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Las Vegas has plenty of sunlight, but the desert dust could leave you wondering – do solar panels need to be cleaned?
Anything sitting outside in Las Vegas will get dirty over time, especially on our frequent windy days. You may wonder if this means your solar panels need to be cleaned and how to do it. Knowing the answers can help you maximize your investment if you decide to go solar.
Yes, Solar Panels Get Dirty
Solar panels are covered by a transparent “top sheet” of glass or plastic that provides protection while allowing most sunlight to pass through to the panels themselves. In order to efficiently collect energy and to make your investment worthwhile, your panels need to be able to collect sunlight without obstructions. Unfortunately, just like a car windshield, the top layer will eventually get dirty and won’t allow as much light to pass through. Bird droppings can also form significant obstructions that can reduce the ability of your rooftop solar panels to operate.
Yes, Solar Panels Need to be Cleaned … And Here’s How
Solar panels need to be cleaned simply because they need to collect sunlight in order to operate. However, it’s vital that rooftop solar panels are cleaned in a way that is recommended by the manufacturer. Some solar companies recommend deionized water and a rotating brush and claim that soap leaves a film behind, while others have approved special cleaning fluids. In more serious cases, such as if birds have left droppings on the panels, you’ll want to have a professional solar installer clean the panels.
How Often to Clean Solar Panels
There are many variables that impact the frequency with which solar panels need to be cleaned, but in Las Vegas, homeowners will want to clean their solar panels two or three times a year. This should remove dust that can build up over the year along with pollen, which can be heavy in the spring. They should also clean their solar panels after a dust storm or if they notice bird droppings or other debris on them. Depending on their circumstances, homeowners might want to clean even more regularly, especially if they live in new developments on the outskirts, near heavy construction, or major freeways.
The prevailing opinion had been that rainstorms were enough to adequately clean all solar panels of dust, but a 2009 Google study seemed to upend this after they realized an over 30% increase in solar panel efficiency from cleaning. However, later studies, including one in nearby Tucson, showed that dust only marginally impacted the efficiency of solar panels, with cleaning only bringing a 1% increase in efficiency. Overall, it seems that rain can clean slanted solar panels easily while flat panels require special attention, as the water will simply evaporate and leave build-up behind. Keep an eye on your utility bills, and if you begin to notice any decline in output, it could be time for a cleaning.
Every Month You Wait is Another High Electric Bill. Go Solar Today!
While regular cleaning can improve the efficiency of your solar panels, the gains are typically only a few percentage points if they are slanted panels with only a thin layer of dust. This means that if you forget to clean your solar panels or don’t have time to do so, it won’t be the end of your investment. With just some routine maintenance of your solar installation, you could eliminate your power bill for years to come. Contact Bell Solar & Electrical Systems if you’re interested in getting a solar system for your home or business. | <urn:uuid:c3b3b934-04c7-497d-984a-bddc02007e71> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://bellelectricalsystems.com/do-solar-panels-need-to-be-cleaned/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046153709.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20210728092200-20210728122200-00419.warc.gz | en | 0.954607 | 714 | 2.609375 | 3 |
The artist Eleni Boukoura-Altamoura is widely known as the first great female Greek painter — although there were likely many talented Greek women artists throughout history who were not recognized.
Boukoura-Altamoura’s incredible talent and tragic life inspired her works, which often feature female subjects.
The artist was born into an aristocratic Arvanite family on the Greek island of Spetses in 1821. Her father, Yannis Boukouras, was a well-known benefactor of the arts, and was famous for opening one of the first theaters in Athens following the end of the Greek War of Independence.
Growing up in an artistic and creative environment, Boukoura-Altamoura’s interest in painting was fostered from a young age. Her father even hired the Italian painter Rafaello Ceccoli as a tutor for his daughter.
The Greek woman artist in Italy
At the age of 27, the Greek artist decided to travel to Naples to begin training as a painter. In order to study art, however, Boukoura-Altamoura had to dress as a man, since women were not accepted as students at the time.
The painter spent many years in Italy, where she met the painter Francesco Saverio Altamoura, with whom she began a romantic relationship. The couple had three children together before Boukoura-Altamoura converted to Roman Catholicism and the two were married.
Just a few years after their marriage, however, Francesco left Boukoura-Altamoura for his mistress, the painter Jane Benham Hay. Fascinatingly, there is a painting attributed to Boukoura-Altamoura in which the artist depicts herself dressed as a man painting the portrait of Benham Hay.
The Greek painter then returned to Greece with two of her children, while her youngest son remained with Francesco, and she began teaching painting and giving art lessons in Athens.
Eleni Boukoura-Altamoura’s tragic life
Tragically, Boukoura-Altamoura’s daughter Sophia contracted tuberculosis at the age of 18, just a short while after the family moved to Spetses, to live in the Greek painter’s family home. Sophia died after just a few short months.
After her daughter’s death, the Greek painter moved back to Athens.
Ioannis Altamouras, Boukoura-Altamoura’s son, was an accomplished painter in his own right. In 1876, he returned to Athens from Copenhagen, where he had been studying.
Just like his sister before him, Ioannis contracted tuberculosis in 1878 and died shortly after falling ill from the disease.
The deaths of her children were simply too much to bear for the sensitive woman. Boukoura-Altamoura, filled with despair, burned some of her son’s and her own paintings after his death. She became a recluse, and moved from Athens to Spetses at some point, where she died in 1900.
While her surviving paintings show Boukoura-Altamoura’s impressive talent, had she not burned many of her works, she would likely be much more well known in Greece and abroad.
Her tragic life story inspired the book “Eleni or Nobody,” by Rhea Galanaki, which was later made into a play. | <urn:uuid:ef5b5f72-f27c-4920-a1cf-74c2e8f223ea> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://greekreporter.com/2021/11/03/eleni-boukoura-altamoura-great-female-greek-painter/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964362999.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20211204154554-20211204184554-00146.warc.gz | en | 0.989142 | 730 | 3.21875 | 3 |
If you have a vegetable garden, one battle you may have to fight is with gnats that are swarming around your plants, breeding in your soil and eating up the roots causing your seedlings to turn brown and die. These soil gnats are actually called fungus gnats and are members of the insect family Sciarid in the insect order Diptera. While fungus gnats may be a nuisance to you while you are working in the garden, they are generally harmless to your vegetable plants. However, it is the gnats in their larval stages that damage healthy roots, spread disease and kill young vegetable seedlings.
Cut 1- by 1-inch raw potato pieces that are about 1/2 inch thick. Lay them randomly in your vegetable garden soil bed. In four hours, look under the potato slices and see where you have fungus gnat larvae (maggots). Fungus gnat larvae have cream-colored bodies that grow up to 1/4 inch long and have shiny black heads. This step will help you identify your problem and know exactly where they are living and breeding.
Remove the mulch and any other debris in your vegetable garden. Also, reduce watering, if possible. Wet soil rich in organic matter is the ideal breeding ground for fungus gnats.
Apply Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis, a biological pesticide. Fungus gnats in their larvae stage ingest this pesticide, become paralyzed and die. Thoroughly soak any areas where you saw maggots. Typically, 1 to 8 tsp. of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis is added to every gallon of water, but this depends on the brand and how heavily infested your garden is with fungus gnats.
Use a chemical pesticide that is safe for your vegetable seedlings, such as one that contains pyrethrins. Read the label to verify that the pesticide is safe on your vegetables and use only as directed. Ready-to-spray bottles are easier to use than ones you have to dilute first.
Lay one piece of yellow sticky fly traps every 500 square feet. Every week, look to see if you have gnats or maggots, throw them out as needed and replace. These will help keep the gnats from infesting your vegetable garden again this season. | <urn:uuid:bfcf3720-c8c7-44be-8fa2-04c92f07b332> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.gardenguides.com/124073-rid-soil-gnats-vegetable-seedlings.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280266.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00213-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.939892 | 473 | 3.09375 | 3 |
Oranges Or Peaches ?
Both of them ! In fact you can add apples too.
During winter time, I usually eat a lot of oranges. It is for a variety of reasons, some of them are that they represent a tradition in my family. Oranges always remind me of Christmas and childhood. Also, they are vary healthy and now we are going to see how.
Although they are usually recommended because of the high percentage of vitamin C, oranges have many other useful features. Oranges are a rich source of vitamin B1 (thiamine), folate, potassium, vitamin A and calcium. Oranges contain a flavonoid called herperidin. Studies have shown that herperidin lowers cholesterol and blood pressure, and also has strong anti-inflammatory properties. Since it is located mainly in the cortex and white matter, which is located in the heart of the orange , do not completely remove the white substance while eating this fruit.
Moreover, oranges are an excellent source of limonoids, which are known to have a preventive effect against some cancers. Unlike polyphenols from green tea, which act similarly but are active only 4 to 6 hours, limonoids found in citrus fruits, including orange, remain in the body 24 hours. There is also one another flavonoid, cryptoxanthin, that is found in oranges. It has been shown that have a preventive effect against lung cancer. Finally, daily consumption of orange juice, according to the British Journal of Nutrition, increases the pH of urine and the excretion of citric acid, which reduces the risk of kidney stones.
Many of the fruits were for the first time cultivated in China. Among them is also a very juicy fruit – peach.
Its botanical name is Prunus persica , however genetic studies suggest that peaches originated in China and not in Persia. Peach was brought to India and Western Asia in ancient times, and was brought to the Americas by Spanish explorers in the 16th century (and eventually brought to England and France in the 17th century). Peaches have close relatives: nectarines. Nectarines belong to the same species as peaches, but have smooth skin (while peaches have fuzzy skin).
In fact, peach is a really healthy fruit. It is rich in vitamin A, vitamin C, as well as vitamin E and K. It is also a good source of vitamin B group: thiamine, riboflavin, vitamin B6, niacin, folate and pantothenic acid. Furthermore, it is a significant source of potassium, so about 4-5 peaches can meet the daily needs of this important mineral for the body. Peaches also contain a certain amount of magnesium, phosphorus, zinc, copper, manganese, iron and calcium.
Because of its richness in vitamins, minerals and fiber, and minimal calories, peach is a great food for weight loss diets (diets).
As an excellent source of a particular antioxidant, chlorogenic acid, as well as lutein, zeaxanthin and cryptoxanthin, peaches help reduce the effects that lead to premature ageing and chronic diseases. These antioxidants also alleviate inflammatory processes and have a preventive effect against the development of cancerous cell changes.
Above all, peaches are exceptionally tasty and have refreshing effects in summer heat! | <urn:uuid:8be845ca-aafc-496f-9e0f-3124557b3ace> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://diethics.com/oranges-or-peaches/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250626449.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124221147-20200125010147-00123.warc.gz | en | 0.961224 | 687 | 2.8125 | 3 |
By: Eduardo R. Zayas-Quiñones
[Home][Strong Passwords][Personal Firewall Security][Backup my PC?][About computer viruses][Wireless Security]
What is a computer virus?
A computer virus is a program that attaches copies of itself to other programs to perform functions other than those for which these were intended. Suppose that one of the programs on your computer, say your word processing application gets infected by a computer virus. When you run the application, the virus starts running too and would very likely find and attach itself to other programs on your computer - even attaching itself to your computer disk drive's boot sector springing into action every time you boot-up your PC.
What can viruses do?
Viruses can do, just about anything the writer intends them to. This can be something as silly as popping-up a window and displaying a little annoying message every once in a while on your computer or cause something as devastating as modifying information on your computer system beyond recovery.
Here are some common mistakes people make which result frequently in computer virus infections and in some cases complete loss of the programs and information stored on their computers:
1. Not having computer virus protection software installed and running on their computer. If you do not have virus software installed on your machine, your computer is at great risk of being infected.
2. They had a virus program installed but did not update their virus definitions regularly. New viruses are made every day. In order for your anti-virusprogram to detect them, it must have a definition of the new virus - otherwise, it may not recognize it and allow it to enter through your computer's front door.
3. Downloading programs from unknown websites on the Internet. Many people enjoy surfing the Internet, visiting websites that offer free donwloads like games and other interesting programs. In many cases these programs have been known to be infected with computer viruses.
4. Opening attachments on suspicious emails. This is one of the most effective ways through which computer viruses spread - emails from known or unknown senders with suspicious subjects or content. In many cases, these emails will prompt you to open an attachment or click on a link within the message. Doing either of these will cause the virus to spring into action and infect your computer.
How to get computer virus protection:
The only way to effectively protect yourself from computer viruses is by installing antivirus software on your computer and by making sure you keep your antivirus software and virus definitions updated. Not having antivirus software installed on your computer, especially if you are a micro or small business owner is inexcusable. There are several excellent virus protection products on the market and some companies provide free antivirus software downloads.
Here are some common sense, best practices to protect your computer from computer viruses and an antivirus software comparison:
1. Purchase and install computer virus protection software your computer. Several anti-virus products are available in the market - I have compiled a list of well-known vendors, descriptions of their products and their links. I encourage you to visit these to help you determine which product best meets your needs.
2. If your virus detection program does not have the capability to download up-to-date virus definitions then you must download them from your vendor's website on a regular basis. I strongly recommend that you do this at the very least once per week. Think of a computer virus definition as an "all points bulletin" for a wanted criminal or escaped convict, containig a description of the wanted individual. In the same fashion, a virus definition file provides a description of the characteristics of a virus for you virus detection program.
3. Do not open attachments on emails originating from unknown sources.
4. Be very cautious when downloading programs from Internet sites. Download software ONLY from reputable and well known sites.
I've owned both McAfee and Norton products over
the past 10 years and had opportunity to see both of these deployed and at work in large government and commercial
organizations. Just a couple of weeks ago I had opportunity to help our neighbors get rid of a nasty virus on their
PC. I used McAfee to get rid of their virus - the couple of hours it took to install the application and eradicate
the virus were a small time investment. They now have better protection since McAfee is installed on their computer
and they are downloading virus definitions regularly. I have also used these products for at least 10 years in
my home computers and these days to protect our business PCs as well. I presently use Norton Internet Security
2006. All of these are excellent products, just take a little time to compare their features and price.
Copyright © 2002-2006 Ed Zayas | <urn:uuid:38bd948c-f084-47d9-8da2-1408d23a3621> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | http://www.securebusinessresource.com/FAQVirus.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627999615.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20190624150939-20190624172939-00041.warc.gz | en | 0.953286 | 966 | 3.375 | 3 |
Wondering about the number of letters in Afrikaans and Slovene alphabets? When you compare Afrikaans vs Slovene alphabets you will understand the number of alphabets in both the languages. Because lesser the number of alphabets, faster the language to learn, find all the Easiest Languages to Learn. Afrikaans and Slovene Alphabets are collection of symbols or letters used for writing. Afrikaans alphabets contain 32 letters and Slovene Alphabets contain 25 letters. The writing direction of Afrikaans is Left-To-Right, Horizontal whereas the writing direction of Slovene is Left-To-Right, Horizontal. Afrikaans and Slovene Alphabets are the basics of Afrikaans and Slovene languages. Check the detailed comparison of Afrikaans and Slovene.
Compare Afrikaans and Slovene alphabets and find out scripts used by Afrikaans and Slovene language. Afrikaans and Slovene scripts are the methodology and rules for writing. Scripts used by Afrikaans and Slovene languages are Latin and Latin respectively. After learning alphabets in Afrikaans and Slovene you can also learn useful Afrikaans greetings vs Slovene greetings.
If you are comparing Afrikaans and Slovene alphabets then you need to find out Afrikaans vowels vs Slovene vowels too. The number of vowels and consonants in Afrikaans are 15 and 17 and number of vowels and consonants in Slovene are 5 and 20. Language codes are unique and are two or three letter codes assigned to each language. Check out all the language codes of Afrikaans and Slovene language codes.
Is Afrikaans harder than Slovene? No language is hard or easy to learn as it depends on individual interest and efforts for learning that language. When you decide to learn any language, you need to find out time required to learn that language and levels in that language. As mentioned above, while comparing Afrikaans and Slovene Alphabets the number of alphabets in any language decides hardness in learning that language.
It's important to know Afrikaans and Slovene alphabets because for learning these languages, alphabets are the starting point. The levels in Afrikaans language are 3. And time taken to learn Afrikaans language is 24 weeks. While the levels in Slovene language are 2. And time taken to learn Slovene language is 44 weeks.
© 2015-2020. A softUsvista venture! | <urn:uuid:2d2c11ae-4458-4b3a-9642-bceff7259bab> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://www.languagecomparison.com/en/afrikaans-and-slovene-alphabets/comparison-74-120-4 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107872746.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20201020134010-20201020164010-00217.warc.gz | en | 0.776019 | 539 | 3.609375 | 4 |
By Hadiza Umar
“Digital inclusion brings about a level playing field. It means that the little girl in a village in Nigeria can get information for her research project as a little girl in Washington or China.â€â€” Professor Turner Isoun, Former Minister of Science and Technology
The term digital
divide according to Wikipedia refers to the gap between people with effective access to digital and information technology and those with very limited or no access at all. It includes the imbalances in physical access to technology as well as the imbalances in resources and skills needed to effectively participate as a digital citizen .In other words, it is the unequal access by some members of society to information and communication technology, and the unequal acquisition of related skills.
The term is closely related to the knowledge divide as the lack of technology causes lack of useful information and knowledge.Digital divide is currently referred to as gaps in the ownership of, or regular access to a computer. As internet came to be seen as a central aspect of computing, the usage of the term shifted to encompass gaps in not just computers but also access to the internet. The world is undergoing an Information Communications Technology (ICT) revolution, a revolution that has enormous social and economic implications for the developed and less developed countries of the world.
A gigantic gulf already exists between the industrialised and developing countries in terms of access to ICTs (this includes radio, computers, TV and mobile phones). The criteria often used to assess the imbalance between the ‘haves’ and the ‘have nots’ of the digital divide tend to focus on access to hardware and to the Internet, but the nature of the digital divide is both contextual and debatable.
Widespread poverty across the developing world has complex and multiple reasons; lack of access to information that is essential to the lives of the poor is one such reason. Poor access to education and knowledge is another; this is particularly acute for girls and women.
Lisa Servon argued in
2002 that the digital divide “is a symptom of a larger and more complex problem – the problem of persistent poverty and inequalityâ€. As described by Mehra (2004), the four major components that contribute to the digital divide are “socioeconomic status, with income, educational level, and race among other factors associated with technological attainmentâ€.
In today’s society, jobs and education are directly related to the Internet, in that the advantages that come from the Internet are so significant that neglecting them would leave a company vulnerable in a changing market.“
Andy Grove, the former chair of Intel, said that by the mid-2000s all companies will be Internet companies, or they won’t be companies at all.†In countries where the Internet and other technologies are not accessible, education is suffering, and uneducated people and societies that are not benefiting from the information age, cannot compete in the global economy .
This leads to developing countries, suffering greater economic downfall and richer countries advancing their education and economy. However, when dealing with the global aspect of digital divide there are several factors that lead to digital divide. For example, country of residence, ethnicity , gender, age, educational attainment, and income levels are all factors of the global aspects of digital divide.
Recognition of digital divide as an immense problem has led Governments, scholars, policy makers, and the public to understand the “potential of the Internet to improve everyday life for those on the margins of society and to achieve greater social equity and empowermentâ€.
According to the World Summit on Information Society (WSIS), one of the key principle for building an inclusive information society thereby bridging the digital divide and ensuring harmonious fair and equitable development for all requires an improved access to information and communication infrastructure and technology as well as to information and knowledge; building capacity; increased confidence and security in the use of ICTs; create an enabling environment at all levels; develop and widen ICT applications; foster and respect cultural diversity; recognise the role of the media, address the ethical dimension of the information society; and encourage international and regional cooperation. | <urn:uuid:982bd60e-82b7-447f-aa2a-bcec821cf1d8> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://www.vanguardngr.com/2010/03/bridging-the-digital-divide-1/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917121869.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031201-00038-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.936856 | 875 | 3.921875 | 4 |
The following statistics help us to understand the complex needs surrounding men and their mental health:
Nearly 1 in 10 men experience depression and anxiety: According to a poll of 21,000 American men by researchers at the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS), nearly one in ten men reported experiencing some form of depression or anxiety, but less than half sought treatment.
Men die by suicide 3.5x more often than women: Men experience a higher rate suicide than women. Depression, when left untreated, can in some cases reach a crisis point of suicidal contemplation. With so few men reaching out for help or support, and instead suffering in silence, this may be one reason why men face a higher suicide rate.
About 6 of every 10 men experience at least one trauma in their lives: Men are more likely to experience trauma related to accidents, physical assault, combat, disaster, or to witness death or injury. PTSD can develop weeks, months, and sometimes even years after an experienced trauma, and can cause a person to relive the traumatic event, avoid places or situations that serve as a reminder of it, feeling on alert or keyed up for danger, experience nightmares or flashbacks, and a number of other troubling symptoms that can interfere with their everyday life.
Men are almost two times more likely to binge drink than women: Not only do men binge drink more often than women, men consistently have higher rates of alcohol-related deaths and hospitalizations. Men are also more likely to have used alcohol before dying by suicide.
Forty-nine percent of men feel more depressed than they admit to the people in their life: A Today Show commissioned survey of more than 1,000 men revealed the truth that many assume. Men are much less likely to voice struggles with mental illness, and even thoughts of suicide.
Making the decision to start a conversation with a friend or loved one about mental health takes courage and strength. It’s likely that someone you know is experiencing feelings of depression or anxiety, and you have the power to make a difference in their lives. Take action for Men’s Health Month by looking out for those that you love. | <urn:uuid:8c0e8308-894c-497d-81dc-a20f8cc2637a> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | https://mentalhealthscreening.org/blog/a-critical-look-at-mens-mental-health | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125938462.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20180420135859-20180420155859-00041.warc.gz | en | 0.959627 | 436 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Modern websites are required to protect visitors’ private information more carefully than ever before. If you’re preparing to start a new website or bring an old one into compliance, then you’ve probably heard about privacy notices and privacy policies.
They sound pretty similar, so what’s the difference?
- Privacy policies are internal documents that tell your employees how to protect customer data.
- Privacy notices are external documents that inform visitors about how their data is used and their privacy rights.
Even the Federal Trade Commission has used the two terms interchangeably. Despite this confusion, you should still develop both documents.
Below, you’ll learn the details of privacy notices vs privacy policies, the most important differences, what terms you need to use when, and how to write and publish privacy disclosures that comply with important laws.
What Is a Privacy Notice?
The privacy notice is a document you present to people who visit your site used to explain to them how you collect their information and how they can opt out. These kinds of notices are required by multiple laws, including:
- California Consumer Protection Act (CCPA)
- California Online Privacy Protection Act (CalOPPA)
- EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)
Your privacy notice must:
- Inform users exactly what data you’re collecting
- Identify the controller collecting that data
- Explain why you’re collecting data, including the legal basis for that collection
- Describe how you’ll use and store the data, including how long it will be kept
- Explain how to opt out of data collection entirely and how to request the controller to delete stored personal information
To display a privacy notice, you need to make sure that you:
- Display a privacy notification clearly in the window, contrasting with the background to catch reader attention
- Link to your actual privacy notice page with direct and understandable language
Instead of existing for your customers, privacy policies are for your staff.
Privacy policies aren’t legally required, but they’re heavily recommended.
Should you face a privacy inquest, having a policy on hand can help you explain your processes and demonstrate that any violations that may have occurred were accidental. This can significantly reduce the potential fines you face if it’s found that you have violated any privacy laws.
- Privacy policies are internal-facing, while privacy notices are public-facing.
- Privacy policies provide guidelines for how the company handles data protection, while privacy notices inform users of their rights.
- Privacy notices explain how to get in touch with the organization, while privacy policies discuss how to respond to customer requests.
Which One Should I Put On My Website?
The most important privacy document to add to your website is your privacy notice. The privacy notice is what informs your visitors of their rights and how their private information will be collected and used.
Digital privacy laws require you to post a privacy notice and to make it clearly apparent to visitors.
Which Term Do I Have to Legally Use and When?
Using the correct terminology is essential if you want to remain in compliance with privacy laws. To understand which terms you need to use and when, you should understand what different laws require.
- CalOPPA: This bill requires sites to provide a clear link to the privacy notice’s page with an icon or text hyperlink that includes the word “privacy.”
- CCPA: This law states that website owners are required to provide “notice” to users about their privacy practices.
- GDPR: This regulation requires sites to provide users with information about their privacy rights, and the Article 29 Working Party has clarified that that means offering a “privacy notice” or “privacy statement.”
None of these laws specifically require you to call your privacy disclosure document a certain term.
As long as you use the word “privacy” in your links and document title, you meet the requirements for each bill. However, if you want to fully cover your bases, using the term “privacy notice” includes the terms mentioned in all three laws, preventing miscommunications and misunderstandings.
Are There Other Terms I Should Know?
- Privacy statement
- Information notice
- Data protection notice
Each of these terms can apply to both types of privacy documents.
Businesses in the EU may be slightly more likely to use the term “privacy statement” instead of privacy notice because they are directly regulated by the GDPR. Since the Article 29 Working Party clarified that “privacy statement” is what is meant by the GDPR, it’s an acceptable term in EU companies. It’s still usable in the US, too, since it’s in compliance with CalOPPA.
Similarly, “information notice” and “data protection notice” are likely to be used for privacy notices outside the US by businesses not held to CalOPPA. Since these terms don’t include the word “privacy,” they aren’t in compliance with CalOPPA’s requirements for public-facing privacy disclosures.
If you need to create any kind of privacy disclosure, you have three main options: choosing a managed solution, using a template, or building one from scratch. All of these choices have their own benefits and drawbacks. Here’s what you need to know about each so you can choose the one that works best for your business.
Use a Managed Solution
Managed solutions do the work of generating legally sound privacy notices and policies for you. The managed solution will consider your business’s requirements, then will create and post a privacy notice that complies with all the relevant laws.
Use a Template
If you do want to write your privacy notice or policy from scratch, you can do that, too. You’ll need to make sure you include all the legally required information, so you should make sure you’re working with quality resources when you’re writing.
Where Do I Publish My Privacy Notice, Policy, or Statement?
Your privacy notice or statement should be published clearly on your website. You can post it by setting up a dedicated page for the notice, then by:
- Linking to the page in a pop-up
- Adding a large, obvious link to the front page
- Inserting a privacy notice footer
- Placing a link on mobile app menus
- Posting the policy on your internal staff hub
- Adding the policy to the main folder of shared cloud drives
- Emailing the policy to all staff | <urn:uuid:07f0f174-cf53-46f5-bd81-c6466758865c> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://termly.io/resources/articles/privacy-notice-vs-privacy-policy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100057.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129073519-20231129103519-00048.warc.gz | en | 0.91807 | 1,374 | 2.71875 | 3 |
World's first tamburitza opera
Tamburitzas in an opera? Some people may find this unusual or say that it cannot be done, but composer Gregor Zagorc and his excellent team have managed to prove them wrong, surprising the audience with a beautiful opera. Ambrož and Katarina, a saga of forbidden love, is the world's first opera written for a tamburitza orchestra.
The opera Ambrož and Katarina was written by composer Gregor Zagorc, conductor of the Dobreč Tamburitza Orchestra. He got the idea in 2015 when his orchestra first started playing opera music. They discovered that tamburitzas worked very well as an accompaniment to opera singing and that the two complemented each other wonderfully. Composer Zagorc then started toying with the idea of composing a tamburitza opera. He learned that no such opera had ever been written, all being only transcriptions, adaptations of existing works composed for the symphonic orchestra, which made him even more motivated to take on the project of writing the world's first tamburitza opera.
He also wanted to find a good libretto and incorporate Bela krajina in the narrative so that people in Slovenia and abroad could get to know the region better. Writer and musicologist Nina Novak Oiseau took up the challenge of writing the text. The libretto and opera are based on historical facts, as between 1660 and 1850 the castle in which the story is set was home to the Gusič family. The author found inspiration in a local legend, which formed the basis for the story's dramatisation and literalisation. "The language is rich and very archaic at times. It's the first opera based on the folk traditions of Bela krajina. It could also be called an ethno-opera," said the author of the libretto, Nina Novak Oiseau.
In writing the opera that includes all the traditional characteristics, composer Zagorc focused on ethno-music from Bela krajina and the harmonies of the late Romantic period In addition to tamburitzas, he also incorporated the woodwind and percussion sections, which, he said, certain parts of the orchestral piece needed for dramatic effect. | <urn:uuid:c04a2873-41b2-40a8-9d97-56dc466d271e> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://www.gov.si/en/news/worlds-first-tamburitza-opera/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296949598.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20230331082653-20230331112653-00311.warc.gz | en | 0.966425 | 487 | 2.515625 | 3 |
A time of change pushes us to take decisions based on incomplete information and without knowing how things are going to turn out.
This has two parts.
Part One: The Voice of Experience
As we get older we generally become wiser. For example, you could probably offer some wise advice now to your 16-year-old or 20-year-old self.
Take a couple of minutes now to do this. It is a useful exercise:
Knowing what you know now, what advice you would give to your 16- year-old or 20-year-old self?
When you have done this, ask yourself: would you be willing to listen to that advice?
Now ask yourself: are you willing to listen now to the advice of your 86-year-old self?
Part Two: A Worthwhile Life
Peter Drucker said it was important to, “Define what finishing well means to you.” One of Stephen Covey’s Seven Habits is to, “Begin with the end in mind.”
Defining now what ‘finishing well’ looks like to your life will help you achieve what matters most to you.
To do this, imagine yourself aged 86:
What will it take for you to have lived a worthwhile life?
Define between six and eight categories or areas of life that are important to you. List them now.
When you have done this, there are a couple of ways that you can use the answers.
- First, you can define where you want to get to under each category, by the time you are 86. Then, when you need to take a decision based on little information and without knowing how things are going to turn out, simply ask yourself which choice will lead you more towards achieving what a worthwhile life looks like to you.
- Second, starting from where you are now, you could ask yourself what actions over the next week, month, or year might be appropriate steps to take you towards where you want to be when you are 86.
Remember that we are all human becomings and a churning world is bound to be unpredictable. The point isn’t whether or not we achieve our objectives. The point is to know the priorities that matter most to us and then to make the best choices we can, in an imperfect changing world.
Steve Jobs put it this way:
“Remembering that I’ll be dead soon is the most important tool I’ve ever encountered to help me make the big choices in life. Because almost everything — all external expectations, all pride, all fear of embarrassment or failure – these things just fall away in the face of death, leaving only what is truly important. Remembering that you are going to die is the best way I know to avoid the trap of thinking you have something to lose. You are already naked. There is no reason not to follow your heart.”
What advice you would give now to your 16-year-old or 20-year-old self? Are you willing to listen to the advice of your 86-year-old self? What does a worthwhile life look like to you?
Adapted from Inner Leadership: a framework and tools for building inspiration in times of change.
You can sign up to daily posts here. | <urn:uuid:acd972d5-6c81-4a8e-a8b2-8d311128bc3d> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://www.thechurning.net/learning-from-your-future/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655882934.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20200703184459-20200703214459-00078.warc.gz | en | 0.957866 | 684 | 2.890625 | 3 |
The best inspirations for poetry, or any art, really, as with the case of Owen’s ‘1914,’ come from anything that is real and important in the life of the writer.
Wilfred Owen wrote ‘A Terre’ about the aftermath of the war. In it, a soldier reminisces about his days before the war – the days when he had full functionality of his limbs, and could do whatever he wanted – to an unknown listener, most likely a young and influential boy.
As the First World War raged on to its completion, Wilfred Owen, the poem, spent the final days of the war incarcerated in Craiglockhart, suffering from an acute case of shellshock and trying to write through the trauma using poetry.
A harrowing poem that was written by a WW1 veteran, Wilfred Owen describing the haunting loneliness of life as an injured post-war soldier.
Wilfred Owen immortalized mustard gas in his indictment against warfare, ‘Dulce et Decorum Est.’ Written in 1917 while at Craiglockart, and published posthumously in 1920, ‘Dulce et Decorum Est’ details what is, perhaps, the most memorable written account of a mustard gas attack.
Despite Wilfred Owen’s prodigious writing, only five poems were ever published in his lifetime – probably because of his strong anti-war sentiment, which would not have been in line with British policy at the time, particularly in their attempt to gather rather more and more people to sign up for the war.
Wilfred Owen’s poem ‘Inspection’ was drafted at a military hospital Craiglockhart in August 1917, and completed in September, under the influence of wartime poet Siegfried Sassoon. In it, Owen writes about the loss and cheapness of life through war.
‘The Parable of the Old Man and the Young’ by Wilfred Owen is an unforgettable poem. In it, Owen uses the story of Abraham and Isaac from the Bible to describe World War I. | <urn:uuid:1daf7ac3-8d27-411b-8d33-86f514caf922> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://poemanalysis.com/wilfred-owen/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585353.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20211020214358-20211021004358-00541.warc.gz | en | 0.971351 | 426 | 3.234375 | 3 |
Florida is one of the most biologically diverse states in our nation. With every turn of the head, there is something to discover. In a sea of green and brown, how do you distinguish between plants?
Natural Florida is an amazing magical place. Few areas in the nation are more diverse or mysterious.Craig N. Huegel
What am I Looking at?
Woody or herbaceous? This is the first question to ask before identifying plants. Herbaceous plants have very flexible stems. Their leaves and stems die down to soil level at the end of every growing season. Woody plants are plants with very strong and rigid stems such as trees. Woody plants may lose their leaves (deciduous) or retain their leaves (evergreen).
Shape – Shape is an important factor when identifying plants. Some plants have linear leaves like grasses, while others are lobed like a maple leaf. There are even leaves that trap prey!
Clockwise: Rudbeckia hirta has a simple lance-shaped leaf covered in hairs. Liriodendron tulipifera has a shiny, broad, four-lobed leaf. Sarracenia leucophylla has a cylindrical leaf with a lid to capture prey.
Texture – Texture comes in handy when identifying plants. Some leaves are covered in small hairs, while others are smooth and waxy. Bark can be smooth, flaky, furrowed, or have lenticels.
Left: Prunus angustifolia – Bark having lenticels. Middle: Pinus palustris – Bark is flaky. Right: Oxydendrum arboreum – Bark is deeply furrowed.
Patterns – Patterns are found all over nature, the number of petals on a flower, leaf arrangement, or branch structure. Related plants have similar characteristics for identification and are grouped into “families”.
An example of leaf arrangement is found in the genus Asclepias (milkweeds). Asclepias verticillata has whorled leaves, while Asclepias tuberosa has opposite leaves.
Color – Looking for color is a simple way to spot plants. You will observe a change in leaf color or flower blooms from Spring through Fall. Look out for different flowers with unique structures featured below.
Practice – Practice goes a long way when identifying plants. The more familiar you become with the patterns of different plant categories, the easier it will be to distinguish between plants while outdoors.
UF/IFAS Extension – UF/IFAS Extension encompasses thousands of Extension faculty members, scientists, educators, administrative staff, and volunteers, all working to provide solutions for your life. Check out this list of Native Plants for your backyard!
Atlas of Florida Plants – The Atlas of Florida Plants is a joint effort by the Institute for Systematic Botany, the University of South Florida, and the USF Water Institute to provide a comprehensive searchable database of plants in the state of Florida.
Florida Native Plant Society – Promoting the preservation, conservation, and restoration of the native plants and native plant communities of Florida.
Florida Exotic Pest Plant Council – Supports the management of invasive exotic plants in Florida’s natural areas by providing a forum for the exchange of scientific, educational and technical information.
Interactive Plant Identification
- Interactive Plant Identification Exercise – Alice Ferguson Foundation
- Discover Life Wildflower ID Key
- Discover Life Tree ID Key
Plant ID Apps
Record your observations, share with fellow naturalists, and discuss your findings!
Add your photos to our CBA Watershed Project!
Instantly identify plants. Accurate, fast and content rich! In addition to description and plant care tips, enjoy beautiful plant pictures around the world. | <urn:uuid:b17aca14-4e2e-4fe5-920a-815be2081168> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | http://basinalliance.org/cba-around-the-bay/backyard-science/plant-identification/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178357929.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20210226145416-20210226175416-00084.warc.gz | en | 0.898849 | 778 | 3.984375 | 4 |
Mammography and Mammograms
What Is A Mammogram?
Mammography is a type of breast exam that uses x-ray imaging in order to detect any breast abnormalities or potential symptoms of breast cancer. There are two types of mammograms that are typically performed: the diagnostic mammogram and the mammogram for screening.
A breast mammogram is performed on an out patient basis and the procedure usually lasts about 30 minutes. A trained technician will position the breasts between two plates in a mammography unit. The breasts are then slowly compressed, and low radiation x-ray images will be taken from horizontal and vertical angles of each breast.
The patient may be asked to adjust slightly as each image is being taken. A radiologist will later review the images to detect any breast cancer signs and symptoms, and send a written report of the results to your doctor. Make sure you receive the results of your mammogram and do not assume that results are normal if you have not heard back from your doctor or mammography center.
Screening vs. Diagnostic Mammograms
The screening mammography is typically used in women who show no clinical signs of breast cancer or breast abnormalities, and is performed for the purposes of early detection as a method of breast cancer screening. This typically requires that two x-ray images be taken of each breast from two different angles.
The diagnostic mammogramis performed if breast cancer symptoms or other suspicious signs have already been detected by other forms of breast exams such as a clinical breast examination or a self breast examination. These can include symptoms such as a breast lump, breast pain, unusual skin appearance or a thickening of the nipples, and unusual nipple discharge.
Diagnostic mammograms are also conducted if potential signs of breast cancer have resulted in an abnormal mammogram during screening mammography. In this case, diagnostic mammograms can provide additional images from different angles of the breast and may also focus on a particular area at a higher magnification to provide further information for diagnosis.
What Can A Mammogram Detect?
A radiologist will analyze any suspicious signs of breast cancer that appear on the x-ray film and may indicate complications.
Calcium deposits may appear on the x-ray and may indicate signs of breast cancer as well as benign conditions such as fibroadenoma. It is recommended that women undergoing a mammography exam not wear deodorant or lotion under their arms as these may produce images that are similar to calcium deposits on the x-ray.
Dense areas that have developed since a patient’s last mammogram, or dense tissue areas that only appear in one breast, may indicate a potential sign of breast cancer. Breast lumps may also be detected, and any tumor that has invaded the breast will appear as a distorted image on the x-ray film.
When To Get A Mammogram
The best time to undergo a mammography breast exam is one week after your menstrual period, as this will ensure that your breasts are not tender, which can cause pain or discomfort during a mammogram procedure.
It is recommended that all women over the age of 40, whether at high risk of breast cancer or at average risk of breast cancer, undergo screening mammograms every one to two years in order to detect early signs of breast cancer stages.
It is generally advised that women between the ages of 20 and 39 who are at high risk of developing cancer, including those whose family members have had breast cancer, also receive yearly mammograms.
Women between the ages of 20-39 who are at average risk are generally not advised to undergo mammogram screenings. However, other forms of breast exam screenings should be performed, such as routine clinical breast examinations and self breast examinations.
It is best to talk to your doctor about breast examinations and mammograms in order to receive recommendations on breast exam procedures based on your personal medical history.
Risks and Benefits of Mammography
Mammograms allow a physician to detect small tumors, which would otherwise remain unnoticed. Detecting tumors at the early stages of breast cancer allows for more options in the way of breast cancer treatments, and increases the chances of successful recovery.
However, because mammography uses x-ray radiation, there are some risks associated with mammogram procedures. Exposure to radiation always carries the risk of cancer with it. However, many experts assert that radiation levels produced by x-ray technology are extremely low, and the benefits of early detection, especially for women over the age of 40, outweigh the risks of exposure.
A patient must inform her doctor or specialist if there are any chances of her being pregnant prior to receiving mammography exams. The mammography procedure has sparked some controversy amongst those who question whether individuals treated after mammogram analysis would have actually developed breast cancer in the long run, and whether exposure to x-rays is necessary in the screening process. | <urn:uuid:1066bb32-e37f-45b3-a2d4-9b78ff96658a> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://wdxcyber.com/mammogram.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218187690.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212947-00095-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.96165 | 982 | 3.296875 | 3 |
Automatic Device Alignment Mechanism
Far-Target Location (FTL) is a critical component in many modern battlefield situations. FTL can also be important for other applications where it is desirable to be able to identify the location of a distant target with a high degree of accuracy. A number of devices have been developed over the years to assist in FTL. A common goal of such devices has been to provide accurate target location in tactical field environments. Providing increases in accuracy may enable ordnance to be placed on target with a high degree of effectiveness. Thus, minimal ordnance may be employed with maximum effectiveness while, in many situations, keeping friendly forces relatively less exposed to risk.
Some examples of devices that have been employed to facilitate or utilize FTL include a laser designator (e.g., laser designator module [LDM]), a precision azimuth and vertical angle module (PAVAM), and a handheld target location module (HTLM). The LDM may be used to direct a beam from a laser light source in order to designate or “paint” a target. Thereafter, laser-guided bombs, missiles, or other precision munitions may be steered toward the target by using a reflection of the beam. The HTLM and PAVAM may be used to determine target coordinates. For example, the HTLM may include direct-view optical systems, night vision, weapon sights, laser range finders, digital magnetic compasses, global positioning system (GPS) receivers, and/or the like to enable operatives in the field to identify a target’s location in various conditions that may be encountered.
In some cases, it may be desirable to use devices in conjunction with one another (for example, employing an LDM to designate a target and employing an HTLM to get the coordinates of that target at the same time). The U.S. military has recognized the importance of the development of a common man-portable target locator/designator suite for forward observers, air controllers, and scouts and developed the joint effects targeting system (JETS) to pursue a common system to serve multiple services. Development of such a common system may require multiple devices to be interoperable with one other. As an example, when used together, it may be desirable to optically align the devices (e.g., boresighting of the LDM/PAVAM to the HTLM). However, many of the devices may be made by different manufacturers, so direct communication to facilitate alignment may be problematic. Moreover, under some conditions, radiation downrange, which may be required to align some devices, may be undesirable or even dangerous.
Researchers at APL have developed an automatic device alignment mechanism that enables the boresighting of devices to each other without compromising safety and security, and without introducing complicated communication requirements between devices that may be of different types and made by different manufacturers. The alignment suite includes first and second targeting devices and an optical coupler, and its relatively light weight means that operators can more easily carry and use the technology in the field.
The first targeting device, which includes an image processor, is configured to perform a positional determination regarding a downrange target. The second targeting device is configured to perform a targeting function relative to the downrange target and can be affixed to the first targeting device. The optical coupler enables the image processor to capture an image of a reference object at the second targeting device that is responsive to the first and second targeting devices being affixed together. The image processor uses processing circuitry that determines pose information indicative of an alignment relationship between the first and second targeting devices relative to the downrange target based on the image captured.CONTACT:
Dr. G. R. Jacobovitz
Phone: (443) 778-9899 | <urn:uuid:d698e508-3971-4da7-ba27-51db0537fa8c> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://www.jhuapl.edu/ott/technologies/technology/articles/P03060.asp | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549423681.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20170721022216-20170721042216-00050.warc.gz | en | 0.913085 | 773 | 3.25 | 3 |
THE TWO LIFTS
In competitive Olympic Weightlifting, there are two lifts contested – the Snatch, and the Clean & Jerk. Each athlete has three attempts at each lift, and the sum of their best Snatch and best Clean & Jerk is their Total. The goal is to execute a proper lift with as heavy a weight as possible. If there is a tie, the lifter with the lightest bodyweight is given a higher ranking. In both the Snatch and the Clean & Jerk, once the weight is lifted the athlete must wait until the referee gives the down signal to lower the weight. The lifter must demonstrate control and stability of the bar; otherwise, the referees will declare a “no lift” ruling and the lift will be deemed as a failed attempt.
The barbell is placed horizontally in front of the lifter’s legs. It is gripped, palms downwards and pulled in a single movement from the platform to the full extent of both arms above the head, while either splitting or bending the legs. During this continuous movement, the barbell may slide along the thighs and the lap. No part of the body other than the feet may touch the platform during the execution of the lift. The weight, which has been lifted, must be maintained in the final motionless position, arms and legs extended, the feet on the same line, until the Referees give the signal to replace the barbell on the platform. The lifter may recover in his or her own time, either from a split or a squat position, and finish with the feet on the same line, parallel to the plane of the trunk and the barbell. The Referees give the signal to lower the barbell as soon as the lifter becomes motionless in all parts of the body.
THE CLEAN AND JERK
THE CLEAN - The barbell is placed horizontally in front of the lifter’s legs. It is gripped, palms downwards and pulled in a single movement from the platform to the shoulders, while either splitting or bending the legs. During this continuous movement, the barbell may slide along the thighs and the lap. The barbell must not touch the chest before the final position. It then rests on the clavicles or on the chest above the nipples or on the arms fully bent. The feet return to the same line, legs straight before performing the Jerk. The lifter may make this recovery in his or her own time and finish with the feet on the same line, parallel to the plane of the trunk and the barbell.
THE JERK - The athlete bends the legs and extends them as well as the arms to bring the barbell to the full stretch of the arms vertically extended. He or she returns the feet to the same line; arms and legs fully extended, and waits for the Referees’ signal to replace the barbell on the platform. The Referees give the signal to lower the barbell as soon as the lifter becomes motionless in all parts of the body.
In the sport of weightlifting, competitions are organised for men and women. The athletes compete in the categories specified in the rules, according to their bodyweight.
In its activities, the IWF recognises three age groups:
YOUTH: up to and including seventeen (17) years of age.
JUNIOR: up to and including twenty (20) years of age.
- All age groups are calculated in the athlete’s year of birth.
- The minimum age for participation in the Senior World, Junior World and World University Championships and other open international events for men and women is fifteen (15).
- The minimum age for participation in the Olympic Games, for men and women is sixteen (16).
- Participation age for Youth Olympic Games is sixteen (16) and seventeen (17).
- The minimum age for participation in the Youth events is thirteen (13).
Body Weight Categories
There are eight (8) categories for men and junior men. All competitions under IWF rules must be held in the following categories and sequence:
Men - 56, 62, 69, 77, 85, 94, 105, 105+kg
Women - 48, 53, 58, 63, 69, 75, 75+kg
Youth Men - 50, 56, 62, 69, 77, 85, 94, 94+
Youth Women - 44, 48, 53, 58, 63, 69, 69+
At IWF Events and other competitions each country may enter a team of maximum ten (10) men and nine (9) women athletes but may participate with a team of maximum eight (8) men and seven (7) women athletes only, spread over the different categories with a maximum of two (2) athletes per category. For the Olympic Games Rule 5.3 applies.
During any competition, an athlete may not compete in more than one category.
Stage and Platform
All lifts must be executed on the competition platform.
The platform must be square, level and measuring four (4) metres on each side. When the floor surrounding the platform has similar or same colouring, the top edge of the platform must have a different coloured line of at least 150 mm.
The platform may be made of wood, plastic or any solid material and may be covered with a non-slippery material.
The platform shall not be higher than 150 mm.
A clear area measuring one (1) metre surrounding the platform is compulsory. This area must be flat and free from any obstacle including discs.
The dimensions of the stage must be minimum ten (10) x ten (10) m, the height of the top of the platform must be maximum one (1) m, measured from the level where the Referees’ and Jury seats are placed. Standard size steps must be attached to the stage.
When the platform is placed on a stage, restraining bars at least the width of the platform must be suitably and safely fixed to the stage, at minimum two and half (2.5) metres from the front edge of the platform, and two (2) metres from the rear edge, but as close as possible to the front and rear edges of the stage. The restraining bars must be maximum two-hundred (200) mm high and maximum twohundred (200) mm wide.
Chalk and resin must be provided on the stage, near the platform on the athlete entry side; bar cleaning disinfectant and tools must be provided next to the stage for the loaders. A strecher must be provided near the stage for the transport of an injured athlete.
Only barbells meeting IWF specifications and approval may be used in weightlifting competitions under its jurisdiction.
The barbell consists of the following parts:
The men’s bar weighs 20 kg and the women’s bar weighs 15 kg and must meet special specifications. Markings on the bars:
Weightlifting bars must have coloured identification markings to facilitate their recognition. The men’s bar must mhave blue markings and the women’s bar yellow markings. These colours correspond to those of the 20 kg and 15 kg discs.
The discs must be of the following weights and colours:
25 kg red
20 kg blue
15 kg yellow
10 kg green
5 kg white
2.5 kg red
2 kg blue
1.5 kg yellow
1 kg green
0.5 kg white
The diameter of the largest discs: 450 mm with a tolerance of ± 1 mm.
The 450 mm discs must be covered with rubber or plastic and coated on both sides with permanent colours or painted at least on the surface of the rim.
The discs lighter than ten (10) kg may be made of metal or other material as approved.
All the discs must have a clear indication of their weight.
In order to secure the discs to the bar, each bar must be equipped with two collars weighing 2.5 kg each for men and women. | <urn:uuid:35dc2579-1208-4148-b1fa-9ecf6e1d9621> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | http://www.saskweightlifting.com/the-sport/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084886939.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20180117122304-20180117142304-00642.warc.gz | en | 0.933178 | 1,654 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Far-off solar systems keep getting weirder: Researchers have spotted a super-Jupiter orbiting a star in a three-sun system at a distance twice as far as Pluto is from our own sun. That makes the planet, dubbed HD 131399Ab (lower left in this artist’s representation), by far the widest ranging exoplanet in a multistar system, the scientists report online today in Science. Preliminary data suggest that the gas giant—about four times the mass of Jupiter—orbits the largest and brightest of the three stars (which has about 1.8 times the mass of our sun) once every 550 years or so. The other two suns in the system (depicted in the background at right), smaller stars that orbit each other relatively tightly and quickly, lie somewhere between 45 billion and 60 billion kilometers away. The intricate dance of the planet and these stars (seen in this video) is taking place about 320 light-years from us. Measurements at near-infrared wavelengths suggest that HD 131399Ab’s atmosphere contains water vapor and methane, and that the planet’s cloud tops are about 850 K (577°C). It’s not exactly clear where this odd world formed, the team notes: It might have coalesced closer to the main star in the system and then migrated outward to its present locale, or it may have formed in orbit around the smaller pair of stars only to be ejected and then captured by the larger star. | <urn:uuid:2fa93898-5312-4211-80d3-c9564af73717> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2016/07/distant-planet-has-three-suns-and-year-more-500-times-longer-ours | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676589980.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20180718002426-20180718022426-00573.warc.gz | en | 0.938469 | 306 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Add to your faith virtue; and to virtue knowledge (2 Pet. 1:5).
David Brewster’s Kaleidoscope90961_000_025
David Brewster was born in Jedburgh, Scotland, on a cold winter day—December 11, 1781. His father was a strict disciplinarian, and he taught in the village grade school. His mother was very fond of David and his brothers and sister, and she gave them much love and affection. The children were all good students, and because their father was a teacher, they became acquainted with many scientists and writers. One of the scientists, James Veitch, gave David his first lessons in science when he was twelve years old.
David was as good at writing as he was at science, and he often helped his school friends with their lessons. When he was eighteen years old, he became a tutor for the family of Captain Horsbrugh.
David built sundials, telescopes, and microscopes. In a letter to a friend, he described a telescope that he had built: “It looks more like a coffin or a waterspout than anything else!” He also invented things, the most popular being the educational and entertaining kaleidoscope.
The scientific principle behind a kaleidoscope is reflections. At the University of Edinburgh, David had started to experiment with light, bouncing it between mirrors. A kaleidoscope is a tube through which you can see exciting colors and designs that change with its every movement. It is sometimes made with a cardboard tube, loose pieces of colored glass or clear-colored beads, and two or three long, narrow mirrors. If you rotate it as you look through its peep-hole, you can watch the colorful, ever-changing patterns tumbling over one another.
David’s invention was very popular with adults as well as children. In three months in Paris and London, two hundred thousand kaleidoscopes were sold. Sometimes bits of feathers, shells, and lace were added to the glass for more elaborate designs.
People shared their kaleidoscopes at parties, and in 1919, artists started using them to design patterns for wallpaper, fabrics, and carpets. If an artist saw a design that he liked, he would paint the design on a pad of watercolor paper.
David kept busy with his writing and science. And his writings about his work were published many times. In 1831 King William IV of England knighted David for all his achievements in the scientific world, including his wonderful kaleidoscope. | <urn:uuid:4d2c98b2-e420-4384-847c-b9414116c7bc> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | https://www.lds.org/friend/1990/01/david-brewsters-kaleidoscope?lang=eng | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375096991.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031816-00252-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.989815 | 524 | 3.34375 | 3 |
This past January, dog flu spread widely across the U.S. Cases were reported in Arkansas, Missouri, California, Colorado, Washington, and in February it was reported in Oregon as well. One clinic in San Francisco saw 50 cases in just two weeks, and the disease has been spreading to areas that have not been hit before. Like the infamous kennel cough (bordetella), dog flu highly contagious, infecting about 80 percent of the animals that are exposed to it. And as with kennel cough, it spreads most quickly in kennels, boarding centers, shelters and dog day care facilities.
This year’s strain of dog flu considerably more serious than in most years. It causes sniffling, sneezing and coughing in dogs, just as it does in people. (other symptoms may include fever, lethargy and reduced appetite.) Some dogs contract the virus but remain asymptomatic, but at the other extreme, in some dogs it may develop into a bacterial infection (e.g., pneumonia) which can be very serious. If not treated properly, the mortality rate of dog flu may run as high as 10 percent, according to the American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA).
