urn:uuid:58c3b3d2-d088-4b09-b43d-f60fbddefa45> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://www.keyworth.notts.sch.uk/news/?pid=3&nid=1&storyid=347 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103036077.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20220625160220-20220625190220-00649.warc.gz | en | 0.973058 | 262 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Gaps in our knowledge of where animal species occur can impede our ability to effectively manage and conserve them. This is especially true in areas where planned, large-scale landscape changes often have major impacts on the animals living within them.
The Karoo region of South Africa has been earmarked for shale gas fracking and uranium mining. However concerns have been raised over the potentially negative effects these developments will have on the region’s biodiversity. In 2016, to address large gaps in our knowledge of the Karoo’s ecology in the Shale Gas Exploration Area (SGEA), the South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI) initiated a multi-institutional project named BioGaps. We worked as part of Biogaps to collect baseline data on the spatial diversity and community structure of mammals across 30 sites in the SGEA. We aimed to provide baseline survey data that could then be used to support government decision-making.
As part of Nadine Hassan’s MSc, we surveyed small mammals at 24 study sites dispersed across the SGEA, over 6990 trap-nights between September 2016 and March 2017. We exclusively targeted terrestrial micromammals weighing <1kg that belonged to the Rodentia, Macroscelidae and Soricidae orders. We then used climate variables to explore the possible effects of climate on small mammal diversity across the landscape. We combined our records with historical records of small mammal diversity to investigate whether small mammal diversity correlated with particular vegetation characteristics.
Additionally, Zoe Woodgate used camera traps to evaluate species richness for medium and large mammals (>0.5kg) across the Karoo. She deployed 270 camera traps at 30 sites, hoping not only to elucidate where species occur in the landscape, but to assess the importance of various factors, such as the presence of domestic livestock, in shaping mammal communities in the drylands.
Using this information we aim to:
Assess mammal diversity at different spatial scales within the SGEA.
Determine which factors (biotic, abiotic and macroecological) may have shaped mammal communities and patterns of spatial diversity in the SGEA, and especially in the Nama-Karoo biome.
Identify the mammal areas most vulnerable to shale gas exploration activities to mitigate the negative impacts of fracking, and inform future fracking operations.
There are previously unknown species hiding within the overlooked small mammal communities.
Initial DNA work has uncovered cryptic species not thought to occur in this area, including two new locations for a recently described species, Elephantulus pilicaudus. Nadine is currently investigating whether historical land use in the Karoo shaped the present small mammal community.
The Karoo appears to have no unique hotspots of species diversity for medium-to-large mammals.
All sites in the SGEA shared similar communities of medium to large mammal species, with almost no species of conservation concern detected across the 30 intensively sampled sites. Indeed, the best predictor of species richness was longitudinal position, which integrates a variety of environmental and climatic variables and so provides a proxy for key drivers of biodiversity, such as rainfall and soil productivity across biomes.
Commercial farming may have little impact on species diversity for medium-to-large mammals in the SGEA.
The relative abundance of sheep and other domestic livestock did not significantly affect medium-to-large mammal species richness in the SGEA. Although surprising, this result is comparable to other recent iCWild findings for mammals on farmland in semi-arid regions of the Karoo. Our results suggest that the Karoo currently supports a diverse community of wildlife despite hundreds of years of sustained human impact in the form of extensive livestock grazing with its itinerant fencing, lethal management of predators, road network and increasing human population.
Zoe Woodgate (iCWild), PhD candidate, Contact for medium-to-large mammal research
Nadine Hassan (iCWild), MSc candidate, Contact for small mammal research
Dr Gary Bronner (Department of Biological Science, UCT), Supervisor
Prof Justin O’Riain (iCWild), Co-supervisor
Collaborators and funders
See the official Karoo BioGaps blog and Facebook page, and Nadine Hassan’s blog to learn more about this research. If you would like to contribute as a citizen scientist, please post your Karoo species observations on iNaturalist.
Click here to view iCWild's full output list, and use the filter tool to view outputs related to Biogaps. | <urn:uuid:66e1c007-6f83-48a8-9bc7-79f641104180> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | http://www.icwild.uct.ac.za/Biogaps | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400217623.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20200924100829-20200924130829-00095.warc.gz | en | 0.907209 | 930 | 3.4375 | 3 |
[email protected] 1 state issue brief 02 state & private sector prioriities june 2009 comparing the priorities of state agencies and the private sector. Quick answer the public sector consists of organizations that are owned and operated by the government, while the private sector consists of organizations that are privately owned and that do not form part of the government the public sector includes organizations run by federal, state and municipal government bodies. It is important to understand the difference between organizations that operate in the private and public sector because privacy legislation. Job opportunities in both the private and public sector offer of public sector employment vs private the meaning of public sector employment vs. Private sector vs public sector accounting standard 1 introduction the global financial crisis has demonstrated that the public sector as well as the private sector needs the highest quality accounting standards.
