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You've probably heard the rare elements used to make semiconductors for solar cells are running out and their prices skyrocketing. Now an international team of scientists and engineers, including researchers from Western Michigan University has demonstrated a new material made from abundant elements can be used instead.
The key is the compound that once was believed to be wrong for the job can be used if it is "tuned." The compound is
ZnSnN2---zinc tin nitride. It has been recently synthesized by groups around the world, relying on zinc and tin, metals which are readily available in recycling facilities. It would replace expensive rare materials such as gallium and indium.
Whether the new semiconductor will work as anticipated has to do with something called its band gap, a defining characteristic of semiconductors. It originally was believed band gap for the new compound was too large for it to be used in solar cells. Now researchers have found that they can alter zinc tin nitride, paving the way for this material to be considered for solar cell applications.
"We use a sophisticated crystal growth technique known as molecular beam epitaxy," says Dr. Steve Durbin, professor and chair of electrical and computer engineering at Western Michigan University. “It allows us to control crystal quality by carefully adjusting parameters such as temperature and the ratio of incident atomic (or molecular) beams."
A report on work and that of the rest of the team is found here.
Source: Western Michigan University | <urn:uuid:d570744a-cf39-4c4e-a8bc-55f0f0675f4b> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://www.secondwavemedia.com/southwest-michigan/innovationnews/Internationa-team-seeks-alternative-for-sola-cell-semiconductors-1105.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296946637.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20230327025922-20230327055922-00551.warc.gz | en | 0.963919 | 303 | 4.03125 | 4 |
Are GMOs the Climategate of the Left?
When GMOs (genetically modified organisms) were first introduced in the mid-1990s, there was a lot of promise associated with the idea. They would increase crop yields, helping farmers and reducing world hunger, and aid the environment by reducing the need for pesticides. And while they have yet to live up to such lofty promises, GMOs have been successful. Today, the most widely-known examples in the U.S. are genetically modified corn, which produces its own insecticide, and genetically modified soybeans, which are resistant to pesticides and create healthier soybean oil. | <urn:uuid:e99e82b9-42a0-40de-b6b1-4a2437266877> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://www.europabio.org/news/are-gmos-climategate-left | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1405997890773.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20140722025810-00113-ip-10-33-131-23.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.973381 | 125 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Have you ever heard of C.G.F. or Chlorella Growth Factor? It is an amazing nutrient complex, an exceptional substance obtained by separation and extraction of cells from chlorella pyrenoïdosa. CGF is recognized by many researchers as a beneficial contribution to the health of all generations
CGF: what is it?
CGF is a unique complex found in the cell nucleus of chlorella.
Only chlorella has such a growth factor. It is not found in spirulina or in any other micro-algae.
Researchers have discovered that CGF is produced during intense photosynthesis which allows chlorella to grow so rapidly. Each cell multiplies into two new cells about every 20 hours, and the CGF promotes this rapid rate of reproduction.
Experiments show that CGF promotes faster growth without undesirable side effects and appears to improve RNA/DNA functions responsible for the production of proteins, enzymes and energy at the cellular level, stimulating tissue repair and protecting cells from certain toxic substances.
As people age, cellular processes slow down. The cell wall, which regulates nutrient supply and waste expulsion, becomes less functional. This leads to an increasing acidity of the body which promotes many chronic and degenerative diseases.
An adequate supply of foods rich in DNA and RNA helps protect our own cellular nucleic acids. And when our RNA and DNA are in good condition, our bodies are able to use nutrients more efficiently, get rid of toxins and prevent disease. Cells are able to repair themselves, and the energy level and vitality of the whole body is high.
In Japan, Professor Michinori Kimura found levels of 10% RNA and 3% DNA in chlorella, which would make it the nutrient richest in nucleic acids. Used regularly, CGF would help repair damaged genetic material in human cells, thereby protecting health and slowing the aging process.
CGF is a remarkable nutritional supplement, known to promote growth, stimulate immune defences and accelerate healing.
- Promotes rapid growth, strengthens the immune system and promotes rapid tissue healing.
- Stimulates the immune system: CGF stimulates the production of interferon and protects T and B lymphocytes which are the body’s front line against infections. Increasing resistance to disease
- Purifying, antiviral and anti-inflammatory properties – thanks to the high concentrations of chlorophyll present in the CGF
- Detoxifies. Glutathione, present in CGF, has the ability to bind to heavy metals, solvents and pesticides and convert them into a form that can be excreted in urine or bile. It is also a powerful antioxidant that helps fight harmful free radicals in the body, and helps in detoxification. Glutathione helps to eliminate toxins from the liver.
- Prebiotic Function – CGF stimulates the growth of good bacteria and supports the digestive system. It regulates the intestinal flora.
- Beneficial in the prevention of allergic diseases and prevents casein allergy, a major cause of milk allergy.
- Resistance and endurance: true energy concentrate very useful for athletes
- Tissue repair – through their growth and life activating properties, CGF nucleic acids stimulate tissue regeneration and repair of damaged tissue without causing uncontrolled cell proliferation in the form of malignant tumours…
- Helps fight high blood pressure and cardiovascular disease.
CGF is recommended for
- Teenagers in full growth
- Seniors who want to regain vitality and energy
- Patients to better support their treatment
- Patients seeking rapid recovery following heavy and painful procedures or treatments (chemotherapy, radiotherapy, surgery, etc.)
Exclusive to Nutriphys®, products with a high CGF concentration
- NUBIOCELL® - 10 ampoules 32,92 € TTC
- NUBIOCELL E.C.P.® complex 25,38 € TTC
- NUBIOCELL TONIC PLUS 18,77 € TTC | <urn:uuid:6cbe8f03-5e0b-4a90-9044-5b27c5947c53> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://nutriphys.com/en/what-is-chlorella-growth-factor-cgf/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703499999.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20210116014637-20210116044637-00566.warc.gz | en | 0.920462 | 815 | 2.96875 | 3 |
UC Santa Barbara geologist Jim Boles has found evidence of helium leakage from Earth’s mantle along a 30-mile stretch of the Newport-Inglewood Fault Zone in the Los Angeles Basin. Using samples of casing gas from two dozen oil wells ranging from LA’s Westside to Newport Beach in Orange County, Boles discovered that more than one-third of the sites — some of the deepest ones — show evidence of high levels of helium-3 (3He).
Considered primordial, 3He is a vestige of the Big Bang. Its only terrestrial source is the mantle. Leakage of 3He suggests that the Newport-Inglewood fault is deeper than scientists previously thought. Boles’s findings appear in Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems (G-Cubed), an electronic journal of the American Geophysical Union and the Geochemical Society.
“The results are unexpected for the area, because the LA Basin is different from where most mantle helium anomalies occur,” said Boles, professor emeritus in UCSB’s Department of Earth Science. “The Newport-Inglewood fault appears to sit on a 30-million-year-old subduction zone, so it is surprising that it maintains a significant pathway through the crust.”
When Boles and his co-authors analyzed the 24 gas samples, they found that high levels of 3He inversely correlate with carbon dioxide (CO2), which Boles noted acts as a carrier gas for 3He. An analysis showed that the CO2 was also from the mantle, confirming leakage from deep inside Earth.
Blueschist found at the bottom of nearby deep wells indicates that the Newport-Inglewood fault is an ancient subduction zone — where two tectonic plates collide — even though its location is more than 40 miles west of the current plate boundary of the San Andreas Fault System. Found 20 miles down, blueschist is a metamorphic rock only revealed when regurgitated to the surface via geologic upheaval.
“About 30 million years ago, the Pacific plate was colliding with the North American plate, which created a subduction zone at the Newport-Inglewood fault,” Boles explained. “Then somehow that intersection jumped clear over to the present San Andreas Fault, although how this occurred is really not known. This paper shows that the mantle is leaking more at the Newport-Inglewood fault zone than at the San Andreas Fault, which is a new discovery.”
The study’s findings contradict a scientific hypothesis that supports the existence of a major décollement — a low-angle thrust fault — below the surface of the LA Basin. “We show that the Newport-Inglewood fault is not only deep-seated but also directly or indirectly connected with the mantle,” Boles said.
“If the décollement existed, it would have to cross the Newport-Inglewood fault zone, which isn’t likely,” he added. “Our findings indicate that the Newport-Inglewood fault is a lot more important than previously thought, but time will tell what the true importance of all this is.”
Study co-authors include Grant Garven of Tufts University; Hilario Camacho of Occidental Oil and Gas Corp.; and John Lupton of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory.
This research was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy’s Office of Science and Office of Basic Energy Sciences and by the NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory.
J. R. Boles, G. Garven, H. Camacho, J. E. Lupton. Mantle helium along the Newport-Inglewood fault zone, Los Angeles basin, California-A leaking paleo-subduction zone. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 2015; DOI: 10.1002/2015GC005951 | <urn:uuid:5fd09831-ef5b-4969-a4a0-89bd030825ce> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | http://www.geologypage.com/2015/06/a-deep-dark-mystery-new-discoveries-about-the-newport-inglewood-fault-zone-in-the-los-angeles-basin.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583795042.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20190121152218-20190121174218-00125.warc.gz | en | 0.914741 | 830 | 2.8125 | 3 |
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Abba Lerner)
|Born||(1903-10-28)October 28, 1903|
Bessarabia, Russian Empire
|Died||October 27, 1982(1982-10-27) (aged 78)|
|Alma mater||London School of Economics|
|Opposed||Milton Friedman, Barry Goldwater|
|Influences||Friedrich Hayek, John Maynard Keynes, Paul Samuelson, Oskar R. Lange|
Lerner was born on October 28, 1903 in Bessarabia (Russian Empire). He grew up in a Jewish family, which emigrated to Great Britain when Lerner was three years old. Lerner grew up in the London East End. From the age of sixteen he worked as a machinist, a teacher in Hebrew schools, and as a businessman. He entered the London School of Economics in 1929 where he would study under Friedrich Hayek. A six-month stay at Cambridge in 1934–1935 brought him into contact with John Maynard Keynes. Lerner married Alice Sendak in 1930; they had twin children, Marion and Lionel, in 1932.
In 1937, Lerner emigrated to the United States. While in the US, Lerner befriended his intellectual opponents Milton Friedman and Barry Goldwater.
- The use of fiscal policy and monetary policy as the twin tools of Keynesian economics is credited to Lerner by historians such as David Colander.
- The Lerner symmetry theorem states that an import tariff can have the same effects as an export tax.
- Lerner improved a formula of Alfred Marshall, which is known since as the Marshall–Lerner condition.
- Lerner developed a model of market socialism, which differed form the pure planned economy. It became known as the Third Way. By the 1960s Lerner began to distance himself from his early work on socialism.
- Lerner developed the concept of distributive efficiency, which shows that economic equality will produce the greatest total happiness with a given amount of wealth.
- Lerner contributed to the Lange–Lerner–Taylor theorem.
- Based on effective demand principle and chartalism, Lerner developed functional finance, a theory of purposeful financing (and funding) to meet explicit goals, including full employment, no taxation designed solely to fund expenditure or finance investment, and low inflation.
- Lerner (1951, Ch. 14) developed the concept of the NAIRU (before Friedman and Phelps). He termed it "low full employment" and contrasted it the "high full employment," the maximum employment achievable by implementing functional finance.
- The Lerner–Samuelson theorem goes back to Lerner.
- "What eventually became known as textbook Keynesian policies were in many ways Lerner’s interpretations of Keynes's policies, especially those expounded in The Economics of Control (1944) and later in The Economics of Employment (1951). . . . Textbook expositions of Keynesian policy naturally gravitated to the black and white 'Lernerian' policy of Functional Finance rather than the grayer Keynesian policies. Thus, the vision that monetary and fiscal policy should be used as a balance wheel, which forms a key element in the textbook policy revolution, deserves to be called Lernerian rather than Keynesian." (Colander 1984, p. 1573)
- Colander, David (December 1984), "Was Keynes a Keynesian or a Lernerian?", Journal of Economic Literature 22: 1571–79, argues for the influence of Lerner's interpretation Keynes in "textbook" Keynesianism.
|Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Abba Lerner|
|Name||Lerner, Abba Ptachya|
|Short description||American economist|
|Date of birth||October 28, 1903|
|Place of birth||Bessarabia, Russian Empire|
|Date of death||October 27, 1982|
|Place of death||Tallahassee, Florida| | <urn:uuid:948c3c7c-016c-4057-9649-456f800a4cbe> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://theeconomicrealms.blogspot.com/2013/01/abba-p-lerner.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218186841.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212946-00380-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.908393 | 833 | 2.859375 | 3 |
|This article does not cite any references or sources. (April 2011)|
Backup software are computer programs used to perform backup; they create supplementary exact copies of files, databases or entire computers. These programs may later use the supplementary copies to restore the original contents in the event of data loss.
There are several features of backup software that make it more effective in backing up data.
Voluming allows the ability to compress and split backup data into separate parts for storage on smaller, removable media such as CDs. It was often used because CDs were easy to transport off-site and inexpensive compared to hard drives or servers.
However, the recent increase in hard drive capacity and decrease in drive cost has made voluming a far less popular solution. The introduction of small, portable, durable USB drives, and the increase in broadband capacity has provided easier and more secure methods of transporting backup data off-site.
Several factors have contributed to a surge in the use of remote or offsite backup of data to geographically distant sites.
- The rapid growth of data and its importance to business.
- The rapid adoption of high-speed broadband internet.
- The falling price of disk drive technology.
- The rise of risks such as hackers, natural disasters, fires, damage by power outages, malware attacks, terrorist attacks, hardware failure.
These structural changes present opportunities for young startups, which are serving this growing market with next-generation backup technologies that automatically back up data to offsite data centers (sometimes called vaults) via the Internet. Many banks, stock exchanges, and other large institutions often do this to ensure data integrity.
Access to open files
Many backup solutions offer a plug-in for access to exclusive, in use, and locked files.
Differential and incremental backups
Backup solutions generally support differential backups and incremental backups in addition to full backups, so only material that is newer or changed compared to the backed up data is actually backed up. The effect of these is to increase significantly the speed of the backup process as well as to decrease the data restoration time should a disaster occur.
Backup schedules are usually supported to reduce maintenance of the backup tool and increase the reliability of the backups.
To prevent data theft, some backup software offers cryptography features to protect the backup.
To prevent loss of previously backed up data during a backup, some backup software (e.g. Areca Backup, Argentum Backup) offer Transaction mechanism (with commit / rollback management) for all critical processes (such as backups or merges) to guarantee the backups' integrity. | <urn:uuid:5f941cfb-c2dc-4876-be2c-a180bb562be6> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backup_software | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510265454.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011745-00157-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.92129 | 526 | 3.3125 | 3 |
Relational psychotherapy, an approach that can help individuals recognize the role relationships play in the shaping of daily experiences, attempts to help people understand patterns appearing in the thoughts and feelings they have toward themselves.
Based on the idea that strong and fulfilling relationships with other individuals can help people maintain emotional well-being, this model may be beneficial to people seeking therapy for any number of reasons, but in particular to address long-term emotional distress, especially when distress occurs as a result of relational concerns.
An integrative form of therapy, relational psychotherapy was born from a combination of several therapeutic theories and practices. Among these include self psychology, relational psychoanalysis, and feminist theories of psychotherapy. The work of Jean Baker Miller contributed a number of important ideas significant to the development of this approach. Other notable individuals who collaborated in the development of this approach include Janet Surrey, Judy Jordan, and Irene Stiver, who worked with the Jean Baker Miller Training Institute at Wellesley College.
In the 1980s a shift occurred in the practice of therapy, in that it moved away from simply exploring inner experiences (intrasubjective) and toward greater understanding of the impact of relationships on individual experiences (intersubjective). Since then, relational psychotherapy has expanded, growing to become a widely used theoretical base for many other forms of therapy that focus on a person's relationships and the impact they can have on emotional and mental wellness.
Relational psychotherapy is founded on the concept of relationships with others being an essential aspect of emotional well-being. Individuals who find it difficult to maintain supportive and healthy relationships may experience a sense of disconnection in addition to feelings of diminished self-worth and general distress, and their sense of emotional well-being may negatively affected.
The practice of relational psychotherapy adheres to the following principles:
- It is important for a person to maintain fulfilling and satisfying relationships with those around them in order to maintain emotional health.
- Stress and emotional upheaval are often the result of past relational experiences, and these concerns may inhibit the present self from full expression.
- The therapist administering relational psychotherapy provides an atmosphere of empathy and attentiveness in order to elicit full disclosure of the experiences and events affecting the person seeking treatment, as well as the effects they have had both relationally and socially.
- The therapist and the person in therapy work together to forge a strong, collaborative, and secure relationship that can serve as a model for future relationships the person wishes to develop. Other relationships can be measured against this supportive one to determine if they are constructive or destructive.
Find a Therapist
In general, relational psychotherapy sessions emphasize the development of relational awareness. To achieve this, the therapist and the person in therapy must typically gain an understanding of the individual's strategies for disconnection. or the styles of interpersonal interaction that are used to push others away. Once they are identified, the therapist and individual can explore the potential reasons behind the use of these strategies. Transformation begins to occur when the therapist and individual build new relational images using the therapist-person in therapy relationship as a model for a secure and healthy relationship.
The primary goal of relational psychotherapy is to help those seeking help better understand how they operate in relation to others and how their relating patters can have an impact on mental and emotional well-being. Therapists can also help individuals better understand and take into consideration the effects of differences in power or equality as well as the impact of social issues such as class, race, gender, and culture.
Relational psychotherapy trainings are offered through many therapist training programs and mental health centers. The American Psychological Association, for example, offers continuing education that focuses on relational psychotherapy. Other organizations offering training in the approach include the Toronto Institute for Relational Psychotherapy, which provides a comprehensive program in the use of relational psychotherapy, and the Jean Baker Miller Training Institute, which conducts research and offers workshops and professional trainings. When certain experiences, relationships, and/or beliefs are affecting a person's ability to draw satisfaction and fulfillment from life, therapy can often help the person achieve insight and address the situation or relationship.
Relational theory, which holds that the sense of connection healthy relationships provide is an essential aspect of human well-being, suggests that when this connection is absent, mental and emotional concerns can result. The primary goal of this therapy is to address these concerns and help those seeking treatment to become better able to develop supportive, lasting relationships. Mutual empathy and authenticity, as expressed through the therapeutic relationship, can help facilitate this goal.
When certain experiences, relationships, and/or beliefs are affecting a person's ability to draw satisfaction and fulfillment from life, therapy can often help the person achieve insight and address the situation or relationship.
This approach largely helps individuals address the effects of relational challenges, such as family issues and intimate relationship difficulties, new life situations, or school and workplace issues. Relational psychotherapy may also be beneficial for those who find emotional regulation challenging, and it has also been shown to be helpful in the treatment of relational difficulties experienced with anxiety, stress, or depression.
While relational psychotherapy may be beneficial in the treatment of a range of concerns, this approach may not be recommended for individuals who have avoidant personality traits.
Further, the development of standardized training for students may be challenging, as this approach is largely based on theory rather than the use of specific techniques.
While a good professional relationship between the therapist and the person in treatment is an essential component of all forms of therapy, relational therapy emphasizes the therapist-person relationship as one that is supportive and collaborative. Thus, therapists who have been trained to be take a more neutral approach or to take on an expert role may have some difficulty in utilizing relational psychotherapy, as it places particular importance on the therapist’s responses and collaboration.
- Duffey, T., & Somody, C. (2011). The role of relational-cultural theory in mental health counseling. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 33(3), 223-242.
- Hinchman, M. (2015). Relational therapy. Retrieved from http://www.drhinchman.com/relational_therapy.htm
- Individual therapy. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.rta-stl.com/services/individual-therapy
- Jordan, J. V. (1995). A relational approach to psychotherapy. Women & Therapy, 16(4), 51-61.
- Paul, S., & Pelham, G. (1999). A relational approach to therapy. Integrative and Eclectic Counseling and Psychotherapy, 110-126.
- Relational Psychotherapy. (2015). Retrieved from http://www.tirp.ca/therapy.html
- Smith, R. (2016, March 24). Relational psychotherapy: Transforming your sense of self. Retrieved from http://smithpsychotherapyassociates.com/tag/relational-psychotherapy
- What is relational psychotherapy? (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.pathway-therapy.com/?page_id=52 | <urn:uuid:ee5f5e8c-c015-48a4-8feb-133314c3498b> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://www.goodtherapy.org/learn-about-therapy/types/relational-psychotherapy | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046153814.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20210729011903-20210729041903-00152.warc.gz | en | 0.934613 | 1,460 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Precise measurements of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere are key to figuring out how to counter the planet-warming greenhouse gas.
The Daily Press reports that engineers at NASA Langley Research Center say they have cracked the world’s first double-pulsed laser system that takes measurements of CO2 to a new level — a system that can extract data day or night, rain or shine, all over the planet from an airborne platform with the highest degree of accuracy.
By measuring the infinitesimal difference in return between the two pulses, called the differential absorption LIDAR technique, the engineers can determine the amount of carbon dioxide in the air column. Carbon dioxide absorbs laser light, so the higher the CO2 concentration, the smaller the return.
“We have achieved all the things which we ever even dreamed about, so we are giddy,” said Upendra Singh, associate director of the center’s engineering directorate. “And we have so much quality data that I’ve never seen this kind of data, and I’ve been in LIDAR for 30 years.” | <urn:uuid:dff21e68-e08c-447e-9194-ad27fab40073> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://blog.lidarnews.com/nasa-develops-first-double-pulsed-lidar/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549429548.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20170727222533-20170728002533-00305.warc.gz | en | 0.917256 | 230 | 3.640625 | 4 |
Weather Radar Sees Birds
4 August 95 edition
Weather radar spots birds leaving their sanctuaries in the Chesapeake Bay area on the morning of 2 August 1995.
At dawn, the birds all wake up about the same time and fly straight out of their roosting places in a circular wave that is captured by the weather radar located 50 miles away in Sterling, VA.
On this morning, there was no precipitation in the area, so the radar was set on maximum sensitivity, capturing echoes from the expanding bird-rings in scans once every 10 minutes. | <urn:uuid:f845d26c-e3ea-42e2-877d-2afdb2061cd8> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | https://goes.gsfc.nasa.gov/text/weather.radar.birds.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917122159.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031202-00498-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.922062 | 114 | 2.828125 | 3 |
If love can be measured by the gravity of the sins one is prepared to commit on its behalf, the Passover Haggadah is the best loved book of traditional Jewish artists and the rabbis. In no other case did Jewish painters break the religious ban on representing the human figure, as they did in the Passover Haggadah, which is peopled with countless images of mankind: and in no other case did the rabbis turn a blind eye to this transgression, as they chose to do when it occured in the pages of the illustrated Haggadah: and the Haggadah – unlike any other Jewish religious book – has always been illustrated.
This oversight can be related perhaps to the fact that the festival of Passover celebrates freedom, and this freedom may even present itself as the relaxation of some religious rules, just as the festival of Purim, which is also a celebration of happiness, encourages some religious relaxations, in connection, for example, with dressing-up and card-playing.
The painter or book designer who wishes to create a Passover Haggadah in 1975 knows full well that, while a traditional book must form a link in the long chain of tradition, it must also step aside from the tradition, for the sake of its own raison d’etre.
Facing such a challenge, Ya’akov Boussidan began work on the present volume five years ago. For the last three and a half years I have been witnessing, almost daily, its fascinating progress.
The first decision to be made was in the extensive field of Hebrew lettering, which has discarded and taken many shapes during the course of history.
Boussidan decided that the lettering of his Haggadah would be uncompromisingly traditional, and he discovered it – a combination of two traditions, Ashkenazi and Italian – in a standard book of lettering, thus establishing his affiliation as a link in the chain. He left the actual designing of the letters, in black and white, in the hands of a graphic artist, and when he had been furnished with a text, he set about paging and enlarging and placing and colouring it, as it appears here. It is not difficult to demonstrate how effectively he has succeeded in holding the balance between tradition and innovation. This book is the time-hallowed Haggadah HaggadahBoussidan decided that the lettering of his Haggadah would be uncompromisingly traditional, and he discovered it – in a combination of two traditions, Ashekenazi and Italian – in a standard book of lettering, thus establishing his affiliation, as a link in the chain. He left the actual designing of the letters, in black and white, in the hands of a graphic artist, and when he had been furnished with a text, he set about paging and enlarging an placing and colouring it, as it appears here. It is not difficult to demonstrate how effectively he has succeeded in holding the balance between tradition and innovation. this book is the time-hallowed Haggadah, which any Jew would recognise from his grandparents’ home, and yet, at the same time, an unfamiliar one.
From this point on, Boussidan felt free to construct a Haggadah with a personal stamp. He has done this not only in terms of the illustrations but also in the text itself, introducing a number of verses from the book of Genesis into the traditional text. The Passover Haggadah – as Boussidan sees it – is the narrative of the birth of the world: likewise, the “Covenant between the Pieces” (Genesis XV:17), in which the Exodus is alluded to for the first time in our annals.
The first etchings are related to the six days of creation, in which the likeness of people and landscapes and animals are captured, so to speak, in their primeval state. Death is the first death, as is the kid, the fish and the fowl. In the etching of the plague of darkness, the darkness is interpreted as an internal blindness, not external. The Jerusalem to which we promise to come “next year”, is the Jerusalem does not yet exist, though she is also the ancient, eternal Jerusalem.
In the idiom of his designs, Boussidan shows a complete disregard for the chronology of art history. It is apparent in every picture that it is a product of the latter part of the twentieth century, but no picture owes allegiance to any traditional artistic perception, defined in the complicated vocabulary of our times. Boussidan interprets freedom, which is the very essence of the Haggadah, as an inclusive freedom. It includes the freedom not to feel oneself bound to any viewpoints where others may have set limits. The evident homogeneity of these pages absorbs the force of its conviction from formalistic heterogeneity, and the bolt which fastens the pages together is the unique artistic personality of their creator.
I have been trying to use words to introduce Boussidan’s book but this Haggadah seems to exemplify most aptly the fact that a book need not depend on words. Likewise, contrasts need not have a common denominator. As tradition is not necessarily opposed to modernity, so also the artistic ‘I’ is capable of blending harmoniously with the historic ‘we’. | <urn:uuid:34607ffd-ee36-4308-85c2-4676941e7205> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://artboussidan.com/press/introduction-to-yaakov-boussidans-haggadah/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710734.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20221130092453-20221130122453-00844.warc.gz | en | 0.966535 | 1,123 | 2.625 | 3 |
When trained, this dog is dependable, pleasant and very friendly. It gets along well with children and other pets.
These German dogs originated during the Middle Ages. They were used as guardians and for hunting large game. Today, they are used for companionship. These large dogs are friendly, courageous, dependable, and full of spirit. They are great with children and are friendly with other dogs and pets, however, like all bigger dogs, they should be supervised. If well trained, they are great, pleasant, and very well-mannered dogs. Great Danes require daily, yet moderate exercise, such as a good walk. They enjoy dividing their time between the indoors and outdoors, but are mainly suited to be indoor dogs. Ideal human companions for Great Danes are singles, active individuals, strong individuals, and families with older children. Grooming is very minimal because they tend to have shorter hair.
Breed Details & Traits
Height: Male: 30-35"; Female: 28-33"
Weight: Male: 130-18 lb; Female 110-150 lb
Lifespan: 7-10 years
Friendly, Spirited, Working group,
Common Health Concerns for Great Dane:
- Wobbler's Syndrome-CVI
- Elbow Dysplasia
- Gastric Torsion
- Hip Dysplasia
- HOD-Hypertrophic Osteodystrophy
- OCD-Osteochondritis Dissecans
Less Common Concerns for Great Dane:Return to Trupanion Pet Health Guide
Great Dane Discussions
Share your thoughts and experiences, ask questions, or just show your love for the Great Dane breed here! | <urn:uuid:e6f746cd-198a-42ec-87f3-f47508c4387b> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://breedguide.trupanion.com/dog/great-dane | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999652570/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060732-00098-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.923179 | 349 | 2.59375 | 3 |
(In terms of divisions of the pointer scale). The other point of reversal of an ideal
(undamped) swing starting at the zero point
of the pointer scale. Since the points of reversal of an ideal swing are located
symmetrically about the rest point
, the deflection is equal to twice the rest point.
IUPAC. Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book"). Compiled by
A. D. McNaught and A. Wilkinson. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford (1997).
XML on-line corrected version: http://goldbook.iupac.org (2006-) created by M. Nic,
J. Jirat, B. Kosata; updates compiled by A. Jenkins. ISBN 0-9678550-9-8. doi:10.1351/goldbook | <urn:uuid:c3d28c54-0c1a-4290-8778-f37cb463f867> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://goldbook.iupac.org/html/D/D01554.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218190754.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212950-00059-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.689826 | 181 | 2.625 | 3 |
Beyond Fall Mums
The vibrant color that comes from ornamental cabbage and kale complements every combination pot and display garden. While these plants are often called flowering cabbage and kale, they’re actually grown for their colorful rosettes of leaves. Used in mass planting, they’re a good replacement for summer annuals that have fulfilled their obligation, providing additional color throughout fall and early winter.
Pictured top to bottom:
Calcium-related tip burn.
Aphids on kale.
Xanthomonas campestris on cabbage.
The onset of cooler fall temperatures helps to promote the vivid pink, red and white colors. Ornamental cabbage and kale really are cool-weather plants, and once acclimated, they can survive temperatures as low as 15F (-9C).
Let’s take a look at some areas that will help finish a successful crop.
Ornamental cabbage and kale are subject to tip burn during hot and humid weather. This is a calcium-related problem due to poor transpiration during typical summer weather conditions. Various calcium sources can be used as foliar applications to greatly reduce the damage from tip burn. These calcium sprays all will benefit from the addition of CapSil to the tank mix at ½ tsp. per gal. or 8 oz. per 100 gal. to prevent the calcium from rolling off of the waxy leaves.
Foliar applications of 15.5-0-0 at 1 tbsp. per gal. or 27 oz. per 100 gal. or calcium chloride dihydrate at the rate of 0.5 oz. per 3 gal. or 1 lb. per 100 gal. can be used to supplement calcium. Sprays should be made once a week when conditions favor tip burn. Schedule applications during morning or evening hours to avoid phytotoxicity from the sprays and to slow drying time, which increases calcium uptake.
CalOx FT from BioSafe Systems uses patented technology to deliver calcium that moves through the plant even in the absence of transpiration. The “FT” stands for the calcium “Flow Through” that occurs by stimulating selective ion channels in the cell membranes, allowing calcium to flow through the cells.
Normally, calcium migrates outside of the cell membranes, around and through the cell walls, only being transported by water movement. Periods of cloudy and/or humid weather reduce water uptake and transpiration, limiting the supply of calcium to plant tissue, particularly the most terminal parts of the plant. CalOx FT increases cellular calcium throughout the plant. Apply CalOx FT as a coarse foliar spray every seven to 14 days at 18 fl. oz. per 100 gal. or 11/8 tsp. per gal. with CapSil at the rate above.
Foliar sprays of Paclobutrazol* at 20 to 30 ppm are recommended as early as the liner tray to stop excessive stretch before transplanting. Bonzi is absorbed through the stems and the roots rather than leaves. A foliar spray should be directed into the crown so that it runs down the stem.
After transplant, a 1 ppm Bonzi drench can be applied as the plants cover the top of the pot. “Feather” type kale requires as much Bonzi at a 3 ppm drench. Plant growth regulators of any kind are not an option if your cabbage and kale are intended to be used in association with any food purposes.
Insects and diseases
Aphids, beetles, cabbage loopers and leafhoppers are the most prevalent insect pests that plague cabbage and kale. Several broad-spectrum insecticide sprays include TriStar (MOA 4A), Pradia (MOA 28/29), Sarisa (MOA 28) and Mainspring (MOA 28).
Mainspring is the only product that can be used as either a spray or a drench application. Conserve (MOA 5) and Decathlon (MOA3) are labeled for beetles, loopers and leafhoppers. Decathlon remains to be one of the few synthetic pyrethroids that isn’t labeled as a restricted-use pesticide in most states.
Botrytis, powdery mildew and fungal leaf spots are common disease pathogens found on cabbage and kale. The fungicide sprays that will provide preventative and curative control are Affirm (MOA 19), Broadform (MOA 7/11), Mural (MOA 7/11), Pageant (MOA 7/11) and Palladium (MOA 9/12).
A bacterial disease caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris with the common name of black rot can cause significant losses. Apply a copper-based spray, such as Camelot O (MOA BM2), Grotto (MOA BM2), Kalmor (MOA M1), Nordox 75 WG (MOA M1) or Phyton 35 (MOA M1). Adding a mancozeb such as Protect DF (MOA M03) to one of the previously mentioned copper products will further enhance control.
For pesticide recommendations, refer to the GGSPro “Insecticide and Fungicide Options” bulletin or the most recent GGSPro Technical Reference Guide.
Not all products are registered in all states. Some pesticides are restricted use in some states or regions and not others. It’s the responsibility of the applicator to read and follow all label directions. Labels can change without notice. Other products may also be safe and effective. GT
* Bonzi, Piccolo, Paclo Pro, Pac O
Virginia Brubaker is GGSPro Technical Support Supervisor for Griffin. She can be reached at [email protected]. | <urn:uuid:ae98ec98-f84d-4d15-a2ee-9772fe045585> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://www.growertalks.com/Article/?articleid=25870 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030334620.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20220925225000-20220926015000-00312.warc.gz | en | 0.898496 | 1,211 | 3.28125 | 3 |
The Northern Oregon Coast
The northern Oregon coast had mainly Tillamookan and Clatsop peoples. The region extends from the Siletz River to the Columbia River and there were a number of Salish speaking peoples, Nachesne (Salmon river), Nestucca, Tillamook and Nehalem were the major tribes. The Siletz peoples are said to have been also Salish speakers, but this is debatable because not much is known of them. Then north of this Tillamookan region were the Clatsop people who are and were Chinookan and related to all the tribes on the lower Columbia. | <urn:uuid:04a75241-e135-4218-a076-0d8d99c597a7> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://ndnhistoryresearch.com/northern-oregon-coast/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103331729.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20220627103810-20220627133810-00678.warc.gz | en | 0.982632 | 143 | 3.078125 | 3 |
The coming month brings back-to-back supermoons, planetary pairings, the Quadrantids meteor shower, and plenty more reasons to look up at the night sky. So, if your holiday haul included binoculars and telescopes, be sure to mark your January calendar and get ready to try out your star-gazing gear!
New Year’s Supermoon—January 1
A super-size moon kicks off the year in style. Officially, the moon will reach its full phase on January 1, 2018, at 9:24 p.m. ET. That’s just four hours after it gets to its closest point to Earth in its roughly month-long orbit, called perigee. At a distance of just 221,559 miles, this full moon will be considered a supermoon—when the lunar orb is bigger and brighter than usual in the night sky.