Canine influenza has received a fair amount of media attention this year although it is by no means a nationwide epidemic. Rather, it has been concentrated in two geographic regions – central California (including the Bay Area), and Kentucky/northern Ohio.
Fortunately, dog flu does not pass from dogs to people or vice versa, but it can be passed from one dog to another via leashes or human clothing. Dog owners whose dogs are coughing or showing other signs of respiratory disease should not expose their dog to other dogs. Also, clothing, equipment, surfaces, and hands should be cleaned and disinfected after exposure to dogs showing signs of respiratory disease.
There are two strains of canine flu. The most common, H3N2 is an avian flu virus that adapted to infect dogs. A different variant of H3N2 infects humans, and yet another has been reported to infect cats. The canine version was first detected in dogs in South Korea in 2007 and has since been reported in China and Thailand. It was first detected in the United States in April 2015 but it is not known how exactly how it was introduced here.
A rarer and more severe form of the virus, H3N8, was first observed among a group of racing greyhounds at a track in Florida in 2004, but it had been observed in horses (and was known as “equine flu”) about 40 years before. Scientists believe the virus jumped from horses to dogs. Counting from then until the flu season in 2015, canine H3N8 had occurred in at least 36 states (but not in every state, in every year).
Basically, the treatment for most cases involves supportive care: extra water, rest (good luck with Kerries!) and no exposure to other dogs until all symptoms are gone (the AVMA recommends a full three weeks). If the symptoms seem serious, call your vet, who may want to administer a cough suppressant to help alleviate airway irritation or sometimes an antibiotic to ward off a secondary bacterial infection, like pneumonia. In severe cases, the vet may prescribe medications to reduce the swelling that may be linked with the virus.
If you live in one of the regions where canine influenza is common this year, vaccination might be something to consider. Obviously vaccination is too late if your Kerry has already developed a case of flu, but if he or she does not yet have the virus but is often exposed to other dogs, it might yet be worthwhile to get the vaccine. (Be sure to call your vet’s office first, to make sure they have the vaccine available. Likewise, there are bivalent vaccines (for both H3N8 and H3N2) that might be worth adding to your dog’s yearly vaccination protocol, if he or she is likely to be a kennel or day care facility quite frequently.
Dog flu is not something that should worry most owners, but as with the human version of the illness, it does merit being a little more careful during flu season and being informed about what to do if your dog should happen to contract the disease. | <urn:uuid:e6129170-2e0f-470d-b6ca-508a950c09fc> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | http://www.kerryblues.info/health-disorders/canine-influenza | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627999964.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20190625233231-20190626015231-00261.warc.gz | en | 0.976963 | 883 | 3.421875 | 3 |
Dust mites are microscopic insects that live in millions of homes across the country. Although they don’t bite or transmit diseases, they’re a major culprit for allergies and cause symptoms such as sneezing, itchy and watery eyes, cough and nasal congestion if you are allergic to them.
Dust mites are too small to see with the naked eye and feed on the microscopic flakes of human skin that we naturally shed. They thrive in warm, humid weather, so Florida is a prime breeding ground for these insects. They usually live in bedding, mattresses, upholstered furniture and carpets and are a major component of household dust.
While getting rid of them is nearly impossible, there are ways to limit their prevalence in your home.
1. Put dust mite-proof covers on your mattress and pillows
Dust mite-proof pillow, mattress and box spring covers can be found at most stores and at online retailers. Sometimes these are labeled as “hypoallergenic” covers. It’s important to get the kind that have a zipper and that completely encase the item. Covering your bedding will protect dust mites from establishing themselves in your bedding material and can limit your exposure. You can put your washable mattress pad and sheets on top of these covers.
2. Avoid bedding stuffed with foam rubber or kapok
Dust mites love to burrow into fluffy materials, so avoid buying foam rubber mattress toppers or kapok pillows and mattress pads. The porous material makes it easy for the tiny critters to crawl into small crevices deep in the bedding.
3. Limit the number of stuffed toys and decorative pillows in your bedroom
If you or your child has stuffed toys in or around your bed, it’s best to store them somewhere else while you sleep, like in plastic storage bins or in your closet. Dust mites can burrow in the soft material. If your child must sleep with a favorite stuffed toy, wash it weekly to avoid a buildup of dust mites.
4. Wash your sheets in hot water once a week
Washing your sheets in hot water (130F or higher) can reduce exposure to dust mite allergens. Make sure to wash your sheets weekly. Your sheets have one of the highest concentrations of shed skin particles, making it a big attraction to dust mites. Weekly washing of your sheets can decrease the dust mite residue. Do not hand wash in hot water, as this would be a burn risk.
5. Vacuum and dust regularly
Dust mites are not a sign of a dirty home. However, regular vacuuming and dusting can remove the allergen particles that they leave behind. You should vacuum in areas that accumulate dust, like under beds and sofas. Also, use a vacuum that has a HEPA filter to reduce allergens that get airborne when vacuuming.
If you think you may be allergic to dust mites or other allergens in your home, speak with an allergy specialist about getting tested.
About the Author
Dr. Aishah Ali is a board-certified allergist and immunologist at UCF Health in Lake Nona. She helps patients to minimize the impact of their allergies through testing and treatment. Learn more at ucfhealth.com. | <urn:uuid:aad8a757-9492-4c94-b11e-1a41958004e7> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://www.centralfloridalifestyle.com/health/5-ways-to-reduce-dust-mites-in-your-home/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986688674.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20191019013909-20191019041409-00229.warc.gz | en | 0.926832 | 693 | 2.890625 | 3 |
NIOSHTIC-2 Publications Search
Gas Chromatographic Method for Analyzing Gases Associated With Coal.
NTIS: PB 234 072 :9 pages
Gas samples containing o2, n2, h2, he, co2, CO, ch4, and trace amounts of c2 to c5 hydrocarbons are analyzed by a gas chromatographic method that utilizes both thermal conductivity and flame ionization detectors. A porous polymer support and molecular sieve columns are used with argon as the carrier gas. A column selector valve makes it possible to perform a complete analysis either on one 1-ml sample in 40 minutes or on two samples in 20 minutes, one sample for each detector. Samples are introduced either by on-column injection or through a gas sampling valve. By varying operational parameters, the speed, sensitivity, and accuracy of analysis may be modified to suit a particular situation.
IH; Report of Investigations
NTIS Accession No.
NTIS: PB 234 072
Page last reviewed: September 2, 2020
Content source: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Education and Information Division | <urn:uuid:493a93b0-49ab-45ec-bf3b-09b23ccebb60> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/nioshtic-2/10000605.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141203418.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20201129214615-20201130004615-00148.warc.gz | en | 0.787217 | 232 | 2.5625 | 3 |
In this study, a simple fabrication of carbon composited Fe3O4 nanoparticles was carried out under reflux condition using glucose as a carbon precursor. The carbon composited Fe3O4 nanoparticles having a core-shell structure were synthesized in a low-temperature and low-pressure atmosphere instead of in an autoclave. Simple carbonization without inert gas and extra heating was complemented by adding sulfuric acid, which has an important role as a carbonization catalyst. In addition, sulfuric acid also acted as the controller of such surface properties as surface area by an etching effect. The prepared nanoparticles have uniform and continuous carbon layers, which have several functions, such as stable dispersibility and an increase of electron conductivity. carbon composited Fe3O4 nanoparticles were investigated with zeta-potential, particle size distribution, Fourier transform infrared, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and a vibrating sample magnetometer. The results provide clear evidence that carbon-coated Fe3O4 nanoparticles are applicable in electrochemical industrial fields. | <urn:uuid:f4b49e31-a423-44ed-af1b-c6715b00eb73> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | http://fnsm-nlab.com/bbs/board.php?bo_table=sub4_1&wr_id=76 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100508.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203125921-20231203155921-00574.warc.gz | en | 0.938965 | 226 | 2.640625 | 3 |
October 29, 2010 | 13 Comments
John O. Dabiri at the California Institute of Technology’s Graduate Aeronautical Laboratories & Bioengineering makes the assertion that an order of magnitude increase in the energy harvest can be made with wind turbine density increases and wind turbine design. The full paper is available at arXiv.org > physics > arXiv:10103656. (Direct pdf download link here.)
Odds are, Dabiri is right. That would be a bit unsettling for those who can’t grasp wind as a viable alternative energy source. Its unsettling as the case against wind today is correct – its expensive, has an intermittancy and storage problems. Wind is good, but problematic. Increased density would solve part of the transmission line issue and allow closer less costly storage, however that matter comes to maturity. But without doubt – wind is here to stay, so any piece of the cheaper, better, more reliable issues solved is great news.
Wind harvesting requires substantial land resources in order to extract appreciable quantities of energy. This limitation of land use is especially acute in the case of wind energy, which currently faces an additional constraint in that the conventional propeller-style wind turbines seen in horizontal-axis wind turbines (HAWT) designs must be spaced far apart in order to avoid aerodynamic interference caused by interactions with the wakes of adjacent turbines. This requirement has forced wind energy systems away from high-energy demand population centers and toward remote locations including, more recently, offshore sites. There’s the transmission issue in a distance illustration.
To get to the 90% of the performance of an isolated HAWT, the turbines in a HAWT farm must be spaced 3 to 5 turbine diameters apart in the cross-wind direction and 6 to 10 diameters apart in the downwind direction. The overall performance of such wind farms, as quantified by the power extracted per unit of land area, is between 2 and 3 watts per square meter.
Dabiri and his colleagues suspected that counter-rotating arrangements of wind turbines whose airfoil blades rotate around a vertical axis (VAWT) can benefit from constructive aerodynamic interactions between adjacent turbines, thereby maintaining the performance of the turbines when in installed close up. By accommodating a larger number of VAWTs within a given wind farm area without adversely affecting the performance of the individual turbines, the power density of the wind farm is increased.
The field tests indicate that power densities approaching 100 watts per square meter can be achieved by arranging vertical-axis wind turbines in layouts that enable them to extract energy from adjacent wakes.
That number is now experimentally shown as factual. Take those results out to the world view calculation and the global wind resource available to small 10-m tall turbines based on the present experimental approach is approximately 225 trillion watts (TW), which significantly exceeds the global wind resource available to 80-m tall, propeller-style wind turbines, approximately 75 TW. This improvement is due to the closer spacing that can be achieved between the smaller, vertical-axis wind turbines. The results suggest an alternative approach to wind farming, in which many, smaller vertical-axis wind turbines are implemented instead of fewer, large propeller-style turbines.
All this from just an experiment.
Now this is only an experiment, that doesn’t address the practical limitation a direct evaluation of turbines surrounded on all sides by neighboring VAWTs, as would be the case for the majority of turbines in a wind farm. But a comparatively simple extrapolation can show using the experiment’s 1.2-meter diameter wind turbine set at 4 diameters apart with a conservative estimates for both the total aerodynamic loss in the array at a doubled 10 percent and the capacity factor (i.e. the ratio of actual power output to the maximum generator power output) set at a low 30 percent. The calculated power density for a VAWT farm with these parameters is still approximately 18 watts per square meter. This performance is 6 to 9 times the power density of modern wind farms that utilize the HAWT design. There might be something way wrong with plunging forward with those giant propeller wind turbines.
Even more concerning is it is straight forward to compute combinations of VAWT rated power output and turbine spacing that can achieve 30 watts per meter getting 10 times a modern HAWT farms output or even 200 watts per meter yielding 66 times the modern HAWT farm by using 1.2-m diameter VAWTs like those used in the study. Higher VAWT rated power outputs can be achieved by taller turbine rotors than the 4.1-m structures used in these experiments, and by connecting the turbine shaft to larger generators. Indeed, in initial field tests with 6.1-m tall rotors, the captured wind power exceeded the capacity of the 1200 Watt generator on each turbine.
The modern VAWT designs can really crank out the power.
Now this is just a seed, but the gauntlet is thrown between the horizontal shaft builders and the vertical shaft builders. Today the horizontal shaft builders are on a run. But investors, lenders, landowners and power buyers can’t remain the suckers for long. Something has to give, and a war of sorts is sure to come.
It will be interesting to see what imaginative words will support the two sides. Dabiri and his team have set out some very hard facts using elegantly simple experimentation and measurements. There are practical landscape issues and a wealth of inputs to consider, one being a vertical farm could install within a horizontal farm. Wind power is going to get far more interesting in new ways and fast. Lets go. | <urn:uuid:e98e8e7d-2d6a-4441-a5d7-ca4035c8f479> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://newenergyandfuel.com/http:/newenergyandfuel/com/2010/10/29/a-ten-fold-increase-in-wind-energy-from-the-same-land-area/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422121540415.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124174540-00011-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.921796 | 1,158 | 3.25 | 3 |
As a rule, when people read fiction from another time period, they expect the culture / thinking style from that period. I can't remember how many books I've read based in medieval Europe, where the hero talks about the rights of man, individuality, democracy etc. I usually throw such books away, as it shows the author hasn't done their research.
Second thing is, you assume that all people in ancient times were cruel, and supported their respective social evils. So for example, all Romans loved to see people being eaten by lions. This is not true. Just like in modern times we have racism, religious wars, sectarian violence, but in actuality very few people actively support extremist groups. 300-500 years from now, today will look like the dark ages.
To answer your specific question, people have their own moral compass, which they follow, no matter what the society believes. So you could have your hero supporting slavery, but showing a random act of kindness to a slave. Or he could hear the story of how a slave was captured, and change his views on slavery. Or he could accept slavery, but not have personal slaves, as it doesn't agree with his own moral compass. The characters don't need to be black or white.
In short, don't force modern, western enlightenment views on your characters. But that doesn't mean they have to be barbaric "Ooga Ooga, me steal woman" type characters. Your characters can be nice people, trying to survive in a unjust society, and doing their small bit to help others. | <urn:uuid:426134c8-9e9a-42ae-a7d6-d9057d8c31fc> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://writers.stackexchange.com/questions/5729/using-todays-moral-compass-in-fantasy/5734 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1419447562981.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20141224185922-00009-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.980711 | 319 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Before going into much more detail about Augustus, the first Roman Emperor (following Julius Caesar, who was the last dictator of the Roman Republic) and those that followed him in the Glory Years of the Roman Empire, please indulge me for a few moments. Let me explain. I was recently introduced to a website (https://chat.openai.com/chat and https://openai.com/api/) which is all about something called AI, which stands for artificial intelligence. Although I have been aware of AI for some time, I was unaware of the remarkable strides the technology has made.
To see how it works, I asked several questions online (by typing in what I wanted to know) about the Roman Empire, the first Emperors – how they became so powerful and how they died – and how Rome was governed before they burst on the scene. The result was remarkable. AI (a machine) provided the information given below, but first, I asked the ‘machine’ to explain what artificial intelligence was. It explained:
‘AI, or artificial intelligence, refers to the ability of a computer or machine to mimic the cognitive abilities of the human mind, such as learning, problem-solving, and decision-making. AI systems are able to analyse large amounts of data, recognize patterns, and make decisions based on that data. AI technology is used in a variety of fields, including healthcare, finance, and transportation, to improve efficiency, accuracy, and productivity. Some examples of AI include virtual assistants, such as Siri or Alexa, self-driving cars, and medical diagnosis systems.’
Image Credit: The Death of Caesar by Vincenzo Camuccini. On 15 March 44 BC, Octavius’s adoptive father, Julius Caesar, was assassinated by a conspiracy led by Marcus Junius Brutus and Gaius Cassius Longinus. Galleria Nazionale d’Arte Moderna, Rome
Attribution: Vincenzo Camuccini, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons
Page URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Vincenzo_Camuccini_-_La_morte_di_Cesare.jpg
The First Ten Roman Emperors
The Roman Empire was one of the greatest empires in world history. It was founded in 27 BC when Augustus became the first Roman Emperor. The first ten Emperors of Rome are known as the Julio-Claudian Dynasty and were, in order, Augustus, Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, Nero, Galba, Otho, Vitellius, Vespasian, and Titus:
- Augustus (27 BC – 14 AD) is considered the first true Roman Emperor. After tumultuous years of civil war, Augustus successfully stabilised the Roman Republic and established the Roman Empire, which he ruled for over 40 years. He is considered one of the greatest rulers in history. He was the grandnephew and adoptive son of Julius Caesar and rose to power after Caesar’s assassination.
- Tiberius (14-37 AD), the second Roman Emperor, was Augustus’ successor and is known for his military conquests and for his reputation as a recluse and eccentric ruler. He was the adopted son of Augustus and succeeded Augustus as emperor after his death. Tiberius began his reign by consolidating the gains of Augustus’ rule and expanding the territories of the Roman Empire. He campaigned successfully against the Germanic tribes in the north and the Pannonian tribes in the east and extended Roman control over Egypt and the Eastern provinces. During his reign, Tiberius was known for his strict and efficient administration of the empire and worked to maintain the Pax Romana, the period of relative peace and stability established by Augustus. He also implemented several social and economic reforms to alleviate poverty and improve public welfare. As he grew older, he became increasingly paranoid and suspicious of those around him and launched several persecution campaigns against perceived enemies and political rivals. He was also known for his cruelty and willingness to use execution as a tool of political control. Tiberius faced several revolts and uprisings during his reign, which were put down by his armies. At the end of his reign, Tiberius retired to the island of Capri, where he died in 37 AD.
- Caligula (37-41 AD) was the third Roman Emperor and was known for his extravagance and madness. He killed anyone when it pleased him, spent exorbitantly, was obsessed with perverse sex, and proclaimed himself a living god. After only four years in power, he was assassinated by a conspiracy of Praetorian Guard officers, senators, and other members of the court. Caligula, also known as Gaius Caesar, was the grandson of Augustus, and he succeeded Tiberius as emperor after his death. Caligula is known for his eccentric and cruel behaviour during his reign. He was known for his extravagance, his eccentricity, and his cruelty. He was also known for his erratic behaviour and was rumoured to have been insane. Caligula was unable to maintain the stability of the empire and faced several revolts and uprisings. He also spent a large amount of the empire’s resources on his personal excesses and building projects, such as the construction of a bridge of boats across the Bay of Naples. Despite Caligula’s failures and atrocities, he is reported to have been a capable military commander and led successful campaigns in Germania and Britannia. He also made some administrative and economic reforms, such as reducing taxes on the poor and increasing the pay of the military. After he was assassinated, he was succeeded by his uncle, Claudius.
- Claudius (41-54 AD) was the fourth Roman Emperor and is known for his intelligence (he was well-educated in literature, history and law) and administrative abilities, as well as his military and administrative successes. He is also remembered for his physical disabilities – a result of a childhood illness – not expected to rule, but he proved to be a capable emperor. He is perhaps best known for his betrayal by his wife, Agrippina the Younger, who is said to have poisoned him. During his reign, Claudius expanded the empire by conquering Britain and also expanded the empire’s territory by adding Thrace, Lycia, and parts of Mauretania. He also reformed the legal system and improved the administration of the empire. He also made sure to have the support of the military by increasing their pay and benefits. Claudius also had some failures during his reign. He faced several revolts and uprisings, such as the rebellion of the Roman governor of Egypt, Aulus Vitellius and the rebellion of Julius Asiniculus in Mauretania. He also had a difficult relationship with the Roman Senate and the Roman elite, who were resentful of his rise to power and his attempts to expand the power of the emperor at the expense of the Senate. Claudius was also known for his tumultuous personal life, including his marriages, his mistresses and his family scandals. He died in 54 AD, possibly of poisoning. He was succeeded by his stepson Nero.
- Nero (54-68 AD) was the adopted son of Claudius and succeeded him as emperor after his death. He was the fifth Roman Emperor and is known for his extravagance, excesses, and cruelty. He was also known for his artistic talents, such as singing, acting and poetry. However, he used execution as a tool of political control and was also known for his persecution of Christians and alleged involvement in the burning of Rome in 64 AD. During his reign, Nero faced several challenges and failures. He faced several revolts and uprisings, including the Pisonian conspiracy, in which several members of the Roman elite plotted to overthrow him. He also faced many economic and financial difficulties due to his extravagance and attempts to fund his artistic and building projects. He also met political challenges as a result of his unpopularity and his poor relationship with the Roman Senate and the Roman elite. Despite these failures, Nero also had some successes during his reign. He made some administrative and legal reforms, and he also made some territorial expansions, such as the conquest of the kingdom of Armenia. He also made some cultural and artistic achievements, such as constructing the Domus Aurea, a grand palace in Rome, and promoting Greek culture and the arts. Nero’s turbulent rule ended in 68 AD when the Roman Senate and the Roman army deposed him. He fled Rome, and soon after, facing pressure from the senators and the military, he committed suicide.
The British Museum says this of Nero:
“Most of what we know about Nero comes from the surviving works of three historians – Tacitus, Suetonius and Cassius Dio. All written decades after Nero’s death, their accounts have long shaped our understanding of this Emperor’s rule. However, far from being impartial narrators presenting objective accounts of past events, these authors and their sources wrote with a very clear agenda in mind. Nero’s demise brought forward a period of chaos and civil war – one that ended only when a new dynasty seized power, the Flavians. Authors writing under the Flavians all had an interest in legitimising the new ruling family by portraying the last of the Julio-Claudians in the worst possible light, turning history into propaganda. These accounts became the ‘historical’ sources used by later historians, therefore perpetuating a fabricated image of Nero, which has survived all the way to the present.”
- The remaining Emperors of the Julio-Claudian dynasty were all involved in the Year of the Four Emperors, a period of civil war and instability following Nero’s death:
- Galba (68-69 AD) was the sixth Roman Emperor and ruled for seven months before being assassinated.
- Otho (69 AD) was the seventh Roman Emperor and ruled for three months before committing suicide.
- Vitellius (69 AD) was the eighth Roman Emperor and ruled for eight months before being assassinated.
- Vespasian (69-79 AD) was the ninth Roman Emperor and is known for his military campaigns and successful efforts to restore stability to the Roman Empire after the tumultuous reigns of his predecessors.
- Titus (79-81 AD) was the tenth Roman Emperor and is known for his military campaigns and for completing the construction of the Colosseum. He is also remembered for his generosity and his tragic death from a fever at the age of 41.
Image Credit: Family tree of Julio-Claudian Dynasty producing 5 emperors at the start of the Roman Empire (27 BCE – 68 CE).
Remade from start using Image: JulioClaudian.png as a template.
Attribution: User: Rursus, CC BY-SA 3.0 <http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/>, via Wikimedia Commons
Page URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:JulioClaudian.svg
How did the First Emperors become so powerful?
The first ten Roman Emperors became powerful through a combination of factors. Augustus was the adopted son of Julius Caesar, who was one of the most powerful men in Rome at the time. Augustus was also a skilled politician and military strategist and, after the assassination of Julius Caesar, was able to secure his position as the first Emperor of Rome through a combination of alliances and military force.
The Emperors who came after Augustus were able to maintain their power through a combination of their own abilities, the support of the military, and their control of the Roman bureaucracy. Some of the Emperors, such as Claudius and Vespasian, were able administrators who were able to strengthen the Roman Empire and improve its infrastructure.
Others, such as Caligula and Nero, were known for their extravagance and excess, which helped to reinforce their power and maintain their hold over the Roman people.
Augustus – the First Roman Emperor
Augustus, also known as Octavian, became the first Roman Emperor after the end of the Roman Republic. He was the grandnephew and adopted son of Julius Caesar, who had been assassinated in 44 BC. After Caesar’s death, a power struggle ensued between his supporters and his political rivals. Augustus emerged as the leader of Caesar’s supporters and defeated his rivals in a series of civil wars. He then took control of the Roman state and declared himself dictator for life.
Augustus brought about a period of stability and prosperity in the Roman Empire, known as the Pax Romana, and his rule is considered to mark the beginning of the Roman Empire. He implemented a series of reforms that strengthened the central government and established a more efficient system of administration. He also expanded the empire through military conquests, annexing new territories and establishing Roman rule over much of Europe, western Asia, and northern Africa.
Augustus was a skilled politician and military leader, and he maintained his position as the dominant figure in the Roman world for over 40 years. He was officially declared the first Roman Emperor in 27 BC, and his reign marked the beginning of the Roman Empire’s long period of stability and prosperity.
Several of the first ten Roman Emperors suffered violent deaths:
- Augustus, the first Emperor, died in AD 14 at the age of 75. The cause of his death is not certain, but it is believed that he may have died of natural causes.
- Tiberius, the second Emperor, died in AD 37 at the age of 77. His death is also believed to have been natural, although there are some accounts that suggest he was suffocated on the orders of his successor, Caligula.
- Caligula was assassinated in AD 41 at the age of 28 by members of the Praetorian Guard.
- Claudius was believed to have been poisoned by his wife Agrippina the Younger in 54 AD.
- Nero committed suicide in AD 68 at the age of 30 after being declared a public enemy by the Senate.
- Galba, Otho, and Vitellius were all killed during the Year of the Four Emperors, a period of civil war following Nero’s death.
Both Vespasian and his son Titus died of natural causes.
A variety of different peoples, including the Etruscans, the Greeks, and the Celts, settled in Italy:
- The Etruscans, who lived in central and northern Italy, were a highly advanced civilisation that developed a sophisticated system of government, art, and architecture.
- The Greeks, who founded colonies in southern Italy, known as Magna Graecia, also had a significant influence on the region’s culture and history.
- The Celts, who lived in northern Italy, were a group of tribes that migrated from central Europe and established their own communities in the region.
- Italy was not only home to the Etruscans, Greeks, and Celts but also to other peoples who had a significant impact on the region’s history and culture. For example, the Italic peoples, who lived in central and southern Italy, were a group of tribes that spoke Indo-European languages and had their own systems of government and culture. The Samnites, who lived in the central Apennine Mountains, were another important group that played a role in the region’s history.
- Italy was also home to several important trade routes that connected it to other parts of the Mediterranean world. These trade routes facilitated the exchange of goods, ideas, and cultural influences between different peoples and civilisations.
In 509 BC, the Roman Republic was founded in the city of Rome, and it gradually expanded its territory to include much of Italy and beyond. The Roman Republic was a federalist system of government in which power was divided between the Roman Senate and the Roman Assembly. However, the Roman Republic was not the only political system that existed in Italy before the Roman Empire, nor was it the only empire to rule over Italy. Before the Roman Republic, Italy had no single political entity but a collection of small city-states and territories, often at war with each other or controlled by foreign powers. The most powerful of these states were Rome, Athens, Corinth, and Carthage. In particular, Rome was a powerful and influential city that eventually dominated much of Italy and the Mediterranean world.
During the time of the Roman Republic, Rome expanded its territory through military conquest and colonisation, eventually becoming a major world power. The Roman Empire eventually replaced the Roman Republic in 27 BC, when the Roman Emperor Augustus assumed control of the government. The Roman Empire would go on to rule much of Europe, Western Asia, and North Africa for hundreds of years. After the fall of the Roman Empire in 476 AD, Italy was ruled by a series of different powers, including the Byzantine Empire, the Holy Roman Empire, and various feudal states. Overall, it was a diverse and complex region with a long and varied history of political and cultural development. It was not until the 19th century that Italy was united as a single state under the Kingdom of Italy.
The Etruscans were an ancient civilisation that lived in central and northern Italy from the 8th to the 3rd century BC. It is believed that the Etruscans migrated to Italy from the eastern Mediterranean or Anatolia (modern-day Turkey) around the 9th or 8th century BC. They were a highly advanced civilisation that developed a sophisticated system of government, art, and architecture. They also made significant contributions to the development of the Roman Republic and were known for their military prowess, and they often came into conflict with other powers in the region.
The Etruscan civilisation declined in the 3rd century BC and was eventually absorbed by the Roman Republic, but not before leaving a lasting legacy on Italian culture and history.
The Greeks and Magna Graecia
The Greeks founded several colonies in southern Italy, beginning in the 8th century BC. These colonies were established by Greek city-states, such as Corinth, Athens, and Sybaris, as part of a process of colonisation and expansion that took place throughout the Mediterranean world. The colonies in southern Italy were known for their wealth and prosperity, and they became major centres of trade, culture, and learning. The Greeks who lived in these colonies, known as the Italiotes, developed their own distinct culture that blended Greek and local elements. The territories of Magna Graecia played a significant role in the development of the Roman Republic. The Greeks of Magna Graecia were influential in the region and often came into conflict with the Roman Republic and other powers in the region. Magna Graecia declined in the 3rd century BC, and the Roman Republic eventually absorbed the territories.
The Celts were a group of tribes that lived in central and northern Europe and migrated to other parts of Europe and beyond. It is believed that the Celts arrived in Italy around the 4th century BC, although there is evidence of earlier Celtic settlements in the region.
The Celts established communities in northern Italy, where they lived alongside other peoples, such as the Etruscans and the Italic tribes. Like the Etruscans, the Celts in Italy were known for their military prowess. The Celtic presence in Italy declined in the 3rd century BC, and the Celts were eventually absorbed into the Roman Republic. However, the Celts left a lasting legacy on Italian culture and history, and many aspects of Celtic culture, including language, art, and religion, were absorbed into Roman culture. It is important to note that the Celts did not found colonies in the same way as the Greeks. They migrated to Italy and established their own communities within the region’s existing political and cultural landscape.
Roman Emperors used republican titles such as Princeps Senatus, Consul, and Pontifex Maximus. These titles were held by Roman officials during the Roman Republic, before the Roman Empire was established, and were later adopted and used by the Roman Emperors:
- The title Princeps Senatus (Latin for “first man of the senate”) was a prestigious honour given to the most senior member of the Roman Senate. The Roman Emperors often held this title, which was considered a sign of their authority and respect within the Senate.
- The title Consul (Latin for “counsellor”) was originally held by two officials who were elected annually to serve as the chief magistrates of the Roman Republic. Sometimes, Roman Emperors also held the title of consul, which became an important part of their official titles.
- The title Pontifex Maximus (Latin for “greatest pontiff”) was originally held by the chief priest of the Roman state religion. The Roman Emperors also sometimes had this title.
In addition to these titles, Roman Emperors were also recognised by the Roman Senate and had control over the Roman army. They were often proclaimed by their troops or invested with imperial titles by the Senate, or sometimes both. The process of becoming a Roman Emperor varied throughout Roman history and could involve a combination of military victory, popular support, and recognition by the Roman Senate. The legitimacy of a Roman Emperor’s rule depended on his control of the army and recognition by the Roman Senate. In general, Roman Emperors were proclaimed by their troops, invested with imperial titles by the Senate, or both, as a way of recognising and legitimising their rule. However, the specific process of becoming a Roman Emperor varied throughout Roman history, and could involve a combination of military victory, popular support, and recognition by the Roman Senate.
Image Credit: Charlton Heston, from the trailer to the film Ben-Hur (1959)
Attribution: Trailer screenshot, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons
Roman people generally regarded their emperors as the equivalent of kings, even though the first Roman Emperor, Augustus, resolutely refused to be seen as a monarch. Augustus was the first Roman ruler to be formally granted the title Emperor (Latin: “Imperator”) by the Roman Senate, and his rule marked the end of the Roman Republic and the beginning of the Roman Empire.
How was Rome governed before the Emperors came along?
Before the Roman Empire, Rome was a Republic, which means that it was governed by elected officials who represented the people. The Roman Republic was founded in 509 BC and lasted for over four centuries. In the Roman Republic, the people elected representatives to serve in the Roman Senate, which was the main governing body. The Senate was made up of wealthy, powerful patricians who passed laws and made decisions on behalf of the people.
The predecessor state of the Roman Empire, the Roman Republic, had become severely destabilised in civil wars and political conflicts. In the middle of the 1st century BC, Julius Caesar was appointed as perpetual dictator but was assassinated in 44 BC. Civil wars and proscriptions continued, eventually culminating in the victory of Octavian over Mark Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC. The following year, Octavian conquered the Ptolemaic Kingdom in Egypt, ending the Hellenistic period that had begun with the 4th century BC conquests of Alexander the Great. Octavian’s power became unassailable, and the Roman Senate granted him overarching power and the new title of Augustus, making him the first Roman Emperor. The vast Roman territories were organised in senatorial and imperial provinces – except for Italy, which continued to serve as a metropole.
The Late Roman Republic
The Roman Republic, which preceded the Roman Empire, was founded in 509 BC. During the next several centuries, the Roman Republic expanded its territory through a series of successful military campaigns, which brought it into conflict with several other powers in the Mediterranean region.
In the late Roman Republic, two influential politicians, Julius Caesar and Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (known as Pompey the Great), emerged as leaders. After a series of civil wars, Caesar emerged as the sole ruler of Rome and declared himself dictator for life, but he was assassinated in 44 BC, and his death marked the end of the Roman Republic and the beginning of the Roman Empire.
The Roman Republic was a successful form of government, but it was eventually weakened by political corruption and military strife. In the end, the Roman Republic gave way to the Roman Empire, which was ruled by Emperors who had absolute power.
Gaius Octavius Thurinus (also known as Octavian or Augustus) served as the first official Emperor of the Roman Empire and is often seen by historians as the greatest. The Emperor, from whom the month of “August” is named, introduced the period of peace known as the Pax Romana, which saw the Roman economy, agriculture, and arts flourish.
The Roman Empire
The Roman Empire (Latin: Imperium Romanum) was the post-Republican period of ancient Rome. As a polity, it included large territorial holdings around the Mediterranean Sea in Europe, North Africa, and Western Asia. The Empire, ruled by Emperors, became one of the most powerful empires in the world through a combination of military strength, political skill, and cultural unity.
From the accession of Caesar Augustus as the first Roman Emperor to the military anarchy of the 3rd century, it was a principate with Italia as the metropole of its provinces and the city of Rome as its only capital city:
- The Empire was later ruled by multiple Emperors who shared control over the Western Roman Empire and the Eastern Roman Empire. Rome remained the nominal capital of both parts until AD 476, when the imperial insignia were sent to Constantinople following the capture of the Western capital of Ravenna by the Germanic barbarians.
- The adoption of Christianity as the state church of the Roman Empire in AD 380 and the fall of the Western Roman Empire to Germanic kings conventionally marks the end of classical antiquity and the beginning of the Middle Ages.
- Because of the events described above, along with the gradual Hellenisation of the Eastern Roman Empire, historians distinguish the medieval Roman Empire that remained in the Eastern provinces as the Byzantine Empire.
After the fall of the Roman Empire in 476 AD, Italy was ruled by a series of different powers, including the Byzantine Empire, the Holy Roman Empire, and various feudal states.
From its inception to its collapse in 476 AD, ancient Rome had three distinct periods:
- The first period of Roman history (sometimes called “Regal Rome”) is the “Roman Kingdom”. This period lasted from the founding of Rome in 753 BC until the Roman Republic was established in 509 BCE. During this time, Rome was ruled by a series of kings.
- The Roman Republic, which lasted from 509 BC to 27 BC, was a period of Roman history during which Rome was governed by elected officials rather than by a single ruler. The Roman Republic was characterised by a complex system of checks and balances that sought to limit the power of any one individual or group.
- The third period of Roman history (sometimes called “Imperial Rome”) was known as the “Roman Empire.” This period began in 27 BC when the Roman Republic was reformed as the Roman Empire and lasted until 476 CE when the western Roman Empire collapsed. During this time, Rome was ruled by a series of Emperors who held absolute power over the empire. In the early years of the Roman Empire, the emperors often worked alongside the Roman Senate, but as the empire grew in size and complexity, the emperors became more powerful, and the Senate’s influence waned.
The Roman Empire had been established by Caesar’s grandnephew and adopted son, Augustus, who became the first Roman Emperor. Augustus was able to unify the Roman world under his rule and bring about a period of peace and prosperity known as the Pax Romana.
Throughout its history, the Roman Empire faced many challenges, including invasions by barbarian tribes, economic instability, and internal conflicts. Despite these challenges, the Roman Empire remained a powerful force for over five centuries, leaving a lasting impact on the world.
For more than 1200 years, Rome was ruled by scores of kings, dictators and emperors who expanded it from a small city to an empire covering nearly 2 million square miles and consisting of (according to the estimates of historians) anywhere from 50 to 90 million inhabitants.
The Roman Influence on Britain
The Roman Empire significantly influenced Britain, as it conquered and controlled much of the island for several centuries. The Roman conquest of Britain began in 43 AD when the Roman emperor Claudius ordered the invasion of the island. Roman forces quickly conquered much of southern and eastern Britain, establishing several cities and forts throughout the region. The Romans also built a network of roads and aqueducts and brought with them a range of Roman technologies, such as stone and concrete construction, plumbing, and central heating.
The Romans ruled Britain for almost 400 years, and during this time, they had a major impact on the social, cultural, and political development of the island. Roman culture, language, and laws all played a role in shaping the society of Britain, and many aspects of Roman life, such as the use of coinage and the construction of public buildings, became widespread throughout the island.
After the Romans withdrew from Britain in the 5th century AD, their influence persisted as the people of Britain continued to adopt many aspects of Roman culture and technology. In the centuries that followed, the legacy of Roman rule in Britain continued to shape the development of Britain and its people.
The Government Structure of the Roman Republic and Empire
The government structure of the Roman Republic was complex and evolved as time passed. At its height, the Roman state was a monarchy but also had elements of democracy, oligarchy, and dictatorship.
During the Roman Republic era (509 BCE – 27 BCE), the Roman state was ruled by two consuls elected annually by the citizens. The consuls held executive power and controlled the Roman army. The Roman Senate, comprised of wealthy and influential citizens, served as an advisory body and significantly influenced foreign policy and financial administration matters. The Roman Assembly, composed of all citizens, could elect magistrates and pass laws.
The government structure of the Roman Empire was complex and multifaceted, with a mix of monarchy, democracy, oligarchy, and dictatorship. It evolved over time, but the emperor held the ultimate power and authority. During the Roman Empire era (27 BCE – 476 CE), the Roman state transitioned from a republic to an empire with the rise of Augustus as the first emperor. Augustus established himself as the sole ruler and retained many of the titles and powers of the consuls. The Senate, however, retained its power and prestige, and its members were appointed by the emperor. The Roman Assembly lost much of its power, and the emperor could veto any legislation proposed by the Assembly.
Emperors during the Roman Empire held absolute power and could make laws, govern the empire, command the army, and serve as chief priest. They also had the power to appoint governors, who were in charge of administering provinces, collecting taxes, and maintaining order. The emperor also had a group of advisors and a bureaucracy to help him govern the empire. Provinces were further divided into smaller administrative units called civitates, managed by local officials. The empire also had a legal system based on Roman law and enforced by officials appointed by the emperor.Image: Representation of a sitting of the Roman senate: Cicero attacks Catiline.
Attribution: Cesare Maccari, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons
Page URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cicer%C3%B3n_denuncia_a_Catilina,_por_Cesare_Maccari.jpg
Sources and Further Reading
- The Romans: A Captivating Guide to the People, Emperors, Soldiers and Gladiators of Ancient Rome, Starting from the Roman Republic through the Roman Empire… the Byzantine Empire (The Ancient Romans), by Captivating History (26 April 2021), available at: https://www.amazon.co.uk/Romans-Captivating-Emperors-Gladiators-Byzantine/dp/163716307X/
- Augustus: A Captivating Guide to the First Emperor of Rome and How He Ruled the Roman Empire (Roman Emperors), by Captivating History, (9 December 2019), available at: https://www.amazon.co.uk/Augustus-Captivating-Guide-Emperor-Empire/dp/1647481368/
- Ten Caesars: Roman Emperors from Augustus to Constantine, by Barry Strauss, published by Simon & Schuster; Reprint edition (2 April 2020), available at: https://www.amazon.co.uk/Ten-Caesars-Emperors-Augustus-Constantine/dp/1451668848/
- Emperors of Rome, by David Potter (Author), published by Quercus (25 April 2013), available at: https://www.amazon.co.uk/Emperors-Rome-David-Potter/dp/1780877501/
- Chronicle of the Roman Emperors: The Reign-by-Reign Record of the Rulers of Imperial Rome (Chronicles), by Chris Scarre (Author), published by Thames & Hudson (27 February 2012), available at: https://www.amazon.co.uk/Chronicle-Roman-Emperors-Reign-Reign/dp/0500289891/
- SPQR: A History of Ancient Rome, by Professor Mary Beard, published by Profile Books (1 April 2016), available at: https://www.amazon.co.uk/SPQR-History-Professor-Mary-Beard/dp/1846683815/
- YouTube: Top 10 Infamous Roman Emperors and Empresses (Simon Whistler), at: https://youtu.be/5EmUKrzpK7s
- YouTube: Emperor Hadrian, at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EfIob0hAolE
- YouTube: 5 Things You Should Know About the Roman Emperors, at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NJftlNcee2Q
- YouTube: The Ten Greatest Roman Emperors, at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iH0estNjJHs
- YouTube: Family Tree: Augustus Caesar to Justinian the Great, at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hISOjByDmlo
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End Notes and Explanations
Explanation: The Julio-Claudian dynasty comprised the first five Roman emperors: Augustus, Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, and Nero (Source: Brill’s New Pauly, “Julio-Claudian emperors”). This line of emperors ruled the Roman Empire, from its formation under Augustus in 27 BC) until the last of the line, emperor Nero, committed suicide (in 68 AD). Note: There is some variation in usage; in strictly chronological contexts, it can be useful to distinguish between the long reign of Augustus and his Julio-Claudian (or Claudian) successors, the four of whom together reigned about as long as Augustus himself.
Augustus’ full name was Caesar Augustus (born Gaius Octavius), also known as Octavian. ↑
Tiberius’ full name was Tiberius Julius Caesar Augustus ↑
Caligula’s full name was Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus Germanicus (better known simply as Caligula) ↑
Claudius’ full name was Tiberius Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus. ↑
Nero’s full name was Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus (born Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus) ↑
Galba was the sixth Roman emperor, ruling from AD 68 to 69. After his adoption by his stepmother, and before becoming emperor, he was known as Livius Ocella Sulpicius Galba. ↑
Marcus Otho was the seventh Roman emperor (born Marcus Salvius Otho) ↑
Aulus Vitellius (known as Vitellius)) was the eighth Roman emperor and reigned for eight months, from 19 April to 20 December AD 69. ↑
Explanation (machine-generated by artificial intelligence at: https://chat.openai.com/chat). Pax Romana, or Roman Peace, was a period of relative peace and stability in the Roman Empire that lasted from 27 BCE to 180 CE. During this time, the Roman Empire experienced unprecedented prosperity and cultural achievements, as well as significant expansion through military conquests. The Pax Romana also facilitated cultural exchange and economic growth, as the Roman Empire was home to a diverse population and had a thriving trade network that connected people and cultures from around the world. ↑
Explanation: The Year of the Four Emperors, AD 69, was the first civil war of the Roman Empire, during which four emperors ruled in succession: Galba, Otho, Vitellius, and Vespasian. It is considered an important interval, marking the transition from the Julio-Claudians, the first imperial dynasty, to the Flavian dynasty. Source: Martin, Ronald H. (1981). Tacitus and the Writing of History. University of California Press. pp. 104–105. ISBN 0520044274. ↑
Based on information at: https://rome.us/roman-emperors/, https://www.ancienthistorylists.com/rome-history/top-10-greatest-emperors-ancient-rome/ and machine-generated by artificial intelligence at: https://chat.openai.com/chat ↑
Explanation (machine-generated by artificial intelligence at: https://chat.openai.com/chat). In the context of ancient Rome, proscriptions were a form of punishment in which an individual was declared an enemy of the state and had their property seized. Proscriptions were often used as a means of political repression, typically carried out by the ruling authorities in order to eliminate political rivals or opponents. During the Roman Republic, proscriptions were used as a means of eliminating political rivals and consolidating power. They were carried out by the ruling triumvirs (three-man ruling council), who would publish lists of individuals who were to be declared outlaws and have their property seized. The victims of proscriptions were often stripped of their citizenship and rights and often were killed or exiled. Proscriptions continued to be used as a means of political repression during the Roman Empire and were often used to eliminate rivals or political opponents of the ruling authorities. The use of proscriptions declined over time, but the practice was not completely abolished until the end of the Roman Empire. ↑
Explanation (machine-generated by artificial intelligence at: https://chat.openai.com/chat). In the context of the Roman Empire, the term “polity” refers to the political system or form of government that was in place. The Roman Empire was a complex and highly centralised polity, with a clear hierarchy of power and a strong central government that exercised control over a large territory and a diverse population. The Roman Empire was characterised by a strong and centralized system of rule (an autocracy), with the Emperor holding ultimate authority and the Roman Senate serving as a legislative and advisory body. The Roman polity also included a system of local governments and a complex system of laws and legal procedures that governed the affairs of the empire. The Roman Empire was also a military superpower, with a large standing army and a system of roads and fortifications that helped to maintain control over its vast territory. Overall, the Roman polity was an important factor in the stability and prosperity of the Roman Empire, and it played a central role in shaping the political and social landscape of the ancient world. ↑
Explanation: Principate is the name sometimes given to the first period of the Roman Empire from the beginning of the reign of Augustus in 27 BC to the end of the Crisis of the Third Century in AD 284, after which it evolved into the so-called Dominate (Source: K Lowenstein, The Governance of Rome (1973) p. 370). The Principate is characterised by the reign of a single emperor (princeps) and an effort on the part of the early emperors, at least, to preserve the illusion of the formal continuance, in some aspects, of the Roman Republic (see citations 2, 3 and 4 at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principate). ↑
Explanation (machine-generated by artificial intelligence at: https://chat.openai.com/chat). The “Hellenisation” of the Eastern Roman Empire refers to the process of spreading Greek culture, language, and influences throughout the eastern part of the Roman Empire. This process took place over a long period of time and was driven by a variety of factors, including trade, military conquest, and cultural exchange. The Eastern Roman Empire, also known as the Byzantine Empire, was centred in Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul, Turkey) and included parts of Europe, Asia, and Africa. The Byzantines were heavily influenced by Greek culture, and Greek was the language of the empire’s administration, literature, and education. As the empire expanded and came into contact with other cultures, it absorbed many elements of Greek culture, including language, art, architecture, and philosophy. This process of cultural exchange and assimilation is known as Hellenisation. The Hellenisation of the Eastern Roman Empire had a profound impact on the development of Eastern Christianity, and many of the churches and monasteries in the Byzantine Empire were built in the Greek style and decorated with Greek motifs. The spread of Greek culture also contributed to the development of a distinct Byzantine identity, and the empire became known as a centre of learning and culture in the medieval world. ↑
HistoryHit, at https://www.historyhit.com/facts-about-the-glory-of-rome/, says In the 2nd century AD, the Roman Empire had an estimated population of around 65 million people. That source also puts the size of the Roman empire into perspective, saying It was possible to travel from Britain to the Persian Gulf without leaving Roman territory.↑ | <urn:uuid:3ea31f67-ea9c-4435-ae67-7c0c5ca84230> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://martinpollins.com/2023/02/22/the-emperors-in-the-glory-years-of-the-roman-empire/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100327.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20231202042052-20231202072052-00808.warc.gz | en | 0.974667 | 9,036 | 3.46875 | 3 |
The family Flaviviridae contains only one genus, Flavivirus. They are somewhat smaller than alphaviruses, being 40 nm in diameter. The name flavivirus refers to the type species, the yellow fever virus ( Flavus, L = Yellow).
The yellow fever virus was first isolated in 1927 by inoculating rhesus monkeys with the blood of an African patient named Asibi. The virus was shown by Theiler (1930) to grow well following intracerebral innoculation in mice. The infected mouse brain was used as a vaccine in former French West Africa (Dakar vaccine) though this was encephalitogenic. It was later replaced by a non-neurotropic (17D) vaccine (Panicker 2007, p.527-30).
Cases are classified as inapparent (< 48 h of fever and headache), mild, moderately severe and malignant. Incubation lasts 3 to 6 days. Prodromal symptoms are usually absent. Onset is sudden, with fever of 39 to 40C (102-104 F). The pulse, usually rapid initially, by the second day becomes slow for the degree of fever present (Faget's Sign). The face is flushed and the eyes are injected; tongue margins are red and the center is furred. Nausea, vomiting, constipation, headache, muscle pain (especially in the neck, back and legs), severe prostration, restlessness and irritability are common symptoms. In mild cases, the fever falls suddenly 2 to 5 days after onset and a remission of several hours or days ensues. The fever recurs but the pulse remains slow. Jaundice, extreme albuminuria, and epigastric tenderness with hematemesis, the characteristic triad, appear. Oliguria or anuria may occur. Petechiae and mucosal hemorrhages are common. The patient is dull, confused, and apathetic. In malignant cases, delirium, convulsions, and coma occur terminally. Moderately severe cases may last 3 days to > 1 week; the period of convalescence is usually short except in the more severe cases. There are no known sequele. (Beers 1999, p.1303-4).
In a report by Weir and Shariqe (2004, 1909), each year about 2, 00,000 become ill with yellow fever around the world though the true incidence is likely to be much higher. This was according to estimates by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 1998. About 90% of the cases occur in Africa and 10% in South America.
Epidemiology of yellow fever
Approximately 2, 00,000 cases of yellow fever occur annually; 90% of them occur in Africa. A dramatic resurgence of yellow fever has occurred since the 1980s in both sub-Saharan Africa and South America. A series of epidemics and smaller outbreaks of yellow fever that occurred in West African countries were primarily responsible for the increased incidence of yellow fever in Africa, but the first epidemic reported in Kenya in>2 decades signaled that a change in the distribution of the disease was also occurring. Transmission in Africa is maintained by a high density of vector mosquito population that is in close proximity to largely unvaccinated human populations. Although some countries have incorporated programs, vaccine coverage is not optimal.
In South America, the rate of transmission of yellow fever is lower than in Africa, in part because high vaccine coverage occurs primarily as part of mass immunization campaign in response to outbreaks of the disease. The largest outbreak of yellow fever in South America since the 1950s occurred in Peru in 1995, and cases were reported in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, | <urn:uuid:c0512b43-77ad-4d0b-84d3-35772dcee212> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | https://studentshare.net/miscellaneous/279508-epidemiology-eassy-on-yellow-fever | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891816841.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20180225170106-20180225190106-00668.warc.gz | en | 0.954302 | 763 | 3.84375 | 4 |
Another space station orbited the earth recently:
- Astronaut builds LEGO space station inside real-life space station – collectSPACE – Feb.24.13
- Photo Gallery | LEGO International Space Station pieced together on real station – collectSPACE
It took more than 200 astronauts from 12 countries more than a dozen years to build the International Space Station (ISS). Satoshi Furukawa, an astronaut from Japan, matched that feat in just about two hours — and he did it all while aboard the orbiting outpost itself.
It helped that his space station was made out of LEGO.
More LEGOs in space at LEGOspace.com.
See also the HobbySpace Modeling section. | <urn:uuid:6fb29b42-1989-47bc-85dd-cee074e46551> | CC-MAIN-2016-22 | http://hobbyspace.com/Blog/?p=835 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464049274756.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524002114-00030-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.922432 | 142 | 2.96875 | 3 |
There are numerous phrasal verbs in English. Although they are not considered appropriate in formal writing, phrasal verbs are very common in speech. Here is a list of phrasal verbs beginning with C.
Call for = require
- This victory calls for a big celebration.
- This recipe calls for butter, not ghee.
To call something off is to cancel it.
- Susie has called off her wedding to Peter.
- If it rains we will have to call off the picnic.
To call off guard dogs is to order them to stop.
To call on somebody is to visit them.
- If Mary was in town, why didn’t she call on us?
To call up somebody is to telephone them.
- I called Susie up to see if she wanted to come with us.
To calm somebody down is to make them relax.
- She calmed the baby down by rocking her gently.
To care for somebody is to nurse them.
- He cared for the dog until its wounds healed.
To care for something is to like it.
- I don’t care for pasta.
- Do you care for pets?
To carry on a conversation is to continue.
- Please, carry on.
Carry on about
To carry on about is to continue in an annoying way.
- She kept carrying on about her illnesses until we all went to bed.
To carry out is to complete something.
- If you can’t carry out my instructions, you must resign.
If something carries over, it continues on a subsequent day or page.
- The conference carried over into lunch time. | <urn:uuid:e544af28-233c-43bf-8a9f-bdb017f66ae8> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://www.englishgrammar.org/relations-shown-prepositions/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027312128.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20190817102624-20190817124624-00155.warc.gz | en | 0.957017 | 350 | 2.953125 | 3 |
There is a sentence here: A good time was had by all.
Then, what is the meaning of "A good time was had by all"? Explain the structure of this sentence, please.
Dear Teacher 2006,
Thank you very much for your kind help and good reply!
"themself" is nonstandard and its use is criticized, but it is being used by some to try to solve the problems with the other two choices.
There is no perfect solution.
I have observed that everyone can be used like a grammatical plural, just like some nouns like police etc.
CNN.com - Transcripts
"everyone has their role, everyone has their timing, there are even backups to the backups. "
China Digital Times cnn
“Everyone has their own point of view,” Jin said. But she said, addressing the protesters, “Your actions are wrong.”
Inside Cable News :: More on the CNN leaker firing… :: October :: 2005
"...but everyone has their own policy about that sort of thing. "
These and lots of other publications use it as a plural. ;)
Of course it is also possible to use it with the singular, I never meant to say anything else.
