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With more Americans traveling to remote places, increasing attention is being paid to keeping them healthy overseas and providing them with high-quality care in emergencies.
A major part of the effort is directed at preventing disease. Some illnesses, such as malaria, which have been virtually eliminated in the United States, are still prevalent in many places abroad. And American travelers are increasingly exposed to such diseases as they turn to adventure vacations that take them deep into tropical hinterlands, where public health measures are primitive or nonexistent.
``In tropical Africa, everyone at least 1 year of age has probably already been affected by malaria,`` says Dr. Hans Lobel, an epidemiologist with the Federal Centers for Disease Control. ``Americans may escape it in major cities such as Nairobi, Kenya, because of the high elevation there. But when they go into the bush, they face a very malignant strain, and they should be aware of the risk.``
The message is not that you should avoid this sort of travel but that you should take precautions. Your physician can advise you on what is appropriate, but the burden is on you to tell him or her where you are going.
Periodic ``advisory memorandums`` issued by the Centers for Disease Control are intended to keep travel agents, airlines, shipping companies and health departments up to date on diseases overseas. This service is free to travel agents who request it; so if yours does not tell you about possible risks, something or somebody has been remiss.
A three-paragraph January memorandum discussed five cases of poliomyelitis that it said had been diagnosed and confirmed late last year in Finland, including some in the area of Helsinki, the capital. It was the first polio reported in Finland since 1964, and it is extremely rare elsewhere in Western Europe.
``Proof of poliomyelitis immunization is not required for international travel,`` the memo said. ``However, it is recommended that travelers to Finland, or any country where poliomyelitis is occurring, be immune prior to departure.`` The memo then stated what vaccines and dosages were recommended. The government requires no vaccinations or other immunizations for any resident returning to the U.S. You may need one or more to enter a foreign country, however, particularly if you visit an infected country on the way.
Therefore, it is wise to heed the disease centers` advice: As many weeks as possible before you plan to leave, consult your doctor or municipal health department about immunizations so there will be adequate time to receive recommended doses. ``Many vaccines can be given during a single visit,`` an advisory says, ``but others may require more than one dose.``
Your family physician can probably provide most immunizations, but he or she may not be up to date on exactly which ones you need, or he may need time to order them.
As an offshoot of a computer software program called ``Immunization Alert`` that Dr. Kenneth R. Dardick, a Connecticut physician, developed for corporate and government clients, he will, for $25, provide a traveler with an up-to-date, detailed, personalized health report on up to six countries to be visited.
The report will tell what diseases are prevalent and what precautions are necessary, recommended or may be advisable, depending on where you travel. Using this information, Dr. Dardick expects that travelers will ask for appropriate medical action from their own physicians. Details are available from Immunization Alert, P.O. Box 406, Storrs, Conn. 06268.
An annual global rundown of disease and immunization advice, in addition to lots of other health guidance for travelers, is contained in the Centers for Disease Control`s paperback book, ``Health Information for International Travel.``
Last revised in August, 1984, the book is available for $4.25 from the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 (ask for Publication No. HHS-CDC-84-8280). Information in the booklet is updated by the disease centers` advisory memos, but these are not normally available to the general public.
At the same time that health officials are concerning themselves with protecting travelers against malaria, cholera, typhoid, yellow fever, measles, rubella, diphtheria, polio, tetanus and other ilnesses--including, of course, diarrhea--increasing attention is being paid to the cost of medical care overseas, especially if it involves emergency evacuation to a big-city hospital or even to the U.S.
It is not that foreign doctors and hospitals charge more than their American counterparts; in fact, their fees are often much less. The problem is that, until recently, you would probably have to pay all the bills up front, then seek whatever reimbursement you could get under your insurance plans later. | <urn:uuid:26880150-a706-4d04-93e7-576aff7eba99> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1985-03-10/travel/8501140092_1_immunizations-travel-agents-vaccines | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549424960.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20170725022300-20170725042300-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.955822 | 994 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Even if the odds of successful interbreeding were just 5 percent, Neanderthal genes would make up the majority of the human genome today. As it is, a lack of viable sex explains why none of the Neanderthals’ mitochondrial DNA made its way into modern humans, and why so little of their main genome did.
Currat and Excoffier suggest that either modern humans and Neanderthals didn’t have sex very often, or their hybrids weren’t very fit. They favour the first idea. According to their model, it would only have taken between 197 and 430 liaisons between ancient humans and Neanderthals to fill 1-3 percent of modern Eurasian genomes with Neanderthal DNA. Considering that they two groups probably interacted for 10,000 years or so, it would have been enough for one human to sleep with one Neanderthal every 23 to 50 years.
From what I gather in the comments this is due to the fact that if there was a wave of advance very small levels of admixture per unit of advance can build up rather rapidly. I think this is easy to express in temporal rather than spatial terms.
For example, let’s imagine a population of modern humans expanding into a population of Neandertals. The original source population doesn’t receive any more contributions after the initial push, so you have a series of admixture events over time. Assuming 5% admixture per generation, this is the dilution of the “original ancestry” which would occur over 30 generations, or 750 years:
The model outlined in Ed Yong’s post needs to be examined with care though. No doubt there are all sorts of assumptions which can be disputed. Though I think I accept the final result as entirely plausible. | <urn:uuid:15e51c0c-83b7-4e18-a514-1ac75e3c2230> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/gnxp/2011/09/neandertal-introgression-and-admixture/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501174135.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104614-00566-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.957341 | 362 | 3.1875 | 3 |
10 old buildings in England where the Halloween scares come all year round
Screams, ghosts, spooky taps on the shoulder, and at naturalist Charles Darwin’s house, a spinning quill that sent shivers down the spine of one worker – staff and visitors at ancient castles on old England’s most haunted places
Ghosts passing through walls, unexplained screams and children’s laughter: staff at the English Heritage conservation agency have published a list of their 10 scariest landmarks in the country as Halloween approaches.
The spookiest for the company’s 1,800 staff was Bolsover Castle in central England, which is built on top of an ancient burial ground.
One staff member said she heard a scream which became louder as she walked away from the castle but when she rushed back she found no one there.
Security guards also said they were alarmed by unexplained lights and some staff said they saw the ghost of a little boy holding the hands of unknowing visitors.
The ghosts of a young boy and a woman have been seen in the ruins of Kenilworth Castle, the second scariest site. Some employees said they also saw an antique cot rocking itself.
In Carisbrooke Castle on the Isle of Wight in southern England, ghostly apparitions are common.
The pale, disembodied face of Elizabeth Ruffin, a young girl who drowned in a well on the site, has been spotted, as well as the “Grey Lady”, a phantom wearing a long cloak accompanied by four dogs.
In Pendennis Castle, in Cornwall, southwest England, visitors reported hearing the piercing cries of a kitchen maid who fell to her death when the castle was under siege for six months in the 17th century.
Whitby Abbey in northern England, whose Gothic ruins inspired Bram Stoker, author of Dracula, has unexplained cold draughts, stock flying off the shelves and strange taps on the shoulder seemingly from no one.
At Down House in Kent, southern England, the home of Charles Darwin, the British 19th century naturalist, a staff member reported that a quill that lay on the desk suddenly started spinning and would not stop until she left the room.