Quadrantid Meteor Shower—January 3
The first meteor shower of the year, the Quadrantids will reach their maximum hourly numbers in the late night of January 3 and into the predawn hours of January 4. For this shower, peak rates usually hover around 60 shooting stars an hour, when seen from very dark locations. But with the nearly full moon dominating the overnight hours, the blinding glare will likely wash out all but the brightest meteors.
The Quadrantids get their name from the obsolete constellation Quadrans Muralis, which fell out of favor in the 1920s. Most of its stars instead became part of the constellation Boötes, the herdsman. The meteors will appear to radiate from the northern part of Boötes in the northeast sky, just off the Big Dipper’s handle.
Moon and Lion—January 4-5
Face the eastern sky in the late evening of January 4 and check out the waning gibbous moon perched just above the star Regulus. This brilliant blue-white star is the brightest member of the constellation Leo, the lion. The celestial pair will appear to be dramatically close together at less than one degree apart, equal to the width of two full lunar disks.
Some well-placed observers will be able to see the star briefly disappear behind the moon in what’s called a lunar occultation. Sky-watchers in northern Canada, Alaska, Greenland, Iceland, Europe, and northwest Africa can watch as the bright star slips behind the lit portion of the moon for up to an hour.
Moon, Mars, and Jupiter—January 11
Early risers looking toward the southeastern sky before dawn will get to see an eye-catching triangular pattern formed by the crescent moon hanging near the naked-eye planets Jupiter and Mars.
Saturn, Mercury, and Moon—January 14
During the first half of the month, the planets Mercury and Saturn will create a challenging planetary pair for sky-watchers. But on the 14th, the razor-thin crescent moon will act as a convenient guidepost for tracking down the dim duo. The two planets may be easier to spot initially using binoculars. The best time to try and catch them will be about 30 minutes before local sunrise.
Moon Hits a Bull’s Eye —January 27
On this night, the steadily swelling moon will snuggle up to the bright orange star Aldebaran, the red eye of Taurus, the bull. The red giant star, which sits 36 light-years away, will appear to be eclipsed by the gibbous moon in the early morning hours for observers in northwestern North America. But observers in Alaska will get the best evening views, since they will be able to witness the star’s disappearance at 1:53 a.m. local time and then see it reappear 57 minutes later.
Total Eclipse of the Blue Supermoon—January 31
Lucky sky-watchers across the Pacific rim and the West Coast of North America will get to see a blue supermoon undergo a total eclipse. The moon will be full for the second time this month, a relative rarity historically known as a blue moon. The lunar orb will also be especially close to Earth, making it a supermoon.
Adding to the drama, Earth's dark shadow will slowly creep over the bright lunar disk during that night’s total lunar eclipse, which will turn the blue moon blood red. Totality, or total coverage of the moon, begins at 7:51 a.m. ET (12:51 UT). The entire event will be visible from Alaska, Hawaii, western Canada, the western Pacific Ocean, Australia, New Zealand, Indonesia, the Philippines, China, and Japan. Sky-watchers in eastern North America will witness only a partial eclipse just before sunrise. | <urn:uuid:3fe7826f-9e1b-43d6-876d-0d4a9f4f74e3> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2018/01/skywatching-guide-january-blue-moon-eclipse-meteors-space-science/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439738855.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20200811205740-20200811235740-00456.warc.gz | en | 0.903476 | 970 | 2.75 | 3 |
The Western Cave Conservancy is dedicated to securing permanent protection for threatened caves in the western United States.
The mystery and allure of caves pull us into one of the last unexplored frontiers on earth. New caves are found every year, and new discoveries are made in caves long known. The cave environment is unique, harboring highly specialized life forms, some found only in a single cave. Many caves preserve evidence of the distant past… clues to the ancient landscape and climate, remains of animals extinct since the Ice Ages, and evidence of ancient cultures.
But, particularly in the west, where caves are relatively uncommon, this unparalleled opportunity for exploration and study is severely threatened. There are no laws to protect privately-owned caves if their owners permit harm to come to them. Population growth and urban expansion put ever-increasing pressure on this unique resource.
One way to do this is to purchase threatened caves directly. Another way is to manage a cave owned by a government agency or private landowner that doesn’t have the resources or experience to manage it themselves. Our intent is to manage caves in a way that permits reasonable public access while protecting the resource from development and environmental degradation.
WCC presently owns and manages the 15-acre Weller Natural Preserve, the heart of which is Rippled Cave. Located in the foothills of the Sierra Nevada, Rippled is the second most extensive cave in Amador County, California, after Black Chasm, a nearby commercial cave.
Discussions with the US Forest Service led to WCC actively managing Windeler Cave in the central Sierra Nevada. This cave is a wonderful resource that has been protected since its discovery, and WCC is proud to be helping protect it.
WCC provided personnel and management expertise in cooperation with the National Park Service during the recent restoration at Clough Cave in Sequoia National Park.
In addition to future acquisitions, WCC also seeks to protect caves through conservation easements and public education. We publish a newsletter 2-4 times yearly, full of news about threats facing caves in the west and information that empowers you to help. We have brought our message to public events such as the California Academy of Sciences’ 150th anniversary celebration, and the Pacific Grove Museum of Natural History’s Cave Capers family fun day.
Who and When?
The Western Cave Conservancy was incorporated in 2002 by a group of dedicated cave enthusiasts. The WCC is run by an all-volunteer staff, including seven to eight Directors of varying scientific and caving experience, as well as an Executive Board that runs days-to-day operations. The Board of Directors is assisted by a large Advisory Board. In addition various volunteer committees take on specific work such as managing Windeler or Rippled Caves, generating promotional materials, etc.
For more information contact us at
Western Cave Conservancy
PO Box 230
Newcastle, CA 95658 | <urn:uuid:2951cda5-2ea2-4cc4-8e23-e41a308e95ab> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://www.westerncaves.org/about-us/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107880878.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20201023073305-20201023103305-00531.warc.gz | en | 0.941912 | 601 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common mental health disorders affecting children across the world. Although the disorder strikes at a younger age, the symptoms may penetrate even into the adulthood. Most children diagnosed with ADHD show debilitating behaviors such as inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity, which interfere with their activities in school or at home.
According to a recent report by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), as of 2011, nearly 11 percent American children aged 4 to 17 years were diagnosed with ADHD.
Sadly, ADHD is often misdiagnosed by doctors, primarily due to its overlapping symptoms with other mental health conditions, such as bipolar disorder, autism, sleep disorders, etc. Only a mental health professional can differentiate between the symptoms of ADHD and other mental health conditions.
Listed below are a few mental illnesses whose symptoms mirror ADHD symptoms:
1. Bipolar disorder
While bipolar disorder is a mood disorder that results in unusual shifts in mood, energy and activity levels and hampers the ability to carry out day-to-day tasks, it is often confused with ADHD due to the presence of certain common symptoms, like mood instability, sudden outbursts, restlessness, talkativeness and impatience.
2. Autism spectrum disorder
A child diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) exhibits a group of developmental disorders comprising ongoing social problems and repetitive behaviors that usually appear during the formative years. Some of the symptoms of ASD, such as hyperactivity, social development issues, and emotional immaturity, often overlap with the symptoms of ADHD, which, in turn, leads to misdiagnosis.
3. Sleep disorders
Children diagnosed with ADHD suffer from a variety of sleep problems. Studies have shown that children with ADHD often exhibit daytime sleeping habits and poor sleeping patterns, which may profoundly impact the existing symptoms of ADHD. Thus, sleep deprivation, which is a growing problem among the American children, is often mistaken as a symptom of ADHD.
4. Fetal alcohol syndrome
When a woman drinks alcohol during her pregnancy, it is very likely that the newborn will suffer from fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), resulting in problems with the vision, hearing ability, memory, attention span, etc. Such infants are also likely to exhibit several other behavioral problems, such as hyperactivity, attention problems and learning disorders, which are often misdiagnosed as ADHD.
Also referred to as an underactive thyroid disease, hypothyroidism leads to both under and overproduction of thyroid hormones in a child, which leads to energy imbalances, mood disorders and problems in concentration. The disorder also triggers the feelings of sadness, depression, and memory problems, which often misleads a health care practitioner to misdiagnose the condition as ADHD.
Road to recovery
Mental health issues can affect anyone at any stage of life. If you or someone you love is struggling with a mental health illness, it’s better to consult a specialist. Mental health disorders can impact children and adults alike. One must seek professional help if it becomes cumbersome to deal with a mental health issue. Ignoring signs of a mental problem, especially in children, can lead to complications and may even threaten life. | <urn:uuid:e4a82a12-a613-4fb0-9a14-c58845e349c7> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | http://buy-prozaconline.biz/2017/09/10/5-mental-health-conditions-that-mimic-adhd/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267861641.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20180619002120-20180619022120-00051.warc.gz | en | 0.965061 | 658 | 3.34375 | 3 |
This is a two part project in which the viability of Landsat 8 as a tool to evaluate and monitor coral reefs was assessed, as well as the effects of the chemical oxybenzone on Porites fucatas’s reflectance signature. Data from the satellite Landsat 8 was downloaded from the USGS Earth Explorer, and processed using the GRASS GIS application. A k-means unsupervised classification was performed on the coral reefs surrounding Heron Island, Australia, with the corals being classified by information pertaining to their reflectance. Recent research by Downs et al. 2015, demonstrated that the chemical oxybenzone, which is commonly found in sunscreens, can actually lead to increased rates of coral bleaching in planulae. Building off their research, a controlled laboratory based experiment was performed using the Caribbean coral species Porites furcata. The experimental group was subjected to stress from a 200 ppm solution containing the chemical oxybenzone. The experiment was conducted for 5 days, and the reflectance measurements of the corals were taken each day around 1:30 p.m.
This research can help to establish whether or not Landsat 8 can be an adept tool for remote sensing of coral reefs. The results from the experiment demonstrated that as the corals bleached, the reflectance signatures decreased. The reason for this is that as the coral’s health deteriorated, algae built up on the coral’s surface, thus causing the reflectance signature to decrease. Therefore, the experiment showed that coral health and reflectance signatures may have an inverse relationship. Because satellites can be used to monitor reflectance signatures, then it is possible that they could be used to monitor coral reefs. However, Landsat 8’s 30 meter pixel size and small number of bands proved to be insufficient in classifying corals around Heron Island, which shows that a relative miniscule pixel size and a greater number of bands would be required to effectively monitor coral reef health and bleaching. | <urn:uuid:78297007-0fe6-4e4a-83a9-cc7ef447d596> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://ams.confex.com/ams/97Annual/webprogram/Paper317096.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296945433.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20230326044821-20230326074821-00604.warc.gz | en | 0.946309 | 408 | 3.40625 | 3 |
The frog burrow is an interesting and unique phenomenon found in many species of frogs. It is a type of underground tunnel that frogs dig with their hind legs to provide shelter and protection from predators. A frog burrow may be up to two feet deep and can have multiple entrances. Frogs use the burrow for safety during hibernation, mating, egg laying, and resting. The burrow also helps the frog regulate its temperature by keeping it from extreme temperatures.Frog burrows are underground tunnels that frogs dig for protection and shelter. There are two main types of frog burrows: permanent and temporary. Permanent frog burrows are dug deep into the ground, usually in damp soil or near water sources, and may have several entrances. These burrows are used year-round by frogs to hide from predators and regulate their body temperature. Temporary frog burrows, on the other hand, are much shallower and often used only during certain times of the year. These shallow holes provide a safe place for frogs to lay eggs or take shelter during extreme weather conditions.
Characteristics of Frog Burrows
Frog burrows are an important feature of the amphibian landscape. They provide a safe place to hide from predators, a place to breed, and in some cases, a source of food. Frog burrows can vary greatly in size and shape, but they all share certain characteristics that can help identify them.
Most frog burrows are dug into the ground or under logs or other debris. The burrow is usually lined with mud or plant material and may contain up to several dozen eggs. Depending on the species of frog, the burrow’s depth may be anywhere from 2-10 inches deep. The entrance of the burrow is typically marked by a mound of dirt or vegetation that helps to camouflage it from predators.
Frogs will often use their hind legs to dig out their burrows, which can be seen in the soil around them. This digging helps to aerate the soil and provides an ideal environment for frogs to lay their eggs. In addition, some frogs will use their front legs to construct mud walls around their burrow entrance as a form of protection from predators.
Frogs also use their burrows for hibernation during cold weather periods. The deeper the burrow is dug into the ground, the more insulated it becomes from extreme temperatures outside its walls. This insulation allows frogs to survive cold winters without having to migrate elsewhere for shelter.
Burrowing behavior is not exclusive to frogs; other amphibians such as salamanders and newts also dig out shelters for themselves underground or under logs or debris piles. By understanding how these animals construct and use their burrows, researchers can gain insight into how these species interact with their environments and how they are affected by changes in climate and land use patterns.
Frog Burrowing Habits
Many species of frogs spend part of their lives burrowing in the ground. This behavior is especially common in tropical and subtropical regions, where the climate is warm and moist enough for frogs to thrive. Frogs burrow to escape predators, regulate their body temperature, and find food. They may also use burrows as a safe place to lay eggs or raise young. Burrowing can be an important behavior for maintaining populations of some species of frogs.
Frogs use various techniques to dig a burrow. Some species dig with their feet or hands, while others use their snouts or tongues. In general, frogs dig by pushing soil away from the entrance of the burrow with their body parts. As they move deeper into the soil, they create a network of tunnels and chambers that keep them safely hidden from predators. The length and complexity of these tunnels vary depending on the species of frog.
Burrows also provide frogs with important protection from extreme weather conditions such as temperatures that are too hot or too cold for them to survive. During times when temperatures are too low, frogs will retreat into their burrows until conditions become favorable again. In dry climates, frogs may remain inside their burrows for months at a time waiting for rain so that they can emerge and search for food.
In addition to providing protection from predators and extreme weather conditions, frog burrows also serve as nurseries where female frogs can lay eggs or where young can safely develop until they are ready to venture out on their own. Some species even use the walls of the burrow to hold onto while mating or egg-laying takes place.
Frogs have evolved sophisticated ways to create and maintain suitable living environments in the soil that allow them to thrive despite difficult environmental conditions. Understanding how they do this is important for conservation efforts aimed at preserving vulnerable frog populations around the world.
Impacts of Human Activity on Frog Burrows
Humans have had an impact on frog burrows in a variety of ways. In some cases, the effects are direct, such as when humans alter or destroy habitats that contain frog burrows. For example, when forests are cleared for agriculture or development, the resulting loss of habitat and food sources can lead to fewer frogs and fewer burrows. Other direct impacts include the use of pesticides and other chemicals that can poison frogs or their food sources, as well as physical damage to burrows from activities such as digging or construction.
In addition to direct impacts, humans can also affect frog burrows through indirect means. For instance, climate change caused by human activities has been linked to changes in water availability and temperature that make it more difficult for frogs to survive in some areas. This can lead to declines in frog populations and fewer available burrows. Pollution and water contamination can also have indirect impacts on frogs living near affected areas, leading to reduced populations and fewer available burrows.
Overall, human activities have had a significant impact on frog populations and their associated burrows around the world. As such, it is important for people to be aware of how their actions may affect these species so that they can be more mindful of their potential impacts when engaging in activities related to the environment.
Building a Natural Home for Frogs
Creating a natural habitat for frogs in your backyard is a great way to help the environment. It is also an enjoyable and rewarding project that will bring joy to your family and friends. With some basic supplies, you can create a home for frogs that will provide them with food, shelter, and protection from predators. Here are some tips on how to build a natural home for frogs in your garden or yard.
First, you need to choose the right location for your frog habitat. Look for an area that is close to a water source such as a pond or stream, as this will provide frogs with easy access to food and water. Additionally, it should be near trees or shrubs that can provide protection from predators and shade from the sun.
Once you have chosen the right location, it’s time to start building the habitat. Start by creating small areas with rocks or logs that can act as shelters and hiding spots for the frogs. You can also create small pools of shallow water for them to drink from or lay eggs in. Additionally, consider adding plants such as ferns, grasses, and shrubs which will provide cover and food sources such as insects or worms.
Finally, it’s important to keep your frog habitat clean and free of debris such as leaves or twigs which can obstruct access points or provide hiding spots for predators. Regularly check the pond and remove any debris that may have accumulated over time. Additionally, make sure there is plenty of water available so the frogs stay hydrated during hot summer months.
Building a natural home for frogs in your backyard is an enjoyable project that will help protect these animals while providing them with food, shelter, and protection from predators. With some basic supplies and knowledge of how to create these habitats properly, you can easily create an inviting space where these creatures will thrive!
Creating Artificial Burrows for Frogs
Creating artificial burrows for frogs is a great way to help support their natural habitat. These burrows provide a safe place for frogs to hide from predators and also allow them to find food and mate more easily. By creating artificial burrows, we can create a more diverse and healthy habitat for frogs.
The first step in creating an artificial burrow is to choose a suitable location. An ideal spot should be sheltered from the wind, have plenty of shade, and be near water sources like ponds or streams. This will help keep the burrow cool and provide plenty of food sources for the frogs. It is also important to make sure that there are no potential predators nearby that could harm the frogs.
Once you have chosen a suitable location, you can begin creating the actual burrow itself. The best way to do this is by digging out an area that is about two feet deep and approximately three feet wide. Make sure that there are no sharp objects around the edges of the hole as this could injure the frog when it enters or leaves its burrow. You can then fill in some of the dirt around the entrance with rocks or logs to make it easier for the frog to get in and out of its new home.
Once you have created your artificial burrow, you should monitor it regularly for signs of use by frogs. If you notice any activity, you should try and figure out what kind of frog it is so you can better understand its behavior and needs. You may also want to add some additional features like rocks or logs inside the entrance which could provide extra shelter for the frogs during colder months or during times of stress.
By creating artificial burrows, we can create more suitable habitats for frogs that will help support their populations in nature and provide them with safe places to hide from predators while also helping them find food and mates more easily. Creating these habitats is a great way to ensure that our local frog populations remain healthy and vibrant into future generations!
Providing Artificial Burrows for Frogs
Frogs are an integral part of the environment, and providing artificial burrows can benefit them in a variety of ways. Burrowing helps frogs stay safe from predators and can provide them with a place to hide from extreme weather. Artificial burrows also provide frogs with a place to lay their eggs and breed in safety. These burrows can also play an important role in helping frogs to regulate their body temperature, as many species rely on burrows to keep themselves warm in cold climates. Finally, providing artificial burrows for frogs can help conserve their habitats by giving them a safe space to live and breed without having to compete for resources with other animals or plants.
Creating artificial burrows for frogs is relatively easy and cost-effective. All that is needed is some soil, a shovel, and some basic materials such as wood chips or gravel. The hole should be dug deep enough for the frog to fit comfortably inside, but shallow enough so that water does not enter the burrow during heavy rains or floods. Once the hole is dug out, it should be lined with materials such as wood chips or gravel so that it stays dry and comfortable for the frog while still allowing them access to food sources outside of the burrow. Additionally, if possible, some types of vegetation should be planted nearby so that the frogs have access to food while they are hiding inside their artificial burrow.
In conclusion, providing artificial burrows for frogs can have numerous benefits both for the frogs themselves and for their local environment. Not only do these burrows provide safety from predators and extreme weather conditions, but they also help conserve frog habitats by giving them a safe space to live and breed without competing with other species or plants for resources. Additionally, creating these burrows is relatively easy and cost-effective so there is no reason not to take advantage of this opportunity if you have access to suitable materials or land near your home.
Digging a Frog Burrow
Digging a frog burrow is a relatively simple process, but it requires some effort and preparation. First, you will need to select an appropriate location for your burrow. This should be a damp area that is not prone to flooding or heavy winds. It should also have access to plenty of sunlight and be away from any areas that could be used by predators. Once the area has been selected, it’s time to start digging. Using a shovel or spade, dig down into the soil until you have created a hole that is about 12 inches deep. Make sure that the sides of the hole remain sloped so that water can drain out easily. Once you’ve reached the desired depth, use your hands or a trowel to create an even surface on the bottom of the burrow.
Maintaining a Frog Burrow
Once you have completed digging your burrow, it’s important to ensure that it is maintained in order for it to remain suitable for frogs. During hot weather, make sure that you check on your burrow regularly and add water if necessary in order to keep it moist and cool. Additionally, if you notice any plants growing close by, remove them as this can reduce air circulation which could lead to an increase in temperature in the burrow itself. If there are any fallen leaves or debris near your burrow, make sure these are removed as well in order to prevent potential diseases or parasites from entering the burrow.
Finally, keep an eye out for any predators such as snakes or cats which could potentially harm frogs living within your burrow. If any are spotted near the area, take steps to deter them from entering such as using fences or motion-activated lights around the perimeter of your burrow site.
Frog burrows are an important part of the habitat of frogs, providing them with shelter and protection from predators, while also providing access to food resources. They are constructed in various ways, depending on the species of frog and the area in which they live. The construction of a frog burrow requires specific skills and materials, and therefore it is important to ensure that appropriate materials are available and that the environment is suitable for frogs to build their burrows. It is also important to be aware that frog burrows can be subject to disturbance or damage due to human activities.
Overall, it is clear that understanding how a frog builds its burrow and the importance of this behaviour for its survival is essential for conserving frog populations. Ensuring that suitable materials are available for building burrows, and protecting them from human disturbance, will help ensure their continued presence in our environment. | <urn:uuid:384e7289-4666-4c41-8bb7-48e61d5d01df> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://petsfromafar.com/frog-burrow/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511284.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20231003224357-20231004014357-00503.warc.gz | en | 0.961534 | 2,940 | 4.09375 | 4 |
When the late Apple CEO Steve Jobs introduced the iPhone 12 years ago, he also introduced to many the concept of the multitouch user interface. He emphasised the benefit of using “the pointing device we were all born with”: our fingers.
But there’s one thing even more natural than physically poking something with our fingers: in-the-air hand gestures. All humans use hand gestures to communicate to other people.
Now Google wants you to use them to communicate with all your electronics.
Google is working on something it calls Project Soli, which uses radar to control electronics with in-the-air hand gestures.
Soli is quite amazing, actually
Announced in spring of 2015, Soli enables in-the-air gestures to control smartphones, computers, wearable devices and even cars.
The project is in the news this week because the FCC just granted a request by Google to operate Soli radar sensors at higher powers than currently allowed in the U.S. It also gave permission for using Soli devices on airplanes.
Soli emerged from Google’s Advanced Technology and Projects group (ATAP), which itself was created inside Motorola Mobility by former DARPA director Regina Dugan. Google acquired ATAP when it bought Motorola in 2012, but kept it when it sold the company to Lenovo two years later.
Research labs are a dime a dozen in Silicon Valley, throughout the tech industry and in universities everywhere. They’re great at producing great technology that never makes it into real products.
ATAP is different in that all projects are expected to move from conception to shipping product in two years. (It often misses that target, but the point is to move aggressively toward productisation.)
Commenters are comparing the technology to Minority Report, which was a good movie from 17 years ago, or Replicas, which is a bad movie currently in theatres. (Here’s the trailer for Replicas, which shows the in-the-air UI.)
Those Hollywood user interfaces involve large, conspicuous and sweeping movements of the arms and hands, whereas Soli enables interaction with slight finger movements.
For example, rubbing fingers together (the international hand gesture for “money”) can direct a smartwatch to rotate, or a smartphone to cycle through a series of screens.
Soli works with the use of a special and tiny solid-state chip (8mm x 10mm) that captures 3D motion using radar, then processes it with machine-learning algorithms. The radar passes through fabric, so you could interact with a phone in your pocket or a smartwatch while wearing gloves.
ATAP is the research division that brought us Tango, Ara, Spotlight Stories, Jacquard, Abacus, Vault and others. All these projects, by the way, were either canceled or failed after being brought to market.
The difference with Soli is that all previous failed or canceled ATP projects aimed to create an entirely new kind of product, or a new, untested platform.
For example, Jacquard, which emerged as a fabric UI for the clumsily named Levi’s Commuter Trucker Jacket with Jacquard by Google, failed not because of the horrible name or because the technology was bad, but because the public didn’t take to the untested idea of using a sleeve as a user interface.
Or, at least, the public didn’t want to pay a $260 premium for sleeve-based smartphone control.
Soli, however, is likely to show up on platforms that are already popular, such as smartphones and laptops, with a significant rise in price. If users don’t take to it right away, the products that support Soli will still probably succeed in the market, anyway.
Stated another way, it’s likely that Jacquard would be considered a success if it had been simply added it to the existing $90 Trucker jacket instead of being available only in a special $350 version.
Soli may end up being more similar to Google Assistant, which can be baked into all kinds of things — especially Internet of Things things.
In-the-air gesture support means that random appliances and sensors don’t need screens or buttons, and could be designed with natural, intuitive hand-gesture controls.
Imagine an alarm clock that gave you a number of minutes snooze time based on how many fingers you held up, or smartphone notifications that go away when you make a natural “dismiss” hand gesture.
One application nobody is talking about is the possibility of interaction with augmented reality objects. For example, a thermostat could show a virtual dial suspended in the air, then detect when you turn the dial to the right or left (thereby adjusting the temperature).
Soli Virtual Tool Gestures already developed include buttons, dials, sliders and others.
Imagine factory workers with augmented reality safety glasses that could conjure all kinds of virtual controls, then use Soli technology to manipulate those controls in the air.
I believe Soli is coming to real products, real soon. Google is working with LG, Qualcomm, JBL and others to build Soli into shipping products. The Soli SDK could be used by device makers of all kinds, as long as those devices are based on Android, Chrome or Google’s next-generation OS, called Fuschia.
Researchers are using Soli, too.
University of St Andrews researchers in Scotland published a paper in December detailing their work exploring the possibilities of Soli hardware.
They demonstrated with their “RadarCat” project that Soli is so precise it can accurately count the number of playing cards in a deck, figure out compass orientation and map out the exact configuration of LEGO bricks.
Soli can identify objects or materials. The researchers showed how Soli could identify apples, oranges and hard drives. It could also figure out if objects were made out of glass, copper or steel, or what kind of beverage is poured into a glass. (Expect Soli-based coasters in bars.)
It can even tell how you’re holding a smartphone, or what part of your body you touch your phone to.
Google gets great feedback
Movement in the Solisphere overshadowed news that Google announced last week a multiyear deal with haptics leader Immersion Corp.
Immersion is the leading independent company that enables game controllers and smartphones to buzz, shake and rumble to give touchy-feeling feedback to users.
The deal gives Google the right to use or be protected by any or all of Immersion’s 3,000 or so patents.
This matters, because Motorola/Google lost a patent infringement lawsuit against Immersion seven years ago, and that lawsuit centered on “Basic Haptics,” which is mostly simple buzzing. (Immersion also won patent lawsuits against Apple, Microsoft, Samsung, Sony, Fitbit and others.)
The Motorola/Google lawsuit covered only Motorola-branded phones, not Pixel or Android phones, or any of the hardware products Google currently makes.
I think a deal licensing all Immersion patents must have been extremely expensive for Google (terms of the deal were not disclosed).
And I think the deal is related to Soli.
Haptic feedback is a necessary feature of Soli, because in-the-air gestures otherwise don’t provide the psychologically necessary “feedback” that something has actually happened on the device.
For example, while turning an imaginary dial in space, you need a clicking sensation on the smartwatch to feel like something is really happening.
The Soli news plus the Immersion news add up to aggressive moves by Google to reinvent the “touch” user interface by taking the touch out of the equation.
Major user interface change is in the air.
Join the CIO New Zealand group on LinkedIn. The group is open to CIOs, IT Directors, COOs, CTOs and senior IT managers. | <urn:uuid:4df8deac-1dcd-44a4-af6f-e4f304012675> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | https://www.cio.co.nz/article/656212/how-google-plans-reinvent-user-interface/?utm_medium=rss&utm_source=tagfeed | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583658662.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20190117000104-20190117022104-00344.warc.gz | en | 0.939971 | 1,656 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Early in august, 1890 – rizal arrived in madrid he tried all legal means to seek justice for his family and the calamba tenants, but to no avail he almost. 75 josé rizal en la literatura y en la historia de filipinas / josé rizal in filipino literature and history de madurez (desde 1889 hasta 1896) que incluye las. The project gutenberg ebook of the indolence of the filipino, by jose rizal the indolence of the filipino author: jose rizal of madrid, in five. Ellos sufren porque les matamos a su caudillo, josé rizal en madrid de rizal queda la estatua de la avenida de las islas filipinas y. In sunny spain “my country, my you disappear, i lose sight of you” -- jose rizal ø due to this the monthly allowances of rizal in madrid. Aside from the park being built in australia, he said there are monuments in rizal’s honor in madrid, spain jose rizal was the seventh of the eleven children.
Statue to dr jose p rizal in madrid so why is rizal's statue was here in spain you might ever wonder why the spanish government was convinced enough that rizal. A street in madrid, spain has been named after dr jose rizal. José rizal: josé rizal rizal was educated in manila and at the university of madrid filipino political leader and author. Rizal back in madrid: 10 january 1884 in madrid, rizal was visited by antonio aguirre later another for jose cecilio.
Unidentified vandals defaced the monument of philippine national hero dr jose rizal in madrid, said a negros-based priest visiting spain current top breaking. Rizal in madrid, spain: 2 september 1882 rizal matriculated at the universidad central de madrid he took the following subjects: medical clinic, surgical. The radical unrest was surely felt among the university students in madrid, particularly jose rizal, then an avid scholar who took up several courses simultaneously. The “where game” rizal-style jose rizal has been quite the traveler much like the famous waldo guy that you always jose rizal monument in madrid.
Spotph is your one-stop urban lifestyle guide to the best of manila completing your profile entitles you to the latest updates, invitations. The project gutenberg ebook of the philippines a century hence, by jose rizal of madrid, running through the josé rizal in life voiced the. Rizal goes to madrid: in may of 1882, jose rizal got on a ship to spain without informing his parents of his jose rizal | national hero of the philippines. Biyernes, hunyo 1, 2012.
Chapter 18 disappointments in madrid- rizals life works and writings of a genius his presence in madrid only served to split thefilipinos jose rizal: life. Jose rizal's iconic monument at the luneta in manila is replicated in madrid, spain where he stayed and studied here's my video feature on a visit on. En madrid, en la provincia de madrid, se encuentra la dirección calle de josé rizal, número 119 le mostramos un mapa con la dirección exacta, código postal e. Looking for jose rizal in madrid by: in cooperation with the philippine embassy in madrid, to retrace jose rizal’s footsteps as a young student and later as an.
A street in madrid, spain has been renamed after dr jose rizal following a city hall resolution which approved changing the name of certain streets, squares and.
José rizal josé rizal en su juventud información personal nombre de nacimiento: josé rizal (madrid, ediciones de cultura hispánica, 1998. Ang monumento ni josé rizal o monumento ni rizal (orihinal na pamagat: motto stella isang eksaktong replika ng monumento ni rizal ay matatagpuan sa madrid. There's one place in the city that is more filipino than any other madrid attraction, and indeed, it's a destination of sorts for expatriates and tourists from the. | <urn:uuid:f10e4f31-b173-4c07-b175-c4bbe1bb0d72> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | http://bxtermpaperfjri.antiquevillage.us/jose-rizal-in-madrid-vandalized.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221215075.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20180819090604-20180819110604-00202.warc.gz | en | 0.825209 | 1,052 | 2.515625 | 3 |
The difference between science and belief is that science tells what isn’t, whereas belief tells what is. This difference means that science can’t tell what is, because if it could, then this difference wouldn’t be.
The fundamental problem is whether we shall try to verify or falsify statements on what is, and the only consistent solution is that we shall try to falsify them. However, the fact that this problem exists means that science can’t be a belief (ie, can’t tell what is), because if it could, then this problem hadn’t been.
It means that we can’t believe in science, because science can’t produce anything to believe in (on the contrary to what cladists and particle physicists claim). Instead, science is limited to producing methods to manipulate reality. This fact may be hard to digest for some (rational believers and believing rationalists), but this difference does not have any gray zone (or third route). There is no intermediate between belief and rationality. Instead, this problem offers only two alternatives: belief or science.
The difference between science and belief thus means that we have to choose science or belief. I choose science. What do you choose?
Another contribution to understanding of conceptualization http://menvall.wordpress.com/ | <urn:uuid:30c66c4c-0b70-4ae7-8e52-a8fae7e07315> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://beforeitsnews.com/science-and-technology/2016/10/on-the-difference-between-science-and-belief-2851959.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501171758.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104611-00365-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.902333 | 273 | 2.921875 | 3 |
The elusive molecule would help to cleanse the atmosphere of greenhouse gases and ozone depleting chemicals.
This molecule is the hydroxyl radical and it is often called ‘the detergent of the atmosphere’.
The expedition has departed from Australia’s Casey research station and travelled 125 km to Law Dome which rises to an elevation of 1400 m on the Antarctic coast.
The expeditioners will be in this remote site, living in tents, for nearly three months as they drill 250 m into the ice. Ice cores from this depth contain air, trapped in bubbles, that dates from around 1850 AD.
The hydroxyl radical is a naturally occurring, highly reactive molecule that plays an important role in the atmosphere as a natural air purifier by destroying greenhouse gases and ozone depleting chemicals.
However, we have no knowledge of hydroxyl levels beyond the last five decades, leaving a huge gap in our understanding.
ANSTO’s Dr Andrew Smith is part of the ten member expedition team and said the aim of the expedition is to determine the earlier atmospheric history of the hydroxyl radical, back to around 1850 AD.
“This is an exciting collaboration, which has been four years in the planning and will provide important knowledge to better understand our warming planet,” Dr Smith said.
“In order to study the hydroxyl radical beyond the instrumental record we must use naturally occurring radiocarbon.
“ANSTO’s Centre for Accelerator Science is one of the few laboratories in the world that can make these very challenging measurements.”
The scientists are travelling to Law Dome because it provides the special conditions needed for their research. The very high snowfall traps air quickly and preserves it as bubbles in the ice for millennia.
After the ice cores are collected and melted, the liberated air will be shipped to the University of Rochester to separate the trace gases carbon monoxide and methane.
Once separated, the gases are converted to carbon dioxide which is sealed in glass tubes and delivered to ANSTO. Here it is converted into graphite and measured for radiocarbon in ANSTO’s Centre for Accelerator Science.
The expedition is a US-Australian collaborative project titled ‘Reconstructing Carbon-14 of Carbon Monoxide to Constrain Long-Term Atmospheric Hydroxyl Variability’, led by CSIRO atmospheric scientist Dr David Etheridge and University of Rochester scientist, Dr Vas Petrenko.