Hrd 8 1 movement has impacted on the public and private sectors 14 43 assess how contemporary a lot more on this sector to improve his or her. Pm world journal do private sector small the author fully understands and appreciates that “the public sector is 1) compare how the private sector uses. Differences between public and private sectors essay 1434 words | 6 pages the differences between public sector and private sector [pic] by robyn z abdusamad dr deborah leblanc pad 620 – research paper august 23, 2010 the differences between public sector and private sector summary when we examine public sector versus private sector. This study investigates the differences in the motivation of private versus public sector managers five categories of intrinsic and seven categories of extrinsic rewards based on the herzberg motivation-hygiene theory were included and managers perceptions of the importance and te relative dissatisfaction were obtained.
Public sector: the part of national economy providing basic goods or services that are provided by the private sector it consists of national and local governments, their agencies, and their chartered bodies the public sector is one of the largest sectors of any economy in the us, for example, it accounts for about 20 percent of the entire. According to business dictionary, the private sector is the part of the national economy that is made up of private enterprise, and the public sector provides essential goods or services that are not. Failing public schools show that more money doesn't mean the private sector, he said no 1compare now $199.
Business sector private sector public sector voluntary sector: the private sector is the part of the economy, sometimes referred to as the citizen sector. American international journal of social science vol 1 no 2 december 2012 24 work motivation differences between public and private sector. Public workers' have generous health plans they also bear a lower share of costs compared with employees in the private sector that may not be sustainable.
Such logic applies not only to the private sector and respect the development of idioms that are current in private and public sector thinking and decision. 25 differences between private sector and the affected private or public sector because the tenure of political employees is limited compared to. Comparing government and private sector compensation it updates past estimates for public and private sector wage comparing government and private sector. Age public sector workers tend to be older, as you can see in the chart above around 15% of employees in the private sector are aged 16 to 24 compared with around 5% of employees in the public sector - and around 44% of public sector workers are aged 35 to 49 compared with around 38% of private sector workers.
Hrd 3 1 development and lifelong learning 16 42 explain how the development of the competency movement has impacted on the public and private 11compare. Breaking news, video, photo galleries, and more always online at wwwwltribunecom tuesday may 15, 2012 proudly serving williams lake. And 31 percent in the private sector 1 in the private sector, not all public public and private sector defined benefit pensions.
The private sector is the part of a country's economic system that is run by individuals and companies, rather than the government the segment of the economy under control of the government is known as the public sector. The article explains the difference between public sector and private sector in tabular form public sector is a part of the country's economy where the control and maintenance is in the hands of government. Financial management in the public sector and private sector differ significantly those who have experience in one of these areas may not necessarily be ready for financial management in the other sector due to some of these differences. The private sector is the part of the economy that is not state controlled, and is run by individuals and companies for profit private and public sector differences. Here's selection of the comments from the survey about public & private sector procurement, which was was carried out with help from the eworld conference.
A business relationship between a private-sector company and a government agency for the purpose of completing a project that will serve the public public-private partnerships can be used to finance, build and operate projects such as public transportation networks, parks and convention centers. Two different worlds: public vs private the cbo compared federal provided a thorough comparison of compensation for public and private sector. We hear politicians and the media talk about the importance of the private sector and the public sector of our economy but how are these two areas different and which. Freedom of information act 1992 cl 1 freedom of information act 1992 exempt matter schedule 1 freedom of information act 1992 s 1 freedom of information act 1992 schedul. Is the private sector more efficient than the public sector should public services be privatized check the pros and cons of privatization join and vote. Tesla blueprint reviews public utilities commission regarding the partnership between private. | <urn:uuid:30867aea-c9b8-499f-81fa-3c1ce6bf9b89> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | http://oxtermpaperyzjo.rivieramayaexcursions.us/the-public-private-sector-1compare-and.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221212598.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20180817143416-20180817163416-00414.warc.gz | en | 0.948695 | 1,128 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Bread generally has two kinds of whole wheat bread and refined bread, although both are bread, but the two are very different.
Whole wheat bread retains the bran and wheat germ, high fiber and vitamin content, ordinary bread in pursuit of taste, so that the nutritional value is lost.
The raw material of whole wheat bread is wheat flour, while ordinary bread has no wheat flour and more additives, so whole wheat bread is healthier to eat.
Whole wheat bread is to retain the most original wheat nutrition, so it looks very rough.
The grain is not as fine as ordinary bread, so baked whole wheat bread for the natural brown, looks unappetizing.
The color of ordinary bread is better than whole wheat bread to see, the color of golden, eat the taste is particularly delicate.
The first provision of the ingredient list is whole wheat flour, and then look at the amount of whole wheat flour added.
