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Dare County Schools teachers and administrators are taking advantage of five professional development days in this year’s school calendar to plan and prepare for sweeping curriculum changes that will be fully implemented statewide at the beginning of next school year. North Carolina has joined 46 other states to embrace new core curriculum and essential standards in an effort to better prepare students for career and college. The new standards are the result of a collaborative effort among states to address concerns voiced by universities and businesses that high school graduates must be better prepared for the challenges of work and the academic rigor of post-secondary education.
Dare County students and teachers in every grade and in every course are impacted in multiple ways by the new standards.
Nancy Griffin, Dare County Schools Director of Secondary Instruction, describes the standards as based on solid evidence about what students need to know and be able to do. “These are not just a collection of successful standards, but the very best of standards, and represent a narrowing down for focus, depth, and rigor. We are beginning in Pre-K with the end in mind to produce graduates that have the knowledge and skills that are demanded by universities and the workplace.”
As one would expect, the technology piece of this effort is huge, but does not stand alone in the line-up of big changes in the classroom. Moving away from technology as a vehicle to enhance stand-and-deliver instruction, schools now integrate technology as a tool and resource for student learning. More often, information can be found online rather than in published text. Citing sources, always important, now becomes paramount as students read to understand, process, and arrive at their own conclusions. The 3 R’s are overtaken by the Four C’s: Communication, Collaboration, Critical Thinking, and Creativity. Embedded across all disciplines, the Four C’s, together with problem/purpose/project-based instruction, complemented with informational/primary source text, set the stage for teaching and learning.
Many of these strategies are not new; rather, they are refined and given prominence within the framework of the new essential standards to provide students with the tools to comprehend and analyze complex text and to apply the information in a meaningful way.
Griffin admits that these aggressive changes create challenges for staff, particularly at the elementary level where teachers are responsible for multiple core subjects. “The five days allowed by the state for professional development this year are helping to make this task manageable.”
The first of the five days of professional development was August 23 when teachers received an overview of the changes and met within their disciplines to identify similarities and differences in the current curriculum with the new essential standards. The focus on Friday, October 28, the second professional development day, was Information and Technology Essential Standards (ITES) that are being implemented by all Dare County teachers this year.
In addition to providing resources for teachers, the district is actively spreading the word to parents and the community about what to expect next year. The primary resource - a work in progress - is on the district website New Common Core Curriculum Standards, that provides links for those wanting to understand the full breadth of the changes for students and teachers in North Carolina and across the nation. | <urn:uuid:4af83b62-b8dc-41a8-bda5-2e2da328537c> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://www.darecountyschoolsonline.com/moxie/schools/MMS/OCt-28_PD-CCES.shtml | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368698207393/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516095647-00044-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961238 | 660 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Investigation on using Supercritical Carbon Dioxide as Desorbing and Reaction Medium in the Surfactant Production Process
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To date, an estimated 70% of energy consumed comes from fossil fuels, such as coal, oil and natural gas. The major source of sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions comes from combustion of these fossil fuels. Sulfur dioxide is a significant pollutant, because it and its higher oxidation product (SO3) react with moisture in the atmosphere to produce sulfuric acid. This results in acid rain, which comes back to earth and affects people, animals, and vegetation. Therefore, the governments of Canada, US and European countries are issuing stricter and stricter regulation to control SO2 emissions. In conventional SO2 removal processes, lime or limestone scrubbers are used, but they require large amounts of water and enough landfill sites to deal with the solid wastes. Previous attempts were made in our laboratory to recover SO2 adsorbed on activated carbon to produce sulfuric acid using non-aqueous solvents. Unfortunately, in this adsorption/distillation process, the SO2 recovery was low, as was the quality of sulfuric acid, that could not be marketable. The topic of this thesis was then conceived as an attempt to first recover SO2 via SO3 formation using supercritical carbon dioxide instead of water or non-aqueous flushing agents (desorption step) and then to use the recovered SO3 to produce linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LAS), the main component of detergent. In the adsorption and oxidation experiments of this project, charcoal activated carbon (AC) was used to adsorb SO2 and to catalyze SO2 oxidation. The process started with a simulated flue gas, 3500 ppm SO2, 5% O2, balanced with N2. When the simulated flue gas passed through the activated carbon bed reactor, more than 95% of SO2 was oxidized to SO3. In the desorption process, SO3 contacted with the AC bed was removed using supercritical carbon dioxide (SCCO2) and 95% sulfur removal was achieved at appropriate operating conditions, for example, for a carbon bed preheated at 250°C for 6 h, and flushed by recycled SCCO2. The LAS production experiments consisted in reacting liquid linear alkylbenzene (LAB) with the recovered SO3 in an absorption column. Ceramic filters and glass beads were used in the absorption columns to break up the gas bubbles and increase the contact time between the gas and the liquid absorbent. When staged pressure columns were used and when LAB was heated to 40°C, nearly 95% of SO3 reacted with LAB to produce LAS.
Cite this work
Yuanping Yuan (2007). Investigation on using Supercritical Carbon Dioxide as Desorbing and Reaction Medium in the Surfactant Production Process. UWSpace. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/3073 | <urn:uuid:af4a1892-988a-42a3-aa29-57ba6a0782df> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | https://uwspace.uwaterloo.ca/handle/10012/3073 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084886964.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20180117193009-20180117213009-00650.warc.gz | en | 0.924909 | 621 | 3.390625 | 3 |
Presented by Stephanie Mueller, a graduate student in the University of Iowa’s Clinical Audiology Doctoral Program, Dangerous Decibels is a fun and interactive program that teaches children about sound, how we hear, how we can damage our hearing, and how to prevent hearing loss.
“Evidence shows that sound-induced hearing loss is an increasing problem among all age groups,” Mueller says. “Programs targeting children have been shown, in the literature, to be effective in increasing knowledge and awareness of the issue as well as altering attitudes and behaviors regarding hearing loss prevention; however, only a small percentage of people have been educated about healthy hearing.”
Dangerous Decibels is a free program for school-age children.
For more information, contact the Children’s Desk at (319) 887-3400. | <urn:uuid:c8597c7e-7376-4209-9941-d506d157c798> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://blog.icpl.org/2014/02/19/schools-out-special-dangerous-decibels/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131297281.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172137-00082-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.94111 | 176 | 3.546875 | 4 |
Top 3 Types of Forests Around the World
Meaghan Weeden | January 25, 2020 | 4 min read
Forests Are as Unique as the Species They Shelter
Trees have been evolving for hundreds of millions of years, literally changing the face of the earth as different types of forests expanded their footprint and adapted to changing climatic conditions. Today, the vast variety of different types of trees species cover about one third of the total land area (or, over 15.3 million square miles), contain around 70% of global organic carbon (carbon found in a living organism), and are home to 80% of the world’s terrestrial biodiversity.
Most experts agree that, broadly speaking, there are three types of forests: tropical rainforests, temperate, and boreal. WIthin these types are several subcategories based on seasonal rainfall, unique species composition, and more. Confused already? Don't be! Join us as we do a deep dive on the three types of forest, what makes each one unique, and why each forest type is uniquely important to our planet.
the Different Types of Forests
1. Types of Rainforests
The types of rainforest include:
- Tropical mangrove forests
- Temperate rainforests
- Seasonal rainforests
- Semievergreen forests
- Moist/dry deciduous forests
The largest tropical forest on the planet is, by far, the Amazon rainforest — with the Congo Basin Forest taking second place.
Tropical Rainforest Climate and Ecology
Found near the equator, Southeast Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa, and Central America, tropical rainforests are characterized by their warm temperatures (ranging from 68-88° F), lush plant life, incredible biodiversity, and absence of winter — with only a rainy and dry season.
As you might imagine, these conditions are very conducive to life and increased biodiversity: tropical forests house around 50% of the world’s plants and animals — including orchids, bromeliads, vines, ferns, mosses, and numerous birds, bats, mammals, and insects.
Thanks to persistent rainfall that often exceeds 200 cm annually, tropical rainforest soils experience rapid decomposition and leaching — and as a result are acidic and nutrient-poor.
Despite the poor soil, the composition of rainforest trees is highly diverse, with up to 100 different species in just 1 square kilometer, creating a lush canopy overhead that allows little light to reach the forest floor. Most put down shallow roots as they stretch 25-35m into the sky, stabilizing themselves with buttressed trunks that tightly grip the ground. And you might be surprised to learn that many rainforest tree species are evergreens — just not the conifers we usually associate with that term.
What's Happening to Tropical Forests Today
More than 1/2 of the world’s tropical forests have been destroyed, with more getting cut down every day for agricultural expansion, logging for lumber and fuel, and infrastructure. From the Amazon to the Philippines, One Tree Planted is working with local communities to restore tropical forests around the world!
2. Types of Temperate Forests
Temperate forests include:
- Moist conifer and evergreen broad-leaved forests
- Dry conifer forests
- Mediterranean forests
- Temperate coniferous forests
- Temperate broad-leaved rainforests
The largest temperate rainforest in the world is Alaska’s Tongrass forest, which spans 16.7 million acres and is home to many rare and endemic species.
Temperate Forests Climate and Ecology
Spanning from the coast of eastern North America to northeastern Asia and western and central Europe, temperate forests are characterized by having four distinct seasons, moderate climate, and fertile soils that support a variety of temperate forests wildlife like squirrels, rabbits, birds, deer, mountain lions, bobcats, timber wolves, foxes, and black bears.
Because they experience winter for 6+ months of the year, temperate forests' growing seasons are generally limited to 140-200 days and many temperate forests wildlife species either hibernate or migrate during the colder months.
With moderately dense canopies that still allow light through, the rich soil of temperate deciduous forest ecosystems support diverse understory vegetation. Unlike tropical forests, however, temperate forests usually have only 3 to 4 tree species per square kilometer and are distinguished by deciduous trees that drop their leaves annually.
Common temperate forests tree species include oak, hickory, beech, hemlock, maple, basswood, cottonwood, elm, willow, and many spring-flowering herbs like violet, partridgeberry, and goldthread.
What's Happening to Temperate Forests Today
Although they once spanned the globe, temperate forests have been extensively cleared for human settlement due to their moderate climate and rich soils, and today only scattered patches remain to remind us of their historic grandeur. Find out how you can support reforestation efforts in temperate forests by checking out our some of tree planting projects in temperate forests, such as Oregon and Romania!
3. Boreal Forest
Boreal forests comprise the world’s largest terrestrial biome and form a broad belt across Eurasia and North America. Two thirds are located in Siberia, while the rest can be found in Scandinavia, Alaska, and Canada.
The boreal forest climate is characterized by short summers and long winters with incredibly cold temperatures (reaching -65°F in some places).
Boreal forests have poor, acidic soils and short growing seasons (only 130 days).
Boreal Forest Climate and Ecology
Due to the extreme cold, boreal forest trees are limited to species that can tolerate it, with the most common boreal tree species being deciduous trees and evergreen conifers like pine, fir, and spruce. With dense canopies, little light is able to reach the forest floor, which limits understory growth.
Despite these harsh conditions, an incredible diversity of life has adapted and thrives in the unique boreal ecosystem.
Boreal wildlife species include caribou, woodpeckers, hawks, moose, bear, lynx, foxes, wolves, deer, hares, shrews, and bats — many of which must hibernate or migrate to survive.
What's Happening to Boreal Forests Today
Despite their incredible breadth, boreal forests are under threat from extensive deforestation. But from Quebec to Ontario, we’re working to restore Canada’s iconic boreal forests!
As powerful and biodiverse as our world’s forests are, they are profoundly threatened by deforestation and degradation. We’re working around the world to restore and recover these vital ecosystems for generations to come. Want to join us? Plant a tree today! | <urn:uuid:80538b2a-bfb9-43b0-bc41-9ba6dbd2ab80> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://onetreeplanted.org/blogs/stories/types-of-forests | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499710.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20230129080341-20230129110341-00081.warc.gz | en | 0.934582 | 1,432 | 3.640625 | 4 |
EP 4/6 The Private Life of Plants
(Click Here To Let Us Know)
Broadcast 26 January 1995, this episode examines how plants either share environments harmoniously or compete for dominance within them. Attenborough highlights the 1987 hurricane and the devastation it caused. However, for some species, it was that opportunity for which they had lain dormant for many years. The space left by uprooted trees is soon filled by others who move relatively swiftly towards the light. The oak is one of the strongest and longest-lived, and other, lesser plants nearby must wait until the spring to flourish before the light above is extinguished by leaves. Tropical forests are green throughout the year, so brute force is needed for a successful climb to the top of the canopy: the rattan is an example that has the longest stem of any plant. As its name suggests, the strangler fig ‘throttles’ its host by growing around it and cutting off essential water and light. Some can take advantage of a fallen tree by setting down roots on the now horizontal trunk and getting nutriment from the surrounding moss and the fungi on the dead bark. The mountain ash grows so tall, that regeneration becomes a considerable problem. It is easily inflammable, so its solution is to shed its seeds during a forest fire and sacrifice itself. It therefore relies on the periodic near-destruction of its surroundings in order to survive. Attenborough observes that catastrophes such as fire and drought, while initially detrimental to wildlife, eventually allow for deserted habitats to be reborn.
Hosted On MegaVideo, Popups Have Nothing To Do With Us. Learn More About MegaVideo & How To Bypass Its Time Limit In Our FAQ SectionEP 4/6 The Private Life of Plants, | <urn:uuid:fe5d2510-7671-4e39-b3ab-b4caa8a8ce9f> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://documentaryheaven.com/the-private-life-of-plants-4/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422122034298.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124175354-00171-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.953418 | 359 | 3.15625 | 3 |
1) Question 1 on Pink or Orange cards: What would you give up or give away to someone without hesitation. If they say anything, seek deeper, making sure they know they will never get it back. This is not a morality play, but a real question. Like, would you give your cat or x-box away?
2) Question 2 on the Yellow or Green cards: What would you NOT or Never give away. Same thing, if they give crazy answers or difficult to believe answers, keep asking questions.
b) Once you have enough cards (Keep them and add to them each week - you can even even make up some answers so you have enough, before you start classes this cycle) put one child in the middle of the room in a chair, pick a card at random, and have the other children ask 20 Questions, trying to guess what is on the card. DO NOT TELL them about the color code (if used) ever, and do not even concern yourself with it, until the game is over. If they do not guess what is on the card, in 20 questions, the person is middle wins and selects the next student to sit in the chair. If they do guess it, the person who guesses it is the winner, and sits in the chair. Keep the card that was used, and pick on at random or what appears to be random, and give it to the new player.
Repeat until you have run out of time or it is time to start regular class.
There are countless episodes where Jesus confronts the teachers and priests of the time, and all of them added together explain why they were so angry. Feel free to mention any of them that are important to you. I picked this one, because is falls on the heels of the unit verse, and is believed to have happened right after he entered the Jerusalem.
Order of Class:
(1-3 are always the same, and totally optional)
Matthew 21:12-13 (NIV) Jesus entered the temple courts and drove out all who were buying and selling there. He overturned the tables of the money changers and the benches of those selling doves.“It is written,” he said to them, “‘My house will be called a house of prayer,’but you are making it ‘a den of robbers.’”
If you are looking for a good illustration to better understand what happened, visually, this is one of my favorite mental images for this part of scripture.
a) Ask them what kids have temper tantrums over?
b) Pick one of the reason, and have someone or more than 1 act that out.
c) Ask them was Jesus having a temper tantrum? (NO)
d) Ask them what the difference is? (Anger has a place, if our Lord can act out in anger, to protect the image of his God, from those who knew better - the priest and teachers - then there is a place for our anger too.)
e) Ask them where or when it might be ok to act out our anger? (Examples: Someone uses violence on someone else, and you stop it. Someone is getting hurt by careless behavior - etc.)
Now Play the Game again, and read the Unit Verse - taking more time on the part in red, this weeks section.
Matthew 20:17-19 (NIV) Now as Jesus was going up to Jerusalem, he took the twelve disciples aside and said to them,"We are going up to Jerusalem, and the Son of Man will be betrayed to the chief priests and the teachers of the law. They will condemn him to death and will turn him over to the Gentiles to be mocked and flogged and crucified. On the third day he will be raised to life!"
Ask them why the priests and teachers of the law were so mean to Jesus? (The above example)
5) Summary - Read the verse again, and ask what the whole thing means. Help them come to understanding each time a child asks any question.
a. Introduction to God Rock's Lesson Planning System - Click Here.
5. Unit 2, Week 1 - Fasting and Looking Gloomy - Click Here. | <urn:uuid:0b0d4acc-e5dc-46b4-aad0-e813806e9245> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | http://www.easysundayschool.info/2015/04/righteousindignation.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514572879.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20190916155946-20190916181946-00122.warc.gz | en | 0.969757 | 874 | 2.78125 | 3 |
These open fields and commons and other waste land provided the small tenant farmers, and cottagers with rented strips of land from the Crown or Lord of the Manor and use of the common land to graze their pig, geese or a cow. During the late 17th and through the 18th century improvements in animal husbandry and yields from arable crops together with the introduction of horse drawn mechanical machinery gave an impetus to thoughts of land management and enclosure by landlords and Government. The wish by powerful landlords and others to enclose the land for better farming and greater profit could have led to developments that would have urbanized Eton Wick in the 20th century, but for the opposition at the time of the villagers and the influence of Eton College in the Houses of Parliament.
At the beginning of the century farming provided only a subsidence life for most in the village community but as the century progressed the growing demand from the towns folk of Eton and Windsor, whose craft trades and commercial interest were flourishing, created a market for increased food supplies. Helping to supply this market through better husbandry, our village farmer and cottager were thus able to improved their own living standard, especially for the more substantial farmer who may have also supplied produce to the London market similar to those Eton craftsmen who were sending footwear, tailoring and other products to the city.
Another influence on life in the village towards the end of the 18th century was the increased number of shops and small craft manufacturers in Eton. These businesses brought new wealth to Eton town over the 18th and 19th centuries which in turn attracted the young from the village to leave the land for reason of family economics and perhaps less arduous toil.
This is an extract from research undertaken by John Denham for at lecture to the WEA at Windsor entitled "18th Century Eton Wick within the environs of Eton." | <urn:uuid:e4c8d607-1642-4f56-8259-f2a253708acb> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://www.etonwickhistory.co.uk/2015/03/18th-century-eton-wick.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964363312.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20211206194128-20211206224128-00556.warc.gz | en | 0.97022 | 387 | 3.34375 | 3 |
Teachers Talk Simchat Torah
Teachers Talk About NLI Primary Sources: Gal Man-Dror, Simchat Torah. She presents one of her favorite primary sources from the National Library: a Simchat Torah's flag from the Conservative movement, printed in 2013.
The flag features the Jewish custom of Hakafot, which in this case represents the core values of the Conservative movement, such as belief in the Torah and in Jewish traditions, equality, and support for Zionism and the State of Israel.
You may be interested
What Does Your Simchat Torah Flag Say About You?
Join us on a fascinating journey through the history of Simchat Torah flags: From the Middle Ages, through the early Zionist movement and to this very day
Shir LaShalom - Song of Peace
Shir LaShalom (Song of Peace) was written in 1969. It is very popular in Israel and serves as the unofficial anthem of the Israeli peace movement, particularly since becoming associated with the assassination of Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin. | <urn:uuid:28ab98cd-bb1b-4c22-9d35-874e9ed9579d> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://education-en.nli.org.il/lessons/teachers-talk-simchat-torah | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337287.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20221002052710-20221002082710-00760.warc.gz | en | 0.913967 | 242 | 3.109375 | 3 |
My son is really into spelling right now. He likes to ask me how to spell words. I think it's because spelling is a system that he can figure out. Learning how sounds make words is an important step in his literacy progression, so I encourage it as much as possible.
Finding ways to parent from the couch is a very important skill when you have a 4 year old and an infant with you 24/7! Plus, I'm always keen to find ways to encourage phonics learning without worksheets or rote practice. Spur of the moment, kid-led activities and learning built into our daily life are so much more effective.
Unlike with our I Spy spelling game, Kiddo came up with this idea all by himself. He gathered all his alphabets, including his sandpaper letters, puzzles, magnets and foam bathtub letters (he likes to spell numbers in the tub) and for about 45 minutes he spelled words.
Sometimes he asked me how to spell a word, other times I suggest a few letters that he could use to try and make a word. For example, if I said "g, d, o", he would figure out the letters could spell "dog".
Did you notice how he even got a Spanish word in there? I'm glad he's been paying attention to his mini Spanish lessons!
Eventually our entire floor was a veritable alphabet soup.
No problem: I was safe on the couch.
This post contains affiliate links. | <urn:uuid:ebc238ff-c869-48fe-ad4c-2ab6bd05306a> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://www.whatdowedoallday.com/spelling-bee/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057427.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20210923165408-20210923195408-00670.warc.gz | en | 0.980845 | 304 | 2.75 | 3 |
Many are predicting larger-than-ever achievement disparities due to the deep inequities in our system that existed even before this pandemic.
Achievement gaps are the symptom of educational system deficits that do not serve all students well, in particular our black, brown and indigenous children. Knowing this deepening disparity, our planning and design must be intentional, and dramatically different than anything we have done before. Our district and school leadership teams, collaborative teams, and individual teachers can set up the context that will ensure success for all of our students. I believe in educators. Read more
Assessment that provides information on students’ learning strengths builds confidence and increases achievement.
Too often, students get feedback on all they are doing wrong or their deficits. Assessment, at its best, provides information to students on their strengths. When learners gain insight into what they know and can do, it builds their confidence. Strength-based feedback signals to students that you see their potential and that you believe in them. Read more
When you are unsure, not feeling confident, and scared no one will like you, it can be hard to get started. My son, Chase, is a fifth grader, and we signed him up for a basketball camp. He went alone and didn’t know anyone. As can be predicted, he was very nervous. Read more
When students know they are getting additional time and support for learning essential standards, sometimes referred to as intervention, do they see it as a punishment? Does it contribute to their perceptions of themselves as a “low” achiever? If so, we have a problem. Brookhart (2013) and Moss (2013) cite confidence as a key indicator of achievement. If students have confidence, they are more likely to persevere when they don’t immediately know how to do something. Confidence is the thing that will help students see possibility and hope (Moss & Brookhart, 2012). It’s this intrinsic state of being that will ensure interventions lead to high achievement. Read more
Grading and assessment is often very personal—to students, to parents, and to teachers. I wear (as many of us do) many hats: parent, trainer, facilitator, author, and learner. And, I am all too aware of how my own children’s confidence and motivation is impacted by assessment.
In the absence of clear descriptions, students often make their own meaning of what those comments, symbols, or quantities mean. Those interpretations influence what students believe about their abilities. Read more
The idea of students investing in their learning is a sought after prospective for many educators. How do teachers set up the conditions for students to want to learn? How do we inspire students to take their next steps and learn more? How does this investment lead to high levels of achievement for all students? The answers may be simpler (not to be confused with easier) than we think. Read more
August is the time of year when finalized standardized test scores are released to school districts and shortly thereafter shared publicly. It is a time for celebration, frustration, disappointment, and sometimes even a sense of panic or urgency that leads to questions such as, “What are we going to do? How do we share these with our community?” Read more
Confident, excited teachers make for confident and excited students. Jim Knight (2007), an expert on instructional coaching, suggests, “When people talk about learning, the experience should be exciting, energizing, and empowering” (p. ix). Assessment has the potential to generate all three of these conditions when designed and used in the service of learning. Read more
It was a warm winter day. Snow was falling and my 8-year old was ready to ride the youth snowmobile. I was determined that he was going to learn to do this. While Chase loves to “drive,” he is more concerned with everything around him than the road right in front of him. He watched his older brother jump on and thought that he should be able to ride as fast as he does. Read more | <urn:uuid:9c7c3e7e-f3c9-47ea-83cc-32bd6a92f501> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://allthingsassessment.info/author/nicole-vagle/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038066568.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20210412023359-20210412053359-00110.warc.gz | en | 0.97456 | 836 | 3.75 | 4 |
Gone are the days of casual conversation over the breakfast table before school. These days, parents are rushing their kids through cereal, only to yell at them, “Don’t forget to… or Did you…” before their kids are out the door. Sometimes we realize that all we’ve done is rush them around since they woke up, so we attach a quick, “I love you!” before they’re gone.
Once our kids are out the door, we do our own rushing around to clean up and get ready for our hectic days. When our children get home, it’s time for homework, dinner, dishes, bathtime, and bed. If you’re lucky, you have ten minutes to read your kids a few books before they go to sleep.
If you think about the typical day, from waking and preparing for the day to winding down and going to sleep, how many of the interactions you have with family members would you call “quality?”
According to the NY Post, the average family spends only 37 minutes a day together of quality time.
Why is quality time so important? Quality time with your children makes them feel valued, and children who feel valued have:
- Higher self esteem
- More compassion
- Better outside relationships
- Greater ability to handle stress
So how can you incorporate more quality time into your family’s days?
Eat dinner together. Many studies have been done about meal time and family time. Less than half of families in the U.S. eat together at least three meals a week. Yet family meal time is important for a variety of reasons. If you involve your kids in cooking, you’re teaching them about cooking, nutrition, and math all while having quality time together. Over the dinner table, your family has the opportunity to talk and learn about each other’s days. And if you make cleaning up a family exercise, you all get to practice responsibility and cooperation.
Talk with your kids while you’re driving them places. If you drive your kid to and from school, you have a captive audience. Turn off the music, tell your child how happy you are to see them, and ask them what the best thing about their day was. This is not a YES or NO question so it can lead to more conversation. Ask them a question about something they mentioned the previous day. Try to remember the other children they are naming. If you hear about Sally for a couple of weeks, then Sally disappears from the conversation, ask about her. You are showing you care about your child’s world, you listen, and their issues are important enough for you to remember.
Set aside a place at home for conversation and cuddling. We have the “cuddle couch” which comes in handy not just for conversation, but also for those moments when someone just wants a hug. If you have a place at home that’s designated for family together time, it will make it easier for your kids to let you know when they need some attention.
If you are interested in ways to bring kindness and quality time to your family activities, download the month long family calendar. Available July 1st. | <urn:uuid:bc316aec-b13f-41f9-a09a-c80f2f9f9cc2> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://www.kinddefined.org/uncategorized/how-to-incorporate-more-family-time-into-your-days/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027314852.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20190819160107-20190819182107-00374.warc.gz | en | 0.966294 | 670 | 2.53125 | 3 |
A clinician first takes a fluid sample, such as blood or saliva from a patient, and injects it into the disposable straw within the device. A large cap on the device contains two small packets: a lysis buffer and an ethanol wash. Pressure from the pump releases the lysis buffer, which breaks open cells in the fluid, releasing DNA. A second pump of air releases ethanol, which washes out everything but the DNA.
So far, Klapperich has used the prototype to isolate DNA from nasal wash samples infected with influenza A. Compared with traditional DNA extraction kits in the laboratory, Klapperich says, the SNAP prototype isolates less DNA. “But in general, our data show that the nucleic acid we get back is cleaner,” she says. The DNA can also be amplified using the polymerase chain reaction, or PCR, one of the most common methods of amplifying DNA in the lab. In the near future, the group plans to experiment with other human fluids that contain different viruses; DNA from various bacteria and viruses may behave differently at room temperature.
Jose Gomez-Marquez, program director for the Innovations in International Health Initiative at MIT, first learned of Klapperich’s invention at a recent meeting about medical technology for the developing world. Since then, he and Klapperich have worked together to refine the prototype. Gomez-Marquez will soon be bringing a model to Nicaragua, where he hopes to get feedback on its effectiveness and user friendliness from local clinicians and patients. “This device doesn’t wait for a cold system to be in place for diagnostic samples to be transferred from one place to another,” says Gomez-Marquez. “You can take five days or two weeks to get a sample out there–you don’t have to worry about refrigerating it.” | <urn:uuid:e5be2643-0045-48de-afd2-669c9d045896> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://www.technologyreview.com/news/414298/portable-dna-purifier-for-poor-countries/page/2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246635547.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045715-00222-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.933561 | 380 | 3.859375 | 4 |
Cycling Tips to prevent injury, alleviate pain and keep you moving for life.
- Select a bike that fits. An ill-fitting bike causes pain. A bike that fits – frame size, pedal alignment, handlebar position and saddle height – promotes good posture. Your physiotherapist can provide tips on correct bike fit and can correct poor mechanics before pain and injury develop.
- Choose cycling if you have osteoarthritis in your hips, knees or feet. The non-impact, rhythmic motion helps reduce joint pain and stiffness and keeps your muscles strong. Your physiotherapist can prescribe a cycling program and help you choose the right bike.
- The aerobic benefits of cycling help to manage high blood pressure and reduce the risk of heart disease. Cycling builds stamina. Your physiotherapist can help determine the right level of aerobic exercise and develop a program to meet your goals.
- Stretch and strengthen off your bike to improve on-bike performance. Your physiotherapist can create a program to treat muscles that are prone to tightness as well as help you strengthen areas such as your core to dramatically improve your cycling efficiency. | <urn:uuid:4b805ace-bd54-4ed3-9409-f194cea514e8> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | http://www.empowerphysio.ca/blog/june-physio-4-tips-for-cycling | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547584328678.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20190123085337-20190123111337-00362.warc.gz | en | 0.915569 | 229 | 2.890625 | 3 |
duminică, 13 februarie 2011
The Boomerang Nebula was photographed in detail by the Hubble Space Telescope in 1998. It is believed that the nebula is a star or stellar system evolving toward the planetary nebula phase.
Keith Taylor and Mike Scarrott called it the Boomerang Nebula in 1980 after observing it with a large ground-based telescope in Australia. Unable to see the detail that only Hubble can reveal, the astronomers saw merely a slight asymmetry in the nebula's lobes suggesting a curved shape like a boomerang. The high-resolution Hubble images indicate that 'the Bow tie Nebula' would perhaps have been a better name.
To make it more interesting i made some boomerang UFOs in this painting. | <urn:uuid:61429c2b-7cd5-4607-a968-896e5096a60b> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://space-paintings.blogspot.com/2011/02/boomerang-nebula.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187824894.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20171021190701-20171021210701-00078.warc.gz | en | 0.937786 | 156 | 2.875 | 3 |
MIDLAND, TX (KWES) - George P. Bush taught a lesson at Milam Elementary
Friday, students at Milam Elementary were taught a Texas railroad history lesson by a special guest.
Texas Land Commissioner George P. Bush visited the school with replicas of an original map of Texas railroads and cattle that are kept in Austin.
“So [the original maps] are really the crown jewels of Texas History so to replicate the experience of being an archivist we thought we’d bring some gloves and try to reproduce that in the classroom,” said Bush.
The Commissioner brought white gloves for the children to wear while studying the maps.
Bush believes it's much larger than just a lesson for the kids, in the grand scheme of things, there was also a lesson for the adults.
State officials connecting with students, parents, and educators is important.
“Being in the classroom and reconnecting allows us to have better decision making in Austin,” said Bush
Students in the classroom studied the map and answered questions Bush, a former educator, asked.
Then, the students were able to ask Bush questions of their own.
One student asked something along the lines of, “what inspired you to go from being a baseball player to where you are now?”
Bush responded with a chuckle and explained there were many steps in between and continued by giving the child an inspiring answer.
Bush and his team will continue to visit other schools around Texas. | <urn:uuid:f5e179aa-f0cb-484b-b159-7b97227740a1> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://www.newswest9.com/article/news/local/george-p-bush-teaches-lesson-to-milam-elementary-students/513-010cec13-c88a-490b-b562-fa5b263c52f2 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178361808.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20210228235852-20210301025852-00636.warc.gz | en | 0.982516 | 309 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Issue Date: June 16, 2008
White LED Formed From A Bulk Material
Energy-efficient light-emitting diodes that produce white light have potential as a next-generation technology for general lighting applications. But current methods to make white LEDs require that they be built up from multiple components. For example, white LEDs can be made by combining red, blue, and green LEDs or by coating blue or near-ultraviolet LEDs with a phosphor material. Wooseok Ki and Jing Li at Rutgers University now report the first bulk semiconductor material that . . .
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- Chemical & Engineering News
- ISSN 0009-2347
- Copyright © American Chemical Society | <urn:uuid:4ac94968-2f1d-49dd-887a-06cea0b5538b> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://cen.acs.org/articles/86/i24/White-LED-Formed-Bulk-Material.html?type=paidArticleContent | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189884.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00318-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.897427 | 155 | 3.25 | 3 |
By Dilip Bobb
Memorials are erected to commemorate a significant event, an individual or an act or deed that defined the history of that period, either dark and tragic or heroic and uplifting. Two that come under the category of dark and tragic were being commemorated in differing ways. One was the front page photograph of the Archbishop of Canterbury who said he was “personally very sorry” as he prostrated himself before memorial to the victims of the Amritsar massacre at the Jallianwala Bagh park, where 400 unarmed Indians were slaughtered by soldiers under the infamous General Dyer. The Archbishop’s words of personal sorrow also included the reason why memorials are built; ‘The pain and grief that has transcended the generations since must never be dismissed or denied.” Today, America also marks the 18th anniversary of the World Trade Centre terrorist attacks which killed close to 3,000 people.
I have visited both memorials and each, in its own way, keeps the memories and the pain alive. In Amritsar, the memorial is located in a park not far from the Golden Temple. Entering, one cannot escape the sense of serenity symbolized by the gardens, flowers, the pools and the eternal flame, like the one at India Gate in Delhi. Equally inescapable are rude reminders of that tragic day—the sight of bullet holes in the walls which have been preserved, as has the Martyr’s Well into which many people jumped in a desperate bid to escape the hail of bullets. The redbrick Cenotaph in front of which the Archbishop prostrated himself, is surrounded by small reflecting pools. For other tragic reminders, there is a photo gallery and a sound and light show every day which recreates that tragic day.
Also Read: Every Breath You Take, the DGCA Watches You
Reflecting pools are also at the centre of the 9/11 memorial in New York at the World Trade Centre’s former location at 180 Greenwich Street where the Twin Towers once stood so proudly. Two reflecting pools sit on this very ground. These pools are surrounded by bronze panels inscribed with names of people who died in the 2001 attacks. Architect Michael Arad, who designed this space, has carved out what he calls “voids”—a pair of black granite craters, each 192 x 192 feet square and set 30 feet down into the original foundations of the Twin Towers. Each of the cubic voids have water streaming into the sunken reflective pools. The memorial plaza when I visited in 2015, has a grove of trees including one called “The Survivor Tree”. It was at the site before the 9/11 attacks and nurtured back to health. The 9/11 museum has three floors which contain exhibits, including a collection of artifacts from Ground Zero like the remains of a ambulance and fire truck, crushed traffic lights and street signs and twisted airplane windows. The tour really transports visitors back to the blackest day in American history. Memorials can be inspiring and reflective, but they are also tragic reminders of man’s inhumanity. | <urn:uuid:141c5022-06af-4c5b-a4f7-e7be86208676> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://www.apnlive.com/opinion-and-analysis-comments/memories-of-memorials-67407 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496672170.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20191122222322-20191123011322-00025.warc.gz | en | 0.968079 | 649 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Half of adults older than 55 have trouble getting to or staying asleep. Researchers were surprised to discover the best way for them to get some much needed shut-eye.
The findings suggest that focusing attention and awareness on the present moment without judgment or reacting to thoughts—as taught through mindfulness meditation—has positive effects not just on sleep but on daytime fatigue and depression, two conditions that often result from poor sleep.
“We were surprised to find that the effect of mindfulness meditation on sleep quality was large and above and beyond the effect of the sleep hygiene education program,” says David S. Black, assistant professor of preventive medicine at the Keck School of Medicine at University of Southern California.
“Mindfulness meditation appears to have clinical importance by serving to reduce sleep problems among the growing population of older adults, and this effect on sleep appears to carry over into reducing daytime fatigue and depression symptoms,” Black says.
Fifty percent of adults over the age of 55 will experience sleep disturbances, which include trouble falling asleep and waking in the middle of the night.
Sleep needs of older adults don’t diminish with age, according to the National Sleep Foundation, and many older adults report dissatisfaction with their sleep and tiredness during the day.
For the study, published in JAMA Internal Medicine, researchers compared two structured conditions: the Mindful Awareness Practice (MAPs) program at University of California, Los Angeles, a six-week, two-hour-a-week program introducing mindfulness meditation to participants, and a sleep hygiene program providing improvement strategies such as relaxation before bedtime, monitoring sleep behavior, and not eating before sleeping.
The research was conducted via self-reported surveys.
Future research will focus on combining mindfulness meditation with a sleep hygiene program to determine the usefulness of meshing aspects of both programs.
The National Institutes of Health, the National Institutes of Mental Health, the UCLA Older Americans Independence Center, the Cousins Center for Psychimmunotherapy at UCLA, the Pettit Family Foundation and the Furlotti Family Foundation funded the study. Researchers from UCLA contributed to the work. | <urn:uuid:5b878d75-7a4b-4747-a60c-d4501ea3597f> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://www.theepochtimes.com/can-meditation-bring-relief-to-sleepy-seniors_1270590.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178359497.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20210227204637-20210227234637-00512.warc.gz | en | 0.94207 | 427 | 2.6875 | 3 |
In a 9 year old male, squealing and grunting are the only vocal sounds. Should this be discouraged? We’d appreciate any guidance on teaching him to communicate “yes/no.” Are squealing and grunting forms of vocal exercise that may eventually benefit the vocal chords?
Squealing and grunting will probably improve communication possibilities between the speaker and listener more than they will benefit the vocal cords. For example, if he is squealing because he wants or likes something, the initial steps have been taken toward developing a “yes/no” form of communication. For children who are not talking, this nonverbal form of “yes/no” may be the only channel available.
A very basic procedure for caregivers of individuals who are nonverbal is to observe body language and vocal behaviors in response to a stimulus. If the caregiver sees that the child responds in a particular way such as squealing and perhaps also raising his shoulders when he likes something, the caregiver should probably touch the child’s throat and shoulders and say, “I hear your voice and I see you raising your shoulders. I think you are saying, “yes, you like this.” The child now knows he has communicated. The caregiver should continue identifying and reinforcing such behaviors and discover what signals occur when the child is basically saying “no.”
Although very unlikely to occur in this child’s situation, I should mention that squealing and grunting may actually harm the vocal cords if they are done with undue force and tension and/or if they occur too frequently. For example, individuals such as cheerleaders, teachers and ministers (and presidents!) often develop hoarse voices and sometimes nodules because they often have to use their voices too much and/or with too much force. Also, other factors such as dry air or a smoky environment can be contributing factors.
Legal Disclaimer: Please take note that the CdLS Foundation’s Ask the Expert service is comprised of volunteer professionals in various areas of focus. Response times may vary and a response is not guaranteed. Answers are not considered a medical, behavioral, or educational consultation. Ask the Expert is not a substitute for the care and attention your child’s personal physician, psychologist, educational consultant, or social worker can deliver. | <urn:uuid:7cbf9306-eb88-4308-a422-6cfe1c3cc02a> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://www.cdlsusa.org/ask-the-expert/nonverbal-communication/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703524743.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20210121101406-20210121131406-00767.warc.gz | en | 0.952655 | 479 | 3.4375 | 3 |
Sarraceniaceae, family of carnivorous pitcher plants in the order Ericales, native to North and South America. These low-growing perennial herbs are notable for their modified pitcherlike leaves, which serve as pitfall traps to ensnare and digest insects and other small prey. The family consists of three genera: Sarracenia, with about 10 species; Darlingtonia, with one species; and Heliamphora, with some 23 species. (The pitcher plants in the family Nepenthaceae are limited to the Old World.)
The family Sarraceniaceae consists of three genera of pitcher plants and is distributed throughout North America and the western portion of the Guiana Highlands in South America. Members of this family commonly inhabit bogs, swamps, wet or sandy meadows, and savannas where the soils…
The Sarraceniaceae are unlike any other plants in the Western Hemisphere. They derive their common name from their hollow tubular leaves, which can take the form of a trumpet, a pitcher, or an urn. These leaves passively capture prey that are lured to the leaf’s mouth by its glistening surfaces or unusual colouration and transparent patches. If an insect or other organism falls into the pitcher, stiff downward-pointing hairs and slippery walls prevent it from crawling back out. Exhausted, the animal eventually drowns in the liquid at the bottom of the pitcher. Protein-digesting enzymes and bacteria break down the insect’s body, allowing nitrates and other useful nutrients to be absorbed by the plant to supplement the poor soil conditions of its environment.
Members of Sarraceniaceae commonly inhabit bogs, swamps, wet or sandy meadows, and savannas where the soils are water-saturated, acidic, and deficient in nitrogen or phosphorous. Instead of an upright aboveground stem, the pitcher plant usually has a short, round, horizontal rhizome (underground stem) from which leaves radiate outward and upward. The mature rhizome, which is 8–30 cm (3–12 inches) long, grows for 10 to 30 years, depending on the genus. Most members of the family produce a crop of pitcher leaves in the spring and a second crop of leaves in the fall. The leaves vary in colour from yellow green to dark green suffused with red. The leaves are clearly adapted to function like flowers in attracting insects: they are flowerlike in their striking colour patterns and shapes, and, during their active period in the summer, they exude nectar containing fructose, which is highly attractive to some insects.
Besides having flowerlike leaves, all members of Sarraceniaceae produce flowers that are showy and have an agreeable scent. The nodding flowers are insect-pollinated, usually by bees, and are usually borne on long stalks to keep the pollinators away from the deadly pitchers. The flowers’ petals are usually five in number, and the stamens are numerous and shed pollen copiously. The fruits are dry capsules that shed their seeds. Some species propagate vegetatively; in Darlingtonia, and less often in Sarracenia, buds arise at nodes (stem joints) in the rhizome and grow into new plants, giving rise to slowly spreading colonies.
Known as trumpet pitchers, the genus Sarracenia is confined to eastern North America and is concentrated in northern Florida and the southern parts of Georgia and Alabama. The yellow pitcher plant (S. flava) is probably the most abundant species, though the purple, or common, pitcher plant (S. purpurea) has a much wider range—from Labrador and Great Bear Lake (near the Arctic Circle) to subtropical Florida. The cluster of leaves produced by species of Sarracenia ranges in size from 10 cm (4 inches) in the sweet pitcher plant (S. rubra) to more than 120 cm (4 feet) in the crimson pitcher plant (S. leucophylla). The habitat of Sarracenia species ranges from sand and gravel along stream banks to wet meadows and savannas. Most of the species thrive in full sunlight.
The other North American genus, Darlingtonia, includes only the cobra plant (D. californica). It ranges from Oregon to northern California and thrives in redwood and red fir forests up to 2,000 metres (6,000 feet) above sea level, where temperatures remain below about 18 °C (65 °F). Its overarching spotted hood and a unique landing ramp that extends from the top of the curiously twisted tubular leaf account for its common name. Using the landing projection, insects often enter the mouth of the pitcher from the side of the domed hood. Trapped insects often fly against the hood’s translucent “windows” and eventually fall into the liquid at the pitcher’s bottom.
The third genus, Heliamphora, grows in the rainforest mountains of Brazil, Guyana, and Venezuela. Often called sun pitchers or marsh pitcher plants, Heliamphora species form cushions on ridge crests and mingle with peat moss in swampy depressions. The stems of some species rise to more than 120 cm (48 inches) and are branched and slightly shrubby. Their pitchers attain a height of 50 cm (20 inches). | <urn:uuid:f5956b4f-f179-4a8a-adee-0c3008804a28> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | https://www.britannica.com/plant/Sarraceniaceae | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376824119.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20181212203335-20181212224835-00559.warc.gz | en | 0.946229 | 1,109 | 4.25 | 4 |
The ring is a 16-20 foot square enclosed by four ropes connected to corner posts via turnbuckles. Its size varies from organization to organization, but does not change much between age divisions, genders, or skill level. A ring is typically set up by setting a roughly four-foot-tall wooden frame and lining the top with some sort of foam padding. The top of the ring is then covered with a stretched leather canvas. Training rings are often also considerably smaller, and some are even as small as eight feet by eight feet. These smaller rings are great for forcing boxers into contact, making out-fighters in particular work very hard to use their defense.
The term ring comes from the origins of boxing when there used to be a circle drawn out on the ground to mark the bounds of the contest. Today, the ring, sometimes called the squared circle, is a raised platform where boxers compete. In the common professional fight, the boxing ring is a square shape raised three to four feet above ground level, enclosed by four posts connected by turnbuckles attached to ropes. The ring's flooring consists of a raised platform constructed from wood and metal, topped with padding and finally covered with stretched canvas.
The area of a ring is typically between 18 and 20 feet between the ropes. This discrepancy comes from the multiple existing boxing organizations, all of which have different rules regarding ring construction. All of the organizations, however, have an additional two feet between the ropes and the edge of the platform.
In some rings set up in training gyms, the dimensions can be restricted to as little as eight by eight. This is used to force boxers to be prepared for more combat and is especially useful in training for endurance.
In all rings, four ropes enclose the area. These ropes are connected to the corner posts via turnbuckle and are placed at incremental heights starting at 18 inches from the top of the platform with a twelve inch spacing between. This means ropes are placed at 18, 30, 42, and 54 inches. Each rope is approximately one inch in diameter.
Though each of the corners connects the ropes to the posts, the turnbuckles themselves are covered with a triangular shaped pad that fits into the corner and is connected to the ropes. The dimensions for the pad are 48" x 6" x 6" x 8", where the pad does not touch the canvas and the eight-inch side is the one the fighter can touch when backed into the corner.
The boxing ring corners have assignments. Each fighter is assigned a corner and there are two designated "neutral" corners.
The fighter's corners, depicted by red and blue posts, are the corners that boxers are to enter and exit the ring from. This is also where a boxer will rest between rounds.
Depicted by black posts, neutral corners are used in the event that one boxer is knocked down, receives a standing eight-count or is knocked out. When a referee breaks the fighters up, he will instruct the non-afflicted boxer to stand in a neutral corner. This allows the stunned boxer to attempt a recovery without interference from the opponent, and it also prevents the scoring boxer from receiving in-depth coaching mid-round.
When talking about inside vs outside fighters, it is important to note what areas these fighters occupy. An inside fighter will occupy the center of the ring, while an outside fighter will occupy areas closer to the ropes, using as much space as possible to stay away from their opponent.