Let's go back to the start - the posting "Everyone ... (enjoyed themself)"
Now here is a sort of schizophrenic way of not wanting to make up your mind whether you want singular or plural - them being plural and self being singular. It seems to be general non-standard usage (esp. US?) but I wouldn't recommend it to anybody who's learning the language and is not a native. Actually I wouldn't use it even if I was a native speaker. I would go for either "Everyone enjoyed himself" - risking to be sexist ;) - or "Everyone enjoyed themselves". | <urn:uuid:2d4d4d01-d3bc-4a57-b216-6370c20c41a2> | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | http://www.usingenglish.com/forum/threads/86871-What-is-meaning-of-quot-A-good-time-was-had-by-all-quot | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398464396.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205424-00003-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.977715 | 381 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Black Girls Disproportionately Confined; Struggle for Dignity in Juvenile Court Schools
By Monique W. Morris
America's Wire Writers Group
Nationwide (December 17, 2013) -- African American girls continue to be disproportionately over-represented among girls in confinement and court-ordered residential placements. They are also significantly over-represented among girls who experience exclusionary discipline, such as out-of-school suspensions, expulsions, and other punishment. Studies have shown that Black female disengagement from school partially results from racial injustices as well as their status as girls, forming disciplinary patterns that reflect horrendously misinformed and stereotypical perceptions.
While academic underperformance and zero tolerance policies are certainly critical components of pathways to confinement, a closer examination reveals that Black girls may also be criminalized for qualities long associated with their survival. For example, being "loud" or "defiant" are infractions potentially leading to subjective reprimanding or exclusionary discipline. But historically, these characteristics can exemplify their responses to the effects of racism, sexism, and classism.
More than 42,000 youth were educated in "juvenile court schools" located in California correctional and detention facilities in 2012, according to the California Department of Education, and a disproportionate number of them were Black girls. In the state's 10 largest districts by enrollment, Black females experience school suspension at rates that far surpass their female counterparts of other racial and ethnic groups. Little has been shared about these girls' educational histories and experiences inside the state's juvenile correctional facilities or out in the community.
As a response, I conducted an exploratory, phenomenological, action research study that examined the self-identified, educational experiences of Northern California's Black girls in confinement using in-depth interviews and descriptive data analysis, among other research activities. The study revealed the following about the educational experiences of confined Black girls in Northern California:
* They value their education. Ninety-four percent of the girls in this study reported their education to be either very important or important to them, and nearly as many said their education was equally as important to their parents or guardians, where applicable.
* They have a history of exclusionary discipline in their district schools. Eighty-eight percent had a history of suspension, and 65 percent had a history of expulsion from non-juvenile court schools; half cited elementary school as their earliest experience with suspension or expulsion.
* They experience exclusionary discipline while in detention, too. Almost all had been removed from a juvenile court school classroom, and one-third of these girls believed it was because they simply asked the teacher a question. Two-thirds reported it was the result of "talking back" - but in each case, the student felt she was responding to an unprompted, negative comment made by the teacher. One participant recalled, "She called me retarded in front of the class... I have a learning disability."
* They have missed a lot of school. The majority reported having recently missed at least 2 weeks of instruction. Among these girls who missed significant portions of school, 36 percent had removed their court-ordered electronic monitoring device and/or were "on the run" and avoiding a warrant for their arrest. Fourteen percent cited prostitution as a major deterrence from attending or participating in school. For 18 percent, mothering a child under the age of 3 years old made attending school difficult. Over half reported they had been expelled from or had "dropped out" of school.
* They have drug use and/or dependency issues. Almost all of the girls in this study admitted to a history of smoking marijuana, and 65 percent reported doing so at or just before going to school. Among these girls, 64 percent reported their teachers knew they were high in class – all said there was no action taken by the school.
* Many of them lack confidence in their teachers. Nearly 60 percent reported a lack of confidence in the teaching ability and/or commitment of at least one instructor in their school, and almost half perceived a teacher routinely refusing to answer specific questions about the material they were learning.
* They are not engaged. The majority found the coursework to be too easy and perceived it as below their grade level.
Their school credits do not transfer seamlessly between juvenile court schools and district schools. Most reported a prior experience in the juvenile court school where this study took place. Among these girls, 57 percent believed that the credits they earned while in detention had not transferred appropriately to their district school; the majority were unsure of their credit status.
* They have goals, but they don't know how to reach them. Eighty-eight percent had ideas of their occupational goals, with one-third indicating they would like to be a staff counselor at the juvenile hall. However, 73 percent felt their education was not preparing them for their future.
This study's findings show where future research and advocacy efforts might better interrogate the effects of inferior and hyper-punitive nature of these schools.
Notwithstanding their status as "juvenile delinquents" with significant histories of victimization, these girls tended to find a potentially redemptive quality in education. Though most of the girls in this study did not consider their juvenile court school to be a model learning environment, they generally agreed these schools occupy an important space along a learning continuum that has underserved them. For many of these girls, the figurative lacerations from bureaucratic and ethical failures may leave lasting marks.
While our ultimate goal is to prevent more girls from being educated in correctional facilities, these schools should be included in the conversation about equity, not only because are they structurally inferior and failing to interrupt student pathways to dropout or push-out, but because there is a moral and legal obligation to improve the quality of education for all youth - even those who are in trouble with the law. We must continue to explore ways for access to quality education in these facilities more equitable, while improving the rigor of the curricula, such that it is trauma-informed and culturally competent. We must also examine ways to facilitate a seamless reentry of these girls back into their district schools and home communities.
Thurgood Marshall wrote in Procunier v. Martinez (1974), "When the prison gates slam behind an inmate, he does not lose his human quality; his mind does not become closed to ideas; his intellect does not cease to feed on a free and open interchange of opinions; his yearning for self-respect does not end; nor is his quest for self-realization concluded."
It is a long-standing American value that education is a potential tool to restructure social hierarchies and elevate the conditions of historically oppressed peoples. However, current trends in the administration and function of the juvenile court school may exacerbate many pre-existing conflicts between Black girls and teachers and/or the structure of learning environments. The limitations and challenges of these conditions may nullify the opportunities for improved associations between Black girls, school, and academic performance - antithetical to the stated educational goal of the juvenile court school.
If we can improve the accountability and performance of these schools alongside their district counterparts, we will inevitably move toward a more comprehensive approach to reducing the impact of policies and practices that criminalize and push girls out of school. We will, in essence, begin the process of maintaining her human quality - an essential component of her successful rehabilitation and re-engagement as a productive member of our communities.
A more detailed version of this article was published in the latest issue of Poverty & Race (www.prrac.org). Monique W. Morris, Ed.D. ([email protected]) is the co-founder of the National Black Women's Justice Institute (blackwomensjustice.org) and author of Black Stats: African Americans by the Numbers in the Twenty-First Century. (The New Press, January 2014). America's Wire is an independent, nonprofit news service run by the Maynard Institute for Journalism Education. Their stories can be republished free of charge by newspapers, websites and other media sources. For more information, visit www.americaswire.org or contact Michael K. Frisby at [email protected].
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At the age of thirty-six Henry VIII fell deeply in love with Anne Boleyn, a woman some sixteen years his junior. Henry wrote Anne a series of passionate love letters. In 1526 he told her: "Seeing I cannot be present in person with you, I send you the nearest thing to that possible, that is, my picture set in bracelets ... wishing myself in their place, when it shall please you." Soon afterwards he wrote during a hunting exhibition: "I send you this letter begging you to give me an account of the state you are in... I send you by this bearer a buck killed late last night by my hand, hoping, when you eat it, you will think of the hunter."
Catherine of Aragon became concerned when Henry's illegitimate son, Henry FitzRoy, was brought to court in 1527. According to Peter Ackroyd: "Henry no longer frequented her bed." He had clearly given up hope that she would produce a son and heir. Henry also began consulting the Bible about his marriage. He had read the text in Leviticus that prohibited any man from marrying the widow of a dead brother. Henry now became convinced that God had denied him a royal heir as a punishment for marrying Arthur's widow.
(Source 2) Anna Whitelock, Mary Tudor: England's First Queen (2009)
Henry maintained that it was a question posed by the Bishop of Tarbes, one of the French envoys, in the spring of 1527, that made him doubt the validity of the marriage of Catherine of Aragon, and therefore Mary's legitimacy. During the course of negotiations for the betrothal of Mary and the Duke of Orléans, the bishop had enquired whether in fact Mary was so great a prospect after all. Had not Henry married his brother's widow? Was that marriage valid? Was Mary legitimate? The envoys questions struck a resounding chord with the King.... The lack of a male heir, the successive failed pregnancies that had left the forty-two-year-old Queen seeming dowdy and dumpy, and the allure of the twenty-something Anne Boleyn, all contributed to Henry's mounting disillusionment with his Spanish wife.
(Source 3) Peter Ackroyd, Tudors (2012)
Catherine of Aragon... was aware of Henry FitzRoy, and was deeply offended when he was brought to court at precisely the time when it was clear that she could no longer bear children. Henry had in any case turned away from her. She was approaching the age of forty; all her early grace had faded, and the young king of France described her as "ugly and deformed". As a consequence, perhaps, Henry no longer frequented her bed. Most importantly she had failed in her primary duty to bear a son and heir.
(Source 4) Eric William Ives, Anne Boleyn : Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (2004-2014)
At first, Henry had no thought of marriage. He saw Anne Boleyn as someone to replace her sister, Mary (wife of one of the privy chamber staff, William Carey), who had just ceased to be the royal mistress. Certainly the physical side of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon was already over and, with no male heir, Henry decided by the spring of 1527 that he had never validly been married and that his first marriage must be annulled.... However, Anne continued to refuse his advances, and the king realized that by marrying her he could kill two birds with one stone, possess Anne and gain a new wife.
(Source 5) Alison Weir, The Six Wives of Henry VIII (2007)
Catherine was always an extremely popular queen... The main reason for it lay in her personal qualities, her unfailing graciousness and dignity and her kindness... The English had taken her to her hearts; they rejoiced on her marriage, grieved with her in her sorrows, and... were ready to champion her cause in the face of the King's displeasure.
(Source 6) Cardinal Jean du Bellay, report (May 1529)
If the matter (the divorce) were to be decided by women, he (Henry VIII) would lose the battle, for they did not fail to encourage the queen (Catherine of Aragon) at her entrance and departure by their cries, telling her to care for nothing, and other such words.
(Source 7) Lodovico Falier, letter to King Charles V (24th November, 1531)
It is said that more than seven weeks ago a mob of from seven to eight thousand women of London went out of the town to seize Boleyn's daughter, the sweetheart of the king of England, who was supping at a villa on a river, the king not being with her; and having received notice of this, she escaped by crossing the river in a boat. The women had intended to kill her; and amongst the mob were many men, disguised as women. Nor has any great demonstration been made about this, because it was a thing done by women.
(Source 8) Antonia Fraser, The Six Wives of Henry VIII (1992)
Let us return to that winter of 1501 and the brief months of "married life" which Arthur and Catherine enjoyed following their ceremonial wedding and bedding at Baynard's Castle. Arthur's physical immaturity and lack of growth - even shorter than his admittedly tiny wife - has already been stressed. This is in itself no proof that he had not reached puberty (although it makes it seem unlikely) and, even if he had not reached it in November, he might have reached it at some point during the next few months. Catherine's story years later in the confessional to Cardinal Campeggio was that they had shared a bed on only seven occasions, and at no time had Arthur "known" her. But what really stands against the notion of the consummation of the union, all subsequent allegations apart, is that the custom of the time was all against it.
In an age when marriages were frequently contracted for reasons of state between children or those hovering between childhood and adolescence, more care rather than less was taken over the timing of consummation. Once the marriage was officially completed, some years might pass before the appropriate moment was judged to have arrived. Anxious reports might pass between ambassadors on physical development; royal parents might take advice on their offsprings' readiness for the ordeal. The comments sometimes remind one of those breeders discussing the mating of thoroughbred stock, and the comparison is indeed not so far off. The siring of progeny was the essential next step in these royal marriages, so endlessly negotiated.
Where an heiress was concerned, her "spoiling" by being obliged to have sex and bear children too young might have important consequences. The physique of the great heiress Margaret Beaufort was considered to have been ruined by early childbearing. She bore the future Henry VII when she was only thirteen, and never had any other children in the course of four marriages.
(Source 9) Cardinal Lorenzo Campeggi report to Pope Clement VII (October 1528)
Catherine of Aragon... intends to live and die in the estate of matrimony, into which God had called her, and that she would always be of that opinion and never change it.... She insists that everything shall be decided by judicial sentence... Neither the whole kingdom on the one hand, nor any great punishment on the other, although she might be torn limb by limb, should compel her to alter this opinion.
(Source 11) Alison Plowden, Tudor Women (2002)
When the Pope's representative, Cardinal Campeggio, came over to England in 1528 to try to arrange an amicable settlement, he found Catherine immovable in her determination to defend to the last the soul and the honour of her husband and herself. She utterly rejected the suggestion that she should give in gracefully and retire into a nunnery. She had no vocation for the religious life and intended to live and die in the estate of matrimony to which God had called her. But, she told Campeggio, she was an obedient daughter of the Church. She would submit to the Pope's judgement in the matter and abide by his decision, whichever way it might go. Unless and until judgement was given against her, she would continue to regard herself as the King's lawful wife and England's Queen.
Question 1: According to source 2, what happened in the spring of 1527 that encouraged Henry VIII to think about marrying Anne Boleyn?
Question 2: Read about Henry FitzRoy. Why did Catherine of Aragon become concerned when Henry VIII brought him to court in 1527?
Question 3: Select information from the sources that helps to explain why Henry VIII wanted to marry Anne Boleyn.
Question 4: In source 5, Alison Weir says that "Catherine was always an extremely popular queen". Select two examples from sources that were written at the time that supports this statement.
Question 5: What did Cardinal Lorenzo Campeggi advise Catherine of Aragon to do?
Question 6: What information did Henry VIII find in the Bible to justify divorcing Catherine of Aragon. How did Catherine counteract this argument?
A commentary on these questions can be found here
You can download this activity in a word document here
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Like its people, the history of the Klingon Empire is violent but colorful.
Around the year 900 AD, Qo'noS was ruled by Molor, a tyrannical ruler who was generally unpopular among the people. Kahless the Unforgettable emerged as a champion of the people, and slew Molor in single combat using the first bat'leth, the Sword of Kahless, in the Battle of Qam-Chee. Here, Kahless and the Lady Lukara fought a pitched battle in the city's Great Hall against the soldiers of Molor. While the rest of the city's garrison fled before the 500 soldiers, Kahless and Lukara stood their ground and defeated the forces. Shortly after their victory the two began, what would become known as the greatest romance in Klingon history. (DS9: "Looking for par'Mach in All the Wrong Places") Kahless ruled together with his new wife as Emperor of Qo'noS, despite the fact that he was not of noble birth. Moreover, the defeat of Molor continues to be celebrated in the Empire in the Kot'baval Festival. (TNG: "Firstborn", DS9: "Tacking Into the Wind")
- In DS9: "Looking for par'Mach in All the Wrong Places" taking place in 2373, Worf enthusiastically mentions the events in Qam-Chee to have happened "a thousand years ago". However, this would state somewhat of a contradiction as TNG: "Rightful Heir" and TNG: "Firstborn" both state, that Kahless lived 500 years earlier. Either Worf "rounded" the number of years in his enthusiasm, or Kahless and Molor were at least 500 years old, which would be an unrealistic figure, even for Klingons.
Kahless was not just a warrior, but also a philosopher. During his rule, he established a strict warrior code that was adopted into Klingon culture and tradition. His words are frequently invoked by warriors about to enter battle. Among his sayings are, "A leader is judged not by the length of his reign but by the decisions he makes." (DS9: "Tacking Into the Wind") Kahless' legends were recorded in a series of scrolls called the paq'batlh. (VOY: "Barge of the Dead")
- According to the non-canon Star Trek: Star Charts, the Klingons first achieved warp capability in the Earth year 930 AD, some six hundred years after the Vulcans.
Over the next 1,300 years, the Klingon Empire slowly expanded, despite a devastating conquest and sack by the Hur'q in the 13th century. The Hur'q were a powerful race from the Gamma Quadrant possibly using the Bajoran wormhole to reach Qo'noS. Although they did not stay long, either because of their nomadic way of life or because of fierce resistance from the Klingons, they did not leave before taking many valuable cultural treasures, including the revered Sword of Kahless. (DS9: "The Sword of Kahless")
In the beginning of the 16th century, the Second Dynasty ruled over the Klingon Empire, but was ended with General K'Trelan assassinating Emperor Reclaw then later putting to death all the members of the Imperial Family. During the next ten years, the Empire was ruled by a council elected by the people, which is referred to as "The Dark Time" by Klingon historians. Following this period a new group of Klingons, called the Third Dynasty, were given the titles and names of the original Imperial Family in order to create the illusion of an unbroken line since the true Imperial bloodlines were cut at the end of the Second Dynasty. (DS9: "You Are Cordially Invited")
Early Contact with Humans
In the late 2140s and early 2150s, the Klingons were engaged in a fierce internal struggle that, while not amounting to actual civil war, threatened to become a more intense conflict. Numerous attacks had taken place throughout the empire that were blamed on various Klingon factions; it was not realized at the time that the attacks had actually been launched by the Suliban Cabal, who were taking orders from a mysterious individual who was an operative in the Temporal Cold War.
Although the Klingons had had occasional contact with the Vulcans prior to 2151, they had not met Humans until a courier named Klaang crashed on Earth while pursued by two Suliban soldiers. After dispatching his two pursuers, Klaang was shot by a local farmer named Moore. Although Vulcan ambassador Soval advised that Starfleet authorities withhold medical treatment and allow Klaang to die, Captain Jonathan Archer intervened and insisted on returning Klaang to Qo'noS aboard his ship, the Enterprise (NX-01).
Archer, however, did not understand the complexity or importance of Klingon tradition, and did not realize that returning Klaang to Qo'noS was a grave dishonor and insult. However, Klaang carried with him proof that the attacks were in fact launched by the Suliban, which averted a civil war. For this service, Archer and his ship were allowed to leave peacefully. However, the incident did not leave Klingons kindly disposed towards Humans. (ENT: "Broken Bow")
In early 2153, the Empire again encountered the Enterprise when the Human ship rescued a refugee ship from Raatooras that was attempting to flee Klingon territory. Captain Archer chose to render assistance to the refugees, but failed to realize the ramifications of his actions, particularly the embarrassment he would cause the Klingons. When the Klingons demanded that the refugees be handed over for trial, Archer refused to comply. Captain Duras of the IKS Bortas intercepted the Enterprise and attacked it, unsuccessfully. Archer was later captured and brought to trial on Narendra III, a Klingon colony, for being an "enemy of the state." In an incendiary tribunal, Archer's "interference" with Klingon affairs earned him a life sentence to Rura Penthe. However, Archer managed to quickly escape from the prison, further embarrassing the Klingons. (ENT: "Judgment")
The Klingons launched several further attempts to recapture Archer, including hiring bounty hunters (ENT: "Bounty") and sending Duras himself to track the Enterprise and recapture Archer. However, Duras was unsuccessful in three different attacks against the Enterprise, and he was finally killed when the Enterprise destroyed his ship during the third attack on the edges of the Delphic Expanse. (ENT: "The Expanse")
The Klingon Empire nearly went to war with Earth during the Augment Crisis in May 2154, when a group of Humans hijacked a Bird-of-Prey and ejected its crew into space. Planning to devastate humanity, the Augments tried to escalate the incident by annihilating the Klingon Qu'Vat colony with a biogenic weapon. Fortunately, war was averted when Enterprise destroyed the rogue Humans responsible and saved the colony. (ENT: "Borderland", "The Augments")
A short time later, the Klingons found genetic material of the Human Augments within the wreckage of the hijacked Bird-of-Prey. Fearing that Starfleet may be attempting to create genetically-superior Humans to take over the Empire, they tried to adapt this genetic engineering to improve themselves. An unanticipated side effect was that the Augment DNA caused the Klingon cranial ridges to dissolve. The test subjects did gain increased strength and intelligence, but then their neural pathways started to degrade and they died in agony. One of the subjects was suffering from the Levodian flu, which was modified by the Augment genes to become a deadly, airborne plague that spread rampantly within the Empire posing its gravest threat since the Hur'q invasion. In the first stage of this plague, a Klingon's physiology mutated to become more Human, for which the degeneration of the cranial ridges was a symptom.
With the help of a Klingon scientist named Antaak, Dr. Phlox of the Enterprise was able to formulate a cure that halted the genetic effects of the virus in the first stage, retaining the changes in appearance along with some minor neural re-ordering, but with no development of stage two characteristics, such as enhanced strength, speed, or endurance. This left millions of Klingons, mostly in the warrior caste, without their ridges. As these alterations were even passed on to their children, Phlox and Antaak theorized, that surgical cranial reconstruction might become quite popular for Klingons, who want to restore their outer appearance. Nevertheless, this whole incident embarrassed the Klingons even further and the Empire no doubt began to feel much more contempt for Humans, who were responsible for creating the genetic material in the first place. (ENT: "Affliction", "Divergence")
- There is no way to tell when a final cure for the Augment virus was found, or if it was found at all. Any Klingon shown originally without cranial ridges in TOS and then with them in subsequent time periods (e.g. Kang, Koloth and Kor), might simply have undergone surgical cranial reconstruction. Other differences in attitude and methodology between the TOS and non-TOS Klingons can perhaps be attributed to the neural re-ordering caused by the virus.
By 2223, relations had degraded to a point where the Klingon Empire and the Federation were constantly on the verge of war. (Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country; ENT: "In a Mirror, Darkly, Part II")
- Based on conjecture derived from dialogs in Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country, TNG: "First Contact" and a deleted line from TOS: "Day of the Dove", it was originally believed that first contact between the Federation and the Klingon Empire took place in the 2220s, and immediately led to the state of cold war that lasted until 2293. However, Star Trek: Enterprise revises these theories, placing the first contact in 2151. Furthermore, in TOS: "The Trouble with Tribbles", Spock states that the dispute over the area around Sherman's Planet began immediately after First Contact with the Klingons, meaning that the political status of this region of space must have been unclear since the 2150s.
The Federation was quickly expanding, and its territory began to approach that of the Empire. Disputes over ownership of various star systems arose, particularly over worlds such as Donatu V, Sherman's Planet, the Archanis sector, and Organia. Although numerous skirmishes were fought between the Federation Starfleet and Klingon forces during this time, both sides refrained from committing to open warfare.
However, in 2267 negotiations between the two sides broke down, and the Federation officially declared war against the Empire. The Klingons launched an immediate offensive, seizing several planets including the strategically important Organia. Unexpectedly, the Klingon-Federation War was brought to a sudden conclusion just days after it had begun when the Organians, a race of massively powerful noncorporeal beings, intervened and forced both sides to end hostilities. The Treaty of Organia was then imposed, establishing a neutral zone separating the two powers and instituting a procedure, to be overseen by the Organians, through which planets along the border could be claimed and settled by both sides. (TOS: "Errand of Mercy", "The Trouble with Tribbles")
A number of skirmishes and hostile encounters between the two sides occurred over the next decade, including encounters at Capella IV, Neural, Elas and Beta XII-A. In most of these confrontations, the Klingons tried to gain strategic advantage and secure mining rights for valuable minerals, such as dilithium. (TOS: "Friday's Child", "A Private Little War", "Elaan of Troyius", "Day of the Dove")
In 2268, the Klingons entered into a brief and ill-advised alliance with their long-time blood enemies, the Romulans. This alliance included a technological exchange, in which the Klingons received cloaking technology in trade for D7-class battle cruisers. (TOS: "The Enterprise Incident") The alliance came to a quick and violent end with the Battle of Klach D'Kel Brakt in 2272. (DS9: "Blood Oath")
- The terms of the treaty are partially speculation, but based on the fact that the Klingons were using cloaking devices and ships called Birds-of-Prey in Star Trek III. The significance of Klach D'Kel Brakt is in part speculation, but based on the timing (a century before the DS9 episode), it seems to fit the background as a celebrated battle between the Klingons and the Romulans.
A brief but ultimately unsuccessful thawing in relations occurred in 2267 between the Federation, the Klingon Empire, and the Romulan Empire, with the founding of a jointly-managed colony on Nimbus III. Dubbed the "planet of galactic peace," the colony quickly became an embarrassing failure for all three governments, although regular meetings between representatives did take place at the colony for at least the next 20 years. (Star Trek V: The Final Frontier)
Tensions between the Klingons and the Federation again came to a head in the 2280s with the revelation of the secret Project Genesis, a scientific program developing an advanced method of quickly terraforming worlds – but a method which also had great potential for causing destruction. The Klingons sent a Bird-of-Prey to covertly obtain the secrets of the Genesis Planet, while at the same time negotiating openly with the Federation. The Klingons planned to accuse the Federation of duplicity in developing Genesis as a weapon of awesome power and using the negotiations as a cover. (Star Trek III: The Search for Spock) However, when the crew of the USS Enterprise, commanded by James T. Kirk, managed to capture the Bird-of-Prey, the Klingon ambassador proclaimed a vendetta against Kirk, vowing, "there shall be no peace so long as Kirk lives!" (Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home)
Détente and peace
Although negotiations had proceeded intermittently since the imposition of the Organian Peace Treaty, no major progress was made in establishing any firm relationship between the two powers. The most notable meeting, however, were a series of negotiations at the Korvat colony in 2289, where Federation mediator Curzon Dax met with Kang. No lasting agreement was reached at this meeting, but Dax did manage to gain grudging respect from the Klingons and establish a lasting rapport. (DS9: "Blood Oath")
The situation abruptly changed with the explosion of the Klingon moon of Praxis in 2293. The disaster caused major problems for the Klingon economy and military, as well as a major ecological crisis on Qo'noS itself. The Chancellor of the Klingon High Council, Gorkon, took the controversial move of proposing a full peace treaty and establishing a process for dismantling the military fortifications and outposts along their mutual border – the military emplacements and warships that the Klingons could no longer afford.
However, peace would not come easily. While en route to a meeting with the Federation president on Earth, Gorkon was assassinated by Starfleet conspirators from the USS Enterprise-A, who were working in cooperation with Klingon counterparts who also opposed any peace treaty between the two enemies. Gorkon's daughter, Azetbur, was appointed as the new chancellor in her father's place, and despite enormous pressure from her advisers to abandon the peace initiative, she chose to press forward and see her father's vision fulfilled. The ensuing Khitomer Conference resulted in the signing of the Khitomer Accords, a treaty which became the foundation for peace between the Federation and the Klingon Empire. (Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country)
The relationship between the two great powers, however, remained rocky for the next several decades. By the early 2340s, the two powers once again stood on the brink of war. However, a single courageous act by the crew of a Federation starship would finally change relations for the better. In 2344, the starship USS Enterprise-C responded to a distress signal from the colony on Narendra III, which was under attack by the Romulans. Despite overwhelming odds, the Enterprise-C rushed to the rescue, and the crew's conspicuous heroism in attempting to protect potential enemies left a lasting impression on the Klingons. (TNG: "Yesterday's Enterprise")
The mediator Riva gained fame for negotiating several treaties between the Federation and Klingon Empire; before Riva, there was no Klingon word for "peace-maker". (TNG: "Loud As A Whisper") By 2353, the Treaty of Alliance was signed, finally establishing a firm friendship between the two former enemies – just as the Organians had predicted almost eighty years before. (TNG: "Yesterday's Enterprise"; DS9: "The Way of the Warrior") The Klingons even joined the Federation in some fashion, some time after 2327 but before 2365. (TNG: "Samaritan Snare")
- The comment on the Klingons being some part of the Federation made in "Samaritan Snare" may be in fact referring to the Treaty of Alliance creating a firm alliance between the two powers.
- Main article: Klingon Civil War
Despite the establishment of a full peace treaty with the Federation, the Empire would not remain at peace for very long. During the reign of Chancellor K'mpec (the longest-lived chancellor in Klingon history), two rival factions developed in the Klingon High Council. One, led by Gowron, favored continuing the peaceful relationship with the Federation, while the other, led by Duras, advocated setting an independent and aggressive policy. Duras was also secretly allied with Romulan interests who were seeking to split the Federation-Klingon alliance. By early 2367, the two factions were on the verge of starting a new civil war. (TNG: "Reunion")
Although Duras was killed by Worf and his relationship with the Romulans exposed, Duras's sisters, Lursa and B'Etor continued the struggle in their brother's place. They presented Toral, the illegitimate son of Duras, to challenge Gowron for leadership of the Council. Because the majority of the Council had been corrupted by the House of Duras, they sided with the Duras sisters and walked out of the Council when Arbiter of Succession Jean-Luc Picard rejected Toral's claim, making official the division of the Empire. (TNG: "Redemption")
The civil war, when it finally broke out, was as bold and bloody as any other conflict in Klingon history. The warriors of the Empire threw themselves into the fight with typical zeal – for example, Kurn was heard to shout, "Our time for glory is here!" In the first three engagements, the forces allied with the Duras family decisively defeated Gowron's allies. However, it was not generally realized at the time that the Duras forces were secretly receiving material aid from the Romulan Empire. The Romulans hoped that a victorious Duras family would end the Federation-Klingon alliance and create a new Romulan-Klingon alliance to shift the balance of power in the quadrant.
However, interests in Starfleet recognized the probability that the Romulans were interfering in the conflict. Jean-Luc Picard and the USS Enterprise-D led a fleet of starships to the Romulan-Klingon border, establishing a blockade and preventing the Romulans from sending the Duras forces further assistance. When the Romulan connection was finally revealed, support quickly fell away from the Duras family, and Gowron successfully reunited the Empire under his leadership. (TNG: "Redemption II")
The Federation-Klingon alliance would be sorely tested in the 2370s, after the Federation made first contact with the Dominion in the Gamma Quadrant. The leaders of the Dominion, the Founders, had the express goal of conquering all of the powers of the Alpha Quadrant in order to prevent them from threatening the Great Link. (DS9: "The Search, Part II") In late 2371, the Dominion captured General Martok, a trusted adviser to Gowron, and replaced him with a shapeshifter impersonator. (DS9: "Apocalypse Rising", "In Purgatory's Shadow")
The Changeling posing as Martok convinced Gowron that the recent civilian uprising in the Cardassian Union had been engineered and supported by the Dominion, and that the uprising heralded an imminent invasion by the Dominion into the Alpha Quadrant. To prevent this invasion from occurring, Gowron launched a massive assault against the Cardassian Empire in early 2372 with the goal of conquering all Cardassian territory to ensure that it could not be taken by the Dominion.
When the Federation Council protested Gowron's actions, Gowron took it as a betrayal of the alliance and withdrew from the Khitomer Accords, ending the Federation-Klingon alliance. Although no declaration of official hostilities was made, a state of near-war developed between the two powers; the Klingons even launched a preemptive attack against the Federation outpost Deep Space 9 in order to capture the remaining free members of the Cardassian Detapa Council. However, Deep Space 9 captain Benjamin Sisko pointed out to Gowron that a war between the Federation, the Klingons, and the Cardassians was exactly what the Dominion wanted – a divided Alpha Quadrant that would be ripe for conquest in the future. Faced with this reasoning, Gowron called an end to the invasion and halted the attack against DS9. (DS9: "The Way of the Warrior")
However, peace would not return. The Federation had refused to fight alongside their allies and had actually sided against them in battle, and the Klingons could not forgive or forget this transgression easily. A tense stand-off developed over the next year, with the Klingons attempting to make political inroads against both the Cardassians and the Federation to justify their offensives. (DS9: "Sons of Mogh", "Rules of Engagement")
Finally, in late 2372 and at the Martok Changeling's suggestion, Gowron demanded that the Federation relinquish claims to a number of territories along their mutual border, or face war. When the Federation Council refused the demands, the Empire launched a massive invasion of the Federation. The Federation-Klingon War (2372-73) was brutal, but short – only a few weeks after it began, Gowron called an end to the conflict after a Starfleet covert ops team revealed that Martok was actually a shapeshifter, and the entire war had been engineered to divide the two former allies. (DS9: "Apocalypse Rising")
The Dominion War
When the Dominion annexed the Cardassian Union in mid-2373, the Klingons were quickly defeated by the Jem'Hadar and driven from all of their Cardassian conquests. Faced with the prospect of a larger war against a much more powerful enemy, Gowron agreed to re-sign the Khitomer Accords and renew the alliance with the Federation. In addition, a detachment of Klingon soldiers was assigned to Deep Space 9, commanded by the real Martok, who had been rescued from a Dominion internment camp (DS9: "By Inferno's Light")
The Empire and the Federation would ultimately fight side by side in the ensuing Dominion War that broke out in late 2373; many of the most important engagements of the war were conducted in concert, including the Second Battle of Deep Space 9, the attack on Torros III, and Operation Return. (DS9: "Call to Arms", "Sacrifice of Angels")
The anti-Dominion alliance gained new, unlikely allies in mid-2374 when the Romulan Empire declared war against the Dominion. Although the Romulans and the Klingons both harbored deep hatred for the other, the two former enemies managed to put aside their differences in order to successfully fight the Dominion. (DS9: "Tears of the Prophets")
However, ultimate victory would eventually come at a very high price. When the Breen Confederacy entered the war in late 2375, the use of the previously-unknown energy dampening weapon effectively nullified the power of Starfleet and the Romulan forces, leaving the Klingons to fight on their own, outnumbered twenty to one. Rather than fight a holding action, however, Gowron ordered that Martok launch a full-scale offensive against the enemy, claiming that they had the advantage of surprise. (DS9: "When It Rains...")
Ostensibly, Gowron hoped to achieve quick victory against the Dominion and claim all of the glory for the Empire in winning the war without the assistance of the Federation or the Romulans. But Gowron's real plan was much more subversive and political. Gowron feared the growing popularity of Martok, who had commanded the Klingon forces on the front lines and was rapidly gaining heroic status among the soldiers of the Empire. Gowron hoped to reclaim some of that popularity for himself by personally commanding the Klingon war effort from Deep Space 9, and by discrediting Martok in sending him on numerous hopeless missions.
When no other Klingons would protest, Worf challenged Gowron to single combat, claiming that Gowron was a coward for jeopardizing the very existence of the Empire (and indeed the safety of the entire Alpha Quadrant) in order to satisfy his need for political security. Worf killed Gowron in the fight, thus claiming the right to rule the Empire himself. However, Worf declined the position and nominated Martok instead. (DS9: "Tacking Into the Wind")
In an alternate timeline, the Klingons took control of Deep Space 9 after the death of the emissary Benjamin Sisko in 2372 (because the Bajorans interpreted this as sign against the Federation and tried to ally with the Cardassian Union). This timeline was avoided due to the intervention of Jake Sisko in 2422. (DS9: "The Visitor") | <urn:uuid:45d51222-1d35-4bb6-b8b0-529c7f182f49> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | http://en.memory-alpha.org/wiki/Klingon_history?oldid=876077 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936463165.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074103-00038-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.96559 | 5,420 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Assessments of Writing More Authentic,
I had the right idea, but I was missing key knowledge. Based on my experience of the impact of grades and standardized tests, I had concluded that assessment was bad for the teaching of writing, and that assessment was therefore my enemy. Brian Huot observes that this self-defeating view is widely held among writing instructors: “assessment has often been seen as a negative, disruptive feature for the teaching of writing” (9) . It took me a few years to realize what now seems obvious: that assessment strategies can either help or hurt teaching and learning in the writing classroom, depending on which strategies we are talking about. With the help of scholars like Ed White, Peter Elbow, Michael M. Williamson, Richard Haswell, Brian Huot, Grant Wiggins, and Pamela Moss, I realized (with some relief, though I admit also with a mild pang of regret) that I did not have to spend my professional life riding around slashing Z-shaped tears in test-makers’ shirts. I could stand for something; I could advocate particular assessment strategies instead of merely opposing all of them.
What I, following others, would come to advocate was assessment that I believed supported best practices in teaching and learning composition. Huot consistently sounds this theme: “I am specifically interested in neutralizing assessment's more negative influences and accentuating its more positive effects for teaching and learning” (7) . Practices in evaluating writing with such positive effects go variously by the names authentic, educative, and rhetorical.
I’m going to blithely assume that we subscribers and contributors to the Teaching Composition List share a fairly strong and clear consensus regarding what “best practices” in the teaching of writing might include, such as: substantive choices for student-authors, writing for multiple and real rhetorical situations, peer and instructor response while writing is in process, research, deep revision, proofreading, and publication. This minor fantasy of pedagogical consensus allows me to proceed directly to the two questions I hope you will take up in discussion on the list:
Which of our writing assessment practices (both within and outside of the classroom)
best support our most cherished theoretical beliefs about composition and our
most productive pedagogical practices?
2. Which evaluative techniques should we shift, tweak, adopt, or throw out to better serve the rhetorical learning we are trying to promote?
Grant Wiggins used to call such pedagogically beneficial approaches to assessment authentic (1993) . Personally, I liked the polemic edge to that term, because it correctly implied that many traditional approaches to assessment (which Wiggins likes to summarize as “teach, test, and hope for the best”) lack legitimacy in relation to the world outside the walls of schools, colleges, and universities. By challenging the authenticity of our evaluative practices, Wiggins provoked us to critically question the closeness of fit between what we want our students to learn and how we assess that learning. He also wanted us to check the fit between what we are teaching/assessing in our classrooms and what our students need to know and be able to do in the world beyond our classrooms. Authenticity of assessment depends on the strength of these two correspondences: between teaching and assessment, between classroom and world.
A few years later (1998) , Wiggins shifted to calling such assessment educative. This term has the advantage of being less obviously critical of, and therefore less alienating to, people whose assessment practices we may be challenging. “Educative assessment” also focuses our attention on the importance of scrutinizing what our assessments teach. My only critique of this phrase is that it may mistakenly imply that some assessments teach while others fail to teach. To the contrary, every assessment teaches. The only question is what we teach our students through our evaluative choices and designs. From the standpoint of educative assessment, the key thing to ask ourselves is: “Do my assessment practices teach my students what I want them to learn?”
Perhaps the single most powerful technology/ideology of writing assessment in the past twenty years to support teachers’ rhetorical visions is the writing portfolio. Portfolios encourage robust writing processes by allowing students to revise over time. By giving students significant choices among topics, audiences, purposes, genres, forums, and other rhetorical elements, portfolios set the stage for writing that students care about instead of writing that students dutifully crank out only to fulfill teachers’ assignments. Portfolios also nurture revision and the collaborative and social aspects of writing by making room for peer response and instructor response while projects are still in process. And the standard “portfolio preface” invites students to self-assess and reflect on their writing processes and products. So portfolios are the classic instance of assessment design that supports our hopes for students’ rhetorical development. They help close the gap between our ideals and our practices, as well as between our classrooms and most rhetorical situations in which our students are likely to find themselves in the outside world.
Last fall, Richard Haswell raised the issue on this list of how state-mandated
writing tests for students in primary and secondary education affect our work
teaching composition in colleges and universities. I am currently working with
a group of eight secondary English teachers in
In addition to improved support for the teaching of writing in schools, we anticipate that ISPAW would bring great benefits in professional development to groups of teachers from across the state who would gather to articulate and negotiate their standards and criteria for evaluation. This value points to another authentic, educative, and rhetorical practice: communal writing assessment.
Just as portfolios provide more valid assessment of students’ writing abilities because they show students working at different genres, topics, audiences, and purposes, communal or shared writing assessment boosts the validity (i.e., persuasiveness) of our judgments of students’ writing by grounding those judgments in multiple rhetorical perspectives. The theoretical principle that portfolios and communal assessment share is complementarity (Alford) . The principle of complementarity (first articulated by nuclear physicist and theoretician Niels Bohr) asserts that any phenomenon can be most fully and usefully understood when studied from varied perspectives and by various methods. Because each reader brings to the evaluative act distinctive and positioned rhetorical abilities, expectations, and sensitivities, two or three readers can provide a much richer and more informative reading than one. And when you get those two or three readers talking with each other about what they value in their students’ work and why, you unleash the most powerful professional development most teachers of writing ever experience. So portfolios and shared evaluation help close the fissures between what we want to teach our students about rhetoric and textuality vs. what our assessments teach them.
Recently, I’ve become interested in another kind of gap between teaching and assessing writing. I’m talking about the difference between what writing instructors care about in their day-to-day interactions with students (both during class discussions and in instructors’ responses to students’ writing) vs. how instructors grade their students’ work—or how their evaluation rubrics say they grade. Both for individual classroom instructors and for writing programs as a whole, I came to believe that grading rubrics or scoring guides were too brief, simple, rigid, and de-contextualized to do justice to the rhetorical and pedagogical richness of writing classrooms and writing programs. My book What We Really Value: Beyond Rubrics in Teaching and Assessing Writing explores ways instructors and writing program administrators can bring their written accounts of the criteria and standards by which writing is judged into alignment with the criteria and standards at work in their actual writing classrooms.
In the case of all three of these innovations in writing assessment practice (portfolios, communal writing assessment, and moving beyond rubrics), writing teachers identified assessment practices that interfered with, distracted from, or distorted the rhetorical learning for which they and their students strove. I invite those on this discussion list to further the project of spotting the gaps or points of friction and dissonance in our teaching. Having identified those gaps, we will know where and how to invest our creative and critical energies to further boost the integrity of our professional practice as teachers of writing.
Here I pull together questions already posed or implied in the above discussion.
Web Resources and Works Cited
If you have
a question or a problem about a specific book or product, please fill out our
For further information about this site contact [email protected] | <urn:uuid:6308b5df-fbd2-47c9-8d92-c313f01c2476> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.mhhe.com/socscience/english/tc/broad/BroadModule.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783404382.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155004-00025-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.954102 | 1,753 | 2.71875 | 3 |
4 December 2006
The Special Rapporteur on the Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms of Indigenous People, Rodolfo Stavenhagen, is concerned about the recent decision of the General Assembly to adjourn consideration of the Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. It is disappointing that the General Assembly missed the opportunity to assert its principled support of this important human rights instrument on the occasion of this year’s Human Rights Day, and as a major contribution to the world’s human rights.
The Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples was adopted by the Human Rights Council, the United Nations’ main human rights authority, during its first session in June 2006. The Declaration is the result of many years of discussion and negotiation among the states members of the Human Rights Commission, with the active participation of representatives of the world’s indigenous peoples.
It is now incumbent upon the Human Rights Council to reaffirm its commitment in promoting and protecting the dignity, survival and well-being of the millions of indigenous people around the world whose rights have long been ignored and neglected, when not actually breached in practice.
Indigenous people expect the Human Rights Council as well as the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, and other UN agencies, to continue promoting the provisions of the Declaration for the protection of the human rights of their members and communities. Much can be done over the next few years, and in the current restructuring of the Council’s mechanisms a space must be found to ensure the continuing participation of indigenous representatives in debates concerning the application of international human rights standards to the particular circumstances of indigenous peoples.
The Special Rapporteur hopes that the General Assembly may reconsider its position and adopt the Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples at the earliest possible moment. | <urn:uuid:a0cb75b4-6123-4526-860f-1222fbd4f10b> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=5970&LangID=E | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375097861.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031817-00120-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.921897 | 356 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Data protection and the disclosure of information Essay Sample
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Data protection and the disclosure of information Essay Sample
It is important to have good communicational skills when talking to a child / young person that you are trying to build a relationship with. Without good communication, people struggle to build up professional relationships, this is because they might have completely different opinions about things but not be able to tell eachother without causing problems.
Having good relationships with the children in a school environment is crucial as it can make being there more enjoyable for everyone, this is because people naturally want to make friends and feel accomplished when they do. But good relationships cant be built without communication, this is often because when you talk to people you bond with them over mutual likes and dislikes however without talking to eachother you might not realise that you have similar interests and therefore wont connect to eachother on thje same level.
– Explain the principles of relationship building with children, young people and adults.
Showing respect – showing respect is one of the most important parts of building relationships with people, respect can be shown in many different ways, wether it just be listening to what people are saying or not interrupting them. Showing respect to someone is crucial because you dont want to offend anyone as that will make it very difficult to build a relationship. Listening to others – listening to others is very easy and makes a big difference when it comes to building good relationshipd, this is because it shows the other people that you care about what they have to say rather than dismissing their opinions being considerate – being considerate can help to build a positive relationship with a person as it is polite to think about peoples emotions.
If someone is being rude and not thinking about what a person is feeling at a certain time, it can be very easy to offend them. humour – it is important to maintain a sense of humour because it makes people feel more comfortable when they are talking to you, especially children. By keeping the humour in a conversation that is serious, it makes people feel more at ease, it can calm them when theyre mad and it can cheer people up if theyre feeling sad.
– Explain how different social, professional and cultural contexts may affect relationships and the way people communicate.
the way that different social contexts can effect the way that people communicate is that people are much more likely to become friends with someone that they already know, this makes it easier because most people feel more comfortable around people that they have previously met whereas when you are talking to somwone completely new, it can sometimes be difficult to say how oure feeling.
Another example of different social contexts are if a child is talking to someone that is their age then they will share different things that what they would with an adult, this is because an adult is more likely to tell them that they are doing something that they deem as \’wrong\’ however someone of the same age is much more likely to join in with the activity as childern can quickly persuade other children to do things that they might not have decided to do on their own some of the different professional contexts that will effect peoples communication are jobs. People are much more likely to want to communicate with someone that they feel they can trust, such as teachers, this is because if it is a parent then they will feel as if the teacher could help them to do what is best for their children. Children also talk to teachers about things that they might not want to talk to their parents about, this is because they know that the teachers are there to keep them safe in the school environment but also to make sure that they will make sure that they are safe at home.
There are some cultural contexts that will effect peoples relationships with other people, these are things such as religion, sometimes peoples religion can effect the way people communicare because they dont talk about certain things that are linked with their religion in order to not offend anyone.
2.1 –Explain the skills needed to communicate with children and young people.
There are some tings that a person needs to be able to do in order to properly communicare with children, these are things such as;
body language: this can be used by keeping your arms by your sude to suggest that you are open. Eye contact, this will let them know that you are engaged in the conversation and facial reactions, this shows that you are listening to what they are sayin and that you care about it.
Humour: humour can be used to keep a conversation from going bad, humour is an instand stress relief and can cheer children up, it is a good way of making someone feel batter if there is an issue . humour also is a great way to keep positive throughout a conversation.
– Explain how to adapt communication with children and young people for:
The age of the child or young person if you are talking to a small child aged between 3 and 5, then you would use words that were not too complex and you would vary the tone of your voice to help convey your emotions and let them know how you are feeling. If however, you were talking to an older child maybe between the ages of 9 and 11 then you would use much more complex vocabulary and your voice wouldnt vary too much in tone as they would be able to read other aspects of how you are acting while talking to them to understand your emotions.
The context of the communication
If i were talking to a child about what they enjoy doing the most and what they think is fun then i would talk in a very spirited way to them so keep the conversation positive and to keep they telling me what they enjoy doing, the converstaion wouldnt be a serious discussion. However if a child had misbehaved, i would talk to them in a stern voice so that they knew that they had done something that wasnt approved of and i would use my body language to let them know that the conversation was about something serious.
If a child struggled communicating with other people, wether it be because of a language barrier or a diaibility, i would try find some sort of visual aid to help them communicate their point across and i would make suggestions too to see if i could access what they were trying to say if they were unable to get their point across.
2.3 – Explain the main differences between communicating with adults and communicating with children and young people.
When communicating with an adult, you tend to use more sophiscicated language, this is because they can understand what youre saying to them easily even if they dont know every single word, they can assume what it means using the context of the sentence. You also, with adults, use sarcasm when communicationg, this is often to add a bit of humour into the conversation or to point out a mistake.
When talking to a child, you wouldnt use sarcasm because they wouldnt always understand what you meant by it. Another thing you do with adults when communicating and not children is hint at things without just saying them as they are, adults are significantly better at reading ques when talking to people and will easily pick up on and implications, however they dont always get then just right when talking to a child you vary the tone of your voice much more than you do with an adult, this can help to convey your emotions such as excitement or sadness easily and in a way that the children would understand. Something else that you do with children and not with adults so much is use your hands to help them visualise what you are saying to them, they ofted dont take much notics of it but it still helps them if theyr struggling to understand you.
2.4 – Explain how to adapt communication to meet different communication needs of adults.
It is not difficult to cater to the needs of an adult when it comes to communication. for most adults, you dont need to say much to be able to communicate with them – sometimes you can just go straingt to the point with it and have no troubles. However, if the adult that youre commuicating with has a developmental disibility such as autism, it can be a little more difficult to communicate because often, people with autism tend struggle to understand things such as tone of voice and facial expressions. In this case, it can be helpful to use lots of visual aid such as pictures and objects as it is an easy way to get a point across.
2.5 – Explain how to manage disagreements with children, young people and adults.
If there is a disagreement between two children, the best way to resolve it would be to have them both stop arguing with eachother and take them to a quiet place. Once you were there you would ask them to one at a time tell you what had happened as their version of the incident one at a time, without interruption from the other person. You would then talk through why it happened and what you wouyld do next time to stop it from happening again, you would then ask them to apologise to eachother then send them their seperate ways to ensure that they could have a chance to calm down. If any other incidents happened between them then you would ask them to avoid eachother in the future.
3.1 – Summarise the main points of legislation and procedures covering confidentiality, data protection and the disclosure of information.
Confidentiality – the main p[ointa sbout confidentiality are that any personal information about a student must not be given out to anyone unless it has been authorised by they parents or if they are potentilally at risk. If any information is being given out so someone, with parental consent, then it must go out on a format that the parent and the person recieving the information has agreed on together. Any information that the school recieves about a child is about important things such as any medical conditions and any documents from previous schools. | <urn:uuid:c0a0533a-3e37-473d-84b7-f98ef3cf6213> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | https://blablawriting.com/data-protection-and-the-disclosure-of-information-essay | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039741569.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20181114000002-20181114022002-00339.warc.gz | en | 0.981325 | 2,040 | 3.1875 | 3 |
Establishing Ties with Pakistan — 1947
It was the end of one era and the beginning of another. In August 1947 the British Empire, which had ruled the Indian subcontinent as part of the Raj since the mid-19th century, granted independence to the India and the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. The Muslim League, which arose in the 1930s in order to assure Muslim representation and interests in politics, had fought for Partition for several years and now faced the task of creating a new country. On October 20, 1947, the United States established diplomatic relations with Pakistan, a strategically important partner during the Cold War and a bulwark against the spread of Communism. David Newsom, who was posted in Pakistan as an Information Officer from 1947 until 1950, relates his experiences regarding life in Pakistan, establishing diplomatic ties from scratch, and his trip to the “Movieland” with the wife of the Prime Minister. He was interviewed by Charles Stuart Kennedy in 1991. See also “Two Men, One Grave,” about the 1979 execution of Ali Bhutto.
NEWSOM: The partition of India had been accomplished hurriedly. The British, and particularly Mountbatten, were not sympathetic to the creation of Pakistan. That meant that the government of Pakistan, established in August 1947 in Karachi, was a government without any resources, files, equipment or any of the necessities required to operate. I remember some notes that we exchanged with the new government: we typed not only our notes to them, but their reply to us as well on our typewriters because they didn’t have any in the Foreign Ministry.
Karachi had been a city of 350,000 people before partition; about 125,000 of those were Hindus or Parsi who left for India. In return, 500-600,000 Muslim refugees had flowed into the city. When we arrived, Karachi was an over-crowded city with people sleeping on sidewalks with all of their meager possessions — little bundles that stood beside them. Some did not rise in the mornings and were carted away.
The remnants of the bitter communal riots between Muslims and Sikhs of the Punjab were still very much in evidence. The day before we arrived witnessed that last communal riot in Karachi with about 125 Sikhs being killed in the center of the city. So Karachi was a city under great stress. The diplomatic corps was housed mostly in one hotel.
The American Embassy had been fortunate because it benefited by a deal that a Parsi had made with the government which protected his house, which was next to our residence, from government seizure in return for him building three houses for the diplomatic corps behind the residence. We, the Newsoms, got one of those houses because we had a child and that put us on a priority list. We shared that house with another family — the Josephs — for three months. The house had no screens, no air conditioning, which was almost essential in Karachi, and the house was very basic. Karachi was without a doubt a hardship post by American standards, but it was a post where a small group of American Foreign Service people would work well together in the face of adversity.
The group was led first by Chargé Charles William Lewis, then Paul Alling came as the first Ambassador. He developed cancer shortly after arrival and died within a few months. Hooker Doolittle, who had been Consul General in Lahore, was brought to Karachi to act as Chargé until the new Ambassador arrived.…
Washington’s attitude towards Pakistan and India
The attitudes of the embassies in Karachi and New Delhi reflected the views of their respective “clients”. When we got together, the conversation was as argumentative as the discussions between the two countries. Tom Simons, who was the INR [Department of State’s Bureau of Intelligence and Research] man in Karachi, had an academic background and was a specialist in South Asia. He conducted basic research. He had done similar work in Calcutta and therefore had a more balanced view than the partisans. But he was the exception. The rest of us thought that there was justification for partition in light of the persecution that the Muslims had encountered, but we were of course under the intense emotional barrage of the Muslims refugees who had fled from India.