Originally published by ANSTO. | <urn:uuid:64a37f72-9f45-49c0-88ad-7720716507a5> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://sciencemeetsbusiness.com.au/antarctic-expedition-seek-natural-air-cleanser-ice-sheet/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474573.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20240225003942-20240225033942-00474.warc.gz | en | 0.932656 | 516 | 3.5 | 4 |
When we sing about the offering of our gifts, we quickly find several thoughts interwoven with each other. The first is the foundational thought that God’s generosity in Christ has brought us salvation and all good things in life. God has “created heaven and earth and all other creatures from nothing” (Belgic Confession, Article 12) and he continues to “provide whatever I need in body and soul” (Heidelberg Catechism, Lord’s Day 9, Question and Answer 26). But God’s greatest act of generosity is shown in the gift of his Son “by a most perfect love” (Belgic Confession, Article 20) through whom we find the forgiveness of our sins and eternal life. This generosity of God is always in the background of each song in this section.
God’s children are called to respond thankfully to God’s generosity. Our gifts, therefore, take on the nature of a testimony of thankfulness to our generous God. We aim that “with our whole lives we may show that we are thankful to God for his benefits, so that he may be praised through us” (Heidelberg Catechism, Lord’s Day 32, Question and Answer 86). Indeed, all our living, including our gifts, are intended to show “how I am to thank God for such deliverance” (Heidelberg Catechism, Lord’s Day 1, Question and Answer 2). It is natural, therefore, that our giving of offerings is accompanied with songs that express this gratitude. | <urn:uuid:df69605c-754f-40df-859a-e096d2334f56> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | http://www.hymnary.org/hymn/LUYH2013/879 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982968912.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823200928-00227-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.942546 | 333 | 2.515625 | 3 |
The Implications of Introducing a Sugar Tax (January 2017)
Price: £ 1,160.00
Table of Contents
"The Implications of Introducing a Sugar Tax" explores the likely effects of sugar taxes on consumer prices and behavior. It outlines consumer responses to price hikes by attempting to evaluate to what extent sugar taxes could halt obesity by discouraging sugar consumption in the UK, which will be the next country to adopt such a policy.
The introduction of a sugar tax would hit lower-income groups harder, but this would not guarantee a reduction in sugar consumption as this group is likely to trade down to lower-price goods. On the other hand, the tax would raise awareness among consumers bringing the high sugar content of soft drinks into the spotlight. This could stimulate new innovations in product reformulation, positioning and packaging sizes.
- There is no clear evidence supporting sugar tax as a mechanism to influence consumer diets.
- Despite obesity/overweight and sugar-related health issues being two of the most concerning health issues for British consumers, consumption of sugar is high and climbing.
- Price rises will not necessarily stall the taxed category’s sales as the demand is inelastic and consumers may just shift to cheaper brands.
- The tax would play a key role in promoting a healthy diet, bringing the high sugar content of soft drinks into the spotlight and stimulating demand for low-sugar and sugar-free soft drinks.
Reasons to buy
- Understand consumer responses to price hikes and to what extent purchasing patterns will be altered with the introduction of a sugar tax.
- Gain a detailed understanding of the unintended outcomes that price increases will generate.
- See the actions that major brands are taking to get ahead of the greater interest in the low-sugar, sugar-free, and alternative sweetener sectors."
1. The rationale behind the sugar tax
2. Implications to consumer prices
3. A cross-country comparison
4. Implications of consumer perceptions
5. Spot light on: Soft Drinks
6. UK: Sugar Tax debate
7. Perceptions of the sugar tax by stakeholder
8. What manufactures need to know about UK consumers
9. Implications to consumer behavior
Monster Beverage Corporation
PT Hokkan Indonesia
The Coca-Cola Company | <urn:uuid:7d9ba29e-0280-483d-a2ad-2463e2b75753> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | http://drinksector.com/reports/the-implications-of-introducing-a-sugar-tax | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232256314.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20190521082340-20190521104340-00299.warc.gz | en | 0.905655 | 469 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Acid Foods and Alkaline Foods
Eating a balanced diet means choosing the proper foods to eat. But what are the right foods to eat? Eating a wide variety of foods and drinks from all the food groups is a great start.
It also means eating certain things in moderation, namely saturated fat, trans fat, cholesterol, refined sugar, salt and alcohol. We all love our treats, but you should be keeping them as treats and not everyday food! The goal is to take in nutrients you need for health at the recommended levels.
You’re probably wondering Where to begin?
Well the best foods for you to eat are going to be the foods that naturally grow on this earth. Like your fruits, vegetables and whole grains, lean animal proteins and fish is recommended by a lot of experts two times per week. Beans, nuts, seeds are encouraged, and unsaturated fats are always the fats of choice – like olive oil.
Obviously not everyone will agree with eating meat and that is your choice. There are other ways to get the proteins and iron from other foods then meat. The most common recommendation is to eat 80% Alkaline Foods and 20% Acidic Foods. Click for a free Acid Foods and Alkaline Foods Chart.
How many calories do I need?
As we do not know your health status, general guidelines for the average person are;
2,500 calories per day for men (more if you are very active)
2,000 calories per day for women (more if you are very active)
There are many variable and it depends on your body weight, height, body composition, level of activity, and health status. It also depends on whether you want to:
- lose weight
- maintain weight
- gain weight
It is always best to seek a professional to help you figure out the exact caloric intake, as they can take everything into account when figuring this out for you by asking you the right questions.
Just remember if it’s not grown in the earth or on a tree, it is probably man-made food. We like to call it man-made junk! If it’s in a box and the instructions are to warm it up in the microwave for say 5 minutes, it’s probably not your best choice of food. Use common sense ask yourself is this the best food I should be feeding my body?
A great tip is when shopping try to stay on the outside parameter of the grocery store where you will find the fruits, vegetables, whole grains, meat, etc. If you walk into the middle aisles most of it will be man-made junk.
What really matters, though, is knowing yourself. You need to make responsible eating choices for yourself and your family. What are your goals? Do you eat too much sugar, salt and fried food? Are your portion sizes out of control? Are you binge eating?
The next time you think your hungry, drink one or two 8-12 oz glasses of water and wait 5 minutes. Most of the time people are just dehydrated and they get that mixed up with being hungry. Eating right can be done very easily, it’s just up to you to change your habits!
To get more alkaline, be sure to drink alkaline water! A great way to get started is using an AlkaMate – Portable water filter and alkalizer.
Drink Pure, Healthy, Ionized, Alkaline Water!
The AlkaMate water alkalizer is a great way to start making alkaline, ionized water in just 15 minutes while helping to filter out chlorine, sediment, pesticides and organic pollutants.
Also learn about our AlkaPitcher– a great way to have pure, alkalized, ionized water on hand all the time! | <urn:uuid:94601e3e-82f4-47b3-bcf9-d5fb913148f0> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://healthierliving4you.com/acid-foods-and-alkaline-foods/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100650.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20231207054219-20231207084219-00490.warc.gz | en | 0.949447 | 786 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Information technology has many uses in finance. From trading financial instruments to keeping records of personal budgets to reporting the earnings of a business, computer technology is used by financial companies daily. Information technology allows the rapid calculation of financial statistics, as well as electronic transfers of money.
Financial trading is enhanced with information technology. Some computer systems even trade for the users. A system is programmed to enter buy and sell orders when the price of a stock or bond reaches a certain level, and automatically closes the order when the target price or the stop-loss is reached. Computer based trading is useful when a trader has a system that allows profitable trading and does not want to enter each order individually. Information technology provides instant information for stock traders to make decisions, and allows them to enter orders that are immediately executed.
Financial reports are also improved with information technology. The language known as XBRL, or Extensible Business Reporting Language, is used to standardize the financial information in public companies' annual reports. Traders can quickly sort through records in this format. They can easily find the statistical data they need to determine which companies to invest in. According to the California State University at Fullerton, XBRL is based on XML, the extensible markup language used to transfer information over the Internet.
Financial data can be easily transferred with information technology. Instead of using checks and checking accounts, information technology can clear a transaction instantly. A debit or credit card purchase is rapidly compared with the user's account balance, allowing a bank to decide whether to allow a transaction. Information technology allows transactions during weekends and holidays, when there is no staff working at the bank.
Personal finance is simplified using information technology. Banks provide data on checking and savings deposits and withdrawals in standardized formats. A customer can download account transactions and store them in records on a home computer. Personal finance software includes additional features, such as charts and reports, that show home users what they are spending money on and where their funds are coming from.
Budgeting and Bookkeeping
Information technology is also helpful for companies that are considering financial transactions. Computer systems calculate and display the interest and principal of a loan, and estimate the returns on investment when the company borrows money to expand its operations. Companies can securely transfer data online, and the computer system records all transfers, which simplifies bookkeeping.
- Comstock/Stockbyte/Getty Images | <urn:uuid:3bcc05df-ce0c-4dfe-a0b1-9695ed526c5b> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | https://bizfluent.com/about-6397556-importance-information-technology-finance.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267860776.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20180618183714-20180618203714-00597.warc.gz | en | 0.932088 | 483 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Aging changes in the bones - muscles - joints
Osteoporosis and aging; Muscle weakness associated with aging; Osteoarthritis
Changes in posture and gait (walking pattern) are common with aging. Changes in the skin and hair are also common.
The skeleton provides support and structure to the body. Joints are the areas where bones come together. They allow the skeleton to be flexible for movement. In a joint, bones do not directly contact each other. Instead, they are cushioned by cartilage in the joint, synovial membranes around the joint, and fluid.
Muscles provide the force and strength to move the body. Coordination is directed by the brain but is affected by changes in the muscles and joints. Changes in the muscles, joints, and bones affect the posture and walk, and lead to weakness and slowed movement.
People lose bone mass or density as they age, especially women after menopause. The bones lose calcium and other minerals.
The spine is made up of bones called vertebrae. Between each bone is a gel-like cushion (called a disk). The middle of the body (trunk) becomes shorter as the disks gradually lose fluid and become thinner.
Vertebrae also lose some of their mineral content, making each bone thinner. The spinal column becomes curved and compressed (packed together). Bone spurs caused by aging and overall use of the spine may also form on the vertebrae.
The foot arches become less pronounced, contributing to a slight loss of height.
The long bones of the arms and legs are more brittle because of mineral loss, but they do not change length. This makes the arms and legs look longer when compared with the shortened trunk.
The joints become stiffer and less flexible. Fluid in the joints may decrease. The cartilage may begin to rub together and wear away. Minerals may deposit in and around some joints (calcification). This is common in the shoulder.
Hip and knee joints may begin to lose cartilage (degenerative changes). The finger joints lose cartilage and the bones thicken slightly. Finger joint changes are more common in women. These changes may be inherited.
Some joints, such as the ankle, typically change very little with aging.
Lean body mass decreases. This decrease is partly caused by a loss of muscle tissue (atrophy). The speed and amount of muscle changes seem to be caused by genes. Muscle changes often begin in the 20s in men and in the 40s in women.
Lipofuscin (an age-related pigment) and fat are deposited in muscle tissue. The muscle fibers shrink. Muscle tissue is replaced more slowly. Lost muscle tissue may be replaced with a tough fibrous tissue. This is most noticeable in the hands, which may look thin and bony.
Muscles are less toned and less able to contract because of changes in the muscle tissue and normal aging changes in the nervous system. Muscles may become rigid with age and may lose tone, even with regular exercise.
EFFECT OF CHANGES
Bones become more brittle and may break more easily. Overall height decreases, mainly because the trunk and spine shorten.
Breakdown of the joints may lead to inflammation, pain, stiffness, and deformity. Joint changes affect almost all elderly people. These changes range from minor stiffness to severe arthritis.
The posture may become more stooped (bent). The knees and hips may become more flexed. The neck may tilt, and the shoulders may narrow while the pelvis becomes wider.
Movement slows and may become limited. The walking pattern (gait) becomes slower and shorter. Walking may become unsteady, and there is less arm swinging. Older people get tired more easily and have less energy.
Strength and endurance change. Loss of muscle mass reduces strength. But changes in muscle fibers may improve endurance. Aging athletes with healthy hearts and lungs may find that their performance improves in events that require endurance, but decreases in events that require short bursts of high-speed performance.
Osteoporosis is a common problem, especially for older women. Bones break more easily. Compression fractures of the vertebrae can cause pain and reduce mobility.
Muscle weakness contributes to fatigue, weakness, and reduced activity tolerance. Joint problems ranging from mild stiffness to debilitating arthritis (see osteoarthritis) are very common.
The risk of injury increases because gait changes, instability, and loss of balance may lead to falls.
Some elderly people have reduced reflexes. This is most often caused by changes in the muscles and tendons, rather than changes in the nerves. Decreased knee jerk or ankle jerk can occur. Some changes, such as a positive Babinski's reflex, are not a normal part of aging.
Involuntary movements (muscle tremors and fine movements called fasciculations) are more common in the elderly. Elderly people who are not active may have weakness or abnormal sensations (paresthesias).
People who are unable to move on their own, or who do not stretch their muscles with exercise, may get muscle contractures.
Exercise is one of the best ways to slow or prevent problems with the muscles, joints, and bones. A moderate exercise program can help you maintain strength, balance, and flexibility. Exercise helps the bones stay strong.
Talk to your health care provider before starting a new exercise program.
It is important to eat a well-balanced diet with plenty of calcium. Women need to be especially careful to get enough calcium and vitamin D as they age. Postmenopausal women and men over age 65 should take 1,200 mg of calcium and 400 to 800 international units (IU) of vitamin D per day. If you have osteoporosis, talk to your doctor about prescription treatments.
Management of osteoarthritis. In: Gorell AH, Mulley AG Jr., eds. Primary Care Medicine: Office Evaluation and Management of the Adult Patient. 6th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer; 2009:chap 157.
Minaker KL. Common clinical sequelae of aging. In: Goldman L,Schafer AI, eds. Cecil Medicine. 24th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2011:chap 24.
Watts NB, Bilezikian JP, Camacho PM, et al. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists Guidelines for Clinical Practice for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Postmenopausal Osteoporosis. Endocr Pract. 2010;16:1-36.
Reviewed By:Robert Hurd, MD, Professor of Endocrinology and Health Care Ethics, Xavier University, Cincinnati, OH. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Isla Ogilvie, PhD, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.
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The Agency for Health Care Administration (Agency) and this website do not claim the information on, or referred to by, this site is error free. This site may include links to websites of other government agencies or private groups. Our Agency and this website do not control such sites and are not responsible for their content. Reference to or links to any other group, product, service, or information does not mean our Agency or this website approves of that group, product, service, or information.
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It seems that yet another Remembrance Day is upon us, and what has the world learned since Nov, 11 1918. Currently the number of active conflicts around the world seems to be on the increase. From the conflicts in the Middle East, to the genocides of Africa. Conflicts in the far corners of Russia and China flare up and are stamped out brutally as the world turns a blind eye. Israel and Palestine skirmish over narrow strips of land that both claim as home.
Drug cartels in Mexico fan the flames in Central America even as the memories of the 1980’s cartel violence in Colombia fade into history. All of the conflicts are not fought by armies. Some place tribal factions against each other in a struggle for survival. Village destroying village, those who began with nothing, emerging with even less.
Even the great powers of the world cannot hope to extinguish all the flames of war. The superpowers of the west bogged down by Taliban fighters in the Afghani highlands fight and die, in what may prove to be a futile attempt to bring freedom and education to the masses.
Canadian blood is mixing with the windswept sands, sacrificing lives for a sacred ideal, for a worthy goal. A dream, a hope that future generations can live free, learn and grow. Unfettered by ideology and dogma, in a world where the freedom to choose sometimes comes with a high price to be paid.
We are proud of our Soldiers and Sailors and Airmen. We honour your sacrifice today. We hope to learn from the lessons of the past, so that one day, hopefully soon the world can live in peace.
In Flanders fields the poppies blow
Between the crosses, row on row,
That mark our place; and in the sky
The larks, still bravely singing, fly
Scarce heard amid the guns below.
We are the Dead. Short days ago
We lived, felt dawn, saw sunset glow,
Loved and were loved, and now we lie,
In Flanders fields.
Take up our quarrel with the foe:
To you from failing hands we throw
The torch; be yours to hold it high.
If ye break faith with us who die
We shall not sleep, though poppies grow
In Flanders fields.
John McCrae – May 3, 1915 | <urn:uuid:eeeda7e5-e7d3-4d40-a444-5c990c223098> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://bahbs.wordpress.com/tag/in-flanders-fields/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711016.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20221205100449-20221205130449-00858.warc.gz | en | 0.937539 | 486 | 2.625 | 3 |
Communication is the foundation of everything we do. It is also one of the biggest problems in the workplace today. We all complain of communication overload but seem to understand less than we ever have. Lack of clarity, pointless meetings and differences in communication styles are wreaking havoc on productivity and efficiency.
To get our messages across we need to learn how to communicate effectively once again – using simple language and the right medium. Effort is needed to make sure we understand the points of view and needs of our co-workers – learning how to truly ‘listen’ is an art many of us can master but most of us haven’t. Furthermore, we can transform performance with ‘constructive’ feedback.
People spend between 70 and 80% of their day engaged in some form of communication. (University of Missouri)
The average person can now receive as many as 120 emails a day. (Campaign Monitor)
Less than 2% of the population has had formal educational on how to listen. (A. K. Kambaki)
Only 7% of communication is verbal, 38% is considered paraverbal (meaning tone and intonation) and 55% is non-verbal. (Mehrabian)
We can only remember three or four things at a time. (Live Science)
46% of employees rarely or never leave a meeting knowing what they’re supposed to do next. (entrepreneur.com)
98% of employees will fail to be engaged when managers give little or no feedback. (Trakstar)
78% of employees said being recognised motivates them in their job. (Hubspot)
Organisations whose managers coach demonstrate 21% higher revenues than their competitors. (Training Magazine) | <urn:uuid:b0591ea1-6623-48da-93e3-b1181ec6fc0f> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://www.realise-training.com/solutions/communication-skills/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710902.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20221202114800-20221202144800-00742.warc.gz | en | 0.959299 | 363 | 2.546875 | 3 |
The nationwide survey found that 38 per cent of those living in urban areas had caught a glimpse of a fox, compared to just 23 per cent of their rural counterparts.
The report reflects the experience of Daily Telegraph readers who have reported more than 1,500 sightings of urban foxes during a survey carried out by the newspaper this year.
Urban foxes are on the increase due to the "easy pickings" available in bins and the lack of any natural predator.
In contrast, hedgehogs, that do not thrive in areas with a high amount of traffic, appeared in 28 per cent of rural areas but just 15 per cent of city gardens.
The poll of 62,000 people is the first time the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) has asked people about the wildlife found in their gardens as well as birds.
The Make Nature Count survey found grey squirrels are the most popular visitor, with more than half of gardens spotting the animals compared to just 0.92 per cent regularly seeing red squirrels.
Richard Bashford, the RSPB's Make Your Nature Count project manager, said the natural cover and diversity of environments in cities make them even more appropriate for wildlife than many areas of the countryside which are intensively farmed and therefore have one type of crop and fewer areas to hide.
"Gardens are an excellent habitat for a wide range of species," he said.
The RSPB has done an annual bird watch every winter for the last 30 years. The Big Garden Birdwatch this year showed sparrows and starlings are still the most common visitor, although numbers have declined in recent years.
The new survey also showed sparrows and starlings are common in summer but blackbirds and wood pigeon are the most frequent visitors. Sightings of young birds show blackbirds and robins are breeding in people's gardens but the song thrush, that has decline dramatically in recent years, is producing far fewer young.
:: Have you seen a fox in the garden? To register the sighting or send in details go to [email protected] Include your name, the full postcode and detail of exactly where the fox was seen and a picture if possible. Please try to limit entries to 25 words. | <urn:uuid:2818e579-77cf-4652-aee1-c136034f16c9> | CC-MAIN-2016-18 | http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/earth/earthnews/6218598/Foxes-more-common-in-the-city-than-countryside-RSPB.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860114649.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161514-00048-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960904 | 466 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Alarge percentage of tea servicefrom the nineteenth and twentieth centuries have limited value.
The service which upsets many with its lack of value is the one with gilded outlines which is inscribed “genuine 22ct gold”.
Perhaps now is the time to start buying them again
Sadly this cannot be scraped off and ‘weighed in’ for scrap to give the service at least some value. The gold used to decorate ceramics is always 22ct and it is applied by mixing and heating.
One of the earliest forms was honey and gold, ground together and painted onto the article.
When fired at a low temperature the result was thick and rich and could be tooled.
By the 1770s the practice of mercury gilding was taking over which led to a much thinner, more delicate result on tea sets.
Had there been an enthusiastic health and safety department operating in the 18th century they would have been very busy.
They would have been investigating unexplained deaths of kiln workers resulting from the poisonous nature of the mercury used in the gilding process. The other tea service which upsets people with its lack of value is the late Victorian printed and painted service.
These have all been owned by a ‘great great’ relative and are often complete, but that tends to be because they were rarely used by the orginal owner.
The reason they are worth so little is that every home had one then and now few homes want one.
With the resurgence of the traditional cup-cake and an ever growing interest in baking and decorating cakes, classic items such as cups, saucers and tea services are making a little bit of a comeback.
Perhaps now is the time to start buying these sets once again. | <urn:uuid:c19edfcc-c407-403e-8c58-f3414353ee6b> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | https://www.doncasterfreepress.co.uk/news/opinion/antiques-column-pretty-tea-sets-with-a-limited-value-1-8395973 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794866733.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20180524170605-20180524190605-00057.warc.gz | en | 0.98399 | 364 | 2.546875 | 3 |
See up to 4 Types of Whales from 3 Departure Locations!
One of the most elusive whales in the Salish Sea.
Minke whales are one of the most mysterious marine mammals in this area, and we love them! Minkes are relatively solitary and spend their time in the Salish Sea on the search for food. They feed on schools of small baitfish. Watching a minke whale lunge feed through a bait ball is exhilarating, especially when there are multiple animals feeding in the vicinity.
The sleek mid-water feeding minke whales offer unique sights, sounds, and smells!
Minke whales can be found by smell alone - their breath is quite memorable! If you are lucky enough to catch a whiff, it is an experience you can cherish forever! Minke whales surface multiple times before they take their longer, deeper dive. The ocean definitely has quite the orchestra of unknown sounds. The Navy recorded some mysterious underwater sounds in the 1950s. It took them more than 50 years to identify those sounds as a minke whale!
A Sad History of Whaling
Minke whales were relatively “safe” during the whale era as many whalers thought they were too small to be a worthwhile catch. It hasn’t been until recent decades that whaling has been more directed to the minke whale population. Minke whales are the most widely distributed whale and due to the fact that they were overlooked during the whaling era, they are abundant. Minke whales and other marine mammals in the US are protected by the Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972. In the Salish Sea, we have some of the same minke whales who frequent these waters, year after year.
Learn more about the area’s wildlife and scenery.
The waters surrounding our four departure locations offer some of the most diverse whale and wildlife viewing on the west coast. Onboard each of our tours, an experienced naturalist helps identify all of the whales, wildlife, and rich history that this area holds | <urn:uuid:e0030126-d4bc-43be-ab9b-6424d7c04133> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | https://www.island-adventures.com/whales-and-wildlife/minke-whales | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195525634.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20190718125048-20190718151048-00451.warc.gz | en | 0.966474 | 414 | 2.625 | 3 |
Where is Bosnia And Herzegovina? / Where is Bosnia And Herzegovina Located in The World? / Bosnia And Herzegovina Map – Bosnia And Herzegovina located In Southeast Europe and one of the Balkan countries. It has negihbors Serbia in the east, Montenegro in the south, Croatia in the north and Croatia in the West.
Where is Bosnia And Herzegovina?
It is located on the shores of the Adriatic Sea in south of the country. Bosnia And Herzegovina which established divided the territory of the former Yugoslavia, alive Serbs, Bosnians and Croats peoples. Sarajevo s capital city of country and have currency of the country is mark money.
The official languages of the country are Bosnian, Croatian and Serbian. Therefore, Englis language common used in the country. About 50% of the country is Muslims, 30 percent Orthodox and rest of country is Catholic Is Christian and also It has a secular administration system. Transportation can be provided by air and land to Bosnia And Herzegovina.
|Density||90.3 / km2 ( 233.9 / mi2 )|
|Languages||Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian|
|Capital||Sarajevo (Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina)|
|GDP||18,344,278,253 (2014 data)|
|GDP per Capita||3,969 (2014 data)|
|Land Area||51,187 km2 (19,763 mi2)|
|Water Area||10 km2 (4 mi2)|
|Neighbouring Countries||Montenegro, Serbia, Croatia|
Map of Bosnia And Herzegovina
Picture of Bosnia And Herzegovina
Is Bosnia and Herzegovina the same country?
Is Bosnia a poor country?
Is Bosnia and Herzegovina part of Schengen?
Where is Bosnia located in the world? | <urn:uuid:200d04c9-9083-49be-869b-fed1cbd8e3d0> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | http://whereismap.net/where-is-bosnia-and-herzegovina-located-in-the-world-and-map/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583509996.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20181016030831-20181016052331-00324.warc.gz | en | 0.830186 | 412 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Lithograph, drawn by A B Clayton and lithographed by F Nicholson, showing the railway at the point where it croses the canal built to link the Duke of Bridgwater's coal mines at Worsley with Manchester. The Liverpool & Manchester Railway, the world's first inter-city railway, was built under the guidance of chief engineer George Stephenson (1781-1848). A competition was held at Rainhill, near Liverpool (the Rainhill Trials) to determine the most efficient locomotive for haulage on the railway. The competition was won by 'Rocket', the locomotive engine designed and built by Robert Stephenson (1803-1859). Printed by Engelmann Craf & Coindet, Lithographers to the King.
© NRM / Pictorial Collection / Science & Society Picture Library | <urn:uuid:8a21e430-87ad-4a97-a283-51e4ce2cc040> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://www.ssplprints.com/image/88424/nicholson-f-view-of-the-liverpool-manchester-railway-1831 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400241093.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20200926102645-20200926132645-00442.warc.gz | en | 0.93804 | 166 | 3.234375 | 3 |
What is the ANSI format for safety signs?
The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) has accredited three important standards for the design of accident prevention signs, labels, and tags.
Although the standards are important guidelines, ANSI is an independent organization that has no regulatory or enforcement authority over the use of these standards, unlike the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA).
The ANSI standards that relate to the design and content of safety signs are ANSI Z53.1-1967, Z35.1-1968, and Z535-2011. The ANSI Z535-2011 standard has superseded the previous standards.
ANSI Z535-2011 was incorporated into OSHA guidelines to bring greater clarity to the identification of hazards and safety policies. This standard creates guidelines for the colors, symbols, information, and other aspects used on safety signs.
ANSI Z535-2011’s incorporation by OSHA makes the design a viable option in OSHA compliant accident prevention signage design.
The format of an ANSI safety sign has three important elements. They are:
• Safety Headers and Signal Words
The safety header and signal word (danger, warning, caution, notice, or safety instructions) is classified based on the seriousness of the potential hazard. For more information, visit our Safety Headers page.
• Safety Symbols (symbol or pictogram)
Safety symbols or pictograms are used to communicate hazards, precautions, and other information quickly, across language barriers. There are four basic types of symbols (hazard alert, mandatory action, prohibition, informational). For more information, visit our Safety Symbols page.
• Sign Legends
The sign legend should accurately describe the hazard or policy that the sign is alerting others to.
ANSI recommends the use of direct statements on signs that communicate information and allow people to react and avoid hazards.
The ANSI Z535.2-2011 standard discussing the size of sign size, text sizes in the sign legend, and viewing distances can be used as suggested best practices.
What is the OSHA format for safety signs?
OSHA formats for safety signs include specific use of safety headers, colors, and sign legends. These are OSHA standards and have come to incorporate the ANSI Z535-2011 standard. Learn More
Do I need OSHA or ANSI safety signs?
The goals of OSHA and ANSI designed signs are the same: to alert workers of potential hazards and of workplace polices. There are many factors that should be considered before choosing one design or the other, and in many cases, an ANSI formatted sign will comply with OSHA standards. Learn More
What is ANSI?
ANSI stands for the American National Standards Institute, and it is responsible for promoting standards that are understood clearly across multiple industries. These standards help unify different ways of communicating information.
SafetySign.com does not recommend or specify the use of a specific safety sign because it does not have knowledge of the hazard(s) our customers are identifying. It is the customer’s sole responsibility to identify the hazard(s) that may be present and select one or more signs (stock or custom) that accurately identify their specific hazard(s) and complies with any applicable federal, state or local laws or regulations, any worksite specific rules or regulations and/or any applicable safety standards (including, without limitation, ANSI and/or OSHA standards). SafetySign.com disclaims any and all liability (excluding liability for our Product Warranty contained in our Terms and Conditions) for any sign selected by a customer and shall not be responsible for any personal injury or property damage resulting from the use of signs purchased from it or for the independent interpretation made of any applicable federal, state or local laws or regulations, any worksite specific rules or regulations, and/or any applicable safety standards (including, without limitation, ANSI and/or OSHA standards). Customer shall indemnify and hold SafetySign.com and its corporate parent and its officers, directors and affiliates harmless from and against any and all claims, loss or expense (including attorneys’ fees) arising from or related to the purchase and use by customer or any third party of any sign purchased by customer from SafetySign.com. | <urn:uuid:3760c2c5-37ca-4395-aa4f-b10bbed4ba12> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.safetysign.com/help/h54/ansi-format | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280280.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00434-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.898614 | 874 | 3.421875 | 3 |
Machu Picchu artifacts arrive in Cusco
The archaeological pieces, taken from Machu Picchu nearly a century ago for research at Yale University, arrived Wednesday morning to Cusco which were received by political, military and religious authorities.
These Inca artifacts landed at Alejandro Velasco Astete airport at around 08.20 hours (13.02 GMT) in an airplane of the Peruvian Air force (FAP) along with Peru’s Culture Minister Juan Ossio.
After unloading the relics from the aircraft, a welcome ceremony was carried out with the attendance of Regional Governor Jorge Acurio, Cusco Provincial Mayor Luis Florez and Machu Picchu District Major Oscar Valencia, among other authorities....
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- NYT History Book Reviews: Who Got Noticed this Week? | <urn:uuid:82ae2c96-a86a-4079-aad5-cdb3dffd2f7b> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://historynewsnetwork.org/article/140186 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207928486.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113208-00293-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.917396 | 237 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Updated: Aug 12, 2019
I think of abstract art as an expression that does not attempt to represent external reality, but seeks to achieve its effect through the language of shape, form, color and texture.
This composition exists with a degree of independence from visual references in the world and is often referred to as nonobjective or non representational art.
‘Abstract Impressionism’ is a type of Abstract painting where small brushstrokes or application with a palette knife build and structure larger surface areas. The artist's blending of inner energy, emotions and cognition create meaningful qualities in the painting.
In the Action-Painting style of ‘Abstract Expressionism’ brushstrokes are often large and bold and paint is applied in a rapid outpouring of emotion and energy.
According to some writers ‘Color-Field’ painting represents one-half of Abstract Expressionism, with gestural abstraction of artists like Jackson Pollock and William de Kooning representing the other half.
Renowned painter Mark Rothko is said to have sought to create a profound connection between artist, canvas, and viewer. He asserted that his works not only expressed human emotion, but also stimulated psychological and emotional experiences in those who witnessed them. “Painting is not about an experience,” he told LIFE magazine in 1959. “It is an experience.”
Edvard Munch believed that art “can come only from the interior of man,” as he wrote in his diary in 1907. Indeed, the painter drew inspiration for his strongest works from a deep well of personal memories and emotions.
- Allan Gelber | <urn:uuid:39869d3f-cd5f-4c4e-ab1f-b8bda41ca3ac> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://www.relationshipsinpaint.com/post/what-is-abstract-art | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655911092.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20200710144305-20200710174305-00346.warc.gz | en | 0.965173 | 336 | 3.296875 | 3 |
Whalers had no equal in handling an open boat at sea. At a time when whales were still plentiful as well as fair game, they were hunted in relatively small open rowboats. They approached a whale closely so as not to miss with a toothpick-like harpoon. At least when comparing it with the bulk of a seventy foot long leviathan sperm whale. And the Kings of the Sea didn't take kindly to being hunted, giving rise to the shanty of the harpooner: A Dead Whale or a Stove Boat. The whaleboat rode the waves like an albatross. For lightness, grace and speed it simply had no peer. The buckets held up to a mile of line. The harpooner would stand on the stern holding his harpoon. A successful throw might mean a long chase, the whale taking the boat in tow. The harpoon line would be belayed on a single pollard on the deck. The double ends made it easy to move in two directions, a slap of the tail of an angry whale had better be avoided....
L: 17.52", W: 4.33", H: 16.34"
Pre Assembled, Handcrafted Model.
For display use only. | <urn:uuid:f3d9603b-6148-48a7-9b7b-fc15f49194c8> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | http://seagifts.com/atwhmowhbo.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463612069.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20170529091944-20170529111944-00222.warc.gz | en | 0.96793 | 255 | 3.09375 | 3 |
In our first post of 2014, Peer Instruction Network member, Mr. George Phillip, describes how he moved from a thoughtful teacher to someone who is innovating in his social studies classroom with Flipped Teaching and Peer Instruction. While his unique twists on Peer Instruction evolved from a 5th and 6th grade classroom, they have implications for use in a range of classrooms. JAS
Guest post by George Phillip
Social Studies Department Chair
5/6 Social Studies Teacher
The Stanley Clark School
South Bend, IN
How did I come about teaching using Peer Instruction?
Many of us have seen this scenario: students dazed, staring off into space, and sleeping at their desks. It is a recognizable scene, with a teacher standing at the front delivering a great lesson. The teacher asks questions along the way, but the students aren’t answering. They are disengaged. If you’re like me, you’re imagining the scene from Ferris Bueller’s Day Off when Ben Stein is lecturing about economic policies. If not, you can see this scene in almost any school across the country. This old style of teaching is an epidemic that continues to lurk in our school systems. Why? Many schools and teachers are evaluated by the standardized tests their students take. Teachers are required to teach a certain amount of curriculum before the standardized test. The classrooms where this cycle occurs tend to be very teacher-centric and student learning is stifled.
Looking for something different for my students
I have been teaching middle school social studies for six years. When I was in college, I knew I did not want to be the kind of teacher depicted above. In my first few years of teaching, I tried to limit my role in the classroom. I did not want to be Ben Stein’s character. I wanted to observe more student-centered learning. At least that was my intent. When I first began teaching, a typical class would look something like this: during the first 15 minutes, I answered questions posed by students, go over homework, and give instructions. Then, I allowed my students to work in groups on various worksheets or notes. In the last 10 – 15 minutes of class we would go over any unanswered questions. To keep the students on their toes, I would throw in movie clips, primary sources, audio clips, and projects. I noticed that when the students were working together, they were more engaged. So I kept going with this teaching style because I thought it worked with my students. However, my students were not as fully engaged as they needed to be. I was looking for something more dynamic. I would find it in the movement called Flipped Teaching.