In the instance depicted in this image, the red fighter would be the inside fighter, thus occupying the inside of the ring. Conversely, the blue fighter would be the outside fighter, spending the majority of their time close to the ropes. It should be noted that outside fighters will pivot into the center of the ring to avoid being pinned on the ropes in a corner, but will not often spend much time in the center. This is especially true when practicing the stick-and-go technique. | <urn:uuid:85653949-a651-49c1-beb5-c94e474f0d94> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://www.rookieroad.com/boxing/rings/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703511903.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20210117081748-20210117111748-00068.warc.gz | en | 0.965209 | 809 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Wednesday 04 July 2018
In this article, we’ll explore:
How to read this article:
If you are curious about air quality:
If you are a homeowner or are in the market to buy a home:
If you have commercial interests in either property development, management or flipping:
Why You Should Care About Quality Air
Choosing the proper system to establish quality air for your interior environments involves a plethora of factors that influence building functionality and the economical integrity of your investment. While this may seem hyperbolic, consider that the quality of interior air largely affects occupant health, comfort, and productivity, and in some cases even building usability, which can ignite significant economical impact for property owners and occupants.
Air Quality Index
An air quality index (AQI) is a rating system used by government agencies to demonstrate to the public level of pollutants measured in the air as it currently is as well as for what it is forecast to become.
As the index increases, a large percentage of the population will likely experience adverse health consequences unless the proper purification, ventilation and air quality management systems are implemented for interior environments.
While London air is considered high quality on the global scale, there are still a large pool of pollutants that if left unadhered to will assuredly contaminate the integrity of your interior air quality and cause a variety of health implications.
The most prominent contaminant in London air is Nitrogen Dioxide, however traces of various other chemical compounds and airborne contaminants include:
Methods of Measurements
Technological advancements and consumer accessibility to air pollutant measurement systems (like VOC sensory tests and carbon monoxide detectors) have made assessing the contents of what’s in our air more accessible than ever.
However knowing the percentage of what floats around us, is less than half the battle.
What’s more important are the actions you take to ensure that the proper systems are in place to ventilate and purify the quality of the air you breathe.
Furthermore ensuring that your interior environments of your home or office are comfortable and suitably catered to the needs of those who reside within them.
What actions should you take to improve your interior air quality?
Investing in the correct HVAC system for your space is generally more than sufficient when addressing (and influencing) the quality of your interior air.
Heating, air conditioning and ventilation systems are major factors for integrating ambient air flow into a space. Not only do they dilute and displace indoor pollutants, but they are also useful for the purposes of dehumidifying a space and controlling thermal comforts.
According to the HVAC sector of the Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers (CIBSE), increasing the frequency of air exchanges to at least 8.4 times each day is ideal for optimal indoor air quality.
Therefore, if the goal for any HVAC system is to circulate air flow through a space and provide comfortable, interior temperature levels for a buildings occupants, then determining which is the best HVAC option for your home or business is a very practical place to begin.
With a properly integrated system, any space can be perfectly fitted to effortlessly control moisture, and reduce contaminant concentrations in the air by way of adequate ventilation, and filtration.
With a variety of options to choose from, it is advised to consult with an experienced technician and/or installation specialist who can help determine what system would best suited for your buildings size, functionality and budget.
To read more about specific systems that iClimate specialists work with click here.
Below is a general overview of the various (generalised) HVAC systems available.
Deciding on the ideal system for smaller residential buildings is generally configured based on the required capacity of interior dimensions.
Larger buildings require a thorough analysis by service and design specialists who can determine the most efficient and appropriate configuration of HVAC systems. Ensuring that the ideal system is designed and fabricated specifically to comply with necessary code requirements, and building size.
Designed to generate and distribute heat to an entire area. This can be achieved with boilers, furnaces or heat pumps that distribute steam, hot water or can directly heat air in a central location such as a furnace room.
An integral process in the maintaining quality air standards, ventillation is the process of circulating fresh air from outside into the stagnant air in an enclosed space. Removing odours, controlling temperatures and humidity levels whilst reducing indoor air contaminants.
Systems can be categorized by either:
Air Conditioning & Refrigeration
These systems are used to reduce the temperature and control the level of humidity in the air. Mixed with the air from outside, all air is passed over a heat exchanger which mechanically cools and recirculates it to the areas that need it.
Both air conditioning and refrigeration require that heat is removed from the air by way of convection, radiation, or conduction. The mediums used to conduct the heat are called refrigerants and are circulated through a refrigeration system or free cooling system.
An extremely efficient system that integrates storage methods which then release various air temperatures that a space requires at different seasonal points throughout the year.
Many HVAC systems offer an an economizer which manipulates air distribution to react accordingly to air pressure or temperature levels rather than follow a predetermined schedule. The obvious benefit being that it can dramatically reduce operational costs and can increase energy efficiencies.
Often modern buildings incorporate more than one HVAC system in order to achieve the desired air quality objectives and adhere to a buildings aesthetic design.
Heating and Air Conditioning Central System
Heating and Air Conditioning Split Systems
Hybrid Heat Split System
Duct-Free Heating & Air Conditioning System
Packaged Heating and Air Conditioning System
The perfect plan requires custom considerations.
During a consultation with an air care installation specialists, all influential elements are taken into account - including the physical space as well as the needs and requirements of those who will use it. During this process you will clarify the the best system for your properties (and occupants) needs.
Be sure when choosing your air quality partner that they adhere to the regulations and legislations outlined by European Union regulations for fluorinated greenhouse gases (FGases) and ozone-depleting substances (ODS).
Working directly with a company who is FGAS ODS compliant will ensure that your HVAC equipment is in optimal working order, installation is safe and reliable and the entire system is able to perform efficiently at all times.
While companies each offer their own project evaluation procedures, it is always advised to be aware of all financial obligations prior to an installation specialists arriving on site.
At iClimate, we offer free onsite visits and project evaluations to estimate the scale of a project for any residential or commercial installation needs across London.
Almost every home will already have a pre existing HVAC system in place.
Understanding which type of system your home has, how old it is and the investment that will be required on your behalf to maintain it (and by extension the air it purifies and distributes) should all factor into the evaluation of whether or not you should buy a new system for your home, or invest in repairing the existing system.
To clarify when would be best to repair vs. replace, review the list of considerations below.
Repair vs. Replacement
A system that is more than 10 years old can incur repair costs roughly half of the purchase value of a new system.
However, be sure to factor in energy and economic savings offered by upgrading to a newer, more efficient system. The additional upfront expense of investing in a new HVAC system will more often than not prove to be a better investment as it comes with various benefits such as tax incentives, an updated warranty, environmental efficiencies, technological convenience and reliable comfort.
This is generally the go to option for newer installs. If the cost of repair is less than half of the cost of replacement then it’s more often than not advisable to repair the parts of the system that require maintenance.
The following are general check in points property owners should consult when determining whether or not a system repair or replacement is required.
Consulting with an air conditioning specialist for any final determinations or site specific inquiries such as refurbishments or new builds is highly advised. Be sure to consult their certification and qualifications prior to initiating an agreement.
As Indoor air quality is one of many issues that building owners and developers must address to provide buildings that meet their needs and the needs of the building occupants, choosing the right plan in regards to maintenance requirements or opting for new instal is essential, and important decision.
iClimate offers all in one specialist solutions using the latest in industry efficiencies and quality standards.
Our clients experience peace of mind and a seamless experience as a result of our bespoke all in one solutions which carry a project from design to installation. Our focus is always to ensure ease of execution including all aspects of project management, efficient operations and a single point of contact throughout all phases of the project.
Regardless if you are a homeowner or have commercial intentions. The return on clean air investment is indisputable.
The health implication of neglected air quality are not to be underestimated. Extended exposure to any of the above listed air contaminants can attack your (or your families, or clients) immune systems, causing a variety of adverse health effects:
For commercial purposes, extensive research has been done to demonstrate the value of prioritising indoor air quality during initial stages of property development.
Investment in quality air care systems immediately classifies buildings, placing them in a higher bracket for market status, as they are more appealing to buy, rent, and learn or conduct business in.
The reason being that buildings designed to ensure quality air foster environments that lead to more productive and happier occupants.
In commercial real estate, satisfied occupants are tied directly to return on investment and bottom-line economics. Whilst in schools and other institutional buildings indoor air quality is tied to learning outcomes and organisational missions.
From a development perspective, when quality air and energy efficiency systems are considered at the initial design phases, elements from all aspects can be integrated rather than at odds with one another, saving conflicting investments, or unnecessary expenses down the line.
When air regulations systems are treated as an afterthought, important design elements can be costly or difficult to modify or correct later on. Avoiding these early missteps is as simple as including an air conditioning installation specialists as a key consultant from the beginning.
Some such avoidable missteps may include:
Ultimately, when air quality is neglected, property owners and/or managers can find themselves devoting valuable resources to reconciling occupant complaints or dealing with periods of building closure, costly repairs, and possible damaging legal actions.
And while residential systems are far less complex, homeowners have the equally important task of maintaining quality air for themselves and their loved ones to avoid health implications or resale impediments.
While the fact that quality air care for your home or office may be obvious, it is not always clear, which system or solution is the best for your custom purposes.
Therefore it is always encouraged, especially in the initial development or installation phase to get educated with the most up to date information regarding regulations, requirements and which systems are best suited to serve your needs.
To ensure your air quality is fit for your needs book a free onsite visit with a licenced and professional London air ventilation specialist now. | <urn:uuid:dc6d0050-c0e1-45eb-b728-b602f7edfd92> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | https://www.iclimatesolutions.co.uk/news/roi-air-conditioning-air-quality | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676593223.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20180722120017-20180722140017-00008.warc.gz | en | 0.935707 | 2,353 | 2.796875 | 3 |
In recent years, global temperatures have become more extreme in summer and winter. In the United States and Australia, there have been many record-setting heat waves that have lasted for weeks. For most, returning home after work and cranking up the air conditioner is a major relief from the heat. Also, it is the safest way of battling the heat for children, the elderly and pets. However, when using the air conditioner, it is critical to find an energy-efficient product to save money on electricity bills as well as minimise impact on the environment.
One of the most popular types of energy-efficient air conditioners is solar power air conditioning. The premise is simple; it is an air conditioner that converts sunlight to electricity that powers the units. There are four primary types of solar air conditioning including:
- Photovoltaic (PV) solar cooling
- Solar closed-loop absorption cooling
- Solar open-loop air conditioning
- Solar thermal compression
Photovoltaic (PV) Solar Cooling
As the most frequently-used type of solar cooling for small residential applications, PV –powered cooling technology utilizes a conventional compressor-based system. In recent years, it has become cost-effective, especially when built into the construction of new homes.
Solar Closed-Loop Absorption Cooling
In closed-loop absorption cooling, there are several absorption technologies that can be implemented including Methanol/Activated Carbon, NH3/H2O, Water/Silica Gel, Water/Lithium Bromide and Water/Lithium Chloride. The cooling process utilizes solar thermal collectors to deliver solar energy to thermally-driven chillers which recirculate air back to the collectors.
Solar Open-Loop Air Conditioning
With this type of solar cooling, air passes over solid desiccants that suck the moisture from the air and allow them to engage in an evaporative cooling cycle. Solar thermal energy is then used to regenerate the desiccant to dehumidify in a low energy consumption and cost-effective cycle.
Solar Thermal Compression
Finally, solar thermal compression technology begins with the system super heating fluid with energy from the sun. The fluid is then delivered to a condenser as a high-pressured gas. Then the fluid enters the solar compressor which packs the molecules close together and superheats the liquid into a gaseous form. From there, the gas moves back into a condenser and is cooled and depressurized to turn back into a liquid. The cooled liquid moves through coils and removes humidity within the home and cools the air.
Benefits of Solar Air Conditioning
There are numerous benefits, environmental, financial, community and economic, to upgrading to a solar air conditioner. These benefits include:
- Around the clock use
- Available anywhere
- Cost savings
- Decrease power spikes
- Eco-friendly technology
- Freely available raw materials
Around the Clock Use
Even when the sun is not shining, you can enjoy the cooling benefits of a solar-powered air conditioner. Due to their eco-friendly designs, each unit stores energy from the sun in batteries which are used when a constant energy source is not available.
Solar air conditioners can work in even the most remote locations where there is no power grid. These units are completely self-contained allowing you to have air conditioning in almost any location around the world.
One of the greatest benefits to homeowners is the savings of not being on the grid as well as the tax incentives provided by governmental and organizational programs. Since air conditioners typically eat electricity, using a renewable resource will not hit your monthly bill.
Decrease Power Spikes
Fluctuating power consumption of air conditioners due to variations in the weather wreaks havoc on the electricity grid because power plants are not equipped to adjust their power production fast enough to meet demand spikes. On the other hand, solar-powered air conditioners generate more electricity from the sun as consumption increases.
Another major benefit for homeowners is that the power is generated from a renewable resource that does not harm the environment. This equates to clean energy that is free from CO2 and other emissions. This helps to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and your carbon footprint.
Freely Available Raw Materials
The raw materials to create solar energy are in abundance. It does not need to be imported, manufactured or traded with other nations. It is consistently all around and green technology is all that is needed to harness this source.
How to Maintain Solar Air Conditioning
Given that solar air conditioning units require less maintenance than traditional air conditioners, there is not much involved to keeping it running efficiently. However, there are a few tips that can help keep each unit long-lasting. First, cleaning the solar panels every so often will help maximize the amount of absorbed energy. Second, ensuring the fan on the air conditioning unit is clear of debris will maximize output and lengthen the quality of the components. Third, change the air filter annually to improve efficiency. Finally, ensure all vents in the home are clear and free of debris or other objects. | <urn:uuid:14dd6319-14b4-41f6-968d-ce08064318b5> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | https://www.renovatorstore.com.au/blog/energy-efficient-air-conditioning/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988720845.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183840-00559-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.924281 | 1,047 | 3.125 | 3 |
This article is about Understanding Elections and Civic Responsibility.
In this lesson, I am going look at three aspects of what a voter should understand. And these are; getting the most from your vote, organizing civic engagement and Engaging with Candidates and Elected Officials.
These three seek to educate and inform on the role of citizens in the electoral process, and provide guidance on how to exercise civic responsibility and hold candidates and officials accountable – before, during, and after elections.
The right to vote is inseparable from the right to participate in public life. Through voting, you can choose the candidate who will work on the issues you care most about. Voting helps steer policies that affect both the future direction of your country and your daily life. For example, if youth unemployment is an issue that is important to you, you would want to vote for a candidate who has the best plan to create jobs or fund training programs aimed at youth.
During an electoral period, you have a certain set of rights and responsibilities that are true for all free and fair elections. First, you have the right to support or campaign on behalf of any candidate. Second, to vote freely for any candidate or measure of your choosing, and third, to have your vote kept confidential.
Voting is important, but Election Day is only one day. The periods before and after an election are also opportunities for you to advocate for issues that you care about. Before an election, candidates looking to attract votes are often willing to learn more about issues of importance to their constituents. During this period, ask candidates to make a promise, known as a campaign pledge, to pursue a certain policy when they get elected. After an election, hold your representatives accountable for following through on these promises.
For example, let’s say that during a campaign, a candidate promised to reduce youth unemployment. After they are elected, you can form an advocacy group to remind them of this promise. Your advocacy group can pressure elected officials to create and pass laws that would help more young people find jobs. Your group can also track how the government spends public funds to make sure they are being used for their intended purposes, such as youth skills-‐‑building programs. These activities help fight corruption in public spending. They also remind elected officials to pay attention to their constituents’ concerns throughout the whole electoral cycle.
So how can a voter make informed choices about candidates and issues to support? You cannot truly express your political voice unless you are first informed about your voting choices. In deciding how to vote, you should focus on the candidate’s ideas for the future.
Look beyond the personalities of the candidates or who might share your religion, gender, ethnicity or place of origin.
Organizing and attending candidate meetings is one way voters can get information on candidates’ policies before casting their ballots.
As a voter, focus on the issues. Issue-‐‑based voter education assists voters in making decisions based on a specific problem. That helps to ensure that voters focus on how the candidate plans to solve a problem, not their overall ideology. Make sure candidates are aware of your main concerns and why an issue is relevant to your life. Know what matters to you, whether it’s health care, education or unemployment. Focusing on issues helps you understand how voting for a certain candidate, party or policy can lead to change you want to see.
Grassroots Organizing For Civic Engagement
In this lesson we’ll review how grassroots organizing applies to an electoral campaign. We’ll also look at how it can be used for a social movement, like women’s rights or access to quality education.
There are three key elements to any grassroots campaign: leadership, capacity building, and executing your plan.
The most critical component of grassroots organizing is great leadership. Leaders have a plan, with specific goals, a timeline, and clearly defined measures of success. Leaders bring people together. They provide vision and ensure that everyone is working in common purpose and that everyone knows their respective roles. They create infrastructure for their cause by delegating specific tasks to others. They do what they say and give others a chance to be successful.
No movement can succeed without good leaders.
Another critical component of a successful campaign is the ability to create capacity. Creating capacity means to draw more and more people into your campaign, both at the leadership level and developing a list of supporters. We call this “list building.”
Your list of supporters is critical. You must cultivate this list, adding more and more committed supporters each day. They understand your cause and have agreed to be supportive. This agreement can be a verbal communication — a one-on-one meeting or phone conversion — or a written communication via social media, text message, email or letter. Supporters know that they will be asked to do something in the future for your campaign and they will. For instance, vote for a particular candidate on Election Day. You should have contact information for your supporters so you can communicate with them regularly and provide updates. Celebrate good news with your supporters as your campaign progresses, and inform them of any big announcements. You should prepare your supporters so that they know there will be peaks and valleys in your campaign. And they should know that their support, especially in the more difficult times of the campaign, is absolutely critical.
Finally, this is the last aspect of the article and this is Engaging with Candidates and Elected Officials.
In this lesson, we’re going to review how to engage with a candidate or elected official on an issue that matters to you. We’ll discuss the specific steps you should take to prepare for your meeting. We’ll also look at best practices for how you should conduct yourself and your business during the meeting. Ultimately, our goal is to get candidates and elected officials to take the actions you want and need.
Now, advocating for your cause is a job that lasts 12 months a year. But elections are an especially important time because politicians are most focused on earning your support. Many politicians will just make general promises and ask for your vote. Your job is to get them to make specific commitments to help your community, and then follow up, again and again, when the election is done.
Build relationships with every politician and political party you can, so that whoever wins — now and in the future — you will have an open door to the people making decisions.
Before you meet a candidate or official, you have to do your homework. Here are four ways you should prepare.
First, be specific on what your government can do to help the issue you care about. For example: If you care about giving more children access to primary school, the government can raise the education budget to build more schools and hire more teachers.
Second, find out who the specific officials are who need to act and what you want them to do and by when. For example: To raise the education budget by 25 percent, the president and speaker of parliament may need to agree to include this in the budget law for the coming year. So you need to know when the budget law is written and whose input will matter.
Third, identify the key officials who have acted on this issue previously. Know what their record is and what promises they have made. Make sure you know what they have done or not done on this issue so you can build on their efforts. For example: A key official made promises to “make education a priority” in the last election. He also voted two years ago to reduce school fees and raise teachers’ salaries by 10 percent, but hasn’t acted since. If this official gave a reason why, you’ll want to know so you can be ready with a solution or a new request.
Fourth, craft ideas on how the community, including associations, businesses and media, can strengthen the action you think government should take. For example: Construction companies could donate materials to build schools. Community associations can partner with the Ministry of Education to train parents on how to prepare children for school.
After you’ve done your homework — identifying the problem, the key actors and your specific request — you’re ready for the meeting.
Getting a meeting with a candidate or elected official very much depends on circumstances where you are. But here are a few suggestions. You can visit their offices or contact their staff. Use personal connections, like someone who knows the candidate or official. And look for public meetings they’re scheduled to attend and seek them out there. In general, in-person requests tend to be the most successful; phone calls the least.
Prepare your conversation with these five steps. It’s a good idea to practice with a friend or colleague beforehand. You should be clear and direct, but also friendly and natural when you speak.
First, introduce yourself and thank them for meeting with you. Explain how your organization works to serve your community on this issue. Be sure to thank them for their past actions on the issue and be specific.
Second, talk about the problem in your community that you want their help with. Tell a story of someone impacted by this problem. And use facts and figures to show the size of the problem.
Third, propose your solution to the problem, including ideas for immediate actions by the government as well as a longer-term vision. Share your thoughts on how all of society can be mobilized around this issue.
Fourth, make “the ask.” Be specific about what action you want the official to take and by when. Express how their support of this issue will gain them recognition and appreciation in the community. Ask them politely but directly, “Can we count on you?”
Finally, wrap up your meeting with a follow-up discussion or action in mind. No matter what their answer, smile and thank them for their time. Make a specific plan to talk again. And always get contact information, both for them and their staff.
A good way to keep an official engaged on your issue is to invite them or their staff to events that show the impact your organization is having in the community.
Now this may seem like a lot of steps, but you can do them all in five minutes if you need to. The most important thing is to ask them to take a specific action and to give the impression that you are well-organized, friendly and determined to gain their support.
Don’t be discouraged if you don’t get a commitment the first time. The goal is not to solve everything in one conversation, but to build a relationship based on mutual respect. If you are well-informed and well-organized, they will begin depending on you for information and asking you for your advice. So be patient, be specific and be creative. Follow these steps, and you can become a powerful advocate for your community.
Your vote is your right and it determines your future as a good citizen. | <urn:uuid:75092c52-f074-4f2f-b716-175779b75efa> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://www.foroyaa.gm/archives/13100 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698541525.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170901-00247-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.964939 | 2,245 | 3.765625 | 4 |
61.5 million Americans experience a mental illness in a given year. More than 90% of those who die by suicide had one or more mental disorders. The economic cost of untreated mental illnesses is more than $100 billion each year in the U.S. Globally, 3 of the 6 leading disabilities are due to mental illness (major depressive disorder, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, PTSD).¹
Mental illnesses are set apart from the rest of brain disorders, but are in fact just like any other brain disorder. The only difference is they affect areas in the brain which control our mood, out thinking and our perception in a particular pattern.
The diagnosis still depends on subjective evaluation of psychological symptoms.
NIBS provides the first non invasive brain imaging technology for direct measurement of brain network functions . Mental illnesses can now be detected, diagnosed and treated objectively.
The system also enables rapid detection of pharmacological treatment efficacy, allowing objective assessment and personally fitted treatment.
For further information and support please visit the following sites and spread their message: | <urn:uuid:e7886e73-8b1e-4297-ac70-e5367eaf4383> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.nibsneuroscience.com/applications/mental-illness/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250625097.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124191133-20200124220133-00247.warc.gz | en | 0.92659 | 210 | 2.953125 | 3 |
The Chief Executive Officer of the Mental Health Authority (MHA), Dr Pinaman Appau, has expressed concern over the growing number of individuals with mental illness in public places and on the streets, attributing this rise to the stress associated with the current economic hardship in Ghana.
She noted that factors such as rising unemployment, economic uncertainty, and social isolation have worsened mental health challenges in the country.
A national count in 2016 identified over 6,000 individuals with mental illness on the streets and in public places.
Dr. Appau stressed that another count would soon be conducted to collect data for targeted interventions.
Dr. Appau emphasized the need for stakeholders to support advocacy efforts and provide logistics to implement strategies aimed at reintegrating mentally ill individuals from the streets into communities.
She highlighted that mental health is a universal right and that everyone, regardless of their background, has the right to mental well-being and access to mental health services.
The World Health Organization (WHO) estimated in September that nearly 2.4 million Ghanaians could be suffering from various forms of mental illness.
During the Mental Health Week, scheduled for October 4 to 10, activities will include community engagements, open dialogues, and discussions on the rights of individuals with mental illness and intellectual disabilities.
By Linda Naa Deide Aryeetey; Editing by Dennis Gyamfi | <urn:uuid:e1a916d8-b84f-4017-bdda-13dfbdfa771b> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://ghstandard.com/economic-hardship-contributes-to-rising-mental-health-challenges-in-ghana/549/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947475757.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20240302052634-20240302082634-00225.warc.gz | en | 0.943604 | 276 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Dogs love to eat boiled and scrambled eggs, carrots, cheese and peanut butter. These foods can be used as occasional supplements to a dog’s standard diet.
Eggs should always be cooked. They provide essential vitamins and proteins, but raw eggs reduce vitamin absorption and can cause salmonella. Carrots are a safe snack, raw or cooked. Cheese is a great source of protein, but only a small amount should be given at first to determine a dog’s sensitivity to dairy. Peanut butter should only be given to dogs as a special treat; the high fat content in peanut butter makes it unsuitable for daily consumption. | <urn:uuid:7bfb5231-081b-40ad-b48a-795e18760500> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | https://www.reference.com/pets-animals/dogs-like-eat-d9e209c377ae91fb | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578528702.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20190420060931-20190420082931-00129.warc.gz | en | 0.927711 | 132 | 2.546875 | 3 |
MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION and PradaxaPatientsVille
MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION Symptoms and Causes
Each year almost 800,000 Americans have a heart attack. A heart attack happens when blood flow to the heart suddenly becomes blocked. Without the blood coming in, the heart can't get oxygen. If not treated quickly, the heart muscle begins to die. But if you do get quick treatment, you may be able to prevent or limit damage to the heart muscle. That's why it's important to know the symptoms of a heart attack and call 911 if you or someone else is having them. You should call, even if you are not sure that it is a heart attack.
The most common symptoms in men and women are
You may also have other symptoms, such as nausea, vomiting, dizziness, and lightheadedness. You may break out in a cold sweat. Sometimes women will have different symptoms then men. For example, they are more likely to feel tired for no reason.
The most common cause of heart attacks is coronary artery disease (CAD). With CAD, there is a buildup of cholesterol and other material, called plaque, on their inner walls or the arteries. This is atherosclerosis. It can build up for years. Eventually an area of plaque can rupture (break open). A blood clot can form around the plaque and block the artery.
A less common cause of heart attack is a severe spasm (tightening) of a coronary artery. The spasm cuts off blood flow through the artery.
At the hospital, health care providers make a diagnosis based on your symptoms, blood tests, and different heart health tests. Treatments may include medicines and medical procedures such as coronary angioplasty. After a heart attack, cardiac rehabilitation and lifestyle changes can help you recover.
NIH: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute
Check out the latest treatments for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION | <urn:uuid:91df386b-54f1-4a0c-b410-5243d7690c41> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | http://patientsville.com/i.htm?q=MYOCARDIAL%20INFARCTION&mp=Pradaxa | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376831334.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20181219045716-20181219071312-00034.warc.gz | en | 0.927905 | 403 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Economics is about allocating resources to produce…
Good and Services
What is an exaple of an allocation decision
coal is set aside to burn as heating fuel
What best explaing why the game of economics cannot eliminate scarcity?
No matter how much supply is produced, people’s demands will alwasy increase to exceed supply
A. Social Country
B. Planned Economy
c. Free – market system
A. Providing eqaulity of wealth
B. Making allocation decisions
C. Protecting Freedom of choice
Because the choices of consumers influence producers and the chouices of profducers also influence consumers, the free makret system has what?
A circular flow onf influences
What best describes a situation where the goal of security is being pursued?
A company opens a new factory and employs more workers.
The GDP would increase significantly if which of the following occurred?
Which of the following describes the purpose of doing a cost benefit analysis?
To make a decision that maximizes benefits
The practice of buying and selling goods and services over the internet is known as
Which of the following is not a goal pursued in the game of economics?
Which of the following is another term for a planned economy?
Calculation of cost and benefit are always …
When the GDP is neither growing nor shrinking, a country’s economy is…
Which of the following best explains vwhy players in the game of economics are often in confict with each other
Some economic goals are incompatible with each other
The internet influences the economic decisions people make because of which of the following…
The info available hat is accessible allows consuemers to consider every available option
Which of the following economic indicators would be most useful for figuring out whether the economy is growing quickly or slowly
A. Improved Resolution
B. Instant Communication
C. Efficient Production
Which of the following is not a feature common to all games?
Which of the following does the government do in a socialist country?
Set prices for goods and services
The two forms of technology are better devices and improved
Technological advancements can improve productivity by doing which of the following
Developing machines that reduce the human effort needed to produce goods and services
Which of the following is one of the benefits of e-commerce brings to consumers
shipping gifts is easy
Which of the following question must be answered in order to turn resources into products?
How should production be organized?
Which of the following best explains why the gov’t makes and enforces laws in a free market system
Laws against theft, fraud, and coercion are needed to protect free choice
Which of the following best explains why minimizing costs is a rational way to make decisions?
Paying a cost means doing without something good or accepting something bad.
In a free market system, the profit motive motivatesd producers to do which of the following?
Minimize costs and maximizes revenues
In the game of economics, workers are the players who function as both producers and _____
Consumers influence the decisions of producers in which of the following ways?
Through the purchasing decisions they make
A. Uses goods and services
B.Provides goods and services
C. Creates goods and services
Advertising is the main source of revenue for which of the following?
Which of the following statements best explains why producers conducts market research
Producers need to know what consumers want so they can sell more and make more profit
A. Financial Planning
B. Rational Choice
C. Risk Aversion
A. A strategy to save for financial goals
B. A decision making method that compares costs and benefits
C. Reluctance for taking a chance
D. Personal satisfaction gained from consumption
A budget is used to do which of the following
Plan income and expenses
Which of the following best explains why the media industry is characterized by an oligopostic market structure?
Centralization of ownership has led to led to an industry controlled by a few large companies
Which of the following is an example of an action that is part of making a rational choice?
Doing a cost benefit analysis
Which of the following best describes the purpose of advertising?
To transmit product messages to an audience
Which of the following is way that companies attempt to get consumers to buy their products instead of their competitor’s products?
A corporation gives out its profits as dividends paid to its ______
Which of the following is used by economists to measure the staisfatction a person gets from the use or consumption of goods and services?
the concept of utility
Which of the following tyoes of businesses is most likely to use the bricks and clicks business model?
Which of the following best states the main difference between a monopoly and olgipoly?
Oligopolies invovle more than one company while monopolies involve only one
Which group of players in the game of economice both produce and use goods and services
Which of the following statements best explains why some peopel are more committed to saving for retirement than other people?
Different people look at future risks differently
Profits is calculated by subtracting ____ from revenues
Unlike a limited partnership, a general partnership has which of the following
Unlimited liability for all partners.
Which of the following is an example of a successful effort at branding?
The word “google” has been added to the dictionary
The prupose of the news media is to do which of the following?
A. Reusing goods to conserve on resources
B. Reducing your use of paper napkins
C. Recycling because everyone in your family does
C. Peer Pressure
Google’s business model is the most similar to that used by companies in which industry?
Which of the following is an advantage corporations enjoy over partnerships
owners of a corporation dont have to work together to make all of the business decisions
Which of the following is a problem for the production of public goods
the possiblity of free riders
Which of the following results of globalization has led to wage cuts for workers in US
All of the following affect the level wages except which of the following?
In which of the following situations would the prices of a good be most likely to increase?
AN increase in production costs results from a rise in wages
Which of the following limits the freedom of workers in the labor market
The level of the minimum wage
Which of the following is shown by the inttersection of the supply curve and demand curve?
The equilibrium price of a good and service
Immigration can result in a general decrease in wages because immigration does which of the following?
Increases the supply of labor
Which of the following occurs when someone buys a third winter coat
Decreasing marginal utility
Which of the following best explains why unions give workers more power in contract negotiations?
Employers can’t fire an entire union because the difficulty of replacing every worker
Which of the following best explains why buying a single-family home in a city is a good investment?
Housing prices in cities generally increase more quickly than anywhere else
Which of the following is intended to demonstrate to an employer the importance of cooperating with workers?
A work slowdown
Which of the following accurately describes a situation in which consumers have inelastic demand?
People cannot quit drinking coffee even though they want to cut down on caffeine intake.
Which of the following results from the fact that housing is expensive and time consuming to build?
The supply of housing is inelastic
Which of the following accurately describes a surplus?
Consumer demand for a certain car is below the number of cars that are produced
A calculation of the amount that average person can afford to buy is a way of measuring which of the following?
Standard of living
Which of the following best describes the effect of a tariff on the import of cars from foreign country?
Foreign cars becomes more expensive
Which of the following is the cause of demand-pull inflation?
Consumers want more and more goods and services
Which of the following results from a large company’s ability to take advantage of economiesof scale?
The company can offer goods more cheaply than smaller retailers
Which of the following has the lowest housing prices and the smallest population density?
Which of the following best explains what happens when unemployment increases during a recession?
The recession worsens into depression
The selling price of houses would be most likely to decrease if there were first a decrease in which of the following?
New housing construction
Which of the following is an example of a fiscal policy?
Raising taxes in order to cover a budget deficit.
What is the most direct result of free trade supplying productive resources to areas where theyre most needed?
A. Protectionist Policy
B. Fiscal Policy
C. Monetary Policy
A. The govenrment limits the amount of European grain that can be sold in the US
B. The gov’t purchases a large amount of domestically grown grain
C. The gov’t restricts the amount of money that can be loaned to farmers
If the prices of building materials increased suddenly by a large amount, there would most likely be which of the following?
Shift to a seller’s market
Which of the following accurately explains what an exchange rate of 1:20 between Canadian dollar and Japanese yen means?
It takes only one Canadian dollar to buy 20 Japanese yen
Which of the followinf describes the most likely effect of the Fed lowering the discount rate on overnight loans?
An increase in money supply
Which of the following best describes why banks aren’t allowed to loan out all of their deposits at once?
If banks loaned out all of their deposits, it would be impossible to meet customers’ demands for withdrawals.
Because banks are often unwilling to loan money to a business in its early stages of development, startup business have a difficult time doing which of the following?
Getting debt financing
Which of the following accurately describes how raising the required reserve ratio reduces the money supply?
When the required reserve ratio is raised, nanks must loan out a smaller portion of their reserves, resulting in fewer loans
Which of the following explains how Treasury bonds can have an eeffect on the size of the money supply?
The Federal Reserve Bank can buy and sell these bonds to raise or lower bank deposits.
a business is unlikely to secure a bank loan to fund its operations without which of the following?
a stable operating history
A. Currency exchange market
B. Commodity Market
C. Bond Market
A. Foreign Money
B. Raw, unprocessed goods
A. Risk of being a stockholder
B. Benefit of being a stockholder
C. Power of being a Stockholder
A. Sotckholders may not get an increase in the amount of their investment
B. Stockholder can vote for the board of directors
C. Stockholders can increase their investment if the price of their stock goes up
Which of the following accurately decribes a businesswoman making an investment?
She buys a Treasury Bond
Which of the following accurately describes socially responsible investing
When investors buy into a company with ethical practices they support
Fundamental analysis of a company’s stock focuses on which of the following?
The company’s traits such as revenues and earning per share
When a company goes public, it faces which of the following?
More gov’t regulation
Which of the following accurately explains the difference between the stock market and the currency exchange market?
Iwnership in companies is traded in the stock market while ownership of foreign money is traded in the currency exchange market
Before the development of money as a medium, goods and services were exchanged through a
Buying on margin involves which of the following
Traders borrowing money from their brokers
Which of the following is most similar to the act of buying a bond?
Giving a loan
In which market is money bought and sold using other types of money?
Currency exchange market
A. Commodity market
B. Currency exchange market
C. Bond market
A commodity futures market exists within the broader commodities market for which of the following reasons?
Contracts setting the price and date for a commodity purchase are transferable
A. Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)
B. Federal Reserve Band (Fed)
C. Securities and Exchange Commission
A. To protect depositors against losing their money when their bank goes out of business
B. To manage the growth of the US economy
C. To prevent stock market fraud
Which of the following statements accurately describes the realtionship between commodity money and fiat money
Commodity money has value in itself while fiat money has value only because it is given value
Which of the following terms describes a company’s first sale of stock to the public?
Initial public offering
Which of the following would be most likely to lead a successful IPO
A company offering an IPO during a bull market
A company that wanted to increase its capital through debt financing could trade in which of the following markets?
B. Labor laws
C. Antitrust laws
A. to protect domestic industry
B. to protect workers
C.to protect competition
What does production limitation involve?
A cartel settin g a maximum output for the good that all members sell
The government must force people to pay taxes so that it can do what?
Make and enforce the laws necessary to make the free-market system work properly
A. retirement programs
B. Infrastructure projects
C. Stock investments
A. Merit good
B. Public good
C. Individual good
Taxes differ from tariffs because taxes are what?
Collected on domestic economic activity
Order in which Federal budget is prepared
1. OMB and the president prepare a proposed budget
2/ COngress decides on the overall level of spending and taxation and passes specific spending bills
3. The president signs various spending bills into law
What does complying with consumer protection regulations do?
Increase production costs and raises prices
Consumer protection regulations do not involve what?
Countries are better able to negotiate free trade agreements because of the existence of which of the following?
World Trade Organization
What do banking regulations prohibit?
Which merti good does the US gov’t provide through a payroll tax
The free market system cannot exist without gov’t regulation for what reason?
The profit motive undermines competition unless competition is protected
A. sales tax
B. Exicse Tax
C. Property Tax
A. 7% charged on the purchase of all non-necessary goods
B. $2 tax charged on each pack of cigarettes
C. 1% charged on the value of all residential houses
Which of these is an example of a labor law?
a minimum wage requirement
Politicians approve pork barrel spending for what purpose?
To win political support
The 20th century has show a tren toward greater whta?
A. Provide labor
B. Create goods and services
C. Protect Competition
What speed up the flow of investment and wages in the the circular flow of the free market system?
Consumer protection regulations are beneficial because they lead to what?
A decrease in injuries and deaths
A. Price Ceiling
B. Trade Restriction
C. Labor Law
A. Limiting the price of a gallon of gas to $2
B. Charging 50% tariff on imported cotton
C. Requiring that all workers be paid at least $5.15 per hour
Gov’t corporations can be described as which of the following?
Private sector companies
The gov’t might enact a price floor in order to accomplish what?
Censorship is a gov’t imposed limit on which of the following?
Individuals’ freedom of expression
Environmental protection laws are good for the economy because they do what?
Safeguard resources needed for future production
What does a progressive taxation system do?
It increases the tax rate as income rises
What was the result of developed countries extracting resources from their colonies?
There was a one way flow of wealth favoring colonizers
Country X would enjoy absolute advantage in the production of clothing under what circumstance?
It’s production costs for clothing were the lowest in the world
A. Bank for Internatinal settlements (BIS)
B. International Monetary Fund (IMF)
C. World Bank
D. World Trade Org (WTO)
A. Prevent economic crisis
B.Create Financial stability
C. Reduce Poverty
D. Promote Free Trade
In order for a country to speacilize its procution, it must there be?
An international division of labor
What is the main purpose of the laons amde by the World Bank
To help countries achieve sustainable development
Why does reducing trade barriers promote increase international trade?
Free trade leads to lower prices and greater sales
D. New Globalizer
A.High level of productive capacity
B.Low levels of industrial capacity
C. Low standard of living
D.High levels of foreign investment
A. WTO agreements
D. Foreign aid
A. Promote free trade
B. Punish unfair practices
C. Reduce production costs
D. Help needy gov’ts
Why does globialization lead to increasing environmental damage?
Environmental protection regulations increase compliance costs and decrease economic competitveness.
Why is foreign aid given?
In order to help needy countries
What is one reason why some people are critical of globalization
It leads to increase damage to the environment
A. Improved communication
B. Trade Liberalization
C. Infrastructure development
A. Makes it easier for international businesses to operate efficiently
B.Facilitates less expensive international trade
C. Provides an incentives for countries to export more goods
D. Increases productivity and lowers prices
Why do some countries fear increasing economic interdependence?
Interdependence involves loss of control over the national economy
How does the WTO help stabilize the global economy?
By assuring that producers will have open access to necessary resources
Why does globalization give countrie an incentive to reduce wages for their workers
Lower production costs help lure foreign investment
Why has globalization contributed to the rise of international terrorism?
Globalization can bring about dislocation and inequality
Why does IMF require countries that accept its loans to follow its policy recommendations
The IMF wants to help struggling countries better manage their economies
Because most developing countries have weak domestic industries, they do not benefit from what?
Free trade policies
Why has globalization led to an increasing gap between the rich and poor countries
countries with well established infrastructure and productive capacities have more competition industries
Country X would have a comparative advantage in the production of cotton under what circumstance?
Country X didn’t have to give up a more profitable form of production in order to grow cotton
Why don’t companies doing business in countries with repressive gov’ts object to the human rights abuses
Companies taking advatage of low labor costs dont make trouble for repressive governments
A. A US computer company buys its memory chips from a company in Taiwan.
B. A group of consumers refuses to buy clothing made in Indonesian sweatshops
C. The IMF asks a gov’t to cut its taxes before receiving an emergency loan
Which of these is a problem that globalization poses for the U.S. gov’t
Increased security concerns
Why do lower labor costs in other countries lead to job loss in the US
It enable foreign producers to undersell domestic producers
Why do banks play an important rolr in the Global Economy
They control the foreign currency reserves that are used for intertnational trade
A. Life Insurance
B. Renter’s Insurance
C. Disability Insurance
D. Liability Insurance
A. When you want to provide for your family after you die
B.When your personal possessions are stolen from your apartment
C. When you have to take a month of work because of injury or illness
D. When you cause a car accident that injures other people
Which of these most accurately describes the costs and benefits of using a credit card?
Credit cards are convenient but can reult in debt.
Using a budget is a good way to what?
Stay out of debt
Why do economic decision vary from person to person even under the same circumstance?
Costs and benefits are subjective
Which of these is an ecample of luxury spending?
Why do some auto insurance customes want medical coverage for their policies?
To avoid having to pay for hospital bills resulting from an accident they cause
What does a good credit history do for consumers?
It makes it easier for them to get loans
Which of these shows how a loan is paid by listing the principle and interest associated with each payment?
An amortication table
What the difference between a brand name and a generic product?
The company that sells the product.
A. Balance transfer fee
B. Non-sufficient funds fee
D. Mortgage Payment
A. Credit card
C. Health Insurance
D. Home Loan
Why do consumers have influence over politicians?
Politicians rely on the votes of consumers to keep them in office
Which of these describes a situation in which people have to make a copay
when they visit a doctor
What kind of contract outlines the obligations of a landlord and his or her renters
What are you paying for when you lease a car?
The decrease in the car’s value
What do banks pay to their savings account customers?
what is the grace period on a credit card?
The number of days the customer can wait to pay for purchases without being charged interest.
Order of steps to show how to make a personal budget
1. Total your income
2. Figure out how is your spending
3. Categorize expenses
4. Determine if your expenses are above or below income
5. Reduce expenses in flexible categories to save or increase savings
Which of these fees is the biggest problem for customers who need to use their credit card to money from the ATM?
Cash advance fee
What makes a credit card more convenient that a debit car?
It can be used to buy things without immediate payment
Which of these states one of the opportunity costs of attending college?
Time spent on schoolwork takes away from the chance to earn money at a job.
Which of these protects customers who purchase defective products?
A socially responsible consumer might boycott a company that uses what?
Participatin in a boycott often involves a sacrifice because the boycotters end up doing what?
Paying higher prices
What is the purpose of a letter writing campaign conducted by a group of consumers?
To get a company to change its business practices voluntarily
What makes a checking account more convenient than a savings account?
You can spend your money without having to withdraw cash first.
Need essay sample on "Apex Economis"? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you for only $ 13.90/page | <urn:uuid:301f583b-9e9e-4743-9a33-ffc9fb13b62b> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://businessays.net/apex-economis/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247496080.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20190220190527-20190220212527-00436.warc.gz | en | 0.939068 | 4,799 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Dog Sense of Sight Vision Eyes
Dog's sense of sight: Though apparently not as highly defined as their sense of smell and hearing a dog's sense of sight is none the less powerful and very practical for these animals that rely heavily on their sight for their survival and which without their other senses would not function as powerfully as they do.It is very important that a puppy between the ages of zero and four weeks be exposed to people in many settings and occasions for the purpose of "imprinting". A dog that hasn't had these experiences at an early age can more easily develop phobias and fears about people, which will have a detrimental affect on its future behavior and trainability. Dogs have a two hundred and fifty degree field of vision that is about seventy degrees more than humans. And some breeds with elongated heads can even look at two different places at the same time. While tests have shown thatcan spot a moving object at a distance of three hundred and fifty meters they can only spot stationary objects at a distance of about two hundred meters. Huntingdogs and herding both have a more highly developed sense of sight and can generally discern movements at greater distances than other breeds. With their highly developed sense of sight can easily spot even the slightest changes in the physical conduct and movements of their masters. It seems that while are technically color blind they have such a strong ability to discern between shades that it seems sometimes that they can discern between colors. Seeing eye , for example, cannot discern between the colors of the traffic lights and so use their other senses to decide when it is safe to cross. They listen to the movements of the traffic and watch the actions of the other pedestrians and then use this information to make their decisions. Dogs see better than humans in the dark because their pupils are able to open up wider than ours. This is why their eyes appear to shine when a light enters their eyes, it is reflecting on the ocular lenses in the backs of their eyes. | <urn:uuid:e81ff0f4-e7d6-428a-b498-167cd09dcba7> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://k9puppydogs.com/html/dog_sense_of_sight_vision_eyes.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917123632.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031203-00180-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.980811 | 396 | 3.40625 | 3 |
Blog: Food Security in the time of COVID-19: Thinking Long-Term
You may have heard a recent ad on the local radio: struggling Edmontonians need food assistance after layoffs and fewer work opportunities. As a result, Edmonton’s Food Bank is trying to meet those needs and is looking for donations of all kinds.
Any time you have a shock to income, food is one of the first things to be given up. COVID-19 is such a shock, and it is an enormous one.
How a system reacts to shocks tells us a lot about how resilient it is. In 2008, when the recession hit, food bank use spiked by 28%, and it took years to for food bank use to decrease to pre-recession levels. To give an idea of the extent of the looming crisis, currently 4.4 million Canadians experience food insecurity. The World Food Programme predicts that unless action is taken, the number of people globally who experience short-term food insecurity will double. A poll conducted in April this year suggested that 65% of Canadians believe that hunger will be a serious problem as a result of COVID-19.
Rather than simply try to return to the way things were before, Food Secure Canada recognizes that these shocks can be an opportunity to create long-term, systemic changes. They explore how to build an equitable and sustainable food system for the country in a recent report.
Some of their recommendations are foundational for improving food security and are not new. They include:
- A universal basic income to ensure vulnerable populations have access to the food they want, not just the food they need.
- Indigenous food sovereignty, whereby First Nations, Metis, and Inuit peoples across Canada and in various settings are given the right to self-determination and governance within their food systems
- A national school food program, so that schools are equipped with the resources to provide adequate nutrition to all students.