The relations between Pakistan and the U.S. in those years were difficult because of the public perception in this country, primarily of Gandhi and Mohammed Ali Jinnah, the founder and first President of Pakistan. I remember having to deal with the American press covering Jinnah’s death in September 1948. When Gandhi was assassinated, the American papers were of course filled with highly laudatory comments. When Jinnah died, he was seen as austere, inflexible and a man who had done great damage to India by his insistence on partition. That attitude was not the official attitude, but this view was reflected in the American press — The New York Times, The Herald Tribune and the other newspapers that we used to receive at the time.
Our personal relationships with government officials were good. Washington’s attitude was that given the growing tensions between the Soviet Union and the United States and given the Azerbaijani events occurring nearby, it was in our interest to build good relations with the new state of Pakistan. My reference to the Azerbaijani events concerns an effort made in 1947 to create an independent republic of Azerbaijan in northwestern Iran, with Soviet support. This would dismember part of Iran. George Allen, then our ambassador in Tehran, took a very firm position, supported by Washington, that the U.S. would not tolerate such action and we gave the Iranians moral support to squash that drive towards independence. That was one of the first thrusts and counter-thrusts of the Cold War. So Washington had those events very much in mind as we developed our policy toward Pakistan.
We were just at the beginning of our aid efforts. Truman’s Inaugural speech, which launched the Point IV program — a program of technical assistance — together with our experience from the Greek-Turkish aid programs and the Marshall Plan, was the beginning of our world-wide assistance efforts. Pakistan was an early recipient of economic assistance and attention. While I was in Karachi, negotiations with Harvard University had begun. This contract was to collect a team of economists to review Pakistan’s situation and to develop an economic strategy. West Pakistan was a potentially rich area, but partition had disrupted economic development and had changed a lot of the potential. There were also problems with the economic viability and prospects of East Pakistan, which is now Bangladesh. So the U.S. was one of the first Western powers to take an interest in Pakistan’s economic future. I was not directly involved and don’t remember all the details, but Pakistan was certainly one of the early recipients of U.S. assistance in the Third World.
Visit to the “Movieland” with the Prime Minister’s Wife
A lot, of course, had to be developed locally. I used whatever resources were available. We used the [U.S. Information Agency’s] “Wireless File” which was transcribed from a squeaky short wave radio by a local employee. We began to get books and films. I started a monthly magazine called “Panorama” which I believe is still being published. It was about the United States. We got some money for educational grants — it must have been part of a program just being developed. Our program was very modest. We benefited from the large interest in the U.S. that the Pakistanis exhibited.
Particularly interested was the wife of the then Prime Minister, Liaquat Ali Khan, who was subsequently assassinated. She had been educated in an American girls’ school in Calcutta and loved American songs and movies. We had at times to temper her enthusiasm.
In 1950, I went to the U.S. as one of her escorts for a trip she took to this country. One thing she always wanted to do was to go to Hollywood. So we arranged for her visit to the “Movieland.” We were very conscious of the conservative Muslim society from which she came; we structured the visit so that there would not be any embarrassing occasions.
We were to visit Jimmy Stewart who was then making Harvey. As we were walking down to the set, some P.R. man came along and said something to the Prime Minister’s wife. She nodded agreement and we were suddenly whisked away to a set where Abbot and Costello were making a film on the Foreign Legion. She was a long time fan of the Abbot and Costello. So before I knew it, there she was in between Abbot and Costello, each in a French Foreign Legion uniform having their pictures taken. I could just see what a propagandist could do with that! So I immediately went to the P.R. man and asked him to kill all the pictures that had been taken for the benefit of maintaining good U.S.-Pakistan relations and for the American film industry. She thanked me later because she also had come to the same realization, but had been so carried away by the glory of the moment that she had forgotten who she was.
Problems with U.S. Foreign Policy
We had a friendly atmosphere in Karachi in which to work. There was an interest in the U.S. Our facilities were very limited. We were just beginning to learn about the pluses and minuses of information efforts. We learned that the projection of the U.S. was not nearly as important as how U.S. policy was received by the local population.
In May 1948, when Israel was created, Pakistan, as a strong Muslim country, reacted very negatively. We had demonstrations in the streets in front of the Embassy. I was sent by the Ambassador to confront the demonstrators and to invite the leaders up to meet with the Ambassador. That was something that probably could not have been done in later years when demonstrations became more hostile and virulent. But in 1948, we were able to have a dialogue with the demonstrators. We had an imaginative administrative officer who sensed that the demonstrators might move to the residence. So we got the Pakistani police to move its kiosk from the residence to the front of the house occupied by the Parsi, who lived next to the Ambassador. Those were the days when things could be done more informally or imaginatively.
But U.S. support for Israel as well the perception that the U.S. was not doing enough to get India out of Kashmir limited our influence in Pakistan, although I never encountered the open hostility that I experienced later in Iraq.
American policy towards anti-colonial revolutions was at that time very ambivalent. So it was not easy for us to detach ourselves totally from European powers and policies. We were supporting the re-entry of the Dutch into Indonesia, we were supporting the re-entry of the French into Indochina. North Africa had not yet become an issue, but there were some inkling of independence movements there.
Washington liked to stress in this period, which I always felt was of dubious validity, was that we had been a colonial subject at one time and therefore we could sympathize easily with those who were still under the yoke. 1947 and 1948 were very much different from 1776. Our revolution was essentially one against members of the same race. In the post-World War II period, race was a significant factor and American support for Europeans was viewed through that prism. There was a general recognition that Roosevelt had tried to convince Churchill to give independence to India, but whatever benefits we got from that were tempered by some of our actions in the immediate post-War period. It is my recollection that it was a continuing effort to separate in people’s minds from the U.S. from the European colonial powers…. | <urn:uuid:2bf93c3c-54f0-4e9c-83bb-d1f3631b9fad> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://adst.org/2013/10/establishing-ties-with-pakistan-1947/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323587877.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20211026103840-20211026133840-00575.warc.gz | en | 0.990076 | 2,448 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Behavior Control Linked to Language Skills, Research Says
This is a cross post from Sarah D. Sparks at Inside School Research.
Can limited speech silence the better angels of students' nature?
In the cartoons, a little angel and devil pop up on the shoulders of a character about to make a decision, arguing in favor of good or evil. In my 2-year-old son, I can eavesdrop on his real decisionmaking process as he talks himself through why he shouldn't hang on his baby brother's swing: "No, mommy says it can fall so I can't swing on the swing, but I want to swing on it a little ..."
As he gets older, my toddler's spoken dialogue with himself will turn into an internal monologue that can help him control his behavior and impulses. Now, research from Indiana University finds that some children with poor language skills not only have trouble communicating with others, but can also lack the "running internal monologue" that helps them control their behavior.
In a series of studies published in the journals Development and Psychopathology, and the Journal of Abnormal Psychology, researchers led by Isaac Petersen, a doctoral candidate in child clinical neuropsychology at the Cognitive Development Lab at the University of Indiana, Bloomington, tracked children's language development from preschool through the early teen-age years, comparing language skills with behavior issues rated by parents and teachers, as well as the students' performance on impulse-control tests.
After controlling for students' sex, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, prior levels of behavior problems, and academic performance in mathematics, reading, and short-term memory, Petersen found students' language skills predicted their later behavior problems more strongly than behavior problems predicted later language skills.
In the tests of self-regulation, Pertersen found a link: Children with lower language skills had less "self-directed speech" and were less able to self-regulate in tasks requiring impulse control.
"The children who are less exposed to language are more likely to go on to develop later behavior problems," Petersen said during a fantastic podcast on the research by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. "So having exposure to language, talking to your children, reading to and with your children is also important. It can also be helpful to encourage private or self-directed speech." | <urn:uuid:bac259e0-4976-401c-9798-cde7fe11831a> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://blogs.edweek.org/edweek/rulesforengagement/2014/08/behavior_control_linked_to_language_skills_research_says.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818686117.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20170920014637-20170920034637-00541.warc.gz | en | 0.965809 | 475 | 2.953125 | 3 |
It was announced today, on International Literacy Day, that one of the great pioneers of electronic literacy and the inventor of the e-book had died on Tuesday.
In 1971, Michael Hart was a student at the University of Illinois when he was given unlimited computer time on a huge Xerox mainframe computer in the Materials Research lab (probably because his brother's best friend was one of its operators.) The value of this gift, given the huge expense of buying and running such machines, he later calculated to be around $100,000,000.
Hart tried to come up with a good use of the computer time he had been given. The machine was used primarily for data processing, but it was also connected to ARPAnet, a part of what would later become the internet.
When Hart was given a copy of the Declaration of Independence at a grocery store in the buildup to the local fireworks on July 4th, he found his inspiration.
He typed the text into a computer, all in capitals as there was no lower-case option at the time, and sent out a message on ARPAnet saying that it was now available to download. Six people took him up on the offer. The world's first e-book was born.
He followed this beginning by keying in and then sharing other texts in the public domain: the Bill of Rights, then the entire Constitution and "The Bible". Though he had since graduated college, Michael Hart had found himself a mission: to digitize and make available information that was in the public domain.
It's significant that his idea occurred so early in the development of computers and networks. Part of what sets the internet apart from other milestones in publishing is its potential for free and reproducible distribution of information. As Hart wrote in July this year, "e-books are the very first thing that we're all able to have as much as we want other than air."
The 100th text made available via what Hart later called Project Gutenberg, "The Complete Works of Shakespeare", appeared online in 1994. By this point, the internet and the web had been invented, and Hart eagerly utilized them to distribute the works. In 1997, the 1000th Project Gutenberg book, Dante's "Divine Comedy" in the original Italian, was uploaded.
As of 20 July this year, there were 36,701 texts in more than 60 different languages available via Project Gutenberg, which became a non-profit in 2000. Their mission statement is straightforward: To encourage the creation and distribution of e-books. Project Gutenberg's books are now downloadable on the Kindle, Nook, iPhone and Android phones, as well as on personal computers, or via print-on-demand services. As Hart wrote in 2004, "we are happy to bring e-books to our readers in as many formats as our volunteers wish to make."
Texts are usually scanned in from books that are in the public domain, and then checked by volunteers around the globe. Most are public domain books, though some have been donated to the project by their copyright holders. Their most popular book, with 25,545 downloads as of today, is "Kama Sutra of Vatsyayana", followed by "Adventures of Sherlock Holmes" and "Pride and Prejudice".
Before Hart's creation, the public domain was mostly of interest to libraries, small publishers and academics. Though the Internet Archive has more resources and hosts more free books than Project Gutenberg, it was the vision of Michael Hart, and his fundamental belief in both literacy and access to information despite many setbacks, which helped to shape the world of electronic books in which we live today.
On his personal webpage, Hart wrote:
"If what you did yesterday
Still seems great today,
Then your goals for tomorrow
Are not big enough.”
Michael Hart was 64 years old.
The story behind Project Gutenberg in this article was compiled from "The Project Gutenberg EBook of Project Gutenberg (1971-2008)" by Marie Lebert, Michael Hart's Obituary on the Project Gutenberg site and The History and Philosophy of Project Gutenberg by Michael Hart. | <urn:uuid:1543c244-282a-4a4f-a298-0e80bb44012a> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/09/08/ebook-inventor_n_954684.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1412037663007.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20140930004103-00225-ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.97913 | 844 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Samuel Finley Breese Morse (April 27, 1791 – April 2, 1872) was an American Artist and inventor during the Victorian age.
He designed and developed the first successful electromagnetic telegraph system. Though he was a portrait painter, he was a co-developer of the Morse code.
Early Life Of Samuel F. B Morse
Samuel Finley Breese Morse was born in Charlestown, Massachusetts, on April 27, 1791. He was the oldest son of Jedidiah Morse, a clergyman and an eminent geographer, and Elizabeth Breese
He attended Yale College from where he graduated in 1810. During his studies, he developed an interest in miniature paintings and also attending lectures on electricity.
Samuel Morse Facts
Though not a very bright student, Morse wished to pursue a career in art, but his father was opposed to this. Fulfilling his father’s wish, he started working as a clerk in a Charlestown bookstore but he continued to paint in his free time.
Samuel Morse Paintings
His dedication and passion towards painting compelled his father to reverse his decision and in 1811 allowed Morse to sail to England to study painting. On his return to Boston, Massachusetts, Morse opened a studio and soon established himself as a portrait painter.
During this time, Morse worked at the Royal Academy with the respected American artist Benjamin West (1738–1820).
Though he painted beautifully but could not make much money out of it. Burdened by the financial pressure Morse traveled extensively in search of work, finally settling in New York City in 1823.
Samuel Finley Breese Morse’s Career As An Artist
His persistent search for work landed him becoming the first president of the National Academy of Design in 1826, an organization that was intended to help secure sales for artists and to raises the taste of the public.
His two best-known canvases are his portraits of the Marquis de Lafayette (1757–1834; a French general who served with George Washington [1732–1799] during the American Revolution), which he painted in Washington, D.C., in 1825.
His work depicts a dramatic portrayal of his subjects which combined technical proficiency with a touch of Romanticism.
Samuel Morse Family
In between 1825-1932 he was faced with the successive deaths of his young wife, his father, and his mother. Extremely grieved Morse returned to Europe in 1829 to continue his artistic studies.
During his return voyage to the United States in 1832, he met the inventor Charles Thomas Jackson,
And they discussed how an electronic impulse could be carried along a wire for long distances.
He was intrigued by the idea and spent the rest of the voyage sketching preliminary ideas. His emerging interest in developing the telegraph along with declining artistic career prompted him to give up painting in 1837.
Samuel Morse Telegraph
Samuel Morse developed a prototype of the telegraph in 1835 but his lack of science background led him to form a partnership with fellow inventor Alfred Vail in 1838
who contributed funds and helped develop the system of dots and dashes for sending signals that would eventually become known as Morse code.
In 1842 Morse demonstrated his work and won a $30,000 Congressional appropriation to construct an experimental 38-mile telegraph line between Washington, D.C., and Baltimore, Maryland.
Samuel Finley Breese Morse: Life After Fame
On May 24, 1844, Morse tapped out his now-famous first message, “What hath God wrought!”.He received his patent for the telegraph in 1847.
The success of the telegraph brought Morse fame and wealth. In 1848 Morse married Sarah Griswold, with whom he had four children. Later on, his interests turned to politics; he was against abolitionism, and he supported the nativist movement.
Samuel Morse Biography
In 1854 he ran for Congress but proved unsuccessful. The telegraph operators of the United States honored Morse with a bronze statue in New York’s Central Park in 1871.
In his final years, he made generous contributions to Vassar College and also to his alma mater, Yale College, along with religious organizations and temperance societies. He also patronized several struggling artists whose work he admired.
Samuel Morse died of pneumonia on April 2, 1872, at his home in New York City at age 80. | <urn:uuid:da4667a8-6cbd-40e9-aa8f-0297ebef6b0f> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | http://victorian-era.org/samuel-finley-breese-morse.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107896778.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20201028044037-20201028074037-00230.warc.gz | en | 0.980443 | 926 | 3 | 3 |
Brief information about the Dhaka
Dhaka Dhaka City ( DAH-kə or DAK-ə; Bengali: ঢাকা, pronounced [ɖʱaka]), formerly known as Dacca, is the capital and largest city of Bangladesh. It is the ninth-largest and sixth-most densely populated city in the world, with a population of 21,006,000 people, a increase by 3.
56%from 2019 in the Greater Dhaka Area.Dhaka is the economic, political and cultural center of Bangladesh. It is one of the major cities of South Asia, the largest city in Eastern South Asia and among the Bay of Bengal countries; and one of the largest cities among OIC countries.
As part of the Bengal plain, the city is bounded by the Buriganga River, Turag River, Dhaleshwari River and Shitalakshya River. The city is located in an eponymous district and division. The area of Dhaka has been inhabited since the first millennium. The city rose to prominence in the 17th century as a provincial capital and commercial center of the Mughal Empire in South Asia.
Dhaka was the capital of Mughal Bengal for 75 years. As the center of the muslin trade in Bengal, it was one of the most prosperous cities in the Indian subcontinent. The medieval city was named Jahangirabad in honor of the Mughal Emperor Jahangir and hosted the seat of the Mughal Subahdar (governor), Naib Nazims and Dewans (prime ministers).
Medieval Dhaka's glory peaked in the 17th and 18th centuries, when it was home to merchants from across Eurasia. The Mughals decorated the city with well-laid out gardens, tombs, mosques, palaces and forts. The city was once called the Venice of the East. Under the British Empire, the city saw the introduction of electricity, railways, cinemas, Western-style universities and colleges and a modern water supply.
It became an important administrative and educational center in Eastern Bengal and Assam after 1905. In 1947, after ending of British rule, it became the administrative capital of East Pakistan. It was declared as the legislative capital of Pakistan in 1962.
In 1971, it became the capital of an independent Bangladesh. Article 5 of the Constitution of Bangladesh declares Dhaka as the capital of the republic.Dhaka is the financial, commercial and the entertainment capital of Bangladesh. It accounts for up to 35% of Bangladesh's economy.
Since its establishment as a modern capital city, the population, area, and social and economic diversity of Dhaka have grown tremendously. Dhaka is now one of the most densely industrialized regions in the country. By the 21st century, it emerged as a megacity, which is now listed as a beta-global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network (GaWC).
The Dhaka Stock Exchange has over 750 listed companies. The city hosts over 50 diplomatic missions and the headquarters of BIMSTEC. The city's culture is known for its cycle-rickshaws, cuisine, art festivals and religious diversity. The old city is home to around 2000 buildings from the Mughal and British periods, including notable structures such as the Bara Katra and Choto Katra caravansaries. | <urn:uuid:567e0cd1-4191-4add-a0aa-29ce1bf98801> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://simpletravelsearch.com/bangladesh/dhaka | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104676086.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220706182237-20220706212237-00095.warc.gz | en | 0.962458 | 703 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Basically it would consist of Recursive Virtual machines (virtual machines built on top of each other). Basically the nanokernel boots and starts the virtual machine monitor. The VMM boots the main userland and starts the network stack and the security system. The security system has two parts. One is the authenticator which handels authenticaion and assigns security policys. The authentication database is a transparent database. The enforcer enforces the security policys in the userland (which is a vm) and the other virtual machines. One virtual machine would be for posix compliance (either a BSD or Linux Kernel). This layer would be emulated by booting one of those kernels that is modified to mount its fs through the DBFS. Those virtual machines can talk to each other by using a shared address space. | <urn:uuid:3867b8f7-baa9-4795-8b6b-61c4c37b5d9a> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | http://community.schemewiki.org/?Thoughts-on-A-LispOS | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500094.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20230204044030-20230204074030-00662.warc.gz | en | 0.887214 | 165 | 2.6875 | 3 |
On this page we have a variety of activities that look at angles along a line, interior and exterior angles. If the activity requires an applet to work, just click on the image and you will be taken directly to the web page required.
A short activity looking at angles along a line and around a point and finding connections between the two.
What do we know about a and b? How do we know this?
Which angle fact might you need to use when answering this question?
Which angles are already given? How can we use this to calculate unknown angles?
Triangle Angle Theorems
Interact with the applet below for a few minutes. which looks at the sum of interior angles in a triangle. Then, answer the questions that follow.
1) What geometric transformations took place in the applet above? 2) When working with the triangle’s interior angles, did any of these transformations change the measures of the blue or green angles? 3) From your observations, what is the sum of the measures of the interior angles of any triangle? 4) When working with the triangle’s exterior angles, did any of these transformations change the measures of the green or gray angles? 5) From your observations, what is the sum of the measures of the exterior angles of any triangle?
Angles in a Triangle
This is a practical activity that allows pupils to self discover what the angles in a triangle add up to, moving onto quadrilateral as well.
What’s the same and what’s different about the four types of triangle?
What do the three interior angles add up to? Would this work for all triangles?
Does the type of triangle change anything?
Does the size of the triangle matter?
The same can be done for a quadrilateral as well
Vertically Opposite Angles
This activity gives pupils an opportunity ti discover that opposite angles are equal rather than just being told the fact, make sure they do this activity as few time to find out this is always the case.
What sentences can we write about vertically opposite angles in relation to other angles?
How can we find the missing angle?
Is there more than one way to find this angle?
Angles around a point
There are 3600 in a full turn, from this following diagram, what can you conclude about the angles in the polygons drawn?
Investigation – Angles in polygons
Here is a lovely worksheet that you can give to pupils to allow them to find about rules and facts about interior angels in polygons. Its really nice as it is accessible to all abilities.
EXTENSION QUESTION: Can you write a general rule relating the number of sides of a polygon to its interior angle sum?
300, 600, 900 triangles
A nice activity that requires pupils to split polygons into 30, 60 90 triangles and then use this to work out the size of the angles in the polygons drawn. The first sheet is splitting into 2 triangles.
Now have a go at these ones which you need to split into 3 triangles
Finally 4 triangles
First Letter Prompts
Can you work out what all these Maths facts are? HINT: the first on is vertically opposite angles are always equal. Really nice activity to consolidate their learning.
Exterior Angles of Polygons
Click the “▶” button. Observe the angles turned by the car at the corners. Drag the green points. Check the “Show Measurement” box to see the measurements of the angles. Once pupils have had a chance to play around with this applet, then start asking questions like the ones below.
1. What is a + b + c + d + e, the total angles turned by the car?
2. a, b, c, d, e are called the exterior angles of the convex pentagon.
3. In general, what is the sum of all exterior angles of a convex polygon?
4. How would you modify the result if the pentagon is NOT convex?
A short problem to ask your pupils as it really gets them thinking about angels in triangles
The six angles of two different triangles are listed in decreasing order.
The list starts: 115°, 85°, 75°, 35°
What is the smallest angle in the list?
The figure shows a regular pentagon PQRST together with three sides XP, PR, RU of a regular hexagon with vertices PRUVWX. What is the size of angle SRU?
A short problem that allows pupils to investigate pentagons and tessellation.
Equal regular pentagons are placed together to form a ring.
The diagram shows the first three pentagons.
How many pentagons are needed to complete the ring?
A simple worksheet that pupils can put in their books and refer back to when tackling angles problems. Can you get your pupils to create their own? | <urn:uuid:c04bbff1-e74f-4ab5-834f-2b9c03e5ac23> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://learn.clf.uk/lesson/maths/angles/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572021.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814083156-20220814113156-00354.warc.gz | en | 0.921801 | 1,058 | 4.40625 | 4 |
Elk and deer frequently browse young branches and twigs of aspen, but also take bites from somewhat older trunks especially in Winter when other forage is lacking. Young Black bears will climb the trunks under mama’s direction if something threatens. We can be sure of this because each of them leaves marks on the trunks.
Anything which scrapes or scratches the thin bark of aspens results in a very obvious black scar several years later as the tree heals over the damaged spot by growing a protective, corky bark. A scrape from a falling tree, elk teeth or bear claws all show up clearly. And people leave their marks, too.
“Culturally modified tree” is the euphemism for a trunk which has been carved or marked by people. Because they provide a smooth canvas and dramatic results, aspens are often a favored tree for carvers.
Most dendroglyphs seem to be of the sort where a name and sometimes a date is written. This is common everywhere and I’m sure you’ve seen this. However, on the VCNP is a slice of history recorded on those oldest aspens: near the turn of the last century, shepherds–most speaking Spanish or Basque–were stationed in the high valleys with large flocks throughout the summers. Solitary and with little else to do, many left their marks–literally–on the trees. In addition to names and dates, those men left us little clues about that sort of life.
Names, dates, notes to the girlfriend back home, and drawings are all found on the old trees. The handwriting is often a beautiful, flowing, old-style script which must have been traced with a light touch rather than the deep, coarse block letters seen along many public land trails. And a large percentage of the drawings involve pornographic subjects but again, the stylistic differences between the older and more recent carvings bespeak a period when time was more available.
So although I prefer the unmarred aspens, the urge to speak is a strong one and the medium was once bark or stone, rather than the electronic ether. Watch as you walk for the messages left by all those (human or animal) who have gone before. | <urn:uuid:1cb0b08a-24e8-417e-b379-95185533bc35> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | http://www.outspire.com/outspire-blog/archives/09-2011 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627999066.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20190619224436-20190620010436-00328.warc.gz | en | 0.965547 | 470 | 2.6875 | 3 |
How We Serve
Lifting children out of poverty with programs designed to empower them to build a bright future
What We Mean by Childhood Poverty & Wraparound Services
All children deserve to thrive and live fulfilling lives. Unfortunately, the most vulnerable children live in multidimensional poverty. This means they lack access to education, good nutrition, healthcare, adequate shelter, clean water, and sanitation and all of those factors contribute to the child being in poverty.
The lack of these basic needs has long-term impacts that last into adulthood.
We look at the whole child to tackle these root causes of poverty. We wrap multiple services around each child to address their many basic needs. Our wraparound approach empowers children to overcome barriers and strive for a life beyond poverty.
Initiatives and Programs
Increasing Opportunities for Children with Disabilities Initiative
Our Hope System of Care (HSC) offers wraparound services for children with disabilities. These children receive healthcare, physical aids, therapies, nutrition, education, and life skills. These services promote independence and well-being one step at a time. And, each step represents a huge leap for a child. This program expands local capacity and supports children with disabilities assistance in five major areas:
US forces widely used Agent Orange, a defoliant containing toxic dioxin, during the war in Vietnam. The spraying of Agent Orange ended long ago in Vietnam, but thousands of children and young adults in Da Nang and elsewhere continue to live with severe physical and mental disabilities which appear to be linked to a parent, grandparent, or even great-grandparent’s exposure.
by the numbers
According to Vietnam’s National Survey on People with Disabilities in 2016, 2.79% of children between the ages of 2-17 have a disability. Families who have children with disabilities tend to be poor, and 1 in 4 live in multidimensionally poor households.
Educating for the Future Initiative
Investing in children and equipping them with a sound education lifts children out of poverty. We provide scholarships and educational aids for children living with the daily constraints of poverty in Vietnam. We help children become proud, self-sufficient adults by making a solid education a reality when their families could not afford one. We do this in three areas:
Keeping Children Nourished Initiative
We believe that all children deserve a healthy start in life. We provide vitamin-fortified food to kindergartens and families who experience food insecurity. We do this through the following programs:
by the numbers
One in every four Vietnamese children under the age of five suffers from malnutrition, while one in every six children is underweight, increasing their risk of suffering impaired cognitive ability, weakened performance at school and work, and dying from infections.
Delivering Clean Water and Sanitation Initiative
Clean water, sanitation, and hygiene are essential for children to maintain good health and to develop physically and mentally to their full potential. And these are essential for parents to stay healthy to work and care for their children. We provide these by:
Empowering Single Mothers Initiative
To help break the cycle of poverty, we work with single mothers who live at the bottom of the socioeconomic ladder. As we help these mothers, we support their children to grow up in a safe, stable, and healthy home and ultimately overcome poverty. Our Empowering Foundations for Women & Their Children (EFWC) program provides comprehensive services tailored to meet single mothers’ immediate needs while helping them develop life-long skills that lead to self-sufficiency and reliance. EFWC achieves these goals through:
We collaborate with community members, local authorities, and our donors to produce positive change, build sustainability, and create community-based solutions. | <urn:uuid:1c2ad6ab-c8f2-4250-9f3c-2862ec53c8e1> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://childrenofvietnam.org/how-we-serve/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323588244.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20211027212831-20211028002831-00139.warc.gz | en | 0.940295 | 769 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Tires are an often-overlooked factor in passenger vehicle energy use. According to the International Council on Clean Transportation’s research on Opportunities to Improve Tire Energy Efficiency, readily achievable improvements in tire energy efficiency could reduce global fuel consumption from passenger vehicles by as much as 5%. That would translate into a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions of more than 100 million metric tons a year. Potential annual fuel savings of 30 billion liters represent a cost savings of about US$30 billion annually if refined oil prices average US$1 per liter (or US$3.80 per gallon), thereby providing a substantial energy security benefit for oil-importing countries.
This new generation of tires is designed to help overcome rolling resistance, which occurs as tires deform during rotation. In addition, optimal tire efficiency requires proper maintenance–especially the maintenance of correct tire inflation/pressure, which greatly affects rolling resistance. To help increase consumer awareness, a number of countries (including the US, China, South Korea and Japan), have put in place tire standards, rating/labeling, and/or correct pressure programs. Proper tire inflation will improve tire durability along with efficiency and thus reduce the environmental impact of tire disposal, and potentially also reduce fine particulate emission rates.
Many of the technological improvements in "green" tires also come from the actual ingredients which go into their manufacture. Conventional tires require approximately 5-10 gallons of petroleum ingredients in the production of one single tire. Multiply this figure by the 300 million tires discarded annually in the US, and it makes for a substantial amount of petroleum products consumed by the tire industry. | <urn:uuid:d3046efa-d163-4acc-8e1b-1798040fe7d4> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | http://www.unep.org/transport/gfei/autotool/approaches/technology/green_tires.asp | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701167599.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193927-00307-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.943862 | 326 | 3.546875 | 4 |
Aston Martin, a British high end sports car manufacturer, was founded in 1913. Over the last hundred years, the company has changed hands several times and suffered several setbacks, but today reigns as one of the top names in luxury and performance.
There aren’t many Aston Martin pictures from the really early days – just as the company was getting set up, and assembling its first handful of vehicles, World War I interrupted its efforts. Unlike some of Aston Martin’s contemporaries, the company did not provide machinery or engineering services, so it was not directly involved in the war effort. However, both its founders joined the military and sold the company’s assets to aviation firms. Essentially, Aston Martin was brought to a close. However, after the war, it started back up fairly quickly. Throughout the 1920s, Aston Martin suffered several more financial setbacks. Though some cars were produced during those years, the company really didn’t gain traction until the 1930s. Aston Martin photos from this era show a lot of two seat, open top road cars that showed the designers’ keen interest in and experience with the racing industry. Then World War II began and Aston Martin was forced to shut down again.
Investors kept the company afloat while it continued to struggle. Aston Martin images from the late era feature high horsepower luxury roadsters such as the Vantage, the Volante, and the DB7. The Vanquish came along a bit later, and featured a V12 engine, helping round out the current lineup. | <urn:uuid:1403dc2c-5ac7-4353-8378-9342fcb1545b> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://www.autobytel.com/aston-martin/pictures/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386164039245/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204133359-00069-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.980291 | 313 | 2.625 | 3 |
As a young adult, beginning to drive for the very first time alone can be very exhilarating. It is seen by most teens and parents as a symbol of adulthood and the starting step to independence. Parents of teens get ready for this day long before the young adults do by building trust and communication. Driving by yourself can be scary but for both parents and young adults it is an exciting process if managed carefully. When your loved one is out driving for the first time you are still able to monitor their actions from home. Many services are accessible and tools available that help to aid in observing your child’s tendencies while on the road. These tools can be purchased at an auto store or many vehicles have them standard nowadays.
Dangerous Driving Begins With Teens
Some parents feel that monitoring your child’s driving habits may be a waste of time, especially if you trust them, but the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention stated in 2014 as many as 2,000 teens from ages 16-19 died in vehicle accidents and 200,000 teens were reported to have injuries. It is no coincidence that young drivers are rated to have the highest accident hazard per mile. This is in part because teens have little experience driving and can be immature and brash. It is with the help of each state and the driving laws that enable young adults to begin driving slowly and grow their familiarity on the road. Some states have it so that teens are constrained to driving at certain times and in certain areas. When they are able to gain a driver’s license, it is the parents hope that they will be responsible and not drive preoccupied or under the influence.
It is important to note that the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration states that 1 out of 4 vehicle accidents resulted in death for underage drivers with alcohol. Most parents have confidence in their sons and daughters, but keep in mind your kids may not tell you everything. Young drivers are steadily becoming more distracted with the use of cell phones. The AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety examined almost 2,000 videos of distracted teen driving crashes involving cellular devices. The study showed that 60% of those vehicle accidents ended up being severe. Another statistic shows that young drivers using a cell phone had little or no reaction in half of the rear end collisions reported.
By establishing open communication at an early age with your child, they will know the proper and improper behaviors while driving. It is important to explain driver safety when teaching them to drive, and also reinforce safe driving habits hereafter. This will ensure that not only your family will be safe, but your car insurance bill will be too.
Drive Tracking Services
New cars are starting to be sold that have tracking devices already installed. Buying a car that’s only a few years old for your teen may help you keep an eye on their driving habits, and below are some features that you might see installed in newer vehicles.
GeoFencing – Sends alerts through text message or email when the vehicle enters or exists a border.
Destination Alerts – Sends alerts through text message or email when your vehicle reaches one of your preprogrammed destinations.
Speed Limit Alerts – Parents are able to limit the cars maximum speed. Drivers may try to speed up but will be unable to do so.
Volume Limit Alerts – Parents are able to limit the cars speaker volume from home. There are some services that allow you to prohibit unappropriated radio stations as well.
Do Not Disturb Mode – While your teen is out driving, this service forwards all incoming calls to voicemail and keeps all messages hidden until your vehicle is at a complete stop.
When shopping for a new car, especially for your teenager, keep in mind that newer vehicles may or may not have tracking devices. This is something to consider when purchasing the car, or trying to add onto your vehicle afterwards. Many services and tracking tools utilize a monthly fee or require a subscription.
After Market Tracking Services
There are some tracking devices that can be purchased at an auto shop and installed into your vehicle. The diagnostic port for your car is normally under the drivers dash and to the left. A study done by Consumer Reports suggests that cars manufactured after 1996 should have this technology available for aftermarket purchase. After the report was published, many more companies began to create different types of tracking devices. Many of these tools such as Zubie, Mastrack and MotoSafety all work similarly but have a few differentiating qualities.
All driving tracking tools can be controlled from a home computer and edited to preference. Parents have the ability to set geographic boundaries that lets the driver see on a map. Parents can also monitor the vehicles destination and course. If your vehicle crosses a limit such as speed, borderline, or volume, a notification will be sent to you directly through either text message or email alert. Almost all driving tools can also be viewed on a mobile device or tablet and not just from at home.
Alerts are also sent to the parents if your child decides to disconnect the tracking device or reconnects one in the vehicle. Drive Cam is an alternative tool that parents can use to video monitor their teens driving from inside the vehicle. A video camera is attached on the inside of the vehicle behind the rear view mirror to record young drivers on the road. This device can be helpful as it films any dangerous driving and notifies the person driving with a series of changing lights. This device makes it easier for parents to review driving habits with their teens and have video examples.
The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute states that teen drivers that utilize driving tracking devices along with constructive criticism from parents change their dangerous habits almost immediately. Teens were less likely to change their behavior if they were notified by the tracking device, but there was no follow up and review from the parents. These Tracking devices can be very helpful when teaching your child how to drive safely, however it must be coupled with education and pointers to be truly effective. Tracking devices can also be installed and utilized in other family member’s cars such as Grandpa or a nanny. | <urn:uuid:1a875d61-bb09-464b-8c82-9c0f3d6b4ade> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | http://autoinsurance50.us/2017/01/keep-a-close-eye-on-your-teens-driving/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948588294.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20171216162441-20171216184441-00242.warc.gz | en | 0.963317 | 1,229 | 3.015625 | 3 |
1. Any of various fusible alloys, usually tin and lead, used to join metallic parts.
2. Something that joins or cements.
v. sol·dered, sol·der·ing, sol·ders
1. To unite or repair (parts, for example) with solder.
2. To join or unite: The agreement soldered the factions into an alliance.
1. To unite or repair something with solder.
2. To be joined or united.
[Middle English soudur, from Old French soudure, soldure, from souder, soulder, to solder, from Latin solidāre, to make solid, from solidus, solid; see SOLID.]
The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fifth Edition copyright ©2020 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. All rights reserved.
Indo-European & Semitic Roots Appendices
Thousands of entries in the dictionary include etymologies that trace their origins back to reconstructed proto-languages. You can obtain more information about these forms in our online appendices:
The Indo-European appendix covers nearly half of the Indo-European roots that have left their mark on English words. A more complete treatment of Indo-European roots and the English words derived from them is available in our Dictionary of Indo-European Roots. | <urn:uuid:ad627b30-b224-4f11-bb14-62d9bfd9342e> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=solder | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371806302.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20200407214925-20200408005425-00145.warc.gz | en | 0.81872 | 285 | 3.421875 | 3 |
Talking to children about terror attacks
Following the terror attacks in Manchester and London, Anita Cleare offers practical advice for discussing distressing news stories with children
Posted on: Tue 23-May-17 07:52:01
(63 comments )
As the recent terror attacks in London and Manchester have reminded us, we live in a world in which bad things happen. Many people, including children, were killed - and many more were injured. And in this rolling news digital era, graphic details about tragic events can spread far and fast.
Wrapping our children up in cotton wool and protecting them from everything bad in the world isn’t really an option. Teenagers learn about catastrophic events via social media news feeds alongside their friends’ latest selfies. Even if we prevent younger children hearing about tragic events directly, the playground grapevine can throw up a frightening and distorted version. Something as simple as a train station announcement about unaccompanied baggage can spark difficult questions from little ones about terrorism and who would want to kill them and why.
The best that parents can do is to ensure that distressing information is filtered in an age-appropriate way and help children develop the resilience and coping skills to bounce back quickly from difficult thoughts and feelings.
Talk about the issues
Take an interest in what children are reading, watching and listening to. Don’t give children unfettered access to the digital world – make sure you know the age guidelines for websites and social media and stick to them. Direct teenagers to quality news sites such as BBC Newsbeat and protect younger children from news bulletins that are aimed at adults.
It’s much better that children hear about distressing news events in an age-appropriate way from a trusted adult. Keep it simple. Say something like “I’m feeling a bit sad because I just heard about a bomb that exploded in such-and-such a place and lots of people died. I wanted to tell you about it in case you hear about it too.” They might ask lots of questions or they might not be interested. But they will know they can talk to you about it.
When children hear about tragic events, they often immediately link these events to their own lives and worry that something similar will happen to them or their family. Do reassure them that they are safe.
Always answer children’s questions. Questions tell you what your child is concerned about and help you gauge their level of understanding. With younger children, stick to short simple answers and then see what happens next. If they change the subject, you have answered their question. If they ask the same question again, they haven’t understood your answer (or maybe you haven’t understood their question). If they ask a follow up question, they want to know more so keep talking.
If you are knocked off balance by an unexpected question then you could gain some thinking time by asking a question back to see what they already know or where they heard about that issue.
Balance honesty with reassurance
When children hear about tragic events, they often immediately link these events to their own lives and worry that something similar will happen to them or their family. Do reassure them that they are safe. Emphasise that these kinds of events are very rare, that they don’t happen very often and that the vast majority of people never experience them. But don’t resort to outright lies. Telling children that something could never happen (when they can work out for themselves that’s not true) can result in them not trusting you or your reassurances. Instead, talk about all the reasons why it is very unlikely to happen and emphasise all the positive actions that are being taken to tackle the issue and to prevent it from happening again.
Sometimes children like to talk about what they would do if they were in that situation – for example, if a gunman came to their school or if a bomb went off. You might not like to think that way but for some children that’s a coping strategy, a way of turning their difficult thoughts into a problem to be solved and gaining a sense of control. Allow them to do that but don’t dwell on it, just get them involved in a distracting activity as soon as possible.
When children are upset
When children are distressed by news of a major event, it is important to help them work through their feelings. Don’t avoid talking about it and don’t dismiss their feelings as silly. Ask why they are upset, listen to their concerns and let them know that their feelings are ok. Then prompt them towards an activity that might make them feel better. Say something like, “I can see you are really sad. It’s natural to feel sad when bad things happen. Is there something you could do that might cheer you up?” Younger children can be guided into play, whereas older children might want to get involved in charities or fundraising as a way of making a difference.
By Anita Cleare
4yo DD saw me crying and asked me why.
I told her the truth.
I had a heart to heart with dd 12 this morning - we hugged and cried together. I wanted her to hear the news from me rather than from her mates on the way to school.
I told my 9 year old, who happened to be watching Ariana Grande in Sam And Cat, she was sad but doesn't really understand how horrific it is. I know she'd hear about it, read about it or see it on the news and I'd rather she heard it from me.
I spoke to my 9 year old DS this morning. I knew it would be talked about at school and I wanted him to hear it from me first.
I'm sure he will come home with questions tonight.
I didn't know what to say to my just turned 7yr old this morning.
I hope that older children's playground talk doesn't filter down too much until I can talk to him about it. If the school talk about it in assembly I trust the ht to get it right, but I do feel bad I waved him off with no input from me. Hard to know what to say when you can't follow it up with any real reassurance that they're safe. None of us are safe, which is the terrifying bit of terror...
I told dd2 (10), as they will talk about it at school. I kept it brief, I told her young people had been killed, it was at a concert, it was in this country but a long way from us. She asked, 'was it terrorists' and I said yes. Then we read this quote, "When I was a boy and I would see scary things in the news, my mother would say to me, 'Look for the helpers. You will always find people who are helping. To this day, especially in times of disaster, I remember my mother’s words, and I am always comforted by realizing that there are still so many helpers — so many caring people in this world." — Fred Rogers
I told mine (10 & 8) this morning, I couldn't let them go to school not knowing. And we watched Newsround. Heaven knows at they'll hear in the playground.
Thanks for this post - very useful. I talked to my 10yo ds about the bomb this morning. I cried.
I told my little boy that someone very bad did something very bad and people were hurt and had died. I'm not usually over affected by these attacks, I obv get upset etc but it doesn't affect my day. But this one I've not stopped crying all morning. I live close by to Manchester and its far too close to home.
Thank you, MN, for this post. It has helped me enormously just reading this today.
Please also point them to the newsround website.
My DDs friend hasn't turned up to school today and nobody has heard from her, I'm sick with worry!
I've just seen this on the BBC news round page, also very helpful. www.bbc.co.uk/newsround/13865002
Mine saw it on newsround and we live near to Manchester so it feels more awful still.
One useful thing I've read about talking to children about these horrors is to say that although there are some awful wicked people in the world, whenever something like this happens, far more people risk their own lives to help.
Thank you for posting. I'd also add thought that I think it's good advice to say to teenagers not to spend too much time watching news reports over and over again, it just create more anxiety IMO.
Little children I think shouldn't even see these news reports. That's just my opinion, my dds are in their twenties now and it's what I did with them. Some of their friends watched reports of the twin towers incident, over and over again.
Yes they need to know about these incidents and need to talk openly but it doesn't do children any good at all to see these images and hear very distressed people, over and over.
Told my 6 year old this morning as he saw me crying when I switched on my laptop and started reading the news. I've explained to him about terrorist attacks before, very vaguely, so he knows the basics. He was very upset but thankfully not too worried about it.
Thanks for posting this though, I was worried about whether I'd done the right thing or not.
I discussed with my DD (7) this morning, but opted not to discuss with my DS (5) unless he raises it. DD is able to read newspaper headlines, etc so I thought was more likely to hear about it. I told her that sometimes people are very angry and choose the wrong way to deal with that anger and that the police and the government are doing their best to ensure those people don't hurt others through their anger but sometimes they're not able to. I told her that most people love and respect each other and lots of people banded together to help those who were hurt last night, and that far more people want to help than hurt.
Good post. I told my DS (12) about this when he got up this morning as I know it will be talked about at school. It's hard to know what to say - I remember being very anxious about this when I was his age.
I haven't spoken to mine (10 and 7). I'm not sure what to say as we have tickets for a concert in Sheffield next month.
Thanks very much Mumsnet, your advice is enormously welcome and has had a calming effect on me just be reading it!
I had to speak to my children as DD was so excited to be going with me on Friday to see Ariana Grande. She just couldn't understand the enormity of it all.
I started talking to mine about things like this because they were coming home having heard utter nonsense from 'knowledgable' peers in the playground.
This morning, I just gave them the facts as we have them at the moment and we watched Newsround together. There will likely be more discussion and questions tonight following playground chit-chat which I will try and answer as honestly as possible. I'm keeping the 'grown-up' news switched off for now though.
I told mine this morning in case they heard talk at school.
I have to say that at the moment, neither of them are sensitive souls and don't seem to get upset at anything in the news that they hear from me. But perhaps they're a bit young (6 and 4) and it doesn't seem very real to them. I might get DS to start watching Newsround again.
DD (4) asked if a girl from nursery who had recently moved to Manchester had died so I had to reassure her that she hadn't, but apart from that she was fine.
DH just likes to remind us all that approximately 1,500 people die in road accidents each year, most of which might only make the local news.
Thank you for the post - I remembered a similar post after the recent London attacks so did speak to my DD(9) and DS(6) separately this morning. I was particularly concerned about DD as they will be talking about it at school (they are all Ariana grande mad and this feels so close to home for us). With DD I was a bit more detailed, keen for her to hear the facts from me, and her reaction/questions were similar to those described in the OP. (Got a lot of questions relating to how on earth he got a bomb, and practical stuff) With DS I was much briefer, depending on how much this is discussed at his school today, expect more questions later.
My key messages were to let DD know this is very rare, the attacker is mentally unbalanced.
It's so very sad and worrying. At least with posts from MN like this I feel like I'm doing the best I can to support my DC
Thanks for this mumsnet, I didn't speak to my DD (4 & 8) this morning because I really didn't know how to explain it. This will help enormously.
My heart aches for anyone waiting to her from the relatives who were there.
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Nature and biodiversity
The North Sea is home to a wide range of organisms; this divergence is partly the result of differences in water depth, nutrient intensity, salt content, current and seabed composition.
The Dutch North Sea Policy aims to ensure that the North Sea will continue to be a clean, healthy and productive sea in the future. The ecosystem is functioning optimally and is resilient, the water is clean and the use of the North Sea is sustainable. In that way, the North Sea offers perspectives for nature and the environment but also for economic activities.
Nutrient intensity North Sea
Locally, organically-formed hard soil substrates, such as shellfish beds and tubeworm reefs, have developed. They have created breeding grounds and habitat opportunities for other (returning) species. The nutrient intensity allows for a varied food web of bottom-dwellers to top-predators such as sharks, porpoises and seals. The sustainable utilisation of natural resources of the North Sea is within the carrying capacity of the ecosystem. (source: Draft North Sea Policy Paper).
To achieve this, the policy focuses on habitat protection, species protection and the implementation of the Marine Strategy Framework Directive.
The Bird and Habitat Directives, the Marine Strategy Framework Directive and the OSPAR Convention stipulate that offshore areas with special ecological values must be protected. In the long term, the protection of these areas should lead to a cohesive network of protected offshore areas.
Natura 2000 areas
Along the coast, a number of Natura 2000 areas have been designated. These are the North Sea Coastal Zone, Voordelta, Vlakte van de Raan and Deltawateren. Management plans will be drawn up for these areas in 2015. These management plans include measures for achieving the conservation objectives and they regulate which activities can or cannot take place under certain conditions.
In Vlakte van de Raan and the North Sea Coastal Zone, the measures are based on the Fishing In Protected Areas (VIBEG) agreement entered into between the fishery sector, nature organisations and the national government. In this way, a number of different zones have been identified in which fishery is regulated. One important point in the VIBEG agreement is that fishing with tickler chains will no longer be permitted in both areas from 1 January 2016.
Natura 2000 areas will also be introduced in the Dutch EEZ. It is expected that the Dogger Bank, Cleaver Bank and Frisian Front will be designated in 2015. The designation of the Brown Bank will follow later.
Implementation of the European Marine Strategy Framework Directive
The areas Central Oyster Grounds and Frisian Front have been designated by the Government as search areas for introducing spatial measures for protection of the soil ecosystem in the framework of the Marine Directive. These measures will be defined at the end of 2015 and will be realised in 2016.
The European Marine Strategy Framework Directive Monitoring Programme (Marine Strategy part 2) includes an extensive package of monitoring activities that focus on the condition of the North Sea environment and on the effectiveness of the measures. A zero measurement will be conducted in 2015, which will then be updated every year.
Using the collected monitoring data, evaluations of the marine strategy and the development of a good environmental status will be made. The first evaluation is planned for 2018, when the initial assessment of the marine environment will be updated. This assessment will be partly drawn up together with the other North Sea countries on the basis of common indicators that have been developed in the context of OSPAR. It will include a set of biodiversity indicators.
Natura 2000 and the Flora and Fauna Act
In addition to the general environmental policy (such as the policy related to water quality), the policy for the protected species of the North Sea will mainly be realised in the framework of Natura 2000 and application of the Flora and Fauna Act.
A specific porpoise protection plan (pdf, 4 MB) was drawn up in 2011. This plan is aimed at contributing to the beneficial conservation objectives for porpoises. Research will be carried out into the consequences of by-catch and underwater noise on the porpoise population. | <urn:uuid:52bcc2fb-4ec8-42b8-a92c-edd1f83594bc> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://www.noordzeeloket.nl/en/functions-and-use/natuur/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107879673.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20201022141106-20201022171106-00689.warc.gz | en | 0.912277 | 862 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Whether you’re a public health and cancer medical professional, or you’re simply curious about why cancer is a public health issue, cancer is an issue that touches the lives of nearly everyone around the world. Whether you’ve experienced cancer, a loved one has experienced cancer, or you’ve dealt with the stress of waiting for cancer test results, being diagnosed with cancer opens up a world of scary unknowns.
While treatments for cancer are becoming more advanced every year, there is still no cure for cancer. As long as cancer continues to claim the lives of people around the world, cancer and public health will continue to go hand in hand. When polled, Americans consistently rank cancer as a public health concern – in fact, they often rank it as their biggest public health concern. While many people have not personally experienced cancer, almost everyone knows what it’s like to watch a loved one go through cancer diagnosis and treatment.
What Makes Cancer a Public Health Issue?
Awareness is an essential part of answering why cancer is a public health issue. While it’s nearly impossible to find someone who hasn’t heard of cancer, many people have misinformation or a poor understanding of what cancer actually is. Some people believe that getting a cancer diagnosis is a death sentence, while others don’t understand that their behavior can make them more susceptible to cancer, even if their genetics are not especially predisposed to the disease.
Cancer awareness is also an important part of cancer research centers getting the funding they need to continue working toward finding better treatments for cancer – and hopefully, finding a cure. There are some research institutions that cater to researching a particular type of cancer, while others research cancer in general. Some research centers are specific to cancers that affect certain populations (such as children’s cancer or women’s cancer), while others are more open.
Awareness of cancer can also lead to people donating to cancer relief charities. Many people who are going through cancer treatment struggle to pay their bills. While the cost of cancer treatment can be astronomical, many people also lose their jobs during their battle with cancer, and struggle to pay their bills. This can result in them having a hard time keeping their car, their home, and paying for daily necessities, including medications. Many charities provide financial relief to people who are struggling during cancer treatment. This can help to relieve some of the stress of how to pay for bills while undergoing treatment, allowing cancer patients to focus on rest and getting well.
While supporting people who are going through cancer is a huge part of the reason cancer is a public health issue, prevention and education is also key. In order to lower the total number of people who have cancer, it’s essential to continue to make public health efforts to educate people on how to prevent cancer.
A part of cancer prevention is targeting specific groups that have a high risk of specific types of cancer. For example, encouraging women to get regular mammograms is an important part of the fight against breast cancer. Encouraging people to wear sunscreen when spending time outdoors is an important part of working to prevent skin cancer. When the population embraces cancer as a public health issue, they’re more likely to heed these warnings, helping to slow the rate of cancer nationwide. Public health and cancer prevention must go hand in hand to move forward in the fight against the disease.
When awareness, prevention, and support of cancer patients come together, public health organizations are better able to rise in the fight against cancer. When cancer research continues to advance, the next generation of scientists and doctors are more likely to want to commit their careers to putting a stop to cancer. Next, let’s take a look at some of the staggering statistics on cancer in the United States.
While most people have some personal experience with cancer, it’s important to delve into the statistics in order to understand just how serious the cancer problem is in the United States. Let’s take a look at some statistics on cancer that will help you to understand how widespread the rates of cancer are across the nation.
When researching statistics about cancer, it’s important to remember that there are several factors at play. You’ll want to take a look at how the statistics are presented. Be sure to read whether the statistics are general, separated by gender, by age, etc. It’s also important to remember that many people who have cancer do not know that they’ve been affected, as it can take years for a person to get a cancer diagnosis. Stats about cancer can be helpful in understanding how widespread the disease has become, but it’s also important to remember that behind each number is an actual person. Each person has other factors that affect their prognosis – their age, gender, progression of cancer, access to health care and treatment, and more.
Let’s take a look at statistics about cancer in the United States.
General US Cancer Statistics
- There are more than 550,000 death by cancer per year in the United States.
- At least 8.9 million Americans have been affected by cancer at some point in their lives, according to statistics of cancer in the United States. As previously mentioned, more than 8.9 million people have probably had cancer at some point in their lives, due to the fact that people who currently have cancer may be unaware of their condition.
- Over $156 billion is spent per year on cancer, according to cancer statistics in the US.
Cancer Statistics By Type Of Cancer
- Lung cancer is the most deadly cancer in the United States, as it causes the most deaths from cancer per year.
- Stomach cancer used to be the second most deadly cancer in the United States, but the rate of death from cancer per year for stomach cancer has dropped drastically in the past two decades.
- Testicular cancer and thyroid cancer have the lowest rates of cancer deaths per year in the US.
Statistics On Cancer By Gender
- Skin, breast, cervical, and uterine cancers are the most common types of cancer in women.
- Skin, prostate/ testicular, colorectal, and bladder cancer are the most common types of cancer in men.
- Out of all types of cancer, breast cancer in women is the most common type, and causes many cancer deaths per year.
- Men have more deaths by cancer per year than women.