The 10 scariest English heritage sites in full:
1. Bolsover Castle
2. Kenilworth Castle
3. Carisbrooke Castle
4. Pendennis Castle
5. Whitby Abbey
6. Beeston Castle, Cheshire
7. Dover Castle, Kent
8. Framlingham Castle, Suffolk
9. Clifford’s Tower, North Yorkshire
10. Down House | <urn:uuid:51a5548c-d8aa-45d2-8a4c-5008b06dd50c> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | https://www.scmp.com/lifestyle/travel-leisure/article/2116548/10-old-buildings-england-where-halloween-scares-come-all | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583511642.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20181018022028-20181018043528-00494.warc.gz | en | 0.948932 | 543 | 2.515625 | 3 |
If measles breaks out in any Berkeley school, the Berkeley public health department will direct all unvaccinated children in that school to stay at home for 21 days, the department announced on Jan. 29. This applies to both public and private schools.
The announcement comes as California is experiencing an unprecedented number of measles cases, most linked to a December outbreak at Disneyland. There have been more cases of measles reported in January 2015 than there were in all of 2014, according to Dr. Janet Berreman, Berkeley’s director of public health. Since measles is highly contagious, those numbers are expected to climb.
“I am strongly encouraging families who didn’t vaccinate their children to reconsider that decision in the face of a statewide outbreak of measles,” said Dr. Berreman.
There have been 79 reported cases of measles in California since December, with six of those in Alameda County. Four of those cases have been linked to children exposed at Disneyland. No cases of measles haver been reported in Berkeley.
The reappearance of measles after decades of dormancy worries public health experts. Some have tied the outbreak to the growing popularity of the “anti-vaxxer” movement, where parents decide not to vaccinate their children or stretch out the period between shots longer than doctors recommend.
“The current outbreak can’t be considered momentous in terms of mortality, but it’s still a very large red flag for the U.S. public health system,” John Swartzberg, an emeritus professor at the UC Berkeley School of Public Health told California magazine this week. “It says there are far too many people in our nation who aren’t protected from disease by immunization. We don’t have that herd immunity that widespread vaccination once provided.”
Herd immunity, also known as community immunity, happens when a significant portion of any group has been vaccinated, reducing the likelihood of contagious disease passing from individual to individual. The higher the proportion of people who are vaccinated, the smaller the likelihood that a susceptible individual will encounter someone contagious.
Health officials have said that herd immunity for measles declines when more than 12% to 18% of any group is not vaccinated. Some experts say herd immunity for measles declines when just 6 to 8% of people are not vaccinated.
In recent years, the rate of vaccinations in California has been dropping, although the state reported a slight uptick in vaccination rates for 2014. About 90.4% of the 535,332 students enrolled in reporting kindergartens had gotten all their vaccinations, a rise of 0.2% from 2013, according to state figures released in December. The number of children who are not vaccinated declined too, from 3.15% of the Kindergarten population in 2013-2014 to 2.54% in 2014-2015. More students in public schools are completely vaccinated than students in private schools.
Families can apply for a Personal Belief Exemption not to vaccinate their children. Changes in the law now require any family who is not vaccinating their children to meet with a health professional and discuss the situations.
A recent study published in the journal Pediatrics of children in the Kaiser Permanente Northern California system showed that Berkeley was in the center of a swath of under-vaccinated children compared to the population as a whole.
There are at least six elementary schools in Berkeley where fewer than 88% of the Kindergarteners are vaccinated, the threshold some consider for herd immunity to be effective. They include Cragmont Elementary, where 85% of the students are fully vaccinated; Emerson Elementary, where 86.90% of the students are vaccinated; Jefferson Elementary, where 77.50% of the students are vaccinated; Berkeley Rose School, where 13% of the students are vaccinated; Berkwood Hedge, where 70.60% of the students are vaccinated; and Ecole Bilingue, where 77.90% are fully vaccinated.
These are rates reported to the state in October 2014 and supplied by the Los Angeles Times.
State law requires any family who is not vaccinating their children and is asking for a Personal Belief Exemption to meet with a health professional and discuss the situations.
Those percentages may not accurately result the situation now, said Leah Redwood, the administrator for Berkeley Rose, a K-4 school on Rose and Arch streets that uses Waldorf instruction methods. The school, which was founded in 2009, has 75 students. Many of them are in Kindergarten and were too young in October, when the reports were due, to have gotten all of their vaccinations, she said. Some have been vaccinated since then, so the 13% rate may be higher, although the school does not compile statistics, she said.
The reasons people don’t choose to vaccinate their children are varied, said Redwood.
“It is a decision between each family and their health care provider,” she said. “There are lots of reasons why parents decide not to vaccinate. There may be a condition in the family. Maybe there has been a reaction in one of their children. It can be any number of reasons.”
Measles is a highly contagious disease and the incubation period is three weeks. Infected people are contagious for four days before developing the telltale rash.
About “90 percent of those without immunity who share a living space with someone with measles will contract it,” according to the health department. “People contract the virus through airborne particles that can linger in the air for up to two hours.”
Vaccinating against measles is an effective way to ward off the disease as two doses of the MMR (measles-mumps-rubella) vaccine gives immunity to 99% of those vaccinated.
“What we are seeing statewide is more measles cases than we have seen in prior years,” said Dr. Berreman. “So that’s a message to us that measles are circulating in the community more broadly than it has in the past and that increases our concern about making sure everyone is vaccinated.”
Would you like a digest of the day’s Berkeley news in your inbox at the end of your day? Click here to subscribe to Berkeleyside’s free email Daily Briefing. | <urn:uuid:385311eb-e4eb-41db-9386-66b48d05ed3d> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://www.berkeleyside.org/2015/01/30/if-measles-break-out-in-berkeley-unvaccinated-children-will-be-quarantined-for-21-days/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046150067.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20210724001211-20210724031211-00651.warc.gz | en | 0.969545 | 1,305 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Coral bleaching threat increasing in western Atlantic and Pacific oceans
Rising ocean temperatures threaten spread of major heat stress to Hawaiian reefs
[For added information on this topic, see Nick Robson’s Climate Change blog.]
Bleached and dead Acorpora coral in the NOAA Fagatele Bay National Marine Sanctuary in American Samoa. Warm Pacific ocean temperatures may lead to an increase in coral bleaching, NOAA scientists said. (Credit: NOAA)
As unusually warm ocean temperatures cover the north Pacific, equatorial Pacific, and western Atlantic oceans, NOAA scientists expect greater bleaching of corals on Northern Hemisphere reefs through October, potentially leading to the death of corals over a wide area and affecting the long-term supply of fish and shellfish.
While corals can recover from mild bleaching, severe or long-term bleaching kills corals. Even if corals recover, they are more susceptible to disease. Once corals die, it usually takes decades for the reef to recover — but recovery is only possible if the reefs are undisturbed. After corals die, reefs degrade and the structures corals build are eroded away, providing less shoreline protection and less habitat for fish and shellfish.
“The bleaching that started in June 2014 has been really bad for corals in the western Pacific,” said Mark Eakin, NOAA Coral Reef Watch coordinator. “We are worried that bleaching will spread to the western Atlantic and again into Hawaii.”
Earlier this year, NOAA’s Coral Reef Watch four-month Coral Bleaching Outlook accurately predicted coral bleaching in the South Pacific, including the Solomon Islands, Papua New Guinea, Nauru, Fiji, and American Samoa. It also recently predicted the coral bleaching in the Indian Ocean, including the British Indian Ocean Territory and the Maldives.
Coral bleaching occurs when corals are stressed by changes in environmental conditions such as temperature, light or nutrients. The coral expels the symbiotic algae living in its tissue, causing the tissue to turn white or pale. Without the algae, the coral loses its major source of food and is more susceptible to disease. Scientists note, however, that only high temperatures can cause bleaching over wide areas like those seen since 2014.