This report also provides us with an opportunity to look deeper into agricultural practice and food systems in Canada. How these systems are set up influence our access to food, what kinds of foods we have, and the types of jobs available. | <urn:uuid:57c08a57-87c6-44cc-9e03-5c8b1a7fc387> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://edmontonsocialplanning.ca/2020/06/29/blog-food-security-in-the-time-of-covid-19-thinking-long-term/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964360803.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20211201113241-20211201143241-00114.warc.gz | en | 0.951184 | 439 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Organic foods are richer in minerals and vitamins and relatively free from harmful chemicals and additives. Dr. Eva Novotny
People in the industrialised Western world rely increasingly on ready-prepared meals and packaged foods. For increased shelf life, some of the ingredients will have been refined, with the most nutritionally valuable components (such as the germ and bran of grains) discarded, and extra chemicals added as preservative or as flavouring or colour. At the same time, there is rising incidence of heart disease, cancers, diabetes, allergies and other disorders. Could there be a connection between diet and disease?
The British doctor Sir Robert McCarrison had asked this question 80 years ago while working in India, and his experience was described in a book by GT Wrench first published in 1938, and reprinted twice since . McCarrison was struck by the marvellous health of certain native peoples, especially those living in Hunza, and wondered why that was the case. (A disheartening footnote must be added to the story of the people of Hunza. Already in the 1930s, with increased exposure to Western ways, their remarkable health had begun to decline. ) The natives enjoyed freedom from disease and life-long vitality despite their exceptional longevity. Their healthy mental state was reflected in their freedom from quarrelling and exceptional cheerfulness.
The Hunzakuts were an agrarian people, cultivating terraced fields. The numerous small fields were irrigated from a glacier. They enjoyed fresh, nutritious and unprocessed foods, and everything that originated from the soil was returned to the soil.
Wrench’s book also describes how Sir Albert Howard, Director of the Institute of Plant Industry at Indore , India , followed the ancient Chinese practice of applying manure to crops, which continued to improve as a result. In the seven years Sir Albert was there, he could not recall a single case of insect or fungous attack. The animals feeding on these crops also prospered. He said : “I was able to study the reaction of well-fed animals to epidemic diseases, such as rinderpest, foot-and-mouth disease, septicaemia, and so forth, which frequently devastated the countryside. None of my animals was segregated; none was inoculated; they frequently came in contact with diseased stock. No case of infectious disease occurred. The reward of well-nourished protoplasm was a very high degree of disease resistance, which might even be described as immunity.”
Sir Albert’s method of plant breeding was applied on a farm at Surfleet, England, beginning in 1935, and described a few years later : “ The results of this Surfleet experiment of but two years’ duration have surprised those who have watched it. The vegetables not only have a richer flavour; not only have they a robuster appearance and their leaves a deeper green; not only do they keep better in storage ...; but in their vegetable health they have attained a new standard. ... Howard ... spoke of the marked improvement in yield and quality of the vegetables, the better tilth and the increased earth-worm population ... . The most striking feature was the general healthiness of the crops and the absence of insect and fungous pests. No chemical sprays have to be called into use. The plants themselves need no such doctoring.”
A well-enriched soil resulted in excellent plant health, which, in turn, produced healthy animals that fed upon well-nourished plants; and human beings whose diet consisted of these fresh and wholesome healthy plants and animal products also enjoyed abundant health.
Richer in minerals, vitamins and other nutrients
The mineral content in our food has become severely diminished. Fruits, vegetables and other plants that we rely upon to supply minerals in our diet cannot take adequate amounts of minerals from soil that is deficient in them. Conventional farming (i.e., intensive farming that uses chemicals) returns little or nothing to the soil and gradually depletes the soil of minerals. As only a small number of nutrients are replenished in chemical fertilisers (especially nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus), the soil gradually loses trace elements essential for health such as boron, chromium and selenium.
In 1940 and again in 1991, RA McCance and EM Widowson tested various fruits, vegetables (including carrots, broccoli, spinach and potatoes) and meats for mineral content . They found that the amounts of calcium, magnesium, iron and copper in our vegetables had declined during those 51 years by as much as 75 percent or even 96 percent, while meats had lost 41 percent of their calcium and 54 percent of their iron, fruits had lost 27 percent of their zinc, and apples and oranges had lost 67 percent of their iron. The tests were repeated in 2002 with similar results. It is not only mineral content that has declined over the past half century. Levels of vitamins A and C have also dropped dramatically . Wheat has lost much of its protein since 1900. Nitrogen fertilisation in conventional farming was found to decrease vitamin C concentrations in many fruits and vegetables . On the other hand, fertilisation of crops with cow dung (as may occur on organic farms) can increase vitamin B12 to a level that may contribute significantly to the diet of vegans . Secondary nutrients also tend to be more abundant in organically grown fruits and vegetables .
UK’s Food Standards Agency (FSA) has persistently declared that organic food is no more nourishing than conventional food. But the Soil Association pointed out in its own report that, of the 99 studies on which the FSA based its opinion, only 29 studies were valid and relevant; and even those form a heterogeneous group and cannot be compared properly. Nevertheless, some idea of the relative nutritional properties of organically and non-organically produced food can be obtained, which indicated that, on average, organic food is more nutritious than non-organic food.
The reason that the nutritional content of organic foods is sometimes no higher than that of conventional foods is due partly to the fact that the soil on some organic farms has not had time to recover: regulations require only two years for conversion of land from intensive chemical farming to organic farming. This time span is insufficient for restoring minerals and other plant nutrients and the microbes necessary for healthy functioning of soil. Additional factors affecting the results include the influence of the particular cultivars assessed, and conditions of growth and storage.
Organically reared cows, which eat fresh grass, clover pasture and grass clover silage, produced milk on average 50 percent higher in Vitamin E (alpha tocopherol), 75 percent higher in beta carotene (precursor of Vitamin A) and two to three times higher in the antioxidants lutein and zeaxanthine than non-organic milk . Organic milk not only has more antioxidants but also higher levels of omega 3 essential fatty acids .
A review published in 2001 reported that nitrate levels in organic food are on average 15 percent lower , which is important, as scientists at Glasgow University found a link between nitrates in vegetables and gullet cancer, which has trebled over the past 20 years, claiming more than 3000 lives a year. The scientists believed that an increase in the use of nitrate fertilisers since World War II might be one of the main reasons for the rise in this cancer.
A briefing paper from the Soil Association linked health problems as diverse as heart disease, osteoporosis, migraines and hyperactivity to food additives whose use is banned in organic food. A total of 297 additives are permitted in conventional food, while only 27 are allowed in organic food, some of which have to be added for legal reasons. Among the additives banned in organic food are hydrogenated fat, phosphoric acid, aspartame, monosodium glutamate and sulphur dioxide.
The British Society for Allergy, Environmental and Nutritional Medicine stated : “We have long believed the micronutrient deficiencies common in our patients have their roots in the mineral-depletion of soils by intensive agriculture, and suspect that pesticide exposures are contributing to the alarming rise in allergies and other illnesses.”
A New Zealand boarding school that began serving almost exclusively organically grown produce to its students reported after three years in 1940 that there were “lower incidences of catarrhal conditions, a ‘very marked decline’in colds and influenza, more rapid convalescence, excellent health generally, fewer sports injuries, a greater resilience to fractures and sprains, clear and healthy skin, and improved dental health.”
More recently, doctors and nutritionists administering “alternative” cancer therapies have found that a completely organic diet is essential for a successful outcome . According to the Nutritional Cancer Therapy Trust (NCTT), nutritional cancer therapies that involve the avoidance of pollutants and toxins as much as possible, the exclusive consumption of organically grown foods and increases in nutrient intakes, have yielded good results . The director of NCTT said that “the overwhelming number of patients following alternative cancer therapies are those who have been declared terminal, with minimal life expectancies following initial allopathic treatment. The ability of these patients to gain remission from all clinical evidence of cancer is therefore very significant.” (Organic strawberries stop cancer cells, this series).
The USDA reported some 30 years ago that, “the highest death rate areas in the US generally corresponded to those where agriculturists had recognised that the soil was depleted .” Degenerative diseases are prevalent in North America and Europe, in contrast with the absence of these diseases in places that have maintained natural farming methods.
Avoidance of pesticides and antibiotics
Conventional farmers may apply any of more than 350 pesticides , while organic farmers are allowed only seven under UK Register of Organic Food Standards (UKROFS), and only four under Soil Association standard .These may be applied only if the farmer can justify their use in individual cases. Thus, organic foods very rarely contain chemical residues. Conventional food, on the other hand, is often found contaminated with harmful residual chemicals.
UK government tests carried out in 2003 found chemical residues in one third of fruits and vegetables, with some containing as many as five different chemicals, some present in amounts exceeding government-set limits . Chemicals applied to the surface of a fruit or vegetable can be partially removed by washing or peeling, but some chemicals enter and permeate the plant or are designed not to wash off in water (rain). Safety tests do not consider the ‘cocktail effect’ of the many agro-chemicals and food additives that are simultaneously present in the human body.
Many pesticides are suspected of being endocrine disrupters, affecting sexual characteristics, hormone production or metabolism, thyroid function or brain function . Children are especially susceptible, and later in life, may suffer disorders of behaviour and reproduction and be more prone to disease. These chemicals affect not only human beings but also other animals.
Human milk has been found tainted with over 350 man-made contaminants including pesticides .
In the United States, dairy cows may be injected with a genetically modified growth hormone (rBGH also known as rBST, recombinant bovine somatotropin) to increase milk production. Canadian and European governments have refused to permit the use of this hormone. Not only does it increase the incidence of mastitis in cows, but it also increases the incidence of cancer in human beings .
The Pesticide Action Network reported that the overall incidence of cancer has risen by about 50 percent since 1971 (Office of National Statistics); and pesticide residues in food may be a contributing factor. International authorities have listed 160 extensively used pesticides as possible human carcinogens.
Antibiotics are not used routinely in organic farms as they are in conventional farms; nor are they often needed. Better feed and living conditions maintain animals in good health. When disease does strike, alternative measures such as homeopathy are preferred. The routine use of antibiotics in conventional livestock may be contributing to the growing antibiotic resistance of pathogens in hospitals.
No genetic modification (GM)
Organic standards forbid certification as organic of any food that has been genetically modified. This restriction, unfortunately, may soon be changed in the European Union to allow contamination of 0.9 percent, as in conventional food. Transfer of genetic material from one species to another does not occur in nature, as a given species is unable to cross with another. Forcible transfer of genes in a laboratory, i.e., genetic engineering or genetic modification, entails many hazards to the genetic code of the recipient. The implantation of a foreign gene into the genetic code of the recipient is random; yet it is now known that the position of a gene is important in determining what effects it will produce. The old belief, which remains the basis of GM technology, was that there is a one-to-one correspondence between genes and traits. This belief has been disproved (see Living with the Fluid Genome); yet the GM developers have failed to take heed. In spite of this incomplete understanding of the enormously complex interactions and functioning of genes, GM developers continue to assure the public that their products are safe. But there has been a string of reports indicating that quite the opposite is the case. In India recently, thousands of sheep died after grazing on post-harvest GM cotton fields (Mass Deaths in Sheep Grazing on Bt Cotton, SiS30) , and hundreds of farmers and cotton handlers suffered allergic reactions ( More illnesses linked to Bt crops, SiS30) In Australia, mice given a diet containing peas that had been modified with a gene from a common bean developed debilitating immune reactions to th e transgenic protein, and the decade-long project of developing the transgenic peas had to be abandoned (Transgenic Pea that Made Mice Ill, SiS29).
To sum up, food produced according to organic principles is superior to that produced by conventional means, i.e., with chemical inputs. Organic foods are likely to have higher nutritional content, such as vitamins and minerals. They also rarely contain residues of harmful agricultural chemicals or additives, and for the time being, they exclude GM foods that could damage the immune systems and/or internal organs of experimental animals.
Article first published 04/09/06
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THE FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS – 14
It says that the State shall strive to secure just and humane conditions of work to workers and acquire maternity benefits to women.
To realise this directive, the Parliament passed the Maternity Benefit Act, 1961(Amended in 2017), Industrial Employment (Standing Orders) Act, 1946, Contract Labour (Regulation & Abolition) Act, 1970 and so on.
It directs the State to secure to all the workers, agricultural, industrial or otherwise by suitable legislations or economic organisation, the following
- Conditions of work that ensures decent standard of living
- Full enjoyment of leisure
- Full enjoyment of social and cultural opportunities.
The legislations such as the Minimum Wages Act (1948), the Factories Act (1948), the Mines Act (1952), etc have been enacted to put this provision into effect.
The second part of this provision talks about promotion of cottage industries, which is covered under the Gandhian principles section.
It directs the State to enable the participation of workers in the management of companies and organisations involved in any industry. This article was added by the 42nd constitutional amendment act, 1976.
It says that the State shall strive to improve the nutrition level and the standard of living of the citizens to improve the overall health of the public
as its primary duty.
The National Health Policy 2017, RashtriyaSwasthyaBimaYojana, Family Welfare Schemes and so on are formulated and implemented in this respect.
The second part of this article talks about the prohibition of intoxicating drinks and drugs, which is covered under the Gandhian principles section.
It says that the State shall organise village panchayats and equip them with necessary powers and authority so that they can function as units of self-government.
In this regard, the 73rd constitutional amendment act was enacted in 1992 that provides constitutional status
to village panchayats under article 243 of Part IX. The powers and functions of village panchayats are enumerated in the eleventh schedule of the constitution.
It directs the State to promote cottage industries in rural areas
either on an individual basis or on cooperative basis.
The following are some of the institutions that were instituted in this regard
- Khadi and Village Industries Board
- Khadi and Village Industries Commission
- Handicrafts Board
- Handloom Board
- Coir Board.
It directs the State to promote voluntary formation, autonomous functioning, democratic control and professional management of cooperative societies.
This article was added by the 97th constitutional amendment act, 2011
that provides constitutional status to cooperative societies. The amendment act made three changes to the constitution. They are
- The right to form cooperative societies was made a fundamental right under article 19(1)(c), which guarantees freedom to form associations or unions or cooperative societies.
- A new directive principle under article 43B was inserted in Part IV.
- A new part, Part IXB was inserted, which deals with the formation, administration and other aspects of cooperative societies.
It says that the State shall strive to promote the educational and economic interests of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and other weaker sections and also to protect them from exploitation and social injustice. The following measures were in this regard.
The Untouchability Act, 1955,
- Provisions for reservations to SCs, STs and other weaker sections were made for their admission to higher educational institutions, government employment and representative bodies.
- Two constitutional bodies namely the National Commission for SCs and the National Commission for STs were instituted for safeguarding their rights.
- Special laws were enacted to protect the civil rights of SCs and STs, such as the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989,
It directs the State to bring about complete prohibition of the consumption of intoxicating drinks and drugs that are injurious to health.
It directs the State to take steps for prohibiting the slaughter of cows and calves and other milch and draught animals and also to improve their breeds. | <urn:uuid:8acdc82f-3df3-4fb5-b66b-54cf97b8e876> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://www.manidhanaeyam.com/polity/43-the-fundamental-rights-14/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623488259200.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20210620235118-20210621025118-00380.warc.gz | en | 0.944106 | 847 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Of course, this is best aggressive dog link I could find. Mostly because it’s positive about correcting the behavior. The dog is not the major problem, but a symptom of lack of socialization.
Into every life a dig will come. Hopefully on good terms. However, if things go bad there are simple strategies to help avoid disaster.
Dogs are territorial! If you enter, their job is to make sure you belong. Distance yourself from their home can alleviate the threat the dog perceives. Why does that matter? The sidewalk isn’t taught to every dog. They don’t understand easements. You’re in there yard.
Dogs sense fear! Oh please! They great your heart rate and breathing accelerating! They hear really well. You’re eyes get really big when you’re excited. The dog sees that as aggressive behavior. If you state at dog, your oversized eyes make a strong challenge to the dog. If you encounter the same dog on a walk, jog, bike ride talk to it. It’ll make you more relaxed. It gives animal reference to you, it’ll learn your behavior. Somewhat, you still a stranger.
Body language. If your significant other (this lacking one think mother when you were kids) was angry with you what postures would you see. A dead stare. A curled lip or brow. Stiff body positions? Ridged arms crossed almost frozen? How about leaving toward you? Well food don’t cross arms, but they lean. They become frozen. Hair on the back is a bad thing. A tail that didn’t move is very bad. Dropped tail and raised shoulder means it’s coming at you. Snarling is obvious aggressive. But jumping at fences and Windows should be considered aggressive too. Larger dogs can break windows or jump standard height fences. Avoiding the animal is best. Crossing the street if you can.
Dogs are much faster than you are. You never turn your back on an aggressive animal. You’re giving a great target. You’re encouraging the chase response in the dog. You have no idea of what is happening!
Yell at the dog. Few dogs have no training. Sit, lay down, go home. … yelling these as deep voice as you can. Your goal is to delay an attack. Do it long enough backing away, than you can control the encounter.
Larger dogs cause more damage. But labeling breeds is a disaster. Police, EMS workers, paramedics, first aid providers rarely are given dog breed training. So every boxy jaw dog is a pit bull. No, it’s not. Every Shepard is a “one person dog”, nope! Dogs are social animals. They learn a place in the pack. They behave based on their tendencies and training. They have personalities like people. Good people, bad people and good dog, bad dog. Don’t assume need matters. At one time, cocker spaniels were listed as the number one biter in the US. Based on records in New England from hospitals. Did anyone ban them? Are there more cocker spaniels there than in Denver?
If you come in contact with a strange dog. Don’t put your hand or face into it’s face. You wouldn’t do it to the dog’s owner. The dog has no where to run on a leash. Respect it’s space. Ask the owner to pet the dog. They know if the dog likes people.
I have spent eight years training my fellow US Postal workers how to avoid dog bites. Simple training reduced dog bites by about ten percent. They aren’t fool proof but guidelines. Animal ownership carries responsibility. I have a houseful of rescue animals. | <urn:uuid:63c923cc-6f00-407a-9774-6636ccdce07e> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://any1mark66.wordpress.com/2016/02/24/how-not-to-get-dog-bit/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107882102.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20201024051926-20201024081926-00536.warc.gz | en | 0.953619 | 799 | 2.546875 | 3 |
MUSI 1350 Music in the Baroque and Classical Eras
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SCW syllabus / YU only
This course examines the development of Western art music from the seventeenth century through the first quarter of the nineteenth century. This period covers the Baroque, a transitional style known variously as Empfindsamer Stil, Rococo, Style gallant or Pre-Classical and then the Classical Era, also known as the First Viennese School. These periods are also subsumed under a larger label, the Common Practice Period, which extended through the Romantic Era. These periods are defined by the almost exclusive use of triadic harmony and functional tonality, while homophony is usually the dominant texture. The Baroque era saw the invention of opera with its various aria types, figured bass and the development of focus on the melody and bass, the suite, the concerto grosso and fugue. The First Viennese School Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven brought the symphony, string quartet and concerto to a state of perfection that has not been surpassed Much of our class time will be devoted to listening to seminal works written between 1600 and 1825, give or take a decade. All the music we study in class will be available on the Naxos website or YouTube. The readings will deal with the historical survey aspects of the course; the development and transformation of style over the two centuries that these periods encompass as well as the social changes taking place at the time and their effect on the music.
Glaser, David. (2021, Spring), Syllabus, MUSI 1350 Music in the Baroque and Classical Eras, Stern College for Women, Yeshiva University.
*This is contructed from limited avaiable data and may be imprecise.
The file is restricted. Please click here to access if the item description shows YU only.
The following license files are associated with this item: | <urn:uuid:6a4e1e1f-4c2c-4489-8e30-dedea6f0400e> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://repository.yu.edu/handle/20.500.12202/7461 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103984681.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20220702040603-20220702070603-00013.warc.gz | en | 0.901285 | 461 | 2.671875 | 3 |
With the term low stakes testing being used so frequently, I thought it would be helpful to focus on what this really means, why we do it and (most importantly!) how we go about it in the classroom.
What is it?
Low stakes testing simply means any activity that gets pupils to recall what they have learnt from memory. Sometimes you will hear people use the term interchangeably with recall practice, and I think this is a helpful description of what we mean when we talk about low-stakes testing.
Why do it?
There has been a huge amount of research into the effects of testing on learning, but essentially the gist of this is that testing has a hugely positive effect on the process of learning information and being able to recall it later. I highly recommend the book “Make it Stick” (Brown, Roediger & McDaniel, 2014), which examines all of this in a lot of detail. There is also an interesting paper summarising some of the same information here by Roediger et al (2011): Ten Benefits of Testing and Their Applications to Educational Practice . Very briefly though, these are some of the benefits of testing which stand out to me:
- Promotes ‘deep learning’ – transferring shallow understanding to abstract/conceptual
- Facilitates later retrieval and transferability
- Encourages metacognition
- Improves organisation of knowledge
- Highlights gaps in knowledge – “we don’t know what we don’t know”
- Improves future learning
- Improves recall of material not even tested!
There is further research into learning patterns and testing, which supports the idea of regular low stakes tests. This also exemplifies the distinction between learning and performance beautifully. In the graph (right), the different shades of grey represent different study patterns that precede a test. The two sets of bars show pupils’ results when asked to recall the taught information after either 5 minutes or 1 week. The darkest bars in each set represent the study pattern “Study, study, study, study” and the lightest show the effects of “Study, test, test, test”.
As you can see, lots of study right before a test and repeatedly going over material works in the short term. This would be a handy revision strategy on the morning of an exam for example. But for longer term recall, the STTT pattern is the most effective. This is the problem of performance: it is alluring because the teacher sees an immediate impact when they over teach material, but then wonders what happened when it comes time to mark the mocks. And of course, it is this long-term recall that we are aiming for in the new landscape of linear examinations and knowledge-packed specifications.
How do I implement this?
This section is just a selection of ideas which I’ve put together to exemplify low stakes testing. As with any teaching method, some sort of variety is important, so it’s good to use a range of different strategies as appropriate to context.
- Use online quizzing systems: Plickers, Kahoot etc.
- Ask your class to create questions and test each other (also a really effective flipped learning task).
- Cheat cards – tell pupils they’re having a test, but allow them to bring one index card (up their sleeves) with anything they think might help.
- Creative testing – write down everything they know about a topic as a poem or song.
- Rate the test – make the last question in a test to give it a rating.
- Correction task – give pupils an explanation which they have to correct.
- Targeted questioning which is planned in advance and systematic.
- Mark the test – give them a completed test or quiz and the test is to mark it accurately and make corrections.
- Brain dump – “Write down as many facts as you can about…” one mark for each. Or “How many facts about……………… can you fit on a post-it note?”
I would be interested to hear your thoughts in the comments section, particularly if you have further ideas for recall practice and low-stakes testing.
What to read next…
Didau D, The Value of testing – on the back of a postage stamp, (2016) [Accessed Dec 17]
Didau D, Testing, testing…why one test can’t do everything, (2016) [Accessed Dec 17]
Didau D, Tests don’t kill people, (2015) [Accessed Dec 17]
Didau D, Testing and Assessment: have we been doing the right things for the wrong reasons?, (2013) [Accessed Dec 17]
Roediger et al, Ten Benefits of Testing and Their Applications to Educational Practice, in Psychology of Learning and Motivation, Volume 55, (2011). [Accessed Dec 17]
Soderstrom, N & Bjork, R. Learning vs Performance. [Accessed Dec 17]
Brown, P. C., Roediger III, H. L., McDaniel, M. A (2014). Make it Stick. London: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
Didau, D (2015). What if everything you knew about Education was wrong?. Carmarthen: Crown House Publishing. 215-241. | <urn:uuid:7e4c0ec5-26c5-43be-bb2a-d743b6589c47> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://kennetlearning.com/2018/01/18/low-stakes-high-impact/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610704821381.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20210127090152-20210127120152-00794.warc.gz | en | 0.932713 | 1,111 | 3.625 | 4 |
Google Earth Lands in Middle of Magnetic Cow Controversy
In 2009 the same German-lead team found evidence that supported their original conclusion. They studied the effect of magnetic fields from high-voltage power lines on herds of cattle and determined that proximity to the power lines can disrupt the bovines’ magnetic sense, causing them to align randomly. The phenomenon dissipates as the cattle move farther from the lines, as described in an article in scienceblogs.com by writer Ed Yong. Yong also pointed out that magnetic orientation in mammals has been known to scientists for quite some time, but the research has generally been confined to animals that are easy to study in a laboratory, namely, small mammals such as bats and hamsters. Google Earth provided the first opportunity to study large mammals on a systematic basis. | <urn:uuid:bbe3ec05-d090-4a27-a869-cc601d45e454> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | http://todayeco.com/pages/2030146-google-earth-lands-middle-magnetic-cattle-controversy | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084886964.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20180117193009-20180117213009-00022.warc.gz | en | 0.953838 | 162 | 3.328125 | 3 |
From the Experts
An expert panel from the Centers for Disease Control and the American College of Sports Medicine recommend that every US adult accumulate 30 minutes or more of moderate-intensity physical activity (that is, enough to burn 200 calories daily) on most days of the week. The objective of the recommendation is to encourage more participation in physical activity among everyone. An important aspect of the recommendation is that short bouts of activity are fine, as long as the total equals 30 minutes. The benefits of 30 minutes of physical activity daily include a lower risk of chronic disease and increases in fitness.
If you are more interested in vigorous physical activities that target the development and maintenance of cardiovascular and respiratory fitness, then the recommendation is more specific than accumulating 30 minutes of activity. The aerobic endurance activities should be performed three or more days each week for 20 minutes or more at a level of intensity that challenges you.
Experts also recommend incorporating activities that build the strength of your muscles. These are known as resistance or strength training activities. In addition to the benefits for your muscles, strength training helps your bones and your weight. Strength training is recommended two to three days a week with 1–2 days of rest in between strength training days. | <urn:uuid:72473ea2-2fd2-4c29-8d11-fdcfca2d8e05> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://www.shapeup.org/fitness/improve/expert.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163818502/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204133018-00080-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.953392 | 242 | 3.484375 | 3 |
Depiction of a Negro
I attended schools in Australia from 1948, as a Jewish refugee child from Budapest. The only history of Australia we were taught was of the brave British explorers. The focus was on the glories of Britain, with some European history. I did not even know of the existence of Australian Aborigines. For reasons not relevant here, I went to work in Port Moresby, New Guinea when I was 20. That was my introduction to racial discrimination. As someone who had suffered from that in Budapest, I was both furious and heart-broken. Surely, we are all the same, I believed. Of course, I had known nothing about the peoples of New Guinea; even the word ‘colony’ was unknown to me.
After six months there I returned to Sydney, found a job and went to university as an evening student as I wanted to learn about the world opened to me by my New Guinea experience. I also wanted to learn about the Australian Aborigines. University proved more of a brain-washing experience than an education. But I did get involved in the Aborigines’ struggles.
Five years at university; then a job to earn enough money to migrate to the glorious Mother Country in 1965. But it proved to be anything but glorious. There was some social class discrimination in Sydney, but nothing like what I experienced when I began to teach infants/primary schools in Haringey. I was very very dismayed, shocked. Social class does not influence your ability, your intelligence – all pupils should be treated the same, I believed. (And still believe.)
Even more shocking to me was the racial discrimination. I was asked to teach English to immigrant children in an Infants School. I had expected a class of Turkish Cypriots but found in front of me a class of dark-skinned children. All spoke English, but certainly with an accent different from mine and from the Haringey locals. I told the headmistress this. The response was that they were all ‘disturbed’. As one of the subjects of my degrees was psychology, this also bewildered me: the children were certainly not ‘disturbed’.
I began to ask questions from many people, including the parents coming to pick up their children. So I learned about immigrants from the West Indies, and some West Indian history, and about their experiences of discrimination on arriving in the Mother Country.
I did not even know where the ‘West Indies’ was! Searched for maps and histories. Very very few in the local libraries. Certainly nothing about why these families had come to England.
Moving to teach in a Comprehensive high school, I had the same experience, including the ignorance of my fellow teachers about our Black pupils’ histories. And the Black pupils were all put in in what were then the ‘lower streams’ – ie, they were inherently stupid. And also the same social class discrimination! I taught mainly ‘lower stream’ pupils and as my treatment of them was somewhat different from how other teachers treated them, I was just about ostracised by my ‘colleagues’.
For me the most significant experience was while I was on playground duty on the day the school had been celebrating ‘VE Day’ – that is, ‘victory in Europe during WWII’. A group of White kids began to name-call the Black kids, abusing them as their parents had not contributed to this victory, so what were they doing here? Eventually a fight developed, so I had to step in and separate them. And I told myself the Black kids had to learn of their parents’ contributions – ‘you have to fight with knowledge, not your fists’!
So I waited for books to appear from historians. But none did. So I just had to figure out how to research at least some aspects of the history of WWII That’s what my first book was about. (Many Struggles (West Indian Workers and Service Personnel in Britain 1939-1945), Karia Press, 1985) But while researching that, the painting of John Blanke made its appearance.
So there had been Africans in Britain way before these West Indians arrived! My mind boggled!
Where is all this history?
When Peter Fryer’s book, Staying Power appeared, I read and read and read. I realised that so much more of the history of peoples of African (and Indian) origins/descent had to be unearthed. So that is what I have bene doing since then.
Thank you John Blanke! (And Peter Fryer)
Writer and Historian | <urn:uuid:e745da74-575a-4612-a57f-87f4bf33ee60> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://www.johnblanke.com/marika-sherwood.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320304345.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20220123232910-20220124022910-00711.warc.gz | en | 0.986198 | 983 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Rabindranath Tagore (1861-1941) is widely recognized as a creative genius produced by the Indian Renaissance. There are not many poets whose works constitute the national anthems of not one but two nations. His song ‘Janaganamana-adhinayaka’ is the national anthem of India, and that of Bangladesh is also his composition.
Tagore wrote poetry throughout his life; he also wrote songs, stories, novels, plays, essays, literary criticism, memoirs, dance dramas, books for children and travelogues. He is among the most important visual artists of his time. To mark the 150th anniversary of his birth the Victoria & Albert Museum in London displayed about fifty of Tagore’s paintings.
The exhibition, “Rabindranath Tagore: Poet and Painter,” emphasized the connection between his paintings and his poetry. Tagore’s achievements are manifold – a pioneer in education, an advocate of women’s equality, an ecological and holistic thinker. It is this versatility that informs his creative vision.
Message of Universal Humanism
Tagore’s sense of the world, not seen from any narrow nationalist angle, was clear, calm and unprejudiced. He believed in local (individual) independence and global interdependence. He made connections while others saw contradictions – he saw the link between science and spirituality, economic freedom and self-realization, politics and ecology, international cooperation and individual rights, reason and imagination, art and business. In “A Defense of Poetry”, Shelley wrote: “Poets are the unacknowledged legislators of the world.” Tagore was indeed such a man. This largesse is reflected in all his creative output.
Tagore wrote successfully in several literary genres, but he was first of all a poet. In his poetry we encounter a rainbow of consciousness where Indian classical and folk traditions mingle with western thought, Sufi mysticism and Buddhist teachings. His ability to synthesize eclectic influences in creating a deeply humane and inclusive view of the world is critical to our understanding of him. It is also the reason why Tagore’s ideas continue to find contemporary resonance.
Commenting on Tagore’s legacy, John Bayley wrote: “Like Tolstoy he was an aristocrat, with all an aristocrat’s instinctive confidence and self-assurance, fetched from generations of position and authority. That factor – hardly conceivable any more today – is historically of great importance.
Tagore could be seen not only as one of nature’s great men, but a great man by social temperament and class origin. In 1913 the Nobel Prize would hardly have been awarded to an unknown Indian, however talented.” But, “living a life of Faustian creativeness, running estates and building schools like Tolstoy, and even his own university at Santineketan, he none the less strikes one today as a vessel of tranquility and repose, an ikon not of ‘oriental wisdom’ or anything of that sort, but of deep understanding and comprehensiveness.” It is indeed his deep understanding and comprehensiveness that qualifies all of what he did.
Tagore’s message is one of universal humanism. In the words of Satish Kumar: “As a master of his craft, Tagore combined the purity of poetry with a purpose for living.” Tagore’s writings lift the human spirit and restore human dignity. His concept of jiban-debata (life god) or the creative principle “connects Tagore’s own poetic creativity with the creative process of the universe as a whole,” explains William Radice.
This ability to see different points of view and reconcile them into a transcendent vision remains his legacy. For Ketaki Kushari Dyson, Tagore’s poetry is “characterized by an impressive wholeness of attitude: a loving warmth, a compassionate humanity, a delicate sensuousness, an intense sense of kinship with Nature, a burning awareness of the universe of which we are part.”
The bulk of Tagore’s vast literary output was in Bengali. Though he was the first non-European to win the Nobel Prize in Literature (1913), Tagore was not awarded the prize for his considerable achievements as a poet in Bengali. The book that won him the prize, Gitanjali (1912) contained Tagore’s own re-creations in poetic prose of verses from the Bengali Gitanjali (1910).
While Gitanjali (1912) took the West by storm, Tagore’s work suffered from bad translations. He was partly to blame; being an extremely busy person, he authorized such versions for publication without adequate supervision. Tagore’s enormous popularity in Europe, the USA and Latin America, was thus based on texts often produced from indifferent English translations of his work.
The problem of poor translations was one of the factors that contributed to the decline in Tagore’s image in the English-speaking world. Other factors were changing fashions in the Anglo-American literary scene, Tagore’s repudiation of the knighthood after the Amritsar massacre, his open condemnation of the cult of nationalism in India and espousing internationalism when the country was going swadeshi, his rejection of organized religion and Hindu revivalism (Tagore left the Brahmo Samaj society which his father had helped create), and his popularity in inter-war Germany resulting in his work being associated with the rise of Nazism/ Fascism – all took their toll. In India, until he won the Nobel Prize, Tagore was criticized by the Bengali press as an anglophile. Emerging Indian poets writing in English (Dom Moraes and Nissim Ezekiel included) also dismissed Tagore.
It is perhaps not surprising then that an article about Tagore in The Guardian by Ian Jack posed the question:
“Is his poetry any good? The answer for anyone who can’t read Bengali must be: don’t know. No translation (according to Bengalis) lives up to the job, and at their worst, they can read like In Memoriam notices: “Faith is the bird that feels the light when the dawn is still dark” is among the better lines. Translator William Radice thinks that Tagore’s willingness to tackle the big questions, heart on sleeve, has made him vulnerable to “philistinism or contempt”.
That may be so … perhaps the time has come for us to forget Tagore was ever a poet, and think of his more intelligible achievements. These are many. He was a fine essayist; an educationist who founded a university; an opponent of the terrorism that then plagued Bengal; a secularist amid religious divisions; an agricultural improver and ecologist; a critical nationalist. In his fiction, he showed an understanding of women – their discontents and dilemmas in a patriarchal society – that was ahead of its time. On his 150th anniversary, we shouldn’t resist two cheers, at least.”
In attempting to write about Tagore’s poetry, I do not feel the need to defend it. His poems recommend themselves to millions of his readers. The existing translations in English by Dyson and Radice, among others, are enough to help me find my way into the mind and art of this extraordinary poet. These translations manage to create a space in which the voice of Tagore reaches out to us. When other competent translations appear in time, they too will enhance our understanding and appreciation. One welcome them just the way one looks forward to reading a new version of poems by Rilke, Akhmatova, Cavafy, Lorca, or the Mahabharata.
Both Dyson and Radice successfully capture the pulse of Tagore’s poetry, its exceptionally rich and musical qualities. As the London Review of Books observed: “Among the English translations available of Tagore’s poetry, Ketaki Kushari Dyson’s selection I Won’t Let You Go perhaps captures more successfully than any other the sensuous Bengaliness of Tagore’s works, and the particularity of the weather, both inner and outer, in which the poems exist.”
The Poetry Review endorsed the book with: “Dyson has succeeded in these new translations in restoring a sense to the reader of Tagore’s real and remarkable genius as a poet. Short of learning Bengali one does not see how our sense of him as a poet could be bettered than it is by reading her versions… if any translation can put Tagore back on the map where he belongs, this one should do it.” The challenge lies with translating Tagore’s work into other languages, be they Indian or European. In this article, I concentrate entirely on the translations in English.
Celebration of the Self
Tagore’s transcendent yet passionately human view of the world comes across in many of his poems. In “Earth” (dated 11 November 1893, from Sonar Tari), for example, he writes:
“…Deep is my desire
in country after country to identify
myself with all men; to be born
as an Arab child in the desert, fearless and free,
raised on camel’s milk; to explore
cold stone mansions, Buddhist monasteries
on Tibet’s plateau; to drink grape-wine
as a Persian in a rose garden; to ride
horses as an intrepid Tartar; to be polite
and vigorous as a Japanese; to toil
with dedication as in the ancient Chinese land
to experience existence in all homes.
Oh, to be a naked barbarian, sturdy, robust, fierce,
neither to duties nor to prohibitions geared,
bound by nothing – neither customs, nor scruples, nor doubts,
nor a sense of mine and thine, nor the fever of thought;
one whose life-flow always rushes unchecked…”
The majesty of such a point of view is its Godlike open-endedness, the willingness to embrace diversity; he is Everyman and more. This sense of the self spilling out to embrace the universe, the Universal Self, reminds us of the Romantic poets as much as the American Transcendental poets, of Blake’s “Auguries of Innocence” (To see a world in a grain of sand, And a heaven in a wild flower,/ Hold infinity in the palm of your hand,/ And eternity in an hour) and Whitman’s “Song of Myself.”
Tagore’s celebration of the Self is affirmed further in: “Take me back/ to the centre of that wholeness, whence continually/ life germinates in a hundred thousand ways/ sends out shoots and buds, whence songs burst/ in a million melodies, dances emanate/ in countless gestures, where the mind flows/ in torrents of ideas and emotions…” (Earth) With him we taste “that various, universal bliss, all elements together/ united with all.” Tagore’s vision of the interconnectedness of the universe is best expressed in his poetry.
The earth is a mother whose hands hold not ‘infinite riches’ but ‘unfinished pleasures’ (“On Her Powerlessness”). The vulnerability of the earth comes across poignantly as she clings to all her offspring, saying ‘I won’t let you go’ to the tiniest blade of grass that springs from her womb, and she is as powerless to prevent their departure just as Tagore’s young daughter is to prevent her father’s going away to his place of work.
At the same time, Mother Earth is all Nature, the cosmic maya whose ultimate authority is inviolable. “If it is true that a part of the function of poetry is to remind us, magically, what our relationship to the earth is, then Tagore’s poetry fulfils that role most admirably. Directly and indirectly he reminds us constantly of our bond with the earth, and nature is for him both a direct and proper subject and a perennial fountainhead of imagery,” Dyson reminds us in her introduction.
Tagore’s faith in the unity of man and nature is manifested admirably in Gitanjali. He refers to “this our planet with its treasure-store/ Of joys and pains – this place unknowable,/ Unfathomable – is – just like a mother’s/ Breast – fully familiar after all.” In the poem, he also uses the image of mother and child when describing life and death.
He refers to “our stunning dwelling-place on earth,” where he is no stranger, as some inscrutable power had taken him in his arms as would his own mother. He then speaks of life and death as the two breasts of a mother. “If I have loved this life so very much/ I’ll love Death too when I can see him clearly?/ A child – for fear of losing the warm touch/ Of his mother’s breast – begins to wail. But then,/ Moved to her other breast, he’s calm again.” Both the idea and the images are simple, accessible; his message universal.
This metaphor of death as friend, lover, soul-mate comes across powerfully in one of his songs, reminding us of St John of the Cross’s “Dark Night of the Soul”: “It is a stormy night/ and you are coming to meet me,/ o my friend, my soul-mate!// The sky weeps like/ someone in despair,/ my eyes know no sleep./ Beloved, I throw open my door/ and look out again and again./ O my friend, my soul-mate!”
The main idea of La noche oscura del alma refers to the painful experience one must endure when seeking to grow spiritually and unite with God. In his poem, Tagore turns the concept on its head: “…in what depth of darkness/ are you coming across, o my friend, my soul-mate!” It is not Tagore who is suffering alone, but God, too, in coming to him.
In Gitanjali one encounters Tagore’s ‘true self’ as he pointed out in a letter to William Rothenstein: “These poems of mine are very different from other literary productions of the kind. They are revelations of my true self. The literary man was a mere amanuensis – very often knowing nothing of the true meaning of what he was writing.” There is no doubt that Gitanjali is the work of a deeply spiritual man. In poem after poem in his Song Offerings, he expresses his innermost thoughts as if in a confessional.
He writes with utter humility, baring his innermost self, and his utter surrender: “You’ve made me limitless … At that nectar touch of yours/ my heart has lost its edges/ and with that vast ecstasy/ words gush out.” Or “I know/ That you will take the rudder/ If I let it go.// What’s to be, will of itself be:/ This struggle to steer/ Leaves me all at sea.”
Tagore has been influenced by the Hindu concept of Atma (self) and Paramatma (Divine Self), the Bhakti tradition sits alongside the mysticism of Sufis, Baul singers and Vaishnavites (who view the world as a play between Krishna and Radha; Tagore was deeply influenced by poets like Jayadeva and Chaitanya), Shaivites (whose image of the cosmos is captured in Shiva’s dance) and Western Platonists. None of these influences is mutually exclusive.
The direct approach to God acknowledging His supremacy, identifying the self with the Supreme Being, the notion of God as King, or life’s journey being a search for God/ the Divine Lover – all affirm the basic equality of human beings and the acceptance of our place in the universe. Tagore brings together aspects of this transcendent reality in his poetry:
“This is my prayer to thee, my lord – strike, strike at the root of all poverty in my heart. Give me the strength to lightly bear my joys and sorrows. … Give me the strength never to disown the poor and bend my knees before insolent might. Give me the strength to raise my mind high above all daily trifles. And give me the strength to surrender to my strength to thy will with love.”
Poetry and Spirituality
In an essay, written in 1917, Tagore wrote: “‘Know Thyself’ is not the final truth; ‘let thyself be known’ is also of great importance…. So it is that my inner religion fails to lock itself up within itself – it must necessarily go on making itself known to the outside in various ways that are both apparent and still not apparent to me.” Gitanjali may have become his way of letting himself be known to the world. Here are poems that speak of concepts like ‘who am I?’ as well as the price and burden of fame.
But he speaks essentially from the heart: “He who by my name is kept in hiding/ Within the prison of that name is dying./ Everything else by day and night forgetting,/ Towards the sky that name forever piling,/ I lose within its dark/ My own true spark.” It is not enough that one is good but one must do good, thus revealing one’s true self.
It is poignant therefore when he writes: “I’m finished with shouting for attention/ Instead, soft words in the ear/ I’ll express my feelings henceforward only in songs/ I’m finished with shouting for attention.” Here is a man who confesses his rejection of the world: “The necklace I’ll hang round your neck/ is my badge of defeat.” Tired of the world, he aspires for some peace: “Allow me just to sit with you for a bit,/ for a brief time merely/ Whatever work I have in hand today/ I’ll finish later/ Allow me just to sit with you for a bit.” He addresses these thoughts to the Supreme Being as a lover.
The poems in the Gitanjali phase reflect a period of intense spiritual crisis and personal suffering. Tagore had suffered great personal losses – his wife died in November 1902, nine months later his daughter Renuka died of tuberculosis. In 1905 he lost his father, and in 1907 his son Samindranath died of cholera. In 1918, his eldest daughter also died of tuberculosis. There were other deaths too, much earlier in his life, he lost his mother when he was fourteen.
His sister-in-law, Kadambari Devi, a couple of years older, was to become a close friend when she married his brother Jyotindranath and entered the Tagore household at the age of nine. Artistic and sensitive, she took keen interest in contemporary culture and writing, and remained a formative influence on the budding poet. In 1884 Kadambari Devi, childless, committed suicide.
Much of Tagore’s pain and anguish, grief and suffering, desire and passion were transmuted into understanding, faith and compassion. Everything has a purpose, from everything there are lessons to be learned. There are poems in Gitanjali that speak of surrender and love in such a deeply experienced manner they read like prayers.
“Day after day, O lord of my life, shall I stand before thee face to face.
With folded hands, O lord of all worlds, shall I stand before thee face to face.
Under thy great sky in solitude and silence, with humble heart shall I stand before thee face to face.
In this workaday world of thine, surging with toil and struggle, among bustling crowds shall I stand before thee face to face.
And when my work will be done in this world, I king of kings, alone and speechless shall I stand before thee face to face.”
Indeed, passages from Gitanjali are used in Unitarian worship to this day. The hymn, ‘Now I Recall my Childhood’ in the British Unitarian hymnal, Hymns for Living, is based on Gitanjali 97, ‘When my play was with thee I never questioned who thou wert.’
The connection that Tagore makes between poetry and spirituality/ self-realization is not new. In the classical Sanskrit tradition, poetry was recognized as a form of knowledge, (vidyā), in addition to its significance as an art (kalā), alamkāra, ornamentation, shringara, riti, style. Tagore places himself at the heart of such a tradition when he identifies the perfect poem as being “the kabyer kalebar, or ‘poetic body’, in which metre, rhyme and language are fitted together in a decorous and harmonious way,” and “combined with jnana (knowledge) and bhava (feeling).”
Tagore’s best known poem expresses his ideas of life and poetry admirably:
“Where the mind is without fear and the head is held high;
Where knowledge is free;
Where the world has not been broken up
into fragments by narrow domestic walls;
Where words come out from the depth of truth;
Where tireless striving stretches its arms toward perfection;
Where the clear stream of reason has not lost its way
into the dreary sand of dead habit;
Where the mind is led forward by
thee into ever-widening thought and action –
Into that heaven of freedom, my Father, let my country awake.”
It would be limiting to think of Tagore’s poetry as being simply ‘high-minded’. His deep spiritual foundations freed him to think clearly, explore unreservedly his life and world. While the range of his achievements are astonishingly diverse, within his poetry too one encounters an extraordinary range – he is a great love poet, he writes movingly about loneliness and bereavement. He is a poet with a keen insight into the psychology of children, he instinctively understood women, and empathised deeply with the oppressed and those less fortunate.