Flipping Flipped Teaching
The basic process of Flipped Teaching has been around for some time; other monikers include inverted instruction, inverted learning and reversing instruction. In Flipped Teaching, each instructor pushes what would normally be done in class through direct instruction out of the classroom and into the individual learner’s space. Students can digest instructional content at their own pace. In the community space (class), students spend more time applying what they have learned outside of class in meaningful ways. As I developed my own Flipped Classroom, I also found Ramsey Musallam’s process, called Explore, Flip, Apply.
Explore, Flip, Apply
While exploring new teaching pedagogies, Ramsey found that using an “inverted classroom” (Lage, Platt, & Teglia, 2000) was not satisfying the needs of his students and his inner scientist wanted a way to have inquiry drive the learning. Thus, Ramsey developed Explore-Flip-Apply based on the work of Robert Karplus’s Explore-Explain-Apply. In the Explore-Flip-Apply model, teachers use inquiry to elicit curiosity in students, to engage them in a way that will motivate them for future learning. Students spend time exploring concepts and applying knowledge together in class. That night, Ramsey creates a short video over the misconceptions the students encountered during class time. Students continue working on application in class the following day, with a quiz at the end of the cycle. To read more about Explore-Flip-Apply see www.cyclesoflearning.com.
Ramsey’s method hooked my attention right away. Using maps, images, video clips, audio clips, and primary/secondary sources, I also try to create an environment of curiosity by withholding information from my students. My first unit of study in fifth grade social studies is the Five Themes of Geography. To begin, I show the students a video of a family who owns and operates a large commercial farm. The video shows the students all five themes without labeling them. After the video, I ask the students to work in groups to come up with the five themes. Usually my students get two or three without having done prior study. Their homework then is to watch a video I create explaining the phases they missed. The the real magic in my classroom happens. During the Apply phase, I use Peer Instruction.
Peer Instruction with a few Twists
I use Peer Instruction in my 5th and 6th Grade social studies class in a number of ways. Here are five examples.
Traditional Peer Instruction
The first way I use Peer Instruction in my classes is through questioning. I display a question using a slide, have students answer that question individually using their hands, or occasionally software on the school’s iPads, and then I review the results. If too few students answer the question correctly, I cue them to find someone who has a different answer and try to convince them that their answer is correct. I notice that during their discussions their learning is deep, rich, and dynamic.
Teacher for a Day
Since social studies does not apply itself to equations, formulas, and theorems, I also have my students answer many different question types, including open-ended/”what if” questions about the events or topics we are studying. My goal is to create an environment where students practice thinking more like someone from the time period we are working on, or a historian. For example, one of our units covers ancient Chinese history. I break the unit down into smaller topics including geography, philosophy, empires, and the impact of the Silk Road. Through vegetation, climate, and population density maps, we explore why the earliest people settled where they did.
Revisiting the Five Themes of Geography, after my class has studied the themes, they have an opportunity to be a teacher for a day. I have them build a lesson to teach one of the Five Themes to the second grade class. To help their second grade peers, my fifth graders have created matching games, board games, puzzles, and even a scavenger hunt to help teach the themes.
One of my favorite learning activities where I put a twist on the traditional implementation of Peer Instruction is the Walking Gallery. Instead of posing a question on a slide, collecting student responses, and cueing students to turn to their neighbor and discuss, I ask students to draw pictures of a particular concept, topic, or idea. We then hold a Walking Gallery with the purpose of having students learn from each other’s drawings. I cue students to find someone who drew their picture differently from their own and instruct them to try to explain why their drawing was correct. As we move through the gallery, if I overhear a misunderstanding, I give a quick mini-lecture (no more than two or three minutes) to provide resolution.
Philosopher for a Day
During our philosophy section in 6th grade, we examine the works of Confucius, Daoism, and Legalism. After providing students with the necessary background material, I ask them to choose a philosophy that best suits their own understanding. I then cue them to find another student to pair with. I use clock partners with students to help with pairing so they do not always work with the same person. In their pairs, students answer a few questions based on key ideas in Chinese history. I rotate through the room and listen. If there are any misconceptions in class, I give a quick lecture to help move them toward my learning goals.
Emperor for a Day
When 6th grade students study about the emperors, Shi Huangdi, Liu Bang, and Wudi, we start by researching documents, listening to readings, and study artwork from the emperor’s time period. While these emperors never faced each other, they are linked as pioneers in China’s history. After analyzing the information on philosophies and the emperors’ themselves, students put their conceptual understandings of the emperors to work. Again, I pair students and ask them to take on the persona of one of the emperors and cue them to discuss topics such as education, war, expansion, and the Great Wall of China. Students learn a great deal through their conversations with one another – indeed they are teaching each other! I see this as the critical element in Peer Instruction: students learning from students instead of me. As a teacher, I have noticed that while I may teach a concept using the same words as one of my 5th or 6th graders, oftentimes they can explain it and use examples in a way that is more understandable.
By putting my own twists on Peer Instruction and mixing it with an inquiry-based approach, I have been able to challenge my students more. The most exciting thing is to see that when I use these methods, my students’ passion for Social Studies explodes. | <urn:uuid:1b093ad3-3125-48b5-af48-0cdca3e8fea3> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | https://blog.peerinstruction.net/2014/03/12/peer-instruction-with-a-twist-of-innovation-and-a-social-studies-teacher/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982939917.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823200859-00062-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.964169 | 1,962 | 2.796875 | 3 |
How Do I Treat Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness?
Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness (DOMS) is muscle pain or stiffness that occurs approximately 24 hours after an intense, exercise-induced physical activity. Some medical and exercise professionals also refer to it as “muscle fever.”
Some of the symptoms of DOMS include:
- Dull aching pain
- Pain disappears approx. 7-10 days later
Contrary to the recent popularity of “bootcamp” workouts and hardcore training regimes for marathons, triathlons, and other “ultra” type exercises, DOMS isn’t a new discovery in the world of physiology. It was, in fact, first listed in 1902 by Theodore Hough, assistant professor of biology at Simmons College in Boston.
What causes DOMS?
Intensity of exercise, not length, seems to be the main factor of DOMS. Although it is not completely understood, DOMS results from minute tears, or microtrauma/damage, in the muscle. In the past, sore muscles were thought to be merely lactic acid build up, but that’s no longer the theory.
Eccentric—or lengthening—exercises seem to be the root cause. Inflammation fluid then flows to the damaged areas for protection. Subsequently, this inflammation fluid pushes on the nerves causing pain in the swollen muscle.
Despite the pain you may be feeling, easy exercise may help alleviate the pain. This low-intensity exercise may also help to increase pain tolerance if/when you continue to participate in the activity that made you sore. Additional tips include doing anything that increases blood flow to the area like:
- Securing the area with therapy tape
- reIce baths
It’s also recommended that for future activity, you stretch and warm up your muscles. But don’t over do it. Be gentle and easy on yourself.
If you are healthy and between the ages of 18–40, you could be chosen to be part of an investigational study on a patch designed to relieve muscle pain and soreness. If you would like to learn more about this no-cost study available in Salt Lake City, Utah, please follow the link below.
If eligible, you may be able to take part in an investigational DOMS study conducted by JBR Clinical Research. It’s possible that, if selected, you could receive:
- ¥ Complimentary pain medication
- ¥ Compensation up to $800 for time and travel
Space in this DOMS study is limited. To see if you are a match, please fill out and submit the form at Jean Brown DOMS Study. | <urn:uuid:9fa7a085-fcde-48ad-984a-ca70499ae9d7> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://cenexelresearch.com/blog/treat-delayed-onset-muscle-soreness/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296950247.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20230401191131-20230401221131-00599.warc.gz | en | 0.935402 | 589 | 2.625 | 3 |
A spider’s web is an efficient passive trap used to catch insects. The insects unwittingly blunder into the trap and remain stuck in the silk threads until the spider comes to paralyze and eat them. Most webs are spun by species in the Araneidae family.
Not all of the threads in a web are sticky. The threads that form its rays are not. Only the silk that forms the spiral is sticky. The vibrations created by the insect as it tries to escape from the web alert the spider to its presence. The spider has special anti-adhesive hairs on its legs and travels only along the non-sticky threads so that it doesn’t get caught in its own trap.
Some spiders produce silk threads that are made of the most resistant material known on the planet. These threads are stronger than steel of the same thickness! Their elasticity is also remarkable – they can be stretched to two times their length without breaking. | <urn:uuid:e90c4f04-2039-490c-8e87-2b27a6749fbc> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | http://espacepourlavie.ca/node/3502?lang=en | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948513512.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20171211125234-20171211145234-00600.warc.gz | en | 0.96772 | 192 | 3.625 | 4 |
September 15, 2013 - Tropical Storm Humberto (09L) off West Africa
On September 11, 2013 Tropical Depression 09L had strengthened enough to become the first storm of the year to reach hurricane status over the eastern Atlantic Ocean.
The depression strengthened to tropical storm strength on September 10, then received the name of Hurricane Humberto at the first report of the National Hurricane Center (NHC) the next day. At that time the hurricane was located about 310 mi (500 km) west northwest of the southernmost Cape Verde Islands and carried maximum sustained winds of 75 mph (120 km/h).
Humberto’s winds peaked at 85 mph (137 km/h) later that same day, and continued at that strength through September 12 before the storm began to weaken. By the morning of September 13 local wind shear was having its effect on the storm, and Hurricane Humberto’s winds had begun to diminish. By 1500 UTC (11:00 a.m), Humberto had weakened to tropical storm status, with maximum sustained winds of 65 mph (105 km/h).
On September 14, Humberto had reached post-tropical cyclone status, with winds at 40 mph (65 km/h). According to the NHC, that morning the storm maintained a large and well-defined circulation, but had been without organized deep convection for at least 24 hours. They predicted that very strong wind shear, dry air and a track over marginally warm sea surface temperatures could result in a spin-down of the storm during the next day or two. However, Humberto may later regenerate into a tropical cyclone as it moves over warmer water and away from the wind shear.
The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) aboard NASA’s Aqua satellite captured this true-color image of the strengthening storm on September 10, as it was nearing hurricane strength. Near that time Tropical Storm Humberto carried maximum sustained winds near 65 mph (100 km/h) and was located west of the Cape Verde Islands. It was moving west northwest, away from the islands, and stayed over open water through September 14. | <urn:uuid:ab815df0-a872-4065-8b15-b531dd353791> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://modarch.gsfc.nasa.gov/gallery/individual.php?db_date=2013-09-15 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1412037663365.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20140930004103-00478-ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.969725 | 447 | 3.5 | 4 |
前言: 身為一位音樂理論的導師，我一直都很喜歡探究 music theory 如何與聆聽扣上關係。這個題目也有很多知名的研究學者發表過有影響力的文章。當然我這個入們漢也不想在這裡班門弄斧。所以，我這篇文章只算是評論這些大師的研究心得，讓有興趣的讀者對這題目有些了解。
Perception: A Perspective from Music Theory
Music and cognitive psychology seem to be inseparable. Since music is for listening, it involves human perception. On the one hand, musicians aim to discover the musical structure to gain better interpretation and understanding of actual compositions. On the other hand, cognitive psychologists tend to be more interested in exploring mental theories of how musical events may be perceived. But does music theory and music analysis relate to cognitive science? Nicholas Cook’s article attempts to distinguish the discipline of music theory from that of cognitive psychology. According to Cook, they are radically two different branches of study. He blames that cognitive or information theory places too much emphasis on psychoacoustical studies but overlooks the meaning and cultural value of music. Cook argues that there are potential pitfalls in applying general psychological theories to music without taking into account what listeners actually hear, and why. Listeners usually do not listen to music according to large-scale structures. In addition, Cook points out that studies on the recognition of intervals, chord progressions, and key centers are merely tests of ear training, but not to be considered as the significance of music.
Although cognitive experiments have been carried out attempting to prove that untrained listeners do not listen to music in the same way that musicians do, and what matters to them is not the same as what matters to music theorists. However, according to Cook, these experiments only reflect that interviewers’ responses are mainly a matter of playing game of language. The finding that the musicians and non-musicians are not bound by the same rule in listening is not an adequate basis for saying anything about how they perceive music in their own ways.
Cook also asserts that the next question showing the fallacy of cognitive theory of music is that no listeners tend to hear the tonal structure of music. Of course, there are a few exceptions to this. Composers, sometimes, would pay attention to the tonal structure of a composition. Milton Babbit, was being told in a story, that he could hear in his first time of the wrongly performed tone-row series in a serial composition. Boulez’s enigmatic tone-row series in Le Marteau is also another example to show the weakness of cognitive theory of music. Compositional grammar designed by Boulez is more or less different from listening grammar enhanced by listeners. If the composition is atonal, its tonal structure is less to be considered by general listeners. On the contrary, Cook’s experiment shows that the compositions by tonal composers have more psychological effects on the listeners and they can hear the change of tonal areas in the work. However, the radical question remains: do listeners hear the large-scale tonal structure of a work? Music theory seems to possess a hierarchy of analytical system in music: large-scale and smaller-scale analysis. However, Meyer criticizes such a hierarchy of analytical theory in music. The so-called deepest level of Schenkerian structure, the Ursatz, is simply an abstraction. It, perhaps, does not exist in perception.
Applying linguistic theory to analyze music, according to Cook, is also problematic. Grammar by definition is a finite set of rules that will generate all and only well-formed sentences in a given language. Music works do not possess unalterable set of rules in nature. We may often hear someone claims that Bach always broke the rules or rules are made by man, not man by rule. Hence composers always show no interests in following compositional rules. As a result, there are many factors that militate against the usefulness of explaining music in terms of strict grammars. Even though purporting to analyze musical sound, the transformational theory of music, as Cook claims, is better treated as a game of ear-training for musicians, rather than a real psychological perception of music.
In short, although Cook points out that there is a pitfall of mistranslation of different theories from different disciplines into music theory, he hasn’t suggested an infallible theory of music that can bind musical sound, psychological cognition and cultural parameters together. It is widely known that musical meaning is not confined to psychological cognition or political and socio-cultural associations solely. Different theories can more or less improve our understanding of music in a particular aspect. No matter developing theories from linguistic, scientific, acoustic, psychological, transformational, rhetorical, cultural, topical or aesthetic disciplines, each successful theory can contribute to the understanding of one of the most abstract form of art, music, in the world.
David Leung (theorydavid) | <urn:uuid:a8c3a315-e2bc-433b-98dc-ce10edcc86f2> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | http://www.davidmusiccenter.com/2011/04/%E8%81%86%E8%81%BD-%E9%80%8F%E8%A6%96%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%82%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96%E7%9A%84%E4%B8%80%E5%80%8B%E5%B1%A4%E9%9D%A2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703522242.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20210121035242-20210121065242-00721.warc.gz | en | 0.940486 | 1,189 | 3.1875 | 3 |
In the opening chapters of the Bible, the mystery of creation is presented in beautiful poetic language (Genesis 1 and 2). The passages speak of how God brought about this splendidly diverse universe by simply speaking the word of command: God said, ‘Let there be light’, and there was light. These passages point to the almightiness of the Creator who is not dependent on any pre-existing material to fashion the creation, but created it ‘out of nothing’ (ex nihilo), as early theologians of the Church pointed out. But Genesis is not the only book in the Bible that speaks of God’s marvellous creation. The Psalms contain some of the most eloquent statements about the Creator.
Psalm 19 speaks most beautifully of how the splendours of God’s creation reflect and point to the Creator. The psalm opens with this marvellous declaration: ‘The heavens declare the glory of God; the skies proclaim the work of his hands. Day after day they pour forth speech; night after night they display knowledge’. The psalmist celebrates the majesty, glory and honour of God the Creator as he contemplates His handiwork.
Christian theologians and poets throughout the centuries have insisted that it is possible to get something of a glimpse of the glory and magnificence of the Creator by prayerfully contemplating the created order. The poem of the great 19th century English poet, Gerard Manley Hopkins entitled, ‘God’s Grandeur’ immediately comes to mind: ‘The world is charged with the grandeur of God. / It will flame out, like shining from shook foil; It gathers to greatness, like the ooze of oil / Crushed …’ Together with the ancient psalmist, these Christian writers see the vestiges of the glory of God in the beauty of the creation.
But the ability to discern the Creator in the structures of the material world is not confined only to poets, theologians and mystics. Modern physicists and cosmologists are beginning to see that the universe we inhabit has an order that is profoundly, remarkably and delicately balanced. For example, in order for life to exist there must be an abundant supply of carbon, which is formed by the combination of three helium nuclei. But the combination must be so exact that if there is a variation of slightly more than one percent either way, the universe could no longer sustain life. Or take the distance between the sun and the earth. A modification of only two percent of the current distance, scientists say, would result in the total annihilation of life. If the earth is too near to the sun, water would evaporate and the earth will be too barren to sustain life. However, if the earth is too far from the sun, temperatures would plunge to the point that life is no longer possible.
Another important observation that scientists have made has to do with gravity and the amount of matter – i.e., galaxies, diffuse gas, ‘dark matter’ and ‘dark energy’ – in the universe. Again, the balance must be just right. This has led some scientists to conclude that there must be an extraordinary imposition of constraints on the initial cosmic energy density in order for a universe like ours to come into being. As British cosmologist and astrophysicist Baron Martin Rees put it: ‘If this ratio were too high relative to a particular “critical” value, the universe would have collapsed long ago; had it been too low, no galaxies or stars would have formed. The initial expansion speed seems to have been finely tuned’. Rees alludes to the anthropic principle, which is made popular by John Barrow and Frank Tipler’s landmark book The Anthropic Cosmological Principle published in 1986. The anthropic principle simply points to the remarkable and extraordinary combination of factors necessary to bring about the universe that we inhabit. Barrow maintains that this remarkable confluence of factors, which he calls ‘nice laws’, would be very difficult to explain without reference to God.
It would be too much to argue that the anthropic principle or the fact that our universe is so magnificently ‘fine-tuned’ serves as proof for the existence of God. There is a sense in which one can never prove (in the way scientists broadly understand the word) or disprove the existence of God. But it would not be outrageous (and here is the apologetic value of this discovery) to say that these scientific observations about the universe suggest that it is not unreasonable to postulate the existence of the Creator. In fact, as some philosophers and theologians have rightly pointed it, to suggest the existence of a Creator is arguably more credible than to suggest speculative theories like the multiverse. But for the believer, these scientific discoveries testify to the wonders of the creation and the ever-greater wonder of its Creator. They enable him to join the psalmist in declaring: ‘The heavens declare the glory of God; the skies proclaim the work of his hands’.
Dr Roland Chia is Chew Hock Hin Professor of Christian Doctrine at Trinity Theological College and Theological and Research Advisor of the Ethos Institute for Public Christianity. This article was first published in The Bible Speaks Today (March 2013). | <urn:uuid:c4b98689-b23d-42cf-bd17-33eaa3166ba1> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://ethosinstitute.sg/the-wonders-of-creation/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610704835901.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20210128040619-20210128070619-00096.warc.gz | en | 0.947496 | 1,099 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Electric motors and batteries have improved substantially over the past one hundred years, but today’s much hyped electric cars have a range that is - at best - comparable to that of their predecessors at the beginning of the 20th century. Weight, comfort, speed and performance have eaten up any real progress. We don’t need better batteries, we need better cars.
The 2010 Nissan Leaf and Mitsubishi i-MiEV have exactly the same range as the 1908 Fritchle Model A Victoria: 100 miles (160 kilometres) on a single charge
From about 1895 to the mid-1920s, and following the bicycle craze of the 1890s, electric cars shared the road with petrol and steam powered cars. EV’s were comparatively slow, heavy, and had a smaller range than their alternatives. During the very early years, however, electric automobiles were the most popular option for a short time, mainly because of two reasons.
Firstly, they were easy to start, while a gasoline car had to be cranked up and a steam powered car required a long firing-up time (not unlike a wood gas car). Secondly, there were few paved roads outside the city at the turn of the 20th century, which made the limited range of EV’s not that problematic. The production of electric vehicles peaked in 1912: during that time there were 30,000 EV’s on the road in the United States, two-thirds of these were used as private passenger cars. Europe had around 4,000 electric vehicles.
By 1912, the gasoline car had already taken over the largest share of the automobile sales (more than 90 percent). They were faster and could drive longer distances - not only because of their better range but also because of a more elaborate refuelling infrastructure. The rapidly expanding paved road network worked in their favour, too.
Internal combustion engines became much cheaper than electrics. In 1908, Ford introduced its mass-produced (and gasoline powered) Model-T, which initially sold for 850 dollars - two to three times less than the price of a similar electric vehicle. In 1912, the price of the Model-T came down to 650 dollars. That same year, the electrical starter for gasoline vehicles appeared, and took away one of the last selling points of EV’s. Last but not least, gasoline had become much cheaper than it had been at the end of the 19th century.
The only advantage left was the (potential) cleanliness and noiselessness of electric vehicles, the reason we want them back today. In 1914, Henry Ford announced the marketing of a cheap mass-produced electric vehicle, but this automobile was never produced. In Europe, electric passenger cars were gone in 1920, in the US they survived for a decade longer. Electric trucks, outside the scope of this article, remained successful for a longer period.
The manufacturers of early electric cars made several strategic mistakes. For instance, it took them until 1910 to develop a standard for the charging of the batteries. But, at the heart of the failure of the early electric car lay the limited capacity of the storage battery.
Then and now: 100 miles
If today’s supporters of EV’s would dig into the specifications and the sales brochures of early 20th century electric “horseless carriages”, their enthusiasm would quickly disappear. Fast-charged batteries (to 80% capacity in 10 minutes), automated battery swapping stations, public charging poles, load balancing, the entire business plan of Better Place, in-wheel motors, regenerative braking: it was all there in the late 1800s or the early 1900s. It did not help. Most surprisingly, however, is the seemingly non-existent progress of battery technology.
The Nissan Leaf and the Mitsubishi i-MiEV, two electric cars to be introduced on the market in 2010, have exactly the same range as the 1908 Fritchle Model A Victoria: 100 miles (160 kilometres) on a single charge. The “100-mile Fritchle” was a progressive engineering feat for its time, but it was not the only early electric that boasted a 100 mile range. I have only chosen it because its specifications are most complete, and because its range was certified.
The first electric cars (1894 - 1900) had a range of 20 to 40 miles (32 to 64 kilometres), still better than the 20 km “range” of a horse. The average second generation EV (1901 - 1910) already boasted a mileage of 50 to 80 miles (80 to 130 km). The third generation of early electric cars (1911-1920), including larger vehicles that could seat 5 people comfortably, could travel 75 to more than 100 miles (120 to more than 160 km) on a single charge - and this is still the range of electric cars today. (See our overview on early electrics for the specifications of individual vehicles).
100 miles = upper limit
In fact, the range of the Nissan Leaf or the Mitsubishi i-MiEV may be far worse than that of the 1908 Fritchle. The range of the latter was (officially) recorded during an 1800 mile (2,900 km) race over a period of 21 driving days in the winter of 1908. The stock vehicle was driven in varied weather, terrain and road conditions (often bad and muddy roads). The average range on a single charge was 90 miles, the maximum range recorded was 108 miles. (sources: 1 / 2 ).
In fact, the range of the Nissan Leaf or the Mitsubishi i-MiEV may be far worse than that of the 1908 Fritchle
The range of the Mitsibushi i-MiEV and the Nissan Leaf was tested in a very different manner. On rollers instead of on actual roads, and in a protected environment, but that’s not all. Both manufacturers advertise the US “EPA city” range, a test that supposes a 22 minutes drive cycle at an average speed of 19.59 mph (31.5 km/h), including one acceleration to 40 mph (64 km/h) during no more than 100 seconds.
Critics blame today’s manufacturers for not displaying the “EPA combined cycle” range, which also includes trips on the motorway (the “EPA highway cycle”). Contrary to vehicles with an internal combustion engine, electric cars are more fuel efficient in cities than at steady speed on a highway - an electric motor uses no energy when it is idling, and regenerative braking works best in city traffic. Darryl Siry, former CMO of Tesla, estimates that the correct range of the Nissan (and other modern electric cars) will be around 70% of the advertised range. That would bring the range of today’s electrics to the same level as the 1901 Krieger Electrolette (68 miles).
Even the “EPA combined cycle” figures should be considered as an upper limit. Firstly, with an average speed of 48 mph (77 km/h) the highway tests are outdated. Secondly, the range of a car is also affected by other factors: not only excessive speeding and fast accelerations, but also the use of headlights at night, the use of heating or air-conditioning, the use of other options onboard, driving over hilly roads or in headwinds - or all of these factors combined (the EPA has added new test cycles in 2008 to address these points, but the results are not yet available for the EV’s we are talking about).
Some of these factors not only concern today’s electrics, but also those of yesteryear. However, the Fritchle’s range was tested on varied terrain and in varied weather conditions, which was not the case for the Nissan or the Mitsubishi. Moreover, early electrics had no air-conditioning and few had heating systems - drivers and passengers dressed warm in winter. Mitsubishi warns its clients that the use of the heater might cut the range in half. All in all, the range of a 2010 electric vehicle will be closer to 50 miles (80 km) than to 100 miles (160 km). And that’s to be expected from a battery at the beginning of its life - after 5 years, the capacity will be at least 20 percent less.
In spite of this, the 2010 vehicle has a much better battery under the hood than the 1908 vehicle. The Fritchle Electric had lead-acid batteries, like all its contemporaries, with an energy density between 20 and 40 Wh/kg (early 1900 batteries had energy densities of only 10 to 15 Wh/kg). The Nissan and the Mitsubishi have a more powerful lithium-ion battery with an energy density of around 140 Wh/kg.
The Nissan’s battery can thus store 3.5 to 7 times more energy for a given weight than an average early electric from about 1910. This could have resulted in a vehicle with a 3.5 to 7 times better range (350 to 700 miles or 560 to 1,130 km), but this is not the case. The technological improvements could also have been translated into a 3.5 to 7 times lighter (and smaller) battery, and consequently a lighter and more fuel efficient vehicle, but this is not the case either.
The battery of the Nissan Leaf is only 1.6 times lighter than the battery of the Fritchle: 220 kg (480 pounds) versus 360 kg (800 pounds). The Nissan vehicle (including the battery) weighs more than the Fritchle: 1,271 kg (2,800 pounds) versus 950 kg (2,100 pounds).
Motor output, speed & acceleration
The most obvious difference between the specifications of the old and new cars is the power of their motors. The 1908 car had a 10 HP motor, the 2010 car has a 110 HP motor. In other words, the Nissan Leaf has the motor output of 11 electric Fritchles. The smaller and lighter Mitsubishi i-MiEV (1,080 kg or 2,400 pounds) has the motor power of 6.5 electric Fritchles.
The maximum speed of the Fritchle was 40 km/h (25 mph), the Nissan does 140 km/h (87 mph) and the i-MiEV is not far behind (130 km/h or 81 mph). Acceleration data cannot be compared, but there is no doubt that the 2010 cars will accelerate many times faster (and can climb hills much more easily) than their early 1900 cousins. Today, fast acceleration times are one of the selling points of EV’s.
The risks of more powerful electric motors were already recognized in the early 1900s. The Hawkins Electrical guide (1914) states:
“Very quick acceleration is an objectionable feature in electric vehicle design, because a vehicle constructed with this feature puts a heavy overdraft on the battery”.
A few years earlier, members of the Electric Vehicle Association of America tried to impose a standard maximum speed of 32 km/h (20 mph) for electric vehicles, because power requirements increased rapidly above that limit. They feared that higher speeds would threaten the all-important range of the automobiles. They did not succeed. Too many manufacturers tried to compete with gasoline cars (and with each other) by designing faster electric vehicles.
A car consumes 4 times more fuel to drive twice the speed, so it seems clear that velocity is the reason why the range of today’s electric cars did not improve in spite of better batteries. However, it is more complicated than that. The “EPA-city” range that the modern EV’s advertise, is based on an average speed of 20 mph or 31 km/h - below the 25 mph top speed of the Fritchle, and almost exactly the same as the speed at which the vehicle could drive 100 miles on one charge.
While high speeds are definitely a significant factor when considering the real-world range of today’s electric cars, it cannot explain the disappointing “official” range. Faster acceleration might play a role, but the EPA-tests described above do not consider aggressive driving either so there must be other factors at play.
Oversized cars & motors
The first is weight. While the battery of the Nissan is lighter than the battery of the Fritchle, the Nissan vehicle including the battery is 321 kg (706 pounds) heavier. Without the battery, the Nissan weighs almost twice as much as the Fritchle: 1,051 kg (2,310 pounds) versus 590 kg (1,300 pounds).
So while batteries became more than 3 times lighter in 100 years time, the weight of the vehicle itself (without battery) doubled. The extra weight of the Nissan already nullifies a significant portion of the progress: a 35 percent higher mass can lead to a 28 percent reduction in range (sources: 1 2).
The second factor is directly related to the massive increase in horse power. Electric motors are (generally) most efficient around 75 percent of their rated load. Their efficiency drops dramatically below 25 percent. The Fritchle was most efficient at a speed of around 20 mph. The much more powerful motor of the Nissan Leaf, however, is most efficient at a speed of around 105 km/h, far above the average speed in the tests. Today’s EV’s consume less energy at low speeds than at high speeds because of other factors, but compared to early electrics with their much less powerful motor they are probably less efficient at speeds of around 20 mph. (source - pdf).
Computers on wheels
The third factor is the electronics. Modern cars have, depending on the model, 30 to 100 microprocessor-based electronic control units onboard (source). These computers add weight but also consume energy in a direct way. Part of this direct energy consumption is not included in the EPA-tests - electronically adjustable windows and mirrors, for example.
However, many other electronics are activated whenever the vehicle is driving. Examples are power brakes, active suspension, safety sensors, dashboard instrumentation and the management of the battery itself (not required for a lead-acid battery but critical for lithium-ion storage technology). All this electrical energy has to be supplied by the battery.
The risks of more powerful electric motors were already recognized in the early 1900s
While a higher performance cannot explain the relatively low official range of today’s EV’s, all factors described above are at least partially a consequence of it. Lower speeds would make most safety-related electronics unnecessary and they would do away with the need for larger motors and batteries which, just like the electronics, add more weight.
Some of you might wonder why I don’t compare the 1908 Fritchle to the 2008 Tesla Roadster. This car has a range of 244 miles (393 kilometres), 2.44 times better than the old timer and the modern Japanese cars - and this according to the “EPA combined cycle”, not the “EPA city” figures. (Although the “EPA-combined” range advertised by Tesla is of course as much suited for a sports car than the “EPA-city” range is suited for a family vehicle like the Nissan Leaf ).
The Tesla Roadster is less progressive than it seems, though. The battery of the sports car weighs twice as much (450 kg) as the battery of the Nissan (220 kg). Since both batteries have a similar energy density, you don’t have to be a rocket scientist to calculate that the heavier battery has about twice the capacity: 53 kWh to be exact, compared to 24 kWh for the Nissan’s battery (and 16 kWh for the i-MiEV). Considering the fact that both cars have a similar weight, a 2.5 better range for a battery with more than double (2.2 times) the capacity is far from a revolutionary engineering feat.
Embodied energy of EV batteries
Doubling battery capacity is one way to increase the range of an electric vehicle (see also the Mini E, which sacrifices its rear seat for a larger battery and gets 104 miles), but this option is far from sustainable since it also doubles the amount of energy needed to manufacture the battery. It also doubles the costs, of course. The battery of the \$ 109,000 Tesla Roadster sells for \$ 30,000, as much as an entire Nissan or Mitsubishi vehicle.
Nobody has investigated how much energy it takes to produce a Tesla Roadster battery, or any other EV battery for that matter, but you can get an idea of it using an online tool from Carnegie Mellon University. Corresponding to these data, \$ 30,000 of economic activity in the storage battery sector (including the production of li-ion batteries) equals an energy consumption of 23,222 kWh - that’s almost 6 years of electricity consumption by an average British household. The battery has to be replaced after a maximum of 7 years.
The low “fuel” costs are only half the story if the “fuel tank” itself is that energy-intensive.
These figures suggest that the embodied energy of the battery - not considered in any research paper that investigates the ecological advantages of electric cars - makes up for a substantial amount of the total energy cost of an electric automobile. At the advertised energy use of 21 kWh per 100 miles, 23,222 kWh would take the Tesla 109,938 miles (176,929 km) far. That’s almost 30,000 km (18,600 miles) per year, or 80 km (51 miles) per day. The low “fuel” costs are only half the story if the “fuel tank” itself is that energy-intensive.
Today, just like 100 years ago, EV proponents are divided on the question of how to market electric vehicles. Some keep emphasizing the fact that most people never drive further than 30 miles per day - therefore the current batteries are well suited to perform their task. Most cars will be charged overnight, battery-swapping stations and fast-charging will do the rest.
Others, however, keep hoping for a revolutionary storage technology that will eventually give EV’s a similar range to that of gasoline cars. This belief is supported by press releases like this: “Nanowire battery can hold 10 times the charge of lithium-ion“. It is interesting to note that the arrival of such a miracle battery has been “just around the corner” for over 100 years now:
“A large number of people interested in stored power are looking forward to a revolution in the generating power of storage batteries, and it is the opinion of many that the long-looked-for, light weight, high capacity battery will soon be discovered.” (source, 1901).
“The demand for a proper automobile storage battery is so crying that it soon must result in the appearance of the desired accumulator [battery]. Everywhere in the history of industrial progress, invention has followed close in the wake of necessity” (Electrical Review, 1901).
Edison himself promised a radical improvement to the lead-acid battery at the turn of the 20th century. It took almost a decade before the Edison battery appeared on the market, and even though it had some advantages over the others, it was very expensive (the price of a gasoline powered Ford Model-T) and far from revolutionary.
The promise of a miracle storage technology reared its head again in the 1960s and 1970s, when electric cars went through a short revival:
“The consensus among EV proponents and major battery manufacturers is that a high-energy, high power-density battery - a true breakthrough in electrochemistry - could be accomplished in just 5 years” (Machine Design, 1974).
The range of most electric (concept) cars in the 1960s and 1970s was considerably lower than that of early 1900 electrics. This was because they were still making use of similar lead-acid batteries, while the cars themselves were already much heavier and more powerful.
Realistic electric vehicles - scenario 1
The miracle battery might one day arrive, but history teaches us not to count on it. What would definitely yield results, on the other hand, is to use existing technology and downsize the car. There are two ways to do this, as was briefly noted above. The first is to go back to early 20th century electric vehicles and equip them with modern batteries. This would extend their range spectacularly, as much as a (not yet existing) nanowire battery could.
If you were to put the lithium-ion battery of the Nissan Leaf in the 1908 Fritchle, the vehicle would have a range of about 644 km (400 miles). If you put a lithium-ion battery with the same weight of the Fritchle-battery inside, you get about 700 miles (1,127 km) range. Add to this the fact that we now also have lighter and more efficient motors (and other vehicle parts) and the range will become even greater.
Even with the headlights and the heating on, driving home over windy hills and muddy roads, such a car would give a safe and comfortable range, similar to that of today’s gasoline vehicles. Moreover, it would consume less energy: the Fritchle used around 7 kWh/100 km, the Nissan Leaf at least 15 kWh/100 km.