In fall 2014, Hawaii saw widespread coral bleaching for the first time since 1996. If corals in Hawaii bleach again this year, it would be the first time it happened in consecutive years in the archipelago.
Warmer ocean temperatures in 2014 also dealt a blow to coral nurseries in the Florida Keys, where scientists are growing threatened coral species to transplant onto local reefs. Coral reefs in Florida and the Caribbean have weathered repeated and worsening coral bleaching events for the past thirty years. The NOAA Coral Reef Watch monitoring team says that more bleaching so soon could spell disaster for corals that have yet to recover from last year’s stress.
“Many healthy, resilient coral reefs can withstand bleaching as long as they have time to recover,” Eakin said. “However, when you have repeated bleaching on a reef within a short period of time, it’s very hard for the corals to recover and survive. This is even worse where corals are suffering from other environmental threats, like pollution or overfishing.”
NOAA’s bleaching prediction for the upcoming months supports the findings of a paper published in the journal Science last week that examined the threat to marine ecosystems and ecosystem services under two different carbon dioxide emission pathways.
“The paper reports that even if humans limit the Earth’s warming to two degrees C (3.8 degrees F), many marine ecosystems, including coral reefs, are still going to suffer,” said Eakin, an author on the paper. “The increase we are seeing in the frequency and severity of bleaching events is part of why the climate models in that paper predict a dire future for coral reefs.”
The NOAA Coral Reef Watch program’s satellite data provide current reef environmental conditions to quickly identify areas at risk for coral bleaching, while its climate model-based outlooks provide managers with information on potential bleaching months in advance. The Coral Reef Watch mission is to utilize remote sensing and in situ tools for near-real-time and long term monitoring, modeling and reporting of physical environmental conditions of coral reef ecosystems.
The four-month Coral Bleaching Outlooks, based on NOAA’s operational Climate Forecast System, use NOAA’s vast collection of environmental data to provide resource managers and the general public with the necessary tools to help reduce effects of climate change and other environmental and human caused stressors.
The outlook is produced by NOAA’s Satellite and Information Service and funded by the Coral Reef Conservation Program, Climate Program Office, and National Centers for Environmental Prediction.
For more information on coral bleaching and these products, visit: http://www.coralreefwatch.noaa.gov/satellite/index.php.
NOAA’s mission is to understand and predict changes in the Earth’s environment, from the depths of the ocean to the surface of the sun, and to conserve and manage our coastal and marine resources. Join us on Facebook, Twitter, Instagram and our other social media channels. | <urn:uuid:2da8c996-0a30-4389-a3c4-776e95d2eaf8> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://pottersweal.com/2015/07/06/coral-bleaching-threat-increasing-in-western-atlantic-and-pacific-oceans/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038464065.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20210417222733-20210418012733-00335.warc.gz | en | 0.914559 | 1,093 | 3.765625 | 4 |
Breeding guppies is a very interesting adventure.
The first step is to set up an aquarium with live plants and aquatic critters.
I prepared 2 aquariums, weeks in advance, as shown in previous video:
The next step is to get guppies.
It’s better to get young guppies, preferably newborn.
Ask for them from someone who breeds guppies.
People like to share!
It’s important to know the ages of fish for breeding.
Immature fish is the best for a clean slate!
Transfer your fish to the aquarium you prepared for them.
Pet stores sell adult fish.
Later in this video, you will see how I start with adult guppies.
Here I have 5 day-old guppies, born on March 23rd, 2018
All newborn guppies look like females.
June 13th, 2018
This one is a male.
Usually male guppies mature first.
Check my previous video on guppy gender:
I transfer young males into a separate aquarium as soon as I can identify their gender.
It is necessary to separate all males from females until a desirable male (for breeding) is chosen.
Be aware that prolonged seclusion of a single guppy is harmful for the guppy
June 15th, 2018
I identified and transferred another male.
Here are the 2 males.
They spend most of the time looking at young females.
Label aquariums indicating fish birthday, generation, gender, etc.
Female guppies will mature in the following months.
Here you can see both males on July 11th, 2018
Variations in color, size, shape and so on, can be passed on through selective breeding leading to a new strain.
I breed a dwarf size strain.
Therefore, I select the smallest fish for breeding.
I put each male with 1-3 females.
Each male with females gets a separate tank.
This large male is with 2 large females.
The small male is with 3 small females.
I don’t know yet whether the fish are fertile or not.
A higher number of females per male increases the chances of successful breeding.
Also, males can be infertile too.
Guppies are very adaptive fish.
And yet, guppies, like all other known living organisms, breed only under appropriate breeding conditions.
Check links in the description about feeding and other parts of aquarium fish care routines
Guppies love homemade fish food
My guppies breed at a water temperature of 72-76 F.
Guppy males work very hard to get the attention of females, constantly chasing after them and sporting tails at every occasion, performing mating dance.
Guppy females are most attracted to males with predominantly orange or red tails.
Each male carries a rainbow of colors in different amounts (some can be seen only through a magnifying glass).
August 19th, 2018
This female appears to be pregnant.
The pregnancy period is about 1 month long.
It’s time to set up an aquarium for newborn guppies.
August 26th, 2018
2 newborn guppies are hiding between plants.
Adult guppies may eat sick or slowly moving fry.
I use a pipette to transfer newborn fry into a new nursery.
1 or 2 babies in the first drop is common for my strain of guppies.
Each following birth yields more babies until it reach the highest number for this stain.
Then the number of newborns per drop declines.
Label the new aquarium.
The average lifespan of guppies is 2-5 years, and they are fertile only for the first couple years.
Larger size fish tend to live longer and yield more babies in each drop.
Guppies give birth every month or so.
Sooner or later it becomes impossible to keep all of them.
I keep only fish chosen for further breeding.
The rest of the fish has to be culled.
I prefer to give them away
As in this example, I give away a male and 3 females (without babies yet) on September 10th to one of my YouTube friends.
Here they go.
Now I can transfer the young fry into the vacant aquarium, where they are going to grow to full maturity.
In this way, I manage to grow one breeding line in just 3 aquariums.
Also, as you may notice, I use small size aquariums suitable only for small size fish
I don’t use man-made filters, air pumps, or water heaters.
And I don’t change water.
It’s all explained in different videos (links in the description).
One of the females from the parenting aquarium can be moved now to make more room in this small aquarium for the breeding couple.
In this example, I move the female to a larger aquarium where I keep a different breeding line – mix 2.
Check the blog post for the rest:
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Love animals? Want to work from home? Learn the easy way to start your own online business with an online pet store.
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My new Betta Breeding series for 2019 is starting a month early!!
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When starting off as a fish keeper. You must ask yourself these questions. It’s pretty simple to what kind of fish you’ll keep after you’ve asked yourself these questions. And you will definitely be a successful fish keeper.
Hope these questions help you new future fish keepers out!
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More tutorials on how to write a business plan for pet store and open a pet store, on my business apps:
In this video I explain how to write a business plan for a pet store. I also explain some of the challenges that entrepreneurs face when they open a pet store. I also get into how to get around and solve those challenges.
One of the most important parts of a business plan for a pet store is to make sure that you have the finances covered. As you begin to write a business plan for a pet store, and think about how to open your pet store, you will realize that you will need at least some employees because you will not be able to do everything on your own. Additionally, you will also need to pay the monthly rent for the pet store. That means you have to make a lot of sales each month just to break even. And what kinds of items will you sell? Pet food used to be a great thing to sell, but because it is bulky and heavy, most people get the pet food delivered and buy it online. That means your pet store will lose out on those sales. So when you write your business plan for a pet store, make sure you have a way to cover the expenses.