Faced with death and loneliness early in life, Tagore wrote in “The Suicide of a Star” (1882), a poem most likely triggered by the suicide of Kadambari Devi: “A burning lump of coal, to hide its dark heart, / maintains a continuous laughter./ The more it laughs, the more it burns.” In “Invocation to Sorrow,” he confesses: “Oh, how lonely this heart is!/ Just do this, nothing else:/ come close, life my heart’s face,/ set your eyes on it/ and gaze./ This homeless heart/ wants a companion/ that’s all…” He could be writing about himself as much as his sister-in-law or about any human in need of love.
The concept of the homeless heart can also be traced to Bengal’s Baul singers who were wandering minstrels singing of their search for and love of God. According to Dyson, this poem may have been written while his brother and sister-in-law were away on holiday. There existed a strong bond between her and Tagore, and it is through these poems one appreciates the loneliness of a woman when she enters her husbands’ home as a bride.
In “Endless Death” composed a year later, he asks: “Life, is it then a name for a handful of deaths – / an aggregate of dyings?/ Then a moment’s a cluster of a hundred trivial deaths – so much fuss over a naming!/ As death grows, so will life.” In “Desire,” he acknowledges: “I think continually: where is she today?”
Not having told her his innermost thoughts, he writes: “Ah, how long she was near me, and I said nothing!/ And the days went by, one after another./ Laughter and jokes, throwing words at each other/ within them lurked the heart’s intended hints.” Tagore speaks of “two minds could spend an eternal night together – / in the sky no laughter, no sound, no sense of direction,/ just four loving eyes waking like four stars!”
By the time Tagore wrote this he was married, and in two poems titled “Breasts” No 2 and “The Kiss”, both written in 1886, he expressed his delight in the sexual discovery of his adolescent wife. “The Kiss” especially strikes the reader as being modern and contemporary in its conceit:
“Lips’ language to lips’ ears.
Two drinking each other’s heart, it seems.
Two roving loves who have left home,
pilgrims to the confluence of lips.
Two waves rise by the law of hope
to break and die on two sets of lips.
Two wild desires craving each other
meet at last at the body’s limits.
Love’s writing a sing in dainty letters,
layers of kiss-calligraphy on lips.
Plucking flowers from two sets of lips
perhaps to thread then into a chain later.
This sweet union of lips
is the red marriage-bed of a pair of smiles.”
In “The Amatory Conversation of a Young Bengali Couple,” Tagore explores the relationship between a married-couple, on their wedding night, when the bride cries: “I want to sleep with my Nan.” This humorous poem is also a fine piece of social satire on the customary child-marriages common in India. In 1883, Tagore married the ten year old Mrinalini. Taking into account his experience of his older brother’s married life, Tagore struggled not only with his own child marriage but also that of his daughters.
Regardless of his personal objections, he was powerless to go against tradition as long as his father was alive. However, the deaths of his sister-in-law, his wife and his eldest daughter left him with a deep sense of guilt and remorse. These deaths merged into a profound sense of loss enhancing his appreciation and understanding of the plight of women. Women played a key role in Tagore’s life – both by their presence and absence.
Tagore’s relationships with women, apart from his wife of course, were platonic. In “Straightforward,” Tagore expresses with a refreshing directness the power of sexual desire. The refrain – “This love between us two/ is a straightforward affair.” – appears at the end of the first two paragraphs. It becomes – “Our couplings in springtime/ are straightforward affairs.” – in the next two verses, and ends with “But this union, love,/ is a straightforward affair!” He captures powerfully both the innocence and experience of love fully realised.
Tagore’s ability to understand and represent a child’s point of view is an essential aspect of the man. In “Remembering” he writes poignantly about the loss of his own mother: “I don’t remember my mother./ Only this: when I sit by the window/ of my bedroom/ and look at the far blue sky,/ it seems to me my mother’s looking at me/ with steady eyes./ Long ago she used to hold me on her lap/ and look at my face./ That’s the look she has left/ in all the sky.”
In “An Offer of Help,” (Shishu) a child asks his mother: “What’s the matter today?/ Haven’t you had a letter from Dad?” And then offers to write a letter himself if she gets him paper and pen. “You’ll see, I’ll make no mistakes;/ from ka and kha to cerebral na/ I’ll write Dad’s letter for him, I promise!” In “Hide-and-Seek” the child imagines turning into a champa flower, yet all the time his attention is on the mother. The child does not for a moment imagine leaving his mother. The idealism and realism that children display is not lost in the man. The evocation of the child in his works reminds us of Wordsworth’s “The Child is father of the man.”
In Tagore, the connection between mother, nature, child, man is seamless. It may have something to do with the influence of the bhakti tradition where God becomes a mother, father, a child, a lover – not just a lord and master. In a poem, from Naibedya, Tagore describes “this unknown, unbounded/ mystery” as “entirely familiar/ as my mother’s breast, very much mine./ Unmanifest, beyond cognition, this awesome power/ has, to my eyes, assumed the shape of a mother.” Tagore’s poetic utterances spring from a tradition which is familiar with the worship of God as Mother. The most important annual festival in the Bengali calendar is that of Durga, who is worshipped as a Supreme Mother.
The many references to nature, the seasons, especially the monsoons, in Tagore’s poetry remind us of Kalidasa. But Tagore’s use of nature imagery is startlingly original and thus contemporary. Lines like – “… the wind/ idly prattling on a bed of leaves”; “The wind blew from the east, my home’s direction/ like the sighing of distant relatives who missed me”; “On either side stood a /young kadamba tree – / growing like sons”; or describing a boy, an orphan, “like a weed that springs up by a broken fence,/ not tended by a gardener,/ receiving sunlight, gusts of wind, rain,/ insects, dust and grit;/ which sometimes a goat crops off/ or a cow tramples down/ which doesn’t die, gets tougher,/ with a fatter stem/ and shiny green leaves” – reveal the poet’s skills in capturing life in all its hues.
In Patraput, on discovering a wild flower, whose name is unknown, he writes: “It belongs to the universe’s infinite unfamiliar wing, / where the sky’s nameless stars also belong.” He names it “Peyali, Miss Cup” and goes on to add: “it enjoys the unspotted freedom that comes/ from not being cared for, not being bound by caste./ It’s a Baul, living on society’s edge.” In “Tamarind Flower,” Tagore refers to an aged tamarind tree standing “like a guardian-god/ or an old family servant/ as ancient as Great-grandfather.” His use of imagery is refreshingly new as he invites the reader to examine things in light of this new reality.
In “Earth”, Tagore writes: “Take me back/ to the centre of that wholeness, whence continually/ life germinates in a hundred thousand ways/ … where the mind flows in torrents of ideas and emotions … / I wish/ to taste that various, universal bliss/ in one moment, all elements together. / united with all.” His intensely inclusive vision transforms all experience. But that perception is far from passive. In “Against Meditative Knowledge,” he emphasizes the need for action: “Those who wish to sit, shut their eyes,/ and meditate to know if the world’s true or lies,/ may do so. It’s their choice. But I meanwhile/ with hungry eyes that can’t be satisfied/ shall take a look at the world in broad daylight.”
Similarly, in “Play”, he concludes with the profound observation: “Well, maybe it’s play, but one which we must join/ …/ What would be the point of leaving it all and sitting/ silently in a dark corner of the self?/ Know that you are but a child in this vast world,/ in the cradle of infinite time, in the sky’s playground:/ you think you know it all, but you know nothing!/ Pick it up – with faith, humility, love –/ that grand toy – coloured, musical, scented –/ which your mother’s given you. Well, maybe it’s dust!/ So what? Isn’t it dust beyond compare?/ Prematurely senile, don’t mope, sitting alone:/ you won’t be an adult till you join the merry-go-round!”
Many strands – philosophical, religious, social, political, educational, ethical and ecological – went into the making of Tagore’s world. He absorbed myriad influences and integrated them into a personal vision. He could move from the literal to the symbolic, from a tiny detail to the vast cosmos, his poetry reflecting the Upanishadic concept of the seamless unity of all creation. He inhabited both the centre and the edge.
His poetry is without labels, simply recording an authentic spiritual journey that enriches his readers. In Gitanjali, Tagore wrote: “I’m here merely to sing your songs/ Allow me a tiny place at your court to do so/ I’m here merely to sing your songs.” His world-view as expressed in his poetry is simple, accessible; it would benefit us to see the world as he did.
Tagore may not have been a systematic philosopher, but he was of considerable contemporary relevance as a thinker. He was prophetic when he wrote: “A hundred years from today/ who are you, sitting, reading a poem of mine,/ under curiosity’s sway –/ a hundred years from today?” A hundred years from now there will be others reading his work, interpreting it in their own way, admiring the man and the culture that nourished such a rich flowering.
1. John Bayley, ‘Intimate precision’, Poetry Review (UK), Spring 1993, 22.
2. Satish Kumar, ‘Editorial,’ Resurgence, 266 (2011), 1.
3. Rabindranath Tagore, Gitanjali, trans. by William Radice (India: Penguin Books, 2011), p. lxxvi.
4. Rabindranath Tagore, I Won’t Let You Go: Selected Poems by Rabindranath Tagore, selected and translated by Ketaki Kushari Dyson (UK: Bloodaxe Books, 2010), p. 38.
5. Ibid, pp. 43-44.
6. Ian Jack, ‘Rabindranath Tagore was a global phenomenon, so why is he neglected?’, The Guardian, 7 May 2011.
7. I Won’t Let You Go, Blurb on back cover.
8. I Won’t Let You Go, p. 99.
9. I Won’t Let You Go, pp. 101-102.
10. I Won’t Let You Go, p. 105.
11. I Won’t Let You Go, p. 58.
12. Gitanjali, pp. 92-3.
13. I Won’t Let You Go, p. 254.
14. Gitanjali, p. xv.
15. Gitanjali, p. 7.
16. Gitanjali, p. 64.
17. Gitanjali, p. 96.
18. Gitanjali, p. lxxvii. From Tagore’s essay Of Myself (Atmaparichay)
19. Gitanjali, p. 44.
20. Gitanjali, p. 5.
21. Gitanjali, p. 8.
22. Gitanjali, p. 51.
23. Gitanjali, p. 83.
24. Hymns for Living (Lindsey press, 2001 reprint), No 299. See Gitanjali, pp. xxxvi-ii.
25. Gitanjali, p. lxvi.
26. Gitanjali, p. 95.
27. I Won’t Let You Go, p. 80.
28. I Won’t Let You Go, p. 82.
29. I Won’t Let You Go, p. 83.
30. I Won’t Let You Go, p. 87.
31. I Won’t Let You Go, p. 85.
32. I Won’t Let You Go, p. 90.
33. I Won’t Let You Go, pp. 141-142.
34. I Won’t Let You Go, p. 166.
35. I Won’t Let You Go, p. 146.
36. I Won’t Let You Go, p. 143.
37. I Won’t Let You Go, p. 108.
38. I Won’t Let You Go, p. 88.
39. I Won’t Let You Go, p. 137.
40. I Won’t Let You Go, p. 179-180.
41. I Won’t Let You Go, p. 216.
42. I Won’t Let You Go, p. 222.
43. I Won’t Let You Go, pp. 101-102.
44. I Won’t Let You Go, p. 118.
45. I Won’t Let You Go, p. 104.
46. Gitanjali, p. 21.
47. I Won’t Let You Go, pp.111-112.
About Shanta Acharya
Born and educated in Cuttack, Orissa, India, Shanta Acharya won a scholarship to Oxford, and was among the first batch of women admitted to Worcester College. A recipient of the Violet Vaughan Morgan Fellowship, she was awarded the Doctor of Philosophy for her research on Ralph Waldo Emerson.
She was a Visiting Scholar in the Department of English and American Literature and Languages at Harvard University before moving to work in the City in London. The author of ten books, her publications range from poetry, literary criticism and fiction to finance.
Founder of Poetry in the House in 1996, Shanta has hosted a series of monthly poetry readings at Lauderdale House, Highgate, in London. In addition to her philanthropic activities, she has served twice on the board of trustees of the Poetry Society in the UK. | <urn:uuid:08cb3fb4-c51b-4278-84cd-d1ee050007b9> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://scotstagore.org/the-poetry-of-rabindranath-tagore-by-shanta-acharya/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103360935.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20220628081102-20220628111102-00463.warc.gz | en | 0.95426 | 8,551 | 3.296875 | 3 |
Many students are uncomfortable in a traditional school setting. "One size" does not fit all. We tailor the learning environment to each student's needs - recognizing that each child learns in a different way. Because of this, many children excel beyond their peers in traditional school settings. Students attending CMA are able to explore, learn, and discover not only their environment, but interpersonal relationships as well. We guide students with communication, social interactions, and proper play so they are well-equipped with life skills they need. Each student has a unique learning style and as such, will not be labeled or discouraged; but instead, encouraged to pursue individual studies at their own pace and with the assistance of the Lead Guide. This practice is unique to Montessori methodology.
Our Lead Guides (teachers) are Montessori certified and bring additional experience in Child Development, Spanish, Business Management, Culinary Arts, & Fine Arts. Collectively, we have over 70 years teaching experience. Our guides and assistants work closely together to ensure your child receives care and consideration for their individual needs as they progress through our programs.
Christian Montessori Academy is a member of the International Montessori Council, maintaining a code of ethics and standards as set forth.
Primary (ages 3-6)
CMA's Primary classrooms provide opportunities for the child to explore, learn, & discover not only their environment, but interpersonal relationships as well.
Between the ages of 3 & 6, children are curious about everything. The classroom environment is warm and inviting, enabling the child to feel comfortable in discovery. The multi-age classroom facilitates cooperative learning, grace & courtesy, and independent thinking skills.
In the Primary classroom, children develop their practicial life skills and learn to care for their environment. They discover the relationship between shapes, colors, and sizes through the sensory materials. A plethora of mathematics, language, science, and geography materials are readily available for their use.
Each child learns at his or her own pace and as such, will not be forced to learn subjects they are not interested in or ready for, which is unique to Montessori education.
Lower, Upper, & Middle School Classrooms (ages 6-15)
Montessori education doesn't end with Kindergarten - in fact, it is really just beginning. CMA's Elementary classrooms are designed to maximize independent learning and exploration. The curriculum allows each child to advance in all levels by directing the child's curiosity and sensitivity through each subject area.
One of the unique advantages in the Montessori classroom is the encouragement given to children to expand their horizons and explore new dimensions beyond the immediate learning situation. While many children are capable of completing a worksheet or an assignment, Montessori children want to explore the "why" and "how" things are the way they are. Paper and pencil have merit, but when combined with concrete learning materials and an unlimited ceiling, the child reaps the greatest benefit - meeting his or her own need for understanding.
As the students progress through each Montessori level, they increase their opportunities for real-life experiences.
Our Middle School class enjoys learning interviewing skills when writing and designing the school's newsletters. They also participate in community service-learning projects by conducting fundraisers and donating proceeds to charitable entities.
Field trips are an essential part of the Montessori experience and all ages participate.
Extra Curricular Activities
Our students enjoy a variety of extra curricular activities to enrich their learning experience. Spanish, recorder, cooking, sewing, physical education activities, art classes, Bricks4Kidz, piano lessons, drama classes, and swimming. | <urn:uuid:ba5cffcf-55c4-4e34-a085-1cb7bbf4c059> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.montessorilearning.org/program | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250608062.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123011418-20200123040418-00057.warc.gz | en | 0.953977 | 742 | 2.546875 | 3 |
The Deerslayer, first of the "Leatherstocking Tales" chronologically but last in the order of publication, is succinctly analyzed by one critic, James Grossman, as "the simplest in plot and most equivocal in meaning." In The Deerslayer, Cooper showed himself at the height of his creative powers during this period of 1840-1841 when he could continue to combine a moving story and an impressive character with a deepened social and moral awareness after a prolonged European sojourn.
The structural unity in The Deerslayer, already mentioned briefly in the critical introduction, gives to the romance the verisimilitude that is sometimes lacking in works of his earlier period. It is easy to accept the premise that these few adventurous days on the lake could have happened. The characters are few and resemble possible frontier types. The problem of a small group being surrounded by hostile Indians was a common occurrence at this time; the various episodes are reflections of other events occurring throughout the territories, such as scalping, ambushes, pursuit, escape, capture, and trial at the stake; and the descriptions of the natural surroundings refer so specifically to the one locale of Otsego Lake that the other traits of the romance are rendered even more credible.
The plot is of course compounded of thrilling and narrow brushes with death because The Deerslayer is a romance, a tale of high adventure and excitement. Cooper, in the "Preface" to The Deerslayer, admits readily that imagination and invention characterize the plot but that the descriptions of scenery are accurate. His intention, as he finally concludes, is "to secure the semblance of reality." Cooper, writing intimately of Otsego Lake about which he knew all the details from early childhood, refers early and often to Glimmerglass in The Deerslayer. There are no more beautiful, impressive passages about the lake than Natty Bumppo's thoughts in the early Chapters. But the close relationship between Cooper's hero and the lake is a constant factor of enjoyment, thought, and verisimilitude in the romance. Cooper, in short, has not only immortalized Glimmerglass but he has likewise given the air of truthful association to his aim of creating an authentic American folk hero. Indeed, the union of plot and setting, for the purpose of artistic strength, came closest to perfection in this last of the "Leatherstocking Tales." | <urn:uuid:d318f871-2f34-4902-bc47-780988112846> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://www.cliffsnotes.com/literature/d/the-deerslayer/critical-essays/plot-and-setting | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386164848402/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204134728-00061-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.957296 | 490 | 2.59375 | 3 |
The angle inclination of a line is the angle formed by the intersection of the line and the x-axis. Using a horizontal "run" of 1 and m for slope, the angle of inclination, theta=tan-1(m), or m=tan(theta). Therefore, if the angle or the slope is known, the other can be found using one of the equations. If the angle of inclination is negative, then the slope of the line is also negative.
Sample Problems (3)
Need help with "Angle Inclination of a Line" problems? Watch expert teachers solve similar problems to develop your skills. | <urn:uuid:3aba6019-71c5-4870-ba84-24f7090b7117> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://www.brightstorm.com/math/precalculus/advanced-trigonometry/angle-inclination-of-a-line/all | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500826016.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021346-00062-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.893385 | 130 | 3.671875 | 4 |
Flag Day Trivia Questions And Answers Printable – Printable Questions and Answer Sets are a great tool to use in classroom activities. The key is to discover questions that you know the students will need to answer quickly but that does not use up a lot of time. An example might be questions about food or history or some other subject that needs quick thinking and reaction. After all, the objective is to get the children included and get them to believe and be creative rather than just memorize info. Here are 3 reasons why you should utilize printable answer sets for your class.
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Using group work in the classroom can be a terrific way to make class interaction more remarkable and significant. Often it’s much easier to ask questions to a larger group rather than whittle your answers down to a handful.
Obviously, like whatever else in life, there are some downsides to printable answers. One significant disadvantage is that the info might not be very present. For example, if you are doing a class job on ancient Chinese philosophies you ‘d want to use as much accurate details as possible. While the majority of older materials are already offered on the Internet, it’s still not totally clear how precise this details is. Also, if you wish to use more than one type of answer sheet it can become confusing to figure out which is right.
In general, printable questions and answers are a terrific idea due to the fact that they help you create significant lessons without having to invest a lot of time in the class. You will require to be careful that you do not use too many handouts or you might confuse students. | <urn:uuid:54f6e32c-a2d3-4904-8f9d-e96ae314c6c4> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://printable-questions.com/flag-day-trivia-questions-and-answers-printable/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100529.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204115419-20231204145419-00683.warc.gz | en | 0.957176 | 501 | 3 | 3 |
Deforestation, poaching and illegal hunting is the main cause of depleting population of tigers today. In a bid to save the Sumatran Tigers from facing extinction, the Indonesian government is launching a unique program to let the rich adopt the extremely rare tigers. Only 400 of these rare tigers are alive today! For a 1 billion rupiah ($107,000) deposit people will get the chance to become the proprietor of this great beast. Many rich folks wish to own a tiger as it lets them flaunt their social status.
Supporting this adoption scheme, Darori, the ministry’s Director General of Forest Protection and Nature Conservation said “And because these people are rich, they will definitely give them good food.” The government’s program has laid down some ground rules regarding adopting these animals. The animals must have already been held in captivity, and must be put in cages with minimum dimensions of five meters high, six meters wide and 10 meters (16 feet by 19 feet by 32 feet). The tigers will remain state property and will be returned to the state if they are no longer wanted. Any cubs the tigers produce will be the property of the state.
The unique scheme has already attracted a lot of criticism from conservationists. If you have always dreamt of owning a pet tiger, then Indonesia is the place to be. | <urn:uuid:28954ed4-14d0-42c5-94ab-f97250e1996d> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | http://luxurylaunches.com/other_stuff/adopt_a_sumatran_tiger_for_107000_in_indonesia.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912203547.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20190325010547-20190325032547-00091.warc.gz | en | 0.949634 | 276 | 2.9375 | 3 |
American Painter, Draftsman, Filmmaker, and Printmaker
New York City
Summary of Andy Warhol
Andy Warhol was the most successful and highly paid commercial illustrator in New York even before he began to make art destined for galleries. Nevertheless, his screenprinted images of Marilyn Monroe, soup cans, and sensational newspaper stories, quickly became synonymous with Pop art. He emerged from the poverty and obscurity of an Eastern European immigrant family in Pittsburgh, to become a charismatic magnet for bohemian New York, and to ultimately find a place in the circles of High Society. For many his ascent echoes one of Pop art's ambitions, to bring popular styles and subjects into the exclusive salons of high art. His crowning achievement was the elevation of his own persona to the level of a popular icon, representing a new kind of fame and celebrity for a fine artist.
- Warhol's early commercial illustration has recently been acclaimed as the arena in which he first learned to manipulate popular tastes. His drawings were often comic, decorative, and whimsical, and their tone is entirely different from the cold and impersonal mood of his Pop art.
- Much debate still surrounds the iconic screenprinted images with which Warhol established his reputation as a Pop artist in the early 1960s. Some view his Death and Disaster series, and his Marilyn pictures, as frank expressions of his sorrow at public events. Others view them as some of the first expressions of 'compassion fatigue' - the way the public loses the ability to sympathize with events from which they feel removed. Still others think of his pictures as screens - placed between us and horrifying events - which attempt to register and process shock.
- Although artists had drawn on popular culture throughout the 20th century, Pop art marked an important new stage in the breakdown between high and low art forms. Warhol's paintings from the early 1960s were important in pioneering these developments, but it is arguable that the diverse activities of his later years were just as influential in expanding the implications of Pop art into other spheres, and further eroding the borders between the worlds of high art and popular culture.
- Although Warhol would continue to create paintings intermittently throughout his career, in 1965 he "retired" from the medium to concentrate on making experimental films. Despite years of neglect, these films have recently attracted widespread interest, and Warhol is now seen as one of the most important filmmakers of the period, a forefather of independent film.
- Critics have traditionally seen Warhol's career as going into decline in 1968, after he was shot by Valerie Solanas. Valuing his early paintings above all, they have ignored the activities that absorbed his attention in later years - parties, collecting, publishing, and painting commissioned portraits. Yet some have begun to think that all these ventures make up Warhol's most important legacy because they prefigure the diverse interests, activities, and interventions that occupy artists today.
Biography of Andy Warhol
Warhol famously said that "business art is the step that comes after Art. I started as a commercial artist, and I want to finish as a business artist." He became one of the world most successful artists, and made screen prints, sculptures, films, managed a band, and even designed wallpaper - projects that were often highly lucrative (and always built his brand).
Important Art by Andy Warhol
By the 1960s, the New York art world was in a rut, the very original and popular canvases of the Abstract Expressionists of the 1940s and '50s had become cliche. Warhol was one of the artists that felt the need to bring back imagery into his work. The gallery owner and interior designer Muriel Latow gave Warhol the idea of painting soup cans, when she suggested to him that he should paint objects that people use every day (it is rumored that Warhol ate the soup for lunch every single day). He painted Campbell's soup cans, Brillo boxes, and Coca-Cola bottles from 1962, onward.
Warhol started his career and became an extremely successful consumer ad designer. Here, he used the techniques of his trade to create an image that is both easily recognizable, but also visually stimulating. Consumer goods and ad imagery were flooding the lives of Americans with the prosperity of that age and Warhol set out to subtly recreate that abundance, via images found in advertising. He recreated on canvas the experience of being in a supermarket. So, Warhol is credited with envisioning a new type of art that glorified (and also criticized) the consumption habits of his contemporaries and consumers today.
"I just paint things I always thought were beautiful, things you use every day and never think about." Warhol's statement epitomizes his ethos; his works put ordinary items front and center. This idea applies to the hand-painted portrait of a Coca-Cola bottle. Another challenge to the domination of Abstract Expressionism, Warhol's Coca-Cola is equal in size to many of the popular canvases of the time (6ft x 5ft) but is devoid of their abstractions. However, there are some other similarities here. As in Robert Motherwell's popular Stations of the Cross series of works, Coca-Cola is comprised of a large, black mass on a white background. The bottle jumps out at the viewer; demanding the kind of attention Motherwell's profound canvases received - yet now the sense of irony reigns.
After her sudden death from an overdose of sleeping pills in August 1962, superstar Marilyn Monroe's life, career, and tragedy became a worldwide obsession. Warhol, being infatuated with fame and pop culture, obtained a black-and-white publicity photo of her (from her 1953 film Niagara) and used the photo to create several series of images. A common idea to all the Marilyn works was that her image was reproduced over and over again as one would find it reprinted in newspapers and magazines at the time. After viewing dozens, or hundreds of such images, a viewer stops seeing a person depicted, but is left with an icon of popular, consumer culture. The image (and the person) become another cereal box on the supermarket shelf, one of hundreds of boxes - which are all exactly the same.
In Gold Marilyn Monroe, Warhol further plays on the idea iconography, placing Marilyn's face on a very large golden-colored background. The background is remeniscent of Byzantine religious icons that are the central focus in Orthodox faiths to this day. Only instead of a god, we are looking at an image (that becomes a bit garish upon closer inspection) of a woman that rose to fame and died in horrible tragedy. Warhol subtly comments on our society, and its glorification of celebrities to the level of the divine. Here again the Pop artist uses common objects and images to make very pointed insights into the values and surroundings of his contemporaries.
Influences and Connections
Useful Resources on Andy Warhol
- Andy Warhol (1973)Our PickTrailer. Directed by Lana Jokel, Produced by Michael Blackwood Productions
- 37k viewsWarhol by BaileyDocumentary made by David Bailey, a contemporary. The film is an attempt to capture the spirit of Warhol using some of the techniques he has pioneered
- 189k viewsAndy Warhol: A Master of the Modern EraWarhol's impact on the art world by British art critic Alastair Sooke
- 855k viewsAndy Warhol & Edie Sedgwick on The Merv Griffin Show, 1965Our PickEntertaining show where Warhol reacts to questions of popular art and emotion in art-making
- 133k viewsWarhol Interview (1966)Interview where Warhol is not being very communicable. Includes video of Warhol creating a silk-screen print
- 463k viewsWarhol Interview (1971)Short clip mentioning Pop art and comic books
- 39k viewsWarhol in Miami (1980)For the exhibition "Jews of the 20th Century" at Lowe Art Museum
- Warhol Thrilled by Wrestling (1985)
- 543 viewsDr. Brad Collins @ Columbia Museum of ArtGood overview lecture, especially the discussion of Chairman Mao series
- 736 viewsCritic Christopher Knight @ Smithsonian American Art MuseumOur PickPointing out that Warhol's subjects are often chosen for their very particular, art specific themes
- 2k viewsSoup Cans and Early Reproductions
- 11k viewsWarhol's Silver Car Crash (Double Disaster) (1963)A Conversation with Sir John Richardson
- 290k viewsAndy Warhol & William S. Burroughs Have Dinner at the Chelsea Hotel (1980)Satirical video of writer William Borroughs and Andy Warhol eating together at the Chelsea Hotel where Andy Warhol is famous for his work with "Chelsea Girls," also featuring the singer Nico
- Andy Warhol Eating a HamburgerAndy Warhol eats a Burger King Whopper with Heinz Ketchup
- 14k viewsScene from Chelsea Girls (1966)Film shot in the famous Chelsea Hotel
- 148k viewsFlesh (1968) (Trailer)The famous film stars Joe Dallesandro, directed by Paul Morrissey, and produced by Warhol
- 200k viewsLonesome Cowboys (1968)SF International Film Festival award-winning film highlighting Warhol's homoeroticism
- 10k viewsEdie SedgwickOur PickHer life with and after Warhol
- 336k viewsTake a Walk on the Wild Side: The Warhol SuperstarsOur PickThe group of famous New York stars that Warhol promoted in his films
- 101k viewsLou Reed about Velvet Underground and Andy WarholOur PickLou Reed recalls working in the Pop art era and with Andy Warhol
- 52k viewsDavid Bowie: On Andy Warhol (1987)
- WarholBy David Bourdon
- Factory Made: Warhol and the SixitesOur PickBy Steven Watson
- The Life and Death of Andy WarholBy Victor Bockris
- Andy Warhol Close UpBy Bob Colacello
- The Religious Art of Andy WarholBy Jane Daggett Dillenberger, Andy Warhol
- The Philosophy of Andy WarholOur Pick
- I'll Be Your Mirror
- The Andy Warhol Diaries
- The Andy Warhol Catalogue Raisonne Vol. 1: Paintings and Sculpture 1961-1963
- Andy Warhol Treasures
- Andy Warhol Prints: A Catalogue Raisonne 1962-1987
- Andy Warhol: The Record Covers 1949-1987, Catalogue RaisonneOur Pick
- The Andy Warhol MuseumOur PickBased in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, the Andy Warhol Museum houses the largest collection of the artist's works
- The Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual ArtsEstablished in 1987, its purpose is for the advancement of the visual arts
- Warholstars.comFeaturing Warhol's films, art and superstars
- The Andy Warhol Family AlbumInformation on Andy's early life and family
- Warhol as FilmmakerBy David Bourdon / Art in America / May/June 1971
- Man for the MachineOur PickBy Robert Hughes / Time Magazine / May 17, 1971
- The First Word on PopBy Barbara A. MacAdam / Art News / November 2007
- Much More Than Fifteen MinutesBy Tyler Maroney / Art News / January 2002
- Prince of Boredom: The Repetitions and Passivity's of Andy WarholBy William S. Wilson / Art and Artists / March 1968
- Ric Burns interview of Andy Warhol for PBS
- Inside Andy WarholBy Ned Finkelstein / Cavalier Magazine / September 1966
- Factory Girl, 2007A movie directed by George Hickenlooper which focused on Edie Sedgwick, a socialite that was a close friend to Andy Warhol and also a Warholstar. The movie focuses on her and Andy's relationship.
- I Shot Andy Warhol, 1996Film based on the true story of Valerie Solanas who was a 60s radical and ultimately shot Warhol. | <urn:uuid:34fd834d-7153-422d-bf16-f102415233e3> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://m.theartstory.org/artist/warhol-andy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370511408.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20200410173109-20200410203609-00190.warc.gz | en | 0.949754 | 2,494 | 2.984375 | 3 |
1. Numerals are fine. Proper AP style in a story requires you to write: “The man robbed three women at gunpoint.” But the heds for that story could say: 3 women robbed…or Man robs 3 women. The second one is better because “robs” is active while “robbed” is passive.
2. Periods are not needed! Very rare that you will need to use a period in a headline unless you are trying to write complete sentences, which is also rare. A semi-colon can be used to introduce a new thought. For example: Jobless rate hits 10 percent; 2 million people lost jobs in Oct.
3. Almost always OK to replace the word “and” with a comma. For example: Obama, Biden to visit Iraq….or Obama visits Iraq, Iran, Japan, China
4. Heds do NOT need to be complete sentences. See examples above.
5. Avoid question heds, quote heds, etc. They can be effective….RARELY!
6. Make sure the headline accurately portrays the story that follows. Think of them as 50- and 94-character sneak previews, OR PROMISES THAT MUST BE KEPT.
Articles from USA Today and paidContent about rich tech guys investing in journalism.
I can’t lie, today’s Lantern, especially the front page, is one of my favorites so far this year. What do you think of it? How could it have been improved? | <urn:uuid:960342c1-16b1-4dd4-b54c-57c4f1a515fd> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://dancatosu.wordpress.com/2013/10/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575541294513.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20191214202754-20191214230754-00486.warc.gz | en | 0.927966 | 323 | 2.515625 | 3 |
This class is designed for children age 3 to 5 years old to teach them fundamental music knowledge in a fun and engaging way. Children will actively participate in lessons by reading and drawing notes, singing in solfege, clapping easy rhythm patterns, learning the concept of high and low pitches, solving puzzles, and conducting. Each activity is about 5 minutes long to match the children’s attention span.
Student growth will be tracked on an ongoing basis through the use of individualized assessments performed by the teacher during every class. Class activities flexibly suit a variety of student ability levels, so instruction will be tailored to appropriately challenge all students, regardless of their prior experience with musical study.
Number of Classes: There are an average of 4 classes per month.
- Dates: Every Sunday at 1pm.
- Enrollment: Minimum of 4 and a max of 10 students per class will be enrolled
- Cost: $150 per month.
- Ages: Children 3 to 5 years-old
- Class Size: Ideal size of the class is 4 to 8 children.
Parent or guardian needs to attend the class with their children.
Only logged in customers who have purchased this product may leave a review. | <urn:uuid:c6b5e2e3-1e00-4d60-bb6e-60407c12fbb1> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | https://www.sagemusic.co/sage-music-products/classes-and-learning-materials/musical-beginnings/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583509326.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20181015142752-20181015164252-00528.warc.gz | en | 0.933173 | 246 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Some basic trigonometry can deliver vital evidence from the scene of a crime.
A little trig helps to find the relative distance to the Sun and Moon.
John D. Barrow tells us how to get the best view!
Keats complained that a mathematical explanation of rainbows robs them of their magic, conquering "all mysteries by rule and line". But rainbow geometry is just as elegant as the rainbows themselves.
Airport security staff have a daunting task. With impatient queues looming over them they need to search x-ray scans of cluttered suitcases for several items at once: knives, guns and bombs. How can we ease their task and make sure they don't miss a crucial item? To find out, scientists are trying to understand how we humans take in visual information. The humble triangle plays a crucial role in the experiments they perform.
This teacher package brings together our material on trigonometry, from problems about simple triangles to the wavy behaviour of trig functions.
The famous mathematician Euclid is credited with being the first person to axiomatise the geometry of the world we live in - that is, to describe the geometric rules which govern it. Based on these axioms, he proved theorems - some of the earliest uses of proof in the history of mathematics. | <urn:uuid:d20b9782-4027-48c6-964c-823d37d086bb> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://plus.maths.org/content/tags/trigonometry | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662636717.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20220527050925-20220527080925-00445.warc.gz | en | 0.93617 | 271 | 3.34375 | 3 |
Another Role for Stoppers
We last dealt with the trees known as stoppers in an article published on the Richard Lyons’ Nursery website on March 2, 2013. Legend has it that these species got that common name because their constituents were used in concoctions to stop, er, uh, intestinal problems. An alternate, more pleasant explanation is that these plants could be used to create a thicket capable of stopping intruders.
Just as there is an alternative explanation for the plants’ name, there is an alternative use for them in the landscape. The popular stoppers include Redberry Stopper (Eugenia confusa), Red Stopper (Eugenia rhombea), White Stopper (Eugenia axillaris), and Simpson’s Stopper (Myrcianthes fragrans). Each in its normal configuration makes a very attractive small tree, an ornamental accent that will not grow out of scale to even small properties. But stoppers can also be managed as a handsome hedge. Probably the easiest way to maintain stoppers as hedge material is simply to let them grow free-form until the desired height is reached and then trim as needed to maintain that height.
The subjective view here at the nursery is that Simpson’s Stopper may be the best of the four species as a hedge, because it will continue to flower and attract butterflies and birds. | <urn:uuid:7863c7e4-6a68-4cc7-9273-f683d5524634> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | http://www.richardlyonsnursery.com/another-role-for-stoppers/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104205534.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20220702222819-20220703012819-00374.warc.gz | en | 0.94707 | 284 | 3.296875 | 3 |
If you do hit a wire, keep flying the helicopter. Many pilots have successfully regained control of their aircraft and landed after a wire strike.
There’s the old adage, “Don’t hit the ground or anything attached to it.”
One of the things attached to it, of particular danger to helicopter pilots, are wires. On July 30th of this year, another helicopter was added to these statistics, when a Canadian helicopter hit a tower guy wire, killing a passenger.
But helicopter pilots aren’t the only ones exposed to this danger; fixed-wing pilots doing crop dusting work or generally low flying are exposed to this hazard as well. Communications towers can reach higher than 2,000’ AGL and their guy wires extend up to a half-mile out.
Since 1963, wire strikes have accounted for 5% of all civil helicopter accidents (NTSB). Nearly a third of all of these accidents result in at least one fatality.
A number of studies have been produced since this time, and the findings have resulted in things that make flying a helicopter safer, such as installation of mechanical wire cutters, wire detection systems, specialized training, and better marking of objects. Still, pilots are being killed by these nearly invisible hazards. And like most preventable accidents, most of these are occurring during Day VMC conditions.
Wires in the United States
There are over five million miles of wires in the United States and growing every day. The towers that carry these lines are anywhere from 30 feet tall to 150 feet tall. They extend across buildings and through canyons and can be found everywhere from urban to desolate rural areas.
Transmission towers, for cellular, television, and radio networks, are also being constructed throughout the United States on a daily basis. Some of these towers are upwards of 2,000 feet above ground and are some of the tallest structures in the world, posing a great danger to aircraft navigation due to their thin structure.
The FAA must approve construction of all towers higher than 200 feet above ground, but below that, no one knows where they’ll go up. These obstacles should be lighted at night but there is no set requirement (see Advisory Circular 70/7460-1K).
Methods of Wire Detection
Detecting wires and towers starts in the preflight. Not all wires and towers are charted, only the bigger ones, but the charts will still give you an idea of where you might find concentrations of obstacles. Power lines are often found along roadways as well, so assume that any roads on your chart may have transmission lines along them.
Remember that there aren’t any straight lines in nature! Vertical straight lines are towers and poles while horizontal straight lines indicate transmission lines and service roads. This is especially true of forested areas that have been cleared for transmission lines. Though you may not see the wires from a distance, you’ll definitely be able to identify the clearing in the trees!
And what about actually driving out to the site first? If you can perform ground reconnaissance of the area you’ll be operating in, you’ll be able to study the entire area at 0 AGL and 0 knots. Take your time, look at the area from all angles, and make a sketch if you have to. Where should you make your approach and departure? Which areas should you avoid flying a helicopter over?
Good aerial reconnaissance is essential before going low. It starts with a high recon, at least 500 feet above the landing zone (LZ). At this altitude you’ll be able to avoid all but the tallest transmission towers – you better know those guys are there before you go!
You need to fly a full 360 degrees while executing the high reconnaissance and don’t be shy about taking a couple of laps if you need to. Environmental conditions and different contrasting landscape elements can make towers and wires invisible from certain directions, while they may obviously stand out from other directions. Identify wires, towers, and other obstacles, and note safe flight paths and avoid areas.
When the high recon is complete, don’t make your approach just yet. Smaller wires and smaller obstacles may not be visible from the high recon, and they could kill you if you jump right into the approach. Descend to 100-200 feet above ground and make a low recon, doing the same thing you did on the high recon but making an extra effort to identify smaller wires and poles.
You should conclude your low recon with an approach flown at a speed slow enough to react to an obstacle you missed in your recon.
This helicopter pilot did not do proper recon!
Methods of Wire Avoidance
Don’t fly low if you don’t have to! This removes the danger of hitting something attached to the ground, as well as many other benefits. You should always be higher than wires and towers in the cruise phase of flight.
Don’t fly through spaces where wires could be strung. There’s this thing called “inferred wires”. Take the highest two points you’ll be flying a helicopter through and draw an imaginary line between them. Are there actual wires connecting the two points? You have to prove that the wires aren’t there before you invade that space. This is especially common in canyons. “Cowboy pilots” love flying a helicopter through canyons but many wire strikes occur here, even with wires that are marked with high-contrast wire markers. In fact, half of all wires hit are marked.
Fly over the towers, not the wires. If you just fly over the wires you may get into the false sense of security thinking that the biggest wires you see are the tallest ones. Typically, towers have thin static wires above the thicker transmission wires. Flying over the towers will prevent hitting these static lines.
If it’s too late and you do hit that wire, don’t give up! Keep flying the aircraft. Many pilots have successfully regained control of their aircraft and landed after a wire strike. It ain’t over til it’s over!
Do you have any other methods to add? Don’t become a statistic! Wires and towers are more common than you know, and they will kill you!
Robinson R44 Helicopter
The Robinson R44 helicopter is a four-seat follow-up to the highly successful R22 two-seat helicopter trainer, taking to the skies 15 years after its predecessor. When the R22 stole the market for two-seat helicopters, Frank Robinson moved to do the same with four-seat helicopters. Low operating costs of roughly $225/hr for the Raven II have helped make this possible. The first Robinson R44 helicopter to be produced was the Astro, certified by the FAA in 1992. This helicopter was in many ways just a larger R22 [Click to read more…] | <urn:uuid:3bbdae07-1662-4704-a8f5-3d15d9029c44> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://disciplesofflight.com/flying-a-helicopter-wire-environment/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474893.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20240229234355-20240301024355-00601.warc.gz | en | 0.947636 | 1,430 | 2.75 | 3 |
History of the castle
The original structure was a motte-and-bailey castle, built on an artificially raised mound, probably some time around the 11th century. The tower was roughly 10 feet high, made from wood and surrounded by a protective fence.
Two outer courtyards at its base with houses were surrounded by protective ditches and wooden fences. The largest one, on the southern side was approximately 13 yards across. Gaston Febus later expanded it to its current size in the 14th century. The second, smaller courtyard was located directly at the base of the current keep and has been used as the village cemetery since 1849.
The castle dominated a fortified village which extended all the way down to the church. You can still see the sharp slopes on each side of the road leading up to the castle, remnants of the fortifications that once stood there. The village entrance was probably guarded by a fortified gate. This configuration, with a castle perched on the highest point overlooking a fortified village built around a single main street evokes the first “castelnaus” – an Occitan term that roughly translates as “new castle”.
The first mention of the castle can be found in a peace treaty between Sanche de Labarthe and Countess Beatrix of Bigorre dated 12 March 1083. Due to its strategic location on the border between the lands of Bigorre, Comminges, Armagnac, Aure, and Labarthe, it was used on many occasions as a peace offering, such as when Countess Petronille of Bigorre ceded it to the Count of Comminges in 1232.
Disputed during the Hundred Years War, it was besieged by King Charles V’s brother, the Duke of Anjou, and the event was recorded by the famous medieval chronicler Froissart.
In 1379, it was passed on to Gaston Febus who incorporated it to his nearby holdings in Nebouzan.
The outer walls flanked with buttresses were built during the 13th century and initially rose to the level of the inner courtyard. Gaston Febus (30 April 1331 – 1391) later added the 120 feet high keep and had the battlements added.
Jean de Foix-Grailly (1382 – 1436) refurbished it as his main residence and engraved his proud house motto “J’ay Belle Dame” (I have fair lady) onto the heraldic stone located above the main gate.
The castle played a major role during the Wars of Religion especially when it was used as a jail for Protestants.
Upon becoming a national asset during the French Revolution, it somehow became the property of the town of Mauvezin and was used as a stone quarry by its inhabitants.
In 1862, the deputy of the Hautes-Pyrenées department bought it back from the town, intending to restore it to its former glory, but the project never got started. In 1906, his family sold the castle to Albin Bibal, the mayor of the nearby village of Masseube, who planned to consolidate the structure before opening it to the public. On March 28, 1907, Albin donated the castle to the Escola Gaston Febus, which still owns it to this day and is responsible for the vast majority of the restoration work. | <urn:uuid:7f1ce487-6380-4f57-bf65-d95a65484dc4> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://www.chateaudemauvezin.fr/en/castle-history/history-of-the-castle | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600401598891.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20200928073028-20200928103028-00456.warc.gz | en | 0.984718 | 690 | 3.546875 | 4 |
Bitcoin is the first and foremost cryptocurrency ever created. It is the digital currency which is created, used and maintained electronically. The transactions of a digital coin are written in Blocks and maintained in the Block Chain, which is a distributed, transparent and digital ledger.
During the process of mining the Bitcoins, the miners (computer nodes with high power graphic processors) of the network solve the hash algorithms, difficult math problems and mine a block to earn bitcoins as reward. This is how Bitcoins come into market.
The original idea of Proof of Work belong to Cynthia Dwork and Moni Naor way back in 1993, the term was coined by Markus Jakobsson in 1999 and it is put into use as the back bone of the trustless Bitcoin mining by Satoshi Nakamoto in 2008.
When you talk about trustless and distributed consensus, it means to send or receive money without any third-party in between. Say, I have to send $500 to my friend, I will pay using a third party mediator like Bank, which will deduct amount from my account and deposit into his account. Bitcoin comes up as trustless and distributed consensus where, I need not believe in any Bank to pay amount to my friend. I can directly transfer money using the distributed system and everybody in the network will know about the transaction. There will be complete transparency.
Bitcoin and other digital currencies enable everyone in the network to have a copy of the Block chain which is a digital ledger. No one need to trust anyone, because everybody can directly verify the transactions. Every node or user will have a copy of the verified block chain.
Now, who will verify the transactions and what is the proof that these transactions how will you believe that these transactions are verified. Here comes the concept of Proof of work.
The miners solve cryptographic puzzles to add transactions and create a new block.
To create a block, the miners will verify and reject millions of hash values per second until they can get the Nonce to create a new block. The miner who creates a new block will get 12.5 Bitcoins as reward.
In this process hundreds of miners use their computational power to arrive at the correct hash value to create the block. When there are more miners in the network, the difficulty of the puzzles increases to make it hard to solve.
The most widely used Proof of work hash value is based on SHA-256 algorithm. There are other hashing algorithms like Scrypt, Blake-256, CryptoNight, Scrypt-n are also used.
Once a block is created, the miner will release the proof of work, that he has created a new block and it is not any duplication. This proof of work is very difficult to create, but can be verified easily by other miners in the group.
Once the miner presents his block to the network for verification, the other miners will verify and accept the block and the block is added to the longest Block chain if the network. During this verification process, minimum 51% consensus has to be arrived at to add a new block into the Block Chain.
Proof of work is the essence of Bitcoin Block chain which is the first ever cryptocurrency in the world. However, there are some fundamental flaws in this system.