If you’re researching cancer deaths in the US per year, know that there are many factors that affect an individual’s chances of survival. Searching for information on cancer deaths per year worldwide can give you a sense of hope when you or someone you love has been diagnosed with cancer, or it can present some scary numbers that make it hard to stay positive. Cancer in the US statistics paint a broad picture, and don’t give any information on your individual situation.
It’s important to remember that there are many factors that can affect a person’s likelihood of making it through cancer, including their attitude, their access to care, their nutrition, their compliance with their treatment and medications, and more. If you or someone you love has been diagnosed with cancer, staying positive and hopeful, while more easily said than done, is one of the best things you can do to increase the likelihood that you’ll make it through on the other side.
Risk Factors for Cancer
It’s important to know whether you have risk factors for cancer. While it can be scary to know whether cancer may be a part of your future, knowing whether you have risk factors for cancer can help you take steps for proper prevention and screening.
Let’s take a look at what are some risk factors for cancer.
- Breast cancer – Family history is one of the most important risk factors for breast cancer. If you have a family history of breast cancer, you may want to consider getting a genetic test to find out whether you carry the gene that makes breast cancer more likely.
- Pancreatic cancer – Pancreatic cancer likelihood increases with age. Men are more likely to be diagnosed with pancreatic cancer than women. High risk factors for cancer include diabetes, which is true for pancreatic cancer as well.
- Colon cancer – Obesity and a lack of physical activity increase the likelihood of colon cancer. Dietary risk factors for cancer include eating large amounts of processed meat and red meat. Including these items in the diet regularly increase the likelihood of colon cancer.
- Prostate cancer – A low level of physical activity and an unhealthy diet are risk factors for prostate cancer. Family history can also increase the risk of prostate cancer. Men in North America and Northern Europe are more likely than men in other areas to develop prostate cancer. Men who live in urban environments in Asia are are also beginning to develop high rates of prostate cancer.
- Ovarian cancer – Age is a major factor when it comes to developing ovarian cancer, as this type of cancer is rare in women who are under 40 years old. Never having children, or having a first full term pregnancy after the age of 35 also increases the risk of ovarian cancer. Women who have a family history of reproductive cancer are more likely to develop ovarian cancer than women who do not have such history.
- Lung cancer – While smoking is an obvious factor for lung cancer, there are other issues that make lung cancer likely to occur. Exposure to secondhand smoke, exposure to asbestos, and exposure to other harmful chemicals can all increase the risk of lung cancer.
While it can be scary to realize that you have some risk factors for cancer, it’s important to remember that not everyone who has risk factors develops the disease. If you’re concerned about your risk of developing cancer, talk with your doctor about how to reduce your risk, as well as to discuss screenings that are necessary for early detection.
Cancer Prevention and Treatment
If you’re searching for information on how to prevent cancer, you’ll find many resources and varying opinions on the best ways to keep yourself safe. While there are many ideas on how to prevent cancer, some people are simply more likely to get cancer at some point in their lives than others. Let’s take a look at some of the things that you can do to manage your cancer risk, no matter how likely your genetics make it that you’ll need to deal with cancer at some point in your life.
Prevention of Cancer
One of the best things that you can do to prevent cancer is get regular medical screenings as recommended for your age. Your doctor will talk with you about tests and screenings that you need to go through to ensure proper prevention of cancer, and it’s important that you follow through with their recommendations. Many people do not get the recommended screenings needed for early cancer detection. Some people feel that if they find out that they have cancer, or that they have pre-cancerous cells, their life will become more stressful than before. While this may be true, knowing allows you to take the steps necessary for prevention and treatment of cancer. Other people feel that because the do not have a family history of cancer, it’s impossible for them to be cancer victims. This simply is not true, as many environmental factors can interact with genetics and create cancer.
There are several reasons why screenings are necessary for the prevention of cancer. When cancer is detected early, it’s easier for doctors to figure out how to treat cancer in a way that is more likely to have a positive outcome. Cancer prevention and treatment early on in the process is key in order to live a healthy life after cancer.
If you find out that you or a loved one has cancer, one of the first conversations that you’ll have with your doctor is how to move forward with cancer treatment. While cancer treatment can be tough, it can also be extremely effective. Not all cancer treatments are the same. While some people may struggle through chemotherapy and radiation with terrible symptoms and side effects, other people are able to go about their daily lives with relatively no side effects at all. It’s important to remember that every cancer treatment experience is individual, and depends on several factors.
After it’s determined that you have cancer, your doctor will likely order several more tests for you. These tests will help to determine whether your cancer has spread to other areas, and how large the area is that’s been affected by the cancer. It’s likely that your doctor will ask for these tests to be done as soon as possible. The sooner your doctor gets the information on how your cancer has progressed, the sooner they’ll be able to prescribe a treatment for you.
When you find out that you have cancer and you’ve decided to go through with treatment, you may want to get a second opinion. Many people find that a second opinion gives them more options for treatment. If you decide to get a second opinion, be sure to do so quickly. While it may be tempting to wait around, talking with more than one doctor right away increases the chance that your treatment will be appropriate for your cancer.
Your doctor may prescribe chemotherapy as a part of your cancer treatment. Chemotherapy can be taken through an IV, as a pill, or as a gel. Your doctor will talk with you about the specific types of drugs that will be in your chemotherapy cocktail, as well as the side effects that you can expect to encounter. It’s key to remember that while side effects are common, it’s unlikely that you’ll experience all of the possible side effects. Taking chemotherapy one day at a time is key to keeping a good attitude and making it through.
Your doctor may also prescribe radiation therapy. Radiation therapy can be targeted to a specific area of the body, or can go through the body as a whole. While radiation can be difficult, it can be incredibly effective at shrinking tumors.
Your doctor may also decide that it makes sense for you to undergo surgery to remove cancer. Your doctor will talk with you about this process, and let you know what you can expect before and after surgery. Your doctor may have a conversation with you to decide whether it makes sense for you to move forward with surgery, and give you information to help you make a decision.
If you’ve been diagnosed with cancer and are undergoing treatment, be sure to reach out for support. This journey can be hard, and there are others who are in the same place and ready to give you support. Talk with your doctor and your hospital’s chaplain about cancer support groups in the area. | <urn:uuid:4faf311c-9ff0-4c47-a59c-1c441d488de8> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://www.mphonline.org/public-health-cancer-prevention/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141674082.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20201201104718-20201201134718-00439.warc.gz | en | 0.966916 | 3,002 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Our preschool program is designed to prepare children ages 3 to 4 years old for our prekindergarten program. Characteristically, this age group is usually very sensitive, often less coordinated and more physically awkward, and tends to overreact and misinterpret ordinary acts as threatening. However, children at this age are also beginning to accept a delay in gratification, are willing to try more than one strategy to accomplish a task, understand shared ownership and are usually willing to try anything once. This is due to the extraordinary brain growth that takes place during this stage of development. Therefore, our curriculum for the preschool age group focuses on each child developing a sense of identity, helping them to build independence, create situations that allow children to develop patience and provides opportunities to try multiple strategies to complete a task. In developing these traits and skills our students are better prepared to fulfill their potential as they enter prekindergarten.
See For Yourself Why Parents Love Brown Academy | <urn:uuid:db9453e0-bc50-476a-939a-d5e1414fcbda> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | https://www.brownacademy.net/preschool/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039741219.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20181113041552-20181113063552-00331.warc.gz | en | 0.960192 | 190 | 3 | 3 |
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Understanding your Acceptable Use Policy
Students examine the Acceptable Use Policy of the school district. They view a PowerPoint presentation, read and discuss the school's Acceptable Use Policy and identify legal and ethical behaviors when using information and technology.
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Critical Thinking through Core Curriculum: Using Print and Digital Newspapers
What is and what will be the role of newspapers in the future? Keeping this essential question in mind, class members use print, electronic, and/or web editions of newspapers, to investigate topics that include financial literary,...
3rd - 12th Math CCSS: Adaptable
Reading Strategies for the Social Studies Class
Word splashes, read-draw-talk-write activities, exhibits. Middle schoolers use the Storypath approach to a unit study of America's concerns during the Cold War and the Cuban Missile Crisis. Teams organize a 21st century world's fair,...
6th - 8th English Language Arts CCSS: Adaptable
Promoting Disability Awareness and Acceptance in Childhood
Create a safe and respectful school environment with the help of this special education teaching guide. Offering dozens of instructional ideas and activities for raising awareness and acceptance of children with disabilities, this is a...
K - 12th 21st Century Skills
Research to Deepen Understanding: Research Framework (Grade 6)
The ability to research is a key skill that helps deepen understanding of information, find explanations to questions, evaluate sources, and make connections. Walk sixth graders through the research process involving identifying a topic...
6th English Language Arts CCSS: Designed
Karlen Communications Disability Awareness Training Guide
For able bodied people, it's easy to take for granted the ease with which everyday routines and activities are performed. Whether it's going grocery shopping, taking a taxi, or simply navigating your own home, this document describes a...
5th - 12th 21st Century Skills CCSS: Adaptable
Google Docs Lesson 1
The possibilities for effective collaboration, editing, and peer review are endless with Google Docs! This organized lesson plan details how to walk class members through establishing their Google Drive accounts, creating and sharing...
6th - 12th 21st Century Skills CCSS: Adaptable
Are your pupils effective online searchers? Improve their skills with the ideas presented here. After completing a KWL chart about strategic searching, class members pick up a five-step strategy for searching online. For practice, pupils...
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Although handling petroleum products presents many hazards, both bulk and packaged products can be handled safely if product characteristics are understood and proper precautionary measures are taken. Maintenance personnel should know the hazards in handling and storing aviation fuels come from both the fuel (toxic through skin contact or ingestion) and its vapors. Vapors from all petroleum products constitute fire and explosion hazards and are also toxic to the human body. Vapors from petroleum products have caused fires or explosions because the vapors are heavier than air and settle in low places such as tanks or pits. The vapors will remain in these low places indefinitely unless removed by ventilation. A detailed description of product characteristics is in MIL-HDBK-201B(1), Petroleum Operations,
October 1, 1992, MIL-HDBK-1022A, and AFOSH Std 91-38, Hydrocarbon Fuels, General.
Toxic Liquids, Vapors, and Dust.
Most petroleum products are toxic because of their aromatic content or additives (especially tetraethyl lead). Avoid getting jet fuel or gasoline on the skin and clothing. Because JP-8 has fewer aromatics than JP-4, it does not evaporate quickly. This means skin contact is more likely to result from fuel on clothing. Jet fuel and gasoline remove protective oils from the skin, causing drying, chapping, and cracking that can lead to infection and possible blood poisoning. Severe chemical burns may result if jet fuel and gasoline remain in contact with the skin. Shower and remove contaminated clothing at once and avoid any source of ignition. Remove jet fuel or gasoline from the skin by washing with soap and water as soon as possible after contact. Remove fuel that comes in contact with the eye immediately with the eye bath or any other available means of flushing the eye with water, and secure medical attention as soon as possible. Accidentally swallowed petroleum products may cause central nervous system depression and pneumonia. Do not induce vomiting and do not allow the victim to smoke! Victims should be taken to a medical facility at once. Be sure to inform medical authorities of the type of fuel and approximate amount ingested. Liquid contact with the skin may also affect the liver, kidneys, or bone marrow, due to additives or contaminants such as benzene. Use disposable fuel-resistant coveralls to reduce fuel absorption. Replace coveralls contaminated with fuel.
Vapors accumulate inside enclosed areas (such as tanks and pump houses) and settle in low areas (such as pits and valleys). Promptly report all physical reactions resulting from jet fuel or gasoline vapor inhalation to a physician, even though rest and fresh air may cause recovery within a few hours. To eliminate personnel hazards of vapor concentrations, follow AFOSH Std 91-25, Confined Spaces.
Eliminate most toxic dust by properly disposing of sludge and cleaning waste.
The hazards of working with JP-8 have added a new concern in selecting personal clothing. Although static electric buildup must still be considered, absorbing fuel components through the skin is important as well. The conventional 50% polyester and 50% cottonblend coveralls used by LFM for years do not provide adequate protection from fuel absorption. JP-8 in contact with the fabric tends to wick from a small contact area to a much larger area, increasing the contaminated area in contact with the skin and causing skin irritation. Although the 50/50 blend is adequate for routine work, the coveralls should be changed if contaminated with fuel. When working in a fuel-intensive environment, such as tank cleaning, use a disposable Tyvek coverall having a static-dissipating coating. This may be worn alone or over the cotton-blend coveralls. In tests, no protective product totally prevented JP-8 from passing through. The exposure area was low because the wicking effect was not present. Because of this, replace Tyvek coveralls that become contaminated. Fuel tank cleaning crews using Tyvek coveralls as the only garment have not experienced the skin problems encountered using the 50/50 blend.
NOTE: The static-dissipating coating on Tyvek coveralls is water-soluble. Loss of the coating should not be a problem during low lower explosive limit (LEL) conditions. Use properly coated coveralls during the initial opening of a tank when explosive vapor levels may be present outside of the tank (paragraph 8.4.2). When wearing Tyvek coveralls, take the same precautions as with the 50/50 blend, and ground yourself periodically to remove static charges.
Studies have identified the greatest static charges were created during the replacement or removal of outer garments such as field jackets and parkas. To end this hazard potential, personnel must not put on or remove such garments while engaged in fuels handling or servicing operations.
Civilian or military clothing of all wool, silk, or nylon materials, or blends of silk or nylon, generate far greater electrostatic charges and constitute an unacceptable hazard potential; therefore, clothing made of these materials must not be worn as outer garments during fuels servicing or handling operations. Wool stockings, wool glove inserts, woolen navy stocking caps (where authorized), and underwear of nylon, silk, or polyester poses no significant hazard and are acceptable.
Foul weather gear is allowed in Table of Allowances (TA) 016, Table of Allowances for Special Purpose Clothing and Personal Equipment, for LFM personnel who are subject to outside work during inclement weather. Any type of clothing may be worn as outer garments when working with high-flashpoint fuels (JP-5, JP-8, JP-10, Jet A, Jet A-1, or diesel). However, when servicing aircraft with low-flashpoint fuels (JP-4, Jet B, AVGAS, MOGAS), clothing containing more than 65% of any combination or mixture of nylon, rayon, wool, or polyester must not be worn (T.O. 00-25-172, Ground Servicing of Aircraft and Static Grounding/Bonding, paragraph 4-16d). | <urn:uuid:8c0ede17-eeac-4882-b9d3-32b0d4367cad> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | http://oil-gas-petro.blogspot.com/2010/01/safety-precautions-and-hazards-of.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267158045.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20180922044853-20180922065253-00309.warc.gz | en | 0.92452 | 1,239 | 3.25 | 3 |
Can you believe that a laptop is able to power up for over a month without the need of an adapter for recharging? Samsung, the South Korean electronics giant has demonstrated this capability with the development of new fuel cell prototype.
A fuel cell is a device that produces electricity by using chemical reaction. There are many types of fuel cells such as Metal hydride, Alkaline, Direct methanol fuel cell and etc with different characteristics. The common advantages are there are very efficient and environmental friendly as compared to other electricity generators.
Powered by the methanol-based fuel cell or a technology known as DMFC, Samsung Q35 model can run continuously without the need for recharging. It may looks slightly bulky with the attachment of a docking station on it at the initial stage, but the second stage development in progress that would able to make the fuel cell smaller and lighter for easy carrying. Some have even predicted that the use of fuel cell to power up smart phone or portable multimedia player is possible in near future.
Samsung claimed that the fuel cell product will be available by the end of 2007 in commercial market. | <urn:uuid:f574febc-00e7-4413-9692-d9095db06d50> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | https://www.mydigitallife.net/fuel-cell-technology-for-mobile-devices/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039746847.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20181120231755-20181121013755-00491.warc.gz | en | 0.961796 | 228 | 3.09375 | 3 |
Climate Change and the Course of Global History presents the first global study by a historian to fully integrate the earth-system approach of the new climate science with the material history of humanity. Part I argues that geological, environmental, and climatic history explain the pattern and pace of biological and human evolution. Part II explores the environmental circumstances of the rise of agriculture and the state in the Early and Mid-Holocene, and presents an analysis of human health from the Paleolithic through the rise of the state, including the Neolithic Demographic Transition. Part III introduces the problem of economic growth and examines the human condition in the Late Holocene from the Bronze Age through the Black Death, assessing the relationships among human technologies, climatic change, and epidemic disease. Part IV explores the move to modernity, stressing the emerging role of human economic and energy systems as earth-system agents in the Anthropocene. Supported by climatic, demographic, and economic data with forty-nine figures and tables custom-made for this book, A Rough Journey provides a pathbreaking model for historians of the environment, the world, and science, among many others.
The Planetary Crisis and Philosophical Alternatives
Author: Martin Schonfeld
Category: Political Science
The volatility of climate change is increasing. It is bad news, and many climatologists, policy analysts and environmental groups regard the West as the largest contributor to the problems caused by climate change. This book raises questions concerning the systemic and cultural reasons for Western countries’ unwillingness to bear full responsibility for their carbon emissions. Is the Western paradigm failing? Can other cultures offer solutions? Are there alternatives for designing a better future? Just as the roots of the problem of climate change are cultural, the solution must be too. The contributors to Global Ethics on Climate Change explore cultural alternatives. This differs from conventional climate ethics, which tends to address the crisis with utilitarian, legalistic, and analytic tools. The authors in this volume doubt whether such paradigm patches will work. It may be time to think outside the box and consider non-Western insights about the good life, indigenous wisdom on being-in-the-world, and new ideas for civil evolution. This book is an examination of candidates for a Plan B. This book was published as a special issue of the Journal of Global Ethics.
This book explores four foundations of scientific endeavour - the cosmos, human intelligence, cultural beliefs, and technological structures - and investigates some of the paradoxes each of them raises. The concurrent study of all four together reveals several tensions and interconnections among them that point the way to a greater unification of faith and science. Kaiser shows that the resolution of these paradoxes inevitably leads us into theological discourse and raises new challenges for theological endeavour. In order to address these challenges, Kaiser draws on the wider resources of the Judeo-Christian tradition and argues for a refocusing of contemporary theology from the perspective of natural science.
Africa has the longest and arguably the most diverse archaeological record of any of the continents. It is where the human lineage first evolved and from where Homo sapiens spread across the rest of the world. Later, it witnessed novel experiments in food-production and unique trajectories to urbanism and the organisation of large communities that were not always structured along strictly hierarchical lines. Millennia of engagement with societies in other parts of the world confirm Africa's active participation in the construction of the modern world, while the richness of its history, ethnography, and linguistics provide unusually powerful opportunities for constructing interdisciplinary narratives of Africa's past. This Handbook provides a comprehensive and up-to-date synthesis of African archaeology, covering the entirety of the continent's past from the beginnings of human evolution to the archaeological legacy of European colonialism. As well as covering almost all periods and regions of the continent, it includes a mixture of key methodological and theoretical issues and debates, and situates the subject's contemporary practice within the discipline's history and the infrastructural challenges now facing its practitioners. Bringing together essays on all these themes from over seventy contributors, many of them living and working in Africa, it offers a highly accessible, contemporary account of the subject for use by scholars and students of not only archaeology, but also history, anthropology, and other disciplines.
Evolutionary Origins of Psychosis and the Social Brain
Author: Jonathan Burns
Drawing on evidence from across the behavioural and natural sciences, this book advances a radical new hypothesis: that madness exists as a costly consequence of the evolution of a sophisticated social brain in Homo sapiens. Having explained the rationale for an evolutionary approach to psychosis, the author makes a case for psychotic illness in our living ape relatives, as well as in human ancestors. He then reviews existing evolutionary theories of psychosis, before introducing his own thesis: that the same genes causing madness are responsible for the evolution of our highly social brain. Jonathan Burns’ novel Darwinian analysis of the importance of psychosis for human survival provides some meaning for this form of suffering. It also spurs us to a renewed commitment to changing our societies in a way that allows the mentally ill the opportunity of living. The Descent of Madness will be of interest to those in the fields of psychiatry, psychology, sociology and anthropology, and is also accessible to the general reader.
Magill's Literary Annual, 2003, is the fiftieth publication in a series that began in 1954. The philosophy behind the annual has been to evaluate critically 200 major examples of serious literature published during the previous year. Our focus is to provide coverage for works that are likely to be of particular interest to the general reader, that reflect the publishing trends of a given year, that add to careers of authors being taught and researched in literature programs, and that will stand the test of time. By filtering the thousands of books published each year down to two hundred notable titles, the editors have provided the busy librarian with an excellent reader's advisory tool and patrons with fodder for book discussion groups and a guide for selection. The essay-reviews in the Annual also provide a more academic, ""reference"" review of a work than is typically found in newspapers and other periodical sources. This year's works are drawn from such categories as anthropology, autobiography, biography, current affairs, diaries, economics, environment, essays, history, language, literary criticism, medicine, memoirs, nature, philosophy, poetry, psychology, religion, science, short fiction, sociology, technology, travel, and women's issues. The articles are arranged alphabetically by book title. A complete list of included titles can be found at the beginning of volume 1. Each 2,000-word article begins with a block of top matter that indicates the title, author, publisher, and price of the work. When possible, the year of the author's birth is also provided. The top matter also includes the number of pages of the book, the type of work, and, when appropriate, the time period and locale represented in the text. Next comes a capsule description of the work. When pertinent, a list of principal characters or personages, with brief descriptions, introduces the review. These original essay-reviews analyze intent and relative success of the author and the work under discussion. To assist the reader further, the articles are supplemented by a list of additional reviews for further study. Every essay includes a brief biography of the author or authors, and thumbnail photographs of the book covers and authors are included as available. At the end of volume 2 are four cumulative indexes listing works covered from the years 1977 to 2003: an index of Biographical Works by Subject, a Category Index, a Title Index, and an Author Index. The index of Biographical Works by Subject is arranged by subject rather than by author or title.
The 500-Year War, Finding God in the Heat of the Battle
Author: David Turell
Publisher: Publishamerica Incorporated
Science vs. Religion shows that the scientific discoveries of the past 150 years prove God exists beyond a reasonable doubt. Our universe is carefully designed to allow life and human development. The universe started with a "Big Bang," the beginning of space and time. There is no 'before' before the Bang, and science does not know what caused it. Darwin's Theory of Evolution appears to do away with God, but there is enormous controversy among Darwin scientists as to how evolution works. Other scientists raise critical objections. Darwinism is not proven. Scientists don't know how life got started, because living matter, even single-celled forms, have been found to be extremely complex. This book proposes, for those who have faith in God and for those who have chosen not to accept God on faith, if they study scientific discoveries they will find overwhelming evidence of the Hand of God. | <urn:uuid:ce445f33-741d-48b9-944a-d989eac3937e> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | https://pockettorch.net/book/a-brain-for-all-seasons-human-evolution-and-abrupt-climate-change/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627999218.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20190620125520-20190620151520-00550.warc.gz | en | 0.924316 | 1,772 | 2.59375 | 3 |
The principal reason for calling another Olympic Congress three years after the inaugural meeting in Paris and just over a year after the first Olympic Games in Athens was to address the Greek demand to host the Olympics permanently. Greek military action against Turkey in the summer of 1896 soon silenced their request but Pierre de Coubertin, installed as IOC president immediately after the Athens Games, had other reasons for calling a second Congress.
The agenda for Le Havre – Hygiene, Education and History relating to Physical Education – reflected Coubertin’s desire for sport to be considered equal in value to academic exercise. Coubertin rejected offers from Berlin and Budapest to stage the Congress because – despite subsequent Greek resistance – Paris had been nominated at the 1894 Congress to host the 1900 Olympics and Coubertin wanted to raise the Olympic profile in France. Le Havre was also the summer residence of the French President Félix Faure, who accepted to become Honorary President of the Congress.
Other notable participants included the Dominican preacher and writer Father Henri Didon, who delivered an impassioned speech on “the character forming qualities of sport”. In terms of concrete results, however, the Congress of 1897 was not so notable but it is perhaps fair to say that an exchange of ideas on the meaning of sport was a necessary process. Coubertin himself said of Le Havre: “From that day onward nobody among us [IOC members] ever talked about dissolving or leaving the continuation of our work to others.” | <urn:uuid:3af1aee3-4082-4d12-94ea-aca2f85500fc> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | https://www.olympic.org/le-havre-1897-olympic-congress | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698541214.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170901-00234-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.970253 | 309 | 3.609375 | 4 |
Herbs for High Blood Pressure
Hypertension is, in most cases, a lifestyle disease caused by unhealthy eating habits, smoking and alcohol abuse. A single cigarette can increase blood pressure for about 30 minutes. A fat rich diet and lack of exercise can lead to high cholesterol, which ultimately causes fatty deposits in blood vessels to narrow them. When blood vessels narrow the heart has to work much harder in order to maintain blood pressure to supply the requisite amount of blood to different organs in the body. Chronic high blood pressure can therefore lead to a heart attack, stroke and other potentially fatal cardiovascular disorders.
High blood pressure medication, like other conventional medicines, can cause side effects that need to be treated separately. More medication many times means more side effects that will need to be carefully managed. Natural remedies for high blood pressure are considered to be equally effective in treating hypertension. A large number of people have been able to combat hypertension with modifications to lifestyle alone. This includes important factors such as a regular exercise regime, diet changes, giving up smoking and cutting down on alcohol.
When most people hear the phrase “High Blood Pressure”, they automatically associate it with elderly people. However, that’s not the case. Any person, at any age can have High Blood pressure.
Today many people take medications to lower or fix their blood pressure problems. However, what we heard from our grandmothers or parents about herbs for hypertension was something that most doctors would turn their noses up at. That’s not the case anymore, as most doctors now recommend those same herbs for high blood pressure.
Herbs for High Blood Pressure
In addition to lifestyle changes, herbs can play a significant role in the overall treatment of high blood pressure. Herbs can also help in preventing the development and onset of high blood pressure. Some of the herbs that can assist in lowering or maintaining blood pressure levels include:
- Garlic (allium sativum)
- Arjuna (terminalia arjuna)
- Gotu kola (hydrocotyle asiatica)
- Cayenne pepper
- Ashwagandha (withania somnifera)
- Hawthorn (crataegus oxycanthus)
- Rauwolfia (Rauwolfia serpentina)
- Nutmeg (myristica fragrans)
- Valerian (valeriana)
- Ginger (zingiber officinale)
- Cardamom (elettaria cardamomum)
- Kelp (fucus visiculosis)
- Black cohosh
- Stinging nettle
Unlike conventional medicines that contain a single compound, herbs for hypertension contain multiple compounds that have the potential to provide multiple benefits for overall balance and health. Garlic, the single most significant herb for blood pressure, reduces fat levels, breaks up cholesterol, and cleans plaque in blood vessels while boosting the immune system and lowering blood pressure.
Many herbs for high blood pressure stimulate the circulatory system to regulate blood flow to the farthest organs. Others reduce blood pressure by removing mucus from bronchial arteries and calm the nervous system to remove stress and anxiety, one of the major causes behind primary hypertension.
Herbs are rich in calcium and minerals. Calcium-rich herbs help in maintaining blood vessels and heart functions. Magnesium, on the other hand helps in relaxing muscles in the walls of blood vessels thus maintaining their elasticity. Magnesium also helps in regulating the levels of two other essential mineral particles in the blood: sodium and potassium.
Herbs for hypertension are an alternative therapy. They can efficiently manage blood pressure fluctuations. However, hypertension can prove to be a serious condition if it is left unattended. If blood pressure ranges above the danger marks, self medication of herbs should be discontinued and a physician consulted immediately.
Don’t Forget the Vitamin C
Growing up we heard that we need to drink our orange juice to get our vitamin c so we won’t get sick. This particular home remedy for high blood pressure turned out to be true, (see, our parents did know what they were talking about). Researchers found out that if a person can take in its recommended dosage of the vitamin c, then it can greatly reduce the risk of their getting hypertension.
These are just a few herbs and supplements to lower blood pressure. Know this, using herbs alone should not be the only way a person should attack this situation. Always check with your physician to see if medication is required and that the herbs you use will not conflict with your blood pressure medication.
And for gosh sakes don’t forget to exercise at least 20 to 30 minutes every day. A brisk walk can work wonders for your mind, body and spirit.
If you will incorporate the things mentioned in this article to your everyday life, you will have a much better chance at defeating high blood pressure, giving you the freedom to concentrate on your loved ones and friends.
Keep Your Heart Healthy!
Cardio Support contains ingredients that affect different aspects of cardiovascular health, including arterial integrity, blood health, heart muscle strength and better blood flow.
Additionally, the ingredients in Cardio Support overlap their abilities, to enhance one another’s effects, increasing long-term heart health and protection against degenerative disease.
Cardio Support is the only natural supplement that we are aware of which utilizes enteric coating technology to safely release the active ingredients in the stomach.
This delivery method not only protects the enzymes such as Nattokinase but also greatly enhances the efficacy of other ingredients present such as Resveratrol and L-Glutathione.
No other formula covers so many ‘angles’ to manage and protect your cardiovascular system, and yet Cardio Support is still natural with no known side effects.
Photo by jasleen_kaur | <urn:uuid:561e9a3a-a2ad-41a1-986a-5727c8a59d9b> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | http://sketchyskitchen.com/herbs-for-high-blood-pressure/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676593010.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20180722041752-20180722061752-00358.warc.gz | en | 0.915296 | 1,199 | 2.53125 | 3 |
National Park Service, Virginia.
The center of Confederate manufacturing fueled a modern war, one of the South’s largest hospitals gave care to the sick and wounded, and armies battled on open fields and in miles of defensive earthworks. From 1861 to 1865, Richmond’s fate would determine America’s future.
Richmond National Battlefield Park has three separate visitor centers. Please navigate to the "visitor centers" section to select an individual visitor center and find directions to its location. | <urn:uuid:08c0957d-d8bf-4e4e-8c73-00100a86970a> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://www.recreation.gov/camping/gateways/2902 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320300574.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20220117151834-20220117181834-00005.warc.gz | en | 0.898212 | 101 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Individual differences |
Methods | Statistics | Clinical | Educational | Industrial | Professional items | World psychology |
A sexually transmitted disease (STD) is an illness caused by an infectious pathogen that has a significant probability of transmission between humans by means of sexual contact, including vaginal intercourse, oral sex, and anal sex. Increasingly, the term sexually transmitted infection (STI) is used, as it has a broader range of meaning; a person may be infected, and may potentially infect others, without showing signs of disease. In addition, "disease" seems to have much more of a negative connotation than "infection." Some STIs can also be transmitted via the needles used in IV drug use, as well as through childbirth or breastfeeding. Sexually transmitted diseases have been well-known for hundreds of years.
Classification and terminology
Until the 1990s, such afflictions were commonly known as venereal diseases: Veneris is the Latin genitive (possessive) from of the name Venus, the Roman goddess of love. Social disease was another euphemism. Public health officials originally introduced the term sexually transmitted disease, which clinicians are increasingly using alongside the term sexually transmitted infection in order to distinguish it from the former. According to http://www.etharc.org:"Sometimes the terms STI and STD are used interchangeably. This can be confusing and not always accurate, so it helps first to understand the difference between infection and disease. Infection simply means that a germ – virus, bacteria, or parasite – that can cause disease or sickness is present inside a person’s body. An infected person does not necessarily have any symptoms or signs that the virus or bacteria is actually hurting his or her body (they do not necessarily feel sick). A disease means that the infection is actually causing the infected person to feel sick, or to notice something is wrong. For this reason, the term STI – which refers to infection with any germ that can cause an STD, even if the infected person has no symptoms – is a much broader term than STD."
The distinction being made, however, is closer to that between a colonization and an infection, rather than between an infection and a disease.
Specifically, the term STD refers only to infections that are causing symptoms. Because most of the time people do not know that they are infected with an STD until they start showing symptoms of disease, most people use the term STD, even though the term STI is also appropriate in many cases.
Moreover, the term sexually transmissible disease is sometimes used since it is less restrictive in consideration of other factors or means of transmission. For instance, meningitis is transmissible by means of sexual contact but is not labeled as an STI because sexual contact is not the primary vector for the pathogens that cause meningitis. This discrepancy is addressed by the probability of infection by means other than sexual contact. In general, an STI is an infection that has a negligible probability of transmission by means other than sexual contact, but has a realistic means of transmission by sexual contact (more sophisticated means—blood transfusion, sharing of hypodermic needles—are not taken into account). Thus, one may presume that, if a person is infected with an STI (e.g., chlamydia, gonorrhea, genital herpes), it was transmitted to him/her by means of sexual contact.
Many STIs are (more easily) transmitted through the mucous membranes of the penis, vulva, and (less often) the mouth. The visible membrane covering the head of the penis is a mucous membrane, though it produces no mucus (similar to the lips of the mouth). Mucous membranes differ from skin in that they allow certain pathogens into the body.
This is one reason that the probability of transmitting many infections is far higher from sex than by more casual means of transmission, such as non-sexual contact—touching, hugging, shaking hands—but it is not the only reason. Although mucous membranes exist in the mouth as in the genitals, many STIs seem to be easier to transmit through oral sex than through deep kissing. According to this chart , many infections that are easily transmitted from the mouth to the genitals or from the genitals to the mouth, are much harder to transmit from one mouth to another. With HIV, genital fluids happen to contain much more of the pathogen than saliva. Some infections labeled as STIs can be transmitted by direct skin contact. Herpes simplex and HPV are both examples. KSHV, on the other hand, may be transmitted by deep-kissing but also when saliva is used as a sexual lubricant, which is common among gay men engaging in anal intercourse.
Depending on the STD, a person may still be able to spread the infection if no signs of disease are present. For example, a person is much more likely to spread herpes infection when blisters are present (STD) than when they are absent (STI). However, a person can spread HIV infection (STI) at any time, even if he/she has not developed symptoms of AIDS (STD).
All sexual behaviors that involve contact with another person or the bodily fluids of another person should be considered to contain some risk of transmission of sexually transmitted diseases. Most attention has focused on controlling HIV, which causes AIDS, but each STD presents a different situation.
As may be noted from the name, sexually transmitted diseases are transmitted from one person to another by certain sexual activities rather than being actually caused by those sexual activities. Bacteria, fungi, protozoa or viruses are still the causative agents. It is not possible to catch any sexually transmitted disease from a sexual activity with a person who is not carrying a disease; conversely, a person who has an STD got it from contact (sexual or otherwise) with someone who had it, or his/her bodily fluids. Some STDs such as HIV can be transmitted from mother to child either during pregnancy or breastfeeding.
Although the likelihood of transmitting various diseases by various sexual activities varies a great deal, in general, all sexual activities between two (or more) people should be considered as being a two-way route for the transmission of STDs (i.e. "giving" or "receiving" are both risky).
Healthcare professionals suggest safer sex, such as the use of condoms, as the most reliable way of decreasing the risk of contracting sexually transmitted diseases during sexual activity, but safer sex should by no means be considered an absolute safeguard. The transfer of and exposure to bodily fluids, such as blood transfusions and other blood products, sharing injection needles, needle-stick injuries (when medical staff are inadvertently jabbed or pricked with needles during medical procedures), sharing tattoo needles, and childbirth are other avenues of transmission. These different means put certain groups, such as doctors, haemophiliacs and drug users, particularly at risk.
Recent epidemiological studies have investigated the networks that are defined by sexual relationships between individuals, and discovered that the properties of sexual networks are crucial to the spread of sexually transmitted diseases. In particular, assortative mixing between people with large numbers of sexual partners seems to be an important factor.
STD incidence rates remain high in most of the world, despite diagnostic and therapeutic advances that can rapidly render patients with many STDs noninfectious and cure most. In many cultures, changing sexual mores and oral contraceptive use have eliminated traditional sexual restraints, especially for women, and both physicians and patients have difficulty dealing openly and candidly with sexual issues. Funding to control STDs is almost uniformly inadequate. Additionally, worldwide dissemination of drug-resistant bacteria (eg, penicillin-resistant gonococci) reflects misuse of antibiotics and spread of resistant clones by mobile populations. The effect of travel is most dramatically illustrated by the rapid spread of the AIDS virus (HIV-1) from Africa to Europe and the Americas in the late 1970s.
Commonly reported prevalences of STIs among sexually active adolescent girls both with and without lower genital tract symptoms include chlamydia trachomatis (10 to 25%), Neisseria gonorrhoeae (3 to 18%), syphilis (0 to 3%), Trichomonas vaginalis (8 to 16%), and herpes simplex virus (2 to 12%).[How to reference and link to summary or text] Among adolescent boys with no symptoms of urethritis, isolation rates include C. trachomatis (9 to 11%) and N. gonorrhoeae (2 to 3%).[How to reference and link to summary or text]
As early as 1996, WHO estimated that more than 1 million people were being infected daily. About 60% of these infections occur in young people <25 years of age, and of these 30% are <20 years. Between the ages of 14 and 19, STDs occur more frequently in girls than boys by a ratio of nearly 2:1; this equalizes by age 20.
The most effective way to prevent sexual transmission of STIs is to avoid sexual activity with an infected partner. Ideally, both new partners should get tested for STIs before initiating sexual activity. If a person chooses to have sexual activity with a partner whose infection status is unknown or who is infected with HIV or another STI, a new condom should be used for each act of intercourse. Condom use is not completely protective against acquisition of STI because of the presence of pathogen outside the protected skin or condom breakage. Condoms do not offer complete protection against herpes and genital warts, which are commonly found outside of areas covered by condoms.
- Main article: STD testing
Prior to the invention of modern medicines, sexually transmitted diseases were generally incurable, and treatment was limited to treating the symptoms of the disease. The first voluntary hospital for venereal diseases was founded in 1746 at London Lock Hospital.
The first effective treatment for a sexually transmitted disease was salvarsan, a treatment for syphilis. With the discovery of antibiotics, a large number of sexually transmitted diseases became easily curable, and this, combined with effective public health campaigns against STDs, led to a public perception during the 1960s and 1970s that they have ceased to be a serious medical threat.
During this period, the importance of contact tracing in treating STIs was recognized. By tracing the sexual partners of infected individuals, testing them for infection, treating the infected and tracing their contacts in turn, STI clinics could be very effective at suppressing infections in the general population.
In the 1980s, first genital herpes and then AIDS emerged into the public consciousness as sexually transmitted diseases that could not be cured by modern medicine. AIDS in particular has a long asymptomatic period – during which time HIV (the human immunodeficiency virus, which causes AIDS) can replicate and the disease can be transmitted to others – followed by a symptomatic period, which leads rapidly to death unless treated. Recognition that AIDS threatened a global pandemic led to public information campaigns and the development of treatments that allow AIDS to be managed by suppressing the replication of HIV for as long as possible. Contact tracing continues to be an important measure, even when diseases are incurable, as it helps to contain infection.
Types and their pathogenic causes
Most of the diseases on this list are most commonly transmitted sexually. Some are commonly transmitted in other ways as well; for example, HIV/AIDS is also commonly transmitted through the sharing of infected needles by drug users, while SARS, which can be spread through casual contact such as coughing and sneezing, is very often not associated with sexual activity.
- Chancroid (Haemophilus ducreyi)
- Chlamydia infection (Chlamydia trachomatis)
- Donovanosis (Granuloma inguinale or Calymmatobacterium granulomatis)
- Gonorrhea (Neisseria gonorrhoeae)
- Lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV) (Chlamydia trachomatis serotypes L1, L2, L3. See Chlamydia)
- Non-gonococcal urethritis (NGU) (Ureaplasma urealyticum or Mycoplasma hominis)
- Syphilis (Treponema pallidum)
- Hepatitis B.
(Note: Hepatitis A and Hepatitis E are transmitted via the fæcal-oral route, not sexually; Hepatitis C is rarely sexually transmittable,and the route of transmission of Hepatitis D is uncertain, but may include sexual transmission. )
- Herpes simplex
- Herpes simplex virus (HSV)
- Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV/AIDS)
- Human papillomavirus (HPV)
- Molluscum (MC)
- Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV/HHV8)
- The cause of Kaposi's sarcoma
Sexually transmitted enteric Infections
Various bacterial (Shigella, Campylobacter, or Salmonella), viral (hepatitis A), or parasitic (Giardia or ameba) pathogens are transmitted by sexual practices that promote anal-oral contamination. Although the bacterial pathogens may coexist with or cause proctitis, they usually produce symptoms (diarrhoea, fever, bloating, nausea, and abdominal pain) suggesting disease more proximal in the GI tract.
- Reproductive health
- Reproductive system disease
- Sexually transmitted diseases and rape
- Sexually transmitted diseases and sexual abuse
- Sexual risk taking
- Transmission (medicine)
- Vulvovaginal disorders
- Urogenital disorders
- ↑ Mary-Ann Shafer, Anna-Barbara Moscicki (2006). Sexually Transmitted Infections], 2006.: 1-8.
- ↑ Archives in London and the M25 area (AIM25) London Lock Hospital records
- ↑ Workowski K, Berman S (2006). Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2006.. MMWR Recomm Rep 55 (RR-11): 1-94. PMID 16888612.
- ↑ Wu J, Chen C, Sheen I, Lee S, Tzeng H, Choo K (1995). Evidence of transmission of hepatitis D virus to spouses from sequence analysis of the viral genome.. Hepatology 22 (6): 1656-60. PMID 7489970.
- ↑ Farci P. Delta hepatitis: an update.. J Hepatol 39 Suppl 1: S212-9. PMID 14708706.
- ↑ Shukla N, Poles M (2004). Hepatitis B virus infection: co-infection with hepatitis C virus, hepatitis D virus, and human immunodeficiency virus.. Clin Liver Dis 8 (2): 445-60, viii. PMID 15481349.
- SexInfo's STD's A to Z
- Microbicides— Information from Our Bodies, Ourselves on the place of microbicides in the future of STI prevention.
- UNFPA: Breaking the Cycle of Sexually Transmitted Infections
- Fact sheet on sexually transmitted diseases from the National Institute of Allergies and Infections
- "Sexual networks: implications for the transmission of sexually transmitted infections"
- Sexually Transmitted Diseases - STD Guide
- Epigee: Sexually Transmitted Disease Information - Types, Symptoms, and Treatments
- The International Encyclopedia of Sexuality
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The Election of 1936
With the 1936 presidential election on the horizon, Republicans stood virtually no chance against Roosevelt and his party. Democrats’ efforts to provide relief, recovery, and reform were highly visible. Roosevelt had especially strong support among blacks (voting as Democrats in large numbers for the first time), unskilled laborers, and residents of the West and South. The Republican nominee was Kansas governor Alfred M. Landon, a moderate who campaigned on an anti–New Deal platform. Not surprisingly, Roosevelt won a landslide victory, with 523 electoral votes to Landon’s 8. Roosevelt’s resounding victory proved that Americans widely supported the New Deal. | <urn:uuid:cf04fde4-4829-4538-bf30-1869e4a4bb0d> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.sparknotes.com/history/american/depression/section6/page/3/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474843.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20240229134901-20240229164901-00552.warc.gz | en | 0.961025 | 135 | 3.75 | 4 |
We took Geology in college. It was pretty cool learning about the hardness of different minerals. But there were no explosions involved. We’re not entirely sure what this class is, perhaps Chemistry, maybe Physics, but we want in. [Dr. Roy Lowry] wows the class with a bomb made of liquid nitrogen. The demonstration was part of his lecture at Plymouth University.
A small explosion is cool, but [Roy] knows how to add the wow factor. To make the bomb he filled a one liter plastic bottle about 1/3 of the way with liquid nitrogen. After tightly sealing the cap it was dropped in that garbage can which had a pool of warm water in it. Before quickly running away he and his assistant dumped a few garbage bags of ping-pong balls on top of it all. When the plastic bottle bursts under the pressure of the expanding gas it sends the garbage can about six feet into the air and floods the room with bouncing white balls. See the whole presentation for yourself in the clip after the break and don’t forget the sound so you can catch the oohs and aahs at the end.
Looks like a Hackerspace recruitment tool if we’ve ever seen one.
Continue reading “Dropping the nitrogen bomb in science class”
An 8×8 LED Matrix Game Grows Up:
[Pixel Land] is an iPhone game similar to [Super Mario Brothers] using a virtual array of 8×8 pixels. This wouldn’t normally be interesting, but we’ve actually featured “this” game as an 8×8 LED matrix game.
How to Drill Golf or Ping-Pong Balls:
Drilling golf or ping-pong balls is not easy. This simple drill press fixture makes that job easier and repeatable. So the next time you want to make lots of diffusers for your LED board, this might be a good device to consider!
The PICkit 2:
If you’ve ever wanted to get into PIC programming, possibly the PICkit 2 would be for you. [Ray] has written a review of his first experiences with setting it up and programming.
Mr Bitey is hungry for resistors!
Is light industrial machinery a hack? It’s a hard thing to define, but if so [Mr. Bitey] would meet the qualifications. It also meets the qualifications of having a great video, and name, so be sure to check it out!
A [Snap Circuits] Programmable Robot:
The robot pictured above on [Instructables] was built using [Snap Circuits], with parts that literally snap together. A neat concept, this construction set seems to fall somewhere between traditional Legos and push-in breadboards. | <urn:uuid:f7309dbe-65ca-4c37-9a05-9a4f117abc26> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | http://hackaday.com/tag/ping-pong-balls/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257830066.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071030-00259-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.954178 | 573 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Ronit Mor, ND
In many ways, the brain acts like a computer. It serves as a memory bank, an information database, and the central control station for the rest of the body. Just like the files downloaded on a computer can affect its performance, the foods partaken can alter the function of the mind.
Food affects your mood!
It’s important to be aware that your daily diet has a direct correlation to your brain and how it operates. Some foods are harmful and can even trigger mood disorders such as depression.
What is depression?
Depression is a common and serious neurological disorder that negatively affects how one feels and behaves. Some symptoms associated with depression include increased sadness, anxiety, loss of appetite, dejected mood, and a loss of interest in pleasurable activities.
On a global scale, 350 million people are affected by depression. The Anxiety and Depression Association of America (ADAA) states depression is the leading cause of disability in America among people ages 15-44.
The total economic burden of depression is around $210 billion per year in the United States.
What’s wrong with what I eat?
What most people eat for “comfort food” is ironically producing the most harm. Research concludes there is a significant link between diet and depression. An unhealthy diet consisting of high amounts of refined sugars and processed foods can trigger inflammation in the brain. If homeostasis of the brain is disrupted, then it only makes sense to expect consequences. A recent study published in BMC Medicine in 2017 revealed that those with clinical depression who’d chosen a healthy, vitamin-rich diet improved their marks on the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS). The results were so spectacular that some had extremely low scores, meaning they no longer met the criteria for depression, achieving remission.
Which foods are best for treating depression?
In treating depression with a nutritious diet, it’s important to stay consistent and selective. Foods that encourage a healthy brain include:
Watch those sneaky eating habits.
Comfort eating is a huge problem. When a stressful circumstance arises, most people crave sugary foods as an escape. A quick fix. The issue is, that these foods can alter your mood negatively, sinking you in a more dejected state. Plus, consuming high carbohydrate foods can affect your health in the long run. Instead, try establishing healthy habits. It may take diligence, but your body—and mind!—will thank you.
Don’t forget the probiotics!
In 2015, an article published in Harvard Health explains the benefits of taking probiotics (supplements containing the good bacteria). The information reveals that probiotics can help reduce anxiety levels, perception of stress, and overall mental outlook in those who consistently take the supplement in comparison to those who don’t.
Listen to your body.
If a certain food triggers negative impulses in your mind, such as agitation and sadness, then cut it from your diet. Pay attention to how a particular food makes you feel, not just in the present moment, but throughout the day and the following day. Conscious eating will benefit you and your overall health.
Bite into a positive way of thinking by removing harmful eating habits and incorporating a healthy diet. Food can really change your life!
For a more personalized coaching and guidance on your healing journey, schedule an appointment with any of our featured practitioners. | <urn:uuid:8ebc7795-1372-46a6-8817-a3624743882b> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.ronitmornd.com/blog/eat-your-way-out-of-depression1017603 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947476399.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20240303210414-20240304000414-00432.warc.gz | en | 0.929359 | 698 | 3.421875 | 3 |
High fructose corn syrup (HFCS) is a sweetener made from corn found in thousands of foods and beverages on grocery store shelves throughout the United States. HFCS is composed of either 42 percent or 55 percent fructose, with the remaining sugars being primarily glucose and higher sugars.
In terms of composition, HFCS is nearly identical to table sugar (sucrose), which is composed of 50 percent fructose and 50 percent glucose. Glucose is one of the simplest forms of sugar that serves as a building block for most carbohydrates. Fructose is a simple sugar commonly found in fruits and honey.
Science tells us that there is little difference between HFCS and any other caloric sweetener. It adds calories in the same way that sugar, honey, fruit juice concentrate or agave nectar adds calories. In fact, they all contribute to the same number of calories per gram.
There is consensus in the scientific community, among people educated on sweeteners and their nutrition, that HFCS and sucrose are metabolically equivalent and that all sweeteners should be consumed in moderation. (Source: Best Food Facts)
HFCS is not as processed as people think, nor is “normal sugar” – or sucrose – as clean as people think. Both of these are derived from botanical sources. Sugar comes from sugar cane or sugar beets while HFCS comes from corn.
The FDA issued a letter a couple years ago, stating that HFCS is a natural product. They looked at the manufacturing process that’s used, and recognized that the process and steps really did not differ much from the processing that takes place with normal sugar. This allows HFCS to be classified under the FDA’s definition for natural. (Source: Best Food Facts)
The corn refining industry has created 2,600 jobs in Iowa with the potential for more jobs to be created. As a result, Iowa workers will receive $170 million in salaries from these positions – which are considered to be high paying. There has been $1.9 billion worth of value added to the 163 million bushels of Iowa corn used to make HFCS. | <urn:uuid:91ed8551-61b8-4140-a2cd-6985eb3282f8> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | https://www.iowacorn.org/education/food/high-fructose-corn-syrup/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202689.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20190322200215-20190322222215-00482.warc.gz | en | 0.959807 | 444 | 3.5 | 4 |
|Molar mass||235.887 g/mol|
|Density||7.46 g/cm3, solid|
|Melting point||1,650 °C (3,000 °F; 1,920 K)|
|?/100 ml (25 °C)|
|Space group R3c|
|Supplementary data page|
|Refractive index (n),
Dielectric constant (εr), etc.
|UV, IR, NMR, MS|
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
|what is: / ?)(|
|Wikinews has related news: Tabletop fusion may lead to neutron source|
Lithium tantalate (LiTaO3), is a crystalline solid which possesses unique optical, piezoelectric and pyroelectric properties which make it valuable for nonlinear optics, passive infrared sensors such as motion detectors, terahertz generation and detection, surface acoustic wave applications, cell phones and possibly pyroelectric nuclear fusion. Considerable information is available from commercial sources about this salt.
According to an April 2005 Nature article, Brian Naranjo, Jim Gimzewski and Seth Putterman at UCLA applied a large temperature difference to a lithium tantalate crystal producing a large enough charge to generate and accelerate a beam of deuterium nuclei into a deuteriated target resulting in the production of a small flux of helium-3 and neutrons through nuclear fusion without extreme heat or pressure. Their results have been replicated.
It is unlikely to be useful for electricity generation since the energy required to produce the fusion reactions exceeded the energy produced by them. It is thought that the technique might be useful for small neutron generators, especially if the deuterium beam is replaced by a tritium one. Comparing this with the electrostatic containment of ionic plasma to achieve fusion in a "fusor" or other IEC, this method focuses electrical acceleration to a much smaller non-ionized deuterium target without heat.
Water and freezing
A scientific paper published in February 2010 shows a difference in the temperature and mechanism of freezing water to ice, depending on the charge applied to a surface of pyroelectric LiTaO3 crystals.
- B. Naranjo, J.K. Gimzewski and S. Putterman (2005). "Observation of nuclear fusion driven by a pyroelectric crystal". Nature 434 (7037): 1115–1117. doi:10.1038/nature03575. PMID 15858570.
- D. Ehre, E. Lavert, M. Lahav, I. Lubomirsky (2010). "Water Freezes Differently on Positively and Negatively Charged Surfaces of Pyroelectric Materials". Science 327 (5966): 672–675. doi:10.1126/science.1178085.
- "Fusion seen in table-top experiment" Physics Web, 27 April 2005
|This inorganic compound–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.| | <urn:uuid:5e061ad6-e936-41cd-a29b-b014b62bc70b> | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium_tantalate | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440645338295.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827031538-00205-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.772431 | 661 | 2.796875 | 3 |
14th Century Jewish Masterpiece Comes to The Met in New York
Manchester University’s Steve Mooney will be arriving soon in New York City with one of the world’s rarest pieces of medieval Jewish literature and art – an original 14th century Hagaddah (the book of Passover).
The Hagaddah, which is part of Manchester’s John Rylands University Library, will go on display at the Metropolitan Museum of Art beginning March 27th.
Mooney spent 8 months conserving the book, which originated in Catalonia, Spain, ensuring its quality and originality.
“One slip of the hand and you could remove a fragment of gold leaf or pigment by mistake. My job is to take it to the museum by hand into a secure area where it will acclimatise before going on display,” he told The Jewish Chronicle in Great Britain.
James Lindsay, the 26th Earl of Crawford, acquired the Hagaddah during the 19th century, adding it to his collection of rare books.