Historically, selling pet food was a way to get people into your store. The pet food itself does not have a high profit margin, but after people came to the store for the pet food, they might have bought other items that have a higher profit margin. But now that people are buying the heavy pet food online, and getting it delivered, they have less reason to go inside a pet store. So when you write your pet store business plan, make sure that you have a solid strategy for how to get people inside your store.
That brings me to the second most important part of a business plan for a pet store, and that is the marketing for a pet store. In fact, after you start a pet store, you will need to be focusing on marketing all the time. It should become almost an obsession because marketing is how you get customers to sustain your business.
Here is a brief tutorial on how to do marketing for a pet store. You will need a website so that people will find you on Google when they search for local pet stores. You will also need to make an account in GoogleLocal to appear on the Google map in searches. You should also list your store on local service sites like Yelp. Additionally, you should open your pet store in a place where there is a lot of passer-by foot traffic of people who are in your target market. Plus, you want to do some creative things like maybe having a storefront full of extremely cute animal outfits or toys. You may also want to do pet grooming right inside the store to get people going to your store and to give you another angle from which to promote the store. These are just some of the suggestions for how to market and promote a pet store. When you write a business plan for a pet store, make sure your marketing and finance sections are really solid.
Business plan for a fashion business or clothing line:
Business plan for a day spa:
Business plan for a boutique
Lawn care business plan:
How to plan and start a personal assistant business:
How to write a business plan for a carpet cleaning business:
Business plans for mobile app idea or a start-up idea:
Best home based business ideas:
Book on going from business ideas to starting a business:
Video of step by step process on how to start a business:
Course on how to start a business:
– How To Start A Pet Store Business Plan – Here’s a break down and personal tips I’ve used to start different businesses.
When it comes to learning “how to start a pet store business plan” like you will in this video in probably the most simple laid out process I could ever explain without making it too complicated and confusing is knowing your investment and getting a return. I hope you enjoyed this pointers.
In fact if you did enjoy this video on how to start a pet store business plan leave a thumbs up! If you want to learn how to build a business online if you liked some of the additional information i shared check out my site linked above and let’s lock arms together. | <urn:uuid:6ad16271-772c-4bd8-8a42-9661ab0d27c6> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | https://www.emergencypetmatcher.com/tag/start/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547584431529.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20190123234228-20190124020228-00417.warc.gz | en | 0.899268 | 2,979 | 2.734375 | 3 |
The constitutional rights of children
The significant difference between modernity and past eras is that modernity emphasises choice and autonomy and the past relied upon fate. The author enquires both into the effectiveness of constitutions in seeking to protect the autonomous rights of children and whether a global culture of children's constitutional rights is beginning to develop. Children's civil and political constitutional rights are analysed as well as their economic, social and cultural constitutional rights, as it is the poorest children, who many unthinkingly dismiss as being beyond the scope of justiciability and the courts. Article published in Amicus Curiae - Journal of the Society for Advanced Legal Studies. The Journal is produced by the Society for Advanced Legal Studies at the Institute of Advanced Legal Studies, University of London.
Van Bueren, Geraldine (2003) The constitutional rights of children. Amicus Curiae, 2003 (46). pp. 27-32. ISSN 1461-2097
Files available for downloadg
Official URL: http://ials.sas.ac.uk/publish/amicus/amicus.htm
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ByBoyd D. Anderson , Timothy J. Yeager
U.S. banks enjoyed record profitability during the latter half of the 1990s, due in large part to the economy's outstanding performance. Fierce competition, however, is forcing them to trim costs to maintain those profitability levels. Although banks so far have kept a lid on loan rates to avoid turning customers away, a dearth of deposits has forced them to bid up the cost of funds.1 As a consequence, the net interest margin (the difference between interest income and interest expense, divided by average earning assets) at all U.S. banks declined 25 basis points between year-end 1994 and year-end 1998.2 To maintain profitability, banks have begun slashing overhead expense and increasing fee income—the two categories least affected by interest rates.
The nation's small banks (those with assets less than $100 million) have been less successful than midsized banks (those with assets between $100 million and $1 billion) in reducing overhead and generating nontraditional revenue sources.3 Consequently, profitability at America's small banks has lagged behind that of midsized institutions. At small banks, return on average assets (ROA)—the most common tool to assess bank profitability—measured 1.11 percent at year-end 1998, which was 19 basis points below the average midsized bank ROA. Why are these small banks having a tougher time?
In general, Eighth District banks succeeded in trimming the net noninterest margin (noninterest expense less noninterest income, divided by average assets) during the last five years. A lower net noninterest margin implies that a bank has either lower overhead, higher noninterest (fee) income, or both. Between 1994 and 1998, the net noninterest margin for District banks with less than $1 billion in assets declined from 2.19 percent to 1.99 percent.
Despite the increased importance of fee income at U.S. banks overall, noninterest income has been relatively unimportant in reducing the District's average net noninterest margin. Specifically, noninterest income as a percentage of average assets has been nearly flat at small and midsized District banks, rising just 4 basis points to 0.85 percent between 1994 and 1998. In contrast, noninterest income for all U.S. small and midsized banks increased 11 basis points to 1.23 percent of average assets over the same period.
Noninterest income is made up of deposit service charges, trust activities income, trading revenue, other fee income, and a catchall category aptly referred to as "other noninterest income." Since 1994, deposit charges (including ATM and bounced-check fees), trust income, trading revenues and other noninterest income have been largely stagnant at small and midsized banks, both in the District and throughout the nation. What has been separating the District from all U.S. banks, then, is the District's lack of "other fee income" growth. This income category includes mortgage servicing fees, credit card fees, early withdrawal penalties, safe deposit box rentals and loan commitment fees.
One explanation for the lagging District noninterest income is the amount of credit card fees, which are directly related to the level of credit card loans held in bank portfolios. Since 1994, small and midsized District banks have drastically reduced the amount of credit card loans in their portfolios, thereby reducing the fees generated from such loans. U.S. small and midsized banks have not made similar reductions in credit card loans, possibly because credit card lending is becoming increasingly consolidated in major financial centers, and banks in those centers are purchasing Eighth District credit card portfolios.
Although fee income has increased slightly, the true driving force behind the drop in the District's net noninterest margin is a decrease in noninterest expense. As a percentage of average assets, noninterest expense at District banks fell 16 basis points to 2.84 percent between 1994 and 1998. It should be noted that during that five-year period, personnel and occupancy expenses remained stable. District banks, therefore, achieved cuts in overhead by aggressively targeting "other noninterest expense." This category includes a host of costs, such as FDIC insurance premiums, advertising costs, data processing services, software development costs and certain legal fees.4 Although it is impossible to pinpoint the sources of the cost savings precisely, one likely candidate is the outsourcing of services, such as information technology and auditing, which were formerly performed in-house.
Despite the overall gains in reducing the net noninterest margin, small District banks have not enjoyed equivalent cost savings. At 2.21 percent, the net noninterest margin at the smallest District banks was considerably above that (1.89 percent) of District midsized banks at year-end 1998. The margin fell just 5 basis points at small banks between 1994 and 1998, compared with a dip of 26 basis points at midsized banks, leaving 1998 ROA at 1.05 percent for small District banks and 1.29 percent for midsized banks.