It eats up a lot of energy and computational power as miners compete to create a new block for the reward Bitcoins. Few studies have proved that with the energy used to run and maintain the Bitcoin network can be used to power of millions of homes.
It is not a fair game, because pool of miners using their combined computational power, or people with more powerful ASICs will have a better chance to mine a block faster than others. This concept is against total decentralization of the system as the network will be ruled by Miners or pools of Miners who have more hash power and money to afford that much electricity and systems.
Theoretically, big mining pools with more than 51% control over the Bitcoin network can rule the Network.
To combat the disadvantages of Proof of work, Ethereum looked at Proof of Stage as the solution.
Proof of stake is generally applied to the cryptocurrencies like Ethereum where Coins are premined. Here miners are replaced with validators.
Validators will lock up some of the cryptocurrency they own as stake. It works as a kind of bet. Once they lock some coins, they will look up for new blocks to be added to the chain, and start validating them.
When they complete validating and append the block to the valid block chain, they will get a reward proportionate to their efforts and money put on stake.
In this kind of system, the number of coins you have betted as stake matters, because the larger your stake is, the higher the chances that you will be loyal to the system because you will benefit out of its optimal performance.
The system of Proof of stake is designed to select the people with high stakes, not only based on the amount but also based on other factors. The selection may be based on randomized block selection, coin age-based selection and master nodes etc.,
Monopoly which is possible in Proof of Work system has very few chances in proof of stake system because here the validator has to stake his money which makes it a costly affair. Moreover, the validator will behave more benevolently because the proof of stake investment is much higher than proof of work.
Proof of Stake is preferred because the transaction fee is much less compared to proof of work. Soaring electricity charges, return on investment being very low and depreciation on mining equipment makes the proof of work price go much higher. It makes a Bitcoin block much costlier to mine. | <urn:uuid:964b53e8-47f0-48c3-9c3a-c96e15c33839> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.tutorialspoint.com/what-is-the-difference-between-proof-of-work-and-proof-of-stake | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250598800.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120135447-20200120164447-00087.warc.gz | en | 0.958713 | 1,148 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Roman Catholic sisters first traveled to the American West as providers of social services, education, and medical assistance. In Across God’s Frontiers, Anne M. Butler traces the ways in which sisters challenged and reconfigured contemporary ideas about women, work, religion, and the West; moreover, she demonstrates how religious life became a vehicle for increasing women’s agency and power.
Moving to the West introduced significant changes for these women, including public employment and thoroughly unconventional monastic lives. As nuns and sisters adjusted to new circumstances and immersed themselves in rugged environments, Butler argues, the West shaped them; and through their labors and charities, the sisters in turn shaped the West. These female religious pioneers built institutions, brokered relationships between Indigenous peoples and encroaching settlers, and undertook varied occupations, often without organized funding or direct support from the church hierarchy. A comprehensive history of Roman Catholic nuns and sisters in the American West, Across God’s Frontiers reveals Catholic sisters as dynamic and creative architects of civic and religious institutions in western communities. | <urn:uuid:0614d510-eab2-414f-b64a-f2dbd0f753e5> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://jesuitrestoration2014.tumblr.com/post/48687175545/from-the-publisher-roman-catholic-sisters-first | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999677213/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060757-00000-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.947277 | 211 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Issue No.07 - July (1986 vol.35)
J.P. Hayes , Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan
A new class of switch-level logic circuits intended for modeling digital MOS VLSI circuits is presented. These circuits, which are called pseudo-Boolean, are composed of a single (voltage) source, connectors, switches, attenuators, and wells. The latter two devices are digital versions of resistors and capacitors, respectively, and may assume an arbitrary but finite number of different sizes. Signals are bidirectional, and are assigned a finite set of values of the form (v, s) where v corresponds to voltage level and s corresponds to electrical current or charge level (logical strength). It is shown that these signal values and the associated logical operations form a generalization of Boolean algebra called pseudo-Boolean or Heyting algebra. The analysis of pseudo- Boolean circuits using discrete counterparts of Kirchoff's current law and the superposition principle is discussed, as well as the application of pseudo-Boolean techniques to digital simulation.
VLSI design, Digital simulation, logic design, MOS circuits, pseudo-Boolean algebra, switch-level simulation, switching theory
J.P. Hayes, "Pseudo-Boolean Logic Circuits", IEEE Transactions on Computers, vol.35, no. 7, pp. 602-612, July 1986, doi:10.1109/TC.1986.1676801 | <urn:uuid:f8669722-faf4-4d5e-a7c6-6588cce87cf3> | CC-MAIN-2015-40 | http://www.computer.org/csdl/trans/tc/1986/07/01676801-abs.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443737913039.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001221833-00178-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.843275 | 311 | 2.765625 | 3 |
The Rabari community is a nomadic pastoral community indigenous to north-west India, particularly modern-day Gujarat. Traditionally, the Rabari kept camels but in recent times they maintain flocks of sheep and goats as well. Tradition traces their origins to the Himalayas, as the creation of Shiva and Parvati. The Rabari community cherishes its customs, mythology, history and ancestral heritage, which are intimately entwined with their traditional occupation of animal keeping. The Rabaris form a very close-knit community, which only in recent decades has started to show signs of adapting to modern times. However, constitutional protection eludes the Rabari, or at best is ill-defined, owing to their nomadic lifestyle and the lack of governmental understanding.
Rabari Shujaabhai village shepherd of Mindiyala
The story of their arrival in Kutch (also Kachchh), Gujarat, is a story of momentous migration from the Himalayas to Punjab, Haryana, Mathura, Rajasthan and, finally, into Kutch via Pakistan. The community is known by different names in different states, like Rabari in Gujarat, Raika in Rajasthan, Pal in Punjab, among others. The Rabaris are further divided into sub-groups based on geographical location, which are known as parganas. Three major sub-groups residing in Kutch are the Dhebarias, Vagadias and Kachhis. Among these, the Dhebarias are credited with having engaged in national-scale migration in relation to their animal-keeping occupation.
For the purpose of this module, information was collected from the Dhebarias residing in the various villages around Anjar taluka in the Kutch district of Gujarat.
The Mythology of the Rabari Community
The Story of Their Origin
The Rabari community traces its origin to the Himalayas, where, they believe, Shiva and Parvati created them. The story narrates that Shiva and Parvati, who were residing on Mount Kailash near Mansarovar Lake in the Himalayas, were engaged in a long discussion on various subjects, one of which was their loneliness in this universe. Parvati especially experienced boredom since she did not have anybody around to play with. She shared her feelings with Shiva, who then suggested they create a living being. When Parvati asked Shiva how she should pursue this creation, Shiva advised her to take some dirt from her own body and shape it into any figure and he would infuse life into it. Accordingly, Parvati shaped the dirt from her body to fashion a five-legged camel, which Shiva gave life. They then created the first Rabari man, who they named Sambad, to tame and graze the camel. Sambad would take the five-legged camel to graze everyday in the jungles around Kailash. But Sambad faced a lot of difficulties while grazing this peculiar camel, which could not walk properly in the dense forests due to its five legs. A harassed Sambad one day visited Shiva and Parvati to seek a remedy for this daily troubles. He narrated the troubles he faced and pleaded with them to solve his dilemma. In compassion, Shiva decided to help his child. He pushed the central leg of the camel upwards, thus creating the hump on the back of the animal. Shiva then asked Sambad to go graze the animals, drink its milk and live free. And so this led to the creation of the first Rabari who started rearing animals as his primary occupation.
The Marriage of Sambad Rabari
In subsequent years, Parvati kept worrying about the prospects of marriage of her child, Sambad. She was especially worried since there were no women to whom she could marry Sambad. She decided to discuss her worries with Shiv. In those times, several apsaras (celestial nymphs) from the heavens would come down to Earth to bathe in the Manasarovar Lake every morning. They asked Sambad to go to the Manasarovar Lake in the morning and while the apsaras were bathing, to steal their clothes and run away. Accordingly, Sambad stole the clothes of the apsaras and came to Shiv and Parvati. The apsaras pursued Sambad and arrived at Kailash. They presented their complaints before Shiva and Parvati, stating that their son, Sambad, had attacked their modesty and honour. To resolve the matter, Parvati decreed that Sambad would return their clothes and in return one of the apsaras would marry him, to which the apsaras agreed. Parvati suggested Sambad ask for the hand of the Apsara named ‘Rai’, who was the darkest and least beautiful apsara among them all. And so Sambad Rabari got married. Sambad and Rai’s progeny came to be known as ‘Raika’ in Rajasthan and Rabari in Kutch, Gujarat. Their lineage grew and spread into several branches, which the community knows as shaakh (branches) or atak (surname). There are a total of 133 shaakhs or ataks in the Rabari community, which are recognised collectively as vihotter. The decomposition of vihotter is ‘vi’ meaning 20, ‘ho’ meaning 100 and ‘ter’ meaning 13, which adds up to 133. The lineage of Sambad and Rai continued their father’s occupation of animal keeping, and prospered.
Migration and Arrival of the Rabaris to Kutch
In the initial years, Shiva and Parvati gifted the lineage of Sambad and Rai with camels for their occupation of animal-keeping. However, as the numbers grew the lineage of Sambad decided to migrate out of Kailash. Shiva and Parvati gave their blessings and bestowed on them vast riches and gifts. The initial migration of the Rabari’s brought them to Haryana and Punjab. Some of the Rabari clans settled in these areas while most decided to continue their migration. The migratory clans continued their southern movement till they arrived in Mathura, which at the time was ruled by Lord Krishna. These clans found the life around Mathura very conducive for animal keeping and an apt place to settle. When Lord Krishna decided to migrate from Mathura towards Dwarka in the Gujjar Pradesh (Gujarat) to resettle his Yadava clan, the Rabari community followed his lead and migrated towards western India and arrived in various parts of Gujarat (Saurashtra, Kathiawar) and Rajasthan.
A majority of the Rabari community members settled in areas around Jaisalmer in Rajasthan as well, which at the time was under the rule of a Muslim ruler. It is said that this ruler fell in love with a Rabari girl and approached the community to hand the girl over to him. The Rabaris felt betrayed by this inappropriate demand, and despite all their diplomatic efforts, failed to convince their ruler, who instead threatened to take her away forcefully. The Rabaris requested a period of grace to think and come to a decision. The ruler agreed to grant them time to think, but, in return, ordered the imprisonment of most of the prominent leaders of the Rabari community. He promised to free them once the Rabaris were ready with their decision. The Rabaris understood that this was a plot from which they would not be able to break free by any means. Their leaders, before being imprisoned, assured their brethren to escape from Jaisalmer instead of giving in to the inappropriate demands of a Muslim ruler. The Rabari community spread the message across their community, that in order to save the modesty and honour of a daughter of the community they would escape this kingdom during the night. In the darkness of the night, the entire Rabari community escaped the kingdom of Jaisalmer and migrated to Kutch, which was then being ruled by a benevolent ruler, who welcomed them with the promise of shelter and freedom of movement. Kutch, during those times, was very fertile and possessed vast quantities of vegetation, and so it was here that the Rabaris finally settled. The Rabari community, to remind themselves of this shameful escape, gave up wearing colourful clothes: the men started wearing white while the women started wearing black. Another version of this decision states the community decided to wear white and black, which were worn only during days of mourning, to commemorate the ignominy of their escape.
The Mythology of Mindiyala Village
Mindiyala, a small village in the Anjar taluka of the Kutch district, Gujarat, is home to the majority of the Rabari community, and is considered the biggest Rabari village in India. According to oral tradition, the land on which the village presently stands was once a vast expanse of forests. As the area was very conducive for animal grazing, several dangs (groups) of the Rabari community migrated here. The only deficiency of the area was its lack of water. The Rabari who led the migrating dangs here was called Harpal. The lack of water was a constant cause of dispute in the family of Harpal, especially among the women of the dang. Once while Harpal and his dang had migrated into the Sindh province for grazing, he decided to undertake penance before the Dargah of Pathaji Pir, stories of whose miracles he had heard. Harpal prayed and fasted and finally fell asleep in exhaustion. Pathaji Pir appeared in his dreams and asked him the purpose of his penance. Harpal shared his troubles and requested him to grant him the boon of water where his dang was camped. Pathaji Pir asked him to return to his dang and dig a well on the western side of his camp. As proof that the water from the well is the boon from him, Pathaji Pir gave Harpal signs to look out for. The first sign was that water in the well would come from the north, the second sign would be that a fish would appear in the fresh water that would have a Sindhi rice grain in its mouth, while the third and final sign would be that a plant called mindi would grow in the well. Pathaji Pir asked Harpal to name the village he would establish there, ‘Mindiyala’, after the plant that would grow in the well. And so, Harpal followed each direction to the letter, and each event occurred as foretold by Pathaji Pir. In subsequent years, the village of Mindiyala prospered and flourished, and the villagers, till date consider Harpal as the greatest of their ancestors. The villagers erected a dargah on top of the hill near Mindiyala in memory of the blessings of Pathaji Pir. The villagers of Mindiyala share a common belief that the water from this well will never diminish, no racial discrimination will be entertained near this well and no living being will die if it falls in the well. They believed that these were some of the many blessings of Pathaji Pir.
Dargah Pathaji Pir
Characteristics of the Rabari Community
The Rabari community is divided into sub-groups, which are categorically based on geographical zones. The colloquial term for these sub-groups is ‘pargana’, which can be best defined as the equivalent of modern-day districts. Kachhis, Vagadias and Dhebarias are the three broad sub-groups of the Rabari community who reside in Kutch.
The Kachhi sub-group in contemporary times lead sedentary lifestyle but still keep animals like cows, sheep, goat and camels in certain cases. They reside between Nakhatrana and Bhuj talukas. The Vagadia sub-group resides in the Vagad area near Bachau taluka. They migrate only within the Gujarat state. The Dhebaria sub-group resides between Anjar, Mundra and Bachau talukas. The word Dhebar colloquially means ‘Rotla’ (flat bread). The Dhebrias are known for their hospitable nature, and thus derive their name from Dhebar. Dhebarias prominently migrate with their maal (cattle) on a national scale to states such as Gujarat, Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Andhra Pradesh and Odisha. Among all the Rabari sub-groups, the Dhebarias are credited with having achieved the most extensive scale migration. These sub-groups do not share any common ancestry or lineage with each other and evidently display distinct cultural variations. They are predominantly endogamous but marriage between sub-groups is permitted.
The intricacy of relationships within the Rabari community is evident from its social organisation. Kinship can be classified in terms of sub-castes and lineages. There are 133 different sub-castes, which are known as atak or shaakh. The community also recognises this classification as vihotter. The atak or shaakh are exogamous patrilineal lineage groups found across the different sub-groups and across the whole Rabari community (i.e., members of the same clan are found in different regions of Rajasthan and Gujarat, Salpeteur et al. 2015). A few examples of atak are Karotra, Bhaar and Khambaliya.
These atak or sub-castes are further branched out with lineages, which may subsist for several generations. The Rabari community refers to these lineages as vaas or fadiyu, which is usually named after the founder of the lineage, for example, Pethani meaning ‘of Petha’, Dhanani meaning ‘of Dhana’. The vaas or fadiyu can experience segmentation in that an individual may create his own lineage, which may exist alongside the original (Salpeteur et al. 2015). Each vaas has its distinct kuldevi or kuldevata (clan deities). All social events, especially marriages within a particular vaas, are communal affairs. The terms vaas and fadiyu are also independently used to signify neighbourhoods within the village. For instance, a particular neighbourhood wherein most residents belong to the Shujaani vaas or fadiyu reside may come to be identified by its name. Marriage within the same atak or shaakh is strictly prohibited since members are seen as related in having a common ancestry.
The traditional occupation of the Rabari community is animal husbandry. The community primarily maintains flocks of sheep and goat in present times, but their history states that they were originally camel herders. The Rabaris undertake large-scale migration to various parts of Gujarat and other states of India to graze their animals. The Rabaris who lead sedentary lifestyle or those who have sold their maal and returned to their native villages prefer to maintain cows and buffaloes, work on the fields, drive rickshaws, keep shop, etc., instead of working in companies or related sectors. The community prefers to remain self-employed instead of engaging in auxiliary occupations.
In the Kutch district, the Rabaris follow three distinct patterns of migration, which are season-based movements: small-range migration within Kutch; long-range migration between Kutch and Gujarat hinterlands, and circular migration within a delimited area, outside Gujarat (Salpeteur et al. 2015).
The Rabari often ascribe their migration out of Kutch to the area being a drought-prone region, which effects the availability of the grass, fodder and water essential for their animals. The Rabaris mostly migrate in groups, composed of individual families. The nuclear family within a dang is called vandhyu, and is often part an extended family. A dang may have between five and twenty-five families traveling together. Each vandhyu may consist of husband, wife, children, even grandparents along with a flock of approximately 300–400 sheep and goats, a camel to carry all their supplies, which range from various utensils, cooking rations to clothes, etc. The supplies carried by the vandhyus are called ghar vakhari.
The head of the dang is called patel. The patel is unanimously elected, and needs to possess a particular set of skills. The first and foremost quality that the members of the dang seek in their patel is trustworthiness. The patel needs to be very articulate, and must maintain contacts with various villages and other dangs along their route of migration. He needs to negotiate and deal with the panchayat, sarpanch of the village or individual farm owners to seek permission to graze in areas in or around their lands. The most important skill expected from a patel is his ability to scout for and identify the best and most suitable areas to camp and graze for his Dang. The basic requirement of any particular camping site is availability of water, grass-fodder for the animals and its proximity to a village where requirements ranging from rations to medical needs can be met. The patel may retain his status as long as his dang trusts him. There is no fixed tenure or regulations for electing the patel. If the dang begins to lose trust in their patel, the elders gather and identify worthy individuals, one of whom is then elected as the next patel of their dang.
Rabari Dang in Naliya
The dang migrates to a new location almost every day. The men engage in grazing their animals during the day and the patel either goes scouting for a new location or to obtain consents from the heads of the nearest village to his dang setting up camp. The women are responsible for setting up the camp and shifting it to the next selected location as directed by their patel. In earlier times, the patel would return to communicate their next destination, but at present mobile phones are predominantly used as the medium of communication. The vernacular term for setting up camp is known as utara, which means ‘to bring down’. An utara is set up by assembling all the ghar vakhari, to be carried upon the camel. The Rabari women are responsible for camping and decamping up the utara. The roles for women and men in each dang are distinctly defined. The diligent Rabari women look after the cooking, cleaning, washing, tending to the children, grazing camels and tending to the young lambs of the maal, churning buttermilk, making ghee, curd and butter. In the afternoons, the Rabari women gather at a common place and embroider bharat (prior to the imposition of ban on bharat). The sole responsibility of the Rabari men is to graze their maal and look after the business end of their profession, which is selling the maal, milk and wool among other produce. Any particular Rabari maaldhari (cattle herder) may sell a part of his maal a minimum of two times. The price for a particular sheep or goat depends on two factors, its age and health, usually fetching around ₹3000 to ₹5000 per animal. The Rabari shepherds, who maintain flocks of sheep and goat, do not sell the milk on a large scale. It is predominantly used for their own family's usage. The sale of wool from sheep and goat has diminished exponentially for the maaldharis from Kutch. City traders would send people to cut wool for which the Rabari would be paid; but in present times wool does not fetch any price. In such a condition, the Rabari themselves cut the wool and either use it to make rope to tether the lambs or choose to discard it.
The migrating Rabari Dangs place immense importance in the welfare of their camel among all of their livestock. They consider the camel as the backbone of their lives and their profession, especially during migration. There is utter breakdown in the lives of a migrating family if their camel dies. The loss of their camel would be temporarily solved by availing of assistance from their dang members. In the longer run, generating funds and access to preferred camel breeders takes precedence. In such cases, selling a part of their maal or seeking loans from local moneylenders at high interest rates are their preferred options. Apart from these major concerns, several minor issues increase the burden on a Rabari family when they lose their camel. For instance, if a family loses its camel while migrating in Maharashtra, the first step for them is to generate funds to buy a new camel, which means either selling a part of their maal or seeking a loan. The second question is to find hired help while the male member of the family travels to purchase the camel. The hired help costs around ₹100 to ₹500 per day along with food, clothes and, in some cases, shelter. The third concern is to travel to their preferred camel breeders in order to purchase the new camel. The fourth is to give undivided attention to the care of the camel on their return journey. This is very crucial since the camels do not adjust to new environments very quickly. If due to any reason during this return journey the camel dies, the entire effort is a failure and becomes an added burden on the family. The demise of a camel is a common cause of many Rabaris falling into debt.
The Rabari men wear kediya or kediyu (upper garment), a dhoti along with a pagadi (turban), which are always white in colour, and cotton is the preferred material. During important occasions, especially weddings, the men wear a scarf-like garment called khes, which is woven from wool, and traditionally would be intricately embroidered. The Rabari women wear kapdu (blouse), ghaghro (skirt) and chundari (scarf) to cover their heads. Before the ban, the kapdu would usually have some form of embroidery but in recent times readymade embroidery patches are common.
Rabari women wearing kapdu (blouse), ghaghro (skirt) and chundari (scarf)
Rabari man wearing kediya or kediyu (upper garment), a dhoti along with a pagadi (turban)
The Rabaris consider themselves descendants of the Rajput clans. They are devout and fervently religious people, and follow the Hindu religion. The most revered deity, or in the colloquial language their gurudwara, is Vadvala (Vadvara) Dev, which is the trinity of Ram, Lakshman and Janaki (Sita). The primary gods worshipped by the Rabari community are Shiva, Krishna and Ram, thus making Maha Shivratri, Janmashtami and Ram Navmi their primary festivals. Apart from these festivals, Diwali, Holi, Navrati and Dussehra are always widely celebrated.
The Rabaris also worship kuldevis and kuldevatas, or their clan deities. Shesh Mata, Momai Mata, Khodiyaar Mata, Vihat Mata, Chamunda Mata are a few of the many kuldevis of the Rabari community, which vary based on the fadiyu (lineage). The Rabari also worship several community heroes such as Pabu Dada, Goga Dada, Vachra Dada, Vanua Devji and Khetarpaal Dada. These heroes are often individuals who have sacrificed their lives to protect animals, or who have performed acts of great valour for the well-being the community. The festival celebrated in commemoration of these community heroes is called ‘Bharyu’. In most Rabari villages, commemorative hero stones, called samadhi, are installed on the outskirts of the villages. A samadhi is installed to commemorate community heroes both past and present. The Rabari community also worships several pirs (Sufi saints), such as Vada Pir and Pathaji Pir. A dargah of Pathaji Pir is situated in Mindiyala village. The first Monday of Bhadarva month of the Indian calendar is celebrated as the festival of Pathaji Pir, when a procession is taken from the centre of the village to the dargah in grand celebration. The procession is called neju, which consists of dhawajas (flags) in various colours. A grand fair is organised in Mindiyala village on this day, which ends with a village feast.
Hero stones in Modsar
The Dhebarias are governed by a panchayat with its headquarters at the local samajwadi (community centre) located in Anjar town. The samajwadi is the preferred location to organise important community events and for gatherings to discuss significant social issues, which are often convened by the Rabari Samaj Panchayat.
The Dhebar Rabari community has established its very own residential school in Anjar town by generating funds from within the community. Owing to community support, this school is able to function independently. It has boarding facilities for both boys and girls, and children are given formal education along with education in their own culture and tradition, which the community believes they will never receive in private or government schools.
Bharat Embroidery Art and Community-Imposed Ban on Bharat
The Rabari bharat embroidery is produced using three distinct patterns, which are katab (appliqué technique), moti (beadwork) and abhla (mirror-work). The motifs that most commonly feature in the Rabari bharat are geometrical shapes such as squares, rectangles, triangles and circles. Bharat embroidery also features motifs related to landscapes, flora, fauna and deities. The most alluring aspect of bharat embroidery is the intricacy of its stitching patterns, of which the chain-stitch is the most common. The pioneers of bharat embroidery are the women of the community.
The traditional knowledge of sewing the Rabari bharat is passed on from mother to daughter. Whether in the village or while migrating in a dang, the women gather in a common place to embroider after finishing their daily chores. The Rabari women express their aesthetic sense through the portrayal of their myths, beliefs, culture and life experiences in their stitching. Clothes, animal garments, artifacts of home décor most commonly feature bharat.
Over the course of time, bharat became a medium of dowry in the Rabari community. According to Rabari custom, the family of the groom pays a bridal price to the girl's family, and in return the bride brings pieces of bharat embroidery as dowry. Mothers would start training their daughters as soon as they reach maturity. As the custom developed, it came to be a cause for concern for the community. One condition was that the bride could not enter the home of her in-laws until she had completed the pieces of bharat demanded. Embroidering bharat is an intense, time-consuming activity, and, given also their migrant lifestyle, Rabari girls would find it very difficult to complete the embroidery before their marriage. This meant they could not join their husbands until they were between 30 and 40 years old. This had a huge impact on their matrimonial lives and eventually bharat as a form of dowry became socially taboo.
This issue largely affected the Dhebarias. The Dhebar Rabari Panchayat led the initiative to tackle this rising issue by undertaking a survey and making public pronouncements in several villages. A community gathering was summoned at the Rabari Samajwadi in Anjar town. The community leaders described the growing threat the bharat dowry system represented to the community as a whole. They discussed various solutions, but the only viable one was to impose a ban on making and wearing bharat. So in April 1995, the Dhebaria Rabari council issued an edict to impose a permanent ban on the making and wearing of bharat by any member of their community. Any contravention would result in the imposition of a fine and the individual who defied this decision would be a criminal before the community and its gods. In recent times, community members feel there are both pros and cons to the ban. With the Rabari brides free of their social obligation of bharat dowry, they could now join their husbands at the appropriate age. But in hindsight, the beauty of their artistic expression has been forfeited. This is essentially true since the traditional method of sewing bharat embroidery is threatened with extinction, which is being addressed by NGO’s such as Kala Raksha and Shrujan through their conservational initiatives. Rabari Pabiben is the first community woman who through her endeavor www.pabiben.com has brought together several Rabari women artisans with the aim of reviving the art and empowering the women of her community.
Impact of Gando Bawar (Prosopis Juliflora)
The impact of an alien plant species such as Gando Bawar (Prosopis Juliflora) can best be described as an aggressive encroachment. The plant, native to Mexico, South America and the Caribbean, was introduced in India as a measure to check the growing desertification of Kutch. The elder members of the community share that during the prime ministership of Indira Gandhi, the seeds of Gando Bawar were chosen, bought and broadcast in Kutch through helicopters.
The impact of Gando Bawar has been immense on the native vegetation, especially on trees such as Kher, Kendoori, Gargeti, Gundi, Luski, Khijdi, Bordi, Kerdo, Vedho, Vikro, which the community claims are on the verge of extinction. The Rabaris explain this phenomenon thus, ‘The tree is very poisonous in nature, nothing can grow under the shadow of this tree.’ The roots of the Prosopis Juliflora have a tendency to grow very deep and to extend widely in search of water, resulting in depletion of the sources that would have nourished other trees.
There are not many constructive uses of the Gando Bawar, apart from its use as a source of firewood, or making makeshift sheep pens or boundaries (fencing). For the maaldharis, the plant has caused several problems since the thorns of the tree often cripple the animals, as their removal is very difficult and if not attended to might cause septicaemia and eventually lead to amputation. The leaves, fruits or any produce of the tree are not useful for the animal-keeping profession since high consumption causes diarrhea. Another rising issue is the indigestibility of the seed—even when excreted by the animals, it causes a new plant to grow. This has caused a rising fear among farmers leading to a large-scale decline in their inviting the maaldharis into their farms for natural fertilisation, for which the maaldharis were also paid in money or foodgrains. The Gando Bawar also is a big hindrance to mobility for the maaldhari. In Rato Talao, a few Rajasthani Raika cow keepers have also been heard saying that they have witnessed this tree growing even inside the stomachs of their cows.
The formal education system has eluded the Rabari who kept migrating in search of greener pastures. The community accepts their lack of education but is proud of their informal literacy, which is exclusive to them. In recent times, the awareness regarding education has increased, which is evident in the establishment of the community school in Anjar. The educated Rabari youth is now seen in the various occupations available in industrialised Kutch. In their pursuit of modernity, this generation has surrendered a substantial portion of their heritage, which the community acknowledges as the need of the hour. The youth have let go of traditional attire, which for them is unacceptable professionally and among their new social circles. The elders believe that ever since they have tasted sedentary lives they have lost the innate endurance that is essential to carry on their hereditary occupation. Rabari families separate to educate their children, leaving just the men to migrate with their maal at the mercy of hired help. The loss of the next generation to take forward the inheritance, combined with the increase in financial burdens at both ends is driving this way of life towards extinction. No government aid is yet available for the Rabari maaldhari while they also find it difficult to adjust in professional industrial sectors. Their knowledge systems, skills and intelligence are not conducive for a sedentary lifestyle. They are in the truest sense sons of Mother Nature who should be looked up to in this day and age of ecological threats. In their own words, ‘We are illiterate, but not lacking in knowledge. Our entire knowledge is that of nature and animals. We cannot progress in any profession other than keeping maal, and living free in the wild.’
Edwards E. 2003 ‘Marriage and Dowry Customs of the Rabari of Kutch: Evolving Traditions.’ Berg.
Salpeteur, M., H. Patel, A.L. Balbo, X. Rubio-Campillo, M. Madella, P. Ajithprasad and V. Reyes-García. 2015. ‘When Knowledge Follows Blood: Kin Groups and the Distribution of Traditional Ecological Knowledge in a Community of Seminomadic Pastoralists, Gujarat (India),’ Current Anthropology 56.3. (http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/681006?seq=1#page_scan_ta b_contents)
Indext-C. 'Industrial Extension Cottage' (website). Online at http://craftofgujarat.gujarat.gov.in (viewed on January 19, 2018).
Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment. 2017. 'List of Scheduled Castes'. Online at http://socialjustice.nic.in/UserView/index?mid=76750 (viewed on January 19, 2018).
National Commission for Backward Classes. n.d. 'Central List of OBCs for the State of Gujarat.' Online at http://ncbc.nic.in/Writereaddata/cl/gujarat.pdf (viewed on January 19, 2018).
Times of India. 2004. '"Gando baval" overtakes "neem" as state's no. 1 tree', The Times of India, Ahmedabad, December 4. Online at http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Gando-baval-overtakes-neem-as-states-no-1-tree/articleshow/946590.cms (viewed on January 19, 2018).
Wikipedia. 'Prosopis Juliflora'. Online at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosopis_juliflora (viewed on January 19, 2018). | <urn:uuid:1b8a99be-c289-4c2e-90d5-ffdd21c19a91> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://www.sahapedia.org/the-rabaris-the-nomadic-pastoral-community-of-kutch | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711045.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20221205200634-20221205230634-00111.warc.gz | en | 0.968534 | 7,434 | 2.890625 | 3 |
The might of literature is far reaching and ever-prominent, although the spoken word harbors an unappreciated power. With the ability to immerse an audience in a lyrical and utterly mesmerizing spell, the human voice is an integral aspect of emotional communication. Varying degrees of subtlety can transform both cadence and diction, in turn weaving different stories and conveying greater emotion. There are three fundamental components to any decent speaker: authenticity, assertiveness, and perception.
Manipulation by means of eloquent speech is certainly possible, however the true strength of tongue arises in authenticity, or the honesty and integrity of the speaker. The bearer of a hidden agenda will find intrinsic weaknesses within his verbal expressions. The power to capture the minds of an audience is fairly easy, however capturing their hearts requires something more profound and much more personal.
Robust language is an excellent compliment to a gentle rhythm. Securing the attention of listeners is a basic, yet vital step in conveyance, and is best accomplished through the use of an assertive technique. An audience responds to the stability and audibility of a voice, thereby giving the speaker leverage in his conquest of hearts. Words must be chosen with precision, each catered to implying a certain truth, or setting the stage for future engagements. Language must be considered the vessel of the speaker’s passion, and so each word must be advantageous to the cause.
Mastering the art of speaking also requires a perceptive and versatile mind. Listeners can be quite fickle with their loyalty to even an assertive voice. Vigilance is required for any truly engaging communication, and the speaker must be able to perceive the emotional tide of an audience. As positive sentiment reinforces the fortitude of the speech itself, over-confidence could quickly become a deterrence, blinding the speaker, and resulting in a loss of control. This detrimental misstep can be avoided with awareness and a clear head. Likewise, perception will allow the reader to act in response to a grapple with ill sentiment.
The most gratifying effect of an efficient speech is the success of determining an audience’s reaction. Understanding the intricacies of the human voice, and with proper mastering, its influence over the human psyche, is perhaps one of the more valuable assets to any charismatic speaker’s tool belt. And of course, having a cool voice like the next Morgan Freeman always helps. | <urn:uuid:1d525430-d85d-4fc2-8272-3c8c1cf405b6> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://tycrisp.com/2013/04/25/the-art-of-speaking-with-style/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046153739.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20210728154442-20210728184442-00674.warc.gz | en | 0.930375 | 490 | 2.640625 | 3 |
To calculate fret spacing for any instrument just enter the scale length, also known as the vibrating length. For most fretted instruments this is the distance between the nut and the bridge.
The results of the calculation are in the same units entered. If you enter centimetres, the results are also in centimetres.
Remember that frets spaced closer than about a quarter inch apart will be difficult to finger.
The most accurate way to lay out your scale is making all measurements from the nut using the "fret to fret" distance only to confirm your layout. Laying out frets only by measuring fret to fret will compound error. For example, if you're laying out frets by marking with a scribe and your accuracy is plus or minus 2 millimeters, you could be off by as much as 24 millimeters at the 12th fret.
Measurements are given from the end of the fingerboard (face of the nut) to the center of a fret slot.
|Ukulele||Number of Frets||Scale|
|Soprano||12||13″ to 14″|
|Concert||18||14″ to 15″|
|Tenor||18||16″ to 18″|
|Baritone||19||20″ to 24″| | <urn:uuid:2fac0170-70d6-4909-803e-e938d6d85f99> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://webpages.charter.net/jbrzowski/HTMLPages/Fret.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394011202213/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305092002-00044-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.918627 | 268 | 3.609375 | 4 |
In most cancers, the survival rate has risen steadily over the years. But bone cancer is a different story. It mainly affects children and young people, and the survival rate has remained the same for the past 25 years.
More than 450 people are diagnosed with primary bone cancer each year and only about half will survive the next five years.
13-year-old Francesca, from Cullingworth in West Yorkshire, says she was lucky, as it took just a few days to get a diagnosis after she visited her doctor when she was seven.
Symptoms include pain, for example in the leg, which often gets worse at night and better during the day.
And this is the reason parents, and GPs, often dismiss the symptoms: they attribute it to "growing pains".
"I remember having pain during the night but after I got back from school the next day it would be a bit better.
"I was really lucky because my doctor recognised the symptoms and I went to hospital for an x-ray straight away.
"If everybody recognised the symptoms, and there was more money for research, the survival rate would be much better. An early diagnosis could be the difference between life and death."
Francesca regularly raises money for the Bone Cancer Research Trust, through bake sales and even organising concerts.
For more information on bone cancer click here.
The pictures below show Francesca's transition from a "normal" seven-year-old, to the gruelling treatment stage where her femur and knee were replaced with a metal rod, and finally back to a healthy teenager who uses her experience to raise money for charity.
She says if more research is done and awareness is raised, this could be the story for other children too. | <urn:uuid:f379f662-189c-4150-ab45-821183ceae00> | CC-MAIN-2015-32 | http://www.itv.com/news/calendar/2012-10-10/brave-teenager-raises-awareness-for-bone-cancer-charity/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042986646.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002306-00229-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.98027 | 359 | 2.734375 | 3 |
ContainsAll ( Text ; SearchStrings )
checks to see whether all values in SearchStrings are contained in Text
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Bill Thurmes - Show more from this author
ContainsAll ( "Jim,Charlie,Frank,Jane,Michelle,George,Kim,Chris" ; "Jim,Chris,Jane" )
ContainsAll ( "Jim,Charlie,Frank,Jane,Michelle,George,Kim,Chris" ; "Jim,Chris, Jane" )
ContainsAll ( "Jim,Jane" ; "m\,J" )
Function definition: (Copy & paste into FileMaker's Edit Custom Function window)
Determine whether Text contains ALL of the strings contained in SearchStrings ('and' logic)
In SearchStrings strings should be separated by commas, semicolons, or ¶
To include commas, semicolons, ¶ (to be matched) in SearchStrings, include \ before them
Restriction: the following !-containing strings may not be part of SearchStings: !c! !s! !p!
Similar to Position function but will assess several SearchStrings, gives 0 or 1 (No or Yes) as Result
Written in response to request from John Vermeulen
Updated April 2017 with no functional change, just easier-to-understand formatting and comments
A shortcoming of this occurred to me: the entirety of Text is evaluated for each new SearchStrings value. Thus, ContainsAll ("Mike,Pete" ; "Pete¶ete¶e\,P") would evaluate as 1, even though it's finding the same text over and over. The same would happen with the SearchString being "Pete¶Pete".
Note: these functions are not guaranteed or supported by BrianDunning.com. Please contact the individual developer with any questions or problems. | <urn:uuid:f374c0dd-afc6-415a-bd77-34ed9a849090> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | https://www.briandunning.com/cf/1847 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202433.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20190320150106-20190320172106-00412.warc.gz | en | 0.828926 | 402 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Thinking Outside the Book: Summer Reading
Book Links May 2009 (vol. 18, no. 5)
By Jill Castek and Jessica Mangelson
Every teacher and librarian hopes reading makes its way to the top of their students’ summer activity list. As educators, we know that a summer that doesn’t include reading can lead to a drop in literacy scores. In an effort to prevent regression, encourage summer reading by providing literacy-rich activities to keep students motivated. Using online resources is one way to keep literacy activities fresh this summer.
Hattie Big Sky by Kirby Larson is a captivating book chronicling the experiences of 16-year-old Hattie Brooks. Hattie is an orphan who has been passed around all of her life until she receives a letter from an uncle, who upon his death has left her his land claim in Montana. After moving to Montana, she works to prove up her uncle’s claim.
Larson’s grandmother (also named Hattie) laid claim to land in Montana and worked to prove up her homestead in the early 1900s. The author’s note describes how Larson found the original paperwork her grandmother submitted for her Montana claim and pored over journals from other settlers during the time period. The Hattie Big Sky “Meet the Author” podcast from Montana’s National Public Radio sheds light on both the story and Larson’s writing process.
Becoming an Animal Expert
First the Egg by Laura Vaccaro Seeger illustrates the order of things in a fun, interactive way. The simple text, “First the EGG, then the CHICKEN. First the TADPOLE, then the FROG,” combined with creative cutout illustrations, make the book very appealing. Actual Size by Steve Jenkins helps young readers get a sense of the actual size of different animals’ body parts, including an elephant’s foot, a gorilla’s hand, and a great white shark’s teeth.
Reading these books will not only enhance a trip to the zoo, but pairing them with online resources extends learning and interaction with animal content. The World Wildlife Fund’s Web site provides further information as well as games and videos. The Smithsonian National Zoological Park’s site features fun activities and information about animal conservation.
Traveling the Underground Railroad
Henry’s Freedom Box: A True Story from the Underground Railroad by Ellen Levine tells of Henry “Box” Brown, a slave who daringly escaped by mailing himself from Virginia to Philadelphia. The Underground Railroad virtual tour, created by National Geographic, invites students to travel an Underground Railroad route with Harriet Tubman, where they must make life-or-death choices about the passage to freedom.
Enriching Your Summer with Music
Gershwin’s Rhapsody in Blue by Anna Harwell Celenza celebrates a musical favorite. This book provides insight into what Gershwin experienced while writing the piece. The book contains a CD so students can listen to the music as they learn about the composer. When Marian Sang by Pam Muñoz Ryan portrays singer Marian Anderson’s life and culminates with her 1939 concert at the Lincoln Memorial before an integrated audience of thousands.
The Classics for Kids Web site has a wealth of information about composers, games that enhance music education, listening rooms, and lesson plans, in addition to other resources. Creating Music provides a musical sketchpad that allows students to create their own music. This interactive composition board is an enjoyable way to learn about orchestras, music, tone, and pitch. This site also teaches children about rhythm, melodic intervals, and harmonic progression in a fun, quizlike way. Finally, visit the New York Philharmonic KidZone to meet the musicians, compose music, learn about instruments, and go backstage.
Jill Castek is a postdoctoral scholar with the Seeds of Science/Roots of Reading project at the University of California–Berkeley.
Jessica Mangelson has worked as an elementary-school teacher, reading specialist, and professor of reading education. | <urn:uuid:1c1357b8-f4cc-4956-b32a-c2b4f37c62cf> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://www.ala.org/offices/publishing/booklist/booklinks/resources/summer | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501170562.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104610-00443-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.921113 | 845 | 3.4375 | 3 |
Until now, a good method to identify the effects of the Urban Heat Island effect was not available. The Meteorology and Air Quality Group of Wageningen University, together with Witteveen+Bos engineering & consultancy firm and the Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute, have developed a method to provide insight into the risks from heatwaves at the urban district level. For the first time, this creates possibilities to take targeted local measures.
Effects of heat waves are severe
It is known that global warming not only affects nature, but also our daily lives. During heat waves, mortality has been shown to increase, especially among vulnerable groups. For example, the 2003 heat wave in Europe resulted in a total of 45,000 additional deaths. It is also likely that heat waves will increase in number in the coming years, and that they will be more intense and longer lasting. The effect of heat waves is more severe in urban areas than in rural areas. Air pollution also plays a role, because the conditions during heat waves are unfavourable for good air quality. It is therefore crucial to have a reliable method to quantify all the effects of heat waves, so that appropriate measures can be taken. This method has now become available: UCAM (Urban Climate Assessment & Management).
Quantifying heat waves with UCAM
UCAM determines the influence of the urban environment on heat-related health risks. Besides objectively determining these risks, the method also provides guidance on the assessment of their severity. Furthermore, the method provides insight into possible planning-based solutions and their effects. This applies not only to existing built-up areas. The method can also be usefully employed in new construction, so the buildings can be better equipped to alleviate the effects of heat. UCAM has been implemented in an urban district in Ghent, Belgium, but not yet in the Netherlands. | <urn:uuid:fdc5fc68-5366-4974-97a7-a0c7a2338124> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://www.wur.nl/en/newsarticle/New-method-to-manage-heat-stress-in-cities.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487626465.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20210617011001-20210617041001-00629.warc.gz | en | 0.954421 | 373 | 3.671875 | 4 |
Wesleyan Class Renews Interest In Wangunks, 'Lost Tribe' Of Lower Connecticut River
By ERIK HESSELBERG
Special to The Courant|
May 09, 2016 | 5:47 AM
MIDDLETOWN — Gary O'Neil, a descendant of the Wangunk tribe, describes his Native American ancestors as a ghost people, fast fading into history.
"We are the lost tribe of Connecticut," he said. "People didn't even know we existed."
Now, the Wangunks — the indigenous people of Middletown and Portland at the bend in the Connecticut River — are being rediscovered.
Wesleyan University students examined 17th and 18th century Middletown records to piece together the little-known story of these Algonquian peoples of the lower Connecticut River.
The four students — Iryelis Lopez, Maia Reumann-Moore, Abigail Cunniff and Yael Horowitz — spent a semester in the archives of the Middlesex County Historical Society studying the Wangunks as part of a course on local Native Americans: "Decolonizing Indigenous Middletown: Native Histories of the Wangunk Indian People." The Wesleyan course is taught by J. Kehaulani Kauanui, associate professor of American studies and anthropology.
The students presented their research during a March seminar at Russell Library titled: "Looking for Indigenous Middletown in Colonial Archives: Settler Erasure of Wangunk Indian Tribal History."
"This is the first time Wesleyan has taken a serious look at the Wangunk," said Kauanui, noting that she thinks there is still much to learn about these early peoples.
Kauanui invited O'Neil, 62, a historian, art teacher and Wesleyan graduate, to be a guest lecturer.
"Professor Kauanui has really done a service in bringing this history to students and people of Middletown," O'Neil said. "I was honored to be a part of that."
The Wesleyan students made use of a number of sources to piece together a comprehensive history of the Wangunk peoples, from their contact in the mid-1600s with the first English settlers of Middletown to the tribe's gradual disappearance.
Through O'Neal — a descendant of Jonathan Palmer, a Wangunk Indian who lived in East Hampton in the early 1800s — the students were able to learn about the tribe's persistence in the area.
"We wanted to understand who the Wangunk were and what happened to them," said Reumann-Moore, who looked at Wangunk migration patterns after the settling of Mattabessett, or Middletown, by the English in 1650. "It was as if the Wangunk disappeared into the woods. But they were here all along."
The students found that the settlers were increasingly casual in their references to these Native Americans over time, especially their actual numbers. They said the word Wangunk appears often in 17th century records but far less frequently a century later, when a small band was living across the river on a reservation in Portland, known as Wangunk meadows.
Lopez said: "When the settlers first arrived [in 1650], the east side of the Connecticut River was known as Wangunk. However, as time goes on we see a shift from the name Wangunk to the area simply referred to as the east side of the great river. This appears to be an example of settler encroachment."
According to the Wesleyan students, Dutch fur traders, the first to explore the Connecticut River in the early 1600s, encountered Wangunk Indians inhabiting the river meadows at what would become Wethersfield, Portland and Middletown, the latter known as Mattabessett, or "Place at the Bend in the River."
When the English settled Mattabessett in 1650, the tribe moved across the river to Portland, where members lived for a number of years. But their numbers dwindled. By 1770, there were only 28 Wangunk Indians living in Portland, and by the War of 1812, a single full-blooded Wangunk remained in the area. His name was Jonathan Palmer, or Jonathan Indian, and he lived in East Hampton. Palmer is Gary O'Neil's ancestor.
O'Neil's lineage was traced by his great-grandmother, Kate Eldora Bates Palmer, the first tribal historian. Dora, as she was known, was born in 1879.
"Her nation was the Nipmucs," said O'Neil's cousin, Renee Simmons, also of East Hampton. "She married a Wangunk and became interested in their history."
"Dora was really the first person to start collecting tribal history," O'Neil said. One story was of a solemn day during the Civil War when the tribe gathered in Marlborough for a ceremony to mark the departure of a father and three sons who had joined the Union cause.
O'Neil has vivid memories of his great-grandmother, who lived until she was nearly 90. He said she used to make Teddy bears from castoff clothing and beautiful quilts, which O'Neil preserves at his 1820s farmhouse.