“The Rylands Haggadah is among the top ten individual items of greatest significance within the JRUL’s Special Collections, in terms of its research, cultural, heritage and financial value,” said Dr Yaakov Wise of the University of Manchester, to the Jewish Chronicle.
The Metropolitian Museum of Art exhibit will run until September, 30th, with one page of the Hagaddah being turned each month, “affording visitors the exceptional opportunity to follow the artist’s telling of the Exodus story,” according to the museum.
To read more information on the exhibit, click here. | <urn:uuid:943f0ae6-fe39-4e98-abcc-215d40613761> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://www.algemeiner.com/2012/03/15/14th-century-jewish-masterpiece-comes-to-the-met-in-new-york/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187822145.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20171017163022-20171017183022-00861.warc.gz | en | 0.920576 | 346 | 2.625 | 3 |
Early Explorers Program
Serving our youngest students, starting at age two and a half
St. Mark has two classrooms that serve children who may still be working on toileting, or who may be having their first experience in a preschool or daycare setting. The environments in both rooms cater to our children, offering areas for creative experiences, fine motor manipulative activities, dramatic play, sensory exploration, building, reading and quiet moments.
The Classroom Environment
Because our programs follow an Emergent Curriculum, teachers support the children in the classroom with exploring topics that are chosen by the children. Each classroom will transform to reflect the topics and themes that the children are currently working on.
When you walk into the classroom, you will notice evidence of the children’s work displayed throughout. Documentation can contribute to the depth of children’s learning from their projects and other work experiences. Loris Malaguzzi points out, through documentation children “become even more curious, interested, and confident as they contemplate the meaning of what they have achieved” (Malaguzzi, 1993). By preparing and displaying evidence of the children’s learning experiences, the children can re-visit their experience and work which may bring new understandings and more in depth thinking, questioning and dialogue. Documentation of children’s ideas, thoughts and feelings are a great way to stimulate memories of experiences. | <urn:uuid:c593254b-c9f5-4eb8-b6d2-c484dd7262b2> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://stmarkpreschool.net/program-overview/early-explorers/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510520.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20230929154432-20230929184432-00563.warc.gz | en | 0.944283 | 290 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Ten examples of how lack of encryption can cause a data breach
Lack of encryption on various devices and in different situations can put electronic protected health information (ePHI) at risk of a data breach. Here are ten examples:
- Unencrypted laptops: Storing ePHI on unencrypted laptops can lead to unauthorized access if the laptop is lost or stolen.
- Unencrypted mobile devices: Smartphones and tablets without encryption can expose ePHI if the devices are misplaced, stolen, or compromised.
- Unencrypted removable media: Using unencrypted USB drives, external hard drives, or other removable media to store ePHI can result in data breaches if these devices are lost, stolen, or accessed by unauthorized individuals.
- Unsecured email: Sending ePHI via unencrypted email can expose sensitive information to interception or unauthorized access during transmission.
- Unencrypted file transfers: Transferring ePHI between systems or over networks without using encryption can put the data at risk of interception or unauthorized access.
- Unencrypted backups: Storing backup copies of ePHI without encryption can expose the data to unauthorized access if the backup media or storage location is compromised.
- Unencrypted databases: Failing to encrypt databases containing ePHI can put the data at risk if unauthorized individuals gain access to the database system.
- Insecure network communication: Transmitting ePHI over unencrypted network connections, such as public Wi-Fi or insecure internal networks, can expose the data to interception or unauthorized access.
- Unencrypted cloud storage: Without encryption, storing ePHI in cloud-based storage services puts the data at risk in the event that the cloud service provider is compromised or unauthorized users get access to the storage account.
- Unsecured medical devices: Medical devices that store or transmit ePHI without encryption run the risk of exposing sensitive information to unauthorized access or interception. Examples include EHR systems, imaging devices, and wearable health monitors.
Encrypting ePHI on all devices and in various situations is essential for protecting sensitive patient information and maintaining compliance with the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) Security Rule. Learn how we at DP Tech Group can help you encrypt your data for safety. We assist you implement HIPAA safeguards in your organization. | <urn:uuid:e10d07f3-4540-436e-81f1-d7c69876b01c> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://dptechgroup.com/hipaa-compliance-solutions/ten-examples-of-how-lack-of-encryption-can-cause-a-data-breach/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474852.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20240229170737-20240229200737-00691.warc.gz | en | 0.866115 | 470 | 3.015625 | 3 |
This image, which apparently mocks Browning's social-climbing or snobbery in later life when he returned to England after the death of his wife, represents a meeting that would not have taken place, since the two had a falling out years before. Early in Rossetti's career, however, he worshipped Browning and went so far as to copy out the entirety of "Pauline."
When the PRB took form in the years before 1850, Browning was a poet's poet unknown to the general public and far from the cult status he attained after the publication of The Ring in the Book in 1868-69. Many of the most important of Rossetti's early poems, including "Jenny," "A Last Confession," and "The Blessed Damozel," show the major influence of Browning's dramatic monologues [GPL].
Beerbohm, Max. Rossetti and His Circle. London: William Heinemann, 1922.
Last modified 18 May 2006 | <urn:uuid:b1ce8c05-988a-44c7-8301-f6194c248d3d> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://www.victorianweb.org/authors/mb/dgrcircle15.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414637900544.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20141030025820-00129-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.976048 | 205 | 2.59375 | 3 |
These Emergent Reader Pattern Books were created to build confidence in our emerging readers, while teaching sight words as well as one-to-one word correspondence.
This specific emergent reader product comes with THREE different reading levels. Level A contains an easy to read, one sentence text. Level B contains a two sentence, see-saw pattern text. Level C contains a multiple sentence and repetitive pattern text.
This is a great book to implement during guided reading groups in the spring / fall / winter, in small groups or to have students take home to build their confidence as well as vocabulary even further. The books are made to create confident readers whom are not only native speakers, but also for students who are learning Spanish as a 2nd language.
- Yo | I (Level A, B, C)
- Un | A (Level A, B, C)
- Tengo | I Have (Level A, B, C)
- Mi | My (Level B, C)
- Es | Is (Level B, C)
- Tiene | Has (Level C)
- Mascotas | Pets (Level A, B, C)
- Perro | Dog (Level A, B, C)
- Gato | Cat (Level A, B, C)
- Pez | Fish (Level A, B, C)
- Hámster | Hamster (Level A, B, C)
- Pájaro | Bird (Level A, B, C)
- Conejo | Bunny (Level A, B, C)
- Gris | Grey (Level B, C)
- Café | Brown (Level B, C)
- Azul | Blue (Level B, C)
- Anaranjado | Orange (Level B, C)
- Amarillo | Yellow (Level B, C)
- Negro | Black (Level B, C)
- Orejas | Ears (Level C)
- Cola | Tail (Level C)
- Pico | Beak (Level C)
- Aleta | Fin (Level C)
- Boca | Mouth (Level C)
- Nariz | Nose (Level C)
- Grande | Big (Level C)
Thank you for purchasing this themed Emergent Reader Pattern Book. Please know that you obtain a single user license. If you wish to share this book with others, please purchase additional licenses as the copyright to this book belongs to The Spanglish Señorita. If you have any questions regarding this product or others, please contact me.
Keywords: February, Spring, Spanish Emergent, Guided Reading Books, Spanish Books, Pets, Febrero, Mascotas, Libros de la Lectura Guiada, Colores, Colors | <urn:uuid:968b6af9-949d-4809-8a7b-4e6203c5c4ff> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | https://www.teacherspayteachers.com/Product/Spanish-Emergent-Reader-February-Las-Mascotas-Pets-2395530 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698543030.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170903-00190-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.894283 | 587 | 3 | 3 |
Historic Sites of Manitoba: Canadian National Institute for the Blind Building (1031 Portage Avenue, Winnipeg)
Located at the northwest corner of Portage Avenue at Sherburn Street in Winnipeg, the Canadian National Institute for the Blind (CNIB) building was based on designs of local architect J. H. G. Russell. Launched as an unemployment relief project, excavation work began between 15-20 October 1927 and construction was completed at a cost of $100,000 by the contracting firm of J. L. Guay of St. Boniface. Financial contributions for construction included a $7,000 property donation from the City of Winnipeg and a $10,000 grant from the Province of Saskatchewan.
The two-storey structure’s exterior was built of red brick and Tyndall stone trim, with 78 feet of Portage Avenue frontage and 109 feet deep along Sherburn Street. The main floor featured an auditorium, office space, library, kitchen, lunchroom, receiving and shipping rooms, and a storefront retail space. The second floor was home to an industrial school and factory operations, where blind students learned skills such as weaving, knitting, sewing, basketry, and crafted an array of products, including brooms, gloves, toques, jackets, lamps, flowerpot stands, dolls, furniture, and girls’ garments. A freight elevator at the rear of the building helped to deliver goods produced down to the lower level for sale in the main floor storefront or transport to an assortment of retail outlets around Winnipeg, including the Hudson’s Bay Company store and Wilson Furniture where items were sold under the “Touchcraft” brand name. Its basement was home to the Home Training Department along with building utilities and storage space.
The fracility was opened officially at a ceremony on 16 May 1928. A golden key was presented by Building Committee Chairman Arthur E. Rowland to Governor General Lord Willingdon, who had just returned from a visit to the Ninette Sanatorium. Also in attendance were the Governor General’s wife, Lady Willingdon, Lieutenant Governor T. A. Burrows, Premier John Bracken, Mayor Daniel McLean, Major-General J. H. Elmsley, Archbishop S. P. Matheson, and numerous other provincial and municipal officials.
In 1949, the Lions Residence for the Blind Building was constructed next door at 1041 Portage Avenue. The CNIB Building, which housed the CNIB’s Central Division offices, was expanded in 1956 with the addition of a third floor designed by local architect Lloyd Finch. The work was undertaken along with a renovation to the residence at a total cost of over $100,000.
The organization later moved to 1080 Portage Avenue in March 1983. Both buildings were sold in 1982 for $1.95 million. This site is presently home to the Addictions Foundation of Manitoba.
“Blind Institute will have fine new building,” Winnipeg Tribune, 4 October 1927, page 6.
“Building for Blind workers,” Winnipeg Tribune, 15 October 1927, page 3.
“Contract let for new Blind Institute Bldg.” Winnipeg Tribune, 15 October 1927, page 3.
“Contract awarded,” Winnipeg Tribune, 19 October 1927, page 18.
“Work progressing on new Blind Building,” Winnipeg Tribune, 20 October 1927, page 6.
“Blind products finding ready sale this week,” Winnipeg Tribune, 20 October 1927, page 5.
“The Canadian National Institute for the Blind,” Winnipeg Tribune, 22 October 1927, page 8.
“Curlers, Attention!” Winnipeg Tribune, 5 November 1927, page 14.
“Will resume building of Blind Institute,” Winnipeg Tribune, 2 December 1927, page 1.
“New building for Blind to open in May,” Winnipeg Tribune, 21 March 1928, page 3.
“Gov.-General to open Home for Blind here,” Winnipeg Tribune, 26 April 1928, page 2.
“Blind sales to be opened in new building,” Winnipeg Tribune, 12 May 1928, page 11.
“Blind will hold final social in new quarters,” Winnipeg Tribune, 14 May 1928, page 10.
“Vice Regal part visits city Wednesday,” Winnipeg Tribune, 15 May 1928, page 26.
“The Blind Institute,” Winnipeg Tribune, 16 May 1928, page 15.
“Viscount Willingdon opens new Institute for Blind,” Winnipeg Tribune, 17 may 1928, page 11.
“G. Jackson new Chairman of Blind Institute,” Winnipeg Tribune, 17 May 1928, page 19.
“Brooms made by the Blind,” Winnipeg Tribune, 24 September 1928, page 34.
“$100,000 project for CNIB,” Winnipeg Free Press, 21 June 1956, page 18.
“CNIB aiming for $350,000,” Winnipeg Free Press, 2 December 1982, page 5.
This page was prepared by Nathan Kramer.
Page revised: 19 April 2015
Back to top of page | <urn:uuid:7ae859a0-c7b4-469a-ab4a-370727b951ad> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | http://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/sites/cnibwinnipeg.shtml | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986659097.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20191015131723-20191015155223-00096.warc.gz | en | 0.942465 | 1,080 | 2.84375 | 3 |
The notion of "peak oil" has been thoroughly debunked.
Repeated predictions of the world's oil shortage in coming years simply failed to account for our ability to tap into deeper, more complex seams of energy, buried under the ocean floor or the Arctic tundra. It may become more expensive to get at those new pockets of oil, but it's hard to see how we'll run out of "black gold."
And frankly, the whole discussion is becoming moot -- because our global need for oil is about to peak and eventually decline. As that happens, the economics of the entire energy sector are set to change radically.
No More Super-Spikes
Just five years ago, the global economy was deeply shaken by a huge spike in oil prices. China's rising demand led to fears that oil supplies simply couldn't keep up with an inexorable rise in demand.
To be sure, emerging market economies such as China and India continue to expand. As a result, their oil consumption is expected to keep rising. Yet the rate of growth will sharply slow. For example, China's government policies now aim to boost demand for more efficient cars, electricity-aided buses, while tougher building design codes and a raft of other efficiency gains also blunt the country's energy growth.
Yet in the rest of the world, these dynamics are already playing out, which explains why oil demand is about to peak. Here are some quick examples:
- In the Middle East, plans are afoot to switch power plants from oil to natural gas, leading analysts at Citigroup to forecast that the region will consumer two million less barrels of oil per day by the end of the decade.
- Here in the U.S., the fuel mileage of new cars is increasing by 3% to 4% annually. According to the University of Michigan, the average new car now gets more than 30 miles per gallon. That's up from 25.6 miles per gallon in August, 2008.
- The global plastics industry is quickly transitioning from expensive crude oil to cheaper natural gas.
- LED light bulb adoption is set to steadily reduce household electricity consumption, especially now that GE (NYSE: GE) is making a big push.
- Ships, trains and trucks are also starting the slow conversion away from diesel power and toward liquefied natural gas.
It's easy to chalk this up to the natural gas revolution seen here in the U.S., but energy efficiency should get even more credit. The U.S., which still accounts for 25% of global GDP, is a great example. From 1950 to 2000, U.S. per capita income rose more than 200% while our energy use rose just 50%. Since 2000, our per capita income has continued to rise, but our energy use per capita has actually begun falling.
Look for these trends to continue. According to the U.S. Energy Information Administration. our nation's "energy intensity" is on the cusp of a steady decline. Key highlights from this report include:
- Energy used per household is expected to decline about 27% from 2005 to 2040.
- Commercial energy intensity (defined as energy used per square foot of commercial floorspace) will decline about 17% from 2005 to 2040.
- Industrial sector energy intensity will decrease 25% below its 2005 level in 2040.
- Automotive energy intensity is projected to decline by more than 47% by 2040 from the 2005 value
When Will Demand Peak?
All of the demand drivers noted above are set to play out over the next half decade, but global oil demand will keep rising in the very near-term. The International Energy Agency, for example, expects the world to consumer 92 million barrels of oil per day in 2014, which would be 1.1% higher than the 90.9 million barrels per day this year. Note that the forecast comes in tandem with expected global GDP growth of 3.8%.
Though global GDP will presumably expand 3% to 4% in 2015, those gains noted above will likely push the growth of oil demand to less than 1%. By 2016, we may be looking at the peak, as energy efficiency steps and the rising consumption of natural gas start to have a deeper effect on crude oil demand.
Citigroup analysts have assessed the impact of energy efficiency and the substitution effect from natural gas, and see the oil demand peak coming in 2016.
Winners And Losers
The notion of a demand peak is already having an effect on the oil industry. Major oil producers are already starting to walk away from any new projects that entail high production costs or elevated political risk.
Oil giant ConocoPhillips (NYSE: COP) is a prime example. The company's revenues are expected to fall $7.5 billion this year (to $54.5 billion), in part due to declining production at existing energy fields. Of equal concern is the how the company would fare if oil prices settled into the $80 to $90 per barrel range, as Citigroup anticipates.
In the second quarter, ConocoPhillips earned roughly $13.80 per barrel of oil produced, with an average selling price of $100.14 per barrel, according to Merrill Lynch. That profit margin would be virtually wiped out if oil prices drop 15%.
One of ConocoPhillips' biggest problems: an inability to find low-cost sources of oil. Merrill Lynch, which rates shares as "underperform," notes that the company is "substantially more capital intensive versus peers," meaning it needs to spend more money to get at every barrel of oil it controls.
You could cite similar concerns for any of the oil-focused global energy firms such as ExxonMobil (NYSE: XOM) and Chevron (NYSE: CVX). They are so large that they must scramble to simply to maintain output as existing oil fields deplete. And they are likely to be poor profit generators if oil demand peaks and oil prices settle in below $90.
That sets the stage for Big Oil to be viewed in the same light as Big Tobacco, as the operations are run to optimize cash flow in the face of material revenue headwinds.
Of course, many smaller oil producers will still prosper in the years ahead -- if they have managed to secure low-cost sources of oil and gas. The costs to produce oil vary by region. According to research firm IHS:
- Canadian oil sands require a price of $81 per barrel.
- For an onshore U.S. field, it's $70 per barrel, (though the range is between $45 and $95 per barrel, depending on the rate of oil flow).
- In the Gulf of Mexico, it's $63 per barrel.
- In the Middle East, just $23 per barrel.
That's why it's crucial to analyze the production base for any oil drilling firm you seek to invest in. Many firms that had been focused on shale gas have inadvertently prospered, as those gas wells also contain a prodigious amount of oil and gas liquids. EOG Reources (NYSE: EOG) and Continental Resources (NYSE: CLR) are two clear examples.
Of course, the changing global energy picture is producing clear winners as well. On the energy efficiency front, I profiled the macro backdrop in this article and focused on companies that stand to benefit in this article.
Yet we've also extensively covered the opportunities emerging in natural gas. Roughly a year ago, my colleague Joseph Hogue took a broad look at the global natural gas picture.
For a deeper look at the ways to profit from the global shift toward natural gas and away from crude oil, you can check out my comprehensive special report from earlier this year.
The Consumer Angle
Of course, the other clear beneficiary of a peak in oil demand, and subsequent pullback in oil prices, would be the U.S. consumer. According to Deutsche Bank, every 1-cent drop in gasoline prices puts $1 billion more in consumers' pockets.
And a 1-cent move in jet fuel prices affects that industry's profits by $175 million, according to Airlines.org.
Indeed, many industries are ramping up U.S. production as our energy prices (thanks in part of our natural gas boom) are lower than prices found in Europe and Asia. With oil prices poised to settle into the $80 to $90 range, and our ability to pump out higher amounts of gas and oil from the shale plays, the U.S. economy has much more to gain than the top-heavy oil producers have to lose.
Risks to Consider: As an upside risk to the peak oil theory, accelerating global GDP growth in the middle of this decade would likely lead to the peak in demand being pushed back until 2017 or 2018.
Action to Take --> The supply and demand factors affecting oil and gas prices are truly monumental. This is a sector in deep flux, in you need to drop all of your long-held assumptions and brush up on the myriad changes set to take place over the next half decade. | <urn:uuid:7c1765ca-3bd6-4a22-96b2-d7ec782e58eb> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | https://streetauthority.com/energy-commodities/global-oil-demand-about-peak-heres-how-profit-478308 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195525627.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20190718104512-20190718130512-00276.warc.gz | en | 0.954766 | 1,855 | 2.71875 | 3 |
- Colon cancer increasingly affects those under age 50
- Most people diagnosed with colon cancer don’t have any symptoms
- Screening and early diagnosis are critical to survivorship
March is National Colorectal Cancer Awareness Month, and now is the ideal time to learn about the latest insights on prevention and advancements in the treatment of this disease that claims the lives of more than 50,000 people in the U.S. each year. We spoke with colorectal surgeons Amanda Hayman, MD, MPH, and Jeffrey Manchio, MD, both affiliated with Providence St. Vincent Medical Center and Providence Portland Medical Center, and Amy Myers, APRN, director of the Digestive Health service line at Providence Alaska Medical Center in Anchorage, to better understand who is at risk, what the symptoms are, and how screenings and advanced surgical techniques are helping to prevent colon and rectal cancer from progressing to the later stages.
What is the medical reality behind the need to raise awareness of colorectal cancer in the United States?
Dr. Hayman: Many people may not realize that colon cancer is the second most common cancer in America. The American Cancer Society estimated that 95,520 new cases of colon cancer and 39,910 cases of rectal cancer would be diagnosed in the U.S. in 2017. It occurs in all ages, and especially in those over 50. However, we are seeing more and more patients in our clinics who are fully symptomatic in their 40s and 30s, and even in their 20s.
You mentioned younger people, people under age 50, are being diagnosed with colon cancer or rectal cancer. Do we know when the trend started? Do we know why it is occurring?
Dr. Manchio: The National Cancer Institute’s publications show that since the 1950s, the rate of colon cancer, and particularly rectal cancer, in patients under age 50 is going up at an alarming rate and we don’t exactly understand the reason why. Before 1950, roughly one out of every 12 newly diagnosed rectal cancers occurred in someone under age 50. Now, in the decades since 1950, it’s more like one in three, so it’s a staggering change, and we don’t know why this is the case. It’s probably the result of multiple factors including environmental exposures, dietary habits, and other external and internal influences.
For some cancers, like skin cancer, people can check their bodies for signs or symptoms that would prompt them to see their doctor. For colon or rectal cancer, are there specific symptoms someone should look for or pay attention to?
Dr. Hayman: Most people who are diagnosed with colon cancer don’t have any symptoms at all. This makes it very challenging because you don’t know if or when you should be screened. Symptoms may include rectal bleeding, a change in your bowel habits, or unexplained weight loss. But many people don’t necessarily pay attention to their bowel habits or realize they may be losing weight, so my recommendation is that any rectal bleeding that is unexplained is justification for a call to your doctor.
What are the age recommendations for colorectal cancer screening?
Dr. Hayman: If you don’t have any family history of colon cancer, screenings typically start at age 50. This drops to age 45 for African Americans. Studies show 80 percent of people who get colorectal cancer have no family history, and that’s something I think that is really important to emphasize. Everyone is at some level of risk, especially if you are age 50 and over.
Amy Myers: Even though the average risk for most is between the ages of 50-75, there are certain populations that have been found to have a higher risk. For example, the Alaska Native population should be screened starting at age 40. One important area we tend to miss is when an immediate family member has been diagnosed with colorectal cancer or has had a pre-cancerous polyp. It is recommended that a person start being screened 10 years prior to when the family member was diagnosed. This seems to be one factor related to colorectal cancer in patients under the age of 50.
In terms of screening, what is the standard or best screening for an accurate diagnosis?
Dr. Hayman: I tell my patients that colonoscopies are the best screening we have right now to find colon cancer at an early stage. For average Americans, most insurance plans will pay for a screening colonoscopy at age 50 even if you are not symptomatic. And again, for African Americans the screening recommendation is age 45. There are other types of screenings available if you choose not to have a colonoscopy. You can perform a fecal occult blood test or fecal immunochemical test at home using a kit provided by your doctor, but these tests may not find polyps. Other types of tests include sigmoidoscopy, a stool DNA test, and a CT colonography.
Amy Myers: Colorectal cancer is the only cancer that is preventable and one of the easiest to treat if caught in early stages. The best test is the test that gets done.
If a person waits until they have the pain or other symptoms, such as rectal bleeding, to see their doctor, does that usually mean that the cancer, if any, will be found at a later stage?
Dr. Manchio: Yes, absolutely. If one waits until symptoms are present there is going to be a much greater likelihood that it will be an advanced-stage cancer. If a patient’s cancer is at an advanced stage, the likelihood of achieving cure goes down significantly. Cancers first start as polyps which rarely produce any symptom, hence the reason for recommending colonoscopy for screening in patient’s without any symptoms. This allows polyps to be removed simply via colonoscopy before they have become a cancer thus avoiding surgery altogether. If a patient waits until symptoms are present and a cancer is found at the time of colonoscopy, then an operation will be necessary to remove that portion of the colon and its associated lymph nodes. If the cancer is found to have spread beyond the colon, the patient will then typically need chemotherapy thereafter. So colonoscopy both finds and removes polyps before they can become a cancer and finds cancers at an early stage when they are highly curable by surgery alone. This is why routine screening colonoscopy has been shown to both reduce the likelihood of ever getting a cancer by two-thirds and reduces the chance of dying from colon if detected by two-thirds as well. That is one of the most staggering impacts that any modern day preventative medicine approach could possibly tout relative to its impact on a given disease process.
What is the current survival rate for colon and rectal cancer if it’s caught early, as compared to if it is not caught early?
Dr. Hayman: Survival rates are linked to the stage of the cancer: the earlier the stage, the likelier we are to be able to cure the cancer or keep it from coming back. For people with stage one colon cancer, we can expect up to 90 percent of them to survive for at least five years. However, if the cancer has advanced to the patient’s lymph nodes, then that survival rate drops to less than 50 percent. This is why we work so hard to raise awareness and try to get people in for screenings so that, if cancer is eventually diagnosed, it is more likely to be diagnosed at an earlier stage when it is smaller in size and scope.
What are the trends or advancements in terms of procedures and techniques to treat colorectal cancer that you feel have made a big impact on patient outcomes?
Dr. Manchio: There have been dramatic changes in surgical treatment for colorectal cancer. Many more of our colorectal surgeries are performed with a minimally invasive approach compared to even just 10 years ago. In our own practice in Oregon, over 90 percent of our surgeries are done either laparoscopically or robotically. The technological advances, combined with the enhanced recovery pathway that myself and other Providence St. Joseph Health surgeons have been implementing, has resulted in an average length of hospital stay of less than three days. In my opinion, patients facing elective colorectal surgery should demand a minimally invasive approach to their surgery or at least have a good explanation provided as to why this is not an option in their particular case. The data clearly shows that there are far fewer complications, less postoperative pain and quicker recovery for those undergoing a minimally invasive colectomy.
What are the components of the enhanced recovery pathway, and how do they help colon cancer patients get home sooner after surgery?
Dr. Manchio: The enhanced recovery after surgery protocol is an integrated approach to the patient’s preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative care. It has been around for well over a decade, and it involves many clinical components, all of which have very high levels of evidence that show reduced risk of complications, shortened length of stay and an improved overall patient experience.
The protocol starts preoperatively, when we first meet the patient and talk with them about things like the risks of smoking and diabetes, the risks of complications such as infection or wound healing problems, and then some newer elements such as their nutritional profile. We want to be sure patients are nutritionally optimized, because many patients going into cancer surgery have lost a lot of weight in a short period of time. So we’ll look at lab tests prior to surgery to determine if we need to make some improvements for proper nourishment before their procedure.
Then, intraoperatively, the anesthesiologist gives the patient a form of nerve block during the procedure. It is injected directly into the nerves of the abdominal wall or, in some instances, into the spinal canal so that when the patient wakes up in recovery, they wake up with far less pain and they require far less narcotics for pain control. Fewer narcotics mean less issues with nausea and constipation. This allows the patient to start eating the same day of surgery. Postoperatively, we work with patients to get them up and walking around the same day of surgery and multiple times a day starting the day after surgery.
All of these elements, along with many others, are factored into the patient’s overall recovery, which drives down their length of stay in the hospital. In fact, we’re able to discharge between 15 and 20 percent of our surgical patients the day after their surgery by following this enhanced recovery pathway. Providence St. Joseph Health has invested a great deal of time and resources into this and has dedicated nurses whose sole responsibility is to help implement this process. As a result, we’re seeing significant improvements in patient outcomes and their quality of life after they go home from the hospital.
Do you think outreach efforts, such as Colorectal Cancer Awareness Month, have had a positive impact in terms of getting more men and women in for appropriate screenings?
Dr. Manchio: There is no question that public awareness and alleviating fears and misconceptions about colorectal cancer is having a profound impact on encouraging early preventative screenings. I think things like supporting National Colorectal Cancer Awareness Month play a key role in encouraging people to pay attention to their bodies and being proactive.
Dr. Hayman: Greater awareness among the public is the first step toward increased prevention, and colorectal cancer is one of the most preventable cancers if it’s caught early. Something on the order of six of 10 deaths from colorectal cancer could be averted if everyone age 50 and up were regularly screened, according to the Department of Health and Human Services.
Amy Myers: Education is key to getting the right people screened at the right time.
Get screened and schedule preventive visits. Remember, early detection is the key to minimizing your risk of colorectal cancer. Find a doctor near you using our provider directory.
For more information on colorectal cancer and additional cancer resources throughout the Providence St. Joseph Health network, visit:
OR: Providence Cancer Institute, Portland and surrounding communities
MT: Montana Cancer Center at Providence St. Patrick Hospital and Providence St. Joseph Medical Center
Colorectal cancer info center: Swedish video/audio resources | <urn:uuid:f99b0a81-835d-4c37-bea2-885e2e429c5c> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | https://blog.providence.org/men/colorectal-cancers-silent-spread-and-how-to-prevent-it | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221213693.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20180818173743-20180818193743-00027.warc.gz | en | 0.956964 | 2,548 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Suicide is now being covered in younger grades as a response to the social and cultural changes young people are facing. Suicide has also become a frequent online topic. The vital consideration for this curriculum is that it is presented in a way that is safe, helpful, accurate and not anxiety provoking.
Session 1 reflects the tendency of children to make fun of things that frighten or scare them. This session “Suicide isn’t silly” sets the foundation for continuing classroom discussions of suicide by acknowledging the anxiety that may come with these lessons. Session 2 “Friends help friends” begins to present the dilemma of knowing something is not right with a friend but not knowing what to do about it. Session 3, “Asking for help takes courage” builds on that theme and redefines asking for help as a character of strength rather than a weakness. Video clips in the last session acknowledge that asking for help for a friend might not be easy but demonstrates the benefits of doing so.
Death by suicide has become more of an unfortunate reality for youth in these formative years. The sessions begin with a question “When is a friend in trouble?” This can defuse the intensity of the topic for vulnerable students and allow them to ease into the discussion. The second session moves into action, asking “How do I help a friend?” Recognising the importance of peer role models, the content focuses on a video hosted by two older teens, that presents a series of scenarios to demonstrate how to identify and respond to a troubled friend. The third sessions topic is “Where can I go to get help?” with a short video that tells a true story of three eight grade boys who used what they learned in the curriculum to help a friend. The final session “How can I use what I’ve learned?” helps students apply the curriculum to real-life situations.
This two session unit focuses on helping students address the emotional challenges that come from dealing with the massive life changes that accompany graduation from High School. It briefly re-caps the grade 7-10 curriculum , however the difference in this unit is that it focuses on caring for yourself rather than for others and emphasizes knowing how to identify trusted sources for help outside the high school community. The concepts of self-care and social connection have been recongnised as increasingly important variables in emotional health and can b e covered easily in a two-class unit. Self-care and social connection are called “protective factors” because they buffer youth from stress. The self-care elemtn of the curriculum will help students identify their personal expectations for the futre and how they will handle the stress they may experience when high expectations for life after high school are challenged or unmet. Students will be proved with both hard copy and online resource to identify and address these stressors. | <urn:uuid:df862581-3d34-4d1d-96e9-7f69f23b77c9> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://suicideprograms.org.au/course/prevention-outline/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600401617641.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20200928234043-20200929024043-00422.warc.gz | en | 0.955895 | 586 | 3.40625 | 3 |
Hendrik Jacobus Coetsee (“Kobie”), (born April 19, 1931, Ladybrand, Orange Free State, S.Af.—died July 29, 2000, Bloemfontein, S.Af.), South African politician who , was the pragmatic minister of justice, police, and prisons (1980–94) under South African presidents P.W. Botha and F.W. de Klerk. Coetsee, who first met with imprisoned antiapartheid leader Nelson Mandela in 1985, was credited with initiating official talks four years later between Mandela and Botha and then between Mandela and de Klerk after Botha’s resignation. In 1994, after Mandela’s election as president of an African National Congress-led government, Coetsee was named president of the South African Senate.
Hendrik Jacobus Coetsee
Written by: The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica
Alternate title: Kobie Coetsee | <urn:uuid:b8919def-1baf-44cc-bd6b-025bb051c67d> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/712547/Hendrik-Jacobus-Coetsee | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802769305.158/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075249-00165-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.932215 | 209 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Certain unstable isotopes of trace radioactive elements in both organic and inorganic materials decay into stable isotopes. By measuring the proportion of different isotopes present, researchers can figure out how old the material is.
Paleomagnetism: Earth’s magnetic polarity flip-flops about every 100,000 to 600,000 years.
The polarity is recorded by the orientation of magnetic crystals in specific kinds of rock, and researchers have established a timeline of normal and reversed periods of polarity.
Before more precise absolute dating tools were possible, researchers used a variety of comparative approaches called relative dating.
These methods — some of which are still used today — provide only an approximate spot within a previously established sequence: Think of it as ordering rather than dating.
Sometimes only one method is possible, reducing the confidence researchers have in the results. “They’re based on ‘it’s that old because I say so,’ a popular approach by some of my older colleagues,” says Shea, laughing, “though I find I like it myself as I get more gray hair.” Kidding aside, dating a find is crucial for understanding its significance and relation to other fossils or artifacts.
Methods fall into one of two categories: relative or absolute.The uranium-thorium method is often helpful for dating finds in the 40,000- to 500,000-year-old range, too old for radiocarbon but too young for K-Ar or Ar-Ar.Over time, certain kinds of rocks and organic material, such as coral and teeth, are very good at trapping electrons from sunlight and cosmic rays pummeling Earth.Paleontologists still commonly use biostratigraphy to date fossils, often in combination with paleomagnetism and tephrochronology.A submethod within biostratigraphy is faunal association: Sometimes researchers can determine a rough age for a fossil based on established ages of other fauna from the same layer — especially microfauna, which evolve faster, creating shorter spans in the fossil record for each species.Paleomagnetism is often used as a rough check of results from another dating method. | <urn:uuid:6b248397-ad12-43a5-aa04-0d33b34c6c3b> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | http://lapsispb.ru/profile?id=potassium-dating-accuracy283 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039743521.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20181117123417-20181117145417-00323.warc.gz | en | 0.933446 | 456 | 3.921875 | 4 |
Oh, fantastic. You’re sweltering on a hot day and no matter how low you set the thermostat, your air conditioning system just can’t seem to cool the house. Or maybe you feel warm-ish air coming out of the vents instead of nice cold air. What could be going on?
There are many possible reasons why your air conditioner isn’t working, but here are the four most likely ones.
1. Refrigerant leak
When most people think about their air conditioner, they think that cool air is being created. In actuality, the job of the air conditioning system is to collect heat from inside the home, move it outdoors and release it.
Have you ever driven past a construction site and seen a line of dump trucks carrying dirt away as they clear the land? One by one the trucks are loaded, filled and then driven away to be dumped at another location.
In the same way that a dump truck is used to haul dirt from one place to another, refrigerant is used in the air conditioning system as the container to move heat. Each pound of refrigerant is designed to carry a certain amount of heat outside and release it. A system that doesn’t have enough refrigerant will not be able to cool the house properly or at all.
Symptoms of low refrigerant are:
- Blowing warm air
- Poor performance (“I have my stat set at 70 and I can’t get the house below 75!”)
- Icing on the refrigerant line
If you previously had enough refrigerant and now the level has dropped, there is a leak that must be addressed.
2. Failed capacitor
Your air conditioning unit requires more energy to start up than is available through your home’s wiring. A capacitor is added to the circuit to give the unit an electrical jumpstart. Your system contains several capacitors that help start the compressor, outdoor fan motor, and blower motor inside. The most common capacitor to fail is the compressor motor run capacitor.
Capacitor failure is very common but inexpensive and quick to repair. Since it is a very common repair, service technicians stock these on their trucks. Most capacitors fail simply due to age. The life expectancy can vary, but the typical rating is about 5-7 years.
3. Failed contactor
A contactor is a small device that controls the flow of electricity to your air conditioner’s components. Think of a contactor like a drawbridge. When the drawbridge is down, cars can drive freely over the bridge to the other side. When the bridge is up, cars have to wait until it is lowered again.
Contactors work in the same way but instead of controlling traffic, they control the flow of electricity. When your air conditioner is not in a cooling cycle, the contactors are in the “up” position blocking the flow of electricity. When the thermostat wants to start a cooling cycle, a small voltage is sent to the contactors that tells them to lower into the “down” position. Contactors will stay in the down position until the thermostat is satisfied.
Contactors typically fail due to age and normal wear and tear. Like the capacitors, failure on this component is very common but can be repaired quickly.
4. Lack of maintenance
Probably the most common reason for air conditioner failure is lack of maintenance. Like any piece of machinery, your furnace and air conditioning system requires maintenance.
Here are some common consequences of poor maintenance that can leave you without cold air or with a higher-than-normal cooling bill:
As air from your home blows across the evaporator coil, heat is absorbed by refrigerant and delivered outside. If the filter is plugged and air flow is restricted, it will cause the coil to freeze and leave you without air conditioning.
Plugged condensate drain lines
In addition to cooling, your air conditioner removes humidity from the air. This water is removed through a small drain pipe and deposited in a floor drain or outside. Left unmaintained, over time this drain can form a clog. The clogged drain can cause the excess water to backup and cause damage to your furnace or property.
Plugged condenser coils
Heat removed from the house is taken outside and released. If the outdoor coils are not maintained and kept clean, your system will be very inefficient. The unit’s inability to release heat will cause the system to run much longer and do a poor job of cooling the home.
Let the pros at Althoff take care of your AC system before there’s a problem.
If it’s been awhile since you’ve had your AC system checked out or maintained, do yourself a favor: Get it done before you’re left without cold air on a hot day. Our licensed Chicago HVAC technicians can take care of your AC tuneup or get you set up on a regular maintenance plan for peace of mind. If you’re experiencing a problem now, give us a call and we’re on it! Contact us at 800-225-2443 to schedule. | <urn:uuid:c9ca23f3-c04c-47ed-a7e3-b18516f20c86> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://www.althoffind.com/blog/air-conditioning-service/top-4-reasons-your-air-conditioner-isnt-working/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711396.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20221209112528-20221209142528-00238.warc.gz | en | 0.940221 | 1,078 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Most people with depression will not be surprised to hear that there is a relationship between sleep disorders and depression. Insomnia or hypersomnia (excessive daytime sleepiness) are often listed as symptoms of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD).
Generally the inference is that depression causes sleep problems. While this is true, because the connection between the two is complicated, it is also possible that sleep disorders contribute to depression. In fact, evidence suggests that people with insomnia are ten times more likely to suffer from depression.[i]
Other sleep disorders associated with depression are Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS), narcolepsy and Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA).[ii] A recent study from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention found an association between OSA and major depression, regardless of weight, sex, age or race.[iii]
‘”Snorting, gasping or stopping breathing while asleep was associated with nearly all depressive symptoms,”’ according to Anne G. Wheaton, lead author on the study.
Proper medication has a good track record of treating Restless Legs Syndrome. OSA can usually be successfully treated. While sedating medications are only recommended for short-term use in the treatment of insomnia, tricyclic antidepressants may be helpful in relieving sleeplessness for some patients. In the case of OSA, however, sedating antidepressants could worsen the condition, so it is important to have an accurate diagnosis of the particular sleep disorder involved.[iv] Instead a CPAP (Continuous Positive Airway Pressure) which uses a steady mild airflow through a facemask is usually recommended for OSA.
If you suspect that a sleep disorder could be contributing to your depression, speak to your family physician about the possibility of having a sleep study done. It is a simple, non-invasive test that only requires one night out of your schedule, and it could benefit your health immensely.
[i] “Depression and Sleep,” National Sleep Foundation. http://www.sleepfoundation.org/article/sleep-topics/depression-and-sleep
[ii] “Depression and Sleep,” National Sleep Foundation. http://www.sleepfoundation.org/article/sleep-topics/depression-and-sleep
[iii] American Academy of Sleep Medicine. “Survey Finds Association Between Symptoms Of Obstructive Sleep Apnea And Depression.” Medical News Today. MediLexicon, Intl., 1 Apr. 2012. Web.
10 Apr. 2012. http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/243572.php
[iv] “Depression and Sleep,” National Sleep Foundation. http://www.sleepfoundation.org/article/sleep-topics/depression-and-sleep | <urn:uuid:300d6374-39b9-40a1-8400-2f6aac94f14f> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | https://adarkershadeofblue.wordpress.com/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936462331.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074102-00277-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.913386 | 586 | 2.890625 | 3 |
NASA's Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 spacecraft are still going strong after nearly 37 years in space.
"Both spacecraft are still operating, still very healthy. I guess as healthy as we are at the table right now," Suzanne Dodd, the Voyager project manager at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) said, drawing a big laugh from the audience at the SpaceFest VI conference in Pasadena, California, on May 11.
Dodd was fresh out of college in 1985 when JPL recruited her as it geared up for Voyager 2's upcoming encounter with Uranus. Nearly 30 years later, she is project manager of the Voyager Interstellar Mission under which the two spacecraft continue to explore the vast expanse of space beyond the planets. [Photo Timeline: Voyager's Journey into Interstellar Space]
Voyagers of the solar system
Dodd was actually the youngster on the Voyager reunion panel. She was joined by Voyager Project Scientist Ed Stone and retired Voyager Mission Design Manager Charley Kohlhase, who were both on the project when it was in the planning stages in the early 1970s.
When the Voyagers were launched in 1977, NASA expected them to last four or five years, long enough to get them through close encounters with Jupiter and Saturn. But, they just kept going and going.
Voyager 2 went on to flybys of Uranus in 1986 and Neptune in 1989. It is now about 105 astronomical units from Earth. (One AU is the average distance between the Earth and sun, about 92 million miles.) Voyager 1, which flew out of the plane of the solar system after its 1980 flyby of Saturn, is in interstellar space at 127 AUs.
Stone and Kohlhase recalled their astonishment when an image showing two exploding volcanoes on Jupiter's moon Io came into JPL late on a Friday afternoon in March 1979. The plumes went hundreds of miles above the surface, and the fallout covered an area the size of France.
"We had what I call a terracentric view, which was based on understanding Earth," Stone said. "Before Voyager, the only known active volcanoes in the solar system were on Earth. Then we flew by Io, a little moon about the size of our moon, with 10 times the volcanic activity of Earth. And suddenly our terracentric extrapolation just was falling way short, and that was happening time after time after time.
"It was an incredible time where every day there were so many things we were discovering that we just moved on to the next one," Stone added. "If we didn't understand what we were seeing right away, we said, all right, let's wait 'til tomorrow to see what else we get."
A groundbreaking mission
The Voyager missions also forever changed the way spacecraft were built and operated.
"The key thing about Voyager that was a revolution was it was a totally computer-controlled spacecraft that flies itself and has fault protection on board so that if something goes wrong, it takes action," he said. "Because now it takes us 17 and a half hours to get a command up there, and it's 17 and a half hours before we know if anything has happened." [See photos from Voyager 1 and Voyager 2]
Before the spacecraft were launched, Kohlhase had the job of sorting through some 10,000 trajectories for projected launch windows in 1976 through 1978. He used computers to determine which ones would allow the spacecraft to make the best approaches to Jupiter, Saturn and their moons. Kohlhase and the scientists settled on 110 trajectories and ultimately used two of them.
Dodd says the Voyager mission continues to throw up challenges today. The spacecraft have 20-watt transmitters – the equivalent of a refrigerator light bulb – and signals are only 1 billionth of a billionth of a watt in strength by the time they reach Earth. JPL uses the powerful antennas of the Deep Space Network to communicate with the distant spacecraft.
"The engineering challenges are extremely unique to Voyager," Dodd said. "You're operating instruments below temperatures that we can't even measure. Challenges of finding out if we turn on a component that's next to a hydrazine line, would that hydrazine line freeze or not. We don't know.
"Another unique challenge to it is that the engineers who built this are retired, some have passed away, you need to get people like Charley out of retirement to come and talk to us," Dodd added. "It's a challenge engineering-wise, it's a challenge from a knowledge standpoint of what people know. And that's what makes this project fun."
The Voyagers still have a lot of life left in them even after nearly four decades on space.
"Looking forward, we expect to get 10 more years of scientific data out of the Voyager spacecraft," Dodd said. "We basically turned off everything we can turn off to save power. Backup heaters are off, backup systems are off. We're having some serious discussions about how to move forward, because we're almost down to the scientific instruments now."
After that, the spacecraft could continue on for another five to seven years sending engineering signals to Earth. Engineers are already in discussions with the Deep Space Network about what experiments could be conducted with those signals before the spacecraft fall silent. | <urn:uuid:c6b308cb-e1c1-4ee1-bb00-067b2eeaa18e> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | https://www.space.com/26041-nasa-voyager-probes-solar-system-legacy.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891815934.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20180224191934-20180224211934-00707.warc.gz | en | 0.972739 | 1,082 | 2.9375 | 3 |
The abuse of methamphetamine addiction – a potent and highly addictive psycho stimulant – is a very serious problem. If you think you — or a friend — may have a methamphetamine addiction, talk to Teen Challenge. We can help you get the help you need free of charge. It’s especially important for someone who is going through withdrawal from a methamphetamine addiction to speak with a professional counselor. Withdrawal can be dangerous when it’s not monitored; all our services are free for any type of drug withdrawal.
Methamphetamine addiction leads to devastating medical, psychological, and social consequences. Methamphetamine addiction causes diverse health effects include memory loss, aggression, psychotic behavior, heart damage, malnutrition, and severe dental problems. Methamphetamine addiction also contributes to increased transmission of infectious diseases, such as hepatitis and HIV/AIDS, and can infuse whole communities with new waves of crime, unemployment, child neglect or abuse, and other social ills.
The good news is that Methamphetamine addiction can be prevented and can be treated. People do recover, but only when effective treatments that address the multitude of problems resulting from methamphetamine abuse are readily available. Primary goals of the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) are to apply what our scientists learn from drug abuse research to develop new and enhance existing treatment approaches and to bring these effective treatments to the communities that need them.
How is methamphetamine abused?
Methamphetamine comes in many forms and can be smoked, snorted, injected, or orally ingested. The preferred method of methamphetamine abuse varies by geographical region and has changed over time. Smoking methamphetamine, which leads to very fast uptake of the drug in the brain, has become more common in recent years, amplifying methamphetamine’s addiction potential and adverse health consequences.
The drug also alters mood in different ways, depending on how it is taken. Immediately after smoking the drug or injecting it intravenously, the user experiences an intense rush or “flash” that lasts only a few minutes and is described as extremely pleasurable. Snorting or oral ingestion produces euphoria – a high but not an intense rush. Snorting produces effects within 3 to 5 minutes, and oral ingestion produces effects within 15 to 20 minutes.
As with similar stimulants, methamphetamine most often is used in a “binge and crash” pattern. Because the pleasurable effects of methamphetamine disappear even before the drug concentration in the blood falls significantly – users try to maintain the high by taking more of the drug. In some cases, abusers indulge in a form of binging known as a “run,” foregoing food and sleep while continuing abuse for up to several days.
Don’t let yourself or a loved one continue to drown in the trap of drug abuse. Free help is available at Teen Challenge.
What are the immediate (short-term) effects of methamphetamine abuse?
As a powerful stimulant, methamphetamine, even in small doses, can increase wakefulness and physical activity and decrease appetite. Methamphetamine can also cause a variety of cardiovascular problems, including rapid heart rate, irregular heartbeat, and increased blood pressure. Hyperthermia (elevated body temperature) and convulsions may occur with methamphetamine overdose, and if not treated immediately, can result in death.
Most of the pleasurable effects of methamphetamine are believed to result from the release of very high levels of the neurotransmitter dopamine. Dopamine is involved in motivation, the experience of pleasure, and motor function, and is a common mechanism of action for most drugs of abuse. The elevated release of dopamine produced by methamphetamine is also thought to contribute to the drug’s deleterious effects on nerve terminals in the brain.
In the brain, dopamine plays an important role in the regulation of reward and movement. As part of the reward pathway, dopamine is manufactured in nerve cell bodies located within the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and is released in the nucleus accumbens and the prefrontal cortex. Its motor functions are linked to a separate pathway, with cell bodies in the substantia nigra that manufacture and release dopamine into the striatum.
What are the long-term effects of methamphetamine abuse?
Long-term methamphetamine abuse has many negative consequences, including addiction. Addiction is a chronic, relapsing disease, characterized by compulsive drug seeking and use, accompanied by functional and molecular changes in the brain. In addition to being addicted to methamphetamine, chronic abusers exhibit symptoms that can include anxiety, confusion, insomnia, mood disturbances, and violent behavior. They also can display a number of psychotic features, including paranoia, visual and auditory hallucinations, and delusions (for example, the sensation of insects creeping under the skin). Psychotic symptoms can sometimes last for months or years after methamphetamine abuse has ceased, and stress has been shown to precipitate spontaneous recurrence of methamphetamine psychosis in formerly psychotic methamphetamine abusers.
With chronic abuse, tolerance to methamphetamine’s pleasurable effects can develop. In an effort to intensify the desired effects, abusers may take higher doses of the drug, take it more frequently, or change their method of drug intake. Withdrawal from methamphetamine occurs when a chronic abuser stops taking the drug; symptoms of withdrawal include depression, anxiety, fatigue, and an intense craving for the drug.
Chronic methamphetamine abuse also significantly changes the brain. Specifically, brain imaging studies have demonstrated alterations in the activity of the dopamine system that are associated with reduced motor speed and impaired verbal learning. Recent studies in chronic methamphetamine abusers have also revealed severe structural and functional changes in areas of the brain associated with emotion and memory, which may account for many of the emotional and cognitive problems observed in chronic methamphetamine abusers.
Fortunately, some of the effects of chronic methamphetamine abuse appear to be, at least partially, reversible. A recent neuro imaging study showed recovery in some brain regions following prolonged abstinence (2 years, but not 6 months). This was associated with improved performance on motor and verbal memory tests. However, function in other brain regions did not display recovery even after 2 years of abstinence, indicating that some methamphetamine-induced changes are very long-lasting. Moreover, the increased risk of stroke from the abuse of methamphetamine can lead to irreversible damage to the brain.
Short-term and long-term effects
Short-term effects may include: Increased attention and decreased fatigue, increased activity and wakefulness, decreased appetite, euphoria and rush, increased respiration, rapid or irregular heartbeat and hyperthermia.
Long-term effects may include: Addiction, psychosis, includes: paranoia, hallucinations, repetitive motor activity. Also changes in brain structure and function and memory loss, aggressive or violent behavior, mood disturbances, severe dental problems and weight loss.
Don’t wait to be free from methamphetamine, complete an online application form to get help. One of our Support Workers or Centre Manager will then contact you to arrange an interview. | <urn:uuid:2c85b9ee-7d82-4ed7-85ec-ee414f8c1eaf> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | http://www.tclondon.org.uk/methamphetamine-addiction/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195529175.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20190723085031-20190723111031-00056.warc.gz | en | 0.934364 | 1,395 | 2.75 | 3 |
For millions of people, spring is the season of itchy eyes, runny noses, sneezing, and inflamed sinuses. In 2018 alone, doctors diagnosed more than 19 million American adults with hay fever — another term for allergic rhinitis or seasonal allergies. Estimates from the Asthma and Allergy Foundation of America suggest more than 50 million Americans deal with various allergies each year.
Allergies are so pervasive that the American College of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology says they’re the sixth leading cause of chronic illness in the U.S., costing the country $18 billion in annual healthcare costs.
Even if you didn’t suffer from allergies as a kid, you’re not necessarily immune. Allergies can develop at any age, and adult-onset allergies are on the rise. Here’s a closer look at why allergies could crop up, plus some tips for how to prevent and treat allergies and their symptoms.
Why Some People Get Seasonal Allergies
Allergies can appear at any age and may stem from many possible causes.
- Prolonged and severe pollen seasons
- Environmental pollution
- Changes in the body’s immune system, which is always evolving
- Latent allergies that become more severe as time goes on
No matter the source of an allergy, the allergic response is the same. An allergy occurs when a person’s immune system encounters a substance (such as pollen or mold) that it perceives as a threat or infection. Every time it contacts this substance, the immune system produces antibodies to fight off the perceived interloper. In the process, the body releases histamine and other chemicals, which provoke the symptoms associated with allergies.
The Difference between Seasonal Allergies and the Common Cold
No matter the cause of seasonal allergies, they often manifest in similar ways as the common cold — think sneezing, stuffy nose, and sinus inflammation. So how can you tell whether you have a contagious illness or everyday allergies?
When you first notice your symptoms, you may not be able to distinguish allergies from a cold. But as time goes on, some differences usually emerge.
- Allergies typically last longer than colds. The typical duration of a cold is around three to 10 days, while allergy symptoms usually persist for weeks at a time.
- Colds can provoke body aches, sore throats, or fevers, but these symptoms aren’t associated with allergies. If you feel achy or feverish or have a sore throat, you probably have a cold or another viral or bacterial illness.
- If your symptoms reappear regularly or seem linked to specific triggers, allergies are probably causing them.
- Eye irritation is more likely to be a sign of allergies (though colds occasionally cause this symptom too).
- The mucus your body produces in response to allergies tends to be clear and watery, while mucus produced by a cold is usually thicker and darker (think yellow or green).
How to Prevent Seasonal Allergies
If you don’t want to join the millions of people dealing with allergy symptoms each year, consider these prevention tips.
Avoid or minimize exposure to pollen and other allergens.