The efficiency ratio also highlights small banks' struggle to contain overhead costs. This ratio is calculated by dividing noninterest expense by the sum of noninterest income and net interest income. An efficiency ratio of 60 percent, for example, means that a bank is spending 60 cents to generate a dollar of income. Declining efficiency ratios, therefore, signal a reduction in overhead relative to income. Although the average efficiency ratio for District banks with less than $1 billion in assets declined from 61 percent in 1994 to 59.4 percent in 1998, the entirety of this efficiency gain came from midsized banks. Efficiency ratios at small District banks, meanwhile, actually increased from 61.7 percent to 62.9 percent between 1994 and 1998, implying an increase in net overhead costs relative to operating revenue during the period.
The slow decline in the net noninterest margin at the District's smallest banks is due to two factors. First, noninterest expense at the District's smallest banks has declined more slowly than at midsized banks. Small banks trimmed "other noninterest expense" by 12 basis points over the last five years. In contrast, District midsized banks cut other noninterest expense 27 basis points over the same five-year period. Although advances in technology have enabled many institutions to cut operational costs, small banks are often unable to invest the large amounts of capital needed to implement the latest innovations, leaving them less able to reap related financial benefits.
The second factor hampering the District's smallest banks is a lack of fee income growth. While midsized banks increased their fee income just 3 basis points to 0.95 percent of average assets between 1994 and 1998, small banks' noninterest income remained unchanged at 0.63 percent. Flat fee income reflects small banks' practice of underpricing services relative to their administrative costs because bankers fear that high fees will offend their customers. Small banks also do not offer the range of sophisticated products like trust and brokerage services that generate fee income for larger banks because they lack the personnel expertise and sales volume to exploit economies of scale.
Asset quality remains the bedrock of bank stability, and small banks with sound loan portfolios will begin the 21st century in excellent shape, despite their lower profitability. Many small banks are reluctant to push their efficiency ratios lower by reducing staff. Community bankers argue that the higher staffing costs are needed to maintain the personalized service that sets small banks apart.5 Although earnings at small banks may continue to lag those at midsized banks, consumer demand for personal attention should help to ensure a place in the future for community-focused banks.
Kimelman, John. "Community Banking Quarterly: Smaller Banks Reluctant to Push Efficiency Ratio," American Banker (March 15, 1999).
Neely, Michelle Clark. "Both a Lender and a Borrower Be: Banks Cope with a Deposit Shortage," The Regional Economist, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (January 1998), pp. 12-13. | <urn:uuid:9acaf5cc-c9af-4aff-89d7-b90dcb8ccb6c> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://www.stlouisfed.org/publications/regional-economist/july-1999/drive-to-efficiency-leaves-smallest-banks-behind | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057584.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20210924231621-20210925021621-00242.warc.gz | en | 0.954843 | 1,610 | 2.765625 | 3 |
What Are Electrolytes? If you are an athlete of any kind, you may be familiar with electrolytes and electrolyte imbalances. Even if you’re not an athlete, it’s highly likely that you’ve experienced an electrolyte imbalance a number of times in your life. Some of the common symptoms of an electrolyte imbalance are muscle spasms, dizziness, headaches, nausea, and vomiting. It is important to know the role of electrolytes in our body and to ensure that we are getting enough electrolytes according to our activity level.
Role of Electrolytes
Electrolytes are type of minerals in the body that carry electrical charges through the blood. They help balance the body’s fluid levels and are usually associated with proper muscle contraction, healthy cardiovascular function, nerve function, and a lot more.
However, when the levels of electrolytes are low, imbalances can occur, which result in a variety of changes in the body, such as dizziness, headaches, changes in the heart’s rhythm, and muscle cramps, among others. To combat these symptoms, replacing lost electrolytes and consuming a healthy diet after a vigorous physical activity are essential.
The kidneys are the organs that help maintain the concentration of electrolytes. They filter water and electrolytes from the blood, return some to the bloodstream, and then eliminate any excess through urination. The kidneys are the ones that help maintain the balance between the regular consumption and elimination of water and electrolytes.
When this balance is disturbed, health problems can occur. An electrolyte imbalance can be due to any of the following:
- Kidney, liver, and heart problems
- Certain medications
- Inappropriate (IV) fluid therapy or feedings
What are the different kinds of electrolytes?
The most important electrolytes in the body are potassium, sodium, and chloride. Other electrolytes include calcium, phosphate, and magnesium.
Around two-thirds of fluids in the body are contained inside the cells, where potassium exists in large amounts. On the other hand, chloride and sodium are found outside the cells. These electrolytes have an electric charge and form ions in water.
These micronutrients are often obtained through drinking sports drinks and consuming whole foods.
Major Electrolytes in the Body
Sodium has a significant role in maintaining a healthy cardiovascular function, proper nerve and muscle function, and energy metabolism.
It can be uncommon for people these days to develop low levels of sodium considering the availability of a wide array of sodium-laden processed foods all over the world. Although having excessive levels of sodium in the diet is often associated with health risks, such as high blood pressure and stroke, a normal amount of sodium in the body is essential for good health.
Sodium helps in regulating blood pressure, blood volume, water balance, osmotic balance between cells, and pH.
However, there are also precautions to keep in mind when you are doing high-intensity workouts or prolonged exercises as these activities may put you at risk of developing low levels of sodium. This condition is also referred to as exercise-associated hyponatremia, which usually happens when you drink plenty of fluids (overhydration) without properly replacing lost electrolytes. The symptoms of this condition include headaches, nausea, vomiting, confusion, and in certain cases, seizures.
Make sure to properly maintain your sodium levels by not consuming more than 600 mg of sodium every meal. When you are planning for a long workout or other prolonged physical activities, make sure to have a good electrolyte replacement to avoid developing an electrolyte imbalance.
Another important electrolyte that enhances proper glucose metabolism, muscle contraction, and efficient nerve transmission is potassium.
To help maintain a proper balance in the body, potassium works hand in hand with sodium. Potassium maintains the intracellular balance of fluids while sodium maintains extracellular balance.
Potassium also helps in regulating blood pressure as well as lowering your risk of developing heart disease and stroke. When potassium levels are low, certain health problems can occur. They include increased salt sensitivity, hypertension (high blood pressure), formation of kidney stones, and high bone turnover.
A severe deficiency in potassium may also result in muscle weakness, glucose intolerance, and heart arrhythmias. To keep your potassium levels within normal range, make sure to include potassium-rich foods, such as green leafy vegetables and fresh fruits in your daily diet.
Chloride is made up of 60 percent of table salt. Similar to sodium, it is uncommon for most people who live in Western countries to be deficient in chloride.
Chloride has a number of important functions, which include pH blood regulation, maintaining fluid and proper electrolyte balance, and blood pressure regulation.
You can naturally maintain or replenish your electrolyte levels by adding the following foods into your regular diet:
- All organic vegetables and fruits (squash, tomatoes, oranges, apples, beets, and green beans, among others)
- Dark leafy greens (spinach, bok choy, mustard greens, beet greens, kale, and chard, among others)
- Beans (red beans, lima beans, mung beans, or pinto beans)
- Organic and unprocessed nuts and seeds (walnuts, cashews, almonds, hazelnuts, pistachios, and pumpkin seeds, among others)
- Terry J. The major electrolytes: sodium, potassium, and chloride. J Intraven Nurs. (1994)
- Lewis J III. Overview of Electrolytes. The Merck Manuals. Accessed 09/07/2018.