"She also had a tradition before the first frost of gathering us all together outside in our stocking feet to walk the cold ground," O'Neil said. "She believed this helped us absorb the Earth's energy and get us ready for winter."
Dora also recorded the sad tale of Jonathan Palmer, whose story was also retold by writer Carl F. Price in his book "Yankee Township," published in 1941.
It seems that Palmer, who lived in the early 1800s, had been reduced to poverty and was scraping by doing odd jobs and spending whatever extra money he had on drink.
His weakness was exploited by a physician who drew up a grim pact: The doctor would supply Palmer with a monthly ration of rum until Palmer's death, whereupon the corpse would be donated for medical purposes. The physician, according to the historian Price, had long desired a cadaver for anatomy lessons.
Palmer died in 1819. Soon after, the grisly spectacle of his skeleton was displayed in the doctor's front yard, causing children to avoid the doctor's house on their walk home.
Years later, Palmer's skeleton was found in a trunk in the doctor's attic. The bones were later lost or sold, according to Price.
"No one knows what happened to Jonathan Palmer after that," O'Neil said. "It's something that has always haunted the family." | <urn:uuid:27e0afbc-9956-46db-865b-998bced4ab1d> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://www.courant.com/community/middletown/hc-middletown-wangunk-tribe-wesleyan-20160422-story.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370494349.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20200329140021-20200329170021-00483.warc.gz | en | 0.979154 | 1,365 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Today we’ll be talking about Norman Christianity.
Dan: In an earlier video, you said the Normans were descended from Vikings, who were pagan. But they weren’t pagan when they conquered England?
No, they had converted to Christianity in the same time period as most of the Danes from whom they were descended, such that by 1066, when Duke William fought Harold at the Battle of Hastings, his people had been Christian for a hundred and fifty years.
To recap, because I think it’s worth repeating, the Normans are called “Norman” because they came from Normandy, a province in France. But as we said in a prior video, ‘Viking’ is an occupation, not an ethnic group. They are descended from the same Danish diaspora that invaded Ireland, Britain, Sicily, and western Russia. They were eventually either defeated or assimilated in all these places, and the same is true in Normandy. In 910, the Frankish King Charles made a deal with this particular group of Vikings, led by a man named Rollo, that they could keep Normandy if they would agree to be part of Charles’ empire (making their leader a duke rather than a king) and convert to Christianity. Which they did.
Dan: Basically, he bought them off so they would stop attacking his lands.
It is a tried and true method of making allies of enemies!
And in this case, it ‘worked’ after a fashion. The Danes became Normans, adhering to Christianity and abandoning their prior pagan traditions—But not their culture. An 11th century monk and historian described them as: Specially marked by cunning, despising their own inheritance in the hope of winning a greater, eager after both gain and dominion, given to imitation of all kinds, holding a certain mean between lavishness and greediness, that is, perhaps uniting, as they certainly did, these two seemingly opposite qualities. Their chief men were specially lavish through their desire of good report. They were, moreover, a race skillful in flattery, given to the study of eloquence, so that the very boys were orators, a race altogether unbridled unless held firmly down by the yoke of justice. They were enduring of toil, hunger, and cold whenever fortune laid it on them, given to hunting and hawking, delighting in the pleasure of horses, and of all the weapons and garb of war.
They also continued their open-mindedness about making deals. In the case of their church, one of the ways that William got the pope to go along with his conquest of England was by promising to impose a complete reorganization of the English Church and reform the ‘irregularities’ of the Anglo-Saxon Church, which had developed its own distinctive customs. We saw that in Wales too.
For example, even though bishoprics existed, worship was very ‘localized’, with many small Saxon churches serving the local population. After the conquest, not only were the vast majority of clerical positions filled by Normans but they built massive stone churches, to imply that their spiritual power was as great as their temporal one. William’s first Archbishop of Canterbury, a monk named Lanfranc, instituted reforms within the priesthood itself as well, including requiring celibacy of all priests. This was made easier by the fact that he’d replaced the Saxon clergy with Normans ones, who were predisposed to accept more central control.
Next week we’ll be talking about one of the first Norman churches in England, Battle Abbey. | <urn:uuid:aeb12c5d-9afd-4a5b-a7fd-fd2588bde987> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://www.sarahwoodbury.com/norman-christianity/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585837.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20211024015104-20211024045104-00023.warc.gz | en | 0.987221 | 757 | 3.109375 | 3 |
A mouth can tell a lot about a person’s overall health, not just dental health. A lot of non-oral health issues have manifestations in the mouth or mouth area. The following are a few examples of why dentists should remember that their job is not only about filling cavities, but also about understanding the clues the mouth gives about the overall health of a patient:
Heart disease. Bright red or purple gums
Type 2 diabetes. Bleeding gums sensitive to touch although there is no noticeable plaque
Kidney disease. Breath has sweet ammonia-like smell; very noticeable and pronounced
Acid reflux. Worn down teeth and teeth affected, depending on where acid settles while person is in sleeping position
Oral cancer. Gums and oral tissues with white spots; MUST last for at least two weeks or more
Leukemia. Bright red and swollen gums; differentiated from diabetes via blood test
Osteoporosis. Black spots that denote air pockets and dead bone; show up on X-rays
Stress. Cracked teeth or gums that have contracted away from teeth (can develop into infection)
Sleep apnea. Swollen gums and tongue in areas which air passes through
Pregnancy. Swollen gums could imply hormonal changes
Bulimia. Paper-thin front teeth; most enamel worn down; different from acid reflux since it affects different teeth
As you can see, the mouth can display ailments are not even related to the mouth or mouth areas. That is why dentists must be fully trained to know what these signs are and what they mean. Early detection of multiple diseases and health problems can often be life-saving.
Contact Aesthetic Advantage at 212-794-3552 to register for our courses today or visit www.aestheticadvantage.com to learn more about health issues affected by oral health.
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Why use probiotics for your horse?
Horses are grazing animals; they spend about 18 to 24 hours a day digesting their food. A horse’s stomach empties its content into the digestive tract every 20 minutes. For a horse, timing in the digestive system is very important, as his body spends much time and energy digesting and processing food. Athletic work can greatly alter the timing and use of the food digested, often disrupting your horse’s digestive cycle. He will also have a hard time digesting the extra quantity of food he needs to perform. Basically the physical effort demanded of your horse can compromise his natural digestive bacteria. Of course exercise is not the only factor that can upset your horse’s elaborate digestive system, lifestyle changes, stress, and antibiotics are all factors that can upset and compromise your horse’s healthy intestinal bacteria.
The horse’s gastrointestinal system is lined with healthy bacteria that protect and assist your horse’s immune system, helping his digestive tract absorb the nutrients from the food. To stay healthy, your horse will almost always keep a higher level of healthy bacteria versus pathogenic bacteria. This is where probiotics come in; they are beneficial bacteria most often found in yeast, protecting your horse’s digestive system from pathogens. But also they protect from potential infections and indigestion.
NOVAnimal probiotics for a healthier horse
Many studies show that feeding probiotics to your horse’s food is always beneficial. “There is good evidence that the complex microbial flora present in the gastrointestinal tract of all warm-blooded animals is effective in providing resistance to disease” explains Dr. Fuller, the probiotics expert. Adding probiotics in the form of dietary supplements into your horse’s diet can increase his appetite, use of protein, starch and fiber, and can improve his performance. But probiotics also stimulate your horse’s immune system, prevent toxin buildups, enhance the gastrointestinal barrier function and prevent pathogenic organisms from taking over your horse’s gut.
NOVAnimal probiotics are high quality products that contain 10 billion probiotics per scoop. NOVAnimal products were developed by veterinarians for the specific needs of your animals, and will resist all digestive fluids. They are composed of several different strains of bacteria, that support both the large and small intestines. NOVAnimal products have several different lines, depending on your horse’s needs. The Pet Shop line follows the different stages of life your horse goes through while the veterinary line addresses specific medical needs.
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Of all the trees that are in the wood, the holly may well bear the crown. Sadly, it’s a crown that is now tarnished by ozone pollution.
All 400 species of the Christmas favourite could be affected, says Jonathan Ranford of Staffordshire University, Stoke on Trent, UK. Holly trees in northern temperate zones across the US, Canada and Europe are especially vulnerable, he adds.
Ranford and his colleague Kevin Reiling dosed European holly saplings (Ilex aquifolium) with 70 parts per billion of ozone – typical of peak summer levels in Europe – for seven hours a day, over a month. The plants grew fewer new leaves and shed more existing ones than usual. The pollutant – a component of smog – also weakens holly trees’ ability to withstand cold in winter.
Ranford and Reiling performed two growth experiments. In the first, they planted ozone-dosed saplings outside alongside untreated saplings and monitored them for over two years. In their first year outside, the ozone-treated trees produced 40 per cent fewer leaves than the other saplings, and in the second, 30 per cent fewer, showing that the impact of the ozone exposure persisted beyond any immediate damage.
Although holly is evergreen, it does shed some leaves in winter, and the team found that the treated plants lost half their leaves up to four months earlier than the untreated trees. “As well as losing more leaves, they didn’t grow as many, so they suffered a double whammy,” says Ranford. The lack of leaves stunted the ability of the treated trees to create sugar through photosynthesis for root and shoot growth.
In the second experiment, treated and untreated ... | <urn:uuid:fe6044da-db9c-480b-962b-17ddf00d68f3> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg19225833.200-holly-trees-hobbled-by-smog/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738662251.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173742-00005-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.953674 | 362 | 3.46875 | 3 |
Caring for an
Australian Bearded Dragon
© K. W. Tosney
May be reproduced for educational purposes or to distribute to pet stores
for their customers, as long as this copyright notice is intact.
May not be sold or published without permission.
Printable, PDF version
Background: behaviors, "languages" and origins
Bearded Dragons get their name from their ability to "puff out" a throat pouch that has prominent spikes formed from modified scales. This "beard" can also change color, becoming jet black and even more impressive. Beards are not limited to males; the females will show off their beards as well, in a very interactive communication. Indeed, bearded dragons are very social animals. They have a rich gestural language, bobbing their heads at one another (watch video), gaping their mouths, flattening their bodies and tilting as they circle one another ("see how big I am!"), swishing their tails, using their tongue to check each other or their environment out, etc. They even have a variety of submissive gestures. For instance, both sexes will raise one arm and hold it stationary or slowly wave it in circles (watch video), evidently to signal "hey, its ME, stop harassing me, I'm harmless!" They rapidly establish a hierarchy and adapt to their caretakers, so the more extreme aggressive gestures become rare in captivity (unless you give them new territory to conquer). They are very curious and love being let out to investigate.
Some dragons can recognize humans' clumsy attempts at their body language. My male adolescents become excited if I extend my hand with fingers held together and pointed, to mimic a dragon head, and then "bob" my mock-dragon head. They will often bob right back. However, they will become quiet and assume a satisfied "I am dominant" pose if I then circle my thumb at them to mimic submission. I initially suspected that my dragons responded to my signals only because I had trained them. I tested this hypothesis during a visit to the San Diego Zoo, which has a large outdoor habitat for beardeds. During my visit, several dragons were sunning themselves and ignoring human gawkers. After surreptitiously assuring myself that no one was looking, I began a "bobbing" display with my hand. Instantly, dragon heads turned toward me. The closest dragon ran a few steps toward me and bobbed his head. I bobbed in return. He advanced and bobbed more emphatically. I bobbed back. He ran closer and bobbed with such an amplitude that his chin hit the ground. I pointed my hand somewhat downward and slowly moved my thumb in a circle. He bobbed once (which I translated as a "So, there!" gesture), turned sideways to me and raised his head in the "I am supreme!" gesture. I concluded that I can speak dragon! Well, at least in pidgin form.
One of the joys of caring for this species is its mellow but interactive nature. Beardeds appear to communicate with us, at least in broad terms. Long, piercing stares are apparently designed to transmit the mental message "feed me crickets.... crickets.... crickets...." Although they will interact with you, they show their full social repertoire only to one another, an argument for keeping more than one dragon. If your dragon has a buddy, you will be able to enjoy a full behavioral series as they set up and maintain a dominance hierarchy. You will see "lizard stacks" as they pile up on one another beneath their basking light. If you have a male and female, you will see mating displays (and mating). Sometimes however, interactions become aggressive, and such individuals require separate quarters. If you have two dragons together and one stops eating, likely he has been intimidated and will require special feeding, or even different quarters. Do not house dragons together if they differ dramatically in size. One could furnish lunch for the other.... Indeed, if you plan on acquiring a companion for your pet, make provision in case they do not get along; they may need separate quarters!
As their name also indicates, bearded dragons originate in Australia. Of the 6-7 Australian dragon species, those in captivity are predominantly Pogona vitticeps (up to a few years ago, called Amphibolurus vitticeps). They have not been (legally) exported from Australia for years. Virtually all those available are captive bred, originating from stock that entered the USA from Germany. They breed readily (even eagerly) in captivity and the eggs hatch well with proper incubation. Captive bred stock is healthier than wild-caught, is often parasite-free, and does not disturb natural populations. Captie breeding has produced a number of different color "morphs", all of whom are still of the same species.
The captive populations are currently robust and birth defects are rare, but the gene pool is so small that this happy situation may not continue long. An early sign of inbreeding is loss of full size. If you want to breed dragons, avoid inbreeding: ask your breeders what line they have (mine are the hearty "German" stock) and trade to get new bloodlines. If you bought two dragons from the same tank in a pet store, they are most likely siblings. Breeding them will be breeding brother to sister. If you sell the progeny to a pet store, someone else will buy--and breed- siblings. Since deficits are seen in the first generation of such breeding, this practice will quickly reduce the genetic health of American-bred dragons!
Owning a reptile and hygiene:
Good hygiene is essential, not only to your dragon's health, but to your own. Reptiles can be non-symptomatic carriers of Salmonella, bacteria that cause sometimes lethal food poisoning. Children, the aged, and those who are immune-compromised are particularly susceptible to Salmonella from any source. Don't kiss your dragon. There are measures you can take to minimize risk. After handling your dragon, wash your hands with soap for at least 30 seconds, or use hand disinfectant. Disinfect any area you used to clean cages, dishes, etc. by using a 10% bleach solution. Use separate cleaning utensils, not the sponge you use to wash your own dishes. Reptiles are NOT recommended if you're pregnant or have a young child or an immuno-compromised person in your home.
Infant dragons demand much more care than adults. They need lots of food to fuel their astronomical growth rate. They average 3 1/4 inches long (snout to tail tip) at hatching, and nearly double in length (and more than double in bulk) by the end of their second month. Most deaths happen during the first month; older dragons are more robust and hardier. Juveniles grow rapidly, attaining adult length (14-24 inches, including tail) within a year. A dragon will often be around ten inches long at 5 months. At 6-9 months, they often stop or slow their eating for awhile (resting from their growth spurt?) and I suggest you check for parasites then to assure all is well. Dragons are usually initially free of parasites, being captive bred, but they can ingest parasites from crickets or greens. Take a stool sample from your creature to a reptile vet (and the first time you see your vet, take your animal as well for a well-dragon check; vets cannot prescribe medications without having seen the patient). Make sure your vet is actually familiar with reptiles; many aren't. If yours isn't, ask for a referral. Or check Herp Vet Connection or the Association of Reptile and Amhibian Vets for a recommended vet near you. Do a fecal check if the lizard stops eating, slows its growth significantly, appears stressed and hides, has runny stools or just doesn't look its usual active self for several days, unless it is molting. Adult dragons often appear lethargic (depressed?) when shedding, but juvenile appetites are sometimes not slowed even by skin loss. The skin comes off in large patches. Don't help them to pull it off--you can damage the new skin underneath. Letting them soak in shallow warm (98 deg) water or misting them helps shedding. Letting dragons bathe periodically is good for their health. It can stimulate defecation, which is useful if you suspect impaction, or even if you simply want them to produce, before sitting on your lap.
Dragons are omnivores, requiring both insect and vegetable food, in about one-to-one proportions (below). Between three and six weeks, feed your dragon small crickets 2-5 times a day, greens and veggies in the morning, and water them once or twice. Youngsters also love to chase, capture and eat fruitflies, which probably give them more exercise than sustenance. (You can acquire a fruit fly colony and food from Carolina Biological Supply, 1-800-334-5551. Or you can simply leave out a ripe banana and attract your own.) As their size increases, baby dragons can take more and larger food items and more vegetable manner. Increase the variety in each category. After two months, care becomes less demanding and they can be fed insects once or twice a day, feeding them all they will eat at a time. Greens and veggies offered in the morning can be increased. Babies will eat more greens than veggies. Adults can be fed insects every other day, with daily greens and veggies. Some stop eating for periods, without ill effects.
For growing dragons, it is critical to avoid feeding insects that are too large. Crickets should be no longer than the distance between your dragon's eyes. Feed babies "2-week old" (1/4 inch) crickets; feed juveniles 1/2 inch crickets. Unfortunately, babies will swallow larger items, but such items can lead to terminal indigestion... literally terminal. They can die, often extending their hindlimbs straight back as though paralyzed or in excruciating pain. Note that basking or sleeping dragons often extend their hindlimbs; don't panic and confuse this posture with the indigestion-induced paralysis, in which the legs remain extended and are unable to move. If you beardie can move its legs normally, it is OK. Dragons may sleep in all sorts of wierd postures; do not be alarmed. Most grow out of sleeping in the most extreme back-wrenching postures.
Bearded dragons live in arid, rocky, semi-desert regions and arid open woodlands where they get most of their water from what they eat. In captivity, adults do not require water dishes in their cages. However, babies (who I speculate may hatch as the rainy season arrives) require water, generally given twice a day as simulated "dew" from water sprayed directly in their faces or deposited on their noses with a medicine dropper. They lap the water from their faces, the wet glass or occasionally from each other. Some learn to drink form a syringe, or from a shallow bottle cap filled with water. (Change such water and wash the container daily; bacteria grows quickly in such fluid.) A few learn to drink from a hamster bottle. To train yours to do so, Rod Mitchell suggests putting an ice cube on top of the bottle; it slowly melts, drips off the nipple, and helps the beardie learn that it is a source of water.
Dragons tend to be robust and healthy, but they are living animals, and thus can develop illnesses. Many can be minimized by proper husbandry. For instance, metabolic bone disease is preventable by a proper diet, lighting and calcium supplementation, as detailed below. Dragons may pick up parasites such as coccidia or various worms, which are treatable with a vet visit. Two relatively new and serious diseases that are communicable among dragons are yellow fungus and adenovirus. There are indicators that can help you to determine if your dragon is sick. Although dragons have much less difficulty laying eggs than some other lizard species, such as iguanas, sometimes the become egg-bound and need to be spayed.
Insects to feed
Crickets are a dominant insect food at all ages. Other insects add variety for larger dragons, such as mealworms, silkworms, superworms (Zophobas; they have less indigestible chitin than do mealworms) and waxworms (high-fat "lizard candy" most people suggest that you don't overfeed this delectable item). Avoid feeding mealworms (especially in excess) to a young dragon, since their high chitin levels can cause lethal impaction. Follow insect caresheets and supply insect food to keep your dragon's food heathy. You can also harvest insects from outside in the summer, but be sure they are free of pesticides. Don't offer lightning bugs or boxelder bugs; they are lethal. There have been reports of beardies dying after eating only one firefly. There has been only one report of a dragon surviving after having eated fireflys, and only inspired emergency veterinary treatment saved him.
Most quality pet stores offer crickets and all the recommended insects are also available commercially. You can also buy them wholesale, and have them delivered boxed to your door. An excellent Michigan company for purchasing these insects is called Top Hat Crickets (phone 1-800-638-2555) where, for instance, a minimum order of 500 crickets costs about $16; larger quantities cost proportionally less per cricket. They also sell a good cricket food and a convenient waterer. Phone numbers for other companies are on my annotated links. Keep the crickets in a 5-10 gallon tank with torn up egg cartons or toilet paper rolls (to let the crickets hide and minimize cannibalism) and clean the tank well each time you get a new order.
There is a trick for transferring crickets from the shipping box to a holding tank without cricket escapes. The trick was originally described on the internet by Melissa Kaplan. Place the unopened box in a large, clear plastic bag. Open the box inside the bag, take out the egg cartons, shake the crickets off, remove the empty cartons and box. Shake the crickets into the bottom of the bag. Place the open end of the bag in the tank, and tip the crickets into the tank.
When you buy crickets, feed them well ("gut-load" them) before offering them to your dragon. Crickets from some sources may have subsisted on paper and are starving when you get them; others may have been overdosed with vitamin A preparations (which will depress calcium metabolism). Chicken laying mash is high in calcium and makes a good cricket diet. A good home-made cricket diet includes dried grain (e.g., oatmeal), milk powder, low-protein dry dog or cat food, dried alfalfa (grass or pellets), vegetables (e.g., leftover veggies uneaten by your dragons), and a piece of orange or potato. An even better alternative is the excellent cricket food sold by Ronnie Buck is highly recommended. Keep wet items in a separate dish and change them often to avoid mold. For moisture, you can include a damp sponge; crickets promptly drown in any open water source. I use a commercial waterer (the type with a screw-in water bottle), put small stones in the reservoire to let errant crickets escape, and loosely cover it to keep dirt out.
A major issue for keeping crickets alive is to keep them dry and aerated. The container lid should allow air to enter freely (e.g., a screen top). I put Canadian peat moss in the bottom, with Alfalfa hay, and food is kept in shallow containers, and consists of oatmeal, dry milk, dog food kibble, or even better. Keep crickets dry; damp cricket cages smell horrible. Moreover, if crickets are exposed to wet conditions or mold, they can develop a fungal disease that can sicken dragons.
To feed crickets to your dragons, shake crickets into a plastic bag, add a pinch of phosphorus-free calcium supplement (such as Rep-Cal; see below), "shake and bake", and then dump crickets into your dragon's lair or a separate "feeding cage". You can offer them individually if you can bring yourself to handle the insects. Dragons do love being hand-fed. They extract items from your fingers by flicking out their tongue, which has a sticky bulb at the tip.
Bearded dragons are voracious when young (the appetite does diminish in adults). If you aren't feeding them enough, and if they have cage-mates, they may nibble toes and tail-tips for sustenance. If young dragons aren't eating, something is wrong. The most likely problem is that the temperature is incorrect: their bodies must reach 100 degrees F to digest their food. They may be intimidated by a larger cage-mate. They may have eaten something that cause impaction. If they are new, they may simply be taking time to feel comfortable--give them a few days to a week.
Feeding frequency varies with age.
Feed crickets to youngsters at least twice a day, beginning about an hour after their lights go on (they must warm up before they eat; remember, they are "cold blooded") and ending with the last feeding no later than an hour before the lights go out. I have a timer that turns the light on an hour before I get up; once I am up, they get fed. Feed all they will eat at each feeding; they will initially eat 5-20 crickets each. I feed my adults veggies every day and crickets about every other day (in winter they may eat much less--or nothing). I also leave a casserole dish with 20-30 superworms in adults cages for snacks. The dish has straight sides (so the worms seldom crawl out) and contains a light layer of veggies and a slice of potato to keep the worms well-fed. Feed gravid females more often, increase their UVB light and calcium supplementation and give them waxworm treats.
Some people are attempting
to use commercial dried foods in place of insects. These foods have yet to be tested longitudinally, over time, so their effect on lifetime and health is yet uncertain. I do not use them, except on occasion, because unknown nutrients are still being discovered even for human diets, and are unlikely to be represented in commercial preparations. However, the most well researched food is Susan Donoghue's Walkabout Mixes, prepared by a respected veterinary nutritionist, and many knowledgeable people recommend it. You can also read an article on evaluating commercial foods.
Greens and veggies
Vegetables come in two categories, greens and veggies. Feed both categories each morning. For babies, chop all offerings finely and offer them in a wide bottle lid. Don't use a deeper dish since they must be able to see the greens or they won't go eat them. You can also clip an entire leaf to something in the cage, for them to tear bites from: if you dont clip the leaf down, the dragons just carry it around, which funny to us but frustrating to them! Initially, babies eat more greens than veggies; increase veggies gradually. Wash all items you give them well to get rid of dirt, pesticides, mites, etc.
Some dragons take a while to learn to eat their veggies. For some hints, visit the getting 'em to eat veggies site.
Dragon lovers argue interminably about the proper ratio of insects to veggies and the best items to feed. The following are common recommendations.
First, dark green leafy vegetables (all high in calcium). Don't settle on just one: keep offering them a mix of at least 2-3 or more at a time.
use as staples:
If you and your beardie would like more variety in your greens, you can also offer any of the following: basil, Bermuda grass, chard, cilantro, clover, dycondra, endive, grape leaves, hibiscus leaves and flowers, mallow, mint, cactus pads (often available in Meiers; cut out the spines before feeding), plantain, radish tops, ruguula, rye grass, sorrel, violet leaves, watercress. As treats, dragons also readily accept edible (pesticide-free) flowers such as clover, dandelions (a real favorite), daylilies, hibiscus (another favorite, especially red), honeysuckle, lettuce flowers, lilacs, nasturtiums, pansies, rose petals, squash blossoms, violets and wild mustard.
Second, a variety of other vegetables. Variety is the operative work. Variety assures access to vitamins, minerals and other micro-nutrients, including those not yet codified by the FDA. I generally choose several veggies from the recipe below, modified from one by Melissa Kaplan that is well enough balanced for even fully vegetarian lizards such as iguanas. Her recipie calls for rabbit pellets to provide protein, and I leave pelets out of the recipie for dragons: insects fed to BDs supply plenty of protein. Do NOT feed them meat or chicken--that amount of protein can cause kidney damage.
Some veggies have a low nutrient to water/fiber content and, while they make great human diet food, should never make up the bulk of a dragon's diet. Examples are all types of sprouts (the seed uses up most of its nutrients by sprouting, and these often carry Salmonella), summer squash, zucchini, Boston and head lettuce.
Dragons will also nibble on living houseplants--including some that are poisonous, so check a plant for edibility before putting it in their cage. Edible plants include ficus, geraniums, hibiscus, petunias, pothos, violets. Some suggest putting such a plant in the cage if you have to leave your lizard while on vacation, to provide a source of living vegetable matter. Be wary of feeding them a plant fresh from the store--these plants have often been treated with systemic pesticides. "Systemic" means that the plant has taken the pesticide up internally, into its system. Washing won't remove the poison: it must "grow out", which it will do in 6-12 weeks.
recipe, modified from on originally developed by Melissa Kaplan. Note that quantities are approximate.
- 1/2 cup shredded green beans or lima beans (for protein)
- 1/2 cup shredded orange-fleshed squash, yam, sweet potato or carrot
- 1/2 cup vegetables chosen for variety such as bell peppers of all colors, broccoli, carrot, cauliflower, corn, kohlrabi, parsnip, peas, potatoes (cooked, plain), rice (cooked, plain), pumpkin, radishes, rutabaga, snow peas.
- 1/4 cup chopped or mashed fruit, such as apple (no seeds), apricots, blueberries, bananas (no skin), berries (mine LOVE raspberries), cantaloupe, figs, grapes, honeydew, kiwi, mangos, papaya, peaches, pears, plums, watermelon (no seeds).
Mix and store in the refrigerator. You can freeze the mix in ice cube trays or snack bags and defrost before feeding. However, because freezing destroys thiamin, you should lightly sprinkle defrosted items periodically with powdered thiamin, which you can get in vitamin sections of stores. Some people supplement with Brewer's yeast (NOT bread yeast, or you'll have a fermented mess).
Charts on the nutritional value of foods commonly fed to dragons are found at Bill Meer's site and at the Green Iguana Society (with food pictures as well). Also check out these links to poisonous plants, and the compendium of knowledge at Melissa Kaplan's food and feeding site.
Dragons must have two things for proper bone growth: calcium and full-spectrum UVB lights (below). If calcium or vitamin D3 are deficient, the dragons get metabolic bone disease, which is deforming and ultimately fatal. Most diets and care regimens today focus on maximizing calcium and vitamin D3 levels. To synthesize vitamin D3 your dragons need light at the right wavelengths; unless you can offer light typical of the desert, both in intensity and spectral quality, you must supplement the diet with calcium, and probably with D3 as well. Rep-Cal powder is a commonly used commercial formula that contains calcium and vitamin D3 but no phosphorus; added phosphorus can depress calcium metabolism, particularly since the insects already supply high phosphorus. ("Tums" are mainly calcium carbonate and can be ground up as an emergency substitute.) Sprinkle a pinch of powder on the veggies. Dump your crickets in a plastic bag, add a pinch of powder and "shake and bake" before offering them to your dragons.
Use multi-vitamin supplements (such as Herptivite) very sparingly, no more often than once every two weeks (I do so once a month). Some brands of these supplements are excessively high in vitamin A which can cause multiple health problems; they can, for instance fatally depress calcium levels.
Lighting plays two roles. First, natural sunlight or full spectrum lighting is vital for calcium metabolism. The operative wavelengths are in the ultraviolet UVB range, which is offered by a few "full spectrum" fluorescent-type bulbs. The Zoo-med's Reptisun UVB 5.0 is most commonly available and is widely reported to be sufficient to grow healthy dragons. The UVB stimulates the skin to synthesize vitamin D. All full-spectrum bulbs lose the UVB component of their output with time and must be replaced every 6 months. Note that the UVB does not penetrate glass or plastic; don't use a glass top to your dragon's lair. Use a screen top.
Second, use an incandescent bulb in a heat-reflector fixture to control heat and to provide the bright light that beardies need to keep active and happy. A correct temperature is critical to healthy growth. Dragons must become warm enough (body temperature of about 100 deg F) to digest their food. Digestion is temperature-sensitive. If they are too cold, their food will merely decay in their stomachs. Dragons that are eating poorly are likely living at the wrong temperature. To achieve the correct temperature, set up a temperature gradient in the cage: place the light bulb over one end of the cage, not at the center. The gradient should range from the mid 70's or low 80's on the cool side to the mid 80's on the warm side, with a basking area ranging from 95-105. Don't guess the temperature; buy a thermometer. Adjust the wattage of the bulb and height of the basking site to get the correct temperature. DON'T COOK YOUR DRAGON. If you wish, you can put the heating element on a thermostat. Although beardeds primarily dwell in the desert, they bask in the mornings to warm up and then seek out relatively cool areas as the day becomes scorching. A gradient lets them chose their temperatures.
Under-tank heaters are sometimes used to add gentle bottom heat. They can aid the dragons' digestion, particularly since they can keep bearded bellies warm for 24 hours a day. Constantly warm tummies may therefore enhance growth rate. The heaters are, however, a supplement rather than a substitution for basking lights, since they do not provide the beneficial light that simulates daytime. In addition, hot rocks have lethally burned lizards, which are less sensitive to heat from a ventral source and may not know they are being burnt until too late. Avoid hot rocks. I use under-tank heaters only from gravid females. Using them can, however, prevent developing a good temperature gradient. You don't need them.
Place both UVB and basking lights on an appliance timer (12-14 hours on; off at night). Erratic day lengths will screw up their circadian rhythms and make them first lethargic and then actively sick. The detect environmental cues important to their circadian rhythms through their "third eye", the parietal eye. The dark period will also allow night temperatures to fall appropriately. Temperature can go down to the 60's or even the upper 50's without harm. Dragons are well adapted to cool semi-desert nights.
Habitat: the dragon's lair
Initially, hatchlings can live in a 10 gallon tank. You can transfer a juvenile to adult quarters when it is about 6 months old. Adults, while much smaller than iguanas, need significant space: a 40 gallon tank is a minimum, 55 or more for a pair. Check out my shopping list for items to acquire, Theldara's site for a sample setup procedure, and the Tenny and Swofford pages for terrarium possibilities.
For youngsters, I suggest a minimalist decorating scheme, with one elevated basking area, a hiding area, and paper towels as a substrate. Put the basking area closer to the heat source. If you supply a plethora of neat branches and rocks, you inadvertently provide abundant places for crickets to hide. Hiding crickets are problems in two ways. One, the beardeds can't eat what they can't find. Two (and more serious), the crickets come out at night and nibble on beardeds, who sleep quite soundly. At best the crickets stress the dragons; at worst they maim by, for instance, chewing holes in eyelids.
An alternative is to house your dragon in a well-decorated tank and to feed it in a separate tank. Add your dusted crickets to the empty tank, then put in your dragon and let it alone to feast for awhile. When it's done, it will usually start scratching at the glass. This method sometimes helps dragons with poor appetites get on track because transfer to the "eating tank" means eat now or skip a meal. It also helps if you have a pair of dragons and the smaller one begins to eat less because it feels stressed; feed them one at a time in a separate, neutral tank. Dragons have an idiosyncratic notion of sharing: "I'll eat crickets until I am completely full, and then you can have one."
House your dragon somewhere interesting--for the dragon. They prefer to be in the thick of things, where they can watch their pet humans display their incomprehensible activities. Do not hide them away in a seldom frequented bedroom. They have immense curiosity!
The best substratum to use is hotly debated. Many keepers adamantly condemn sand, particularly the fine silica sand. Sand sounds like a natural substratum, but in the Australian wild the sand is evidently usually mixed with dirt and compacted into a "desert pavement" where it is less easy to ingest. Auatralia is not a Saharan-type of desert. The danger is that captive beardies may eat sand deliberately (in search of calcium) or accidentally when it sticks to tongues or food items. Silica sand is sharp-edged (glass is made from it) and it can compact in the gut and cause fatal impaction. Aquarium sand is larger, but would you like to swallow rocks? Several reputable people do recommend crushed limestone sand, which is a form of calcium carbonate; it has softish edges and tends not to compact into an indigestible lump in the gut. A calcium sand is commercially available, but it is expensive and needs frequent replacing since it is difficult to clean, and some have reported compaction with it, particularly with baby dragons (it may be fine for adults). Various people use potting soil (impossible to clean, grows mold, hides crickets, coats dragons), newsprint or paper towels (absorbent and easy to replace but not pretty), orchid potting mix or garden mulching bark (wash very well, then remove sharp slivers and smaller pieces), commercial "reptile bark" (wash off the dust and remove small pieces that could cause impaction; somewhat difficult to clean, crickets hide in it, but it is pretty), alfalfa pellets ("rabbit food": it will grow mold if it gets wet; nice odor, cheap, harmless when ingested by adults or larger juveniles, absorbs waste) or reptile carpet (watch carefully for frayed edges since loose threads can cause impaction; buy a duplicate for when you clean the cage, since the carpet dries slowly). Never use cedar or cypress, the fumes are lethal.
For babies, I use paper towels. For late juveniles and adults, who don't have a water dish in their cage, I use rabbit pellets (the cheap kind, without extra vitamins and supplements--remember what it is being used for...).
Regularly change the substratum to assure good health. Beardeds have an active metabolic rate, so plan on cleaning often. Their fecal pellets are generally compact and damp rather than runny, so are easily scooped out. If the feces smell very bad, suspect coccidia and get a sample to a vet. Some of my adults are trained to "potty" on paper towel that is secured near their basking area. This training works as long as I remove the waste the day it was deposited. I don't guarantee that all dragons are so trainable or so fastidious. For routine cleaning, I use an antibacterial soap. Periodically, disinfect their cage and furniture using a 10% bleach solution: rinse very well afterward. Always disinfect any sink and surrounding area where you cleaned a tank, furniture, or dishes to kill any residual Salmonella.
Handling your dragon
Beardeds grow large enough to handle and they do not resent being picked up and held--as long as you are polite, supportive, and considerate of their concerns for balance and their rather fragile limbs. To be polite, don't suddenly grab your dragon. Especially initially, when you are still relative strangers, approach slowly. For babies, place a finger under the chin and extend it under the body; the baby will cling to your finger (I call this the Klingon phase). Soon, your baby or juvenile can be gently transferred to your hand. Support your pet fully in the palm of your hand, with its head pointed in the direction of your fingers. Place your thumb lightly on his/her shoulder blades. Don't press down hard. If you are pressing hard enough to depress the body, you are pressing too hard. If your beardie starts to squirm, place your other hand over his head. If your beardie makes a run for it, DON'T GRAB. Our impulse is to try to close our fist on a quickly escaping small object, but you can crush a young dragon this way. Instead, keep your hand flat and slightly cupped and quickly put it over your escaping pet. Think of trapping him under your hand, rather than grabbing him.
For adults, scoop them up more directly, by the body. Hold them in your hand in the same posture as with juveniles, with their tail supported by your upper arm. If you don't support their tail, they will feel out of balance and will thrash their tail. If you want them to sit on your chest or shoulder, keep a supporting hand handy. They tend not to hang on tight. They seem to think that, if you want them to perch on you, then it's your business to keep them there. Be wary of letting them jump from high places; they can break their limbs or injure themselves internally. To keep your dragon eager to come into your hands, reinforce their ideas that your hands lead to good things. I bribe mine with waxworm treats; they then associate being handled with getting lizard "candy".
I often let my adults wander the house under light supervision. They love investigating. When they are out, I leave a basking light on with the bulb about 4-6 inches from the floor. They return periodically to bask and warm up. In the evening, they each retire to their favorite bedding-down place (generally under a bookcase) where I can scoop them up to return them to their lairs. If you have other pets, dogs or cats, be very very cautious. A small dragon can be an irresistable lunch.
Dragons will develop sharp claws that can leave your hands and arms with many tiny scratches that sting and raise eyebrows among your friends. You can trim their claws with a cat claw trimmer. (An illustrated guide to iguana claw clipping is available at Adams site.) Let your dragon sit on your lap, gently raise one paw at a time and clip off the tip of each claw. Clip only the sharp, black portion; if you clip too much, you will cut a vein. The dragon will bleed, hurt, and look at you as though you betrayed it. Have cornstarch handy to stop bleeding. My dragons put up with nail clipping even better than my cats do. They appear to take the process philosophically, only occasionally eyeing me with apparent amazement at what their human gets up to.
Bearded dragons are difficult to sex accurately when they are young. Experts may resort to "hemipenal eversion", pushing at the cloacal area to evert the male sex organs. This procedure can damage the lizard and is NOT recommended. Body proportions differ: males tend to have a larger head to body ratio, whereas females have a large body with a medium head and are often smaller overall. Adults become sexually mature as early as 8 months and can usually be sexed then since the adult males have enlarged femoral pores (rounded pores on the undersurface of the thigh in a line above the femur bone). The external anatomy has subtle differences, pictured and explained here, that can help you to determine gender.
Dragons have active courtship rituals and reproduce very well in captivity. The female will bury up to two dozen eggs, and will threaten you with gaping mouth if you try to pick up her eggs during the process, but afterwards offers no parental care. I've found that one mating can generate enough fertile eggs for several layings (either that or my female, "The Babe," has learned how to get from her lair to the male's at night....). "The Babe" laid 6 clutches of ca 20 babies each on summer, from a single mating. That is a lot of babies!!
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TOP for links to Bearded Dragon sites | <urn:uuid:8ee332b1-a2de-472b-ad8a-5b5c9a6d14ca> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | http://www.bio.miami.edu/ktosney/file/BDcare.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701165484.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193925-00167-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.949993 | 8,119 | 3.046875 | 3 |
This article in a way follows the previous one about smoking, this time focusing on heart care or, to use the professional expression, cardiovascular disease (CVD). The reminder was a recent European report (Eurostat 2016) on this topic and always alarming messages, despite some decrease in the number of fatal cases across Europe
Did you know that in the EU diseases of the circulatory system were the main cause of death (causing 37% of all deaths)?
Here are few facts arising from the report:
- more than one third of all deaths in Lithuania (37%) were due to heart attacks*
- major discrepancies existed between Member States regarding the share of deaths due to heart attacks, with France and Portugal (both 6%) having the lowest percentages;
- in all EU countries there was a higher share of women (10%) than men (7%) who died from a stroke
- Bulgaria (20%) and Romania (19%) were the two EU Member States which observed the highest share of deaths due to a stroke
There is no surprise that these days we listen to media reports and discussions aimed at informing and preventing risks of CVD for as wide a population as possible. The expert teams have been working diligently and for decades in order to provoke wake up calls for many who could, by changing some of their habits, enjoy longer and better quality lives.
“Cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevention is defined as a coordinated set of actions, at the population level or targeted at an individual, that are aimed at eliminating or minimizing the impact of CVDs and their related disabilities. CVD remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality, despite improvements in outcomes. Age-adjusted coronary artery disease (CAD) mortality has declined since the 1980s, particularly in high-income regions. CAD rates are now less than half what they were in the early 1980s in many countries in Europe, due to preventive measures including the success of smoking legislation. However, inequalities between countries persist and many risk factors, particularly obesity and diabetes mellitus (DM), have been increasing substantially. If prevention was practised as instructed it would markedly reduce the prevalence of CVD. It is thus not only prevailing risk factors that are of concern, but poor implementation of preventive measures as well. Prevention should be delivered at the general population level by promoting healthy lifestyle behaviour and at the individual level, i.e. in those subjects at moderate to high risk of CVD or patients with established CVD, by tackling unhealthy lifestyles (e.g. poor-quality diet, physical inactivity, smoking) and by optimising risk factors. Prevention is effective: the elimination of health risk behaviours would make it possible to prevent at least 80% of CVDs and even 40% of cancers.” (European Heart Journal, August 2016)
Another important factor of preventions is the cost-effectiveness. In 2009, costs related to CVD amounted to €106 billion, representing ∼9% of the total healthcare expenditure across the European Union (EU).
Screening is an indispensable element in preventing CVD. Individuals without symptoms should also undergo such screening within a reasonable time frame, especially around the age of 40 for men and age of 50 for women. This is called opportunistic screening and it is done without a predefined strategy, but when the opportunity arises. Systematic screening can be done in the general population as part of a screening programme or in targeted subpopulations, such as subjects with a family history of premature CVD.
It seems to me that it is obvious that everybody should take the opportunity to undergo testing on a regular basis, not only to reduce the total costs to countries of acute or avoidable CVD, but also for a better, healthier and happy life. | <urn:uuid:8a061826-7342-4a93-95fd-8b1204ba7cfe> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | http://www.wellbe-ims.com/heart-care/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347425481.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20200602162157-20200602192157-00174.warc.gz | en | 0.967642 | 764 | 2.75 | 3 |
HYDERABAD, India, (25 October 2012)_A new set of ‘best practice guidelines’ aiming to inform policy makers on how to balance competing pressures on land for food and fuel while protecting forests and biodiversity have been taken into consideration by the UN Convention on Biological Diversity last week.
“These guidelines could set a standard for policymakers, NGOs, and practitioners working in conservation and development in over 100 countries across the world on how to develop and improve land-use planning policies,” said Terry Sunderland, principal scientist with the Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) and lead researcher of the principles.
Landscape level approaches to sustainability is a set of 10 guiding principles that outline ways to better integrate research into the agricultural, forestry, energy, and fishery sectors in order to develop collaborative and innovative solutions and ensure natural resources are sustainably managed.
The principles were submitted for consideration to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) by an advisory body to that assesses the status of biodiversity around the world (the Subsidiary Body on Scientific, Technical and Technological Advice) as part of the CBD’s mandate to improve sustainable use of biodiversity in a landscape perspective.
The CBD has officially “taken note” of the guidelines — a testament to their relevance for multi-functional landscape management that most countries have committed to.
‘Landscapes’ are a fairly new way of considering the management of land based on the social, economic and environmental services it provides. Proponents hope that moving away from thinking of land in terms of the segregated management of natural resources could end the ongoing debate that forests have to be sacrificed for the sake of development. It could also help stakeholders decide how best to maximise the potential of their land to secure sustainable food and energy supplies long-term, while maintaining the ecosystem services trees and forests provide.
“Understanding the different functions of landscapes is vital to ensure that countries have more resilience and are able to better adapt to climatic changes, such as food insecurity,” Sunderland said.
These guidelines could set a standard for policymakers, NGOs, and practitioners working in conservation and development in over 100 countries across the world on how to develop and improve land-use planning policies.
Robert Nasi, Director of the CGIAR Research Program on Forests, Trees and Agroforestry, under which the guidelines were developed, also highlighted the importance of integrating of timber and non-timber forest resources into landscape management.
“Forest resources play a key role in the subsistence and market economies of rural communities; enhancing their well-being and reducing economic risk.”
The agricultural and bioenergy sectors are some of the main drivers of deforestation in countries such as Africa and Asia. With demands for food and fuel expected rise by 50 percent by 2030, this could lead to “immense pressure” on land and resources, said Tim Christophersen, UN-REDD Coordinator for the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) at Tree Diversity Day last week.
However, this could have positive impacts by generating “new opportunities and innovative solutions to open up areas of agriculture where landscapes are more productive, resilient and socially supportive of the people who inhabit them”, he said.
According to the principles, a landscape approach would involve increasing stakeholder involvement in conservation and development decision-making, greater clarification of stakeholder roles and responsibilities, engaging with a wide variety of stakeholders, as well as ensuring that negotiations are transparent in order to build trust.
In general the approach is more focused on poverty alleviation and livelihoods rather than conservation or biological considerations, which have often characterised landscape approaches in the past.
“Countries would need to strengthen relationships with national and international stakeholders, improve communication between sectors, and invest in more integrated approaches to multi-functional landscape management in order to make the most of the approach,” Sunderland said.
He stressed that the landscape approach should not be considered a substitute for protected or designated areas, but provided an alternative way of looking at a variety of different factors that affect landscapes, including restoration, payments for environmental services (PES) schemes, interventions aiming at reducing emissions from deforestation and degradation (REDD+), water management across watersheds and appropriate mitigation and adaptation measures to climate change.
We want you to share Forests News content, which is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0). This means you are free to redistribute our material for non-commercial purposes. All we ask is that you give Forests News appropriate credit and link to the original Forests News content, indicate if changes were made, and distribute your contributions under the same Creative Commons license. You must notify Forests News if you repost, reprint or reuse our materials by contacting [email protected]. | <urn:uuid:67d27d54-471e-4f31-8798-0ed2bdadb676> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | https://forestsnews.cifor.org/11234/u-n-recognises-new-guidelines-to-better-manage-competing-demands-for-land/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039743007.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20181116091028-20181116113028-00353.warc.gz | en | 0.929091 | 999 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Lecturers and teachers over the years always have a linear and familiar method of impacting knowledge to students, the teacher presents lessons to students, the student takes in the lessons and prove they understand by taking test, quizzes, assignments and exams, and then after proving to a satisfactory result the student is awarded a certificate and the they goes into the world to utilize what they have learnt.