A better range is much more than a convenience for the driver. It would also mean that we need fewer charging and battery swapping stations, which would greatly lower the costs and the embodied energy of the required infrastructure. In short, slower EV’s would make EV’s a whole lot more likely. Interestingly, we don’t even have to streamline them. Early electrics had style, and at low speeds aerodynamics is not an important factor in energy consumption.
Realistic electric vehicles - scenario 2
Of course, slow vehicles with the appearance of a horse carriage will not appeal to everybody. But there is another way. We could also downsize the electric car by designing much lighter and fuel efficient vehicles. This is shown by a concept EV like the Trev. This vehicle’s performance is comparable to that of the Nissan Leaf or the Mitsubishi i-MiEV: it has a top speed of 120 km/h (74.5 mph) and it accelerates from 0 to 100 km/h (60 mph) in less than 10 seconds.
We cannot have it all: range, speed and size. And yet, that’s what we are trying to do.
However, its battery is almost 5 times lighter (45 kg or 99 pounds) and the vehicle itself (including the battery) weighs only 300 kg (660 pounds). In spite of its higher performance, it consumes as much energy as the Fritchle: 6.2 kWh/100 km, half the fuel consumption of the Nissan. Yet, the range of the Trev is similar to that of the Nissan or the Fritchle: 150 km or 93 miles. The reason is of course that if you design a much lighter vehicle, it will also have a much smaller battery that consequently holds less energy. With gasoline powered automobiles, the potential of weight reduction is much larger.
Nevertheless, a vehicle like the Trev would have almost as much benefits as a Fritchle with a 2010 battery. It would still require an elaborate charging infrastructure, but because of its much smaller battery it would seriously relieve the problem of peak demand: fast-charging could become a realistic option without the need to build hundreds of new power plants. It would also have the substantial advantage of holding a battery that is much less energy-intensive to produce.
We cannot have it all
Of course, there are many more possibilities than the two scenario’s outlined here. It would not kill us to drive at speeds of 20 mph, on the contrary, but there is so much potential in downsizing the automobile that we don’t have to go all the way back to the early 1900s to get a decent range.
We could tune them up a bit so that they could get 60 km/h or 40 mph (only sligthly faster than the 1911 Babcock Electric Roadster pictured above) and accelerate just fast enough to leave a crime scene or flee from a mad elephant.
At 60 km/h or 40 mph a trip of 600 kilometres or 400 miles would take 10 hours, instead of 5 hours at a common motorway speed. This does not sound like the end of the world. It’s definitely a whole lot faster than going by foot (120 hours) or by bike (30 hours). We could also equip the Trev with a somewhat larger battery so that it gets a better mileage at the expense of a somewhat lower speed. Or, yet another possibility: keep the Trev like it is but limit its speed to that of the Fritchle.
If we want more speed, we have to sacrifice range. If we want more range, we have to sacrifice speed. If we want to keep the (energy) costs of the charging infrastructure within reasonable limits, we have to sacrifice speed or size. The lesson to be learned here, is that we cannot have it all: range, speed and size. And yet, that’s what we are trying to do.
© Kris De Decker (edited by Vincent Grosjean)
Sources (in order of importance):
- “Horseless vehicles automobiles motor cycles operated by steam, hydro-carbon, electric and pneumatic motors“, Gardner Dexter Hiscox, 1901.
- “An illustrated directory of the specifications of all domestic and foreign motor cars and motor business wagons gasoline, steam, and electric sold in this country“, 1907.
- “The Electric Vehicle and the Burden of History“, David A. Kirsch, 2000.
- “The Electric Vehicle: Technology and Expectations in the Automobile Age“, Gijs Mom, 2004.
- “Histoire de la voiture électrique“, Philippe Boursin (website).
- “Motor cars; or, power carriages for common roads“, Alexander James Wallis-Tayler, 1897. Chapter on electric cars.
- “Court histoire de l’automobile électrique routière“, Bulletin de la Société d’Encouragement pour l’Industrie Nationale, July 1940 - June 1941.
- “Hawkins Electric Guide: questions, answers & illustrations - volume 9“, Frank D. Graham (1914). Chapter on electric vehicles.
- “Salon de l’Automobile: les petites voitures“, La Nature, 1901.
- “Motor vehicles for business purposes; a practical handbook for those interested in the transport of passengers and goods“, A.J. Wallis-Tayler, 1905
- “Les voitures Electricia“, La Nature, 1901
- “Electric and Hybrid Cars: A History“, Curtis Darrel Anderson & Judy Anderson, 2005
- “Tube, train, tram, and car; or up-to-date locomotion“, 1903
- “Alternatives to the gasoline automobile” (.pdf), in “The Steam Automobile”, Vol.17, No.1, 1975 . | <urn:uuid:bda52391-8ae8-4d10-9d3f-d5b604410291> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://solar.lowtechmagazine.com/2010/05/the-status-quo-of-electric-cars-better-batteries-same-range.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027319155.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20190823235136-20190824021136-00154.warc.gz | en | 0.955021 | 5,692 | 3.109375 | 3 |
Many Brands Inaccurately Label Melatonin Content in SupplementsThursday, March 02, 2017
Canada, March 2 -- According to a new study by a team of researchers from the University of Guelph in Ontario, many brands may inaccurately label the quantity of melatonin supplements. Melatonin is a natural sleep hormone which helps to maintain regular cycle of sleep and wakefulness as levels rise up at night and drop in the morning. People have long been taking melatonin supplements to help them sleep better or as a way to recover from jet leg. For the study, the researchers examined 31 melatonin supplements that were purchased from Canadian grocery stores and pharmacies. The supplements were from 16 brands that were either in the form of capsule, tablet or liquid. The findings of the study revealed that many brands contained much less or much more quantity of melatonin than what is recommended. The study also noted that out of 31 melatonin supplements, eight contained significant quantities of the drug serotonin, which is used for treating neurological disorders. The findings of the study were published in the Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine. | <urn:uuid:114bed15-ca50-4fdc-8430-4ea653c5787b> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | http://info.shine.com/article/many-brands-inaccurately-label-melatonin-content-in-supplements/19622.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371861991.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20200409154025-20200409184525-00110.warc.gz | en | 0.973005 | 219 | 2.71875 | 3 |
The Khazars were a Pagan civilization, and in a short period in history became the largest and most powerful kingdom in Europe, and possibly the wealthiest also. They brought with them their religious worship that was a mix of phallic worship and other forms of idolatrous worship practiced in Asia by other Pagan nations.
The Khazars were a fierce nomadic warring people who were driven out of Asia by numerous defeats by their neighbors. The Khazars invaded Europe over the land route between the north end of the Caspian Sea and the south end of the Ural mountains.
They moved West and conquered dozens mostly agricultural nations with very little resistance. This then became known as the Khazarian Empire.
For more than a millennium, the Khazars converted to Judaism for the better part of their last half of their existence until the fall of the Khazarian Empire in the 13th century.
This form of Pagan worship continued into the 7th century with vile forms of sexual excesses and lewdness indulged in by the Khazars as part of their religious beliefs. This form of worship produced to a large degree a moral degeneracy that the Khazarian King could no longer endure.
In the 7th century King Bulan, ( the ruler at that time ), decided to end the practice of Phallic worship and all other forms of idolatrous worship and to make one of three monotheistic religions (which he new very little about ) the new Khazarian state religion.
After a historic session with representatives from the three monotheistic religions, King Bulan decided to adopt “Talmudism” ( as it was known then and practiced today as Judaism) over Islam and Christianity and became the new state religion.
King Bulan and his four thousand feudal nobles were promptly converted by rabbis imported from Babylonia for the event. Phallic worship and all other forms of idol worship were there after forbidden.
The Khazarian Kings also invited large numbers of Rabbis from Babylon and vicinity, to come and open synagogues and schools to instruct the population in the new state religion.
During this time the Talmud was added to or altered to protect their state religion from any other outside religious influence and to prevent a return to previous vile worship styles.
The present day language of the Khazars is known as “Yiddish”. The Khazars adopted words to their requirements from the German, the Baltic and Slavonic languages.
The Khazars adopted a great number of words from the German language. The Germans had a much more advanced civilization than their neighbors the Khazars so the Khazars sent their children to German schools and higher learning institutions.
The “Yiddish” is not a German dialect. Many are led to believe that “Yiddish” must be German since it shares so much with the German language. The Khazars must have spoken some language when they invaded Eastern Europe.
“Yiddish” must not be confused with “Hebrew” because they both use the same characters as their alphabets. There is not one word of “Yiddish” in ancient “Hebrew” nor is there one word of ancient “Hebrew” in “Yiddish”.
During the 10th, 11th 12th, and 13th centuries the rapidly expanding Russian nation gradually swallowed up the Khazarian kingdom.
After the last and final blow from the Russians the Khazarian King and his twenty-five wives (all of royal blood), and sixty concubines emigrated to Spain with many family members and some went to Hungary and Poland, but the mass of the people stayed in their ‘native’ country.
After the fall of the Khazarian kingdom, the people were known as “Yiddish” in Russia and Eastern Europe. They still to this day, refer to themselves as “Yiddish”.
Jews of our era fall into two main categories the Ashkenazim Jew (common), whom in 1960 numbered around 11 million all together.
The term Ashkenazim Jew is associated with Germany, Hungary and Poland which shared culture and borders with the Khazarian empire.
The Sephardim Jews who numbered about 500,000 in 1960 and are the descendants of the Spanish Jews that were expelled from Spain by the Muslims in 1492.
Many of those people now are living in modern-day Israel. It looks as though 90% of them are probably descendants of the Great Khazars and never were descendants of Abraham.
Fred Millar / ABC Flash Point Religious News 2018. | <urn:uuid:d04d8bbb-ff9d-47a3-8d48-170f8fce8098> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://cosmoschronicle.com/the-khazarian-empire-was-established-in-100-ad/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618039610090.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20210422130245-20210422160245-00105.warc.gz | en | 0.97841 | 970 | 3.203125 | 3 |
staute of liberty
The statue of was brought to new york in 1886.She is someone who represent goodness.she is a statue for the fourth of july.she was made in France. Right now she is in the harbor of new york.She is the symbole of liberty. she was build in France . She is also someone who stands for goodness. | <urn:uuid:68f3e106-a965-4cef-b0dc-8f4114967e5b> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | https://tackk.com/rrmzlk | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917125654.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031205-00489-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.99379 | 76 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Every healthy boy and girl searches for the meaning and purpose of their lives. We ask why we are here and what we should do with our lives. Where do we want to go and be in the future? How do we think we can best get there? What should we strive for or should we strive at all? The search for meaning can be agonizing but it is part of human nature to ask, “Who am I?”.
But we do not search in a vacuum. That we search at all can be attributed to our genetic inheritance. Over the millennia our ancestors who pondered this question and chose and worked toward goals of mutual help and cooperation, prospered and multiplied relative to those who didn’t. While personal and family survival and wellbeing come first, working together with others enhanced the wellbeing of both. In a fascinating presentation at the Cato Institution, Nicholas Christakis, Sterling Professor of Social and Natural Science, Yale University, discussed his new book “Blueprint: evolutionary origins of a good society” He argued that the evolutionary survival of the fittest also favored (selected) those disposed to love, friendship, cooperation, and teaching. Homo sapiens with those qualities formed more successful and durable groups.
This happy genetic predisposition, however, was just the start, the foundation from which the search for the meaning of our lives was launched. The rest of the answer is the product of the values taught to us by, or absorbed from, our parents, family, and community and its religious and other institutions, and filtered by our reason, which is another capacity favored by evolution. The cultural values from which we learn what our peers value and respect in us can contribute to successful and prosperous societies (and their economies) or not. Children growing up in poor neighborhoods dominated by gangs are more likely to see success in terms of the demands of their gang. The esteem of their gang peers will be earned by very different behavior than in neighborhoods in which honesty and respect for the law are valued. Gang culture does not contribute to safer, more prosperous neighborhoods or societies.
Cultures that reward cooperation, honesty, and trust enjoy more successful economies as well. Financial wealth is only one source of esteem, however, and after being well feed and well clothed, the respect of our communities probably tops the list of aspirations for our lives. The cultural values in which we map out our goals profoundly influence the choices we make. Adam Smith’s “invisible hand” guiding our actions for our self-enrichment serves us individually and the society we live in best when functioning in a culture of mutual respect, honesty, and cooperation. In free market, capitalist economies, individual workers and entrepreneurs profit by satisfying the wants of others. Thus, competitive capitalism encourages a culture of serving others and such a culture encourages successful economies. These are win – win societies.
“The overwhelming weight of evidence supports the conviction that when human beings, created in the image of God as free, rational, social, and moral animals, are allowed to creatively serve each other’s needs and responsibly plan their own lives, they flourish. And when a nation’s citizens flourish, the nation as a whole flourishes as well.” “Dylan Pahman: Why-economic-nationalism-fails-conservatism”
So where should today’s Generation Z and Millennials look to find meaning and purpose for their lives? Most of us want to “do good” for our community, country and the world as well as for ourselves and our families. Will today’s youth see this marriage of public and personal good in the world of personal freedom and responsibility described by Adam Smith, or in the world of greater central government assistance (control) advocated by Bernie Sanders?
Sanders says he is a socialist, but I doubt that he means government ownership and direction of the means of production, which is the traditional meaning of socialism. Rather he seems to mean government provision of important goods in our lives (heath care, education, jobs, etc.) But the provider also determines what and how to provide. Are the key decisions in our lives to be made by each of us within the legal and cooperative framework of norms and support provided by our culture and government of limited scope, or to be determined centrally for our benefit by a larger more dominant government and its employees? Government employees no doubt feel good when they help others, but capitalism provides a financial reward for doing so as well. Human greed is more likely to be tempered by the requirements of success in free markets than in government bureaucracies.
Though the average family, and especially the poor, have never before had such wealth broadly defined, today’s world suffers many shortcomings. The social safety net of a properly limited government is not always effective or well designed. Each person in our newest generation in seeking the esteem of its family and community will ask how best to fix these shortcomings and to address and reduce the barriers to their’s and their neighbor’s fulfillment of their potential for a rich and fulfilling life. Will they turn to the “socialism” of Bernie Sanders or the individual/family-based free market model of Adam Smith?
So called “socialism” is enjoying a resurgence of popularity among American youth today. Even before Trump’s election a majority of 18-29 year old’s viewed socialism favorably. “Why-so-many-millennials-are-socialists” Why is this, given the strong theoretical and empirical case against it? For one they were not alive to see its greatest failures (though we now have Venezuela and North Korea). They seem to think of countries like Sweden as socialist. While the free market capitalist country of Sweden has a larger government than the U.S., it ranks only a bit below the U.S. on the Frasier Institute Index of Economic Freedom (8.07 versus 7.83 in 2015). For example, Sweden adopted a nationwide universal voucher program (school choice) in 1992, well ahead of the U.S. https://www.fraserinstitute.org/studies/economic-freedom
Like every generation before it, today’s youth wants to “do good.” They want to contribute to making the world better than it already is. Those of us who highly value our personal freedom as the basis of how we live and who have studied the weaknesses of government provided and guided economic resources [e.g., https://wcoats.blog/2020/01/25/crony-capitalism/] must take up the challenge of explaining the superiority of a family based social structure and honest, law abiding, mutual respecting, cooperative culture. While free market capitalism has produced incredible riches for almost everyone, its primary virtue, and potential appeal to Generation Z, is its promotion of caring for and serving our fellow man. | <urn:uuid:0c29810e-7926-49d5-85a7-4abbd096740a> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://wcoats.blog/2020/02/10/the-search-of-purpose-nature-and-nurture-genes-and-culture/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347390448.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20200526050333-20200526080333-00218.warc.gz | en | 0.958421 | 1,417 | 2.8125 | 3 |
TiWi is a WiFi technology developed by LS Research for different kinds of Bluetooth applications and wireless devices. The name of this tool is derived from the technology it is based on: Texas Instruments’ WiLink technology. This tool is integrated into a number of Bluetooth and WiFi devices, including the TiWi-BLE, TiWi-R2, and TiWi-SL modules. All of the modules making use of this technology have been certified by the FCC-IC and tested by the ETSI. This tool provides devices with wireless functionality, including receiving and transmitting Bluetooth signals.
The TiWi-BLE is an integrated, low-energy Bluetooth device and WiFi module. It is able to support wireless LAN applications over an SDIO interface, together with a host processor. It is a dual-mode device in that the Bluetooth and the WLAN use the same antenna port. Using a device’s transport layer, this tool provides a Bluetooth platform for users.
This Bluetooth and WiFi technology is also used in the TiWi-SL, a self-contained module, which means it has its own WiFi driver and TCP/IP stack built in to the device. This chip enables users to connect to WiFi signals in any location because of its universal IP connectivity feature. WiFi connection is easily established, even for devices connecting to a particular signal for the first time. | <urn:uuid:696a9baa-6566-43db-ad35-fbc38bedd04b> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | http://www.filefacts.com/tiwi-info | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376823303.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20181210034333-20181210055833-00155.warc.gz | en | 0.938522 | 274 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Crécy, Battle of, (English form: Cressy, August 26, 1346, an English victory in the Hundred Years' War. It was fought at the French village of Crécy-en-Ponthieu near the English Channel, as Edward III of England marched his army from Normandy to Flanders.
The battle proved that foot soldiers armed with longbows could defeat knights clad in armor and riding on horseback. This meant that the knight was no longer supreme and for this reason Crécy has been termed the "death knell of feudalism."
The victory also made England a military power for the first time. Some historians believe that Crécy marked the first use of cannon in warfare. | <urn:uuid:2c93440b-5cd6-4547-aca5-a36b53684319> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://history.howstuffworks.com/european-history/battle-of-crecy.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657123617.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011203-00245-ip-10-196-40-205.us-west-1.compute.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.977302 | 149 | 3.8125 | 4 |
The 2013-14 season of the UC Davis MIND Institute's Minds Behind the MIND series begins in November with nationally recognized MIND Institute researchers partnering with community representatives to provide the latest information on attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), one of many neurodevelopmental disabilities studied at the MIND Institute. Subsequent presentations focus on how technology can aid people with developmental disabilities and on new findings in autism treatments.
The first presentation in the series, “ADHD Grows Up: Transitions to Adulthood,” will be held on Wednesday, Nov. 20. The participants will include representatives from the MIND Institute’s ADHD Program, including Director Julie Schweitzer, Clinic Director J. Faye Dixon, Medical Director Murat Pakyurek, Professor Khyati Brahmbhatt, child and adolescent psychiatrist, all from the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences. Other participants will include Christine O’Dell, learning disabilities specialist with the UC Davis Student Disability Center, Jennifer Borenstein, a college counselor in private practice and Tomoko “TJ” Vidales, a professional coach and branch coordinator of Children and Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (CHADD) of Greater Sacramento.
After the presentation the attendees will be divided into two groups, one for teens and young adults with ADHD and one for their family members. Both groups will learn about the therapeutic uses of technology for people with ADHD. The teens and young adults will discuss myths about ADHD and the skills necessary for successful transition to adulthood; parents will discuss supporting their child with ADHD.
A discussion entitled “Using Technology,” will be held on Wednesday, Feb. 19. The members of the panel will be Maria Diez-Juan and Tasha Oswald, both fellows in the MIND Institute’s Autism Research Training Program, who are using electronic tablets as part of their research with children. MIND Institute research is indicating that use of this technology helps children with neurodevelopmental disabilities in reading comprehension and communication. Representatives of the UC Davis School of Education will demonstrate 'Navigate Autism,' a new website under development to disseminate information to families of children with neurodevelopmental disabilities.
April is Autism Awareness Month. On Wednesday, April 16, Sally Rogers, professor in the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and Judy Van de Water, an immunologist and professor in the Department of Internal Medicine, will provide updates on their autism spectrum disorder research.
All of the discussions will be moderated by Robin Hansen, chief of the Division of Developmental-Behavioral Pediatrics in the Department of Pediatrics and director of the UC Davis MIND Institute’s Center for Excellence in Developmental Disabilities.
The Minds Behind the MIND presentations are held from 5:30 p.m. to 7 p.m. in the MIND Institute Auditorium. There is no charge for attendance and no reservations are required. From 4:30 p.m. to 5:30 p.m. information about research studies related to the evening's discussion topic will be available in the MIND Institute lobby. Free parking is available on the street and paid parking is available for $6 in the MIND Institute parking lot. For further information about the presentations, please contact Terri Contenti, MIND Institute community relations officer, at 916-703-0289; [email protected]. | <urn:uuid:64b7f383-3e87-43e2-8322-192bd5c0caec> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | http://www.ucdmc.ucdavis.edu/publish/news/newsroom/8277 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948569405.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20171215114446-20171215140446-00475.warc.gz | en | 0.907032 | 709 | 2.625 | 3 |
Airshows are events where aircraft are exhibited, and aerobatic demonstrations are quite common for entertaining onlookers. As aerobatic demonstrations often include various tricks, maneuvers, dives, and other complex techniques, they require pilots with high skill to successfully and safely carry out shows. While a pilot will need to have ample ability to expertly maneuver their aircraft, they also rely on various instruments that provide them with the necessary information to do so. One of the most important instruments that airshow pilots consistently monitor is the airspeed indicator, allowing them to conduct various tricks and maneuvers without facing a stall.
Airspeed indicators are found on aircraft of all types, serving to measure the forward velocity of the vehicle. With airspeed values, pilots can determine the safest way to undertake banks and turns. For airshow pilots, having speed values is most important for avoiding stalling and maintaining spatial awareness. When an airspeed indicator conducts measurements, it determines what is known as the indicated airspeed. Indicated airspeed values are based on the relationship of the aircraft and the air surrounding it, and measurements are typically provided in knots or kilometers per hour.
An easy way to understand how airspeed is determined is to realize that it is a measurement of air pressure that is pushing up against the aircraft as it traverses the atmosphere. Airspeed indicators work through the utilization of the pitot-static system, which consists of pitot tubes and static ports that are situated across the fuselage. The pitot tube is placed in an area of the fuselage where it comes into contact with the flow of air, allowing it to measure what is known as dynamic pressure. Meanwhile, the static port is situated in a relatively undisturbed area where it can garner measurements on static pressure. These two pressures are then measured against one another with the use of a pressure diaphragm, causing a needle to move across a gauge for conveying speed measurements. While glass cockpit assemblies lack steam gauges, the process of conducting measurements is pretty much the same.
The airspeed indicator will most often be situated in the flight deck where it is easily viewable. For a traditional flight deck, the airspeed indicator will be part of the “six pack” alongside the attitude indicator, altimeter, turn coordinator, heading indicator, and vertical speed indicator. When piloting an aircraft, it is important to familiarize yourself with the various colored arcs on the airspeed indicator, those of which identify ranges of speed which vary from acceptable speeds to never exceed speeds that may cause damage to the airframe.
As an airshow pilot, one must operate their aircraft within the limits posed by the rules of physics, and airspeed indicators are an easy way to maintain safety while conducting daring stunts. As airshow piloting is different from standard flight, an airshow pilot must also be familiar with standard airspeed value deviations and unusual indications that actually spell a hazard. With practice and ample knowledge on how to use instruments, an airshow pilot can entertain with ease.
If you are in the market for top-quality aircraft instrumentation that you can steadily rely on for all your operational needs, look no further than Aviation Distribution. Aviation Distribution is a website owned and operated by ASAP Semiconductor, presenting customers access to over 2 billion new, used, obsolete, and hard-to-find parts that are ready to purchase at any time. With our RFQ services, customers can rapidly request and receive competitive quotes for their comparisons in a matter of minutes. If you have any questions or concerns regarding our offered services, give our team members a call or email at your earliest convenience, and we would be more than happy to assist you however we can!
Don’t forget, If You Want to Get A Competitive Quote for Parts Within Fifteen Minutes, You Can Simply Fill Out and Submit the Request for Quote Form.Request for Quote | <urn:uuid:d36a2091-53a7-4464-9659-f698d9945c0f> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.aviationdistribution.com/blog/the-importance-of-the-airspeed-indicator-for-airshows/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510259.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20230927035329-20230927065329-00643.warc.gz | en | 0.950128 | 786 | 3.34375 | 3 |
By IIT Kanpur (Centre ID: 8005)
Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh
No manager is mention.
This is an app designed for children to learn about the geometric shapes and their names.
The first level teaches the name of the shapes. This level confirms and tests the learning of the shapes by the user. The second level has matching shape with the appropriate shape. This will test the user gets confused seeing the shapes with other geometric shapes. This will also help in teaching the children about sorting based on the shapes.
The third level tests the learning of the names of shapes with the corresponding shapes.
This level tries to find out whether the user can name the shape by looking at the image.
Since the shapes and their names have been taught in the initial levels, the last three levels can be completed using logical thinking. Hence the sequencing of the shapes are given in different complexities in these levels. And along with the shapes sequence the concept of colour is also introduced in the last level.
This app will teach children about the various commonly used geometric shapes and to stimulate logical thinking and problem solving in children.
Date uploaded : Dec. 12, 2018 | <urn:uuid:f98b8e5a-049f-4a3c-96a2-2401045dd261> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | https://aakashlabs.org/ac/project/60/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376823817.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20181212091014-20181212112514-00458.warc.gz | en | 0.956516 | 239 | 3.203125 | 3 |
All First Year students in Rockford Manor take Business Studies.
Why study Business?
Young people are growing up in a global, dynamic world where new opportunities and challenges continue to emerge. Studying business helps to equip students with the understanding, skills and attitudes needed to participate fully in an interconnected world.
The following PowerPoint contains information on how students benefit from studying this subject.
Business studies encourages students to make informed decisions, to better manage their personal financial resources and to be adaptable, creative, and enterprising.
Business studies also improves their knowledge and understanding of good business practice and of business as a productive activity. Business studies provides an awareness, insight and positive attitude to entrepreneurship.
Junior Cycle Business Studies provides an excellent foundation for the three Leaving Certificate Business Subjects: Business, Accounting & Economics.
Further details of the curriculum can be found here:
CBA Information October 2020:
The written exam: | <urn:uuid:20f54de6-1e2e-4757-b963-1ee99ecfc7a7> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://www.rockfordmanor.ie/teaching-learning/junior-certificate-curriculum/business-studies/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038074941.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20210413183055-20210413213055-00047.warc.gz | en | 0.907545 | 186 | 2.53125 | 3 |
History Of The Ku Klux Klan Curiel 1Catherine CurielFlorida Gulf Coast UniversityFinal Project- The History Of The Ku Klux KlanCCJ 4601
History Of The Ku Klux Klan Curiel 2In the United States, domestic terrorism consists of reported acts of violence. The assaultsare local, as U.S. civilians or permanent U.S. residents have carried out them ("Ku Klux Klan: A History of Racism", 2011). Formed as a platform for white South opposition to the Republican Party's Reconstruction-era policies, the Ku Klux Klan (KKK), which was established in 1865, was spread to almost every Southern state by 1870 (History.com Editors, 2009). Its representatives carried out an undercover movement against White and Black Republican politicians harassment and abuse ("Ku Klux Klan: A History of Racism", 2011). While Congress enacted laws to curtail Klan extremism, its primary purpose was to revive white supremacy in the 1870s by democratic wins in southern state legislatures (History.com Editors, 2009). In the early 1920s, following a time of stagnation, white Protestants resurrected the Klan and staged demonstrations, parades and marches to condemn refugees, Catholics, Jews, Black people and mobilized staff. Ku Klux Klan crime, including assaults on pre-schools and churches and abuse on black and white protest organizations in the south, has also been growing in the civil rights struggle since the 1960's ("Ku Klux Klan Robes").In 1865, the first branch of the Ku Klux Klan was founded in Pulaski, Tennessee, by a party consisting of several former Confederate veterans (History.com Editors, 2009). The two first words in the name of the organization, which was meant to derive from the Greek term "kyklos ("Tattered Robes: The State of the Ku Klux Klan in the United States")." During the summer of 1867, the Klan's local factions gathered in a general organizing conference and formed what they termed "The Secret Kingdom of the South ("Tattered Robes: The State of the Ku Klux Klan in the United States")." The first chief or "great wizard" of the Klan was elected asConfederate General Nathan Bedford Forrest ("Ku Klux Klan: A History of Racism", 2011). The Ku Klux Klan organization, which was founded among the more conservative leaders of the
History Of The Ku Klux Klan Curiel 3Republican Party in Congress, culminated with the start of the second wave of post-Civil WarReconstruction (History.com Editors, 2009). The Senate adopted the Presidential veto on the Reconstruction Act after opposing President Andrew Johnson's fairly slow restoration measures in effect between 1865 and 1866 ("Ku Klux Klan Robes"). The South was split into five territorial districts according to its terms and each State had to follow the 14th Amendment, giving 'fair rights' to former Slaves and compulsory Gender Replacement by the Constitution (History.com Editors, 2009). | <urn:uuid:f157d7ee-fe3c-405a-9b75-edb530efdf81> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://www.coursehero.com/file/61785520/final-project/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585504.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20211022084005-20211022114005-00175.warc.gz | en | 0.934506 | 589 | 3.71875 | 4 |
Paul Andersen starts with a brief description of feeding methods. He then details all of the major parts within the human digestive system. This tour starts in the mouth, moves down the esophagus, through the stomach, small intestine, colon and rectum. He explains how all of the major macromolecules are digested and absorbed by the body.
Digestive System Review Worksheet - Winnie Litten | <urn:uuid:ae8e381c-6bcc-464c-8894-c5764e2f48d7> | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | http://www.bozemanscience.com/digestive-system | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440645257890.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827031417-00341-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.856029 | 84 | 2.578125 | 3 |
6 Awesome Hymns About The Cross
Here are six powerful hymns about the cross.
There is a Fountain Filled with Blood
William Cowper is relatively unknown hymn writer but his very stirring hymn, “There is a Fountain Filled with Blood,” is not. This hymn, published in 1772, vividly portrays how “sinners plunged beneath that flood lose all their guilty stains.” That’s the flood of blood that was shed for us at Calvary and was said that Jesus Himself “entered once for all into the holy places, not by means of the blood of goats and calves but by means of his own blood, thus securing an eternal redemption” (Heb 9:12) and singing of the thief on the cross, “though vile as he, wash all my sins away.” That’s not just amazing, it’s awesome.
Tell Me the Story of Jesus
“Tell Me the Story of Jesus” is a very powerful song that focuses on the cross where “they nailed Him. Writing in anguish and pain. Tell of the grave where they laid Him” since “Love paid the ransom for me.” What greater love is there than to die for the ungodly, wicked sinners who were enemies of God (Rom 5:6-10)? Fanny Crosby, who was blind yet saw the glorious Christ, would not let blindness prevent her from pouring out her praises for Christ’s love on Calvary. Ironically, those who see that are without Christ are blind but the blind saint, Fanny Crosby, sees what they don’t.
At the Cross
“At the Cross,” written by Isaac Watts in 1707 focuses directly on the cross where he writes “Alas! And did my Savior bleed? And did my Sovereign one die…for such a worm as I?” What humility but such a man and that’s the point. God resists the proud but only gives His grace to those who are humble. The chorus speaks of the day of his salvation, as he writes “At the cross, at the cross, Where I first saw the light. And the burden of my heart rolled away. It was there by faith I received my sight, And now I am happy all the day.”
Jesus Paid it All
“Jesus Paid it All” by Elvina M. Hall, released in 1865, has such moving theology which sings, “Jesus paid it all, All to Him I owe; Sin had left a crimson stain, He washed it white as snow” and “now complete in Him, My robe, His righteousness” and someday, “My ransomed soul shall rise [since] “Jesus died my soul to save.” This song is the theme song of Through the Bible’s radio program with Dr. J. Vernon McGee, who has now been with the Lord since 1988. Dr. McGee and his “Bible Bus” are still moving after all this time. He took all of us through the Bible but the Bible went through us.
I Lift My Hands
The great songwriter, Chris Tomlin, is a great praise song but like “At the Cross,” it looks closely at the work of Christ on Calvary as he writes and sings that “there is a river. That flows from Calvary's tree. A fountain for the thirsty. Pure grace that washes over me” which is the very reason for the title of the song, as he sings, “I lift my hands to believe again. You are my refuge, You are my strength. As I pour out my heart. These things, I remember.” This would make a great hymn for Easter or Resurrection Sunday.
The Old Rugged Cross
“The Old Rugged Cross” written in 1912 by the evangelist and song-leader George Bennard, gives the listener an accurate portrayal of the cross itself. The images we see of the cross in churches or on church steeples with fine, polished brass or stained wood are not what cross was really like. It was roughhewn lumber that had large splinters on each side from the saws that sliced through the wood. That’s the “Old Rugged Cross” that our Savior suffered, bled, and died on. Some people where a cross around their neck but that’s like wearing an electric chair or a syringe where death-row inmates are lethally injected. Then, the cross was an “emblem of suffering and shame” but the sinner, made to flee to the cross because of their sins, will naturally sing, “I will cling to the old rugged cross, And exchange it some day for a crown.” Can you sing that it was “on that old cross Jesus suffered and died, To pardon and sanctify me?” I pray it is.
There are so many other songs about the cross that I couldn’t possibly cover them all in one article. Songs like “Are you Washed in the Blood, Because He Lives, Lead Me to Calvary, Nothing But the Blood, Redeemed, There is Power in the Blood (love this one!)," and "When I Survey the Wondrous Cross,” so I apologize for not writing more about these but I thought I would at least mention them. The cross is foolishness to the world but for those who are being saved, it is the power of God unto salvation (Rom 1:16; 1st Cor 1:18).
Article by Pastor Jack Wellman | <urn:uuid:b3ed3900-4c37-4797-958b-7fb84a2f6436> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | http://hearitfirst.herokuapp.com/news/6-awesome-hymns-about-the-cross | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202804.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20190323121241-20190323143241-00066.warc.gz | en | 0.973712 | 1,193 | 2.65625 | 3 |
While the country is preparing to combat pandemic H1N1 influenza A virus, another outbreak of a virus called dengue is gradually escalating at an alarming level. City hospitals are seeing huge number of patients everyday. Health experts warned that if proper measures are delayed, the condition could be more fatal than that we are experiencing now.
On an average, around 15 dengue patients stay admitted in this hospital everyday with five to six fresh admissions daily since the end of July. Especially the children are the falling prey to the virus. Experts recommend that early recognition and prompt supportive treatment can substantially lower the risk of developing severe disease.
Dengue fever is caused by any type of four closely related dengue viruses and transmitted by the mosquito named Aedes aegypti. Human transmission takes place when the Aedes mosquito bites a healthy person and feeds on an infected person’s blood.
The principal symptoms of dengue are high fever and at least two of — severe headache, severe eye pain (behind eyes), joint pain, muscle and/or bone pain, rash, mild bleeding manifestation (e.g., nose or gum bleed, easy bruising), low white cell count in blood etc.