A lot of whole wheat flour added to more than 13% or so, the amount is obviously less, and marked as whole wheat flour followed by the words "(wheat flour)", but also not whole wheat bread, we should pay attention to.
The correct whole wheat bread, generally whole wheat flour in the ingredients list in the first place, whole wheat bread in the content of whole wheat flour should account for about 64%.
You can eat whole wheat bread during weight loss, and you will not gain weight by eating whole wheat bread.
Whole wheat bread contains very low calories and rich dietary fiber, which can effectively promote intestinal peristalsis and increase the feeling of satiety.
Whole wheat bread can replace other carbohydrates and has a certain effect on weight loss.
It can also be more appropriate exercise, which can also promote intestinal peristalsis and has a good effect on weight loss.
Whole wheat bread is characterized by being made with whole wheat instead of regular flour.
Compared with ordinary bread, there is more wheat bran.
Wheat bran is mostly fiber and contains some minerals and vitamins, especially B vitamins.
From a weight loss perspective, eating whole wheat bread is better than regular bread because the same weight of whole wheat bread contains more fiber than regular bread, which is not only not absorbed by the body, but also increases satiety and helps with weight loss.
However, if you want to lose weight, you'd better not eat too much bread because some butter, vegetable oil, floss, margarine, shortening, etc. are usually added when making bread. Too much of these things are not good for weight loss.
However, if you want to lose weight, you'd better not eat too much bread because some butter, vegetable oil, floss, margarine, shortening, etc.
They are usually added when making bread.
Too much of these things are not good for weight loss.
Weight loss means following certain scientific methods (scientific diet, moderate exercise) to achieve healthy weight loss.
There are many ways to lose weight, but the most important is the diet.
During the weight loss diet pay attention to the following points:
1. Eat more coarse grains: coarse grains are rich in dietary fiber, not only to produce a sense of satiety, reduce appetite, but also to promote gastrointestinal motility, to promote digestion.
2. Eat less fried, snacks and other high-calorie foods. | <urn:uuid:b4f6beae-a2e8-49ff-b1ce-72cc4e6d74b7> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | http://24htopnews.net/Index/item/id/19283.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100508.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203193127-20231203223127-00514.warc.gz | en | 0.956528 | 699 | 2.59375 | 3 |
DID YOU KNOW that in the days of the Roman Empire the hippopotamus once lived in the northern parts of the Mediterranean. We expect to see them in Africa, and certainly in a zoo, but not in Eastern Europe. The lion is another animal that once roamed in places far beyond the African continent Samson killed one in Israel. But, the story of their disappearance from these areas is enlightening.
As the Roman Empire grew and expanded over centuries, thousands of animals (and people) were caught and exploited for entertainment purposes. Everywhere the Romans went, arenas similar to the Coliseum were built to entertain the crowds and distract them from the harsh realities of life. The search for the unusual, the exotic and the dangerous extended to the farthest reaches of the empire including Africa exhausting the local populations of various creatures along the way.
While the Romans were very successful at changing (not always for the better) the world of their day, they could never have imagined what has become possible today. We in the modern world have become so powerful and numerous that the very actions we take to meet our needs and reach our goals are destroying habitats, causing extinctions and even putting our own long term survival at risk. When God created this world to be our home and put us in charge, He expected us to treat it with respect including all the animals not turn it into a dump site.
In my picture book HIPPO IN THE STABLE, Harriet the hippo and her friend Boon, become victims of a forced abduction by Roman soldiers. They manage to escape, but are at a loss as to how to find their way home. Harriet and Boon stumble upon the family of Jesus as they are preparing to flee to Egypt to get away from King Herod. Boon realizes that they can get back to their home the place where they belong and where they can be who they were meant to be by following Jesus.
Like Harriet and Boon, we too have an opportunity to find our way home. But first we need to realize we are lost, and then we need to realize that following Jesus is the way to get home. ONLY JESUS can enable us to find our true place and purpose in this life and in the next. Those who complete the journey will not be disappointed.
#### BUY my eBook HIPPO IN THE STABLE - from Amazon
during November, and get the sequel for FREE
by sending me an email. (see address below)
In the sequel HIPPO IN THE GARDEN Hector (Harriets grandson) witnesses the First Easter and learns about forgiveness,after escaping from some soldiers. He had been abducted, just like his grandma.
The A4 size picture books for each titles are also available at Amazon.
If you died today, are you absolutely certain that you would go to heaven? You can be! TRUST JESUS NOW
Read more articles by Mark Trodd or search for articles on the same topic or others. | <urn:uuid:f55cbad4-8cd0-4a73-b7b6-86c156328085> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://www.faithwriters.com/article-details.php?id=164211 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657114926.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011154-00318-ip-10-196-40-205.us-west-1.compute.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.965069 | 603 | 2.6875 | 3 |
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