- Allison S. Fluid, electrolytes and nutrition. Clin Med (Lond). (2004)
- Weglicki W, et al. Potassium, magnesium, and electrolyte imbalance and complications in disease management. Clin Exp Hypertens. (2005)
- Houston MC. The importance of potassium in managing hypertension. Curr Hypertens Rep. (2011)
- Kong YW, et al. Sodium and Its Role in Cardiovascular Disease – The Debate Continues. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). (2016)
- Berend K, et al. Chloride: the queen of electrolytes? Eur J Intern Med. (2012)
- National Research Council. Water and Electrolytes. Recommended Dietary Allowances: 10th Edition. (1989) | <urn:uuid:4896d97e-480d-4b43-8a76-15bc4725a774> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://ushealthreport.org/electrolytes/what-are-electrolytes/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439740733.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20200815065105-20200815095105-00351.warc.gz | en | 0.908257 | 1,327 | 3.46875 | 3 |
WASHINGTON - By the end of this year, the world is projected to reach an unheralded but historic milestone: Half of the fish and shellfish we consume will be raised by humans, rather than caught in the wild.
Reaching this tipping point is reshaping everything from our oceans to the livelihoods and diets of people across the globe. It has also prompted a new round of scientific and political scrutiny, as researchers and public officials examine how aquaculture is affecting the world's environment and seafood supply.
"Hunting and gathering has reached its maximum," said Ronald Hardy, who directs the University of Idaho's Aquaculture Research Institute and co-authored a study on the subject in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. "We've got to grow more."
The drive to bring fish "from egg to plate," as Hardy puts it, has the potential to answer a growing demand for seafood worldwide, as well as reduce some of the imports that compose more than 80 percent of the fish and shellfish Americans eat annually.
But without technological advances to improve efficiency, it could threaten to wipe out the forage fish that lie at the bottom of the ocean's food chain and contaminate parts of the sea.
And consumers will have to accept that they are eating a different kind of fish than the ones that swim wild: ones that might have eaten unused poultry trimmings, been vaccinated, consumed antibiotics or been selected for certain genetic traits.
Although there is still debate about farming's share of the world fish supply - the United Nations' Food and Agriculture Organization estimates it stood at 44.3 percent in 2007, whereas the PNAS study says it will reach over half in a matter of months - no one questions that aquaculture has grown exponentially as the world's wild catch has flattened out. In 1970, farmed fish accounted for only 6.3 percent of global seafood supply.
This trend reflects global urbanization - studies show that as more people move to cities, they are consuming more seafood - but it is changing the world's seascape as well.
Vessels now venture to the Antarctic Ocean to catch the tiny krill that have sustained penguins and seals there for millennia, and slender poles strung with farmed oysters and seaweed jut out of Japan's once-pristine Matsushima Bay.
Nature Conservancy senior scientist Mike Beck said some Chinese bays are so crammed with net pens that they are no longer navigable.
Moreover, fishermen such as Shannon Moore, who catches salmon in Washington state's Puget Sound, worries about how farmed fish's parasites are affecting wild stocks. "These young wild critters are pretty small, and they can ill afford to have these hitchhikers on them," Moore said, referring to parasites that plague juveniles migrating near Canadian fish farms.
But aquaculture's proponents suggest that farming represents the best chance of giving people a chance to make a living off the sea. Sebastian Belle, executive director of the Maine Aquaculture Association, noted that three-quarters of his group's members are either current or former commercial fishermen, and although the average age of Mainers with a fishing lease permit is 57, the average for those with a fish-farm permit is 33. "It's really the next generation of watermen," Belle said.
Jane Lubchenco, who used to write about aquaculture's environmental impacts as an academic before taking the helm of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, announced this month her agency will come up with a national policy to address fish farming.
"It's important that aquaculture be done in a way that's sustainable," she said in an interview.
The question of how best to develop future fish farms has set off a flurry of activity and experiments, as scientists and entrepreneurs try to resolve the environmental challenges fish farming poses.
The biggest one involves a fundamental quandary: One needs to feed many small fish to bigger fish to produce ones consumers crave.
"We've got to come up with an alternative that breaks the connection between aquaculture and wild fishing of forage fish," said Stanford University professor Rosamond Naylor, the PNAS study's lead author.
China a leader
America now ranks as a minor player in global aquaculture: It accounts for 5 percent of the nation's seafood supply, but the $1.2 billion in annual production is 1.5 percent of the world's total. In 2006, China supplied 62 percent of the world's farmed fish and shellfish, according to the United Nations' Food and Agriculture Organization. | <urn:uuid:1404f468-4a9e-45c1-837d-ab8f1afe88af> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://www.tampabay.com/archive/2009/09/20/soon-half-our-seafood-will-be-farmed/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623488556133.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20210624141035-20210624171035-00200.warc.gz | en | 0.953521 | 938 | 3.09375 | 3 |
Mites and Mange of Livestock
Mange or scabies in livestock is a skin condition caused by microscopic mites in or on the skin. The mites cause intense itching and discomfort which is associated with decreased feed intake and production. Scratching and rubbing results in extensive damage to hides and fleece.
Mites are able to cause mange on different species of livestock but are somewhat host specific, thus infecting some species more severely than others.
The three most important types of mange are:
Click on each for more details.
Mange around the head of a calf
Mange causes extensive damage
to hides and fleece due to intense | <urn:uuid:ca554fd2-8eb1-4682-a5a7-8728ba24a5a9> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.butox-info.com/ectoparasites/mites/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100575.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206000253-20231206030253-00861.warc.gz | en | 0.919275 | 138 | 3.03125 | 3 |
PRINCETON, NJ -- Gallup data from around the world show that, as a rule, a country's average income can help predict how satisfied its residents are with their lives. But every rule has exceptions, and in this case many of them can be found in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union.
The graph shows the relationship between a country's average income (per-capita GDP in 2003, plotted on a logarithmic scale) and its residents' average life satisfaction rating (on a zero-to-ten scale). The circles represent countries, with diameters proportional to population. The regression line through the middle is the best fit between the two variables among all the countries studied; the closer a country is to the line, the better it fits the overall pattern.
The green circles, representing Eastern European and former Soviet Union (EE/FSU) countries, show how they tend to score lower on life satisfaction than their average incomes would predict. In fact, the two countries in the bottom 20 on average life satisfaction that have significantly higher average incomes than the rest are Georgia and Bulgaria.
Former Soviet republics also have among the most unreliable income estimates, so it's possible that their GDPs are somewhat overstated by the estimates used for this study. But even so, it's undeniable that economic conditions have been improving in many of these countries; 12 of the world's 20 fastest-growing economies between 2000 and 2003 are in this group, as are three of the top five (Kazakhstan, Armenia, and Ukraine). In fact, low satisfaction ratings from high-growth countries in these regions largely account for the seemingly paradoxical finding that overall across the 132 nations studied, income growth is negatively related to life satisfaction.
Drops in life satisfaction with age are also particularly striking among EE/FSU countries. In Russia, for example, the average life satisfaction rating for 15- to 19-year-olds is 5.99, while the average rating for those aged 65 and older is 4.3; in Hungary, the corresponding figures are 7 and 4.95. Whatever aspects of the economic transition are making the citizens of these countries dissatisfied with their lives, the effects are much more pronounced among the elderly. Perhaps it is they who have suffered the adverse consequences of disruption, who were most satisfied with their old lives, and who cannot expect to live long enough to see any improvements that might occur in the future.
The unusual negativity from Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union is not limited to overall life satisfaction -- it is even more evident when respondents are asked to say whether they are satisfied or dissatisfied with their personal health. Countries in this group represent 11 of the world's 20 lowest countries in terms of health satisfaction.