The process is familiar and there seems to be something missing from the process, and that is an engagement with real world problems which they are being taught to provide a solution for.
Although there are practices and policies in place to ensure students connect to the real world with the knowledge acquired through industrial attachment and supervised industrial work experience (SIWES), neither of the two method have truly connected students to real life situations that will adequately equip them for the labor market.
Perhaps there is more to teacher-students relationship than giving and taking in knowledge, there is a more dynamic framework of learning that allows students to explore innovative and creative ways to solve problems that are going to have real-world value in their lives. They call this framework “authentic learning.”
According to Wikipedia, In education, authentic learning is an instructional approach that allows students to explore, discuss, and meaningfully construct concepts and relationships in contexts that involve real-world problems and projects that are relevant to the learner.
The Glossary of Education Reform also defines authentic learning as “a wide variety of educational and instructional techniques focused on connecting what students are taught in school to real-world issues, problems, and applications.”
Authentic learning is a relatively new term that describes learning through applying knowledge in real-life contexts and situations. In a recent article in the Journal of Authentic Learning, Audrey Rule of the State University of New York (SUNY) at Oswego tries to answer the question she is most often asked: What do you mean by authentic learning?
Four components are repeatedly found in authentic learning, reports Rule, who did a content analysis of 45 journal articles that faculty members in the School of Education at SUNY-Oswego submitted as examples of authentic learning in their disciplines.
“Although the term authentic learning is broad and has not been applied to a specific instructional model, these four components are found repeatedly, suggesting that they are an integral part of authentic learning experiences,” Rule writes.
The four themes supporting authentic learning are:
- An activity that involves real-world problems and that mimics the work of professionals; the activity involves presentation of findings to audiences beyond the classroom.
- Use of open-ended inquiry, thinking skills and metacognition.
- Students engage in discourse and social learning in a community of learners.
- Students direct their own learning in project work.
One characteristics of authentic learning is that it targets a real problem and that students’ engagement holds the possibility of having an impact outside the classroom, Rule says. “This audience beyond the classroom changes the problem from an ‘exercise’ to something more important, allowing students to become emotional stakeholders in the problem,” she writes.
In science, for example, this may be accomplished when students collect water quality data from local streams. Model lessons that address authentic learning in social studies could include students’ analysis of primary documents related to the Pledge of Allegiance. In developing literacy, reading resources could be connected to real life with bus schedules, maps, diaries and interviews with people.
Inquiry and thinking skills
For authentic learning, students must exercise higher levels of thinking, according to this analysis. For example, science teaching should reflect the scientific process of knowledge construction. Learning in mathematics should occur through discovery, inquiry and induction. Instead of math problems that require that students merely apply a known procedure, authentic mathematical tasks require solvers to use different representations in their solutions and to work with realistic and complex mathematical data. In art education, students can use thinking skills to deconstruct visual and textual information in media ads.
Discourse in a community of learners
A community of learners can be a group of learners working together to unravel a problem or refer to the community setting in which the project is based. Science investigations should link students to scientists through data sharing, critiquing, and direct communication. Multiculturalism can be brought to the classroom by exploring numbers in other languages, symbols of ancient societies and games of skill and chance from around the world.
For authentic learning, problems must have a personal frame of reference and be open-ended, according to this article. “This cannot happen without student choice in defining the problem and selecting the path of its solution,” Rule writes. In the field of health promotion and wellness, for example, educators provide information so that individuals may make informed choices.
Choice also occurs when students make their own interpretations of literature and art. “Research related to effective instructional practice emphasizes the need for greater personalization and individualization of instruction because learning is an individual experience,” the article states. Instruction can be personalized by allowing the learner to choose from the rich variety of pathways.
Apprenticeships also provide important opportunities for students to interact with the wider community and reflect upon their experiences, the article states. The author invites readers to examine their reading and learning situations to identify more ways that authentic learning is implemented. | <urn:uuid:239d4035-c204-4afa-89fe-ba2e6916b468> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://recruitmentportalngr.com/how-to-connect-students-to-the-real-world-through-authentic-learning/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030338073.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20221007112411-20221007142411-00101.warc.gz | en | 0.951434 | 1,105 | 3.46875 | 3 |
Matthew Frye Jacobson’s “Hyphen Nation” focuses on America’s ethnic revival and the evolution of race and culture in America. Jacobson claims that the ethnic revival changed political and social culture, American textbooks and the nation’s identity, and credited the movement with the restoration of Ellis Island into its present museum. These accreditations are all justified and Jacobson presents a thorough history of proof through our nation’s progress and struggle with ethnicity and multiculturalism.
The ethnic revival began with the Civil Rights Movement. As Americans grew less settled in the wars and the actions of their government there was also a focus in the black community of a desire for equality, both in public and in politics. Jacobson discusses how this disillusionment also belonged to the ethnic white communities. In fact, he pointed out several slogans in which slurs would be interchanged to prove a point. However, these turns of phrase were also used by those that opposed the presence of ethnic diversity in America.
Going on to explain things such as the sources and effects of the ethnic revival, Jacobson also discusses ethnic consciousness and a disassociation of ethnic whites from those whites who oppose ethnic diversity. Another great source outside of the Civil Rights Movement is nationalism, credited largely to World War II where troops of a variety were fighting as one unit against a common enemy- again, slogans popping up. The effects here would not only be those slogans, but also the cropping up of homeland political groups and Old World events pulling at the emotions and creating similar support for events outside of the US tied to the groups’ roots, such as the Troubles in Northern Ireland.
With the ethnic revival the scholarly work being produced expanded exponentially with New Social History into African-American studies, immigration histories, women’s history, and ethnic studies. However, Jacobson points out that there were two very stiff sides to this development. While the Kennedy’s Irish heritage was celebrated both in their visits to Ireland, but in the book “Nation of Immigrants”, some scholars, such as Carl Bridenbaugh claimed that the rising scholars mixed roots led to emotionally bias works. While that may have been a gross oversimplification or generalization, he was a respected historian with whom many Americans shared his opinion.
Hyphen Nation discusses everything from race concepts to privilege, how nationalism and the acceptance of cultural diversity not only changed the definition of Americanism but even the content of textbooks. Structural Pluralism led to an America that not only accepts ethnic diversity, but celebrates it and Ellis Island’s funds to be opened as a museum would not have been feasible otherwise. Generation by generation, Jacobson discussed how the diversification of America moved from literature to film and straight into America’s homes. Whether people of that time would have claimed such access desensitized the future generations to inter-ethnic/racial relations is extremely interesting to me.
There are so many parallels to the marriage equality movement and the various aspects of the gripes over ethnicity. Likewise, the interplay between ethnicity and religion could also effect both of these dialogs. As Americans prepare for a possible growth in Syrian refugees, they must struggle not only with an influx of an ethnic group that has been blacklisted and will undoubtedly be treated as second class citizens unless we can learn to embrace the lessons in the works of historians before us. It will be interesting to see if the refugees will ever feel like a hyphened American or if they will be doomed to being outcasts in the long term. | <urn:uuid:f8105d68-9490-471b-b192-cff55cbac54d> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | http://hist297.nataliegriffitts.com/assignments/reflecting-on-hyphen-nation/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141732835.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20201203220448-20201204010448-00503.warc.gz | en | 0.96898 | 725 | 3.5 | 4 |
Having a large collection of fonts can considerably slow down your Mac. The more fonts that you have installed, the longer many applications will take to load. Applications such as word processors, graphic design software, and even internet browsers. In this tutorial, I’ll explain what different types of fonts exist, the benefits of managing your fonts, how to manage them using Font Book as well as what professional font management software exists and what the benefits of these are.
The Different Types of Fonts Available
Fonts come in one of three main formats, each with their own benefits and downfalls. The three main formats for fonts are:
- OpenType Font
- TrueType Font
- PostScript Font, sometimes known as Type 1 Font
OpenType is the current standard for high quality typefaces and can be identified by the extension
.otf. OpenType was built upon the TrueType format by Microsoft with the help of Adobe. The goal of OpenType was to take the best parts of the PostScript and the TrueType formats and combine them into one format.
OpenType has a number of distinct benefits over the older TrueType and PostScript formats. Adobe states it best when it says,
The two main benefits of the OpenType format are its cross-platform compatibility (the same font file works on Macintosh and Windows computers), and its ability to support widely expanded character sets and layout features, which provide richer linguistic support and advanced typographic control.
Breaking this statement down, we learn that the first primary benefit of OpenType is that it is cross-platform compatible. This means that you can easily move your font files between Windows, Macintosh, and most Linux distributions without worrying about whether the file will work or not.
Secondly, we learn that OpenType fonts have better language and typographic control that previous formats. This means that font designers can include not only latin alphabets, but also Cyrillic, Greek, or other alphabet sets necessary for full support of other languages.
Additionally, the expanded typographic control means that with many typefaces you may be able to choose a different form of a script letter, you may have support for small capitals, fractions, special ligatures, and more.
If we dig further into OpenType, we learn that it has another often forgotten benefit — size. Adobe states in its blog, “…on average [OpenType] font files are 20% to 50% smaller than comparable TrueType fonts.” This can be, in large font files, upwards of 5 MB worth of savings per file.
TrueType, the predecessor to OpenType, was made by Apple and Microsoft as a competitor to PostScript typefaces. It can be identified by the extension
.ttc, representing TrueType Fonts and TrueType Collections respectively.
TrueType offers much of the same features of OpenType, simply with larger file sizes, worse language support, and often fewer typographic controls.
PostScript (Type 1)
PostScript is the last major format that you will find in the typographic word. Unlike OpenType and TrueType fonts, PostScript fonts require two separate files to work. The first file,
.pfb, includes the character outlines while the second file,
.ofm, contains the metrics, or spacing between the letters and other important size and spacing information.
The key advantage of using a PostScript typeface is that many printers use PostScript instructions within the machine, allowing you to get consistent results with your typefaces on most printers. Since PostScript (Type 1), PostScript has been updated first to Level 2 in 1991 and then again to Level 3 in 1997 to improve color control, shading, printers that have multiple trays, etc.
What Is Font Management Software and Why Should I Use It?
As you begin to expand your font library, you may notice that certain applications, such as word processors or graphic design software, start to slow down or even crash while using the application. This is due to the load on the system when it has to keep track of a large number of typefaces.
Luckily, the Mac ships with a useful font management software known as Font Book. Font Book’s key feature is it’s ability to activate or deactivate fonts within the system. By disabling a font in Font Book, Mac OS X will not try to load those fonts within each application, alleviating the slowing effects of having a large number of fonts installed on your machine.
The Anatomy of Font Book
When you open Font Book, you’ll be presented with three columns. On the left, you will find the Collection column. This allows you to explore your installed fonts by category. By default, you will find that this has some collections already included, such as All Fonts, Computer, Fun, Modern, etc. While these are great for the defaults, there are times where creating a collection of your own can be more helpful. This can be done by clicking the + in the bottom-left hand corner of the application.
The center column of Font Book shows all of the fonts found in the currently selected Collection. This view is also used to identify fonts which are enabled or disabled by the system. Those that are disabled will have the word Off written to the right of the font and the font’s name will be a light gray.
Below the center column are the two buttons which make Font Book so powerful. On the left there is a + which will allow you to select and install new fonts on your machine. To do so, click the + button, navigate to and select the fonts you would like to install in the navigation window that appears, click the Open button in the bottom-right hand corner of the navigation window.
On the right of this + button is a button with a box that may or may not have a check mark in it. If a currently selected font is activated, the box will have a check mark in it, giving a visual indication that the font is activated. If the currently selected font is deactivated, the box will be empty. This button is used to toggle whether a font is activated or deactivated.
The right column, or the preview pane, will show an example of what the A – Z alphabet and 0 – 9 numbers look like. In this view, you can adjust the size of the preview as well, by changing the Size from the dropdown in the upper-right corner of the preview window.
Validation and Duplicates
Sometimes, font performance issues aren’t simply due to having a lot of fonts enabled. Sometimes, there may be a corrupt font, or the system has found duplicates. To help solve these issues, Font Book can validate and look for enabled duplicates on the machine. Apple explains each of these very well in their support, so I will be including the steps directly from them.
Validate Problematic Fonts
- Log in as an administrator user if you want to use the Remove Checked button described below. Non-admin users can also validate fonts, but only remove ones in their home folder.
- Open Font Book.
- Click All Fonts in the Collection column.
- Choose Validate Fonts from the File menu.
- If Font Book identifies an issue with fonts, you can click the alert icon at the bottom of the window, then click the Remove Checked button to remove problematic font(s). You should then re-install the affected fonts from the original source. If the font still does not pass validation, contact the creator of the font or the company, from whom you obtained the font, for further assistance.
Find and Resolve Duplicate Fonts
- Open Font Book.
- Click All Fonts in the Collection column.
- Choose Edit > Look for Enabled Duplicates. Duplicate fonts are highlighted in the Fonts column.
- To resolve duplicated fonts: Click Resolve Manually or Resolve Automatically.
When Font Book Just Doesn’t Cut It
When you start getting into the thousands with your fonts, it’s possible Font Book just won’t cut it. If you work heavily in design applications by Adobe or Quark, a more full featured font manager will be able to activate the fonts you need when you open a file without having to take care of this manually allowing you to focus on your work and not the tools. In these scenarios, a few other companies have some great options available to you. While these are not the only font management software available for the Mac, these are ones that I have run into and would recommend beginning to look at.
First, and my personal favorite, is Extensis who is the creator of the recently released Suitcase Fusion 5 ($99.95 USA) and Universal Type Server 3. Suitcase Fusion 5 is aimed at the professional and hobbyist font managers while Universal Type Server 3 is aimed at enterprise and teams who need to manage fonts across multiple machines.
Second, would be FontExplorer X Pro ($89.00 USA) which similarly boasts options for Mac, Windows and Server applications. Like Extensis, the server product is a separate product from the single user, making it important to consider your needs before purchasing to ensure you get the right product for your needs.
Last would be Fontcase ($29.99 USA) which while not being as full featured as the two previously named applications, is a great step up from Font Book where you may just want an easier way to view and sort through your fonts.
Fonts are fun ways to make your print work come to life. You can quickly differentiate yourself from others and add some of your personallity to a document. With this though comes the risk of performance issues when too many fonts are installed or activated. I explained, in this tutorial, the different types of fonts, font management software, how to use Mac OS X’s built in manager, Font Book and the other options available if you need a more powerful font manager.
Let me know, in the comments below, what font management software you use and how you use it in your daily life. | <urn:uuid:bcb59743-70a0-459f-a2e3-51e5c84c14e0> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | https://computers.tutsplus.com/tutorials/take-control-of-your-fonts-in-os-x--mac-52753 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934805687.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20171119153219-20171119173219-00048.warc.gz | en | 0.910079 | 2,079 | 2.90625 | 3 |
A research team led by Igor Efimov at Washington University in St. Lewis has developed a stretchy, custom-fitted, implantable device that can give doctors feedback about life-threatening irregularities occurring inside someone’s heart. This photo shows sensors embedded in the silicon membrane that could provide stimulation to the surface of the heart. (Source: Washington University/St. Louis)
Good question, Cabe. I think the connection would probably be secured somehow to avoid such scenarios, but in truth I don't really know. Something for me to follow up on with the researchers. Thanks for asking!
The medical uses for the membrane are certainly remarkable. I assume the information collected would be sent over a Wi-Fi connection for doctors to review. So my question is, wouldn't that make it vulnerable to being hacked? I say this because heart defibrillators and pacemakers can be hacked to overvolt or dump their medicine, which would be detrimental to the patient.
That is a very interesting question, a2. I suppose when any information is sent wirelessly there are security issues, but I can't imagine they would not be addressed before these devices were used on patients. But these are good questions to be asking before the technology comes out of the lab.
Elizebeth, in terms of cancerous cells we can say that as kemitherapy is the solution for cancer but it is very hazardous as well so i guess 3D technology should do something or introduce any technology which act as a replacement of kemotherapy to reduce the side effects .
The other question is about connections, which none are visible in the photo. It certainly is an interesting concept, and more details about the actual printing process would be both educational and potentially useful. The point about this being a stretchy design makes it quite unique indeed. Most designs are ridgid, typically, or a bit flexible at best. So flexible and stretchable is something quite new.
I don't know about the process, William K., I would have to look into it further. Yes, the operation certainly would be risky, as all surgeries are, especially when the heart is exposed. I imagine this type of thing would only be used in patients that really needed constant monitoring and for whom it would be more beneficial to have potentially dangerous surgery than not. Or perhaps there is a low-invasive way to insert the membrane. I will try to do some digging and get back to you.
Are you being paid enough? Do you want a better job? According to a recent survey Manpower released just before Engineers Week, employers and engineers don't see eye-to-eye about the state of US engineers' skills and experience.
Two issues have been the bane of the plastics industry for as long as one can remember: The ban on plastic grocery bags and whether the use of bisphenol A (BPA) in plastics such as polycarbonate and PVC is harmful to humans.
One expects to see outlandish apparel at major global fashion events, but New York Fashion Week may have outdone itself, and set a new bar for Paris and Milan, when it put an Ebola jumpsuit in the spotlight.
Focus on Fundamentals consists of 45-minute on-line classes that cover a host of technologies. You learn without leaving the comfort of your desk. All classes are taught by subject-matter experts and all are archived. So if you can't attend live, attend at your convenience. | <urn:uuid:013aaa52-9a39-4e89-b234-bedf1aec728a> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | http://www.designnews.com/author.asp?section_id=1386&f_src=designnews_node_3057&doc_id=272227&image_number=1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936462070.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074102-00133-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.967717 | 710 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Coffee is for the birds, but I mean that in a good way. A recent scientific study set out to decipher whether growing arabica or robusta coffee was better for supporting native bird species, and it turns out they are both ecologically friendly. But arabica is still better.
As reported by Forbes, the article explores biodiversity in India’s Western Ghats mountain range, a hotspot for much of the country’s agriculture expansion that is “unusually species-rich,” with many being found nowhere else in the world. According to the article, arabica and robusta production have differing effects on biodiversity in two major ways: how they are grown and farming practices used.
The article notes that arabica is primarily shade-grown, meaning the trees exist under a canopy amongst other types of plants. Robusta, on the other hand, is typically sun-grown in a monoculture. The researchers found that while both types of trees were grown in dense rainforests, arabica was grown under a slightly more dense canopy (“average canopy density score of 94.6% for arabica and 79.2% for robusta”), and this difference led to arabica farms being more species rich, including many birds on the endangered species list.
But robusta has a leg up on farming practices. The study found that only 19 percent of robusta farms used pesticides, compared to the 75 percent of arabica farms. Refraining from the use of pesticides allows for robusta farms to have a “far greater prey diversity and availability for insectivorous birds.”
Overall, the study found that both types of “coffee farms supported higher species richness, endemic richness and greater densities of birds overall when compared to other major cash crops produced in the Western Ghats,” and that coffee farming may actually be beneficial for biodiversity in the Indian mountain range. But because it is primarily shade-grown, arabica coffee reigns ecologically supreme. And it tastes better. It’s a wren-wren situation.
*top image via Lava Java | <urn:uuid:c42e8bdf-8997-4f9b-bc6e-d8e0b1255cbc> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | https://sprudge.com/130833-130833.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376827963.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20181216165437-20181216191437-00246.warc.gz | en | 0.940097 | 446 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Support For Family And Friends
The physical and psychological effects of anorexia nervosa on eating-disordered persons are well-known. Less obvious is the fact that the illness exacts a similar toll on family and friends. It is important for loved ones to not only educate themselves about this condition, but to seek support and counseling for their own well-being.
Anorexia nervosa does not exist in a vacuum. It is maintained by family dynamics. Previous articles discussing the role of culture have suggested that the concept of “family” can be expanded to include peers and society.
Parents and loved ones should not blame themselves for a child’s anorexia. Dysfunctional families can produce healthy offspring, and the healthiest families sometimes produce anorexics. Most people bring up their daughters as best they can. Everyone makes mistakes. Although there is a natural impulse to feel guilty, punishing yourself for a child’s anorexia solves nothing and is detrimental to your health. It’s like two people with normal eyesight torturing themselves for having a blind baby.
Or take the reverse situation: family members blaming anorexics. I was furious with my anorexic mother for years after her death. I blamed her for many of my personal difficulties. But eventually, I realized that it’s more important to look to the future than dwell on the past.
Blame is easy. Taking practical steps toward health is tough but ultimately rewarding.
In addition to providing referrals to therapists, Edreferral.com offers cogent advice to family members, such as:
1. Maintain normal eating patterns. Do not let the anorexic shop or cook for the family. Although such nurturing behavior seems altruistic, it allows her to deny her own need for food.
2. Set firm but reasonable limits.
3. Show affection and appreciation for each other. Anorexia is driven by low self-esteem. Warmth and caring are effective counterweights.
4. Avoid power struggles and discussions of weight. Let the therapist deal with those issues.
5. Keep a diary. Diaries and other forms of written communication (e.g. letters) provide emotional release and insight. They may also contain material for productive therapy sessions.
Edreferral.com has particularly excellent advice for fathers. Many of these pointers apply equally well to mothers or other close relatives, among them:
1. Listen. Focus on the girl’s hopes, dreams and aspirations instead of on how she looks.
2. Discourage dieting.
3. Participate in physical activities with your girl. Sports— or even long walks— help build personal relationships while having fun. An added bonus, according to the site, is that athletic girls are less likely to get pregnant, drop out of school, or get involved with abusive partners.
4. Get involved in her school. Possibilities include coaching, teaching, helping with a play, and chaperoning.
Another excellent source for family and friends is a site by Cheryl A. Wildes. Canadians will be interested in the information on the Anorexia Bulimia Nervosa Foundation of Victoria.
Ednewsletter.com, in operation since January 1999, is an online publication for parents of eating disordered children. It features interviews with professionals, information about treatment centers, poetry and book reviews. You can read the first issue for free.
Something-fishy has extensive bulletin boards and chatrooms for friends and family of people with eating disorders. There are separate groups for parents, siblings, spouses, friends, and other loved ones. You have to register to be able to post messages, but you can “lurk” by typing in “guest” as your name and password. A new discussion area has just been set up for children, but only those over age 16 can post. Too bad this wasn’t available when I was growing up. | <urn:uuid:2ebcfc2d-9cfc-420e-b174-80538b7381a0> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://womens.health-secrets.net/support-for-family-and-friends/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806419.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20171121151133-20171121171133-00785.warc.gz | en | 0.956102 | 821 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Maihueniopsis clavarioides (Pfeiff.) E.F. Anderson
Dead Man's Fingers, Mushroom Opuntia
Opuntia clavarioides (basionym), Austrocylindropuntia clavarioides, Cylindropuntia clavarioides, Puna clavarioides
Maihueniopsis clavarioides is a low growing cactus up to 6 inches (15 cm) tall. The stem joints are short, cylindrical to obconical, grayish to dark brownish, up to 2 inches (5 cm) long and up to 0.6 inch (1.5 cm) in diameter. The typical form has distinctive conical segments, but monstrous forms with fan-shaped or finger-like stems are widely seen in cultivation. Sometimes all 3 of these stem forms may be seen on a single plant. The spines are small and white. The flowers are yellow-green to olive-green and up to 1.6 inches (4 cm) in diameter.
USDA hardiness zones 9b to 11b: from 25 °F (−3.9 °C) to 50 °F (+10 °C).
How to Grow and Care
Though the large variety of species within the Opuntia genus means different types of Prickly Pears may need slightly different care. All are desert cacti that need lots of sun, lots of light and very little water. If you live in a hot, arid area, these plants can generally be planted outside, left alone, and enjoyed.
These cacti will grow just fine in a garden, bu they can be grown in pots as well. To repot, ensure the soil is dry, then remove the pot and knock away the old soil. After treating any cuts with fungicide, place the cactus in a new pot and backfill it with potting soil. As with a new cutting, make sure not to water a newly repotting Prickly Pear for a brief period to avoid rotting its roots.
Opuntia can propagate either by cuttings or by seed. To propagate by cuttings, sever pads from a plant and let them dry so that the wounds heal. Then place the plants in a dry soil and refrain from watering them until they begin to grow to avoid rotting them… – See more at: How to Grow and Care for Opuntia
Maihueniopsis clavarioides is native to the provinces of Mendoza and San Juan in Argentina.
Subspecies, Varieties, Forms, Cultivars and Hybrids
- Back to genus Maihueniopsis
- Succulentopedia: Browse succulents by Scientific Name, Common Name, Genus, Family, USDA Hardiness Zone, Origin, or cacti by Genus
Subscribe now and be up to date with our latest news and updates. | <urn:uuid:61ef03d1-490c-4e25-b6c0-2d48d6c966d6> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://worldofsucculents.com/maihueniopsis-clavarioides-dead-mans-fingers/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347439928.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20200604094848-20200604124848-00542.warc.gz | en | 0.865068 | 604 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Your child’s eyes are special. In the early years, vision helps them find out about the world around them, about their home, about you. Later, as they go through school, their eyesight lets them learn and discover – in fact, about 80% of what is taught in schools is presented visually. Being able to see clearly is therefore incredibly important in your child’s overall development. So it’s not surprising that we take your child’s eyesight seriously. Every bit as seriously as you do.
Most very young children have their eyesight assessed as part of their routine developmental checks. While these are very important, they aren’t as thorough as a complete eye test by a qualified optometrist. So we recommend that your child have their first eye test by the age of three.
Testing before your son or daughter goes into full-time education means that any problems that they may have are identified early, setting them up for a happy and fulfilling school life. That’s because not being able to see clearly can be confusing in a busy classroom.
Poor eyesight can cause learning and behavioural problems, which might be blamed on other things. This is especially true for young children, who may find it difficult to explain the difficulties they are having with their eyesight. They may not even be aware they have a problem at all.
And of course the sooner that vision problems are detected, the better the outcome. Conditions such as squint and amblyopia (lazy eye) can be treated more effectively if they are picked up earlier. And that could make a huge difference to your child.
It’s often difficult to tell whether your child has sight problems, which is why regular eye tests are so important. However, there are a number of things to look out for:
Children’s eye tests are different from those for adults. We use specially designed charts that allow children to recognise shapes or pictures, or even to match letters, rather than the traditional charts that you may be familiar with. This means that we can test children’s eyes even if they are unable to read.
Optometrists are specially trained to test children’s eyes. They know that the test room can feel a little intimidating to a young child so will use techniques to make it feel as welcoming as possible.
You will, of course, be able to stay with your child throughout the test so you can see everything that happens.
Even though some of the equipment used in your child’s eye test is different, it doesn’t mean that your child’s eye test is any less accurate than an adult’s. In fact, great care is taken to ensure that it isn’t.
As well as checking the eyes, our optometrists also evaluate the muscles and associated structures to ensure they are healthy too.
A squint is a condition where the child’s eyes point in different directions. It can cause blurred vision, double vision and lead to lazy eye.
Around 1 in 20 children have a squint. It usually appears before the age of five and is picked up in routine eye checks.
Squints can be treated with glasses and eye exercises. If these don’t work, surgery may be needed to move the muscles that control the eye.
Astigmatism is a minor eye condition that causes blurred or distorted vision. It occurs when the cornea or lens isn't a perfectly curved shape (more like a rugby ball than a football).
It is very common. In fact, many people who wear glasses will have some degree of astigmatism.
Left untreated, astigmatism can cause headaches, eye strain and tiredness, particularly after doing tasks that involve focusing on something for long periods, such as reading or using a computer. In most cases astigmatism is easily corrected with glasses or contact lenses.
Being short-sighted means that you can focus on objects when they are close up, but those further away will be blurred.
Very. About one in three people are short-sighted. The condition is usually first diagnosed at around the age of 12, but young children can also have it.
In children, short-sightedness is easily corrected with glasses.
If your child is diagnosed with an amblyopic or lazy eye, it usually means that one of their eyes is weaker than the other, causing them to rely more on their ‘good’ eye.
Around 1 in 50 children develop an amblyopic or lazy eye. It can usually be diagnosed at about the age of four during routine eye checks with a qualified optician, or at their developmental screening.
Glasses will be prescribed to correct the vision in the weaker eye and often no further treatment is required. If the weak eye does not respond fully then a patch can be worn over the good eye for part of the day to force the weaker eye to work. Treatment is usually effective but may take a while.
Children who are long-sighted find it easier to focus on things which are further away than those which are close to them. Long-sighted children may experience blurred vision or tired eyes when reading.
Most children are slightly long-sighted but often will not require glasses to correct it unless it is causing a problem.
If your child has a significant amount of long sight, it can be corrected with glasses. | <urn:uuid:be2c4db8-fac9-4bee-bd14-eea6660d58dc> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://www.specsavers.com.au/eye-health/eye-tests/kids-eyecare | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323587794.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20211026011138-20211026041138-00163.warc.gz | en | 0.972846 | 1,109 | 3.0625 | 3 |
My 63 page PowerPoint presentation is an overview of water that includes facts about: the earth's oceans, seas, rivers, lakes, wetlands, bogs, swamps, marshes, water properties, precipitation, water cycle, definitions of condensation, evaporation, transpiration, freezing, boiling points of water, longest rivers of the world, Mariana Trench, Angel Falls, interesting water facts, water questions about the facts presented, waters uses, irrigation, percentage of water in the body, recreation, and more. It also includes water related poetry by Samuel Coleridge, John Masefield and Walt Whitman. The presentation has Power point animation. Slides progress by clicking the mouse or pressing enter. To view in full screen mode, click on the slide show icon at the bottom of the page. Active hyperlinks are also included. Good for introductions to geography, meteorology, science and social studies units. During the presentation, one slide will leave blanks and the students have to guess what the answers are. The next slide shows the answers. Interaction and animation maintains students' attention!
I'm a teacher/author and offer Language Arts, Science, Social Studies, American History, Novel Packets, Grammar, Back to School, Holidays, Writing, Poetry, Spelling, Teacher forms products and more! Thanks! Ruth S.
Take a stroll over to my blog, Teacher Park, where you'll find more teaching ideas resources, products and freebies. You can follow me on Teacher Park and on TeachersPayTeachers :)
Ruths TPT Store
Inventors Research Project
Isaac Newton Laws of Motion
Biome Activities for Kids
Cool Cells Activities
Cool Cells Flashcards
Water Earths Natural Beverage PowerPoint
Plants and Flowers Flashcards | <urn:uuid:324f9a27-d77a-48a7-adb3-77ef0f47dc69> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | https://www.teacherspayteachers.com/Product/WATER-EARTHS-NATURAL-BEVERAGE-POWERPOINT-90869 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738660957.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173740-00059-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.873936 | 367 | 3.359375 | 3 |
In this post, I’m going to talk a little about passive and active voice.
What exactly is passive voice? Simply put, passive voice occurs when the subject performing the action is not the focus of the sentence. Typically, you can identify passive voice with the following formula:
“to be” words + past participle = passive voice
What are “to be” words?
Is, are, am, was, were, has/have/had been, will be, will have been, being.
What is a past participle?
A form of a verb that typically (not always) ends in -ed.
Example of passive voice:
The city was destroyed by the explosion.
The explosion destroyed the city.
Another example of passive voice:
Burning meteors were streaking across the sky.
Burning meteors streaked across the sky.
So, how did I fix those sentences?
First thing you need to do is determine what the subject is. In the first example “The city was destroyed by the explosion”, “explosion” is the subject performing the action. Move the subject to the front of the sentence. “The city was destroyed by the explosion” becomes “The explosion the city was destroyed”.
Obviously, this makes no sense, so what now? Next, identify the verb. The verb in this sentence is “was destroyed”. Move those words to follow the subject. Now, we have “The explosion was destroyed the city”. Closer, but still not quite right.
Finally, remove the “being” verbs. In this example, “was” is the verb in question. This leaves us with, “The explosion destroyed the city.” Tada!
Not all passive writing is bad or unnecessary. In fact, sometimes you need passive voice. Keep in mind that a little passive voice most likely is not going to ruin your story. What really matters is the content of that story and, as always… | <urn:uuid:7d8b67d8-dee2-44b7-9fbf-bf16cfbf47a6> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://authorallisonmoore.com/2019/11/09/leave-the-passive-in-the-past/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046155458.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20210805063730-20210805093730-00262.warc.gz | en | 0.961469 | 433 | 3.84375 | 4 |
Why do we love National Spinach Day (March 26th)?
Because it may be one of the healthiest food-related holidays of the year! Just check out some fun facts about it:
- Spinach is an edible, flowering plant native to central and western Asia. It is thought to have originated in Persia (modern day Iran) and was later introduced to India and ancient China and then to Sicily, Germany, England and France.
- Dishes served on a bed of spinach are known called Florentine. This is because it is believed to have been the favorite vegetable of Catherine de Medici, who was born in Florence. Who knew?
- There are three different types of spinach. Savory spinach is dark and has crinkly leaves. This is typically what you buy at the super market. Flat- or smooth-leaf spinach has smooth leaves and is typically used for frozen or canned spinach, soups, baby food, and processed food. Semi-savory spinach is a hybrid that’s sold fresh or processed.
- Spinach is famous due to the 1930’s cartoon character Popeye the Sailor Man, who became stronger after eating a can of spinach. Popeye’s popularity increased consumption of spinach in the U.S. by 33% in the 1930’s. There’s even a statue of Popeye in the spinach-growing town of Crystal City, Texas.
- Spinach is one of the most versatile vegetables. It can be eaten raw, cooked, boiled or sauteed. It is best to consume spinach fresh to get the most nutritional benefits. | <urn:uuid:feb129d3-f80c-479c-933f-5551767e89fe> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://www.castledental.com/blog/surprising-facts-about-spinach | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243991537.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20210513045934-20210513075934-00345.warc.gz | en | 0.96104 | 333 | 2.890625 | 3 |
In Siberia Written Letters on Brich Bark
Letters on birch bark were written by people who were in prisons, concentration camps or settlements in Siberia. They were sent to relatives between 1941 and 1956 by people who had been deported from Latvia and Lithuania - they were members of the middle class and were arrested for having anti-Soviet views, for taking part in resistance movements, for being farmers, for belonging to political parties, or for refusing to join a collective farm. During the cult of Stalinism, some 167,000 people in Latvia were repressed, including thousands of children who were sent to Siberia.
Latvian museums have only 19 letters on birch bark that were written by the following people: Lawyer Kārlis Roberts Kalevics (1877-1945), Latvian Central Council member Voldemārs Mežaks (1914-1985), Home Guardsman Ernests Ķirķis (1913-?), farmer Matilde Kaktiņa (1882-1956), Latvian teacher Aleksandrs Pelēcis (1920-1995), Lithuanian teacher Gražina Gaidene (1911-1989), farmer’s daughter Elza Trumekalne (b. 1938), as well as Rasma Kraukle (1927-2008) and Gaida Eglīte (1927-2008).
The letters are in the collections of seven museums – the Tukums Museum, the Latvian Occupation Museum, the Latvian National Museum of History, the Aizkraukle Museum of History and Art, the Daugava Museum, the Madona Regional Research and Art Museum, and the Talsi Regional Museum.
The argument for documentary heritage signification
The letters from Siberia that were written on birch bark are of key importance in Latvia’s history, because they offer testimony about the Soviet era. This was one of the most tragic periods in the 20th-century history of Latvia – arrests and deportations which were certainly human rights violations. The existence of the letters, along with their content, their language and the censorship stamps that are seen on them describe the ability of the totalitarian Soviet regime to control people’s lives. Indeed, the letters can be seen as charges against the Soviet regime.
Birch bark was often the only available material on which letters could be written at places of deportation, and that was particularly true during World War II. This was the only way to preserve links with the motherland and relatives. The letters also vividly express the mentality of the Latvian nation – faith in that which is good, care for one’s loved ones, the hope of surviving and returning home.
The letters were written in prisons and settlements in Siberia between 1941 and 1956. In the context of other documents and visual materials, they inform viewers of the fates of individuals and families from the Latvian middle class, helping people better to understand the tragic pages of history of Latvia and the former Soviet Union during the period of the so-called cult of Stalinism.
These are unique and irreplaceable documents. They were written under the specific circumstances of imprisonment in camps or settlements all over Siberia. All of the documents that have been nominated here are authentic. They are originals, written by hand on the material that was at hand. Letters from the concentration camps of Vyatlag during World War II are written in Russian, not Latvian, because they had to be reviewed by censors, as seen in the censorship stamps that have been applied to them. Letters that were sent from settlements after the war are written in Latvian. They did not undergo military censorship and were stamped at post offices.
The letters on birch bark must be seen as something rare, because Latvian museums have only 19 that were written in that way.
Preservation and identification of Documentary heritage
The museum hopes to remind people of the repressions of the Soviet era, encouraging them not to be careless about the events of the past or the present. The Tukums Museum is working with the other six museums at which these letters are kept, and we will continue our work in studying the era when the letters were written, as well as the Latvian resistance movement and the activities of the Soviet Union’s repressive organs. We are doing so in the context of individuals, families, and the history of Latvia and the other Baltic States.
The Tukums Museum is working with the Lithuanian Genocide Museum, and a partnership is also started with the Estonian Occupation Museum. We hope to bring in other museums to seek out that which the Baltic States have in common in terms of their history, identifying new letters not just in Latvia, but also in the other Baltic States and former Soviet republics whose citizens experienced repressions and deportation to Siberia.
The Latvian Occupation Museum is planning an exhibition, “Letters of Siberia,” in March and April 2010. There will also be a travelling exhibition, “Letters From Siberia on Birch Bark,” which will be presented in Latvian and English from June 2010 – first in Tukums, and then at various museums in Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia.
Extension of the nomination “Letters Written on a Birch-bark from Siberia” in 2013
In 2013, the amendments submitted by the Museum of Tukums to the nomination (2009) “Letters written on a birch-bark from Siberia” were approved: identified and recently added 24 letters written on the birch-barks in Siberia by repressed persons, soviet prisoners or Latvian inhabitants deported to Siberia by the Soviet authorities during the time period between 1943 and 1965. The letters were written to their kinsmen and friends in Latvia and those who migrated abroad.
24 letters, supplementing the nomination “Letters written on a birch-bark in Siberia” this year, are stored by five museums of Latvia: Museum of Tukums, History and Art Museum of Aizkraukle, Museum of Daugava, Literature and Music Museum, and Talsi Regional Museum. The letters written on the birch-bark inscribed in 2009 are also stored by the Occupation Museum of Latvia, the National History Museum of Latvia and Madona Local History and Art Museum.
Although the number of collection units has increased since 2009, it is just a small part of many letters written on the birch-barks from the places of imprisonment and deportation, which have come in possession of the museums in Latvia. Owing to the development of the National Register of the UNESCO Memory of the World Programme and the recognition of already listed letters, these new letters – often kept as a dear memory for many years – have come to the museums of Latvia. | <urn:uuid:16c24d4c-d158-4e98-9e10-4dca1efe5d55> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | http://www.atmina.unesco.lv/page/78 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738661051.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173741-00283-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.975836 | 1,415 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Starfish use the light-sensitive organs at the tips of their arms to form images, helping the animals find their way home if they stray from the reef.
We have known about the sensors that starfish have at the ends of their arms for 200 years, but no one knew whether they are real eyes that form images or simply structures that detect changes in light intensity.
We finally have an answer: they appear to act as real eyes. The discovery is another blow to creationist arguments that something as complex as a human eye could never evolve from simpler structures.
The blue sea star (Linckia laevigata), which is widely sold as dried souvenirs, lives on shallow rock reefs in the Indian and Pacific oceans. It can detect light, preferring to come out at night to graze on algae.
The light sensitivity has recently been found to be due to pigments called opsins, expressed in cells close to the animal’s nerve net.
What has not been clear, says Anders Garm at the University of Copenhagen in Denmark, is whether these cells simply tell the starfish about ambient light levels, as happens in more primitive light-sensitive animals, or whether they actually form spatial images.
To find out, Garm collected healthy starfish and removed the arm-tip photoreceptors from a third of them. He made similar incisions on another third of the starfish but left the eyes intact, for a control “sham” operation. The remaining starfish were left untouched. He then took the starfish off their rocks, and put them on the sandy bottom – where they would starve if they didn’t get back to the reef.
He told the Society for Experimental Biology meeting in Valencia, Spain, this week that intact starfish promptly scuttled back to the rocks. Eyeless starfish scuttled just as fast, but in random directions – demonstrating that the starfish needed the photoreceptors to recognise and move towards the reef. To do this, Garm says, they had to be able to form an image of the reef, meaning that their simple nerve net must be able to process visual information.
“Amazingly, image vision in starfish has not been investigated before,” says Dan-Eric Nilsson at Lund University in Sweden, who collaborated with Garm on the study.
In evolutionary terms, says Garm, it is interesting because starfish eyes are structurally close in form to the hypothesised first image-forming eyes.
For instance, light receptors in more advanced eyes are built either out of modified cytoplasmic projections called microvilli, or out of filament-shaped cell organelles called cilia. Starfish eyes contain both structures, so “have features that look a bit ancestral”, says Nilsson.
“This shows what visual task drove this important step in eye evolution,” says Garm. “Navigation towards large stationary objects – here the reef – that were preferred habitats.” In other words, he thinks our eyes may have first evolved so we could find our way home.
More on these topics: | <urn:uuid:a02b97a2-7962-499b-9c6e-46f07379e26b> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn23818-starfish-eyes-are-good-enough-to-show-them-the-way-home/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267158450.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20180922142831-20180922163231-00288.warc.gz | en | 0.946914 | 650 | 4.25 | 4 |
Extinguishing fire using sound
DARPA has demonstrated techniques to extinguish small flames using electric and acoustic suppression
Fire is a huge concern in the process industries with major accidents serving as a reminder of the devastation it can cause.
However, despite the severity of the threat, no new methods for extinguishing or manipulating fire have been developed.
Now American researchers at the Defence Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) believe they have come up with a new solution.
In 2008, DARPA launched the Instant Fire Suppression (IFS) project to develop a fundamental understanding of fire with the aim of transforming approaches to firefighting.
Traditional fire-suppression technologies focus largely on disrupting the chemical reactions involved in combustion.
However, from a physics perspective, flames are cold plasmas. DARPA theorised that by using physics techniques rather than combustion chemistry, it might be possible to manipulate and extinguish flames.
One of the technologies explored was a flame-suppression system that used a handheld electrode to suppress small methane gas and liquid fuel fires.
Researchers also evaluated the use of acoustic fields to suppress flames. In the video below, a flame is extinguished by an acoustic field generated by speakers on either side of the pool of fuel.
Two dynamics are at play in this approach. First, the acoustic field increases the air velocity. As the velocity goes up, the flame boundary layer, where combustion occurs, thins, making it easier to disrupt the flame.
Second, by disturbing the pool surface, the acoustic field leads to higher fuel vaporisation, which widens the flame, but also drops the overall flame temperature.
Commenting on the impact of the IFS project, Matthew Goodman, DARPA programme manager, said: “We have shown that the physics of combustion still has surprises in store for us. Perhaps these results will spur new ideas and applications in combustion research.” | <urn:uuid:47730487-8f6e-4edf-b191-471b338fbbe5> | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | http://processengineering.theengineer.co.uk/extinguishing-fire-using-sound/1013183.article | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398448506.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205408-00163-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.911123 | 388 | 3.5625 | 4 |
1. "The Torah is light."2. Candle - Torah; Candles - Precepts3. Deciding Where to Begin 4. One and Seven Is Eight5. How Many Holidays Here?6. Ascending in Sanctity "The Torah is light."
In his commentary to Pirkei Avot, the acclaimed Maharal of Prague (Rabbi Yehudah Liva) writes:
"All of the Divine commandments are One, a single unity. This idea finds expression in the verse, "A commandment is like a flame..." - i.e., each commandment is an individual flame. However, the Torah is not the mere sum total of many individual flames; rather, "the Torah is light." The Torah, which contains all of the individual commandments, is a single unified light. The flames unite to form one great light, for the Torah is a single unit..." (op. cit. 4:2) Candle - Torah; Candles - Precepts
The above passage provides us with a picture of two distinct realities: (1) the individual Divine commandment, which resembles a flame and illuminates a limited area without the aid of any other external factor; (2) the Torah as whole, in relation to which the candle represents a single isolated part. In the Al Hanisim Chanukah prayer, we recall the fact that "the Greek Empire rose up against Your people in order to strip them of their Torah and cause them to transgress their laws, etc." The Greeks attempted to destroy both the Torah as a whole and its individual commandments. When the Hasmoneans succeeded in defeating them and instituted the lighting of candles to publicize the victory, they allowed two possible ways of fulfilling the commandment: (1) the kindling of an single candle on each night of Chanukah; (2) the kindling of additional candles as an expression of embellishment. The individual candle symbolizes the Torah as a whole - one large entity which, as noted, is more than the mere sum of its constituent commandments. The additional candles allude to the Torah's individual commandments, which are the concrete outward manifestation of the Torah's single inner essence. The actual commandment to light candles is fulfilled by the kindling of a single candle each night, which represents the Torah as a whole from which all commandments derive their origin. The additional candles are a mere embellishment. Deciding Where to Begin
Taking this into account, it becomes possible to understand the well-known discrepancy between the schools of Shammai and Hillel regarding the kindling of Chanukah candles. According to the school of Shammai, one starts by lighting eight candles, and then decreases the number each evening. This school of thought believes it important to begin by alluding to the individual commandments, for they are an outer manifestation of the Torah as a whole, and it was them which the Greeks attempted to eradicate. The disintegration of the Torah as a whole would necessarily follow once the individual commandments had been done away with. The school of Hillel, on the other hand, held that at the outset we must allude to the essential indivisible inner force, of which the separate constituent precepts are mere outward manifestations, despite the fact that this aspect could not be destroyed by the Greek juggernaut unless it first destroyed the Torah's individual statutes. One and Seven Is Eight
This also explains why we light Chanukah candles for eight days and not seven (for, after all, the miracle itself lasted only seven days; there was enough oil to burn for one day without a miracle): the individual first candle represents "to make them forget their Torah," while the remaining seven stand for "to cause them to transgress their precepts." How Many Holidays Here?