People should consult a physician and undergo diagnostic tests if they experience these symptoms. Experts recommend people to go to a hospital immediately if any of the warning signs appear like — severe abdominal pain or persistent vomiting, red spots or patches on the skin, bleeding from nose or gums, vomiting blood, black, tarry stools (feces, excrement), drowsiness or irritability, pale, cold, or clammy skin, difficulty breathing etc.
Most cases are of classical dengue and the symptoms and signs are mild and cured with symptomatic treatment. Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever (DHF) which is a dangerous form of the disease is responsible for death. It is expected to strike as previously identified dengue fever patients had become susceptible to this disease. If a clinical diagnosis is made early, doctors can effectively treat DHF using fluid replacement therapy. Adequately management of DHF generally requires hospitalisation.
There is no specific medication for treatment of a dengue infection. Physicians suggest taking rest, drink plenty of fluids to prevent dehydration, avoid mosquito bites while on fever. People suspected to have dengue should avoid certain analgesics drugs (pain relievers) — Acetaminophen, Ibuprofen, Naproxen, Aspirin or Aspirin containing drugs, experts warned.
Dr Shankor Narayan Das, an Associate professor of Medicine at Mitford Hospital, Dhaka said that there is lack of sufficient public awareness and inadequate measures. He said, “There is no need to be panicked, but people should be aware of. A person bitten with one dengue strain becomes immune to it, but if the same patient is bitten by another strain, the chances of contracting a fatal infection increases.”
“Our target should be aimed at providing life-long protection and we need to raise awareness among households,” he added.
There are not yet any vaccines to prevent the infection with dengue virus. The most effective protective measures are those that avoid mosquito bites. To prevent the spread of dengue fever, first we must prevent the breeding of its vector, the mosquito. It prefers to breed in clean, stagnant water easily found in our homes. Items that collect rainwater or to store water (for example, plastic containers, 55-gallon drums, buckets, or used automobile tires) should be covered or properly discarded. Vases with fresh flowers should be emptied and cleaned (to remove eggs) at least once a week. This will eliminate the mosquito eggs and larvae and reduce the number of mosquitoes.
Proper application of mosquito repellents on exposed skin and clothing decreases the risk of being bitten by mosquitoes. Using door screens also reduces the risk of mosquitoes coming indoors. Moreover, mosquito nets can play a crucial role preventing us from the bites, especially the children.
All dengue patients must be kept under mosquito net until the second bout of fever is over and they are no longer contagious. The Aedes aegypti mosquito is a daytime biter with peak periods of biting around sunrise and sunset. It may bite at any time of the day and is often hidden inside homes or other dwellings, especially in urban areas. So we have to use mosquito net in those periods.
Dr Md Rajib Hossain
Source: The Daily Star, October 03, 2009 | <urn:uuid:ad1f5dca-355b-404a-9d61-941b22eb4388> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://www.ebanglahealth.com/2032/dengue-set-to-peak-stay-cautioned/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662556725.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20220523071517-20220523101517-00652.warc.gz | en | 0.923554 | 937 | 3.0625 | 3 |
“If you believe people have no history worth mentioning, it is easy to believe they have no humanity worth defending.”
- William Loren Katz, Historian
For years, I have scoured the internet for disability history curricula. There are a few strong lessons scattered among a variety of sites. For instance, the Disability History Museum features seven well-documented lessons on 19th century reformers for grades 11 and 12 and college. Facing History and Ourselves offers extensive documentation and text-focused lessons on the American eugenics movement and its terrible impacts in Nazi Germany. CitizenU offers a fine lesson on Nellie Bly and her 1887 exposé Ten Days in a Madhouse. Find links to many primary sources and these collected lessons at the Emerging America portal: Disability History through Primary Sources.
Since 2016, more than 500 teachers have completed Emerging America’s workshop/graduate course Accessing Inquiry for Students with Disabilities through Primary Sources or the parallel course on teaching English Learners. We are proud to host a growing number of accessible lessons on disability history arising from those courses. (As of today, there are seventeen lessons posted; more are coming soon.) All lessons incorporate a Universal Design for Learning framework and a range of specific strategies and tools for accessibility. Topics range from the founding of schools for students with disabilities in the early 1800s to 1990 passage of the Americans with Disabilities Act. Lessons address 2018 Massachusetts standards from elementary grades to high school.
State Standards Summary
Parallel to efforts to increase the supply of disability history lessons, a growing number of states are expanding the range of topics required in state standards. Working with veteran teacher and Emerging America Teaching with Primary Sources Coach Wendy Harris, we recently scanned standards from all 50 states to learn how they address disability history.
- Nine states include the Americans with Disabilities Act. Several of these link the study of Disability Rights to post-WWII struggles for civil rights.
- Connecticut and California describe strategies to integrate Disability History into the curriculum. Oregon includes people with disabilities in a charge to study contributions by a number of groups.
- Three states include “eugenics,” including Virginia and Massachusetts which both require students to examine the 1927 Buck v Bell Supreme Court decision.
- Texas and Massachusetts are among a few states that include disability in discussion of Second Great Awakening reform movements.
- Alabama includes Helen Keller in a list of “modern women” of the early 20th century. (Birthplace of Keller, Alabama features her portrait on the state quarter.)
- I am hopeful about North Carolina’s newly approved, more inclusive standards.
- Find the robust list of Massachusetts standards on disability history with links to the lessons that address them on our page Model Lessons on Disability History.
- Still, thirty-one states make NO mention of “disability” in history standards. (Four of these states mention “disability,” yet only in the context of personal finance and disability insurance, with a couple including “disability” in the study of psychology.)
Call to Action
The National Consortium on Leadership and Disability for Youth reported (date uncertain) that 23 states adopted laws or resolutions calling for observance of Disability History Month each October. The Easterseals Massachusetts Youth Leadership Network launched the #teachdisabilityhistory campaign and advocates for curriculum and increased exposure to the subject. Join the effort by reaching out to legislators and state education agency staff in your state to share a list of vital standards.
We welcome updates and corrections to this summary! Contact Rich Cairn: [email protected].
See also my 12-2019 blog post, “Why Teach Disability History?” | <urn:uuid:99da5ff3-38db-41f6-9f05-2649b01d6edf> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | http://www.emergingamerica.org/blog/humanity-worth-defending-disability-history-state-standards-2021 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100304.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20231201183432-20231201213432-00212.warc.gz | en | 0.923155 | 765 | 3.609375 | 4 |
The dose of Ritalin (methylphenidate hydrochloride) the doctor prescribes will vary, depending on a number of factors, including:
* Your age
* Other narcolepsy or ADHD medications you may have tried
* Other medical conditions you may have
* Other medications you may be taking.
Dose of Ritalin for ADHD and Narcolepsy
For children age six and over, Ritalin should be started at 5 mg twice daily (before breakfast and lunch). If necessary, your child's healthcare provider may slowly increase the dose up to Ritalin 60 mg per day.
For adults with narcolepsy, the total dosage of Ritalin per day is usually 20 mg to 30 mg (divided into two or three doses). Some people may need less Ritalin, while others may need as much as 60 mg per day.
Hope the info helps? Please be well & safe, do not self medicate.
- Ritalin Information for Consumers
- Ritalin Information for Healthcare Professionals (includes dosage details)
- Side Effects of Ritalin (detailed)
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Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) - Why do parents want their children to grow up with
Posted 6 Mar 2013 • 4 answers | <urn:uuid:5c7cd8c6-037d-48f9-b88b-be9e645b18cc> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | https://www.drugs.com/answers/what-is-the-usual-adult-dose-of-ritalin-301020.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738661349.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173741-00007-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.871111 | 320 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Ever since we were children, we’ve all known how to at least tie one knot; the knot you use to tie your shoes. And when we think of knots, we think of knots like that, ones that are used to secure things, and are usually made out of one or two ropes. These knot are used a lot in sailing and everyday life, but they’re not the type of knot this Numberphile video is talking about. In the video, Carlo Séquin from UC Berkley tells you all about the type of knot he studies: mathematical knots.
Mathematical knots are very different from normal knots, the most striking difference being there are no loose ends in mathematical knots. Basically, mathematical knots are rubber bands twisted and created in a way so that they can’t be untwisted. As you’ll learn, mathematical knots are classified by the amount of crossings they have, i.e., when the knot crosses over itself. Overall, this video gives you a good, overview into mathematical knots, and is at the same time very interesting. | <urn:uuid:07c70c71-db8d-4471-82dd-3cb7f51f1a80> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | http://videoshakedown.com/2015/08/21/what-is-a-knot/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084893300.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20180124030651-20180124050651-00745.warc.gz | en | 0.952306 | 223 | 3.46875 | 3 |
In 1988 Cerezo, Godfrey and Smith at the University of Oxford applied a position sensitive detector to a time-of-flight atom probe, thus determining both the mass to charge ratio and the position of the ions simultaneously. This new instrument, which they called the position sensitive atom probe (PoSAP), enabled two dimensional element mapping with a subnanometer spatial resolution. Reconstruction of a series of two dimensional maps makes it possible to reconstruct a three dimensional element map, and hence this new generation of atom probes are generally called three dimensional atom probe (3DAP).
By measuring the time-of-flight and the coordinates of ions using a PSD, it is possible to map out two dimensional elemental distribution with a near-atomic resolution. The lateral spatial resolution is limited by the evaporation aberration that occurs during the ionization of atoms on the surface. However, the error originated from the evaporation aberration does not exceed 0.2 nm, and this is still the lowest of the errors achieved by any existing analytical instruments. The elemental maps can be extended to the depth direction by ionizing atoms from the surface of the specimen continuously, by which atom distribution can be reconstructed in a three dimensional real space. Since field evaporation occurs layer-by-layer in low index planes, the reconstructed 3D elemental map shows the layers corresponding to the atomic planes in the depth direction. | <urn:uuid:ce634792-b9ed-4b4c-ae68-a0887e389cd6> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | http://www.arc.nucapt.northwestern.edu/3DAP | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499816.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20230130101912-20230130131912-00457.warc.gz | en | 0.898822 | 286 | 3 | 3 |
A child born with a veil over her face is born with the amniotic sac unbroken during birth with the head still covered in the membrane or "veil." It is more common with natural births. It very rarely happens in the hospital because the water is often broken artificially.
A veil is also called a caul. Both are folk terms describing the amniotic sack or amnion when it covers the infant's head or face. A somewhat unusual occurrence with very rare health consequences, a child's birth with a veil (or caul) has been a traditional source of much folklore and superstition.
The veil was referenced in the poem "Infant Sorrow," by the poet William Blake. In England, the Pitt Rivers Museum, which specializes in English folklore, has several artifacts associated with a cultural obsession with veiled birth. One, a glass rolling pin dating to 1855, is said to have once contained a child's caul, then considered a sailor's charm. In Charles Dickens' classic "David Copperfield," published in monthly installments from 1849 to 50, the protagonist's caul is auctioned off as a talisman to prevent drowning.
Children born with this veil have traditionally been considered blessed, exceptional or gifted. The association of the caul with protection from drowning or safety at sea is especially prevalent. | <urn:uuid:c7eb310b-0bca-4099-8ac2-e0638cbd86e3> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | https://www.reference.com/health/mean-child-born-veil-over-her-face-3860e15b87c14306 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039744381.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20181118135147-20181118161147-00430.warc.gz | en | 0.973925 | 267 | 2.921875 | 3 |
DNS is one of the key ingredients of the internet and the world wide web. Without it you would have to type long numbers into the browsers address bar instead of convenient domain names like example.org. Humans seem to remember words better than numbers. In that sense, DNS is like the internets “phonebook”. To look up those numbers, which are the real address of (web)servers in the internet, every computer asks a so called name server to resolve a given domain name to its actual address.
But where do you get a name server address if you don’t have a name server yet? Well, most of the internet service providers just tell your computer to use their name server if you don’t have one already. Recently google announced their name server with a number which is quite easy to remember (126.96.36.199). So where ever you go you shouldn’t have to care about configuring a name server.
On the other side the name server provider can refuse to resolve certain addresses to an extend where it could be called »censorship«. A provided name server can be very slow and degrade your overall internet performance. Fun fact: Most of the times when people cry out “My internet is not working”, faulty or non-reachable name servers are involved.
Luckily DNS is very decentralized. Everyone can have its own name server. There is no magic to it and its very easy to do as well. Most users even have one pre-installed. Its called »bind«. Its quite easy to setup but there are other ones which are more convenient. I use »unbound« locally on my laptop. Where ever I go, I bring my name server with me. If something is not resolving or working, I have a log file to look into it. It allows me to block google tracking domains easily and offers speed and lots of flexibility. The best thing: It’s super easy to set up:
On Mac OS X with Macports run the following in your Terminal:
sudo port install unbound sudo launchctl load -w /Library/LaunchDaemons/org.macports.unbound.plist
Thats it. Test it in the terminal via:
dig www.slashdot.org @127.0.0.1
Now configure it in the Network Preferences as your DNS server and move on.
Packages for other operating systems should be available.
Why isn’t everybody using a local DNS resolver/cache?
Using public and well known DNS servers has a big advantage. Since all its users are contributing to its cache, 99% of the domains that need to get resolved are already in the cache. This saves time and bandwidth. As karsten pointed out in the comments, it wouldn’t be wise to switch completely to locally installed DNS resolvers. On the other side it has no disadvantages having a DNS resolver installed which is only running / used when you need it. Have a look at the comments for a more elaborate reply.
Instead of using GoogleDNS or OpenDNS only, look for other public DNS servers or set up one on your own for you and everybody else.
Even if you still don’t care to run your own name server, do yourself a favor and inform yourself about DNS. Its something, that doesn’t hurt to know and can be really useful. | <urn:uuid:f4bf8563-0c95-431e-9cab-bdf13edd04bc> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | http://smyck.net/2010/12/30/your-own-dns-server/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257832939.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071032-00213-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.930099 | 711 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Fall is the ideal time to plant trees, shrubs, vines, groundcovers and herbaceous perennials.
Cool fall temperatures are less stressful to plants than the heat of late spring and summer because there is less water loss from the foliage through transpiration. For us in south Georgia, these temperatures exist throughout the winter months also.
Plants established during fall require less frequent irrigation and are less likely to die from heat-related stresses than those planted in spring and summer.
Another advantage of fall planting is that above-ground portions of the plant stop growing and go dormant, which lessens the demand on the roots for water. Roots, on the other hand, do not go dormant and continue to grow throughout the winter. So when spring arrives, a healthy, well-developed root system will be in place to absorb water and nutrients.
Ornamental plant physiology is different from that of turfgrass physiology. There is little to no activity of warm season grass roots in the winter. This is why planting warm season grass is better in May and June. With frequent irrigation, grass roots take to the soil and become established.
Does this mean we absolutely cannot plant any ornamental plant during the summer? No, it does not. In fact, many professional nursery operators plant ornamentals throughout the growing season. When an older plant has established roots in a pot, transplanting into the ground is less stressful. Professionals know each plant's stress levels and water requirements. The key to summer planting is plenty of water. Without an irrigation system, this can be very difficult.
Before planting ornamentals, check soil drainage by digging a hole approximately 15 inches deep by 15 inches in diameter and fill it with water. If water is left standing in the hole after one hour, the site may be poorly drained and need improvements. If you plant in undisturbed soil, research shows digging the hole at least two times wider than the width of the root ball provides a more favorable environment for root growth. "Never put a ten dollar tree in a two dollar hole."
Organic and inorganic amendments improve growing conditions also. Organic amendments originate from something once alive: composted yard waste, livestock manure, or peatmoss. Inorganic amendments are mined or man-made, such as vermiculite, perlite, and sand. Inorganic amendments improve the structure and drainage of the soil. Organic amendments also provide nutritional value.
Go ahead and water the plants before removing them from their containers. This is because it is difficult to re-wet a dry root ball once it is in the ground. Sometimes roots become pot-bound, which is when roots grow densely along the edge of the root ball. Do not be afraid to use a knife to open up the root mass before planting. This encourages new root growth and allows water to move inside the root ball.
If the plant root ball is wrapped in balled-and-burlap (B&B), cut the wire around the trunk and remove the burlap off the root ball so it does not impede root growth. For large trees with B&B, removing the top third of burlap is sufficient. It is OK to create a small 4-to 6-inch berm along the perimeter of the planting hole to funnel water to the roots. However, rake away the berm a month after planting so roots are not later eroded.
Hold the fertilizer until the plant is established. Granular fertilizers can dehydrate the roots of new plants. Because the plants are stressed from planting, waiting to fertilize with a sprinkle of 8-8-8 or 10-10-10 is best. Additionally, organic amendments provide nutrients at planting without injuring roots.
And I save the best for last. How deep do you plant? I answer calls on many dying plants that were planted too deep. They can actually be planted to shallow also. It is best to set the top of the root ball level with the soil surface. Planting too deep restricts oxygen movement to the roots in which they suffocate. On the other hand, planting too shallow may expose roots to the sun and wind, causing them to dry out and die.
This article was based off UGA Publication, "Make Every Drop Count: Proper Planting Results in Healthy, Water-Efficient Plants.”
For additional questions, contact Thomas County Extension office at 225-4130. | <urn:uuid:c20638f4-51d1-413d-9b9f-b6325c28d240> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.timesenterprise.com/columnists/x666708940/Fall-planting/print | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394011210359/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305092010-00051-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.945308 | 898 | 3.453125 | 3 |
In many countries where schooling has been disrupted due to COVID-19, educators are seeking innovative ways to create quality learning opportunities for distance education and teacher professional development. This has been particularly challenging in contexts where teachers and learners may not have access to home computers or the internet. Educational podcasting provides a means to mobile learning through teacher-generated audio lessons, without the need for expensive equipment and institutional learning platforms. To address these challenges, COL has developed the following MOOC courses:
Mobile Learning with Multimedia MOOC (Introduction)
About the MOOC: The Mobile Learning with Multimedia course introduces participants to the use of technology tools that are readily available to them to develop curriculum relevant and pedagogically sound educational podcasts that are broadcast ready and easily accessible in low connectivity settings. Participants will learn how to use audio and multimedia tools to develop microlearning lessons as Open Educational Resources for delivery on radio, dial-in access, among other low bandwidth options for last mile mobile learning. | <urn:uuid:c1cef34a-7bb4-4132-8b88-f9a7a9915219> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://epic.colvee.org/resources/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030335059.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20220927225413-20220928015413-00404.warc.gz | en | 0.934519 | 201 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Some Ondo Philosophical Proverbs for Practical Living
AbstractAlthough proverbs play significant and varied roles among people of
different cultures, their function as bearers of philosophical insights is
particularly unique and amazing. Within the context of Ondo culture,
proverbs reflect the people’s attempt not only at abstract thinking but also
their depth of wisdom and the astuteness of their thoughts. In an attempt to
explore and document how Ondo philosophical proverbs rouse the unseeing
eye and alert the unheeding ear to the marvels of everyday realities, this
paper conceptualizes philosophy and African philosophy, bringing to the fore
how in Ondo society man abstracts on events, make generalizations,
understands the behaviour of their gods, reflects the ethics of society and
philosophizes concerning life and death, using proverbs as a primary
strategy. In each of the examples cited, an attempt is made to couch the
proverb in its original form. This is followed by its translation, theme,
function and finally its application to daily living.
Copyright is owners of the journal.
African Research Review by International Association of African Researchers and Reviewers is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License. | <urn:uuid:a2af7b08-603f-45d2-8f58-e6787e26a443> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://www.ajol.info/index.php/afrrev/article/view/43611 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046153857.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20210729105515-20210729135515-00412.warc.gz | en | 0.887381 | 273 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Nigeria’s President Buhari is launching what would be the biggest oil clean-up exercise the world’s ever seen…if he’s really serious
Could 2016 be the year that a proper clean-up of the oil-stained creeks and fields of the Niger Delta finally gets underway?
That’s certainly the promise of the Nigerian government, with President Muhammadu Buhari expected to launch the process at a ceremony in Ogoniland today, 2 June.
The president has already announced that the clean-up will follow a plan outlined by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), which in 2011 published the most detailed study to date of the spread and the scale of oil pollution in Ogoniland, as well as the impact it’s had on residents there.
UNEP’s researchers found that people had “lived with chronic oil pollution throughout their lives” and that pollution had contaminated the fields where they grow food, the water where they fish, and the wells from which they drink.
It is over 20 years since the writer and campaigner Ken Saro-Wiwa described his homeland as suffering from an “ecological disaster”. But UNEP’s findings revealed that, if anything, things have got worse, with new spills occurring every year and the oil operator Shell failing to properly clean them up.
The task that President Buhari has set his government is thus huge. According to UNEP, the environmental restoration of Ogoniland “could prove to be the World’s most wide-ranging and long term oil clean-up exercise ever undertaken”.
It could take 25-30 years to bring contaminated drinking water, land, creeks and important ecosystems such as mangroves “to full, productive health”. Furthermore, UNEP estimated that the first-five year period of the clean-up alone would require $1 billion, though the government has made it clear that it does not just want to address the problem in Ogoniland, but in other affected parts of the delta too.
There is no doubt that President Buhari’s commitment to this issue is welcome. However, in years of campaigning, we have seen similar promises in the past, with little actually changing on the ground.
For instance, in 1995, the year that Ken Saro-Wiwa was executed, Shell launched, with much fanfare, its own version the UNEP report, known as the Niger Delta Environment Survey. The company correctly identified that one of things holding the region back was the staggering lack of information and data relating to the pollution and its health impact.
Shell promised that the findings of this “independent” survey would be made publicly available and would be used by the government to “plan developments and minimise the impact on the environment”. But the survey, which Shell said cost $2 million and took two years to complete, turned out to be little more than a PR exercise. 20 years later, Shell has still not published it, despite promising to do so.
In 2007, the Nigerian government commissioned UNEP to conduct its own research, but progress has been extremely slow on that front too, even after experts uncovered health risks that required urgent action. In Ogale, for example, UNEP researchers found that water wells close to a pipeline operated by the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation were contaminated with benzene, a known carcinogen, at levels over 900 times above the World Health Organisation guideline. In total, UNEP found hydrocarbon contamination in water taken from 28 wells in 10 communities adjacent to contaminated sites across Ogoniland.
In response to these findings, Shell funded the construction of a water pipeline. But this only carries treated water to the people of Ogale and does not reach all of the other areas with contaminated wells. Last year I visited one of these areas, Ebubu, which is right next to Ogale. Understandably, the people there were deeply frustrated that the pipeline does not extend to their community and are worried about that safety of the water that they still have to drink. “The most important thing for us is to have clean water that we can give to our new born babies,” said one woman.
In 2012, then-President Goodluck Jonathan set up the Hydrocarbon Pollution Restoration Project (HYPREP) to implement the recommendations made by UNEP. But how HYPREP’s officials spent their budget is matter of speculation. The only obvious evidence of their work is in the red warning signs now posted next to contaminated creeks and spill sites. When I visited HYPREP’s ghost-like offices in Port Harcourt last year, it was clear that the organisation existed only in name. Before being turned away by a bored-looking security guard, I caught a glimpse of dozens of vehicles gathering dust in an overgrown car park.
For President Buhari’s plans to have even the remotest hope of success therefore, he needs to make sure that the people of the Niger Delta trust what he is doing. They need to trust that the clean-up funds will actually go on cleaning up the region and are not stolen or handed out to politically-connected contractors.
Shell’s ultimate responsibility
If the region is to be genuinely cleaned up, Shell also needs to act. The company claims to have improved its response to spills in the wake of criticism by UNEP’s scientists. But last year, Amnesty International and the Centre for the Environment, Human Rights and Development, which is based in Port Harcourt, discovered that the company had made false claims about its clean-up of spills in four locations in Ogoniland.
In each of these places, the company said its contractors had remediated the damage caused by oil spills, yet the signs of ongoing contamination were still clearly visible. It was also evident that Shell was failing to prevent oil leaks from these areas spreading into neighbouring forests, fields and streams.
In response to our report, Shell, and the government regulator which had signed off on the clean-ups, said that the oil we saw must have come from unreported recent spills, probably caused by thieves or saboteurs. They provided no evidence for these claims, which are disputed by members of the communities living next to the sites.
Despite recent divestments, Shell remains the largest oil operator in Nigeria, and its pipelines still criss-cross Ogoniland and many other parts of the Niger Delta. Regardless of the government’s wider clean-up plan, Shell remains responsible under Nigerian law for the clean-up and remediation of oil spills from its facilities, whatever the cause. Shell should not be allowed to hide its failure to clean up scores of spills behind the company’s publicly stated commitment to support the Buhari plan.
Abandoned to the mercies of oil companies
Finally, considering the recent wave of pipeline attacks in the Niger Delta, it might be tempting for the government to decide to focus on security issues first and then deal with the environment later. This would be a short-sighted mistake. As President Buhari himself acknowledged earlier this year, the two issues are bound together.
“The devastation caused by oil spillage has destroyed many lives and livelihoods and is clearly one of the reasons why many people in that region lost faith in government and resorted to the many criminal activities we are seeing in the region,” he stated.
He is right. The Niger Delta has been effectively abandoned to the mercies of the oil companies for decades. Countless communities have seen their only source of subsistence destroyed by oil. The government has failed to hold the companies to account, and it has often seemed that its only presence in the Delta are the troops sent in to protect oil installations.
President Buhari has the chance to break the cycle of abuse in the Niger Delta, if he follows through on this commitment to clean it up. But to do this, he has to ensure that the vested interests of the oil industry do not overshadow the real interests of the people of the Delta.
Mark Dummett is a Business and Human Rights Researcher at Amnesty International | <urn:uuid:880a1d3b-c502-41b6-aca9-e281c1d72063> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://africanarguments.org/2016/06/02/cleaning-up-oil-stained-ogoniland-aka-buharis-chance-to-break-the-cycle-of-abuse-in-the-niger-delta/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501170839.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104610-00531-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.972667 | 1,685 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Last month, the Radisson Blu Edwardian hotel chain in London launched Edward, a new chatbot in the messaging channel that provides guests at the chain with a virtual host who can handle routine questions and route requests for services to appropriate staff departments while freeing up the front desk staff for interactions that more directly require a human touch.
One of the unique things about Edward is that he is the first chatbot to leverage Aspect NLU, a linguistics-based natural language understanding engine, to syntactically and semantically analyze a sentence in order to extract the meaning and intent of an incoming freeform text. This contrasts with something like the early Facebook Messenger chatbot Assist, which provides an aggregated interface for multiple tasks, but requires you to choose items from menus via their numbers or one-letter responses from a specific selection. At the time of this writing, Edward classifies natural language text into one of 170 different topics, and 6 different intents (asking a question, requesting a service, etc) – leading to nearly 200 use cases – in order to serve the guests’ needs. And he has done this so far without leveraging machine learning.
Machine Learning vs. Linguistics-Based Approaches
Machine Learning is a powerful tool for classification tasks, and in the era of Big Data, it has provided useful and insightful tools for many problems. In a typical supervised task, machine learning is used to consume thousands of examples and their classifications in order to create a model consistent with those examples, which can then be used to classify previously unseen data. A binary classifier simply needs to answer a single question: does an entity belong to, or not belong to, a class? An example of this is the spam filter on your email inbox, working to classify whether or not a given email is spam. Many such filters start with a basic model and continue to learn as you confirm or reject their classifications.
A harder task is multi-class classification, where an item must be sorted into one of several competing categories. The challenge in these problems is to provide enough training data to illustrate the distinctive features of each of those categories. IBM’s GWYN framework, empowered by Watson and deployed in the new 1-800-Flowers.com digital ordering system, asks multiple questions in order to suggest possible flowers from the catalog. Users’ natural language answers lead to the eventual selections because the bot uses a model trained on a corpus of flower-ordering text to lead to a reduced selection of possibilities from the catalog. Relevant text to train on, however, can be difficult to come by; in the case of 200 use cases in the hospitality domain, unless all interaction between the front desk and guests in the past few years has been recorded, transcribed, and hand-tagged over hundreds of man-hours, that data could be nearly impossible to acquire. Edward’s natural language capabilities, on the other hand, are a generalized model tuned to this domain in a few months’ collaboration between the customer and a small development team.
Transparency and Control vs “Black Box”
Another interesting comparison between a proscriptive (rules-based) versus a descriptive (trained) system is the question of transparency and control. Edward’s internal logic is completely inspectable and easily modifiable by stakeholders. The product of many machine learning frameworks, on the other hand, is a “black box” that does not expose an easily-understood model to the observer; in the case of online learning such as what was employed by Microsoft’s chatbot Tay, the lack of direct control can have unintended but far-reaching consequences.
The Right Tool for the Right Job
Routinely tested on a corpus containing over 28,000 different domain-appropriate utterances, ranging from fully-inflected sentences to shorthand phrases, Edward achieves perfect scores. Data collection and analysis with live users is ongoing right now. The takeaway message from this might be that we need to remember the maxim regarding using the right tool for the right job. Machine learning brings powerful data-driven insights in tasks where data is plentiful and modeling by hand will not scale to real-life problems; top-down models may still rule specialized spaces. Different approaches have different strengths, and leveraging them in cooperation is the best way to approach these complex tasks.
Latest posts by Lisa Michaud (see all)
- CXP 17: Leveraging Natural Language Understanding for Self-Service Chatbots - June 19, 2017
- Je ne parle pas le français: Why We Need Multilingual Bots - April 17, 2017
- Data Doesn’t Lie – But it Doesn’t Tell the Whole Truth - January 24, 2017 | <urn:uuid:99f47553-0059-4ad0-8b42-9fec132e5f6d> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | http://blogs.aspect.com/learning-about-learning-and-the-natural-vs-artificial-intelligence-debate/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948593526.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20171217054825-20171217080825-00575.warc.gz | en | 0.91984 | 965 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Have you ever been puzzled by a faint noise nearby, trying to discover what it is? Maybe you turned your head or cupped your hand behind your ear, hoping to hear the sound better. What if we could make this cup huge? Some animals know the answer. Many animals with exceptional hearing have big ears. A serval (a type of African wildcat), for example, can hear a mouse wiggling its way underground. And bats, which rely on sound to help navigate in the dark, have notoriously large ears on their small heads.
In this activity you will design and test your own earlike "hearing aids," looking at animal ears for clues about what helps improve the auditory sense.
Sound travels through the air in the form of pressure waves. After these enter your ear canals (the holes on each side of your head), the inner ear (the part inside your head) jumps into action. It translates the sound waves into nerve signals—a sort of code—that are sent to the brain to process. It is only then that you hear the sound.
It seems like the inner ear does most of the work, so why do extensions of the ear that stick out on both sides of the head exist? It turns out these pieces—also called pinnae or auricula—act like funnels: They collect, amplify and direct sound waves to the ear canal.
Pinnae are not randomly created. Take the human pinna, for example. Its twists and folds are such that they specifically enhance sounds with a pitch that is typical for a human voice, a sound humans care about. They enhance these sounds up to 100 times and leave other pitches untouched. In other words, it’s a handy built-in listening tool that reduces background noise.
The human pinna also helps determine sound direction. Whereas sounds from the front and sides are enhanced by the pinna, those coming from the back are reduced. This leads to small differences in volume administered by our two ears. Together with the difference in arrival time, this helps us deduce the location of the sound source.
So now you understand a little more about the human pinnae. But what would it be like to have animal pinnae? Would immense earflaps (such as the ones elephants have) improve our hearing? Maybe we can try cupped pinnae that rotate? What about giant cones?
- Heavy construction paper
- A radio, CD player or other musical device with speakers or with a headset (Ear buds do not work well for this activity.)
- Two paper plates (optional)
- Markers or other decorative materials (optional)
- To prepare, you will create two or three types of pinnae. A pinna is the scientific name for the extension of the ear that sticks out from the side of the head.
- First, create a pair of cone-shaped pinnae, also called ear trumpets. Roll a sheet of heavy construction paper in a wide cone. One side should have a hole that is small enough so it can rest in your outer ear, near the ear canal. (To avoid injury, do not insert anything inside your ear canal.) Use tape to secure the cone shape. Build a second identical cone to complete your pair of ear trumpets.
- For your second pair, create wide and flappy pinnae, like elephants have. Lay two pieces of heavy construction paper on top of each other and trim the edges to create two elephant ear–like shapes.
- Optional: Create cupped ears by cutting a triangular piece from a paper plate. Imagine if your plate were a round cake, you would cut a quarter piece of the cake away and discard that piece. Holding or taping the two cut sides of the larger piece together creates a hole, making a nice cupped pinna to put on your ear. Make a second identical one for your other ear. Because you will put these pinnae around your ears, you might want to cover the cut edges with tape.
- Optional: Decorate the pinnae.
- Put the radio, CD player or other musical device with speaker on low volume, so you barely can detect the sound. If you use a headset, leave it on the table and put the volume on high so you can hear a faint sound without wearing it. Stand close to the speaker or headset, with one ear turned toward it. Leave enough space so you can put an ear trumpet between your ear and the speaker or headset. Listen to the sound. How does it sound? Faint, barely audible?
- Place the ear trumpets in your ears so the small holes rest in the outer ear, close to the ear canal. Point the wide-open end of one cone toward the speaker or headset. Point the other cone in the opposite direction (away from the speaker or headset). Your head should be at approximately the same position as in the first step. Listen to the noise. How does it sound this time? Is it slightly louder or fainter? Can you still hear the sound? If it is louder, turn the volume slightly down until you can just barely hear the sound. Remove the ear trumpets and listen again. Can you hear the sound from the same distance without the cones?
- Put the ear trumpets back on so the small holes are pointing toward your ear canal and one of the wide openings points toward the speaker. Test to make sure you can still hear the sound. Now turn your head so you are looking at the speaker and the ear trumpets are pointing to the sides. How does it sound this time? Are you still able to detect the sound?
- To test what cupped pinnae might sound like, cup your hands around your pinnae, curving them forward a bit. Listen to the faint noise while you look at the speaker. Does the hand help you hear the sound? Which hand position enhances the sound best?
- Animals often tweak their ears. Do you think tweaking your cupped pinnae will make a difference? To test this, let the cup of your cupped hand point toward the sound source, then downward and then backward (away from the sound source). Does a particular position help you hear the faint sound better?
- Some animals have huge, flappy ears. Do you think these help them hear well? To test this, place the wide and flappy pinnae—those that look a little like elephant ears—behind your outer ears so they extend your pinnae. Listen to the sound. How does it sound? Do you need to adjust the volume to make it faintly detectable? Turn your head to test all directions. Did these actions help your hearing?
- Because the pinnae are part of the ear, we tend to associate them with hearing, but maybe animals developed specific pinnae to help them in other ways. Can you come up with other reasons why animals might have large pinnae?
- Extra: Test your cupped paper plate pinnae the same way you tested the hand-cupped pinnae.
- Extra: To get a bit more creative, let’s mix and match outer ears. What happens if you combine an elephantlike pinna on the right side with an ear trumpet on the left? What happens if you cup your right hand facing forward around one ear and your left hand facing backward around the other? Close your eyes and listen carefully. How does the volume change? Can you also guess the sound’s direction?