In six of these countries, life expectancy declined somewhat between 1990 and 2005. However, as noted in a previous article (see "Rich World Aging More Contentedly Than Poor" in Related Items), the lack of health satisfaction cannot be attributed entirely to the objective decrease in life expectancy. In numerous sub-Saharan African countries, health satisfaction is much higher despite that life expectancy has dropped far more sharply. The low ratings from EE/FSU countries seem to say less about their current health conditions relative to other regions in the world, than about declining health conditions among populations that were used to a better state of affairs.
In terms of both life satisfaction and health satisfaction, these global data suggest that the outlook of populations in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union have been profoundly affected by the changes their countries have experienced over the past 20 years. Their status as outliers in the global relationship between income and life satisfaction is evidence of the unique trauma these countries have experienced in their transition to more open political and economic systems.
Angus Deaton is a Gallup Senior Scientist, as well as the Dwight D. Eisenhower Professor of International Affairs at the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs and Professor of Economics and International Affairs, both at Princeton University. | <urn:uuid:450e7b68-4fc1-443e-b7a0-7936a6f87c14> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | https://news.gallup.com/poll/104881/Toll-Transition-Eastern-Europe-Former-USSR.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514573908.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20190920071824-20190920093824-00108.warc.gz | en | 0.965851 | 806 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Researchers from the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center have decoded the atomic structure of a key enzyme complex PRC2. PRC2, or Polycomb repressive complex 2, plays a crucial role in the formation of several types of cancer like lymphoma, leukemia, brain tumors, and a number of congenital diseases.
These findings will help scientists understand how PRC2 functions in normal cells and how mutations in the gene causes diseases.
The PRC2 enzyme regulates the gene expressions through modifying the structure of chromatin, a complex of DNA and protein. When the functioning of PRC2 is disturbed due to mutations in its gene, it can cause serious health issues. PRC2 enzyme levels that are too high or too low are not good for the cell.
This research is significant since PRC2 interacts with thousands of proteins in the human body, but knowing which ones are responsible for malfunctioning and development of cancer or diseases was virtually impossible until now. | <urn:uuid:e2ed0611-7cbd-4acd-a5a2-5f5626428eec> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://www.industrytap.com/scientists-decode-role-key-enzyme-complex-causes-cancer/32503 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590348496026.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20200605080742-20200605110742-00349.warc.gz | en | 0.939425 | 196 | 3.046875 | 3 |
A team of Russian physicians visited the Medical Center this month with news about an open-heart surgical procedure that leaves patients cold. The news and the team were warmly received by their Penn anesthesia department hosts, who have received a University grant to begin a collaborative research project with the Russian doctors.
A Siberian patient is iced prior to open-heart surgery as Russian doctors Dmitri Guvanov and Vladimir Lomivorotov and Assistant Anesthesia Professor Stuart Weiss observe. Guvanov is currently a research fellow in Penn's anesthesia department.
The physicians hailed from the Novosibirsk Institute of Circulatory Pathology, where for years doctors have been conducting open-heart surgery without heart-lung bypass machines. Vladimir Lomivorotov, M.D., the institute's chief cardiothoracic anesthesiologist, explained through a translator, "The procedure is quite different from the conventional approach to providing cardiothoracic surgery" in the rest of the world.
In order to operate on the heart, doctors must stop it so they can make the precise incisions needed to repair heart defects. Doing so, however, cuts off the blood flow and oxygen supply to other organs, which can cause permanent damage and even death. "The brain will only survive for three to five minutes at most without blood flow," said Assistant Professor of Anesthesia Albert Cheung.
To prevent this, one of two things must happen: either blood must keep flowing or the body's need for oxygen must be reduced.
Heart surgeons in the West have traditionally opted for the former by using a heart-lung machine, which may cause blood clotting or inflamation. The Novosibirsk method takes the latter approach: it cools the patient's body temperature until it enters suspended animation, a condition known as hypothermia. "The temperature of the patient's brain is so low that it actually allows you to stop the heart for a sufficient time -- up to an hour and 30 minutes -- to restore the heart defect, restore the circulation afterwards, and restore the full functioning of the brain," Lomivorotov said.
Lomivorotov first described the procedure to Penn anesthesiologists in a talk last October. "The results of the procedure are comparable to what we routinely do here using heart-lung machines," but at a lower cost, Cheung said.
The procedure was actually first used in Japan and England more than 40 years ago, but was largely abandoned after the introduction of bypass machines. Novosibirsk Institute Executive Director Alexandr Karaskov explained that his institute was the only center in the world that continued to actively use and refine the procedure.
"We have refined [it] to the point where it can be safely done without damaging the patient," he said.
The Russians also hope to learn from their American counterparts. The Novosibirsk Institute plans to refashion itself as an academic medical center similar to Penn's Health System, and the delegation included an economist, Larissa Shkhrko, Ph.D., who is studying aspects of the American health system that could be adapted to Russia's changing health-care environment.
Originally published on February 26, 1998 | <urn:uuid:44964bd4-2885-4250-a6c3-493b1d5a3c3e> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | http://www.upenn.edu/pennnews/current/1998-02-26/latest-news/penn-and-russian-doctors-explore-cool-surgical-procedure | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936461359.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074101-00089-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958381 | 665 | 2.59375 | 3 |
How to Determine the Cost of Production for Fully-Washed Coffee in Rwanda?
Summary from: Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Food Security Policy, Research Paper 33, October 2016
The major components of cost of production are household (unpaid) labor, wage labor, equipment (e.g., pruning shears, sprayers, masks) and purchased inputs (fertilizer, pesticide, mulch, etc.). The study describes a methodology and quantitative estimation process that can be used to estimate the values for each of these components in Rwanda and other coffee producing countries with predominantly smallholder production. Applied to Rwanda, the estimation procedures arrive at mean and median cost of production values of 177 RWF/KG and 122 RWF/KG cherry, respectively (for 2015). These costs for many farmer groups are higher than the average cherry prices they received which were typically 150 – 170 RWF/KG in 2015. This finding has serious implications for the long term sustainability of Rwanda’s coffee sector.
Labor costs make up the largest share of farmers’ costs, averaging 75%. While this confirms findings from elsewhere in the industry, the breakdown of wage labor at 41% of total costs, compared to household labor at 33% of total costs is a unique contribution.
With this research on costs of production, those who set cherry prices in Rwanda and those who purchase coffee anywhere in the coffee value chain are better able to adjust the incentive structure to motivate Rwanda’s coffee farmers to invest in their coffee plantations and to raise their productivity levels.
Photo Caption: Coffee transportation is one of the many costs for farmers, but not as significant as expected. The bags weigh approximately 40lb each. Farmers walk as much as 6 miles to deliver coffee. Bicycle and truck routes can be much farther. Photo credit: Ruth Ann Church. | <urn:uuid:ae99ae67-b50a-416a-8dce-3d3996d97814> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://foodsecuritypolicy.msu.edu/news/how_to_determine_the_cost_of_production_for_fully_washed_coffee_in_rwanda | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218187744.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212947-00296-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.942183 | 374 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Stress in animals can be a dangerous thing if it goes unchecked. Here are some ways to identify stress and help your pet be happier!
Stress is a funny thing... it can be good for you, working as a better motivator than any of those motivational quotes with the vague backdrop of a sunset. But on the flip side, stress can cause so many health issues and mental anguish, all of which can have a long-lasting toll on the quality of life you lead. This exact same thing is true for most animals, too. When put in taxing situations or when too much is expected of them, just like us, animals get immensely stressed out and the impact is just as damaging.