Is the lighting of candles during the eight days of Chanukah one continuous commandment or does each day stand alone as a separate commandment? It would appear that the answer to this question depends upon the various explanations provided by Torah authorities to the question addressed above: why do we celebrate eight days of Chanukah and not seven? Meiri (R. Menachem ben Shlomo), explains that candle-lighting on the first day of Chanukah commemorates the redemption and the discovery of the flask of untainted olive oil; the following seven days commemorate the miracle of the oil. This would appear to indicate that there is no inherent connection between the laws applying to the candle-lighting on the first day and those applying to the candle-lighting on the other seven says (Shabbat 21b). However, according to Rosh (Rabbenu Asher ben Yechiel) the miracle lay in the fact that on each day of Chanukah the day's-worth of oil in the Temple menorah was diminished by only one eighth. Alternately, Rosh suggests that the oil in the menorah did not diminish on the first day at all, and therefore a miracle occurred even on the first day. We find, then, that according to both of Rosh's explanations, the eight days of Chanukah commemorate a single miracle, and hence constitute one continuous commandment.
However, an additional question arises. The Meiri asks why it is that during Chanukah we recite the full Hallel thanksgiving prayer on each of the holiday's eight days and not merely on the first day, as is the case with Passover. He concludes that, because a miracle occurred on each day of Chanukah, each day is deserving of the Hallel prayer. We too may conclude that each day is a holiday in its own right. Accordingly, Rema (R. Moshe ben Yisrael Isserles) rules that if somebody failed to light the candles on one of the days of Chanukah he continues lighting the appropriate number of candles on the following day as if nothing had happened. The implication, then, is that each day of Chanukah is a independent holiday. Ascending in Sanctity
This would appear to be the backdrop of the earlier-mentioned discrepancy between the schools of Shammai and Hillel (Shabbat 21b): the school of Hillel holds that the eight days of Chanukah constitute one continuous holiday. Therefore, on the first day of Chanukah a person lights a single candle and continues to add a candle each night - for there is a rule in Judaism that we ascend in sanctity and do not descend. The school of Shammai, however, holds that each day is a holiday in its own right, and because there is no inherent bond uniting the days of Chanukah, the rule of ascending in sanctity does not apply. We therefore diminish by one the number of candles lit each day. | <urn:uuid:aa884617-8128-40ee-b069-b842a513de6f> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://www.yeshiva.co/midrash/shiur.asp?cat=432&id=2975&q= | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886104704.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20170818160227-20170818180227-00118.warc.gz | en | 0.956808 | 1,384 | 3.203125 | 3 |
there are three kinds of lies: lies, damned lies, and statistics
statistics are often thrown around as if they are the truth. statistics, sadly, are actually a tool for lying and deceit. government agencies often use statistics to justify both policy and spending. for example, during the height of covid-19, a governmental agency may want to make as many deaths reported as being covid-19- related so that they can justify the funding and government restrictions. during the time that the government is removing covid-19 restrictions, it was important to keep the covid-19 death numbers to a minimum.
according to a news report, “santa clara county’s department of public health has redefined the way it counts covid-19 deaths in the county, which has brought the total death toll down by 22 percent. the recent change is part of the county’s effort to better understand the health impacts of covid, officials said on friday. initially, anyone who had covid at the time of their death was counted in the death toll, in accordance with state definitions.” nbc
the justification was as follows: “throughout the pandemic, we have focused on bringing the best information to the public as soon as we have it,” said dr. sarah rudman, assistant public health officer. “as we see more vaccinations and fewer cases and deaths, we have had the opportunity to more deeply analyze the deaths that came in during the height of the pandemic.” nbc
thus, cynically reading into dr. rudman’s statement, it can be argued that she is misrepresenting their intention. initially, they did not focus on getting the “best” information to the public. they created a vague all encompassing definition of covid-19 deaths which they knew was not accurate. it was so bad that they needed to make a “redefinition” to make accurate numbers.
other areas of government employ improper data collection. for example, if your local government wants to reduce crime, all they need to do is not report the crimes. for example, i had a property crime in santa monica. my parked car had been hit and had significant damage. i called the police department to report it. the police department’s representative discouraged me from making a report. the attitude was “why bother? it is going to go nowhere.” thus, the police department played a role in lowering the crime statistics.
data collection, when it comes to getting cities money for having homeless people, the city is out in full force. while the city of los angeles could care less about homeless people, they love revenue they receive from having them there. it is reported, “in recent years, as homelessness has grown, los angeles has done the count nearly every year. over three days, thousands of volunteers fan out to count the number of tents, RVs and cars housing people throughout the region” latimes thus, there numbers are only generated for money.
in sum, statistics can be an effective means of perpetrating lies. statistics can be manipulated with respect to the data gathering. as the examples show, there are ways to increase numbers by using an expanding definition and there are ways to decrease numbers by not recording events or redefining the data. thus, any serious decision based upon statistics should include an analysis of the validity of the sampling and the methodology used.
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if you find this post meaningful, please share | <urn:uuid:795194ce-e23f-404a-8929-0fc3c1909bee> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://thetcp.org/2021/07/07/thou-shalt-not-use-statistics-a-ten-commandments-tale/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046151638.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20210725045638-20210725075638-00169.warc.gz | en | 0.979696 | 739 | 2.59375 | 3 |
OSLO, Sept 30 (Reuters) - Fish are likely to get smaller on average by 2050 because global warming will cut the amount of oxygen in the oceans in a shift that may also mean dwindling catches, according to a study on Sunday.
Average maximum body weights for 600 types of marine fish, such as cod, plaice, halibut and flounder, would contract by 14-24 percent by 2050 from 2000 under a scenario of a quick rise in greenhouse gas emissions, it said.
"The reductions in body size will affect whole ecosystems," lead author William Cheung of the University of British Columbia in Canada, told Reuters of the findings in the journal Nature Climate Change."
His team of scientists said a trend towards smaller sizes was "expected to have large implications" for ocean food webs and for human "fisheries and global protein supply.
"The consequences of failing to curtail greenhouse gas emissions on marine ecosystems are likely to be larger than previously indicated," the U.S. and Canada-based scientists wrote." | <urn:uuid:919bf81b-f8ac-48df-9715-531838c77ca6> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://www.miasdomain.com/2012/10/climate-change-to-shrink-fish-by-2050.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189686.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00132-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.954459 | 210 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Soon, e-cigarettes may be treated just like traditional cigarettes in Davis.
As part of a process begun March 11 to address what city staff reports called the growing popularity of e-cigarettes and hookah, the City Council has asked its staff to add legal language that would regulate them just like traditional smoking.
While they’re not currently regulated by the Food and Drug Administration, last month the FDA proposed adding e-cigarettes, hookah and other tobacco products to its list of regulated items.
“Tobacco-related disease and death is one of the most critical public health challenges before the FDA,” said Mitch Zeller, director of the FDA’s Center for Tobacco Products, in a statement. “The proposed rule would give the FDA additional tools to protect the public health in today’s rapidly evolving tobacco marketplace, including the review of new tobacco products and their health-related claims.”
E-cigarettes have been touted as alternatives to traditional smoking, because the devices emit vapor and not traditional smoke. According to the Mayo Clinic, an atomizer heats a liquid containing nicotine that transforms it into a vapor that can be inhaled and exhaled much like cigarette smoke. The Mayo Clinic also cited a FDA study that showed varying levels of nicotine in e-cigarette cartridges and traces of cancer-causing chemicals.
“The e-cigarette is meant to look and feel like a traditional cigarette, right down to the small light at the tip that lights up like a burning cigarette,” the city staff report said.
But not every study found e-cigarette use to be potentially harmful. A University College London study of 5,863 adults found that users of e-cigarettes were significantly more likely to say they successfully quit smoking than people who tried over-the-counter stop-smoking aids or tried “cold turkey.”
Regardless, if the City Council introduces the ordinance to treat e-cigarettes and hookah the same as traditional tobacco smoke, city regulations involving the use of the smoking devices eventually would take effect, as well as how they are sold.
For example, under strict city ordinances, smoking is prohibited in most indoor areas and is restricted outdoors as well. Any place not open to the sky is off-limits for smoking, but even then smoking is banned where people could congregate outside, such as a bus stop.
E-cigarettes and their accessories could not to be sold to minors or out of vending machines, either.
Several states and California cities already have taken steps to regulate e-cigarettes and hookah, including Oregon, Maryland, San Francisco and Walnut Creek, according to the staff report.
— Reach Dave Ryan at [email protected] or 530-747-8057. Follow him on Twitter at @davewritesnews | <urn:uuid:370706d5-1b1c-4e42-b67a-8b27c351de57> | CC-MAIN-2015-40 | http://www.davisenterprise.com/local-news/city-to-mull-formal-regulation-of-e-cigarettes-hookah/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443736676381.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001215756-00121-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.954705 | 573 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Wave soldering is a bulk soldering process used in the manufacture of printed circuit boards. It is used for both through-hole printed circuit assemblies, and surface mount. However, wave soldering problems is common during a PCB fabrication process.
This can be caused by a variety of reasons and the primary one which comes to our mind in the first time is bad plated through-hole barrels. So check the plating in the barrels to make sure there are no voids is very crucial in a wave soldering process. Voids will have a tendency to create outgassing and this creates voids in the solder joints.
The other issue is to bake the boards to expel moisture trapped in a PCB. Great experience in successfully eliminating voids by pre-baking boards and storing them in vacuum sealed bags is really useful. You should know that once a board is baked, if left out in the open air, it will reabsorb 75% of the moisture you just baked out of it within 48 hours. So before wave soldering, make sure the moisture of your board could be as lowest as possible, or you can find voids appeared. | <urn:uuid:0a2da89f-8e4a-4c45-bcf2-012d73faf4bf> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | http://www.epcb.com/Wave-Soldering.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250613416.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123191130-20200123220130-00274.warc.gz | en | 0.95854 | 234 | 3.03125 | 3 |
This article is originally published by PetsOnMe, a Career Money Life Certified Supplier.
Pets make a huge difference in many of our lives – they’re a source of happiness and contentment – we get to love them and look after them. But did you know that, having a pet also means that they’re looking after us too? It’s been proven through many studies that pets can have a very positive influence on our health.
Here are five basic ways that pets help improve our health:
Help us overcome or manage depression. Depression and anxiety can have a serious affect on health, and research has shown that pets can really help combat depression in some people. There are several reasons why: by walking a pet and getting exercise, or even just having interaction with the world outside the house, symptoms of depression can decrease. Pets can also directly improve our mood or deal with depression through a simple act like cuddles and petting. These actions release oxytocin – the happiness hormone/cuddle chemical. It’s just the same as having a hug from a human, which means, in theory, the more you hug your pet the happier you’ll both be!
Improve our cardiovascular care. As with the above point, if you have a pet that requires exercising, like a dog or a ferret (or even some cats that might be willing to be taken for a walk!) then you will need to take them out daily. This moderate, regular exercise will increase your cardiovascular workout, get your blood pumping and will improve your general health and well being.
Reduction of allergens. In spite of the fact that some people have allergies to animal fur, research has shown that children who are around pets from a very young age will reduce their chances of developing allergies.
Better overall health. There is also varying research that seems to show that people who own pets have better overall health and wellness. There is an apparent tendency to fewer colds, better cholesterol and lower blood pressure in those who keep pets as opposed to those who don’t.
Reading the warning signs. Finally, our pets are intuitive creations – they rely on their senses as they cannot communicate through words and language. Therefore, if something isn’t slightly amiss, they’re probably the first to notice it. Pets will possibly show warning signs prior to their owners having epileptic seizures or other imminent serious issues. These signs might be seen in an increasingly clingy pet, restlessness or something else. It’s just a matter of reading their unique way of communicating so you can understand what they have sensed to be wrong. You never know, it could be a lifesaver.
Career Money Life recognises the importance of pets and how they boost our overall health and wellbeing. That’s why we offer Pet Support Services as part of our Health and Wellbeing Programs. Book a demo or contact us to find out more about the wide array of services under each of our programs. | <urn:uuid:cf7aaed0-4c4e-4153-997a-e3bd6fdf7824> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | https://blog.careermoneylife.com/2018/09/24/5-ways-that-pets-improve-our-health/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627999298.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20190624084256-20190624110256-00096.warc.gz | en | 0.966537 | 616 | 2.9375 | 3 |
The British Isles and most of Europe are experiencing yet another brutally cold, earlier, snowy winter. So what were the expert global warming climate modelers predicting about such events not too long ago? Surely they would have anticipated such long term drastic changes in the climate in their own backyard, wouldn’t they? Surely George Monbiot would have seen it coming. Right?
Excuse me while I chuckle (yet again).
December 19, 2010
Australian newspaper columnist Andrew Bolt recently observed that there’s an embarrassing gap between what the experts have long said the symptoms of global warming would look like and the bitter winters much of the world has experienced over the past few years.
Bolt assures us we haven’t imagined this disconnect. He points to the 2007 climate bible written by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). It told us that winters would be warmer and less extreme. I invite you to take a look for yourself. This table is titled Temperature-Related Phenomenon and appears on a page titled: Some Unifying Themes. The table contains phrases such as:
- more frequent heat waves / hot spells in summer
- more warm and fewer cold nights
- fewer frost days
- fewer cold outbreaks; fewer, shorter, less intense cold spells / cold extremes in winter [bold added]
Across from those phrases, on a case-by-case basis, the IPCC tells us these phenomenon are either “likely” or “very likely.” So, for example, the IPCC said it was very likely that we’d experience fewer below-freezing days everywhere in the world. We were further assured that all of the IPCC’s climate models are in agreement on that point.
Similarly, George Monbiot’s 2006 book was titled Heat. Its subtitle was not: How to Stop the Planet from Freezing. Rather, it insisted the planet was in danger of burning. A year earlier, in a Guardian newspaper column, Monbiot told readers that “The freezes this country suffered in 1982 and 1963 are…unlikely to recur.”
As the final two weeks of 2010 count down, reality is not being kind to these prognosticators. Instead of sugar dustings of snow and mild temperatures, many parts of the world are in the grip of another unusually harsh winter:
- new record-low temperatures are being set in a variety of locales, including: Cuba, China, Japan, the UK, Kentucky, Florida, Georgia, Tennessee, and North Carolina
- snow and ice are stranding motorists in their cars in: Italy, China, the UK, Canada, and Indiana
- snow is interrupting air travel across Europe (more here with great pics)
- communities are coping with unusual amounts of snow from Helsinki to New York, from Minnesota to the UK
- people are dying of hypothermia in many parts of the US, including some unlikely ones: South Carolina, Connecticut, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin
- wildlife is being adversely affected by the cold in the UK as well as in Florida (more here)
In the UK a recent newspaper headline read: Millions facing fuel rationing over Christmas as heating oil runs low. In one of the world’s wealthiest countries some households face a four-week-long wait for furnace oil shipments, and the price has nearly doubled. Rather than being warm and comfortable, many people will spend their holidays cold and miserable – not to mention worried that their water pipes might freeze and burst (more here). Meanwhile, a women’s World Cup skiing event has been postponed due to too much snow in France.
Although the mass media barely mentioned this fact, it’s more than a little ironic that the Mexican resort town of Cancun broke cold weather temperature records six days running during the United Nations’ anti-global-warming summit earlier this month.
We’ve long been advised that the symptoms of climate change are all around us – and that global warming is happening faster than predicted. But Mother Nature, it seems, has a wicked sense of humor. | <urn:uuid:eba93d06-3561-4877-98db-f901b902a177> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://thetruthpeddler.wordpress.com/2010/12/21/where-are-the-mild-winters-that-the-global-warming-experts-predicted-for-europe/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1409535921869.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20140901014521-00233-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958093 | 843 | 3.109375 | 3 |
The United States has enormous coal resources and uses them to generate about 45 percent of the nation’s electricity. But environmentalists are attacking coal from both the production and consumption side in conjunction with their allies in the Obama administration. The administration is only leasing about half as much coal production on federal lands as the Bush administration and is denying coal mining permits. On private lands in the Eastern United States, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has curtailed surface mining permits by stating that such mining could undermine the quality of the local water.[i] EPA has also announced a flurry of new regulations which will result in massive coal unit retirements, expensive retrofitting of equipment needed to meet the new standards, and ultimately, much higher electricity prices from coal units or their replacement units. Any way you slice it, the Obama administration is trying its best to end coal use in the United States
U.S. Coal Resources, Production and Consumption
The United States has the largest coal reserves of any country in the world, totaling 261 billion short tons. But its total coal resources are much higher at 10.3 trillion short tons, of which 486 billion short tons have been estimated by the Energy Information Administration (EIA) to be recoverable.
According to the EIA, U.S. coal production in 2010 was 1,084 million short tons. Coal production in 2011 is expected to be slightly higher with coal production for the first 11 months of 2011, 0.3 percent higher than for the same period in 2010. Most of the coal (93 percent) consumed in 2010 was used to generate electricity, producing more electricity than any other generating source. Almost 45 percent of the electricity generated in 2010 was produced by coal-fired plants.[ii] The industrial sector, second to the generating sector in coal consumption, consumed almost 7 percent of total coal consumption in 2010. The remainder was used by the residential and commercial sectors. The United States also exports coal. In 2010, about 82 million short tons of U.S. coal were exported, 38 percent more than in 2010, and almost 8 percent of total coal production.
The largest coal producing state is Wyoming, which is home to the Powder River Basin, containing one of the richest deposits of low-sulfur coal. In 2010, Wyoming produced over 440 million short tons of coal, 41 percent of the total amount of coal produced in the United States that year. The next largest coal producing state in 2010 was West Virginia (137 million short tons, 13 percent of U.S. production), followed by Kentucky (107 million short tons). In 2010, Wyoming produced 100 million short tons more coal than Russia, which holds the world’s second largest known reserves of coal.[iii]
Permit and Lease Activity under the Obama Administration
In 2010, the Obama administration used a roundabout approach to put a halt to new surface mines in Appalachia. They issued new “guidance” on water conductivity that has brought new surface mining permits to a halt in Appalachia, ostensibly in order to protect mayflies.
In a surface mine, the miners remove the dirt and rock from the surface to expose the coal seams below. In mountainous areas, they frequently pile the dirt and rock debris in the surrounding areas or valleys. As water flows through these “fills” it becomes saltier, and more conductive of electricity. Salty water can be harmful to mayflies. This saltier water, however, is not harmful to humans and in fact meets drinking water standards.
Bringing a halt to new surface mines was the result of EPA’s issuance of new water “guidance” concerning water conductivity (i.e. the salt content of the water) and its alleged impact on the mayfly. EPA Administrator Lisa Jackson admitted that there are “no or very few valley fills that are going to meet this standard.”[iv]
EPA’s new standard on mountaintop mining is under legal challenge. However, the agency has stalled surface mining permits in states such as Kentucky and West Virginia causing coal companies and miners to be concerned about their future once they have finished mining their current permits. In September, the EPA denied 19 surface mining permits in eastern Kentucky, impacting nearly 126 million short tons of lost coal production and 950 lost mining jobs over the life of those mines. Under the Clinton and George W. Bush administrations, hundreds of such sites received federal permits.[v] Between 2000 and 2008, for example, coal companies received permits for 511 valley fills.
Leases of coal are also down due to current federal policy. During the Bush administration, an average of 515 million tons of coal was leased annually between 2002 and 2008. By contrast, over the past 3 years, the amount of coal leased has averaged 272 million tons annually, about half that of the Bush administration. The Bureau of Land Management did not hold lease sales in Wyoming in 2009 or 2010 and has held just four in 2011.
New Regulations Affecting Coal-fired Power Plants
The EPA has also issued new regulations affecting electric generating plants causing over 70 percent of coal-fired capacity to need to be retrofitted with environmental equipment between 2012 and 2015. According to the North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC), “environmental regulations are shown to be the number one risk to reliability over the next one to five years”.[vi] That’s because the regulations are to be incorporated during a very short time frame to a large number of coal units. It takes an average of 18 months to add the required environmental equipment to those units that will still be economic once the cost of the environmental equipment is taken into account. Further, NERC projects that beyond the 38 gigawatts of announced plant retirements (23 gigawatts of which are coal-fired), another 36 to 59 gigawatts of capacity will be off-line by 2018 due to 4 EPA regulations considered in its analysis. That is about a quarter of U.S. coal-fired plants, and the first time in U.S. history that coal-fired capacity is expected to decline.
The Institute for Energy Research looked at 2 of the 4 regulations NERC considered and expects almost 30 gigawatts of generating capacity to be retired, nearly 10 percent of all U.S. coal-fired capacity, and twice the number predicted by EPA.[vii]
According to the EPA, these new regulations are needed to improve air quality. But, according to EPA’s own website, air quality has already improved substantially due to regulations already in effect. While population, energy use, and GDP have grown over the past 30 years, pollution emissions have declined by 67 percent.[viii] (See chart below.)
Despite the U.S. having the largest supplies of coal in the world, the Obama Administration has made it clear that coal is not wanted as a major fuel in the United States and its federal agencies have taken actions on both the consumption and the production side to see its future demise. The changes are made in the name of air quality but air quality has already improved dramatically due to existing regulations and new coal-fired units are already required to include the necessary environmental equipment.
Further, EPA has curtailed mountaintop mining permits and the Department of Interior has leased the lowest amount of coal lands in recent history further exasperating future coal production. These changes will mean higher prices for the consumer of electricity to cover the cost of the additional environment equipment on coal-fired plants and the construction of new plants to replace retired units. There will also be fewer coal mining jobs once current mountaintop mining permits are exhausted and the currently leased mines are depleted of coal.
[i] Washington Post, Coal extraction poses climate challenge for Obama administration, December 25, 2011, http://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/coal-extraction-poses-climate-challenge-for-obama-administration/2011/12/20/gIQAYKHvHP_story_1.html
[ii] Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review, December 2011, http://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/monthly/index.cfm#electricity
[iii] Institute for Energy Research, North American Energy Inventory, December 2011, http://energyforamerica.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/Energy-Inventory-FINAL.pdf
[iv] Patrick Reis, EPA sets water standards in bid to curb mountain-top mining pollution, E&E News PM, April 1, 2010.
[v] Washington Post, Obama administration cracks down on mountaintop mining, January 13, 2011, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2011/01/13/AR2011011307095.html
[vii] Institute for Energy Research, IER Identifies Coal Fired Power Plants Likely to Close As A Result of EPA Regulations, December 19, 2011, https://www.instituteforenergyresearch.org/2011/12/19/update-on-the-impact-of-epas-regulatory-assault-new-regulations-to-take-30-gw-of-electricity-generation-offline-and-the-announcements-keep-coming/
[viii] Environmental Protection Agency, http://www.epa.gov/airtrends/aqtrends.html#comparison | <urn:uuid:114e5c71-0fb3-4319-9b8d-fcb8979fea41> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://www.instituteforenergyresearch.org/fossil-fuels/coal/environmentalists-battle-the-coal-industry-with-regulations/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243989115.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20210510064318-20210510094318-00073.warc.gz | en | 0.948405 | 1,952 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Quality objective is a measurable quality control method that a company establishes according to ISO 9001:2015 standards. It allows you to turn goals from your quality policy into results. In this article, learn how to set these important measures and use them in your business today!
What are quality objectives?
Quality objectives are the goals that a company sets for itself. Quality objective are established align with the company’s quality policy and must be measurable in order to determine whether the objectives are being met. The objective is to turn the goal into a measurable result so that it can be monitored, analyzed, compared, and tracked over time. Most importantly, it shall be communicated across the entire organization and shall be updated as and whenever necessary.
How to create quality objectives
Creating quality objectives is the first step in creating quality policies. It can be difficult to find measurable goals that are specific and different for every client, so start with general guidelines that you can easily monitor.
There are numerous quality objective that managers can develop for their organizations. Some people might choose to focus on safety, customer satisfaction, or financial performance. Others may prefer to use a non-quantitative measure like the number of quality defects in an organization. Regardless of what type of quality objective one chooses, it is usually important to have an idea of how they will measure progress towards completing the objective.
Struggling with tracking and measuring quality objectives
A lot of organizations are really good about setting quality objectives for their organization but struggle with measuring them. One way around this is to create a measurable result that is tied directly to the objective. For example, if you have an objective of preventing costly customer service incidents, you could measure the amount of time between when a customer service incident starts and someone finally responds.
The quality objective are the most important part of the quality policy. Without measurable results, the quality objective won’t drive meaningful change. If a quality objective is getting in your way, ask yourself if this objective is creating more value that it’s taking away.
There is a great deal of focus on quality objective when it comes to customer satisfaction with the customer. When you want your business to be successful, you need to competently measure and improve these customer satisfaction goals. For example, one way to do this is by using metrics that are specifically designed for tracking and measuring customer satisfaction.
The importance of quality objectives
In order to measure the success of a quality objective, you must first create measurable objectives. Quality objective are the fundamental idea of your quality policy. In order to create measurable results, you must also have clear and detailed metrics that describe what is being measured.
In the end, it is important to remember that your quality objective are only as accurate as your results. Thus, you must have good measuring tools to monitor your quality objective performance. The quality policy should be set up to produce the desired results. When you have the ability to track progress against these measurements, it will be easier to plot a clear path for improvement and growth. | <urn:uuid:a14e0e88-7763-4ed3-9bc1-335bb90e04c8> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://niix.com/news-blog/quality-objectives-turning-goals/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500215.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20230205032040-20230205062040-00343.warc.gz | en | 0.959194 | 616 | 3.015625 | 3 |
What is a PA/PTA?
Parent Associations (PAs) and ParentTeacher Associations (PTAs) are school-based organizations open to all parents of children currently attending a New York City public school. The PA/PTA is a primary vehicle for parents to get involved in their children’s schools. How do I join my school’s PA/PTA? All parents are automatically members of their school’s PA/PTA. There are no pre-qualifications required to participate in a school’s PA/PTA. There is no need to join the PA/PTA. The term parent includes the student’s parent or guardian, or any person in a parental or custodial relationship to the student.
Eunice Lampley Fredricks
What is the role of the PA/PTA?
The PA/PTA helps parents become involved in their children’s education, share ideas, and enrich their school communities. Each PA/PTA develops its own bylaws, elects officers, and holds regular meetings.
While the specific roles of PA/PTAs vary, their responsibilities include:
Electing parent members to serve on School Leadership Teams and Community Education Councils
Conducting outreach to get other parents involved in school life
Supporting school activities like Parent-Teacher Conferences, open houses and curriculum nights
Holding fundraising activities to benefit the educational, social and cultural programs in the school | <urn:uuid:26c8a128-1f89-4b78-9dec-8a5aaced56b6> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://www.bges.education/bges-pa | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964359073.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20211130201935-20211130231935-00112.warc.gz | en | 0.955063 | 324 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Century Middle Eastern Dance
Click Here to read this paper
Century Middle Eastern Headwear or
Period Middle Eastern and Indian Headwear
Table of Contents:
Skip to Chapter 1: The Veil
Skip to Chapter 2: Turbans
Skip to Chapter 3: Caps & Hats
Skip to Chapter 4: Royal Headwear
Skip to Sources
(*Where possible, I have included the names of the
paintings featured, so that if you wish to find them elsewhere, you may. Please also note that the compilation of
this research is my property and if you use the information, I expect to get
credit for the compilation.)
During the SCA time period
(pre-1600), headwear was a key part of clothing, both indoors and
outdoors. Islam, though not the only
religion in these regions, was quite influential in the clothing of men and
women, and headwear was an important part.
Several laws were written about headwear, which gives us insight into
what people wore and then upon which restrictions were placed. Wiebke Walther
(1999) notes, “judging by the miniatures, it seems that female headgear was
more influenced by fashion than were other garments. It was often an indication of social status.” This compilation will discuss some of the
different types of headwear represented in paintings and written descriptions
of this time period.
Back to top
The veil is one of the most commonly thought of pieces of
headwear in the Middle East and India.
In most cases, Islamic women were required to veil their heads and face
when out in public. When indoors, they
left their faces unveiled. Although
Jewish and Christian women were not always required to go outside veiled, they
often did to conform to the norm.
Walther names various types of veils worn around 1471: “a black one of a
kind of netting, of which either covered the entire face or had holes for the
eyes, and the burqu’, a white or
black veil which covered the face up to the eyes.
“it is known that noble ladies of the trading city of Mecca wore veils even
before Islam. … If we were to use miniatures as documentary evidence, we must
conclude that even high-ranking ladies did not always strictly adhere to the
wearing of veils, not only in the urban society of thirteenth century Iraq, but
also fifteenth-century Iran. We often
find examples of distinguished ladies without veils meeting with freemen who
were not related to them, at least in their own gardens and palaces, but not
only there. Admittedly, these
miniatures are illustrations to literary texts, but one may assume that the
painters were inspired by their environment.
Moreover, reports by European travelers confirm these observations, for
fifteenth-century Iran in any case.
When visiting the mosque and also when female aristocrats mixed with the
people, the hair and the lower part of the face were certainly always
covered. But when ladies of noble
houses appear without veils on Indian miniatures of the Mughal period, we know
that these ladies did not sit for the portraits themselves; one of their female
slaves did it for them.” (Walther 70)
One Egyptian painting displays a woman with the
veil around her head and under her chin. (Figure 1*)
fashions may be traced in a series of dated Persian miniatures. The
Birth of the Prophet Mohammed * from the Jami al-Tawarikh or World History of
Rashid al-Din dated 1306 naturally portrays women in an interior environment
and consequently unveiled. [Their faces are unveiled.] … All the women wear similar headdresses in
the form of long rectangular scarves whose decorated and sometimes fringed edges
enable the line of the draping to be traced.
First one end is pulled across the breast wound tightly round the head,
crossed again under the chin and then folded over the head so that the other
end hangs over the shoulder, giving the effect of a close-fitting wimple. A miniature from the Al-Athar al-Bagiya of
Al Biruni dated 1307 of a couple feasting confirms the style of … a tightly
wound head shawl for women, though the representation is more impressionistic
and careless of detail. Both manuscripts
are also informative about outdoor dress which follows the main lines of
development outlined for the thirteenth century. Women cover themselves from head the foot on long chadars, which could be pulled tightly
together and swathed across the face at will.
… As an alternative to the head shawl, women are sometimes shown with
their hair arranged to from the face coiled from a central parting and then
extending in long plaits down their backs.
This hairstyle might be ornamented with strings of jewelry covered with
a fluttering long scarf pinned lightly to the top of the head.” (Scarce
plates below, (both titled Rustam
Rescuing Bizhan from the Well, and both are from a manuscript of the Shahnameh
of Firdausi) of mid-sixteenth century Persia, in which the hero of the
Shanameh, Rustam, rescues Bizhan from the pit also show Manizeh watching his
progress. She is clearly shown closely
wrapped in her chadar… while her face
veil conceals her from nose to chin. …
An alternative to the all-enveloping chadar
and face veil is seen in a miniature dated c. 1556-65 illustrating the
arrival of Auleikha the heroine of Jami’s most popular and frequently
illustrated poem Yusyf and Zuleikha. While ladies peering out from the castle
wall are muffled in chadar and veil,
Zuleikha’s attendants have merely tied a brief face veil over the scarves of
heir headdresses. This fashion was
probably short-lived, as there seems to be no evidence of it in later pictorial
and written sources. [The following
was] noted by the Venetian ambassador to Shah Tahmasp in 1571, Vincentio
d’Alessandri, ‘And I saw the mother of the Sultan Mustafa Mirisce … come out
with her face covered with a black veil, riding like a man, accompanied by four
slaves and six men of foot’.” (Scarce 151-153)
The figure below is from a costume book
of 1588. “A Turkish woman wearing
outdoor costume is depicted. … Her headdress is concealed by two while veils,
one draped and secured over the pillbox cap having the appearance of a pleated
toque, the other covering the face from nose to chin and fastened at the back
of the head. Collectively the two veils
form the yasmak.” (Scarce 49)
Indian Gypsies such as the Kutchi and
Sorathi Rabaris wore large rectangular veils.
These covered their backs for modesty since their kapadu (blouses) were backless.
The veils and clothing these Gypsies wear today can be traced back to
the 11th century. The veils
in India became larger with the coming of Islam. This was for a show of modesty. (See picture below)
“At times, certain men, such as social
revolutionaries who appeared in the garb of a prophet, also wore veils. … In
most later miniatures, the Prophet Muhammad is shown with a veil over his face,
but it is not like the veil worn by women, as the eyes were covered.” (Walther 71) The plate below is of Muhammad visiting his future wife
Khadija with his face fully veiled.
Beside it, Muhammad and his prophets.
Berber men are veiled. They believe that men are more susceptible
to hosting evil spirits, so they must cover the orifices on their heads. Since they believe women are closer to the
earth, they are more protected and do not have to worry about this. …
There were those who opposed the veil. “… The free-thinker Jahiz in the ninth
century … [has] pointed out that while on a pilgrimage, one of the ‘pillars’ of
Islamic faith – in the state of ihram, (ritual
consecration), as it is called – men and women are required to uncover face and
hands.” (Walther 70)
Dancers transgressed the “basic
tenet of Islam … that women should not display their bodies in the presence of
strangers… and appeared unveiled in public.”
One accessory that was most likely
worn with veils was a headband.
“Ulayya, the beautiful half-sister of the Abbasid Caliph Harun
ar-Rashid, is said to have created the fashion of wearing headbands, the aim
being to conceal a birth mark she had.
The headbands were often ornamented with jewels, and also with verses or
quotations from the Koran embroidered in silver or gold thread. The following lines are said to have been
embroidered on the headband of one of Harun ar-Rashid’s female slaves: Tyrant,
you were cruel to me in love, May God judge what happened between us!”
(Walther 190) See plates below.
Back to top
Turbans on men are featured in quite
a few paintings from Turkey, Persia and India.
(Top left: Princess Duvulrani
Riding, from the manuscript of the romance Mihru Mishtari, Persia 1596) Sometimes, they have a cap in the
middle, perhaps to serve as a base for the rest of the headdress. Most likely, the bigger the turban, the
higher the status of the man.
following picture is of dervishes dancing.
(From a copy of Husayn Bayqara’s Majalis
al-Ushashaq, 16th century)
They all have cap underneath the
Women in Turkey wore
small turbans and plaited their hair into 5, 7, or 9 braids.
On their turbans, upper class women wore jewels of diamonds, sapphires, pearls, emeralds,
and other precious jewels.
The slave-sultana Shajarat ad-Durr, was found
wearing a “cloth wound into a turban” after she was murdered by the girls in
her harem. [Though, this was certainly not
because she was wearing the turban. J]
“The wearing of turbans by women frequently met with the disapproval of
religious scholars, but repeated utterances on this subject show that this
fashion was followed regularly by women.”
(Walther 190) Walter reports
that “from the end of the sixteenth and the beginning of the seventeenth
century, the constantly growing influence of the Indian environment on Mogul
culture became increasingly apparent in fashion as well … Here, too, at this time, the head coverings
of the ladies were symbols of rank.
‘Some of these princesses wear turbans by the king’s permission. On the turban is a valuable aigrette,
surrounded by pearls and precious stones … During festivities, such as balls
and the like, there are dancing-women who have the same privilege’. This shows the regard in which dancers were
held at Court.”
“Evidence of the development
of women’s costume during the late thirteenth and fourteenth century is
sporadic and in the main dependent on representations in miniature
paintings. The illustrated frontispiece
[plate below] to a manuscript of the Kitab al-diriyak of mid-thirteenth century
date depicting entertainments and processions of court life portrays women in
both indoor and outdoor dress. The flat
schematized style of painting at least enables the basic shapes of the garments
to be understood. … Hair is dressed in long thick braids which fall over
shoulders and back and is swathed in striped or plain turbans.” (Scarce 138)
Back to top
Men and women also wore caps. The picture below to the left pictures a
Turkish woman wearing a yelik and large cap.
picture to the right of the Turkish woman features women wearing caps with
veils attached to the top. The caps
appear to have a rigid band attached to the top of the cap. Two Iranian dancing
girls are wearing caps in the next picture. (Wall painting Jausak palace,
Samarra, Iraq, 836-9) They seem to be non-rigid in structure and conform to the
shape of the head.
picture next to the dancing girls had several women wearing caps and braids.
(The frontispiece to the Kitab al-Aghani showing a ruler with attendants, Iraq,
c. 1218-19.) Their caps seem similar in
structure to the dancing girls. Farhad brought before Shirin (bottom
left below) features a servant wearing one.
Plate 36 (from Women in Islam…) (upper right, below) shows a Mugul lady
wearing a tall hat with a feather very similar to the Indian dancer’s cap.
picture of a Turkish bazaar around 1600 shows several men wearing tall caps.
Back to top
According to Walther (1999), “in the Mongol period, princesses and ladies of the Court indulged
in an exceptionally extravagant piece of headgear, the botaq. It may be assumed that
ladies with this bush of feathers on their heads could walk only in a stilted
fashion …The taj-kulah- literally the
“crown hat”- was worn by Persian princesses in about 1550. In the beginning, it consisted of a narrow
crown worn over a flat cap.”
following shows the arrival of an Iranian princess riding in a litter wearing a
The painting next to the arriving
princess features an Iranian princess (Seated Princess, Persia, c. 1540) also
wearing the crown hat. The following (Iskandar
and the Indian Princess, from a manuscript of the Iskandarnameh of Nizami;
Shiraz, c. 1440) features an Indian princess | <urn:uuid:bbdae1f5-b1c4-4011-beb0-c94bf025918e> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | http://www.narah.freewebspace.com/research.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221215843.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20180820042723-20180820062723-00192.warc.gz | en | 0.953963 | 3,137 | 3.421875 | 3 |
Pretend that you have a chance to talk to your hero: what questions would you write down to conduct an analysis?
Pretend that you have a chance to talk to your hero: what questions would you write down to conduct an analysis?Read the original story to find some proper quotes to answer these questions; make sure to cite every quote properly.Their role can be significant in the development of other figures and entire plot.Tags: Dissertation SurvivalEssay About Dr Br AmbedkarHigh School Homework SitesPurdue Common App EssayWhat To Put In The Discussion Of A Research PaperProblem Solving And ProgrammingBusiness Essay Photo Today UnderstandingEssay Writer ProReport And EssayProblem Solving Skills For Children
In our example, Faith Lehane is one of the antagonists who switches from light side to dark after killing a human and returns to light closer to the show's culmination.
Major - these characters dominate the entire story.
We also encourage you to try one of the worksheets attached.
Try to keep your ideas and entire character study organized: Those were the main tips each student must remember when writing a character analysis essay; it is time to read the last three recommendations.
Faith is the opposite of Buffy, Spike is the opposite of Angel, Draco Malfoy is the opposite of Harry Potter, etc. These are people with double-nature, and multiple characters in their mind are all great examples of 3-dimensonal heroes.
Have you watched the movie titled "Split" with the guy who had 23 or more personalities living inside of him? Unlike round characters, there are one-dimensional (flat) ones who are boring to discuss and play an insignificant role in the story.
Write some basic observations first: The primary step is to describe your hero before composing a more detailed analysis.
You should have a draft where you mention how each quality influences your chosen character and, perhaps, the whole story.
They’re often used to record information about literary characters, but they can be adapted for historical figures.
In any TV crime drama or British detective movie, a group of investigators is trying to solve the law case by defining the specific features of the potential offender. | <urn:uuid:b5cc1702-148a-4b76-afcc-7397594b1a74> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://new-history.ru/teach-the-character-analysis-essay-lesson-236.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623488286726.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20210621151134-20210621181134-00485.warc.gz | en | 0.928131 | 449 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Allah means the one and only God who is worthy of worship. We believe God is one, indivisible, has no associates and has no partners. He is the First and the Last. He is the creator and owner of all things in the entire universe and He is the only One worthy of worship. There is nothing like Him.
The attributes of Allah are described in the Holy Quran, whereby Allah says:
“Allah – there is no deity except Him, the Ever-Living, the Sustainer of [all] existence. Neither drowsiness overtakes Him nor sleep. To Him belongs whatever is in the heavens and whatever is on the earth. Who is it that can intercede with Him except by His permission? He knows what is [presently] before them and what will be after them, and they encompass not a thing of His knowledge except for what He wills. His Kursi extends over the heavens and the earth, and their preservation tires Him not. And He is the Most High, the Most Great.” [Quran 2:255]
There is also other examples included Chapter 112 of the Holy Quran, whereby Allah says:
“Allah is He, than Whom there is no other god; Who knows (all things) both secret and open; He, Most Gracious, Most Merciful.”
“Allah is He, than Whom there is no other god; the Sovereign, the Holy One, the Source of Peace (and Perfection), the Guardian of Faith, the Preserver of Safety, the Exalted in Might, the Irresistible, the Supreme: Glory to Allah! (High is He) above the partners they attribute to Him.”
“He is Allah, the Creator, the Evolver, the Bestower of Forms (or Colours). To Him belong the Most Beautiful Names: whatever is in the heavens and on earth, doth declare His Praises and Glory; and He is the Exalted in Might, the Wise.”
[Quran 59: 22-24] | <urn:uuid:846bbfbd-3def-47a6-89c6-77bbdb129b88> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://talkislam.com.au/who-is-allah/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394010076008/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305090116-00054-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.950135 | 429 | 2.671875 | 3 |
- LEARNING MODEL
- PHYSICAL SPACE
- NEXT STEPS
What are fundamental skills and core concepts in our 21st century world?
The traditional subjects students that are taught the world over--Language, History, Math, Science, and Arts--are holdovers of an earlier time.
From this analysis, we’ve created IncSchool Fundamentals, a master blueprint for what our innovators will know when they leave our school. IncSchool Fundamentals is a living document, and you can find it here.
Students acquire subject-specific content and promptly forget most of it. We think that when students acquire content because they need it, education will be more purposeful. Thus, our fundamentals are more streamlined than the thousands of standards upon which curriculum maps are based.
Our students need content based on their impact projects. Different students will need different content at different times. One adult lecturing at the front of a classroom cannot deliver the knowledge a variety of students needs. From this need arose Blended Learning.
Blended Learning simply means a mix of face-to-face and online learning. At IncSchool we are continuously experimenting with that mix in order to enable each student to learn what they need at their own pace. iNACOL, the International Association for K12 Online Learning, is the best place to go for the possibilities and practices of Blended Learning.
The world of online curriculum is expanding on a daily basis, and with it, the tools needed to create and manage it. Our entrepreneurial mission, Startup Students, would not be possible without Impact Projects, and Impact Projects would not be possible without Blended Learning. We use a mix of content created by others including major research universities like Harvard, MIT, and Stanford, content created by our teachers and other teachers around the globe, and technical course materials created by professionals such as web designers and coders.
You can find the details of how we organize and launch Blended Learning Toolkits. | <urn:uuid:ecb5da33-8946-4e98-a829-ab84e607d3e9> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://incubatorschoolplaybook.org/learning-model/fundamental-concepts-skills-development/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662522270.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20220518115411-20220518145411-00099.warc.gz | en | 0.929628 | 433 | 3.390625 | 3 |
Early excavations succeeded in raising only the contents of shipwrecks or portions of the ships. Recent excavations have focused on raising the entire ship, with its contents intact.
One such project was carried out under the leadership of Anders Franzén, with the support of the Swedish government. In the seventeenth century, the Swedish king Gustavus II Adolph (ruled 1611-1632) decided to improve Sweden's military capability by building a powerful naval fleet. The pride of this fleet was the Vasa, an enormous 1,400-ton vessel that was set to depart on its first voyage from Stockholm Harbor. No sooner had it set out from port than it sank, within full view of the king.
Franzén believed that the ship lay at the bottom of the coldwater harbor in an excellent state of preservation. He made several attempts to locate the vessel—one with sonar—all of which failed. Then he made a lucky discovery. He came across a letter from the Swedish Parliament to the king that described the ship's exact location.
Various plans to raise the vessel were discussed. Rescuers decided that the safest plan would be to run cables through tunnels dug by divers beneath the ship. The divers would then swim through the tunnels with the cables and attach them to pontoons on either side of the ship. The pontoons would be filled with water until their decks were even with the water's surface. When the water was pumped out of the pontoons, the Vasa would begin to rise from the bottom of the harbor.
This plan was tried and it worked. The process was repeated several times, and the Vasa was pumped out of the water. A floating hall was built around it. Enshrined in the hall, and still containing its centuries-old cargo, the Vasa was floated to a museum site, where it remains on view today. Among the items found inside the ship were casks containing the sailors' original food and ale, implements for daily use, and twelve skeletons, many of them with their clothing still on, undisturbed down to the coins in their pockets.
In the 1980s, another remarkable vessel was raised from the sea. This time researchers worked to rescue a sixteenth-century naval vessel, the Mary Rose. In a tragedy strikingly similar to that which befell the Vasa, King Henry VIII watched from Southsea Castle as the pride of his fleet sank with its crew of 700 men on its way to battle France. The historian and archaeologist Alexander McKee believed that the Mary Rose was preserved in a deep bed of silt. He decided to raise the ship by attaching cables to a floating crane that lifted the ship out of the water. The ship was then continuously sprayed with water to keep it from drying out until it could be safely moved to shore. Medical equipment, pocket sundials, fishing gear, and leftover food from the ship broadened our knowledge of daily life in the sixteenth century.
- Nautical Archaeology - Other Uses Of Nautical Archaeology
- Nautical Archaeology - The Development Of Nautical Archaeology
- Other Free Encyclopedias
Science EncyclopediaScience & Philosophy: Mysticism to Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotideNautical Archaeology - Techniques For Underwater Surveyance, Retrieval, And Analysis, The Development Of Nautical Archaeology, Whole-ship Retrieval | <urn:uuid:21e74264-e9bc-463c-9a65-f492530b97ed> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://science.jrank.org/pages/4573/Nautical-Archaeology-Whole-ship-retrieval.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439738380.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20200809013812-20200809043812-00425.warc.gz | en | 0.974063 | 695 | 4.09375 | 4 |
The Rhine-Main-Danube Canal (in German known as the Main-Donau-Kanal) is a canal that joins up the three rivers Rhine, Main and Danube so that boats can travel from one to the other. It is in Bavaria in the south of Germany. It goes from Bamberg, past Nuremberg, to Regensburg. It was finished in 1992. Boats can now travel from Rotterdam in the Netherlands all the way to the Black Sea. The canal is 171km (106 miles) long.
From Bamberg to Fürth the canal follows the valley of the Regnitz, a tributary of the Main. From Fuerth to beyond Roth it follows the valley of the Rednitz, a tributary of the Regnitz. It crosses the Frankish Alb mountains and joins the river Altmuehl near Dietfurt. From Dietfurt to Kelheim on the Danube the canal follows the Altmuehl valley. | <urn:uuid:64e3271f-09cb-4cbc-a411-928023a38913> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhine-Main-Danube_Canal | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084890314.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20180121060717-20180121080717-00163.warc.gz | en | 0.91971 | 208 | 2.875 | 3 |
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