- Extra: Look at the shape, position and direction of real-life animal ears in a book, on the Internet or as you come across animals in person. How do you think the characteristics of their pinnae help that animal? Might these pinnae perform other tasks beyond hearing?
- Extra: Use your best design to go on a noise detection quest. How many different sounds can you detect? Can you locate where they come from? You might be surprised how many noises you can detect just by directing your attention and listening carefully.
Observations and results
Did the ear trumpets and cupped pinnae improve your hearing when the wide parts or cups were pointed to the sound source but reduce your hearing when they were pointed elsewhere? This is to be expected, because pinnae serve as funnels for sound waves. Bigger funnels (like the ear trumpet or hand-cupping) collect more sound waves, so you hear the sound better. Because they are big, however, they can also hinder a sound from reaching your ear canal. That is why they made the sound appear fainter when you turned your head or cupped your hand backward (away from the sound source).
The big, flappy elephantlike ears probably did not enhance your ability to pick up a sound. One of their non-hearing uses is to help animals cool down. These ears are full of tiny blood vessels ready to release body heat. Humans sweat to cool down. Although large, flappy ears are useful, they are not generally useful as hearing aids.
Unlike humans, many animals can deliberately move their ears (beyond a wiggle, that is). Some (such as horses) can even move each ear independently. They point the cupped ear, as needed, to enhance a sound and localize the source. Your brain is not trained to use ears that move, so when testing different directions, you might have felt a little confused, unable to identify the source well. A similar confusion can happen when you combine different types of pinnae. To effectively use these new pinnae, you would need to wear them for a period of time to retrain your brain.
The human pinna helps you focus on interesting sounds by selectively amplifying sounds with a pitch similar to that of a human voice. The pinnae you created are too simple to amplify specific pitches but animal ears or hearing aids can. As sounds get processed, your brain further helps you ignore background noise. Your noise detection quest will probably bring interesting sounds to your awareness, sounds you usually ignore. Your designer pinnae might still be very helpful to detect and localize faint sounds.
More to explore
Sound Science: Where Did That Noise Come From?, from Scientific American
Amazing Animal Senses, from Neuroscience for Kids
Bats Show Ability to Instantly Change Their Ear Shapes, Making Their Hearing More Flexible, from Science Daily
Here’s How Birds Make Do without External Ears, from The Huffington Post
This activity brought to you in partnership with Science Buddies | <urn:uuid:6a6839b0-5879-4323-a24d-739ea2fdece4> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/ears-do-their-design-size-and-shape-matter/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320257.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20170624101204-20170624121204-00181.warc.gz | en | 0.938962 | 2,177 | 4.1875 | 4 |
Volume One of our handy glossary of commonly-used terms in U.K. education was such a success that our publishers have rushed out the second volume. We hope that you find this a useful tool in navigating the debates and discussion around education, both online and in real world situations.
the action of gathering a group of children together in order to watch a short video of an athlete doing something inspiring to uplifting music.
Bjork, Robert A.
/bjɔːk/, ˈrɒbət ˈeɪ/
cognitive psychologist, famous for his work on learning, memory and forgetting, and for…
Continue reading at: | <urn:uuid:9e203ef2-505e-48fe-992b-9c7b22dc0b66> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | https://theenglishechochamber.wordpress.com/2017/07/08/a-glossary-of-u-k-education-vol-2-jamestheo-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257645513.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20180318032649-20180318052649-00594.warc.gz | en | 0.924044 | 142 | 2.75 | 3 |
Protests are a consecrated right in a constitutional democracy. But to what extent radical/violent/illegal forms of protest can be accommodated without the breech in peace. Protests are crucial. But violent protests are more like Arnab Goswami’s debate coming into life, exhibiting facts but the mode of execution is defacing.
Democracy is defined by the event of disagreement. There will be difference in thought and opinion for every issue and amendment presented before the nation.
They have political agendas and game plays, whereas we common people resort to protests to express our resentment. Protests are essential for depicting public accountability and transparency in the government.
Why violent protests?
There is this myth in the Indian society that unnoticed/suppressed/peaceful protests are a sign of inefficiency of the protestors and failure of democracy. People don’t acknowledge the fact that in a developing country like India, destruction caused by violent protests will have a proportional impact on the economy, which will be remobilized through taxes liable by common man.
To what magnitude is this beneficial? Statistics show that the failure rate of violent protests is 73%. That 27% success rate at the cost of countless deaths, destruction of properties with emergency declared in nations.
Violent protests have changed the grammar of protests in India, it has become a strategy to defame and destroy the triangle of Indian Parliament-Executive-Judiciary. Also, sad reality of current political scenario is that the political mafia is guarding the constitution (can’t speak much about its sanctity).
There seems to be an unformulated contract among the political parties that violence is a mechanism to vent out legislative aggression.
Social constructivists might be proposing beliefs and ideologies of change. I do agree with the fact that change is the essence of progress and evolution, but just believing won’t elicit any response, actions will.
The 21st century politics are at cross bars with 20th century politics, so the way to deal with the contradictions and resentment also should change. Violence has accompanied all protests since pre-independence period and it’s high time to change the approach.
The prime purpose of the government is to maintain law and order and that is preferably to be done without breach in peace and serenity of the nation. The need of the hour is peaceful and non violent protest.
We should show resistance in a constructive way i.e. by forcing the officials to bring a turnover because there is a colossal difference between force and rampage (what happened with Dwayne Johnson and George (albino gorilla) in Rampage?).
It’ll be irrational of us to be a rebellion for the order that we are desperate to restore. You want something to happen; there should be a consistent and nonchalant way to get it done. Violent protests just threaten the social order and not reform it.
In such an inclination, we cannot expect a significant and positive change in functioning of the society. Speaking of facts and reality peaceful protests are more successful and impactful than violent protests because they bring widespread integration.
Who is responsible for provoking violence, the protestors or the law enforcement agency is yet another topic to talk about, but the essence of the protest is getting overridden.
Whatever the stimulation could be, when there is violence, it is the duty of the police to contain the violence and nobody can pass comments about it. When one is all prepared to go frantic and destructive, he/she shall be prepared for the aftermath too, because for every action there will be an equal and opposite reaction.
If we look at major protests and movements all over the world, for an instance; the Civil War and the present Black Lives Matter movement, the inconspicuous ethos was peace. And that is how there is a phenomenal wave of change as a consequence.
Quite contrary to this we have the Syrian war, where the driving force was violence. What did we achieve out of it? Middle East, a state of unrest. Violence can be the easiest and quickest way to attain salvation, but it comes with extra baggage of coercion and constraint. It acts as a widget imparting the fear of penalty, rather than celebration of victory.
This goes without being said, that it is high time the government realises that brutal and ruthless punishments should be incorporated as an amendment for a few crimes, considering the declining graph of humanity.
That is the judicial perspective; I shall not focus on that. But talking of the thought process for initiating a protest, our minds are not under our voluntary control.
Thoughts can be violent, the urge to sustain victory can get aggressive; but translating all of that into a peaceful and rather a non-violent protest is when democracy wins.
You cannot suppress everyone, nor can you surpass every contrasting opinion and move ahead. You have to amalgamate and coadjute every such thought to settle all scores and bring an affirmative change. That is when we can see a true constitutional democracy operating with indulgence and reimbursement at maxima.
Sometimes, I get into this paradox trying to understand the root cause for bureaucratic violence in establishing resilience. The vigilance we trot out while being a rebel, must be regulated at the time of electoral polls.
The democratic constitution of India has given us the right to choose our representatives and that depends on how observant we are. There is a major percent of population who are unaware of the current politics and are in a way vulnerable to political games.
One cannot talk about suppression, if he/she hasn’t exercised their right to vote. It’s easy to preach peace without having the intent to make it prevail. I shall not talk about the wrong doings now, but we ought to be unanimous with one voice.
One can resort to many strategies as an ignition for a peaceful protest. Political gatherings witness people in huge numbers, irrespective of it being the ruling or the opposition party. This should be the primary step in expressing our protest; social boycott of all political meetings and events. Democracy isn’t a cricket match, where we can support parties and expect an end result. One should understand that it has to be a collaborative effort of all the parties to deliver the best constitutional democracy.
In today’s world if there is something that has become a tangible necessity of survival, then that is social media. Social media campaign is another mode that is completely “duti-free”. There will be a monstrous reach of the cause and can get mobilized without much energy consumption. If you run out of options, you always have the conventional method of silent marching, setting up banners with slogans and caricatures.
As George Herbert rightly quoted, ‘where there is a will, there is a way’. Protestors for the right cause and with the right intention will not connect along the path of violence, if their struggle is for the good. Violence is only chosen when one wants to be in the limelight and get maximum media coverage.
I’d like to emphasize on the statement that protests and marches are necessary to effectuate change, but they ought to be peaceful and non-violent.
Considering the current political scenario, a lot of things have to change for moralistic and judicial reasons, but causing violent outbreaks just adds fuel to the fire and not put it off. Violent riots are blemishes in the canvas of a congenial society. It brings disruption in maintaining harmony and order in the society.
We should be considered lucky to be living in this era of evolution. The nations that adopted the democratic form of governance have seen commendable and productive amendments.
There is the hope of affirmative progress and sustenance. As we enter into a new decade, it’s our prodigious responsibility to transform India into a zero-tolerance zone for violence and violent protests.
Also Read : | <urn:uuid:960e03da-0d28-4bee-862c-11091b531316> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://crunchstories.in/nations-concord-a-persistent-conundrum/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711218.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20221207185519-20221207215519-00392.warc.gz | en | 0.942798 | 1,605 | 2.578125 | 3 |
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Related to particle physics: String theory, quantum physics
n. (used with a sing. verb)
The branch of physics that deals with subatomic particles and their interactions.
(General Physics) the study of fundamental particles and their properties. Also called: high-energy physics
the branch of physics that deals with the properties and behavior of elementary particles.
Switch to new thesaurus
|Noun||1.||particle physics - the branch of physics that studies subatomic particles and their interactions|
charm - (physics) one of the six flavors of quark
strangeness - (physics) one of the six flavors of quark
colour, color - (physics) the characteristic of quarks that determines their role in the strong interaction; "each flavor of quarks comes in three colors"
M-theory - (particle physics) a theory that involves an eleven-dimensional universe in which the weak and strong forces and gravity are unified and to which all the string theories belong
string theory - (particle physics) a theory that postulates that subatomic particles are one-dimensional strings | <urn:uuid:eddc0a9e-34d9-4cf1-b853-56667d2ef794> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | https://www.thefreedictionary.com/particle+physics | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934805578.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20171119115102-20171119135102-00146.warc.gz | en | 0.841485 | 252 | 2.765625 | 3 |
This mode is used when the sub-phrase talks of things that have not really occurred, but could or might happen.
One could call these hypothetical or conditional sub-clauses.
The Subjunctive Conjunct Mode adds the modal ending (-ah) to regular conjunct endings but without initial change.
... nāākah ...if she sees it (nāām)-(k)-(ah) ... ąąyąątakah ...if he wants it (ąąyąątam)-(k)-(ah) ... ąąyąątamąąnah ...if I want it (ąąyąątam)-(ah)-(ah) Ustah ngunāānŭtamoowŭnāānah amaxoon ustah ąąyąątamoowakwah. We won't keep the boat if we don't want it. (ąąyąątam)-(oo)-(w)-(akw)-(ah) Ktąąyąątamun=chih nāāmánah?Will you get it if you see it? (nāām)-(an)-(ah) Ustah ąąm kwutnumoowun ahtāāwąąnah. You should not touch it if I put it down. kwtunum vti1b touch s.t. áhtāāw vti2 put s.t. down
When used alone in a non subordinate phrase in combination with =chih (future) this mode furnishes 3rd person commands:
Nāākāā=ch. Let him see it. Muskakāā=ch. Let him see it. Naatukāā=ch. Let him get it. Pāātnukāā=ch. Let him bring it. Miichíitāā=ch. Let him eat it. Munāātāā=ch. Let him drink it. | <urn:uuid:45bc6384-05a2-4c7a-9abe-09e578b8018b> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | http://munseedelaware.com/mahican-vti/vti-conj-subj | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585381.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20211021040342-20211021070342-00668.warc.gz | en | 0.853791 | 466 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Designing tensor fields in the plane and on surfaces is a necessary task in many graphics applications, such as painterly rendering, pen-and-ink sketching of smooth surfaces, and anisotropic remeshing. In this article, we present an interactive design system that allows a user to create a wide variety of symmetric tensor fields over 3D surfaces either from scratch or by modifying a meaningful input tensor field such as the curvature tensor. Our system converts each user specification into a basis tensor field and combines them with the input field to make an initial tensor field. However, such a field often contains unwanted degenerate points which cannot always be eliminated due to topological constraints of the underlying surface. To reduce the artifacts caused by these degenerate points, our system allows the user to move a degenerate point or to cancel a pair of degenerate points that have opposite tensor indices. These operations provide control over the number and location of the degenerate points in the field. We observe that a tensor field can be locally converted into a vector field so that there is a one-to-one correspondence between the set of degenerate points in the tensor field and the set of singularities in the vector field. This conversion allows us to effectively perform degenerate point pair cancellation and movement by using similar operations for vector fields. In addition, we adapt the image-based flow visualization technique to tensor fields, therefore allowing interactive display of tensor fields on surfaces. We demonstrate the capabilities of our tensor field design system with painterly rendering, pen-and-ink sketching of surfaces, and anisotropic remeshing. | <urn:uuid:3ec7d630-0066-410f-8aa9-5cad7bf69981> | CC-MAIN-2016-22 | http://eecs.oregonstate.edu/node/666 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464051268601.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524005428-00068-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.91327 | 336 | 2.546875 | 3 |
To extend lifelong learning to Georgia citizens through unbiased, research-based education in agriculture, the environment, communities, youth and families.
- Agriculture and Natural Resources
- Master Gardener Extension Volunteers
- 4-H Youth Development
- Family and Consumer Sciences
What is Extension and what can we do to help you?
A partnership of the University of Georgia, the U.S. Department of Agriculture and counties of the state cooperating. UGA Cooperative Extension is on the forefront of food safety, technology, research, and education; keeping Georgia’s economy strong and making life better for Georgians.
UGA Extension Chattooga County links the resources of the University of Georgia, Fort Valley State University, and Chattooga County to provide educational programs, information, and assistance to citizens. UGA Extension Chattooga County helps the citizens of Chattooga County by addressing the following initiatives:
- Family and Economic Well-Being
- Conservation and Management of Natural Resources
- Agriculture Programming and Research Opportunities
- Improving Nutrition, Diet and Health
- Water Quality
- Youth Leadership
- 4-H Youth Development Program
- Service Learning / Citizenship
UGA Extension offers educational programs, assistance and materials to all people without regard to race, color, national origin, age, sex or disability. An equal opportunity/affirmative action organization committed to a diverse work force.
Local News and Events
Subscribe to our Email List for Program Announcements | <urn:uuid:ebe698dc-e8cb-4eb9-910e-8ecaff0bcdc6> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | http://extension.uga.edu/county-offices/chattooga.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794865456.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20180523063435-20180523083435-00070.warc.gz | en | 0.875689 | 299 | 2.546875 | 3 |
But as the families of the patriarchs swelled into tribes and at the same time began to move around more, patronymics or the names of fathers were used to identify who was meant. Thus, Moses anointed not any old Joshua to lead the Israelites into the land of Canaan but specifically Joshua ben Nun, Joshua the son of Nun.
The custom of using patronymics as surnames persisted in many cultures and is preserved in inherited family names today. In England, the descendants of the son of John might be known now as the Johnson family. In Ireland, Fitzgerald denotes the descendants of the son of Gerald. In Denmark, Sorensøns or Sorensens are descendants of the son of Soren.
Depending on the time and place, some patronymics, even when converted into inherited family names, kept the patterns of the original language. Thus, descendants of the son of a man named Moses (ben Moshe in Hebrew) are the family known as Benmoshe today. And another family descended from a forebear named Jacob are now called Jacobson. And the descendants of the son of Zion (Ben Zion) are proudly called Benzion! Some of my relatives now write the name as Benson, perhaps tired of helping people learn how to pronounce. I cringe at that change, fearing that soon no one shall know the names of the great man for whom the clan was named!
The picture is of Rabbi Chaim Ben-Zion Raskin, a Lubavitcher rabbi, born in 1864 in Belarus. He was devout and also veryprolific as were his descendants. Recently, it was discovered that 10% of the students at one seminary in Kiryat Gat in Israel were descendants of this man. A relative of mine? Perhaps, but the convoluted trails of families dispersed throughout a hostile world fleeing from oppression or seeking economic opportunities, often make a definitive answer impossible. | <urn:uuid:5dfa10f5-6b37-4ca5-a02e-d8f1a65cb1a9> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://tellingourtales.net/1/post/2015/08/whos-your-daddy-names-descending-from-the-patriarch.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806258.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20171120223020-20171121003020-00759.warc.gz | en | 0.974679 | 390 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Infographics are simply the visual graphic representation of data or information. Mostly, anything can be converted into an infographic. They have been in use for many years. The first recorded infographic, was in fact, sketched out in the year 1626 by a man named Christoph Scheiner, who used infographics to demonstrate the Sun’s rotation patterns.
Research shows that the search volume for infographics has increased by a whopping 800% between 2010 and 2012. Learn more about why these types of content are so popular in the following infographic by Graphs.net. | <urn:uuid:35a1588c-6299-4301-b3f0-fb7c720403a5> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | http://infographicjournal.com/why-infographics-are-so-popular/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982295494.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823195815-00055-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961549 | 115 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Search engine optimization (S.E.O) is the process of increasing the quality and quantity of website traffic by increasing visibility of a website or a web page to users of a web search engine. S.E.O differs from local search engine optimization in that the latter is focused on optimizing a business’ online presence so that its web pages will be displayed by search engines when a user enters a local search for its products or services.
E-commerce, also known as electronic commerce or internet commerce, refers to the buying and selling of goods or services using the internet, and the transfer of money and data to execute these transactions. E-commerce is often used to refer to the sale of physical products online, but it can also describe any kind of commercial transaction that is facilitated through the internet.
Whereas e-business refers to all aspects of operating an online business, e-commerce refers specifically to the transaction of goods and services.
The history of ecommerce begins with the first ever online sale: on the August 11,
1994 a man sold a CD by the band Sting to his friend through his website
NetMarket, an American retail platform. This is the first example of a consumer
purchasing a product from a business through the World Wide Web—or “ecommerce”
as we commonly know it today.
Social media are interactive computer-mediated technologies that facilitate the creation and sharing
of information, ideas, career interests and other forms of expression
communities and networks. The variety of stand-alone and built-in social media
services currently available introduces challenges of definition; however,
there are some common features.
- Social media are interactive Web 2.0 Internet-based applications.
content, such as text posts or
photos or videos, and data generated through all online interactions, is the
lifeblood of social media.
- Users create service-specific
profiles for the website or app that are designed and
maintained by the social media organization.
- Social media facilitate the
development of online social
networks by connecting a user’s profile
with those of other individuals or groups. | <urn:uuid:a82793ad-6920-499e-8766-bbac28fe57a8> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | http://www.getgodigital.com/service/services/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370500482.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20200331115844-20200331145844-00269.warc.gz | en | 0.927498 | 443 | 2.78125 | 3 |
All first-time parents are faced with a seemingly endless stream of questions, decisions, and unknowns about how to raise and care for their new baby. One of the big ones is whether to breastfeed or bottle-feed.
There are passionate proponents of both options, some claiming that breast milk is far superior to formula while others claim that there’s little nutritional difference, so why not take advantage of the convenience of formula?
Key Breast Milk Nutrients
Breast milk provides the nutrients your baby needs to grow healthy and strong, such as:
- proteins like casein, which helps build strong jaw muscles,
- fatty acids crucial for brain development, and
- vitamins that are vital for dental development.
All of these nutrients are important factors in helping reduce tooth decay once those baby teeth make their debut. One nutrient that breast milk lacks, however, is vitamin D, an essential component in good oral health because it helps the body absorb calcium. Older children and adults get vitamin D from sunlight, but that can be risky for babies, so formula and supplements are safer sources.
Facial Development And Bite
Leaving aside the nutrients of breast milk versus formula, studies have shown that the actual act of breastfeeding is better for a growing baby’s jaw and facial structure than bottle-feeding. Breastfeeding will help give your baby strong jaw muscles and healthy gums, which will decrease their chance of developing a malocclusion (bad bite) and requiring orthodontic treatment in their teens.
Breastfeeding And Tooth Decay
Most people think they only need to clean their baby’s gums after bottle-feeding because formula milk can linger longer, leaving sugars to start causing decay, but it’s just as important to clean the gums after breastfeeding. We also advise you not to put your baby to bed with a formula or breast milk bottle, as this can lead to a form of tooth decay known as “bottle rot.”
How To Prevent Decay
Whether you decide to bottle-feed or breastfeed your baby, it’s important to begin the fight against tooth decay before the first tooth even shows up. Simply use a gentle washcloth or gauze to wipe away any leftover milk. Once the baby begins teething and you see their new teeth start popping up, you can start using a baby sized toothbrush with a grain of rice amount of toothpaste to clean their teeth!
Don’t forget that new moms need to take care of their own teeth too!
We’ve Got The Answers
Along with these kinds of concerns, you probably have many other questions regarding breastfeeding and how it could affect your child. We’re here for you! Give us a call or come in and we will address any concerns you have!
Breastfeeding or bottle-feeding, the choice is always yours! | <urn:uuid:127f0582-a9c2-4025-b2f3-c40cbec3466d> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://healthykidsqld.com.au/lactation-specialist/breastfeeding-and-your-babys-oral-health/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679099281.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20231128083443-20231128113443-00081.warc.gz | en | 0.93169 | 589 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Schalkwyk, said, The passing of South Africas first democratically elected president, Nelson Mandela, in December 2013 sparked a global outpouring of grief. The world paused as we collectively reflected on the life of this phenomenal man, and celebrated what he had achieved, not only for South Africa but for mankind. Most of the places associated with his lifes journey teemed with visitors who dedicated private notes and flowers as tokens of respect and remembrance, as South Africans and indeed the world, tried to come to terms with the loss of the founding father of the nation.
Developed by South African Tourism in partnership with the Nelson Mandela Centre of Memory, the map highlights tourist sites as well as general places of interest in the four main provinces that defined Mandelas life. These include: the Eastern Cape, where he was born, grew up and attended Fort Hare University; Gauteng, where he worked as a human rights lawyer and became instrumental in South Africas political struggle; KwaZulu-Natal, where he was captured and the Western Cape, where he was imprisoned and ultimately freed.
To make it as easy as possible for people to personally experience Mandelas story, we have developed the Madiba Inspired Tourist Attractions map, that encapsulates the key points of his lifes journey, he added.
Since Mandelas release from prison in February 1990, a number of world-class museums, monuments and precincts have been developed to bring his story to life and to cater for the demand to better understand South Africas history.
The Madiba Inspired Tourist Attractions map includes well-known attractions such as UNESCO World Heritage Site, Robben Island, where Mandela was imprisoned and Mandelas house on Vilakazi Street in Soweto, the only street in the world to have had two Nobel Peace Prize winners as residents, Nelson Mandela and Desmond Tutu. It also features some of the lesser known attractions such as the Kliptown Open-Air Museum, also in Soweto, which marks the spot where the Freedom Charter was adopted by the Congress of the People. The Nelson Mandela Youth and Heritage Centre in Mandelas childhood home, Qunu, where he was buried is also featured in the map. Background information, contact details and approximate cover charge information for the various attractions and places of interest are also included.
In 1993, the year before Nelson Mandela became South Africas first democratically elected president, South Africa had 3.4. million international arrivals. In 2012 South Africa welcomed 13.5 million people to the country, of which close to 9.2 million were tourists (people who spent one or more nights in South Africa).
The numbers aside though, what has perhaps been our greatest inheritance for tourism is that Mandela has ignited people from all corners of the globe to come and experience South Africa for themselves. It is due to his vision and principles that our tourism industry has grown as much as it has since our first democratic elections 20 years ago when he was elected President of South Africa, added Schalkwyk. | <urn:uuid:ad0311dc-c349-4a37-ac56-47685a9d15bd> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | http://www.financialexpress.com/archive/south-africa-launches-madiba-inspired-tourist-attractions-map/1234450/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463609817.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20170528120617-20170528140617-00114.warc.gz | en | 0.977803 | 619 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Easter Craft Stick Puppets
This simple craft is just in time for holidays and once your kids are done making these Easter craft stick puppets they will be able to play with them which doubles the fun! We're making
Popsicle Stick Superheroes - Puppet Kid Craft Idea
Popsicle Stick Superheroes - this is a great craft for those crime fighting boys in your life, to get involved with, if they love the theme!
Math: Matching Quantity and Symbol
Many of our children are very interested in math! They have entered their sensitive period for numbers and all things related (see post on sensitive periods). The Montessori materials follow the developmental sequence of the child when they become interested in math. We have heard many voices saying the numbers which is called rote counting. This is when a child can repeat the numbers because they have memorized them. We have also seen some number recognition. This is when a child can… | <urn:uuid:aaf72970-f1b2-47be-ba32-57ec5ef67d47> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://www.pinterest.se/saaara4350/f%C3%B6rskola/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038075074.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20210413213655-20210414003655-00225.warc.gz | en | 0.954916 | 195 | 2.671875 | 3 |
First performed around 1600, Hamlet tells the story of a prince whose duty to revenge his father’s death entangles him in philosophical problems he can’t solve. Explore our Hamlet graphic novel to find illustrations of every scene in the play paired with helpful line-by-line translations of the original text.
A brief overview of the main characters in this play.
Hamlet's father's ghost reveals that his brother Claudius poisoned him. Hamlet vows to avenge his father. Meanwhile, Laertes advises his sister Ophelia not to fall in love with Hamlet, and their father Polonius agrees. Polonius then gives Laertes advice about how to behave while away in France.
Ophelia tells her father that Hamlet is acting strangely toward her. Claudius and Gertrude try to determine the root of Hamlet’s strange behavior, and recruit two of his friends, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, to spy on him. A troupe of actors arrives at the castle, and Hamlet devises a plan to use them to discover if Claudius killed his father.
Claudius and Polonius hide and watch Hamlet talk to himself, then decide that he might be dangerous. The troupe of actors perform a play that recreates Claudius’ murder of his brother, and Claudius flees the room, which confirms his guilt in Hamlet’s mind. Hamlet confronts Gertrude while Polonius eavesdrops from behind the curtains; Hamlet mistakes him for Claudius, and stabs and kills him.
Claudius decides to send Hamlet to England, where he plans to have him executed. Rosencrantz and Guildenstern try to ascertain the whereabouts of Polonius’ body from Hamlet, but he refuses to tell them and accuses them of spying on him. Horatio later receives a message that Hamlet’s ship was attacked by pirates, and Hamlet has quietly returned to Denmark. In the meantime, Ophelia goes mad with grief over the death of Polonius and commits suicide. Laertes returns from France and is devastated by his sister’s death; Claudius convinces him that it was Hamlet’s fault, and the two plot to kill Hamlet in a fencing duel. Laertes will fight with a poisoned sword, and as a backup plan, Claudius will give Hamlet a goblet of poisoned wine.
Hamlet and Horatio are talking with gravediggers in a graveyard when Ophelia’s funeral procession arrives. Hamlet is shocked and upset, and he and Laertes fight in Ophelia’s open grave until they are pulled apart. Hamlet reveals to Horatio that he forged a letter to the king of England, causing Rosencrantz and Guildenstern to be put to death upon their arrival there. Later, Hamlet and Laertes duel. During the fight, Gertrude accidentally drinks from the poisoned cup and dies. Hamlet and Laertes are both wounded by the poisoned sword at different times; Laertes dies, revealing the plot that he and Claudius had to kill Hamlet. Hamlet then stabs Claudius and forces him to drink the remaining poison. Hamlet dies, and afterward Prince Fortinbras arrives and orders that Hamlet be buried with honor. | <urn:uuid:557b03c9-7998-4b3c-8bb6-5e420f112c3a> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | http://angelchecks.org/index-39.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030335504.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20220930212504-20221001002504-00058.warc.gz | en | 0.952785 | 729 | 4 | 4 |
عنوان مقاله [English]
نویسندگان [English]چکیده [English]
In new approaches to rural and regional development, the surrounding areas of metropolitan cities is considered as a valuable capital which is dedicated to general and non-agricultural process to reach the goals of economic change. These areas are subject to significant rural-urban and return migration. Shandiz district with a population of 21 thousand and 315 square kilometers, located in west of Mashhad metropolis, because of significant functional changes has reached population stability. Migration is a movement to get adapted to economic and social changes and is the result of various elements. Therefore, in this study a variety of indexes in form of economic, social, environmental and human capital were analyzed as independent variables correlating with dependant variable-migration.
The main hypothesis of this study is that the variety of economic activities especially tourism, wood and furniture industries, retail business and restaurant industries has had significant effects in population increase in Shandiz repopulation.
This study is conducted in a descriptive-analytical comparative method. In this study, migration is the independent variable and economic, social –cultural, human and environmental indexes are dependant variables. Statistical methods used to analyze the variables include correlation regression, T-student, Chi-Square, U-Mann Whitney with SPSS software.
Results and Discussion
From 1996 increase in economic activities like wood and furniture industries, stonecutting, restaurant industries and second home increase have led to population stability in Shandiz district, located in periphery of Mashhad. From total number of 14 villages of 20 and more households, seven villages have immigration position. The study results, analyzed by correlation regression, T-student, Chi-square and U-Mann Whitney, show that there is totally significant difference between villages in term of migration situation in economic and human indexes. Considering human capital index, the following variables have paved the way to population stability: Variables related with literacy rate, skilled work force, aging population, poverty and variables related with economic capital such as employment growth rate in wood and furniture industries, tourism and retail business in attractive villages.
From 1996 to 2006 employment sectors have changed from dominantly agricultural to dominantly public services. This change was the same in native population and returned migrants. Therefore, the continuous increase in public services seemed unavoidable.
Agricultural changes between 1996 to 2006 reveal that was a decrease in irrigated farming lands compared to gardening and stockbreeding. Increase in gardening was the result of value-added, ownership stability, increase of second home and stockbreeding, due to low ownership of land and increase of restaurant industries have accrued the same time.
Many of functional changes in Shandiz district were the result of condense urban population of Mashhad. In fact, dependence of urban population to attractive surrounding of Shandiz and population movement have created a good opportunity for stable population and livelihood resistance. The condition of the study area, according to 'Oilman' and 'Whirs' theories are related to supplementary functions and integrity of Mashhad metropolis with its periphery areas.
Various and new sources of income, especially those which are related with tourism and local policy, including development of road infrastructures, increase in services and selecting the area as international tourism resort have been effective in stability of the population, return-migration and urban investment. As a result, villages attracting population are significantly different from other villages in economic and human indexes. The following are among the priorities of Shandiz: Land preparation plans stressing on proper utilization of farming lands. Maintaining the quality of environment, Expanding the economic and resort areas like gardens-parks, sport complexes for swimming and riding, Green-house culture, Comparatively small scale residential units and Local markets. | <urn:uuid:00fe8c3c-fbfc-4d01-aeeb-01c407d86ac3> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://jhgr.ut.ac.ir/article_24531.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571538.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812014923-20220812044923-00741.warc.gz | en | 0.937884 | 852 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Bottled water is getting the boot, from New York...
When NYU student Josi Riederer first heard about Food & Water Watch’s Take Back the Tap campaign, the need was clear. New York City’s tap water is known to be some of the best in the world. So why was the New York University campus, in the middle of Manhattan, still so committed to using bottled water? “It just didn’t make any sense,” said Riederer. Riederer is part a generation of young people that are critical of bottled water’s impact on society. Between the fossil fuels used to produce the plastic bottles and the fact that bottled water is mostly just tap water that costs nearly 2,400 times as much, young people see the wisdom in ditching bottled water.
Students at NYU have been fighting to Take Back the Tap since 2009, when members of NYU’s Earth Matters club launched the NYU Take Back the Tap campaign. Shortly thereafter, NYU Take Back the Tap got campus administration to exclude bottled water from meal plans for on-campus dining facilities. Since then, Take Back the Tap students have been pushing NYU to reduce bottled water use and expand access to water fill stations.
Recently, NYU students landed another victory, as NYU announced plans to move away from bottled water. On February 14, NYU President Hamilton went public with its “bottle ban” policy, which declares that as of January 1, 2020, NYU will halt spending on all single-use plastic water bottles. Follow-up emails with university administrators clarified that this meant bottled water will no longer be purchased by the university for events, and water coolers that use 5- and 10-gallon jugs will be replaced with in-line filtered water coolers.
It’s not just the big private university in New York moving away from bottled water. A few weeks ago, the Board of Trustees for the California State University (CSU) system announced that all 23 of its campuses would phase out all single-use plastics by 2023, including bottled water, plastic bags, and even plastic straws.
Similar to NYU, Cal State students have been agitating for an end to bottled water for years. Back in 2011, Take Back the Tap student activists made Humboldt State University the first CSU campus to go completely, 100% bottled water-free. Humboldt State was the first public university in California to get rid of bottled water, and only the third nationwide.
Kylee Singh, one of the Humboldt State University Take Back the Tap organizers, remembers this victory. “It’s so great to know that the hard work we put in nearly 10 years ago at HSU has made a lasting impact,” said Singh. “And not only at our alma mater, but now across the 23 CSU campuses!”
Over the past 9 years, Take Back the Tap students have been organizing on 11 different campuses to bring that change to their campus. “We’re obviously very excited,” said Nicholas Priddy, Take Back the Tap activist at California State University at Northridge. “Students and faculty have been fighting plastic bottles for years.”
But do these changes go far enough?
While students at NYU and Cal State schools are celebrating these announcements, concerns remain about how these new policies will be implemented. At NYU, Take Back the Tap student organizer Angela Scafidi has already been hearing more and more about loopholes in the new “bottle ban”. “We're very happy that NYU is finally taking a step towards solving our plastic waste problem," said Scafidi. “However, bottled water will still be sold in vending machines and in our campus grocery store, and NYU is still maintaining its contract with Coca-Cola. This really isn’t a bottle ban."
And at CSU campuses, students are calling for quicker changes. “2023 is a long way off,” said Michelle Allen, another Take Back the Tap activist at Cal State Northridge. “We want Northridge to show the rest of the CSU’s that banning the bottle can happen now.”
With these changes in the works, student activists can taste victory, even if ultimate victory isn’t yet in their grasp.
Help us fund work like the campus program to help students like this continue their work – together, we can achieve significant wins to stop polluting our planet. | <urn:uuid:81b36f25-1009-415e-9fc8-6532980187b1> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/insight/students-taste-victory-their-campuses-move-away-bottled-water | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202326.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20190320105319-20190320131319-00280.warc.gz | en | 0.958644 | 933 | 2.671875 | 3 |
In Jewish history, there is a hardly an object more expounded upon than the burning bush. Its symbolism is analyzed, its significance expounded upon, and its impact is noted for generations. This week, rather than discuss the actual burning bush and its meaning, I’d like to view the event from a totally different approach — Moshe’s.