The most effective way to avoid a flare-up of allergies is to know your triggers and avoid them as much as possible. For instance, if you’re allergic to pollen, spend more time indoors when the plants you’re allergic to are in bloom. If you’re allergic to mold, dehumidify and sanitize your living space.
Get plenty of sleep.
Poor sleep can exacerbate allergy symptoms. Practice good sleep hygiene and aim for seven to nine hours of sleep each night. The painful irony here is that allergy symptoms can make it harder to fall and stay asleep. The treatment options in the next section can help.
Avoid dairy and gluten.
If you’re sensitive to dairy and/or gluten, you may want to avoid these products. (Symptoms of dairy sensitivity include runny nose, watery eyes, loose stools, and abdominal cramps, while symptoms of gluten sensitivity range from bloating and abdominal pain to headaches and brain fog.) Both dairy and gluten can trigger an inflammatory response in the bodies of people who are sensitive to these products, which exacerbates the inflammation caused by allergies.
Cut back on alcohol.
Like dairy and gluten, alcohol has inflammatory properties. To reduce inflammation that could exacerbate allergy symptoms, minimize your alcohol intake or avoid it entirely.
Rinse your nasal passages.
Use a neti pot or nasal irrigation device to rinse your nasal passages with a sterile saline solution. This practice relieves nasal congestion by removing allergens and mucus. If you’ve encountered an allergen, a quick nasal rinse could prevent a major flare.
Treatments for Seasonal Allergies
If preventative measures don’t work and you experience an allergy flare, then it may be time to try various treatment options.
A small 2018 study suggests aerobic exercise can help reduce allergic rhinitis symptoms, likely because exercise enhances immune system function.
Herbs and supplements
An over-the-counter (OTC) antihistamine can help ease sneezing, itchiness, runny nose, and watery eyes. An antihistamine works by inhibiting the body’s production of histamine. Because histamine is responsible for many of the symptoms associated with allergies (runny nose, watery eyes, and so on), impeding your body’s histamine production can lessen your symptoms.
As the name suggests, these OTC products help relieve nasal congestion. Decongestants can take the form of oral tablets or nasal sprays. In either case, they work by minimizing the swelling of blood vessels in the nose, which opens the airways and makes it easier to breathe. (Note that using nasal sprays for more than a few days can cause a rebound effect that makes congestion worse.)
Combination allergy medications
These OTC products combine an antihistamine with a decongestant to neutralize most allergy symptoms.
Prescription or OTC eye drops can help relieve allergy symptoms that affect your eyes, including redness, itchiness, or a burning sensation. Different types of eye drops work well for different symptoms; do some research to determine which kind of eyedrops will work best for you.
If over-the-counter medications don’t ease your allergy symptoms, your doctor may recommend allergy shots to train your immune system to address the allergen in a more manageable way. You’ll receive a series of injections consisting of increasingly large amounts of the allergen in question.
Allergies can be a pain, but you don’t have to grit your teeth and ride out an allergy flair. Prevention strategies can help you avoid or minimize allergic reactions, and a variety of lifestyle changes and natural and OTC products can help you manage allergy symptoms.
Talk to your doctor if prevention strategies don’t give you relief, your symptoms become more severe, or you want to try OTC medications and supplements. Your doctor will assess your medical history and medications to help determine which treatments are safest for you. With a little effort, you should be able to manage your seasonal allergies so they don’t control you. | <urn:uuid:b8ce3391-5e93-4ce4-a550-6ea07201b788> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://www.northwestpharmacy.com/healthperch/why-seasonal-allergies-make-you-feel-miserable-and-how-to-prevent-them | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347439213.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20200604063532-20200604093532-00219.warc.gz | en | 0.910781 | 1,525 | 3.765625 | 4 |
Coconut tree in Molokai is one of nation's Big Tree champions. DLNR Photo.
Hawaii is home to six big tree champions, which are now recognized by the National Register of Big Trees, a nonprofit conservation organization that advocates for the protection and expansion of America's forests.
And (drum roll), the six big tree champions are:
* Acacia Koa in Kona Hema Preserve, Hawai‘i
* Two Coconut in Kapuaiwa Coconut Beach Park, Moloka‘i
* Hau tree at Hulihe‘e Palace, Hawaii
* ‘A‘ali‘i at Maui Nui Botanical Gardens, Maui
* Manele/Soapberry at Bird Park/Kipuka Puaulu, Volcano National Park, Hawaii
All of the trees, with the exception of the koa, are accessible to the public. Click here for a map and photos of the trees.
“With forests covering approximately 749 million acres in the U.S., it’s a special honor to have a tree recognized as the biggest of its kind,” said Paul Conry, Administrator of the Division of Forestry and Wildlife (DOFAW). “In a year with 14 different billion-dollar weather disasters, America’s biggest trees proved that they’re survivors. For trees to grow bigger than their competition, it usually means that they’ve been protected and nurtured over the years. And, they’ve been lucky. Having grown into large, healthy trees, they now do their own job of protecting and nurturing the plants, trees, wildlife and even humans in their habitats.”
Since more than half of Hawaii's original forest has been lost, immediate action is needed to protect the trees and forests that are essential to Hawaii's water supply and provide many other benefits. Learn about the state's plan to save Hawaii's forests at hawaii.gov/dlnr/rain, which also includes a short video, “The Rain Follows the Forest.”
“We hope that including Hawai‘i on the national Big Trees register will help educate and encourage conservation of our native and culturally important trees,” said Sheri Mann, DOFAW Cooperative Resource Management Forester. “It is our goal to eventually create our own State of Hawai‘i Big Trees Program.”
Anyone can nominate a big tree for recognition in the program. Currently, 21 species are eligible in Hawaii.
To nominate a tree, three measurements are needed: Trunk Circumference (inches), Height (feet), and Average Crown Spread (feet). These are combined to assign the tree a score. DOFAW staff also needs to know the exact location to verify any candidates.
To learn more about the specific measuring requirements please review the guidelines at the American Forests website.
Please send measurements, GPS coordinates or specific directions to a candidate big tree to:
Sheri Mann, CRMF
1151 Punchbowl Street, Room 325
Honolulu, HI 96813
Or email her at [email protected] | <urn:uuid:b6d54316-885a-47d2-99b0-8caa221401d5> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | http://thegreenleaf.staradvertiserblogs.com/2012/05/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250608295.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123041345-20200123070345-00223.warc.gz | en | 0.927828 | 658 | 3.1875 | 3 |
By JEANNINE D. LEPITRE
Greg Kesich got many things exactly right in his Feb. 13 editorial ("Newtown calls for different thinking on mental illness") including, "Recovery can be a lifelong struggle that requires not only professional care, but support from a community of family and friends."
Mental health professionals today know that recovery from mental illness is more possible than ever before, and that it takes a community to make it happen.
After Newtown, the public dialogue and policy debate is focused rightly on gun control and mental health services. To provide better mental health services, however, we need to re-examine -- and clearly define -- exactly where we're headed (strategy), how we get there (planning), and when we've arrived (outcomes).
We can start with the fact that mental illness is a brain disorder, so in one sense it's just as much a physical disease as cancer or diabetes. But because this disease is often expressed behaviorally, mental illness is freighted with a social stigma not generally associated with other physical diseases. This stigma isolates and tortures its sufferers, and in many cases keeps them from getting the treatment they need -- and is available -- to become fully functioning members of society.
And just like other physical diseases, mental illness is best treated in its earliest stages.
The concept of preventive care, however, needs clearer definition and greater emphasis.
Early, low-cost health care interventions almost always lessen, and sometimes eliminate, more costly ones down the road, both medically and financially.
But what, exactly, constitutes preventive care? One could argue a healthier diet, more exercise and regular medical check-ups.
But what about expensive lab tests, cancer screenings and CAT scans? Or, in the case of mental health, early childhood examinations, psychiatric evaluations and medication management?
The concept of recovery also needs clarification.
When applied to physical health, recovery is quite clear. You're sick or injured, and with medical intervention and sufficient time, you heal. The broken bone is mended, the cancerous lump is removed, the ruptured heart vessel is repaired. You have recovered from whatever ailed you.
With behavioral health (mental illness and substance abuse), the concept is trickier. Sufferers are never truly "healed" or "cured" as they are in the physical medical sense, so a plain and simple understanding of what we mean by recovery is even more important in this context.
The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services, under the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, has created a working definition of recovery for mental health and substance abuse disorders that, for many behavioral health professionals, works beautifully.
Recovery is defined by SAMHS as "a process of change through which individuals improve their health and wellness, live a self-directed life, and strive to reach their full potential."
These 23 words provide a working definition of behavioral health recovery that, in SAMHSA's words "enable policy makers, providers, and others to better design, deliver, and measure integrated and holistic services to those in need."
The definition also comes with four major dimensions that support a life in recovery and 10 useful guiding principles.
The major dimensions are:
HEALTH: overcoming or managing one's diseases, as well as living in a physically and emotionally healthy way.
HOME: a stable and safe place to live.
PURPOSE: meaningful daily activities, such as a job, school, volunteerism, family caretaking, or creative endeavors, and the independence, income and resources to participate in society.
COMMUNITY: relationships and social networks that provide support, friendship, love and hope.
SAMHSA's major guiding principles are: Recovery emerges from hope; recovery is person-driven; recovery is holistic; and recovery is based on respect.
Recovery is a process -- a healing path that leads to stability, empowerment, growth and happiness.
Because mental illness and substance abuse are chronic diseases, recovery is also a never-ending process. Over the past decade, science has greatly expanded our understanding and treatment of mental illness and addiction.
These advances have come from the hard science of labs and research, as well as the soft science of psychology and social work.
Thanks to new discoveries, insights, treatments and services, most mentally ill and addicted people in Maine can now live full, productive lives.
With clear definitions of concepts and goals, we can help guide them on their personal journeys of recovery.
And with recovery, we will decrease stigma, lessen violence and increase hope. Let the healing begin.
Jeannine D. Lepitre is chief executive officer of Counseling Services Inc.Tweet | <urn:uuid:2119f14f-7099-4a28-8c3b-1d4eef582401> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://www.pressherald.com/opinion/mental-health-recovery-is-a-life-long-process-that-leads-to-growth_2013-03-22.html?pageType=mobile&id=5&start=1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386164701395/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204134501-00056-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.953761 | 967 | 2.625 | 3 |
Czech Republic Information - Page 1
The Czech Republic is in Central Europe and consists of Bohemia, Moravia and part of Silesia. Bordering countries are Austria, Germany, Poland and the Slovak Republic.
Prague is the Czech Republic's capital city. Other important cities are Brno, Olomouc, Ostrava and Plzen.
The terrain is varied consisting of plateau, highlands and lowlands. The highest mountains are the Krkonose (Giant Mountains), followed by the Hruby Jesenik (Ash Montains), the Sumava mountain range and the Beskydy Mountains. Rivers include the Elbe, Morava, Oder and Vltava.
The climate of the Czech Republic is temperate with warm summers and cold winters.
One third of the Czech Republic is forested. Trees are mainly coniferous firs and spruce. Deciduous trees include beech, birch and oak.
National Nature Reserves and National Nature Monuments are overseen by the Agency for Nature Conservation and Landscape Protection of the Czech Republic. National Parks are Krkonose National Park, Sumava National Park and Podyji National Park.
Over ten regions in the Czech Republic are listed as Ramsar Wetlands of International Importance. These include Krkonose mountains mires, the floodplain of lower Dyje River and Sumava peatlands.
Wild animals include foxes and chamois and animals such as the wolf and lynx live in the protected areas.
Prague is a World Heritage site. Most of the important buildings in the old town date back to the reign of Charles IV (1346-78), the King of Bohemia and Emperor of the Holy Roman Emperor. At this time Prague was the capital city of Europe.
Other World Heritage sites include the medieval town of Cesky Krumlov, the old city of Kutna Hora, the historic town of Telc, Litomysl Castle, the Holy Trinity Column in Olomouc and the Pilgrimage Church of St John of Nepomuk at Zelena Hora.
The population of the Czech Republic was estimated at 10,220,911 in 2008.
Czech is the official language.
A large number of the Czech people do not belong to a religious body.
Around thirty percent are Christian (mainly Roman Catholic). Some people are Hussites.
The Hussites are followers of the fifteenth century religious reformer Jan Hus who was burnt at the stake in 1415. As a result of Hus' teachings many Czechs became Protestants, a trend later followed in other European countries.
Main meals in the Czech Republic often consist of beef or pork, and sometimes fish, with potatoes or rice or dumplings. Sauerkraut is used in recipes including soup. Other soups are potato soup and liver dumpling soup.
Dumplings are also served sweet. Desserts include strudel and pancakes. Gingerbread and pastries are popular.
The Czech Republic is famous for Pilsner beer and Budweiser Budvar. Wine is produced and stronger drinks include a herbal liqueur and plum brandy.
Next Page | Facts | Gallery | <urn:uuid:03c2045d-08db-4057-a72c-44a62ebcb739> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://www.worldinfozone.com/country.php?country=CzechRepublic | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886103891.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20170817170613-20170817190613-00177.warc.gz | en | 0.930559 | 666 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Consumers are encouraged to carefully examine the products that they purchase for their family, which includes reading and understanding juice labels. For some, the term “juice” sounds healthy enough and they reach for the first bottle they see on the shelf, not realizing that they may have actually chosen an unhealthy cocktail or juice-flavored drink. For optimal health, being able to correctly interpret juice labels is important. In addition to understanding the varying terms used in the marketing of juice products, being educated about the actual ingredients found in these products will make you a smart consumer.
Perhaps the most important factor of anything we eat is that of the ingredients. What exactly makes up the juice that you gave your child for breakfast? Could the apple juice that you purchased really have a blend of other juices included? The simple answer to this is: yes. Juice manufacturer’s are able to incorporate blends of juices into their products, as long as the ingredients are listed on the nutrition facts label. When looking at the nutrition facts, carefully scrutinize the ingredient list for added sugar, artificial sweeteners, artificial flavors, preservatives and even caffeine. Many consumers are shocked to discover that some fruit juices contain more sugar than sweetened soft drinks. On a nutrition label, ingredients are listed according to their weight in a particular product, with the largest quantity being listed first.
Used as a golden standard, a label that displays 100% juice indicates that the products is made with pure juice. However, the only way to know that you are purchasing a juice made of 100% juice is to read the label. Even in products that claim to be 100% juice, consumers may find water, citric acid (for tartness), absorbic acid (Vitamin C) or natural flavor added.
In this process, water is removed from 100% juice to make a concentrated form. Then, water is added back to juice to make 100% juice. Studies have shown that “from concentrate” and “not from concentrate” have closely related properties. The difference can be found in how the product is processed. From concentrate means that the fruit is squeezed, water is extracted and then added back. The product is then pasteurized and packaged. Not from concentrate means that the fruit is squeezed, creating a juice that is then pasteurized and packaged.
Cocktail, Drink or Juice Beverage
Though it can be tricky, which manufacturer’s know, these products are not pure juice. In some cases, they contain as little as 5% juice, with the rest being sugar, water, high-fructose corn syrup and other additives. To eliminate a significant amount of sugar in your diet, steer clear of these products.
Light or Sugar Free
Because manufacturer’s realize that people are making healthier nutrition choices, juices are now marketed for those that want to reduce sugar and/or calorie consumption. These products are diluted with water and artificially sweetened with low calorie sweeteners, such as Splenda. | <urn:uuid:16d0323f-63c2-4dfe-9fa5-4e3cd350bbcc> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://www.3fatchicks.com/understanding-juice-labels/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917122739.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031202-00529-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.957754 | 609 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Localisation refers to the medical process whereby a lump in the breast tissue is 'located' so that a biopsy can be taken from the tissue in the lump to determine its makeup. 'Excision biopsy' refers to the removal of this tissue for testing. This process is used where it is not possible to feel the lump in the breast tissue and where it is vital that the surgeon knows that the biopsy is taking tissue from the right site.
Localisation is normally performed using a procedure called 'wire localisation'. Wire localisation involves a radiologist pinpointing the exact location of the lump using mammography or ultrasound and then marking the lump with a very fine guide wire that indicates where the lump is for the surgeon. The wire is removed after the biopsy has been taken.
Localisation and excision is different from 'wide local excision' (where a larger area of breast tissue is removed) – wide local excision only takes place where a diagnosis has already been made, whereas a localisation and excision biopsy is only to identify whether breast tissue is cancerous or not.
In practice the localisation part of the procedure takes place before surgery to complete the excision biopsy. | <urn:uuid:4a9a4429-6d44-4e8c-89ce-a6ffbb8c5810> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://www.gaultsurgery.com.au/breast-cancer/benign-breast-disease/localisation-and-excision-biopsy | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243991943.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20210513173321-20210513203321-00573.warc.gz | en | 0.939904 | 246 | 3.0625 | 3 |
The Art Deco movement was one of contrasts—its designs characterized by both opulence and simplicity, modernity and antiquity, restraint and flamboyance—but contrasts which combined to create beautifully unified works of art. Very much a clumination of the preceding decades, its designers drew on a growing disallusionment with the rapidly changing world around them, grasping at both things of old as well as embracing the future, all in a time of unparalleled economic prosperity.
Perhaps the most distinctive design trend of Art Deco is minimalism. The minutia of naturalistic forms were paired down to their simplest shapes, inspired by the Cubist and Minimalist work of such artists as Picasso and Malevich. In jewellery there is a rejection of delicate floral and foliate swags and enamelling, replaced by bold, contrasting geometric forms, and a palatte confined to a few pure colours which rarely deviated from red, green, blue, black and white. In metals this meant a preference for platinum, and in stones for diamonds, rubies, emeralds and sapphires in transparent stones and coral, jade, turquoise, lapis, matte rock crystal and onyx in opaque gems. Expense was an afterthought, as these were, and still are, amongst the most costly materials available to jewellery designers.
Another key influence was exoticism, and the Art Deco designers were primarily fascinated with the art of China, India and ancient Egypt. A rejection of Western aesthetics made way for an appreciation of Eastern artistic values, examples of which were being imported from these locals via trade facilitated by the Imperial powers of Europe. Chinese symbols abound in Art Deco designs, as well as carved hardstones, especially jade, in the Chinse style. India was another design influence, largely due to major commissions by the Maharajas carried out by top European jewelers such as Cartier, Boucheron and Van Cleef & Arpels. The discovery of King Tutankamun’s tomb in 1922 created a rage for all things Egyptian, a bold style of primary colours and abstracted natural forms which were easily translated into Art Deco designs. Cartier was one of the most devoted and successful jewellery firms to work in the Art Deco style, which they took to a new level by integrating antique gemstone articles, such as Qing dynasty coral and jade beads, carved emeralds from Mughal era India and ancient lapis scarabs unearthed in Egyptian tombs.
For more on the Art Deco style see the Design Periods section of our website. | <urn:uuid:4cc756b3-d84e-4680-abdf-953c1a4fe4bb> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://www.berganza.com/feature-art_deco_jewellery_design.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371858664.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20200409122719-20200409153219-00489.warc.gz | en | 0.95866 | 536 | 2.96875 | 3 |
The exhibit of “Le Navi Antiche di Pisa” is hosted in the rooms and the aisles of the Arsenali Medicei” (the Medici Arsenals) in Pisa. It is dived into eight sections.
The average duration of a tour is 90 minutes.
The first hall of the Museum is focussed on the history of the city of Pisa between archaeology and legend, as well as on its development up until the Etruscan and the the Roman period, and the arrival of the Lombards.
The city’s relationship with the territory and the water: the floods, the region’s organization between canals and centuriations, the harbour of Pisa, the quarries and the pottery workshops, fishery, agriculture, timber, and how this intense productive activity affected the territory, causing, still in ancient times, its hydrogeological instability.
The extraordinary discovery of 1998, the excavation and restoration site of the roman ships of Pisa.
The plain of Pisa was repeatedly struck by catastrophic floods over the centuries: they were disastrous for the territory, but thanks to the archaeological excavations they allowed a detailed reconstruction of a centuries-old history consisting of ships, finds, and stories of life an trade. Special attention is paid to the archaeological excavation method in a wet environment.
The account of a shipwreck and the story of a friendship: the sailor of the ship B and his dog.
Not only the place where the ships were built, kept and repaired (the arsenals), but the ships in their entirety: how they where built in the ancient world and how they are built today, the modern excavation and recovery techniques and the restoration of archaeological wood.
Reconstruction of the ship A’s excavation site.
The exhibit of the ships and their cargos and equipment, which occupies two aisles of the arsenals, is subdivided into two parts: the first aisle is focussed on deep-sea ships, and the second on inland waterway boats.
Exhibits of the Alkedo and its life-size reconstruction. Barges and river ferries: the ship D and the ship I. A ship from Spain.
One of the main reasons for sea travelling was trade: and amphoras, used to transport good, were the main item, along with the containers of all the products sold in the ancient world: furthermore, the diffusion, import and export of specific goods, various types of marble, and fine table pottery.
All the amphoras known in Pisa one one wall: shapes, contents and origins.
The Roman ships, with oars and square sails, sailed thanks to a complex manoeuvring system: considerable parts of the sails have been found in the excavation site, which allow a reliable reconstruction of the complex system on which the sails’ structure was based.
The wooden anchor of the ship A, the angelfish good luck charm. Finding you way following the stars. How long did sea voyages last? What were the most frequent harbours and routes? Check out our arrivals and departures board.
Voyaging was definitely not very comfortable, for sailors but also for passengers. This section describes the various aspects of this hard life: clothes, luggages, storms, ship’s lighting, how the crew cooked and ate, cults and superstitions, and daily life on board.
What clothes did sailors use to wear? The Alkedo’s leather jacket.
The luggage of a sailor of the ship A: a few coins and a handful of personal items.
And what about free time? Games for children and board games.
In 1998, in Pisa outskirts, towards the sea, the Italian Railways started the construction works to build a control centre for the Rome-Genoa line, next to Pisa San Rossore station. Some wooden objects immediately began coming to light, whose extraordinary value the archaeologists instantly realised.
In particular, what emerged 6 metres underground was an incredible series of ship wreckages in an extraordinary state of preservation, with their loads of commercial items and various remnants of life on board.
From the discovery, the excavation site of Ancient Roman ships of Pisa originated, which would be completed in 2016 and brought to light about thirty Roman boats and thousands of fragments of pottery glass, metal and traces of organic materials. This is one of the most interesting and rich excavation and research sites of the latest years.
The laborious work of archaeologists and restorers has recreated the mosaic of a long history, consisting of trades and sailors, voyages and routes, daily life on board and shipwrecks.
The particular state of preservation of the finds hidden in clay and sand layers required a considerable economic, organizational and technological effort, providing the researchers with labs, storerooms, cutting-edge instrumentation and logistics functional to the recovery of the over thirty wreckages found and the related materials.
The Ancient Ships’ site, thus, has become a centre equipped with labs, storerooms and instruments, on which tens of university and research institutions from Italy and abroad have collaborated. | <urn:uuid:00d040a3-a7d6-46ff-a6a2-e15191e95195> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | https://www.navidipisa.it/en/la-visita/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195526401.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20190720004131-20190720030131-00040.warc.gz | en | 0.954808 | 1,063 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Ever since adopting her lovable Great Dane, Jasper, Sophie had been enamored with his gentle nature and incredible size. As Jasper grew, however, she noticed that he appeared to have difficulty moving his hind legs, often showing signs of discomfort when getting up from a lying position. Concerned about her gentle giant’s well-being, Sophie consulted her veterinarian, who diagnosed Jasper with canine hip dysplasia—a common but potentially debilitating condition in dogs.
Hip dysplasia, often referred to as HD, is a health condition where the dog’s hip joint becomes dislocated due to abnormal hip socket formation and irregular bone growth around the hip joint, typically a ball and socket structure. It ranks as one of the dogs’ most widespread orthopedic ailments, impacting their hip function.
While hip dysplasia can affect any dog, it is notably more common in larger breeds such as German Shepherds, Labrador Retrievers, Golden Retrievers, Boxers, Doberman Pinschers, Rottweilers, and Pit Bulls. However, it’s worth noting that the condition also appears in smaller breeds, with French Bulldogs being one of them. Golden Retrievers, in particular, have been frequently diagnosed with this condition. As a result of hip dysplasia, many dogs can develop hip arthritis over time, causing pain and reduced mobility.Types of Hip Dysplasia in Dogs
There are two types of hip dysplasia: degenerative and juvenile hip dysplasia.
Degenerative Hip Dysplasia
This condition variant arises when the cartilage cushions the ball and socket of the hip joint and wears away, leading to hip joint laxity. This degeneration is a joint disease that often becomes noticeable in many dogs once they reach their senior years, typically beyond the age of ten. However, signs of hip dysplasia can occur at birth, with most puppies demonstrating some degree of this condition, but only about 1% develop severe symptoms.
Degenerative hip dysplasia is prevalent in large-breed dogs. It is frequently seen in breeds such as Great Danes, Doberman Pinschers, German Shepherds, Rottweilers, Saint Bernards, Mastiffs, Bullmastiffs, Boxers, Pit Bulls, and American Staffordshire Terriers. Large and giant breed dogs are particularly prone to this condition due to their size and weight.
Juvenile Hip Dysplasia
This condition occurs earlier in life and affects the young dog’s hip joint development. The hip socket, or acetabulum, is inadequately deep to allow the head of the thighbone (femoral head) to fit properly. This mismatch results in varying degrees of hip laxity, from mild to severe, causing looseness in one or both hip joints. This variant of hip dysplasia often becomes evident in adult dogs as they age and the condition progresses.
Causes of Canine Hip Dysplasia
Hip dysplasia is a hereditary and developmental condition in dogs, marking the abnormal formation of the hip joint, commonly referred to as hip dysplasia in the dog’s hip. As dog’s age, this can develop into degenerative joint disease, such as arthritis, leading to discomfort and mobility challenges. Several factors contribute to hip dysplasia, including:
- Genetic Predisposition: Genetics plays a significant role in hip dysplasia, with some breeds being more susceptible. Larger dog breeds, such as the Labrador Retriever, Golden Retriever, German Shepherd, Great Dane, and Rottweiler, are at higher risk. However, it’s important to note that even smaller breeds can succumb to this condition.
- Rapid Growth: Puppies that experience swift growth may have an elevated risk of hip dysplasia. Diets that promote speedy growth or excessive weight gain can exert extra pressure on the developing joints, leading to the abnormal development known as hip dysplasia.
- Nutrition: Unbalanced nutrition, especially during the critical growth phase of a puppy, can lead to hip dysplasia. Diets too rich in calories, calcium, or phosphorus can contribute to atypical bone development and joint behavior.
- Obesity: Overweight dogs are more likely to develop hip dysplasia due to the excess weight bearing down on the joints, leading to abnormal wear and tear and, ultimately, degenerative joint disease.
- Exercise: While moderate exercise contributes positively to a dog’s overall health, strenuous or high-impact exercise during a puppy’s growth phase can enhance the risk of hip dysplasia. Running on hard surfaces or jumping from heights can impose excessive stress on a dog’s joints, resulting in joint abnormalities.
- Environmental Factors: Conditions such as cold and damp environments can intensify joint pain in dogs with hip dysplasia, potentially aggravating the condition.
Hip dysplasia is an abnormal development strongly linked to genetic factors. However, responsible breeding practices, proper nutrition, weight management, and appropriate exercise can assist in minimizing the risk of young and mature dogs developing this debilitating condition.
Signs of Hip Dysplasia in Dogs
There are several manifestations of hip dysplasia in dogs, including juvenile and mature forms. These two forms share some similarities, and they can appear at any stage of a dog’s life but also present unique characteristics. Here’s a closer look at the symptoms of hip dysplasia in both forms:
- A ‘bunny hopping’ gait
- Lameness in the rear leg or legs
- Challenges in rising from a resting position
- A noticeable clicking sound from the hips when the dog is walking or standing
- A shift of weight to the front limbs
- A limited ability to exercise for extended periods
It’s essential to note that young dogs rarely show overt signs of hip dysfunction, and many can recover from mild hip dysplasia. This improvement occurs because the body produces fibrotic tissue to stabilize the loose joints. While approximately 30 percent of dogs might require additional treatment later in life due to severe hip dysplasia, many dogs can manage without further intervention.
- Progressive lameness in the rear limbs
- A ‘bunny hopping’ gait
- Lameness following exercise
- Loss of muscle mass in one or both rear limbs
- Challenges in performing activities such as jumping or climbing stairs
These clinical signs vary in their degree of hip laxity and indicate that the dog is experiencing a painful condition, often secondary to severe hip dysplasia. Therefore, recognizing these symptoms of hip dysplasia is essential for initiating timely intervention and providing relief from the pain from hip dysplasia that dogs must endure.
Diagnosis of Hip Dysplasia in Dogs
Identifying hip dysplasia in dogs entails a comprehensive approach, combining medical history analysis, physical assessment, and imaging techniques to determine the condition’s severity. The typical procedure for diagnosing hip dysplasia in dogs involves the following stages:
The veterinarian will gather information about the dog’s breed, age, and any observed symptoms like discomfort or mobility difficulties. This data enables the veterinarian to establish if the dog is vulnerable to hip dysplasia and gauge the severity of the potential condition.
The veterinarian conducts A thorough physical examination and checks for indications of pain, stiffness, or a diminished range of motion in the dog’s hips. They may also carry out specific evaluations, such as the Ortolani or the Bardens test, designed to check for joint laxity and hip dysplasia.
Employing imaging techniques is critical in diagnosing hip dysplasia since it enables the veterinarian to visually examine the hip joint and assess its extent. For accurate results, X-rays are taken while the dog is sedated or anesthetized to ensure the proper positioning. These images assist the veterinarian in determining the degree of joint laxity, the presence of arthritis, and any alterations to the bone structure of the hip joint.
OFA (Orthopedic Foundation for Animals) Evaluation
In some instances, mainly when it concerns breeding, the dog’s X-rays may be forwarded to the Orthopedic Foundation for Animals (OFA) for a professional assessment and grading of hip dysplasia. The OFA employs a standardized grading system to ascertain the severity of hip dysplasia and provides certification for dogs with normal hip function.
An alternative method to assess hip dysplasia is the PennHIP evaluation, which measures joint laxity more accurately than traditional X-rays. This technique uses three different radiographic views and a specialized device called a distractor to measure the degree of joint laxity. The results are expressed as a distraction index (DI), with a lower DI indicating a tighter and healthier hip joint.
Early diagnosis and intervention are crucial in managing hip dysplasia in dogs, as timely treatment can help to slow down the progression of the condition and improve the dog’s quality of life.
Treatment Options for Hip Dysplasia in Dogs
Different therapeutic strategies are employed to manage hip dysplasia in dogs, mainly depending on the disease’s severity, age, body weight, and overall health status. In most cases, veterinarians may propose a blend of medical treatment, weight regulation, physical therapy, and surgical intervention to alleviate symptoms and enhance the dog’s quality of life. Below are the standard treatment methods for hip dysplasia in dogs:
Surgical intervention may be recommended in more severe cases of hip dysplasia or when conservative management is insufficient. If successful, only 30% of young dogs treated this way will need advanced therapies later in life. There are several surgical options for hip dysplasia in dogs, including:
- Triple Pelvic Osteotomy (TPO): This surgical option benefits young dogs with minimal joint damage. The veterinary surgeon realigns the hip joint by making three incisions in the pelvis and rotating the acetabulum to provide better coverage for the femoral head.
- Femoral Head Osteotomy (FHO): This procedure, also known as FHO surgery, involves the removal of the femoral head, the ball-like part of the femur that connects to the hip joint. The body consequently forms a “pseudo-joint” composed of scar tissue, which can alleviate pain and improve mobility.
- Total hip replacement (THR): This hip dysplasia surgery replaces the damaged hip joint with an artificial one, much like hip replacement surgery in humans. This surgical option provides the best long-term outcome for dogs with severe hip dysplasia, though it’s also the most invasive and expensive.
- Juvenile Pubic Symphysiodesis (JPS): This procedure is typically performed on young puppies up to 5 months old, which allows their hips to develop more normally and circumvent potential complications later in life. This surgery prematurely fuses the symphysis, leading to the rotation of the developing hip sockets into a more aligned position.
Prompt intervention and a holistic treatment plan are vital for managing dog hip dysplasia and preserving their quality of life. Working closely with a veterinarian is crucial to determine the most suitable treatment options for each dog.
- Physical therapy comprises strengthening exercises to bolster weak muscles and improve the range of motion. Additionally, this form of exercise aids in averting future complications associated with hip dysplasia.
- Acupuncture is a traditional Chinese medical practice used to treat various conditions for centuries. Recently, it has been gaining popularity as a treatment for canine hip dysplasia.
Some scientific evidence supports using acupuncture for treating hip dysplasia in dogs. For example, a study published in the Journal of Veterinary Medicine found that acupuncture effectively reduced pain and improved mobility in dogs with hip dysplasia.
If you are considering acupuncture to treat your dog’s hip dysplasia, consult a qualified veterinarian or acupuncturist.
- Medication can alleviate symptoms, particularly when the dog suffers extreme pain. Medications range from pain relievers, NSAIDs (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs), joint supplements, and corticosteroids to opioids. However, some drugs can cause side effects like vomiting, diarrhea, constipation, and drowsiness.
- Supplemental feeding is another option for dogs suffering from hip dysplasia. Supplemental feeding aims to reduce weight gain and bone density loss. Supplemental feedings should only be considered after consulting with a veterinarian.
Many diets are available for dogs with hip dysplasia, including grain-free, gluten-free, and hypoallergenic diets. Grain-free diets contain fewer carbohydrates than regular diets, making them better choices for dogs who experience gastrointestinal issues. Gluten-free diets are typically made from rice, corn, potato starch, soy protein, and tapioca. Hypoallergenic diets contain wheat, barley, rye, oats, milk, eggs, fish, shellfish, peanuts, tree nuts, and sesame seeds.
- Joint supplements are beneficial as they supply essential nutrients (typically glucosamine and chondroitin) that support healthy joint function and alleviate inflammation and pain associated with hip dysplasia. Joint supplements present a safe and effective way to manage canine hip dysplasia.
Prevention of Hip Dysplasia in Dogs
Prevention of hip dysplasia in dogs is a multifaceted process encompassing genetic, nutritional, and lifestyle aspects. While not every instance of hip dysplasia can be forestalled, dog owners can undertake specific steps to mitigate the risk and foster the healthy development of the hip joint, which is a ball and socket structure. Here’s how to potentially prevent hip dysplasia, which is notably common in large-breed dogs:
Prudent Breeding Practices
One of the most impactful methods to prevent hip dysplasia is breeding dogs with robust hip health. Breeders should conduct hip evaluations like those offered by the Orthopedic Foundation for Animals (OFA) or PennHIP tests. This ensures only dogs with good hip conformation are chosen for breeding. In addition, steer clear of buying puppies from breeders who fail to provide proof of hip evaluations for both parental dogs.
A balanced, age-suitable diet is vital for a dog’s healthy hip development. Overfeeding can result in rapid growth and obesity, escalating the risk of developing hip dysplasia. It’s recommended to consult your veterinarian to determine the best options for your dog’s diet and portion sizes based on breed, age, and activity level.
Ensuring your dog maintains a healthy weight throughout life is crucial to preventing undue stress on the hip joints. Obesity can worsen hip dysplasia and lead to other joint issues. Consequently, regular exercise and portion control become critical factors in managing your dog’s weight.
Regular, low-impact exercise can assist in strengthening your dog’s muscles and preserving joint health. Swimming, walking, and controlled leash play offer exercise without imposing excessive stress on the hip joints. High-impact activities such as jumping and running on hard surfaces should be avoided, especially for young, growing dogs.
Providing a comfortable, supportive sleeping area for your dog can lessen the stress on their joints. Orthopedic dog beds or cushioned surfaces can help relieve pressure on the hips. Additionally, reducing the use of stairs and providing ramps or steps for entry and exit from vehicles can minimize joint strain in dogs predisposed to hip dysplasia.
While entirely preventing hip dysplasia in dogs is not always feasible, adhering to these guidelines can help lower the risk and foster healthy hip development. Prompt detection and intervention are essential for managing hip dysplasia, so it’s vital to regularly consult your veterinarian and monitor your dog’s hip health throughout their life. It’s also essential to know about hip dysplasia and its symptoms to identify it in affected dogs as early as possible, helping keep your dog less prone to this painful hip condition. In addition, pain medication could be necessary for some dogs to manage the pain.
Frequently Asked Questions
Disclaimer: The information provided on this veterinary website is intended for general educational purposes only and should not be considered as a substitute for professional veterinary advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always consult a licensed veterinarian for any concerns or questions regarding the health and well-being of your pet. This website does not claim to cover every possible situation or provide exhaustive knowledge on the subjects presented. The owners and contributors of this website are not responsible for any harm or loss that may result from the use or misuse of the information provided herein. | <urn:uuid:c47b107d-ea1d-4fea-91a5-9cab1f765dbf> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://drgoodvet.com/pet-health-plus/canine-hip-dysplasia/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100304.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20231201183432-20231201213432-00034.warc.gz | en | 0.933696 | 3,440 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Do you know the Originally name of Sri Lanka is Ceylon, is an island nation in South Asia. Its administrative capital is Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte. Its main city is Colombo. this country is famous for production and export of tea-coffee, coconut, rubber and other important food item. Beaches with fresh breathtaking natural beauty, landscapes and rich cultural heritage site make Sri Lanka very attractive to tourists from all over the hole world.
Some of the notable places to visit in Sri Lanka are Colombo, Anuradhapura, Kandy, Polonnaruwa, Adam’s Peak, Sigaria Rock, National Museum of Sri Lanka etc. One of the main tourist attractions in Sri Lanka is the Kelanya Raja Mahavihara Buddha Temple which is located in Colombo. Every year in the 1st month January in the month of January religious ceremony Perahera is held in this popular temple.
Don’t forget to visit Kandy when you will visiting this beautiful country Sri Lanka. The Tooth Temple, The Old Well Palace Compound, Lankatilka Temple, Embeka Temple are must-see places in there. The cultural capital of in this country is called Kandy.
Since this country is located in this subcontinent, the cost of visiting Sri Lanka is very less than many other countries. It is a Sri Lankan aircraft. Do you want to come like this, – you have to go to Chennai by train from Kolkata/West Bengal & then go to Colombo by plane. After arriving in Colombo, you can go anywhere in Sri Lanka by bus or train. Or it is much easier to come to Colombo via any city on Jet Airways.
Places to visit in Sri Lanka
Places to visit in Sri Lanka include the following:
Sigiriya is a traditional site in Sri Lanka, built on large craters and high peaks. The site is particularly famous for its location in the ancient city of Sigiriya. It is an ancient city known as the “Skyline Chair”, where King Kasyapa I once built a Mahasthan out of sealed water to obtain peace on the island called Mahasthan.
Sigiriya is an ancient ancient city and a cultural epicenter, home to various original Buddhist temples, chithi pradoshyas, model villages, and scenery of incomparable beauty. The Sigiriya Mahasthan has a shilling-large enclosed hondi, known as the “Skyline Chair”. The ancient high crater at the top of Sigiriya Mahasthan is the palace of King Kasyapa, which offers you an opportunity to enjoy the infinite beauty.
Sigiriya Ancient Mahasthan is home to ancient Buddhist temples, ancient inscriptions, enormous artworks and village models. At this place you can see the white marble decoration, which is a great example of ancient art. Sigiriya Mahasthan offers a unique experience of unparalleled beauty and ancient heritage sites, providing a unique insight into the ancient history, art, and culture of Sigiriya city.
It is the site of ancient Buddhist temples, where you can see Buddhist heritage sites and artworks. Anuradhapura is a heritage site in Sri Lanka, known as the ancient Buddhist Mahasthan. At this place, Buddhist monks used to meditate under the Bodhi tree in the ancient Mahasthan and perform religious activities.
Anuradhapura has various Buddhist temples, pagodas, Ashoka pillars, religious art and other traditional religious temples and sites. At this place you can immerse yourself in the Mahasthan of Buddhism and cultural heritage, which is steeped in ancient Buddhist art and culture. The Mahasthan of Anuradhapura creates a unique experience for Buddhist pilgrims, it is extremely peaceful and an ideal place for spiritual retreat.
Kandi Vihara is a Mahasthan in Sri Lanka known as an ancient Buddhist Mahasthan. This place is famous for its ancient Buddhist temples and pious natural beauty. Kandi Vihara is a site of ancient Buddhist temples that housed the ancient Buddhist Mahasthan. The place has various Buddhist temples, pagodas, Asoka pillars and other traditional religious buildings. Ancient Buddhist art and culture are enshrined in this place, and it creates a profound spiritual experience for Buddhist pilgrims.
Anuradhapura region is home to ancient Buddhist temples and religious buildings, where one can admire ancient Buddhist art and cultural heritage sites. Various Buddhist temples, Chithi Pradoshya, pagodas, Buddhist art and other heritage sites can be seen here. Kandi Vihara is an ideal religious and traditional Mahasthan for Sri Lankan travelers where you will find ancient Buddhism and art preparations.
Dambulla is a heritage site in Sri Lanka, known as the ancient Buddhist Mahasthan. It is a place of Buddhist religious auspiciousness and an ideal tourist destination for animal lovers with its spiritual and traditional beauty. Dambulla region has various Buddhist temples, pagodas, caves, religious relics and other religious buildings. Ancient Buddhist art and culture are enshrined in this place, and it can be regarded as a Buddhist and cultural heritage site. Dambulla region is home to very ancient Buddhist temples, pagodas, Buddhist art, Asoka Pillars and other heritage sites. In this place you will find ancient Buddhist religion and art preparation and it can help to enhance your spiritual experience.
Polonnaruwa is an ancient Buddhist temple and tourist destination located in the westernmost region of Sri Lanka. This place is known for ancient Buddhist temples, pagodas, Asoka pillars and other traditional religious buildings. Polonnaruwa Mahasthan is famous for its Buddhist religious auspiciousness and traditional beauty. The place has ancient Buddhist temples, Chithi Pradoshya, Asoka Pillar and other religious buildings. Ancient Buddhist art and culture are enshrined in this place, and it creates a profound spiritual experience for Buddhist pilgrims. Polonnaruwa Mahasthan is known as an ancient Buddhist Mahasthan and is famous for its ancient religious and cultural merits in Buddhist heritage sites.
Galle is an ancient city and tourist spot in Sri Lanka. It is known as the third largest city in southern Sri Lanka and is a part of the ancient Buddhist Mahasthan. Galle has ancient Buddhist temples, pagodas, Asoka pillars, other traditional religious buildings and Chithi Pradoshya. Ancient Buddhist art and culture are embedded in this place, and can help create an ideal spiritual experience for Buddhist pilgrims. In Galle you can see ancient Buddhist religious and heritage sites, and it can help to enjoy the ancient heritage beauty as a natural tourist spot for Buddhist cultural benefits.
Idli and Dosa/Thosa are frequently available here. Just like the rice hotels selling rice and curries in Bangladesh, there are exactly the same looking hotels on the road side, the only difference is that they sell idli-thosa and different kinds of curries. There are also cats. If you go to visit SriLanka, you should eat this Katturo at least once. If you have a chance then you can stand by side and see how it is made like tutorial. With 2 sharp knives in both hands-bread-fried eggs & some vegetables are quickly chopped on a hot griddle to form a mixture.
Weather in Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka has almost the same temperature throughout the year. Coastal and lowland areas have an average temperature of 26-30 degrees Celsius. These temperatures are relatively low (like 18-22 degrees) in higher areas like Kandy. Humidity is always high throughout the year.
When will you go to Sri Lanka?
Due to the geographical location of Sri Lanka, the weather is very good. Sri Lankas climate is temperate because of the sea around it thats why. It receives adequate rainfall in the months of October & November sometimes increase. So tourists should avoid this time. The best time to visit this beautiful Sri Lanka is from December to March.
Checkout this article: Beauty of Indonesia -Suluban & Ubud Beach!
Joseph is the intrepid author behind flyingpvt.com, a beloved travel blog that transports readers to far-flung destinations around the world. With a passion for exploration and storytelling, Joseph’s captivating narratives and practical travel insights have made him a trusted source of inspiration for both seasoned adventurers and novices alike.
From the bustling streets of Melbourne to the serene beaches of Bali, Joseph’s wanderlust knows no bounds. He blends his insatiable curiosity with a commitment to responsible travel, advocating for the preservation of natural beauty and cultural heritage. | <urn:uuid:80e8905f-4a1b-42af-9953-e0bb47e2d078> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.flyingpvt.com/sri-lanka-travel-places-foods-time-to-visit/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947475757.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20240302052634-20240302082634-00245.warc.gz | en | 0.934702 | 1,806 | 2.515625 | 3 |
|Unique Late 19th C. Tibetan Antique Rug Sitting rug. Pheonix center, Bats at the corners with swastika woven inner border. Auspicious Learning Symbols and streming Khatas (ceremonial scarfs) along the border. Framed this becomes a masterpiece of Tibetan culture, a very worthy piece. mid level
The phoenix bird symbolizes immortality, resurrection and life after death.
Bats are the emblem of good fortune. When something is depicted upside-down it means it has arrived, so the common depiction of an upside-down bat symbolizes good fortune has arrived.
The Swastika is a good-luck symbol and is conducive to well-being. In the Buddhist tradition, the swastika symbolizes the feet or footprints of the Buddha. With the spread of Buddhism, it has passed into the iconography of China and Japan where it has been used to denote abundance, prosperity and long life. In India, Hindus use the swastika at thresholds, doors, and offerings. In ancient Mesopotamia it was a favourite symbol on coinage, In Scandinavia it was the symbol for the god Thor's hammer. In early Christian art it was called the gammadion cross because it was made of four gammas. | <urn:uuid:15fbadab-176b-4747-bbc2-8f38477b59ca> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | https://www.antiquetibet.com/PHOTOALBUMS/rugsphotoalbum/pages/Tr97_W57cm_L77cm_png.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084889325.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20180120043530-20180120063530-00721.warc.gz | en | 0.927861 | 260 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Activists warned Thursday that wild populations of Southeast Asia's striking Tokay Gecko were in danger of being over-hunted for use in traditional medicine in China and other countries.
Calling the trade "colossal", wildlife trade monitoring network TRAFFIC called on authorities in the region to implement tougher regulations and limits on commerce involving the lizard, the second-largest gecko species.
"The majority of Tokay Geckos consumed as part of this trade are harvested from the wild," said a new TRAFFIC study.
It added that despite high reproductive rates and adaptability, Tokay Gecko populations "are still susceptible to over-harvesting" and said population declines have been reported in countries like Thailand and Indonesia.
The Tokay Gecko measures up to 40 centimetres (15 inches) long and over 300 grams (11 ounces) in weight and is distinguished by a brilliant coating of spots that range from bright yellow to red and its loud croaking call.
It ranges throughout Southeast Asia and is not a protected species in most countries.
It is used in traditional medicines in China, Hong Kong, Taiwan and Vietnam to treat asthma, diabetes and other ailments, TRAFFIC said, adding that an individual specimen can command hundreds of dollars.
TRAFFIC said while the overall volume of the trade was not known, import data showed Taiwan alone has imported 15 million of the geckos since 2004.
Trade accelerated in recent years amid rumours the geckos could help cure AIDS, which the World Health Organization has refuted.
TRAFFIC said that belief has since faded but the traditional-medicine trade continued, and called for research to gauge the impact on wild populations.
Explore further: Activists urge protection of hunted gecko species | <urn:uuid:114798f8-453c-49ba-a792-37dd8e01c41f> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | https://phys.org/news/2013-04-asian-gecko-threatened-medicine.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948618633.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20171218161254-20171218183254-00226.warc.gz | en | 0.943252 | 362 | 2.59375 | 3 |
(١) بِسْمِ اللَّهِ الرَّحْمَنِ الرَّحِيمِ
(٢) الْحَمْدُ لِلَّهِ رَبِّ الْعَالَمِينَ
(٣) الرَّحْمَنِ الرَّحِيمِ
(٤) مَالِكِ يَوْمِ الدِّينِ
(٥) إِيَّاكَ نَعْبُدُ وَإِيَّاكَ نَسْتَعِينُ
In the name of Allah, the Beneficent, the Merciful (1).
All praise is due to Allah, the Lord of the Worlds (2).
The Beneficent the Merciful (3).
The Master of the Day of Judgement (4).
Thee do we worship and Thee do we beseech for help (5).
People often take the name of one of their great and powerful personalities at the time of doing or beginning a work. By this association, it is believed, the work would achieve success, greatness and blessings; or that it would be a memorial to keep the named one's memory alive for ever.
This is also observed in naming a child, a project, a house or an association - they give it the name of a deeply loved or highly respected person, so that his name would continue in this form; for example, a man names his son after his father, in order to perpetuate the father's memory.
This verse runs on the same line. Allah began His speech with His Own name - Great is His name - so that the ideas taught in this chapter be stamped by, and associated with it. Also, it teaches a lesson to mankind, showing them the perfect manner of starting all their talks and actions; it guides them to put the stamp of the divine name on all their activities; doing every work for the sake of Allah, associating it with His good names and attributes.
In this way that action would neither be rendered null and void, nor remain incomplete; it has been started in the name of Allah, and negation and annihilation cannot reach that sacred name.
Allah has declared variously in the Qur'an that what is not for His Person must perish, is in vain; He will proceed to the deeds not done for His sake and shall render them as scattered floating dust; He shall forfeit what they have done and shall nullify their deeds; and that nothing shall remain except His honoured Person.
Therefore, what is done for the sake of Allah and performed in His name, shall continue and will not perish. Everything, every work and every affair shall have its share of eternity - as much as it is related to Allah. It is this reality that has been hinted at in the universally accepted tradition of the Prophet: “Every important affair, not begun with the name of Allah, shall remain incomplete. . .” The word al-abtar (الأبتر = translated here as “incomplete”) means a thing whose end is cut off, an animal whose tail is severed.
The preposition “bi” (بـِـ = in, with), in the phrase “In the name of Allah”, is related to an implied verb, “I begin”. This verse, at this particular place, begins the speech which is a single action; this singleness comes from the singleness of its meaning; that is, the meaning intended to be conveyed, the aim and purpose of the speech.
Allah has mentioned the purpose for which His speech -the whole Qur'an - has been revealed:
. . . indeed, there has come to you a light and a clear Book from Allah; with it Allah guides him who follows His pleasure into the ways of safety. . . (5:15 -16).
There are other verses which show that the aim with which the Book - the speech of Allah - has been sent down is the guidance of the people.
Therefore, the full import of the sentence would be as follows: The guidance, total guidance is begun with the name of Allah, the Beneficent, the Merciful; He is Allah, Whom the servants return to; He is Beneficent, Who has opened the way of His All-encompassing mercy for believers and disbelievers alike, the mercy which provides them with all that is necessary and good for their existence and life; He is Merciful, Who has reserved His special mercy for the believers, the mercy which ensures their happiness in the life hereafter and their nearness to their Lord. Allah has said:
. . . and My mercy encompasses all things; so I will ordain it (specially) for those who guard (against evil) and pay zakat, and those who believe in our signs (7:156).
This explanation has been written, putting this verse in the framework of the whole Qur'an, of which it is the first sentence.
Again, Allah has repeatedly mentioned “chapter” in His speech. For example:
Say: “Then bring a chapter like this. . . ”(10:38);
Say: “Then bring ten chapters like it, forged. . . ”(11:13);
And whenever a chapter is revealed. . . (9:86);
(This is) a chapter which We have revealed. . . (24:1).
It shows that Allah Himself has divided His speech in various parts, each part being called a chapter.
It naturally means that every chapter is a single unit in structure and in fullness of meaning; and that that unity is not found between various verses of a chapter or between one chapter and the other. It necessarily follows that the theme of every chapter is different from the other; every chapter is revealed with a certain aim in view, and when that aim is achieved the chapter comes to its end.
Therefore, the verse, “In the name of Allah, the Beneficent, the Merciful” coming at the beginning of every chapter, refers to the particular theme of that chapter.
Accordingly, this verse, at the beginning of this chapter of “The Opening”, refers also to the theme of this chapter. It appears from its semantic flow that its purpose is to praise Allah and to pledge the believer's servitude (declaring that he worships only Allah and seeks help from Him only) and then to pray for divine guidance. This speech has been uttered by Allah, on behalf of His servant, so that the servant may learn how, by repeating these words, he may show his gratitude to, and servitude before, Allah.
This pledging of servitude is the important work which the servant of Allah intends to do; and which he begins in the name of Allah, the Beneficent, the Merciful. In this context, this verse would mean: In Thy name, I pledge my servitude to Thee.
In this first verse of this chapter, therefore, the preposition, “in”, is related to the implied verb, “I begin”; and the aim is to perfect the sincere servitude by addressing the pledge to Allah Himself. Some people have said that the implied verb is “I seek help” (by); although this view is not objectionable, but “I begin” is more appropriate - the chapter explicitly seeks divine help, “and Thee do we beseech for help”; therefore, it is not necessary in the beginning.
“al-Ism” (الإسم = name) is the word that points to the named thing or person. It is derived from as-simah (السّمة = sign, identifying mark) or as-sumuww (السّمو = height, eminence). In any case, it is the word by which an individual thing or person is spoken of or spoken to. Naturally, it is other than, and separate from, the named thing.