The Torah tells us in Exodus 3:1- 4 that Moshe was shepherding the sheep of Yisro, his father-in-law, when, “an angel of G-d appeared to him in a blaze of fire from amidst the bush. Moshe saw the event and behold, the bush was burning in fire and yet the bush was not consumed. Moshe said, ‘I will turn from my course and see the marvelous sight — why does the bush not burn?’ Hashem saw that Moshe turned from his path to see the sight and He called out to him from amidst the bush and said, ‘Moshe Moshe… ‘” The conversation ultimately leads to our exodus from Egypt.
However, the entire narrative, from the moment that Moshe notices the burning bush until Hashem speaks to him from its midst, seems overstated. After Moshe sees the amazing sight, why does the Torah mention that Moshe says “I will go look at the amazing sight?” Further, why does the Torah preface Hashem’s charge to Moshe with the words, ” Hashem saw that Moshe turned from his path to see the sight, and He called out to him from amidst the bush?” It seems that only after Hashem openly acknowledges Moshe’s interest in the spectacle does he call out, “Moshe, Moshe,” thus beginning the process of redemption.
The Torah, which never uses needless words, could have simply stated, ” Moshe saw that the bush was burning and yet the bush was not consumed. Moshe turned to marvelous sight, and Hashem called out to him from amidst the bush and said, ‘Moshe Moshe… ‘”
The Midrash Tanchuma expounds upon the verse, “Moshe turned from his path to see the sight.” There is an argument whether he took three steps or just craned his neck. The Midrash continues. Hashem said, “you pained yourself to look, I swear you are worthy that I reveal myself to you.”
The Medrash was definitely bothered by the extra wording regarding Moshe’s decision to look and Hashem’s open commendation of that decision. But it is still very difficult to understand. Moshe sees a spectacle of miraculous proportions and looks. Why is that such a meritorious act? Doesn’t everyone run to a fire? Aren’t there hoards that gather to witness amazing events?
In the early 1920’s, Silas Hardoon, a Sephardic Jewish millionaire, made his fortune living in China. Childless, he began to give his money away to Chinese charities. One night his father appeared in a dream and implored him to do something for his own people. Silas shrugged it off. After all, there were hardly any of his people in China. But the dreams persisted, and Silas decided to act. The next day he spoke to Chacham Ibraham, a Sephardic Rabbi who led the tiny Chinese Jewish community. The Chacham’s advice sounded stranger than the dreams. He told Silas to build a beautiful synagogue in the center of Shanghai. It should contain more than 400 seats, a kitchen, and a dining room. Mr. Hardoon followed the charge to the letter. He named the shul “Bais Aharon” in memory of his father. A few years later Mr. Hardoon died leaving barely a minyan to enjoy a magnificent edifice, leaving a community to question the necessity of the tremendous undertaking.
In 1940, Japanese counsel to Lithuania Sempo Sugihara issued thousands of visas for Kovno Jews to take refuge in Curaçao via Japan. Included in that group was the Mirrer Yeshiva. They arrived in Kobe but were transported to Shanghai where they remained for the entire war. The Mirrer Yeshiva had a perfect home with a kitchen, study hall and dining room — Bais Aharon! The building had exactly enough seats to house all the students for five solid years of Torah study during the ravages of World War II. The dream of decades earlier combined with action, became a thriving reality.
Moshe our Teacher knew from the moment he spotted that bush that something very extraordinary was occurring. He had two choices: approach the spectacle or walk on. If he nears the bush he knew he would face an experience that would alter his life forever. Hashem knew that Moshe had this very difficult conflict. His approach would require commitment and self sacrifice. He took three steps that changed the course of history. Hashem understood the very difficult decision Moshe had made and declared that such fortitude is worthy of the redeemer of my children.
In many aspects of our lives we encounter situations that may commit us to change. It may be a new charity we decide to let through our doors, or a new patient we decide to see, or even a new worthy cause we decide to entertain. They all require us to take three steps and look. If we walk away, we may not just be ignoring a burning issue. We may be ignoring another burning bush. | <urn:uuid:80f58bae-ad2e-4a50-a1e9-21a02a4e1a39> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://matzav.com/parshas-shemos-burning-interests/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988720026.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183840-00074-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.981194 | 1,157 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Pavlov’s Fish – Black Sea Bass Get ‘Sound’ Training
Researchers in Massachusetts hope that one day fishing won’t require bait.
Instead, the team at Woods Hole Marine Biological Laboratory wants to train fish to voluntarily swim to an underwater cage for harvesting by using Pavlovian and trace conditioning.
“It sounds crazy, but it’s real,” said Simon Miner, a research assistant at the Marine Biological Laboratory at Wood’s Hole.
The team has already received a $270,000 grant for the project from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
The goal is to one day be able to sustain the black sea bass population by reducing the costs of fish farming, a crucial source of the world’s seafood. Ideally, the fish would be able to roam the open seas and grow to their full potential until being called back to the cage for harvesting.
“We’re looking for innovations that will actually make a difference for coastal communities and the environment,” said Michael Rubino, manager of NOAA Aquaculture. “It fits in both.”
Recently, Scientists in Japan were able to keep fish in a certain area using sound, allowing them to be traditionally caught.
Last summer, Miner showed that fish could respond to sound and conditioning by placing fish in a circular tank and setting off a tone before dropping food into an enclosed feeding area in the tank. After playing the tone for 20 seconds, three times a day for two weeks, “you have remote-control fish,” Miner said.
“You hit that button, and they go into that area, and they wait patiently,” he said.
The next step is to determine how long the bass can remember the link between the tone and food.
After feeding the fish outside of the designated feeding zone for a few days, Miner returns to sound the tone. Some fish forgot after five days, while others remembered as long as 10. Miner said the strength of memory seems tied to how long the fish are trained.
By May, the memories of about 5,000 fish will be put to the test as researchers bring them to a feeding station called an “AquaDome” in Buzzards Bay.
Researchers will train the fish in the AquaDome by feeding them after sounding the tone. Once they think the fish have learned to respond, they will be released. After a day or two, scientists will sound the tone once more to see how many fish return to the feeding zone. The tone will have a range of about 100 meters in every direction.
Randy MacMillan, president of the National Aquaculture Association, said he is not convinced that the fish will respond to training.
“My experience with fish is they will wander far and wide,” he said, adding that many fish will also be lost to predators.
He also thinks the idea will be hard to sell to fish farmers.
“The commercial side is going to be skeptical,” said MacMillan.
Miner said the real test will come this spring, when the fish head to Buzzards Bay.
“There’s probably 18,000 ways for it to go wrong and only one way to go right.”
Illustration of Black Sea Bass by Diane Rome Peebles. Provided by the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Division of Marine Fisheries Management
On the Net: | <urn:uuid:28058211-3baf-4c22-a945-a4cc35a6525d> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://www.redorbit.com/news/science/1312357/pavlovs_fish__black_sea_bass_get_sound_training/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657120974.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011200-00246-ip-10-196-40-205.us-west-1.compute.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.950157 | 717 | 2.875 | 3 |
Whether or not it’s actually said on a movie or television set, “Take Five” is a fairly familiar phrase that means take a break. And there are surely times in our worlds when we need to take a break.
Here’s a simple tool to learn so that we can take a safe, healthy break when we need to. This tool could help us avoid angry actions (which we might have regretted later.) It might help some of us avoid using an unhealthy coping skill.
The next time you find yourself facing a conflict or stressor..
TAKE FIVE (or more) steps away from the source of the conflict.
TAKE FIVE slow, deep breaths. Visualize the oxygen circulating through your body and visualize the stress/anger exiting as you exhale. (Deep breathing can really change how we feel!)
TAKE FIVE minutes to carefully, calmly consider if or how best to respond to the situation. If it isn’t literally on fire, you can take a little time before you respond.
Take five steps, breaths, and minutes. You deserve a break and you deserve to be free. Please learn it, memorize it, and use it. It works!
((Extra credit of you whistle “Take Five” by Dave Brubeck))
Live in Belgium 1964
Paul Desmond (alto sax), Joe Morello (drums), Eugene Wright (bass) and Dave Brubeck (piano) | <urn:uuid:25ea0dc7-40a9-4c04-8a05-e59dc8f113b5> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | https://quitterswin.blog/2018/05/25/take-five/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583511872.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20181018130914-20181018152414-00025.warc.gz | en | 0.875188 | 305 | 2.84375 | 3 |
One serious form of decay among young children is baby bottle tooth decay. This condition is caused by frequent and long exposures of an infant’s teeth to liquids that contain sugar. Among these liquids are milk (including breast milk), formula, fruit juice and other sweetened drinks.
Putting a baby to bed for a nap or at night with a bottle other than water can cause serious and rapid tooth decay. Sweet liquid pools around the child’s teeth giving plaque bacteria an opportunity to produce acids that attack tooth enamel. If you must give the baby a bottle as a comforter at bedtime, it should contain only water.
After each feeding, wipe the baby’s gums and teeth with a damp washcloth or gauze pad to remove plaque. The easiest way to do this is to sit down, place the child’s head in your lap or lay the child on a dressing table or the floor. Whatever position you use, be sure you can see into the child’s mouth easily.
If you have questions regarding good dental care for your baby, give us a call at Dental Forum Group (425) 357-1818 or simply write it down here. | <urn:uuid:7ea0bb86-1f45-4ebd-9e13-6938a290c65b> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | http://www.theforumdentalgroup.com/2011/04/27/baby-bottle-tooth-decay-early-childhood-caries/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794870470.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20180527205925-20180527225925-00380.warc.gz | en | 0.902842 | 245 | 3.234375 | 3 |
The expression "inventive step" is predominantly used by our European brethren, both in individual states like the UK or Germany as well as the European Patent Office (EPO). And yes, it means almost the same thing as non-obviousness as used in the US Patent Office.
Although the basic principle is roughly the same, the assessment of the inventive step and non-obviousness varies from one country to another. For instance, the practice of the European Patent Office (EPO) differs from the practice in the United Kingdom.
Although the differences are slight it is worthwhile to examine them for learning.
European Patent Office
The EPO states (Article 52 and Article 56) that European patents shall be granted for inventions that involve an inventive step, that is, the invention, having regard to the state of the art, must not be obvious to a person skilled in the art.
The Examining Divisions, the Opposition Divisions, and the Boards of Appeal of the EPO almost always apply the "problem-solution approach" in order to decide whether an invention involves an inventive step. There are several prongs to the test:
1. identify the closest, the most relevant prior art;
2. determine the objective technical problem, that is, by examining the closest prior art, define the technical problem the claimed invention solves;
3. define the skilled person; and
4. examine whether or not the claimed solution to the objective technical problem is obvious for the skilled person in view of the state of the art in general.
This last step is conducted according to the "could-would approach". This is usually described as follows:
Is there any teaching in the prior art, as a whole, that would, not simply could, have prompted the skilled person, faced with the objective technical problem formulated when considering the technical features not disclosed by the closest prior art, to modify or adapt said closest prior art while taking account of that teaching [the teaching of the prior art, not just the teaching of the closest prior art], thereby arriving at something falling within the terms of the claims, and thus achieving what the invention achieves?
If the skilled person would have been prompted to modify the closest prior art in such a way as to arrive at something falling within the terms of the claims, then the invention does not involve an inventive step.
The point is not whether the skilled person could have arrived at the invention by adapting or modifying the closest prior art, but whether he would have done so because the prior art incited him to do so in the hope of solving the objective technical problem or in expectation of some improvement or advantage. This must have been the case for the skilled person before the filing or priority date valid for the claim under examination.
The United Kingdom Approach
The UK approach is based on a set of steps from a case before the Court of Appeal (Windsurfing International Inc. v Tabur Marine (GB) Ltd. ). The questions are:
1. Identifying the inventive concept embodied in the patent;
2. Imputing to a normally skilled but unimaginative person what was common general knowledge in the art at the priority date;
3. Identifying the differences if any between the matter cited and the alleged invention; and
4. Deciding whether those differences, viewed without any knowledge of the alleged invention, constituted steps which would have been obvious to the skilled but unimaginative person or whether they required any degree of invention.
The United States Approach
I have discussed the U.S. approach (the Graham factors and secondary considerations) in Part II of 35 USC 103. In addition to those the U.S. also has in the past made ample use of another test and we should explain it after reviewing the EPO and UK tests.
Teaching-Suggestion-Motivation (TSM) test
The TSM test is aimed at preventing against a hindsight bias. As almost all inventions are some combination of known elements, the TSM test requires the patent examiner to show that some suggestion or motivation exists to combine known elements to form a claimed invention. Said another way - there must be a suggestion or teaching in the prior art to combine elements shown in the prior art in order to find a patent obvious. The rub comes in over arguments over whether the test requires evidence that is explicit or implicit.
There has been much criticism of TSM because of it's subjectiveness. But quite frankly non-obviousness or inventive step is a subjective issue.
The Supreme court addressed the TSM issue in a famous case (KSR v. Teleflex) in 2006. So the U.S. now has new guidelines. We will discuss those in Part IV.
So How Do You Decide Inventive Step or Non-Obviousness?
Quite frankly, and unfortunately, decisions on inventive step are not high resolution photographs - they are more like a finger pointing into the mist. So how should it be argued.
For my nickel - I prefer the problem solution approach of the EPO. I have mentioned in other articles that I set through about 14 Opposition hearings in the EPO. Maybe because I am an engineer and like defined thought processes it appealed to me. In the first step you had to define the closest prior art. Then you had to define the problem to be solved by the invention and define the skilled person. Then you had to argue that the solution of the invention did or did not involve an inventive step in light of the prior art at that time.
Is that a high resolution photograph. No. But after sitting through that argument many times on different patent claims it seemed a more logical approach than any other I had considered.
Non-obviousness arguments will continue to be the way many practitioners earn their pay.
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If you have any questions on on this site - please feel free to contact me. | <urn:uuid:b813aecc-1472-4150-bff0-91a09d262032> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | http://www.the-business-of-patents.com/inventive-step.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376823318.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20181210055518-20181210081018-00192.warc.gz | en | 0.944458 | 1,239 | 2.875 | 3 |
An opening leads off from the gallery into a foundation area formed by large retaining walls supporting the upper floor of the Tabularium.
At ground floor level we can see the remains of a building which predates the Tabularium.
One of the three rooms which have been preserved, contains one of the oldest mosaic floors ound in Rome, a white background with irregular chips of coloured marble.
The Tabularium was preceded by older buildings, constructed on multiple levels along the slope of the hill and probably destroyed by fire in 83 B.C., the same that destroyed the temple of Jupiter and much of the surrounding area.
The Basement room preserves the remains of mosaic and cocciopesto floors of the late second century B.C.
Overlooking the modern wooden staircase one can also see a central room, enriched by a fine white mosaic with black borders, which opened to another room, or terrace, with a floor composed of fragments of coloured stones on a white background ( lithostroton).
The remains of the floors of the Republican age hang on the wall opposite the entrance come, instead, from the immediate vicinity of the temple Vejovis.
A metallic net indicates the presence of a cistern covered with cocciopesto, as shown by recent excavations and attributed to an earlier period. | <urn:uuid:af9eebaa-125e-4378-8aea-fc35c52e8577> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | http://www.museicapitolini.org/en/percorsi/percorsi_per_sale/tabularium/vano_di_fondazione | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221219109.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20180821210655-20180821230655-00319.warc.gz | en | 0.94663 | 272 | 2.828125 | 3 |
A Look at How the UN is Working to Eradicate Sex Trafficking in Southeast Asia, Specifically Thailand
Greer Brodie-Hall, Staff Writer
15 November, 2018
Sex trafficking is a significant human rights violation that affects a grave number of women around the world. Statistics show that 71 percent of human trafficking victims are women and girls, with 96 percent of that group being sex trafficking victims. The reasons these women are susceptible to such violence and exploitation is due to inequality of opportunity, education, awareness, and justice. Knowing these precarious conditions leads one to question how the UN is coming to the aid of these vulnerable people around the world.
Many institutions and NGOs work towards the elimination of trafficking, but to focus specifically on one plan of action, UN Women, along with United Nations Population Fund and United Nations Development Programme, formed the Spotlight Initiative in 2017. This worldwide campaign to end a plurality of violence against women was created with the European Union. One goal was to directly address policy, institutional, and legal obstacles endured by migrant workers. Human trafficking was just one of many issues they planned to tackle under this umbrella initiative.
The Spotlight Initiative has made a great amount of headway, but an array of progress still needs to be accomplished. The UN Women executive director, Phumzile Mlambo-Ngcuka highlighted that even in 2017, better policies and practices were needed to improve access to information and unified services. Trafficking is among the most lucrative transnational crimes, with nearly $32 billion being profited from 21 million victims. However, there is very limited information in some of the most heavily trafficked areas.
Since its introduction, Spotlight has led to an established governance structure, which oversees implementation in five regions of the world with five different problems. These include femicide in Latin America, sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV) and harmful practices in Africa, domestic violence in the Pacific, family violence in the Caribbean, and trafficking in Asia. Therefore, the main region that Spotlight began to focus on in terms of direct action and support is Asia.
One of the primary problems is the widespread lack of knowledge. Many women and girls are deceived into trafficking due to lack of sufficient income, opportunity and sustainable work. Most of the time, these victims are financially unstable and in need for a way out to make some money. Traffickers tend to prey on women who appear to be in need of help. For example, an Uzbek woman was trafficked to Thailand after being deceived by a fellow Uzbek woman. The sad truth tends to be that current and former trafficking victims become the first point of coercion for other potential prey. Traffickers capitalize on the familiarity of other women to entrap vulnerable targets. This woman’s trafficker had promised her profitable work in Thailand, which she desperately needed. Once she arrived, her passport was destroyed, and she was forced into prostitution.
To understand the gravity of the brutality, a victim named Karla Jacinto was a prisoner of sex trafficking in Mexico for four years. Karla spoke with CNN explaining that, “these minors are being abducted, lured, and yanked away from their families. Don't just listen to me. You need to learn about what happened to me and take the blindfold off your eyes." She was abused by countless men, seven days a week from the ages of 12 to 16. She, too, was lured in by someone that promised her love, respect, and safekeeping. At just 15, she gave birth to a child while imprisoned there, which was taken from her for almost an entire year. Even though she was able to escape the horrors of this world, Karla insists that this is a growing problem.
This is just one example of thousands every single year. However, many people do not know the full extent of sex trafficking. The UN is looking to further global recognition of trafficking signals. For example, Sheila Fedrick, a flight attendant on Alaska Airlines helped to save a girl from trafficking by noticing the signs and assisting in her escape. Training cabin crew or hotel management would be a preliminary way of creating more recognition and proactive response on the ground level.
Correspondingly, social media is at the forefront of concerns for anti-trafficking missions. Social media has become an open field for traffickers to approach and convince their victims to join their ‘businesses’. It has become easier for predators to draw people into believing that they will receive help. Advertisements and fake accounts are difficult to spot. Traffickers tend to message people looking to join a community on regular sites like Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram and then convince them to chat with them on less observed and regulated websites. Victims can be deceived and groomed through many forms of social media.
To look specifically at Asia, where the Spotlight Initiative has begun providing aid, the drawbacks and accomplishments of this widespread plan are plentiful. On November 17th, 2017 the ‘Safe and Fair: Realizing women migrant workers’ rights and opportunities in the ASEAN region’ was implemented. With 25 million euros, UN Women and the International Labour Organization began their work with ten origin and destination countries, including Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam. The headquarters of the operation began in Bangkok, Thailand on January 1st, 2018 and has a five-year plan.
In East Asia women account for 51% of trafficking victims, with 61% of the victims being sexually exploited. From 2012-2014 7,800 victims were identified, with a significant amount of data still lacking from many of the countries listed. In South Asia, adults were listed as 60% of the victims. In both regions, convictions were sparse for the number of victims found. Between 2012-2014 there were no convictions in Maldives and Sri Lanka, and only 10 to 15 in Bangladesh and other information was not readily available from other countries.
Thailand specifically, is a country of origin, destination, and transport. It was labeled Tier 2 on the United States Department of State watch-list in 2017. Thailand is a key trafficking destination for irregular migrants and uniformed tourists. There are numerous organized networks within the country that evade legal punishment due to incessant corruption within the government.
However, an incidence of serious progress was when 62 people were convicted of human trafficking on July 19th, 2017, in Thailand’s largest trafficking trial to date. Among those convicted was a former army general, which is an extremely rare conviction for Thailand. South China Morning Post reported that Thailand is taking anti-trafficking action seriously. The government has partnered with airlines and charities to broadcast video warnings and advocacy. There has subsequently been training with hotel and airline staff to improve recognition.
Overall, the Spotlight Initiative is helping to improve the awareness of the issue to governments and citizens in Asia, but more is needed to be done. Countries in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) region are to increase rights-based and gender responsive movement towards labour migration governance, address the vulnerabilities of female migrants, and deliver better services to abuse victims. This, according to Spotlight, will begin to require more government service to women that experience abuse and are defenseless to traffickers. Beyond this, an international awareness campaign, more stringent commitment and cooperation between all levels of government and law enforcement, and extensive data research could help to eradicate this issue.
Lastly, UN Women produced an extensive strategic plan for 2018-2021. In accordance with the Sustainable Development Goal to achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls by 2030, this plan sets out the ways they propose to continue ending all violence against women. Overall, they assert that all actions will be taken with a ‘working together’ mindset. The UN has made impactful progress, but is looking to continue with their awareness, investigation, and implementation. With Thailand being labeled as a “land of opportunity” for traffickers, the need to help these vulnerable people is at an all time high level of concern. | <urn:uuid:d0447225-5031-43d4-a2d8-b597e6af34ec> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://www.theobserver-qiaa.org/a-look-at-how-the-un-is-working-to-eradicate-sex-trafficking-in-southeast-asia-specifically-thailand | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550249434065.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20190223021219-20190223043219-00523.warc.gz | en | 0.966973 | 1,640 | 2.875 | 3 |
No enterprise is so seductive as a railroad for the influence it exerts, the power it gives, and the hope of gain it offers.—Poor's Manual of Railroads (1900 At its peak, the railroad was the Internet of its day in its transformative impact on American life and law. A harbinger and promoter of economic empire, it was also the icon of a technological revolution that accelerated national expansion and in the process transformed our legal system. James W. Ely Jr., in the first comprehensive legal history of the rail industry, shows that the two institutions—the railroad and American law—had a profound influence on each other. Ely chronicles how "America's first big business" impelled the creation of a vast array of new laws in a country where long-distance internal transport had previously been limited to canals and turnpikes. Railroads, the first major industry to experience extensive regulation, brought about significant legal innovations governing interstate commerce, eminent domain, private property, labor relations, and much more. Much of this development was originally designed to serve the interests of the railroads themselves but gradually came to contest and control the industry's power and exploitative tendencies. As Ely reveals, despite its great promise and potential as an engine of prosperity and uniter of far-flung regions, the railroad was not universally admired. Railroads uprooted people, threatened local autonomy, and posed dangers to employees and the public alike—situations with unprecedented legal ramifications. Ely explores the complex and sometimes contradictory ways in which those ramifications played out, as railroads crossed state lines and knitted together a diverse nation with thousands of miles of iron rail. Epic in its scope, Railroads and American Law makes a complex subject accessible to a wide range of readers, from legal historians to railroad buffs, and shows the many ways in which a powerful industry brought change and innovation to America. | <urn:uuid:01a44d55-928d-4f62-a927-d325a457a58e> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://micro.blog/books/9780700611447 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030335059.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20220928020513-20220928050513-00234.warc.gz | en | 0.961001 | 377 | 3.15625 | 3 |
When emergency response crews have to deal with many casualties at once, such as at a disaster site, one of the first things they do is set up a triage system. This involves assessing the severity of each patient's injuries, so that the people who need help most urgently get it first. It's a system that works, but the EU-funded BRIDGE project is trying to make it better. The project partners are developing a new high-tech triage, that incorporates GPS and RFID technology.
In conventional triage systems, patients get color-coded paper tags attached to them – the color indicates the severity of their injuries. Additionally, vital statistics such as pulse and respiratory rate are hand-written on the tags. If those stats should change since the time that the information was written, however, it can often be difficult if not impossible to physically update.
In what is known as the eTriage system, patients instead receive color-coded armbands. Each band includes GPS and RFID chips, along with electronics that allow it to communicate with an area network. Additional sensors are placed on the patient's body, and transmit vitals to the armband.
Using a radio protocol such as Zigbee, that will work even if the local cellular networks are down, the armbands are able to communicate with tablets or smartphones used by the rescue teams. A map view or augmented reality view on those devices' screens shows the location and color classification of all patients, along with real-time continuously-updated stats for each person.
Users are also alerted as new patients are added. "With our eTriage system, a severely injured person categorized as red is reported within no more than 30 seconds and can be evacuated immediately," says Erion Elmasllari, who works with the Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Information Technology. "With the conventional paper tag method, it often takes up to 30 minutes before the victim is evacuated."
The system has already been tested in an exercise that simulated a terrorist attack on a Norwegian ferry terminal, involving 350 victims and 50 first responders. It reportedly "worked perfectly," and plans now call for a two-month field trial with a relief organization.
Want a cleaner, faster loading and ad free reading experience?
Try New Atlas Plus. Learn more | <urn:uuid:04ce9a13-0d0d-4a39-adea-5851e730e33b> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | https://newatlas.com/etriage-disaster-armbands/30141/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125947822.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20180425135246-20180425155246-00372.warc.gz | en | 0.959767 | 470 | 3.109375 | 3 |
In recent times phishing (read scam) on the internet in increasingly becoming a nasty threat. The term phising generally refers to a kind of internet fraud where an unsupecting person receives an apparently genuine looking email, which has been carefully forged to look almost like an genuine email. Typically, such emails would cite some genuine looking information and ask unsuspecting people to reply back with passwords or pin numbers. In some cases, these emails would provide links to phishing website, that impersonated the real website. If a user clicks on such links and tried to log into the forged website, his/her password would get logged and misused by the phisher(the person or the group responsible for the scam).
Know more about phishing here and here.
ICICI Bank is one of the largest banks in India. Recently it has started a Television campaign on national TV to make people aware of threats of phishing. It is really appreciable effort on the part of the ICICI Bank to launch this effort. In general most people are not aware of what phishing is all about and can easily fall prey to internet scamsters. Like most banks ICICI has a web page education customers on internet frauds and phishing (Link to the page) .
The internet scamsters are always finding innovative ways to dupe normal people who use the internet. Along with awareness of the internet threats, using a good set of tools while using internet could help :
- Use email service or email clients that support anti-spam.Email services like Yahoo mail and Gmail have effective anti-spam tools. Email clients like Mozilla Thunderbird, Apple Mail have very good anti-spam filters built into it.
- Use web browser that warns when a the user for some reason ends up in a suspected phishing site. Mozilla Firefox 2.0, Microsoft Internet Explorer 7 and Opera 9 supports built in anti-phishing protection.
- Third party tools like MacAfee Site Advisor can also be very helpful on protecting the end user against phishing and other internet spam. Site Advisor works with both Internet Explorer and Firefox.
ICICI Bank is right on with their campaign against the internet threats like phising. Their nationalally televised ads against phishing will go a long way to make the average internet user aware of threats of internet scams and help safer internet experience. Keep up the good work ICICI Bank. | <urn:uuid:fe0ae38a-4bfc-425a-99b0-7cde7d31fe28> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | http://luhit.com/tag/internet/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371675859.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20200407054138-20200407084638-00422.warc.gz | en | 0.940183 | 489 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Designed for English language sites with information regarding identifying, gathering and/or preparing wild foods including, but not limited to: game animals, birds and fish; plants and plant products; fungi; insects; honey; shellfish; reptiles and amphibians.
North Carolina State University horticulture information leaflet. Provides information on growing and harvesting, as well as a table with common names, scientific names, flavors, colors, and comments.
University of Maine Cooperative Extension bulletin with descriptions of and recipes for dandelions, fiddleheads, yellow rocket, lamb's-quarters, orache, and purslane.
University of Maine Cooperative Extension bulletin with picture, description, recipes, safety notices, and information on cooking and pickling the young coiled fern leaves.
Information about foraging in the UK.
A foraging and cookery school that also runs courses in sustainability. Provides course information and booking form.
Description and information on Laurus nobilis.
Instructions on digging, cleaning and cooking razor clams along the west coast of the USA. Includes photographs.
General information about Crithmum maritimum or sea fennel.
Information and description on Sassafras officinale.
Informational pages on some common North American flora including carob, dandelion, epazote, lambsquarter, mallow, miners lettuce, mustard, nasturtium, prickly pear cactus and sowthistle.
How an obscure bivalve became the object of international desire. Humorous article about this soft-shelled clam. [Free Registration Required]
A guide for helping find, identify, and use several edible wild mushrooms and plants of the northeastern US.
Lesson plans and information on the nutritive use of insects, intentional and unintentional. Includes suggested reading list and bibliography.
Article from Cultural Entomology Digest 1. Includes information on types used for food, as well as their place in mythology and art.
Institute for the Study of Edible Wild Plants and Other Foragables. Provides expertise in wild edible plants .
A blog for information and resources for wild food plants worldwide.
Information on gathering and cooking mushrooms, fiddleheads, ramps, and leaks. Calendar of seasonal availability, recipes and tips.
Describes the identification and preparation of flora for consumption. Includes diagrams, the Universal Edibility Test, and lists of edible varieties.
Article from Backwoods Home Magazine, issue 47. Includes information on tools needed, safety, preparation, as well as details on some plants, frogs, turtles and fish.
Thanks to DMOZ, which built a great web directory for nearly two decades and freely shared it with the web. About us | <urn:uuid:0c7b4d24-30cd-44d8-af11-4f7de7e357f4> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | http://odp.org/Recreation/Food/Wild_Foods | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267163146.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20180926022052-20180926042452-00547.warc.gz | en | 0.812453 | 560 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Today the Environmental Protection Agency issued proposed new regulations limiting the emissions of carbondioxide from new electric power generation plants. The EPA press release states:
Under today's proposal, new large natural gas-fired turbines would need to meet a limit of 1,000 pounds of CO2 per megawatt-hour, while new small natural gas-fired turbines would need to meet a limit of 1,100 pounds of CO2 per megawatt-hour. New coal-fired units would need to meet a limit of 1,100 pounds of CO2 per megawatt-hour, and would have the option to meet a somewhat tighter limit if they choose to average emissions over multiple years, giving those units additional operational flexibility.
Since current coal-fired electric generation plants emit about 1,800 pounds of CO2 per megawatt-hour, the new regulations would essentially outlaw the construction of new conventional coal-fired plants. Not to worry, says the agency in its regulatory impact statement:
Under a wide range of electricity market conditions – including EPA's baseline scenario as well as multiple sensitivity analyses – EPA projects that the industry will choose to construct new units that already meet these standards, regardless of this proposal. As a result, EPA anticipates that the proposed EGU New Source GHG Standards will result in negligible CO2 emission changes, energy impacts, benefits or costs for new units constructed by 2020. Likewise, the Agency does not anticipate any notable impacts on the price of electricity or energy supplies…
These proposed EGU New Source GHG Standards is not anticipated to change GHG emissions for newly constructed electric generating units, and is anticipated to impose negligible costs or monetized benefits. EPA typically presents the economic impacts to secondary markets (e.g., changes in industrial markets resulting from changes in electricity prices) and impacts to employment or labor markets associated with proposed rules based on the estimated compliance costs and other energy impacts, which serve as an input to such analyses. However, since the EPA does not forecast a change in behavior relative to the baseline in response to this proposed rule, there are no notable macroeconomic or employment impacts expected as a result of this proposed rule.
Surely if there are no costs, then there must be some benefits accruing to the public from the new rules, right? Well, no. As the agency impact statement notes:
…the proposed rule is anticipated to yield no monetized benefits and impose negligible costs over the analysis period.
That's right - no costs and no benefits. Just new regulations. | <urn:uuid:2b74a80a-38d3-42be-a3d3-e16f879e75ce> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://reason.com/2013/09/20/new-carbon-dioxide-emissions-limits-cost/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572127.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815024523-20220815054523-00608.warc.gz | en | 0.941577 | 512 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Touch is one of our most fundamental needs.
It is the first sense to develop in the womb and one of the last ones to go during dying. Although our situation, age and condition may change the need for human contact does not.
Why, then is touch deprivation so real in old age?
It occurs, in part, because of separation from loved ones but mostly because of fear on the part of younger people. Fear of looking at old age up close and personal. I think that if old people are thought of as former people the assumption is they no longer have the same needs as when younger. When it comes to touch this idea really misses the mark! According to Jane A. Simington, RN, PhD conducted a literature review and her findings were published in Humane Medicine Journal. She reports:
Older persons report that touch conveys fondness, security, closeness, warmth, concern, and encouragement, and makes them feel an increased sense of trust and well-being. They report that touch helps them to develop close, trusting relationships with staff and other residents. As tactile sensitivity decreases, the need to receive expressive touch may increase. Nature can be cruel however, and the elderly person often may have no one to provide this increased touch. The children are gone and the partner has died. One elderly woman put it this way, “Sometimes I hunger to be held. But he is the one who would have held me. He is the one who would have stroked my head. Now there is no one. No comfort.”
Caregivers can be agents of change and have the power to profoundly impact quality of life for older adults by reversing the effects of touch deprivation. Of course there are physical benefits of skilled touch that result in improved function in activities of daily living. Proper touch alleviates aches and pains and improves circulation, resulting in greater ease of movement and the ability to perform physical tasks with greater comfort. It can induce a relaxation response, leading to improved sleep quality and feelings of calmness. But focusing only on the physical benefits adds to the medicalization of aging.
Rather than viewing touch as a treatment for ailments let’s look to it as a way to validate the human experience of aging. The gift of caring touch encourages feelings of self-acceptance and worthiness. But our influence goes even further. By literally reaching out to older adults we demonstrate wholesome attitudes about aging. Maybe by our own actions we will encourage others to be more willing to touch our elders. Society as a whole stands to gain.
Ann Catlin, OTR, LMT is an expert and educator in the field of therapeutic touch and the creator of the groundbreaking Compassionate Touch® program for those living with dementia or at end-of-life. Professional and family care partners are witnessing transformational change by using the Compassionate Touch program to engage, connect and comfort. Compassionate Touch is a program of AGE-u-cate Training Institute, whose mission is developing cutting edge aging and dementia training. | <urn:uuid:fee3fa61-a2cf-4f08-8406-dc683ef06028> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://www.ageucate.com/blog/?paged=2&tag=training | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337853.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20221006155805-20221006185805-00251.warc.gz | en | 0.961745 | 619 | 2.578125 | 3 |
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