The following is a sample of the academic exercises so much loved by the ancients:
There is a name that means “the person himself seen in the light of an attribute”; such a name is not separate from the named person; it is the person himself. The word al-Alim (العالم = The Knower), one of the divine names, points to the Person of Allah as seen in the light of His attribute of Knowledge. At the same time, it refers to Allah Who cannot be known except by one or the other of His attributes.
Let us explain this matter in another way: “Name” points to the named person; likewise the personal traits and characteristics point to the holder of those traits and characteristics - in this way, we may say that the personal traits are the “names” of the person concerned. “Name”, accordingly, can be of two kinds: in words, and in substance.
The direct name is of the second type, ,that is, the personal trait that points to its own subjects - for example, the “Knowledge” that points to Allah, the holder of the knowledge. And the word “the Knower” is in reality an indirect name - it points to the direct name, that is, the attribute of knowledge, which in its turn directly points to its holder, that is, Allah. “Knowledge” is, thus, the name of Allah, and “the Knower” is “the name of the name”.
The above was the result of the academic analysis (or should we say, mental luxury!) mentioned earlier; but such things should not be imposed on language and literature. “Name”, according to the “plain Arabic language”, means what we have written earlier. There was a lot of controversy going on among the theologians of the early centuries of Islam: whether the name was separate from the named person or not.
Such unnecessary polemics is out of place at present times; it is self-evident that “name” and “named” are two things, and not one. We should not waste time and energy in quoting the ancients' arguments and counter-arguments, and in judging who was right.
“Allah” (الله = the divine name) was originally al-Ilah; the “I” in the middle was omitted because of frequent use. Al-Ilah (الاله) is derived from alaha (ألَهَ = he worshipped) or from aliha or waliha (اَلِهَ or وَلِهَ = he was bewildered).
It is on paradigm of al-fi'al (الفِعال) on meaning of al-maf'ū1 (المفعول = object-noun); for example, al-kitab (الكِتاب) means al -maktūb (المكتوب = the written); likewise a1-I1ah means al-Ma'lūh (المألوه) that is the One who is worshipped, or the One about whom minds are bewildered.
Quite clearly, it has become the proper name of God. It was commonly used in this meaning in Arabic long before the Qur'an was revealed. The fact that even pre-Islamic Arabs used this name for God, may be inferred from the following verses:
And if you should ask them who created them, they would certainly say: `Allah”. . . (43:87).
. . . and they say: “This for Allah”-so they assert - “and this is for our associates”. . . (6:136).
Other divine names may be used as adjectives for this name; for example, “the Beneficent and the Merciful Allah”; also, this name is used as subject of the verbs derived from other divine names; for example, “Allah knew”, “Allah had mercy”, “Allah gave sustenance” etc. But the word, “Allah”, is never used as adjective to any other name, nor is the verb derived from it used to describe other names. It is a clear proof that it is the proper name of God.
The divine existence, inasmuch as Allah is the God of everything, presupposes that He should have all the attributes of perfection; and, as a result, this name points to all perfect attributes. That is why it is said that the name, “Allah”, means “the Person Who is the Essential Being, and Who encompasses all the attributes of perfection”. But the fact is that it is the proper name of God and no other meaning (except that related to worship or bewilderment) has been taken into consideration here.
“ar-Rahman ar-Rahīm” ( الرحمن الرحيم= The Beneficent, the Merciful) are two adjectives derived from ar-rahmah ( الرحمة = mercy) .
When you see someone suffering from a deficiency which he cannot remove by himself, the reaction which you experience and which tells you to provide him with what he needs in order to make up his deficiency, is called mercy. Ultimately, mercy means giving and bestowing to fulfill other's need. It is this latter meaning in which this attribute is used for Allah.
“ar-Rahman” (الرحمن) is on a paradigm which is used for magnification and exaggeration. “ar-Rahīm”(الرحيم) is a paradigm of as-Sifatu 'l-mushabbahah (الصّفة المُشَّبِهَة = perpetual adjective, inseparable attribute). Therefore, “ar-Rahman” (translated here as “the Beneficent”) relates to that all-encompassing mercy that is bestowed upon the believers and the unbelievers alike. It is used in the Qur'an, mostly in this meaning. Allah says:
The Beneficent (God) is firm in power (20: 5);
Say: “As for him who remains in error, the Beneficent (God) will surely prolong his length of days. . . (19:75).
“ar-Rahīm” (translated here as “the Merciful”), on the other hand, is more appropriate for that mercy which shall remain for ever, the perpetual inexhaustible mercy that shall be bestowed on the believers in the life hereafter. Allah says:
. . . and He is Merciful to the believers (33:43);
Surely to them (i.e., the believers) He is Compassionate, Merciful (9:117).
That is why it is said that the mercy of “ar-Rahman” is common for the believers and the unbelievers, and that of “ar-Rahīm” is reserved for the believers.
All praise is due to Allah
It has been said that “al- hamd” (الحمد) is to praise someone for a good acquired by his own intention, “al-madh”(المَدح = also translated as praise) is more general - it is used to praise even that good which someone is given without his will and power.
If you praise someone for his benevolence, you may use either word - al-hamd or al-madh but if you want to praise a pearl for its lustre, you may use the verbal-madh, but not al-hamd because the pearl has not acquired that lustre by its own will and power. “al ”(االْ = translated here as “all”) in “al-hamd” denotes either species or praise, or each and every praise. The end-result is the same in either case; that is why it has been translated here as “all”. Allah says:
That is Allah, your Lord, the Creator of every thing (40:62).
Whatever there is, is created by Allah. Again He says:
. . . Who made good everything that He has created (32: 7).
Everything is good because it has been created by Allah and is attributed to Him.
In other words, a thing becomes good because it is created by Allah; and everything created by Him is good. Every creature is good and beautiful because Allah has made it so; and every good and beautiful thing is created by Allah, attributed to Him. Allah says:
He is Allah, the One, the Subduer (of all) (39:4);
And the faces are humbled before the Living, the Self-subsistent God . . . (20:111).
In other words, He has created the creatures by His own knowledge, power and will, and not because He was compelled by someone else to do so. Therefore, everything is His own good work, done by His own will.
The above discourse was about Allah's action. Coming to His names, He has said:
Allah is He besides Whom there is no god; His are the very best names (20:8) ;
And Allah's are the best names; therefore call on Him thereby, and leave alone those who violate the sanctity of His names (7:180).
It is clear that Allah is good in His names and good in His actions; and that every good and beauty emanates from Him.
Therefore, Allah is praised for His good names as He is praised for His good actions. Every praise, uttered by any speaker for any good deed is in reality addressed to Allah only; because every good (which is the object of praise) emanates from Him only. In short, to Him belongs the species of the praise and all and every praise.
The verse: “Thee do we worship”, shows that the whole chapter is revealed on behalf of man. Allah teaches him in this chapter how to praise his Lord and how to show his allegiance to, and humility towards, Him. And the phrase, “All praise is due to Allah”, further strengthens this inference, as will be seen in the next paragraph.
The praise means to attribute, to ascribe; and Allah has declared that He is above all that His servants ascribe to Him. He has said:
Hallowed be Allah (for freedom) from what they ascribe, except the servants of Allah, freed (from sins) (37:159 -160).
This declaration is general and unconditional; and it is further proved by the fact that not a single verse in the Qur'an ascribes the action of “praise” to anyone except Allah and some of the prophets (who were doubtlessly freed from sins).
Allah addresses Nuh (Noah -a.s.) in these words:
. . . Say: “All praise is due to Allah who delivered us from the unjust people” (23:28).
And He quotes Ibrahim (Abraham -a.s.) as saying:
“Praise be to Allah, Who gave me in old age Isma'il and Ishaq . . .” (14:39).
Also, He told His Prophet, Muhammad (s.a.w.a.), in several places,
And say: “Praise be to Allah. . . “ (27:93).
Further, he says about Dawūd and Sulayman (peace be on both of them):
. . . and they both said: “Praise be to Allah. . . “ (27:15).
Another exception is of the people of the Paradise -and they also are freed from spite and rancour as well as from vain and sinful words:
. . . and the last of their cry shall be: “Praise be to Allah, the Lord of the worlds” (10:10).
As for other creatures, the Qur'an never says that they “praise” Allah - they always “glorify Allah with His praise”. Allah says:
. . . and the angels declare His glory with the praise of their Lord . . . (42:5);
and the thunder declares His glory with His praise . . . (13:13);
and there is not a single thing but glorifies Him with His praise . . . (17:44).
In all these verses “praise” is preceded by glorifying; rather “glorifying” is the main verb and “with praise” is only a clause, attached to it. None except Allah may comprehend the beauty and perfection of His work, nor can anyone else understand the beauty and perfection of His names and attributes. Allah says:
. . they do not comprehend Him in knowledge . . . (20 :110).
In this background, if they were to praise Him it would mean that they had comprehended Him in their knowledge; in other words, Allah would be surrounded by their limited understanding, confined within the boundary of their comprehension. Therefore, they were careful enough to first declare His glory from all the limits of their comprehension, before starting His praise. Allah says:
. . .surely Allah knows and you do not know (16:74).
So far as His purified servants are concerned, He treats their utterance of praise as though He Himself has said it, because they are free from sins and defects.
From the above discourse, it becomes crystal-clear what the good manner of servitude demands: The servant should praise his Lord in exactly the same words the Lord Himself has chosen for Himself; no deviation from it would be tolerable, as the Prophet has said in an universally accepted tradition; “I do not enumerate Thy praise; Thou art as Thou Thyself hast praised Thyself . . .”
Therefore, the divine word, “All praise is due to Allah”, is a sort of a training to the servant - a training without which he could not know how to declare the praise of Allah.
the Lord of the worlds, the Beneficent, the Merciful, the Master of the Day of Judgement
“ar-Rabb” (الرّب) is the Master Who manages the affairs of His servant. The word, thus, connotes the idea of ownership. Ownership (in our social structure) is a special relationship of one thing with another - a relationship that allows the owner to do with the owned thing as he wishes.
When we say, “This thing belongs to us”, it shows that it has a special relationship with us that allows us to do with it as we wish; had it not been for this relationship, we would not have had this authority over it.
In this social context, it is an idea which the society has laid down but which has no existence outside imagination. This idea is derived from another real and positive concept, which too is called “ownership”:
Our limbs and faculties, like the sight, the hearing, the hands and the feet, belong to us - they exist because of our own existence, they have no independent existence, they depend on us for their existence and continuity, and we use them as we like. This is the real ownership.
The ownership that may be attributed to Allah is the real one, and not that which is based on subjective outlook. Obviously the real ownership cannot be disjoined from management of the affairs of the owned thing.
The owned thing depends on the owner in its existence, as well as in all affairs related to its existence. Allah is “ar-Rabb “the Lord of everything because the Lord is the owner who manages the affairs of, and looks after, the owned thing - and only Allah has this attribute.
“al-'Alamīn (العالمين) is the plural of al'alam (العالَم = the world) which literally means, “what one is known with”. This paradigm is used for “instrument”, like al-qalab (القالب = the mold, the form), al-khatam (الخاتم = the seal, the instrument of sealing), and at-taba' (الطابع = the stamp, the impress).
The word al-'Alam is used for the universe - the whole creation taken together. Also it is used for each genes or species taken separately, for example, the inorganic world, the vegetable world, the animal world, the human world.
It is also used for a class of a species, like the Arab world, the African world etc. This last meaning is more appropriate in the context of these verses: The verses that enumerate the good names of Allah until they come to “the Master of the Day of Judgement”. The judgement is reserved for mankind alone or together with the jinn.
Therefore, the “worlds” should refer to the worlds of the human beings and the jinn, that is, their various groups. The word al'alamin (the worlds) has been used in this sense in other Qur'anic verses too. Allah says:
. . .and has chosen you above the women of the worlds (3:42) ;
. . .so that he may be a Warner to the worlds (25:1);
What! do you commit an indecency which any one in the worlds has not done before you (7:80).
“The Master of the Day of Judgement”: We have explained above the meaning of ownership, that is, mastership. The word “al-malik” (المالك) is derived from al-milk (المـِلك = possession, to possess).
Some reciters have read this word as “al-malik” (المالك = the sovereign, the king); it is derived from al-mulk (المُـلك = country; kingdom). The king is the one who has the authority to manage his nation's affairs; nevertheless he does not own the nation or the country. In other words, he holds the authority for management and administration.
The reciters have given the reasons for their preference of either recitation. But the fact remains that Allah is the Master as well as the King, and both words are equally correct, so far as the divine authority is concerned. Looking at it from linguistic point of view, the word, “King” is generally used in context of time and period.
It is said, “The King of that time”; but they do not say “the master of that time”, as it would be stretching the meaning too far. In this verse, Allah has used this word in reference to a certain “day”; therefore, linguistically, it would be more proper to say, “The King of the Day of Judgement”. Moreover, Allah has used the word, “Kingdom” in context of the same day in other verse:
To whom belongs the kingdom of this day? To Allah, the One, the Subduer (of all) (40:16).
Ar-Rida (a.s.) said in explanation of the divine words: In the name of Allah: “It means: 'I mark my soul with one of the marks of Allah', and it is (His) worship.” He was asked: “What is the 'mark'?” He said; “The brand.”(`Uyūnu '1-akhbar and Ma'ani 'l-akhbar).
The author says: This meaning emanates from the explanation given earlier that the preposition, “in”, herein connotes beginning. As the servant marks his worship with the name of Allah, he brands his soul - real doer of the worship - with one of the divine marks.
It is narrated in at-Tahdhīb from as-Sadiq (a.s.), and in `Uyūnu 'l-akhbar andat-Tafsīr of al-`Ayyashi from ar-Rida (a.s.) that this verse “is nearer to the Greatest name of Allah than the iris of the eye is from its white”.
The author says: This tradition will be explained when we shall talk about the Greatest name.
Amiru 'l-mu'minīn (a.s.) said that (this verse) is from the chapter of The Opening; and verily the Apostle of Allah used to recite it and count it as one of its verses, and he used to say, “The Opening of the Book is `the seven oft-repeated' (verses)”. (`Uyūnu 'l-akhbar )
The author says: This matter has also been narrated by the Sunni narrators. ad-Dar-qutnī narrates from Abū Hurayrah that he said: “The Apostle of Allah said: When you recite (the chapter of) The Praise (i.e., The Opening), you shall recite, In the name of Allah, the Beneficent, the Merciful, because it is the source of the Book and (is) the seven oft-repeated (verses), and, In the name of Allah, the Beneficent, the Merciful is one of its verses.
as-Sadiq (a.s.) said: “What have they done? May Allah destroy them! They proceeded to the greatest verse of the Book of Allah, and thought that it would be an innovation (unlawful act) if they recited it loudly!” (al-Khisal)
al-Baqir (a.s.) said: “They stole the most exalted verse of the Book of Allah, (that is) In the name of Allah, the Beneficent, the Merciful. It should be recited at the start of every big or small work, so that it may be blessed.
The author says: There are numerous Tradition of this meaning coming from the Imams of Ahlu 'l-bayt (a.s.). All of them prove that the verse (In the name of Allah, the Beneficent, the Merciful) is a part of every chapter, except the ninth (” Repentance”); and the Sunni Tradition also prove it
Anas (ibn Malik) said that the Apostle of Allah said: “Just now a chapter has been sent down to me.” Then he began reciting, “In the name of Allah, the Beneficent, the Merciful.” (as-Sahih, Muslim).
Abu Dawud narrates from Ibn `Abbas (and they say that its chain is “correct”) that he said: “Verily, the Apostle of Allah did not know the separation of a chapter (and in another narrative it is `end of a chapter') until came down to him: In the name of Allah, the Beneficent, the Merciful”
The author says: This matter has been narrated by Shi `ite narrators also from al-Baqir (a.s.).
It is reported in al-Kafi, at-Tawhīd, Ma'ani '1-akhbar and at-Tafsīr of al-`Ayyashi that as-Sadiq (a.s.) said, inter alia, in a tradition: “And Allah is God of everything, ar-Rahman (the Beneficent) for all His creations, ar-Rahīm (the Merciful) especially for the believers.”
as-Sadiq (a.s.) has said: “ar-Rahman (the Beneficent) is a special name with a general attribute; and ar-Rahīm (the Merciful) is a general name with a special attribute.”
The author says: The preceding Commentary may explain why the mercy of “the Beneficent” is general for the believer and the unbeliever alike, and why that of “the Merciful” is reserved for the believer only.
The description given in this tradition that “the Beneficent is a special name with a general attribute, and the Merciful is a general name with a special attribute ”, perhaps this refers to the fact that the mercy of the Beneficent is limited to this world and is common for the whole creation; and that of the Merciful is common to this world and the hereafter but is reserved for the believer.
In other words, the mercy of the Beneficent is reserved for the creative blessings that are bestowed on believers and unbelievers alike; and that of the Merciful is common to the creative and legislative blessings (the latter opening the way to happiness and felicity) and is reserved for believers, because only the bounties bestowed upon them will last for ever, and the (good) end is for guarding (against evil) and for piety.
It is narrated in Kashfu '1-ghummah that as-Sadiq (a.s.) said: “A mule of my father was lost. He said: `If Allah brought it back to me, I would thank Him with praises He would be pleased with.” Shortly afterwards, it was brought before him with its saddle and rein (intact).
When he sat on it and arrayed his clothes, he raised his head towards heaven and said: 'Praise be to Allah.' He said nothing more. Then he said: “I did not omit, nor did I leave out, anything; I have declared that all praises are for Allah, Powerful and Great is He!; because there is no praise but it is included in this (formula).”
It is narrated in `Uyūnu 'l-akhbar that 'Ali (a. s.) was asked about its explanation. He said: “Verily, Allah has explained to His servants broadly some of His bounties on them, as they cannot know all His bounties in detail - they are beyond enumeration and description. Therefore, He said: Say: 'All praise is for Allah on what He has bestowed upon us.' ”
The author says: The Imam points to the fact mentioned earlier that the praise, in this verse, is from the servant, and that Allah has revealed it to teach him the manners of servitude and worship.
Reason tells us that an effect, as well as all its characteristics and affairs, depend on its cause; whatever perfection it may be having, is a shadow of the cause. If beauty or goodness has any existence, then its perfect and independent entity is for Allah only, as He is the Cause of all causes.
The praise and thank is addressed, in reality, to the cause which creates the perfection and excellence referred to. As every perfection is caused by Allah, every praise and thank, in reality, is addressed to Allah. Therefore, all praise is for, and due to Allah.
Thee do we worship and Thee do we beseech for help
“al- Abd”(العَبد) means slave, a human being who is owned. In its abstract sense, it is applied to other intellectual beings also, as the words of Allah show:
There is no one in the heavens and the earth but will come to the Beneficent God as (“`abdan” عبْداَ = a slave) (19:93).
In modern usage, it is commonly translated as 'servant.' “al -'Ibadah “ (العِبادة = to serve, to worship, to obey) is derived from this word. Its inflexion and meaning changes according to the context. al-Jawhari has written in his dictionary, as-Şihah, that “the basis ofal-'ubūdiyyah (العبودية = bondage, servitude) is “al-khudu' (الخضوع) submission.”
But this explanation is not of the word; it only shows a concomitant quality of its meaning; because al-khudu` is used with the preposition ”li” (لِـ), and al-`ibadah is used without any preposition.1
When a servant of Allah worships Him, he stands before the Lord as a slave stands before his master. That is why worship is diametrically opposed to arrogance and pride - but it is not so opposed to polytheism; after all, a slave may be jointly owned by two or more masters. Allah says:
Verily those who are arrogant to My worship shall soon enter Hell, disgraced (40:60).
. . . and he should not join anyone in the worship of his Lord (18:110).
It should be noted here that polytheism - joining someone in the worship of Allah - is a possibility, and that is why it has been made subject of this prohibition; none forbids an impossible thing. But arrogance does not exist with worship, and that is why the expression, “arrogant to my worship”, has been used in the first verse.
Servitude is effective in those affairs which are owned or controlled by the master; and not in other matters related to the slave, like his being son of his father, or having a height of so many centimetres - there is no submission or servitude in such things. But the mastership of Allah is not limited; His mastership is not shared by anyone else, nor is the servitude of the creatures divided between Allah and someone else.
A master has only limited authority over his servants - he may employ them to perform certain duties, but he cannot kill them or punish them unjustly. But Allah has total and all-encompassing authority over His servants; He does whatsoever He wills with them and about them. His ownership is unconditional and unlimited; and the servitude of His creatures is likewise unconditional and unlimited.
This “ownership” is true and exclusive on both sides: The Lord has the exclusive ownership, and the slave has the exclusive servitude. The construction of the sentence, “Thee do we worship”, points to this exclusiveness - the object, “Thee”, has been placed before the verb, and worship is mentioned without any condition.
It has been explained earlier that the owned thing exists and subsists because of, and with, its owner. In this sense, it should not divert an onlooker's attention from its owner. You look at a house belonging to Zayd; if you are looking at it merely as a house, you may possibly lose sight of Zayd; but if you look at it from the angle that it is a property of Zayd, you cannot wean your thoughts from him.
The only true attribute of the universe is that it is created and owned by Allah. Nothing in the creation can hide the divine presence, nor should looking at these things make one forgetful of Allah. He is ever present, as He has said:
Is it not sufficient as regards your Lord that he is a witness over all things? Now surely they are in doubt as to the meeting of their Lord; now surely He encompasses all things (41:53-54).
The true worship, therefore, is that in which the worshipped and the worshipper both are present. Allah should be worshipped as the One who is present before the worshipper - and that is why the third person of the preceding verses has been changed to the second person in this verse, “Thee do we worship”.
The worshipper should be present before his Lord, not only with his body but also with his soul; otherwise, the worship would be a body without soul, a form without life. Nor should he divide his attention between his Lord and someone (or something) else - neither openly, (as the idol worshippers do) - nor secretly (like the one whose mind is on something else while worshipping Allah, or the one who worships Allah because he wants to enter the Garden or to save himself from the hell).
All these diversions are various facets of polytheism, and Allah has forbidden it in His Book:
. . . therefore, worship Allah, being sincere to Him in religion (39:2).
Now, surely, sincere religion is for Allah (alone), and (as for) those who take guardians besides Him, (saying): We do not worship them save that they may make us nearer to Allah, surely Allah will judge between them in that in which they differ (39:3).
Worship shall be a true worship when it is done with pure intention, and this purity has been named as the presence of the worshipper. This will happen only when the attention of the Worshipper is not fixed on anyone other than Allah (otherwise, it would be polytheism); and when his aim of worship is not any other hope or fear like that of the paradise or the hell (otherwise, the worship would not be purely for Allah).
Moreover, he should not be concerned with his own self, as it would tantamount to egotism and arrogance, completely opposite of submission and servitude. Probably the plural pronoun - “we” worship - points to this fact; it negates the individuality of the worshipper as he includes himself in a multitude of people; it removes egotism, creates humility, and effaces the tendency of self-importance.
The declaration of one's servitude with the words, “Thee do we worship”, is free from all defects, so far as its meaning and purity are concerned. Yet, as the servant describes the worship as his own act, it could create an impression that he thought to be independent in existence, power and will, while in fact he is only a slave and slave owns nothing.
The second sentence, “and Thee do we beseech for help”, removes this possible misunderstanding. It means: “We ascribe the worship to ourselves and make this claim only with Thy help; we are never independent of Thee.
In other words, the complete verse, “Thee do we worship and Thee do we beseech for help”, gives a single meaning, and that is “worship with purity of intention”. Probably, that is why both sentences have the same style; otherwise, it could be said, 'Thee do we worship; help us and guide us . . .'The style has been changed in the next verse, “guide us . . .” and its reason will be explained later.
The above-given explanation makes it clear why the pronouns in this verse have been changed from the third to the second person; why the restrictive device of putting the object (“Thee”) before the verb has been chosen; why the worship, in “do we worship”, is used without any condition; why worshipper includes others with him in this declaration of allegiance and worship; why the second sentence is needed after the first; and why both have the same construction and style.
The scholars have written other fine points about this verse; the reader is advised to refer to their books for this purpose; Allah is the creditor whose debt can never be repaid. | <urn:uuid:c0ca437a-b657-4f99-b15f-845dbe5d9353> | CC-MAIN-2015-32 | http://www.al-islam.org/al-mizan-exegesis-quran-vol-1-allamah-tabatabai/suratul-fatiha-chapter-opening-11-5 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042990611.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002310-00058-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.96374 | 9,340 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Editor’s note: The following is an excerpt from Beyond the Surface of Restorative Practices: Building a Culture of Equity, Connection, and Healing by Marisol Quevedo Rerucha.
Rerucha, an educator who serves as the Chief of Strategy and Partnerships for the National Parents Union, is an expert in restorative practices in schools. (This excerpt is taken from a chapter by the same title and has been edited for length and web format.)
Rerucha writes and speaks with humility, vulnerability, grace, and power. Though she has written this book specifically for educators, the wisdom it contains extends far beyond the field of education. I highly recommend this book to anyone—whether parents, service professionals, organizers, workshop facilitators, or even ecologists—working to promote healing and strong relationships in community with others. You can find links to purchase a copy of the book from the publisher here and at the end of the excerpt. Enjoy it, share it, support it. —Ed.
IN MY TWENTY-ONE years as an educator, I have witnessed time and time again the power that teachers, staff, and leaders can have on educational systems and, most importantly, on students.
Human beings are social by nature, and we rely heavily on our relationships with others to form who we are in this world. We can all turn to our childhoods and recognize that who we have become is largely a result of our experiences with those who raised us (or were supposed to). When we were adolescents, our friends also had a tremendous influence on us. As adults, we continue to be shaped by our relationships with others. We learn so much from them—how to behave, communicate, and speak. Our values are based on this learning. Just as love, joy, celebration, and achievement are a part of our human experience, so are pain, loss, and fear.
We need restorative practices because of this reality. Many of us walk in this life without having healed from the pain, loss, or fear that we received in childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. Many of us also carry historical and ancestral trauma that, if unhealed, will be passed down to our future generations, causing continuous pain through a cycle of trauma. Healing and learning from our pain and trauma are possible, but only when we are willing and able to reflect on and own all of our experiences—the good, the bad, and the ugly. The truth? This is tremendously hard and scary work. But when we don’t do it, we continue to keep ourselves from reaching our true potential for goodness.
Restorative practices provide a framework for being, reflecting, forgiving, and growing. We need this framework because there are so many of us who are carrying trauma that can show itself as fear, hurt, anger, disappointment, blame, distrust, control, self-aggrandizing, insecurity, and so much more. When we don’t face these truths within ourselves, we continue to inflict our pain onto others.
Restorative practices are transformational in that they also offer a way of being through which systems and organizations can heal. Educational systems and those who work in them have a great deal of influence on students—on who they are and who they are becoming. Adults in school systems deserve the opportunity to grow and heal from the personal and professional harm that has occurred in their lives. By engaging and becoming truly restorative, teachers, leaders, and school staff can then offer this transformational way of being to students, parents, and their community. Imagine every person being able to communicate their remorse and acknowledge the suffering they inflicted—and ask for forgiveness and the ability to repair the damage. In order for this to happen, adults in school systems need to have the opportunity to grow and heal from the personal and professional harm that has occurred in their lives.
Let’s begin by sharing what restorative practices are not: They’re not new. They’re not simply a step-by-step process to fix students and staff. They’re not a manual full of topics to get students to share their experiences, thoughts, and emotions. They’re not a training that you complete or a book that you read. They’re not just about mediation or forgiveness. Pedro [my colleague and a contributor to this book] and I have each been working in education for over twenty years. We understand the educator’s need to see restorative practices as a framework for designing lessons or learning processes in the classroom to change student behavior. As educators, we have a tendency to try something new with a hard focus on outcomes. We want to know, “How does this work? How will this improve my classroom/teaching? When will I see a change in my students?” But restorative practices are not just an outcome.
Restorative practices are sagrados, sacred. These practices are rooted in indigeneity and offer a way of life that recognizes our responsibility for self, others, our community, our Mother Earth, and all earth’s creatures. Restorative practices provide a way to both build and repair relationships with self, others, and the broader community. We adopt these teachings—this way of being—so that we can improve and build a stronger society for future generations.
Restorative practices are based on the belief that all human beings want and deserve to be heard, seen, and accepted. They are based on the belief that all human beings intrinsically want to do the right thing and embrace growth. People who have a restorative mindset and what we refer to as a heartset are authentic and reflective; they can build trust, listen with their hearts as well as their minds, embrace difficult and awkward situations, seek growth, and provide opportunities for others to grow. They are human-focused to their core.
Having a restorative mindset means that you have the tools and methods to guide restorative practices. It also means that you believe others are capable of wanting to address and repair harm. Having a restorative heartset means that you’re emotionally grounded and you embrace vulnerability and authenticity in yourself and others.
Father Greg Boyle, founder of Homeboy Industries, a gang intervention and rehab program, believes that a truly restorative person doesn’t just serve students, staff, and community, but savors life with them. He says, “We don’t go to the margins to rescue but to be rescued.” We recognize that we walk in life alongside students, connect beyond academic learning, and feel impact through our shared human experience. Restorative practices allow us to create a space where we can be heard, seen, and accepted. Through dialogue, we can share who we are, where we come from, what we desire, what our hopes are for ourselves, our families, and our communities. When we listen to the hearts, pain, and dreams of others, we feel truly connected in our shared experiences as human beings. We stop seeing people as the other or as having the potential to be our enemy or the bad guy. This connection is the basis for healing and problem solving.
Restorative practices are about being and doing.
In our society, we have a difficult time being direct with others about what we think or feel for fear of hurting someone else’s feelings or of being perceived in a negative way. Talking with someone who you perceive as having hurt or harmed you is uncomfortable and scary. Many of us fear being judged or labeled, and we avoid real conversations. We have a tendency to shy away from conversations that may offend or make someone else uncomfortable, and instead, we live in a state of discomfort. We also have a hard time taking responsibility for our own actions that contribute to conflicts. We are not really taught how to solve conflicts or how to effectively communicate when we’ve been harmed. Because most of us haven’t developed healthy conflict-resolution and communication skills, when conflict happens or harm occurs, many people hold their emotions in, which can result in unresolved pain that leads to pent-up anger and stress. What also happens is that we start to see the person who hurt us as a villain.
We are all walking miracles with the immense power to heal. Just take a dive into researching how our bodies repair and heal themselves. Our bodies, fueled by our will, can be miraculous. When I was teaching, I would show my ninth-grade students a short video about the power of the human brain. This video showed a young girl who had half of her brain removed who had learned again how to walk, talk, and use both sides of her body. A dear friend of mine had an eighty-five-year-old grandmother who was diagnosed with terminal cancer and in hospice care. I remember receiving a call telling me that if I wanted to have one last visit with her, I needed to get in my car and make the two-and-a-half-hour drive as soon as possible. That was over eleven years ago. It is my joy to report that she lived to be ninety-six years of age. Healing is a gift. So, if our bodies have these amazing abilities, don’t we also have the ability to heal our inner beings? Our minds and spirits? Of course we do.
In some households, sharing and reflecting on emotions is not part of the family culture. My home was full of love, but there was always something to be done, and emotions were almost a luxury of time that no one could afford. My parents were divorced, and they were both open with my brother and me but only to a certain point. We could ask questions about sex, and the effects of drugs, cigarettes, and alcohol. We could even talk about depression—but only as it related to other people. What we couldn’t do—as kids or adults—was ask about their divorce or try to discuss any ways that their actions may have harmed us. My parents either weren’t willing or able to go into that space. At some point in my adult life, I realized that I was being held captive by pain from my childhood, which resulted in anger, disappointment, and depression.
I became a mother at nineteen years old. Pretty early on in my adulthood, I decided I wanted to have a healthy relationship with my parents, just as I wanted with my own children. I needed to figure out how to heal from events that happened in my childhood. A gift of realization was bestowed upon me in the process of acceptance and forgiveness. For every choice we make, there is a consequence. I realized that those who hurt me through their words and actions were really acting from their own pain, which had nothing to do with me. In turn, I saw the way my pain caused me to harm others. It was essential that I end this cycle. I made the decision to embrace healing.
As mentioned, restorative practices allow for individual and community healing. Actually, I believe this to be generational work that can transform familial and collective futures. I use the acronym HEAL to describe my foundational beliefs when providing restorative practices training because the training centers on:
Humans. We are all human beings living the same human experience. We deserve respect and love and interpersonal communication, regardless of differences, such as age, sex, ethnicity, and any other forms that our differences take. We have a responsibility to ourselves and each other to understand and acknowledge that we are whole beings with intellectual, emotional, spiritual, and social needs. Restorative practices are both a holistic- and human-centered mindset and heartset that put relationships of self and relationships with others at the forefront. This acceptance of self and other is a way of healing that allows us to walk in this world authentically.
Empathy. We are more alike than not, regardless of any noticeable differences. By listening with our hearts, with dignity and respect, we open ourselves up to the experiences of others. We can then begin to see patterns of experience and frequency. Most of us at some point have been targeted for the way we look. Through this, we begin to notice that factors like (but not limited to) poverty, race, abilities, and body size can increase the frequency of negative experiences. When we share our experiences with one another, we begin to connect and build bridges of understanding. This leads to accepting the need for equity and inclusion in our work, schools, and communities.
Agreements. By having agreements that are reviewed and revised regularly, we continuously remind participants that their privacy will be honored (unless someone is abusing them or they are considering serious harm to themselves). This creates a culture of trust that allows individuals and communities to be authentic and vulnerable, leading to reflection and potential healing of emotions and harm. It also allows for the true celebration of joy and love. Agreements should include how you will treat one another, celebrate one another with joy, work out disagreements or harm done, and engage in healing as a community.
Love for self and others. This is what allows us to heal. As long as we are alive, we have the ability to grow and learn. We embrace a growth mindset because we are committed to being the best humans possible. Growth is difficult and uncomfortable. In order to grow, we have to brave discomfort within ourselves and between others. We grow through our experiences and interactions with others. In this work we must encourage, recognize, and celebrate love, joy, and success.
My friend Ginger shared a statement with me from an episode of Oprah’s Lifeclass made by Iyanla Vanzant that changed my life: “It’s self-full to be first, to be as good as possible to you. To take care of you, to keep you whole and healthy. That doesn’t mean you disregard everything and everyone. But you want to come with your cup full. You know: ‘My cup runneth over.’ What comes out of the cup is for y’all. What’s in the cup is mine. But I’ve got to keep my cup full.” Of course, I’ve heard and thought I understood the analogies of self-care that described filling our own cups or putting our masks on first in an airplane in case of losing cabin pressure. But I had it wrong. I thought the ultimate goal was to fill my cup so that I could empty it again. It never dawned on me that I was to keep my cup full for myself and allow it to overflow so that then I can give that extra goodness to others.
Keeping my cup full is a new practice for me, one that requires actions that come from a deeply personal and reflective place. I keep my cup full by being patient with myself and being aware of my thoughts, physical sensations in my body, and my emotions. Meditation and prayer allow me the time and space to do these internal investigations about what my needs are. Here are some of the things I do to try and keep my cup full:
By doing the above regularly, I am filling my cup so that I can walk in this world ready to support and give to others, including my family, staff, and strangers. There are other things I need that also fill my soul and inspire me. I am someone who needs to engage with beauty and movement regularly. For this reason, I need to dance, read, write, travel, visit art museums, and engage in creative thinking and activity. This practice of keeping my cup full has allowed me to respond to life’s challenges and blessings in a healthy way.
“If you want to fly, you got to give up the shit that weighs you down.”
Forgiveness allows you to release yourself from being controlled or led by the pain of another. We have all been hurt, harmed, or maybe even destroyed by another person’s actions or words. Those of us who get through the pain do so with the gift of true forgiveness. When someone intentionally hurts you, it can be soul crushing. Being harmed has made me doubt my worth and made me feel ashamed. Forgiveness is essential for those who want to live happy lives. But here’s the catch: to forgive, you have to be willing to accept that you have been hurt, feel that pain, and be willing to release the way that holding on to the harm has served you. This is such a difficult process that in Rising Strong, Brené Brown equates it with the actual process of grieving the loss of someone you love. She writes, “Forgiveness is so difficult because it involves death and grief.” In forgiveness, we have to be willing to let our hurt, blame, and victimhood die.
I learned at an early age that forgiveness isn’t about the other person. It’s about me not allowing my anger, hurt, pain, and disappointment to define who I am. As hard as it can be to forgive someone who hurt me, it’s even harder to forgive someone who has hurt my loved ones. The hardest thing has been learning to forgive myself.
Restorative practices provide a process for harm to be examined from all perspectives. This examination opens a pathway to forgiveness that releases us from the chains and weight of harm.
When Pedro [my colleague] and I do the work of restorative practices, we’ve found that the following concepts should be acknowledged. They aren’t conditions that need to exist for restorative practices to be successful in your classroom, school, or district, but they are the solid foundation upon which our collective and individual way of being is built:
In order to do the work, we must have a solid foundation within ourselves, our families, our homes, and our organizations. In [Chapter 2 of the book], we will explore how to build a foundation of trust and collective action.
Watch Marisol Quevedo Rerucha discuss her book in this interview. Video courtesy of the National Parents Union (via YouTube).
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If you enjoy the content, consider supporting this work in the spirit of reciprocity. Your tax-deductible donations help us produce the magazine, offer the web version free to all visitors, and pay our contributors and staff.
Thank you. Gracias. Tlazocamati. | <urn:uuid:b2d853cf-788e-4e6b-b6ec-2e26c570abbf> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://www.ofrendamagazine.com/articles/restorative-heartset-and-mindset | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780058450.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20210927120736-20210927150736-00444.warc.gz | en | 0.969652 | 3,801 | 2.515625 | 3 |
What’s In The Air?
In the U.S. Supreme Court’s April 2, 2007, decision in Massachusetts v. EPA, the Court found that GHGs are air pollutants under CAA Section 202. The Court held that EPA must determine whether GHG emissions from new motor vehicles cause or contribute to air pollution that may reasonably be anticipated to endanger public health or welfare, or whether the science is too uncertain to make a reasoned decision. In making these decisions, EPA is required to follow the language of CAA Section 202(a).
Under CAA Section 202(a), the EPA Administrator Lisa Jackson must exercise her judgment and make two separate determinations: whether air pollution may reasonably be anticipated to endanger public health or welfare; and whether emissions of any air pollutant from new motor vehicles or engines cause or contribute to this air pollution. In the proposed rule, EPA describes in detail its interpretation of the methodology the administrator must use for the endangerment finding.
The science “compellingly” supports a positive endangerment finding for both public health and welfare, according to EPA. Jackson reportedly relied upon the major findings and conclusions from recent assessments of the U.S. Climate Change Science Program and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. EPA would find that atmospheric concentrations of GHGs endanger public health and welfare within the meaning of CAA Section 202(a). EPA noted that the current and projected concentrations of the mix of six GHGs — carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons, and sulfur hexafluoride — in the atmosphere threaten the public health and welfare of current and future generations. EPA refers to this as the “endangerment finding.” EPA also determined that the combined emissions of carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and hydrofluorocarbons from new motor vehicles and motor vehicle engines contribute to the atmospheric concentrations of these GHGs and hence to the threat of climate change. EPA refers to this as the cause or “contribute finding.”
In addition, the administrator has proposed to find that emissions of four of these GHGs (carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and hydrofluorocarbons) from new motor vehicles will cause or contribute to the atmospheric concentrations responsible for such endangerment. The Administrator has proposed to make the cause or contribute determination for these four pollutants both collectively and individually.
EPA has elected to use the rulemaking procedures in CAA Section 307(d) for this rulemaking. Consequently, only objections to the proposed determinations that are “raised with reasonable specificity during the period for public comment” may be cited during any judicial review.
Still Time to Weigh In
The proposed rule “would not itself impose any requirements on industry or other entities,” notes EPA. After making final endangerment and cause or contribute findings, EPA will adopt any restrictions on emissions of GHGs by new motor vehicles as part of a separate rulemaking. In its press release, EPA states: “Before taking any steps to reduce greenhouse gases under the Clean Air Act, EPA would conduct an appropriate process and consider stakeholder input. Notwithstanding this required regulatory process, both President Barack Obama and Jackson have repeatedly indicated their preference for comprehensive legislation to address this issue and create the framework for a clean energy economy.” EPA scheduled a series of public hearings around the country on the proposed findings. More information about the public hearings is available at http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/endangerment.html climatechange/endangerment.html. Comments on the proposed rule are due by June 23.
Lynn is managing director of Bergeson & Campbell, P.C., a Washington, D.C.-based law firm that concentrates on chemical industry issues. The views expressed herein are solely those of the author. This column is not intended to provide, nor should be construed as, legal advice. You can e-mail Lynn at [email protected]. | <urn:uuid:aeed0178-5602-4950-98ac-082bfb18782e> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | https://www.chemicalprocessing.com/articles/2009/100/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547584518983.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20190124035411-20190124061411-00036.warc.gz | en | 0.908143 | 830 | 2.75 | 3 |
Happy Halloween everyone!
In 1869, the Métis stopped the surveyors who had been sent from Canada to mark out the land that was being taken over from the Hudson’s Bay Company (see my October 11 post: You Go No Further!). The next act of the drama followed on October 31.
William McDougall, Minister of Public Works in the Macdonald government, had been appointed the first lieutenant-governor of the territory. Although Canada was not entitled to take over the territory until December 1, McDougall left Ottawa by train early in October. On the day that Riel stopped the survey party, McDougall was at St. Cloud, in Minnesota, preparing to complete the journey to Fort Garry by Red River cart. He was traveling like a king with his family, four assistants, and enough goods and chattels to fill sixty carts.
McDougall’s progress towards the border was being reported to Riel by agents along the way. He reached Pembina on October 30 and was in the United States’ Customs house when a Métis handed him a note. it was written in French and said that the National committee of Métis of Red River ordered him not to enter the Northwest Territories without special permission of the committee.
McDougall was furious! Who were these upstarts ordering him not to enter the territory of which he had been appointed governor! The next day he sent his secretary, J. A. N. Provencher, into the territory to investigate. Provencher was traveling just ahead of Captain D. R. Cameron, who had recently married a daughter of Sir Charles Tupper. He found that the Métis had erected a barrier at the Rivière Sale. However, he made an effort to be friendly and attended mass. Then Captain Cameron came long with his bride and two servants. On reaching the barrier, he put a monocle in one eye, gazed coldly at the Métis, and roared, “remove that blawsted fence!”
Provencher and Cameron were escorted back to Pembina, and Sir Charles Tupper himself had to intervene to regain his son-in-law’s baggage. McDougall had to stay at Pembina until December 1, when he crossed the border and read a proclamation that he had forged, announcing that Canada had taken over the territory.
For more about today’s post, I suggest the Manitoba Historical Society.
Tags: 1869, Canada, canadian history, Canadian trivia, Captain D. R. Cameron, Charles Tupper, Fort Garry, French, history, Hudson's Bay Company, J.A.N. Provencher, Lieutenant-Governor, Louis Riel, Macdonald government, McDougall, Metis, Minister of Public Works, Minnesota, Northwest Territories, On this day in Canadian history, Ottawa, Pembina, Red River, Rivière Sale, Sir Charles Tupper, St. Cloud, united states, William McD, William McDougall
Canadian history. Canadian trivia. Brevity ... bite-sized. Proud to be Canadian (most of the time). Colourful past, interesting people and places -- can I tell you about it?
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How important it is in life not necessarily to be strong, but to feel strong.
News and resources covering social media, search engines, databases, archives, and other such information collections. Since 1998. | <urn:uuid:55fbcfb0-6c94-4e34-ba5a-69f6a177c9d3> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | https://tkmorin.wordpress.com/category/october/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676590329.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20180718213135-20180718233135-00349.warc.gz | en | 0.959222 | 775 | 2.9375 | 3 |
The blockchain represents a series of blocks, each of them hashed in a way that the information contains and relies on the hash from the previous block. This process ensures that the blocks are literally chained and approved by the network. If one would theoretically change information in previous blocks, this would result in a complete hash change in the whole chain of blocks.
This successfully protects the network from retroactive change, by asking the network to check the hash of the previous block and compare to the collective consensus blockchain. If some information is changed by a malicious miner, the hashes would be different than what the network already knows and the block would not be validated.
Within the current blockchain structure, the number of total Bitcoin is limited to 21 million. This cannot be changed, at least not without mining the total Bitcoin history, once more. With every created block, there is a Bitcoin reward.
In the beginning, this reward was 50 BTC, but there is a code that halves the amount of new BTC introduced in the ecosystem approximately every 4 years. The next reward was 25 BTC, and at the time of writing the reward is 12.5 BTC.
By providing a reward for miners upon finishing a block and further recording this information on the network, the blockchain can successfully identify where Bitcoin came from to the address.
Transactions are enabled by introducing the production of currency as a reward for completing a block and this also eliminates the possibility of double-spending. Bitcoin tokens are released in the ecosystem to provide a tangible way to follow, allocate, and verify ownership of currency by individual Bitcoin addresses.
This information about the new Bitcoin that is created, as well as the transactions made is stored in the hashed blocks. These blocks are intertwined in the blockchain and there is a constant chain of hashes referenced to in the block headers. This chain connects all of the blocks together and makes them impervious to change.
In order to prevent double-spending, the network needs to know who has Bitcoin to begin with, and whether or not they’ve already spent them. For this reason, the network stores varying amounts of data inside the block structure. Since the blocks are hashed and referenced in the blockchain, it’s easy for the network to check and verify that a certain address really holds Bitcoin, before validating any pending transaction.
When making a transaction the system puts all of the Bitcoin that you own in an “input” and creates two output transactions across the network (unless you’re sending the full amount of the address in question), one for the receiving address, and the other one going back to you, as “change”.
This ensures that no possibility for double-spending is possible since the network keeps a tight lid over all of the currency that is being transmitted across.
There is so much more content that’s available for you on the previous pages, but in case we’ve missed answering some of your questions you can help us by taking part in our community survey. | <urn:uuid:cb032aa3-9e22-4454-a3c9-d7229229cbb7> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://www.crypto-news.net/blockchain/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662534773.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20220521014358-20220521044358-00467.warc.gz | en | 0.946268 | 624 | 3.171875 | 3 |
The Tribune editorial page has been soliciting ideas for a "new Plan of Chicago," taking its inspiration from Daniel Burnham. Its focus early on has been lamentations for the children of Chicago, what public schools face…
Why should this matter to all Chicagoans? Because crime, joblessness, poverty — many of this city's ills — take root at home and fester in the classroom. Parents who don't get their children ready for school pass them to teachers who can't compensate for all that those kids missed at home.
…and what they can't do in the absence of supportive families.
For a child, that can make all the difference in the world. It can mean poverty. It can invite abuse or neglect. It can hinder learning. It can mean getting on a wrong track that is very hard to escape. A bad start is often a lifelong impediment.
Largely missing, as it often is in the debate, is what happens before school, from birth to pre-K. The U.S. compares badly to other developed countries in early childhood education; family-leave coverage is also poor, particularly for low-income parents. And when we look at how to improve the lives and outcomes of American children, the focus tends to be on how to improve what we do, rather than considering what we don't.
It's a shame, because Chicago is a hotbed of early-childhood research. And one promising intervention being studied is intuitively simple: the more words children hear very early on, the better prepared for school they'll be when they grow up.
That's the theory behind Dr. Dana Suskind's Thirty Million Words project, developed by the University of Chicago cochlear-implant surgeon:
Suskind worked with her University of Chicago colleagues to launch 30 Million Words, a program that sends research assistants to the homes of at-risk children for 13 weeks and educates their parents about the importance of engaging their children in an ongoing dialogue — and, equally important, offers them the tools to do so.
Researchers work with the parents to develop weekly word goals, with an ongoing emphasis on "the three Ts: Tune in, talk more, take turns," Suskind says.
"Babies aren't born smart," she says. "They're made smart. And how are they made smart? Your words."
The 30-million number is based on research by two Kansas University academics, Betty Hart and Todd Risley: "The disparity was staggering. Children whose families were on welfare heard about 600 words per hour. Working-class children heard 1,200 words per hour, and children from professional families heard 2,100 words. By age 3, a poor child would have heard 30 million fewer words in his home environment than a child from a professional family." Earlier this year, Suskind published her research on a small-scale pilot study that provided intervention and feedback for caregivers based on the 30-million words principle; the results were promising, increasing words per hour from about 1,200 to about 1,600.
And as Suskind was studying her intervention model, the New York Times's Motoko Rich reports that Stanford psychologist Anne Fernald was finding that the language gap can show itself extremely early: "at 18 months children from wealthier homes could identify pictures of simple words they knew — “dog” or “ball” — much faster than children from low-income families. By age 2, the study found, affluent children had learned 30 percent more words in the intervening months than the children from low-income homes."
This is just one small piece of the puzzle; there's a lot of promising work coming out of the city, which has been in many ways a pioneer, on early childhood intervention, that I plan to highlight in the coming weeks. But it's worth considering when issues about local education come up: what to do with a gap when families and universal education aren't there. | <urn:uuid:49eb717b-f921-420f-9617-4fca5315479f> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://www.chicagomag.com/city-life/November-2013/How-To-Educate-Kids-Before-Their-Education-Begins-Talk-a-Lot/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487629632.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20210617072023-20210617102023-00474.warc.gz | en | 0.973197 | 809 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Scientists have found that "beer goggles", the nickname for alcohol-induced attractiveness, is more likely to fool women than men.
Researchers at London's Roehampton University conducted a small test on more than 100men and women, split into two groups. One group was asked to take the test while drinking vodka and tonic while the other consumed non-alcoholic drinks.
Individuals were then presented with 20 facial images on a computer screen. The images were manipulated so that one was symmetrical and the other asymmetrical.
The participants were asked to identify the faces and state whether each one was symmetrical or non-symmetrical. Their alcohol consumption, psychological and health information were measured.
The research found that more women than men who were in the alcohol sub-group were prone to beer goggles when they could not judge the symmetricality of a face.
"People that had drink tended to be less good at noticing if a face was asymmetrical. They often saw it as being symmetrical when it was asymmetrical," said researcher Lewis Halsey.
The more a face is symmetrical, the more attractive it is believed to be to potential sexual partners, previous studies have confirmed.
"A lot of people say they met their partner when they were drunk," he added.
Woemn were less likely to be able to distinguish between attractive and less attractive after drinking a few alcoholic beverages, the journal Addiction reported.
The result indicates even a little consumption of alcohol reduces the ability to assess facial symmetry.
Earlier research conducted by Bristol University found that people appear more attractive towards both sexes even after just half a beer.
But some studies contradicted the latest results. Leicester University researchers said: "There was no difference - the men were just as undiscerning as ever." | <urn:uuid:2739766d-a8f9-4813-bbdb-b40982c6856d> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/goggle-effect-alcohol-consumption-facial-symmetry-roehampton-322607 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514572436.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20190915215643-20190916001643-00056.warc.gz | en | 0.983894 | 362 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Thomas Paine is best known as an American revolutionary and one of the most critically acclaimed writers ever published in the western world. Born On January 29, 1737 in Thetford, England, Paine started his journey as an apprentice for his father, a corseter, after failing out of school at the age of twelve. Seven years had passed before Paine decided to take a brief voyage at sea before returning to become a tax officer. Pain didn’t excel as an officer, repeatedly getting removed from his post. However, in his four years at the position, he gathered enough information to write his first popular essay in 1772, The Case of the Officers of Excise, advocating a raise in pay for police officers in England.
Newly established as a writer, he met Benjamin Franklin in 1774. Franklin saw potential in Paine and helped him move to Philadelphia. There, in the midst of the revolution, Paine’s career took off.
He published his most famous work, Common Sense, in 1776, defending the American cause for independence. In this essay, he addresses the relationship between the colonies and Great Britain as irreparable, England’s motives as selfish and jealous, and independence as something natural; not spiteful. He devises his own system of government based on representation rather than royalty, suggesting the idea of a president instead of a monarch.
After serving briefly in the Continental, he returned to Europe in 1791, to pursue inventing. He worked on projects like a smokeless candle and an iron bridge. In 1791-92 he produced an essay called The Rights of Man, which criticized the French Revolution. The anti-monarchist views he expressed in this essay made him an outlaw in England, so he fled to join the National Convention in France.
In 1793, Paine couldn’t morally endorse the public execution King Louis XVI. He was placed in jail for posing a threat to post-Revolution France. In his time spent in prison, he wrote his most controversial essay in opposition to the Church, The Age of Reason. His anti-religious views were ultimately the reason his name was essentially redacted from the list of contributors to the Revolution. Reputation tarnished, he died on June 8, 1809 at the age of 72 in New York City. Only a handful of people were said to have attended his funeral.
- In Common Sense, how does Paine address those who wish to repair America’s relationship with Great Britain? What points does he pose?
- After reading The Age of Reason, would you say that Paine’s quarrel is with God or people? Both? Explain.
“Thomas Paine.” Ushistory.org. Independence Hall Association, 4 July 1995. Web. 21 Oct. 2015. | <urn:uuid:b6b13a4f-f323-4ce4-9e5f-8fdf13bee7ea> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | https://openamlit.pressbooks.com/chapter/introduction-7/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084887065.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20180118032119-20180118052119-00433.warc.gz | en | 0.98125 | 579 | 3.78125 | 4 |
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