You might be surprised to know that your pet has definitely felt some stress at some point or the other — the signs are just a little harder to notice than the more apparent ones in us humans, but learning these signs will bring you one step closer to understanding your pet.
Before we delve into the common signs displayed by cats, dogs, and birds in times of stress, it is important to understand that as a pet-parent you should be deeply familiar with how your pet normally behaves. Any changes in behaviour could suggest that your pet is stressed out.
STRESS IN DOGS
Stress in dogs can be rather dangerous. Chronic stress can impact health and also shorten a dog’s lifespan. Dogs are very communicative with their body language, and signs of stress are pretty easy to pick up. Some of the most common triggers of stress in dogs are changes in routine, sudden exposure to new people, loud noises, and an unanticipated change of surroundings. For many dogs, the triggers can also depend on their personalities. For instance, some dogs love car rides, while being in a moving car can cause motion sickness and stress in others. Being left alone for long periods of time can also stress dogs out sometimes resulting in Separation Anxiety.
Now that you know what can cause stress, let’s see the signs which signal that it’s time to be there for your dog and help them calm down! Common signs include:
- Whining - Listen to your dog. Different whines can mean different things. If your dog has been whining when he or she normally doesn’t, it could be a sign of stress.
- Excessive yawning - While dogs will yawn when sleepy as well, a stressed out yawn tends to be longer and more intense.
- Excessive licking of paws - A stressed dog will lick their paws excessively in an effort to distract themselves. But this can often lead to infected wounds when they to lick in the same spot.
- Excessive shedding - A stressed dog is likely to shed more hair, particularly in stressful situations.
- Panting - Excessive panting with no reason to be doing so is a definite sign of stress.
- Distracting themselves - If your dog is randomly sniffing the ground and trying to keep busy, it could be anxiety.
One way to help your dog have as few stress triggers as possible is to socialise them well and introduce exposure to various triggers so they get familiar. To help calm a stressed dog out, you can try the following:
- If possible remove the source of anxiety or take your dog away from it.
- Find a quiet, comfortable environment for your dog to calm down.
- You should stay calm so your dog can understand there’s no reason to be stressed.
- Try making your dog do some basic commands to take their mind off what is stressing them (be sure to reward that).
- Take your dog on a long walk or play their favourite game with them.
If your dog’s anxiety and stress is a chronic problem, take them to the vet to rule out any medical conditions.
STRESS IN CATS
Just like dogs, stress can mean bad things for a cat’s health. Cats are sensitive animals who rarely react very well to changes; a new environment, a new baby or new animal can all be significant sources of stress for a cat. Too much competition in the household can also be a stressor for cats. This often happens in households with multiple cats.
Of course, there are many reasons your cat may get stressed, and observing their behaviour will often tell you what you need to know about the emotional and physical health of your cat. Any of the following symptoms could mean your cat is stressed out!
- Changes in bodily functions - A stressed cat is likely to go at odd hours, spray urine where they’re not supposed to and have loose motions.
- Low appetite - A cat that displays a lack of interest in food could be stressed out if all else is normal.
- Hiding - When a cat is stressed, they are more likely to seek shelter and spend most of their time hiding away.
- Over grooming - If your cat suddenly has bald patches from grooming themselves too much, it could be an indicator of stress.
- Aggressive behaviour - If your, normally, docile and friendly cat is lashing out, it could be because he/she is stressed.
- Excessive vocalisation - If your cat is meowing too much, much more than is normal for them, they may be trying to express stress.
These are just some common signs. Any time that you notice your cat doing something out of the ordinary, be sure to ask your vet to rule out any medical problems. While it does seem that cats are easily stressed, they are just as easy to calm down! Following are some great ways to calm your kitty:
- Make sure your cat's litter box is in a quiet area, is large enough and is cleaned regularly to avoid causing your cat stress. If you have multiple cats, a good rule of thumb is to keep one litter box per cat.
- With multiple cats, ensure you have enough food and water bowls to avoid stress over resources.
- Have a safe space for your cat where he/she is always comfortable. If your cat is stressed you can put them in in their “safe zone” to calm down — a cat tree, or another room with a dark and quiet hiding spot is perfect for such situations.
- Ensure your cat is getting enough attention and play time. Boredom is one of the most common causes of stress.
To help your cat have as few triggers of stress as possible, it is a good idea to gradually expose them to loud noises, and other common stressors to help them adjust. The key to this method is moderation, so as to avoid any surprises.
Knowing what stresses your cat out and knowing how to help them will definitely help cement your bond and help them be happier and more confident.
STRESS IN BIRDS
If you thought cats and dogs were sensitive to stress, birds are a whole other concern. Chronic stress can have a lifetime of impact on their lives and their health. Moreover, with birds, it’s sometimes hard to tell because they easily hide their feelings of stress.
Birds are among the most commonly stressed-out pets because many owners are not aware of the steps they must take to ensure that their pet has an environment that enriches their lives. Common causes of stress in a bird include a change in routine, adding a new animal to the household and change in the light cycle (like moving your bird to a darker room, etc). Being able to view predatory animals from a window or their perch will also result in varying levels of stress in birds depending on their personalities.
Here are some common signs that are red flags of stress in your pet bird:
- Feather plucking - A bored or stressed bird is highly likely to display this classic sign of stress.
- Unusually quiet - If your normally chirpy bird has suddenly become quiet, pay closer attention to other behaviour.
- Screaming - On the flip side, if your bird is being noisier than usual, something could be wrong.
- Biting - Sometimes aggressive behaviour, especially from a normally docile bird, could indicate stress or fear.
- Repetitive Behaviours - Pacing, head swinging and other similar behaviours are sure signs that your bird is unhappy and stressed out due to boredom.
- Reduced appetite - A lack of interest in food is a sign of stress, depression, and pain.
While birds display stress in more worrying ways than other types of pets, there are some simple solutions you can implement to help enrich your bird's life. Birds are smart and social creatures, so with the following tips, you can ensure your pet bird is one happy pet bird:
- If your bird has begun picking its feathers or is engaging in repetitive behaviours, a good solution is to give him/her an interactive toy to play with. There are lots of online DIYs that can help you make cheap versions at home.
- Give them a little extra attention and let them out of their cage every now and again for as long as possible. This stimulates their senses.
- Try not to move your pet’s cage to different areas of the house. A constant space will help keep your bird feeling secure. Find a quiet spot for your bird’s cage.
- You can even train your bird depending on the type you have. This helps your bird bond with you better and creates a positive and mentally enriching experience for your bird.
Remember, stress is not always related to emotion, the cause could be physical or mental, too. If your pet starts showing signs of stress, observe other behavioural patterns and ensure visiting a vet to rule out medical conditions.
Stress affects us all, and while in moderation stress could be copeable, when it becomes chronic it can threaten health and mental peace of mind for both humans and animals. Your pets are family, and a happy well-adjusted pet only adds more joy to any family! | <urn:uuid:9b09b2d9-d750-48c1-8597-056fc3a0c1cb> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://jeevoka.com/identifying-stress-in-your-pet-everything-you-need-to-know-about-pets-and-stress/s | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100476.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20231202235258-20231203025258-00757.warc.gz | en | 0.956094 | 2,039 | 2.78125 | 3 |
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), Malaysia recorded 48,639 new cancer cases in 2020 and the cancer incidence in Malaysia is expected to double by 2040. There was an 11 % increase in new cancer cases and nearly 30% more deaths from cancer reported in the 2012 – 2016 Malaysia National Cancer Registry Report compared to the 2007 – 2011 report.
At the end of last year, palm oil is said to promote cancer due to its high palmitic acid content. This statement was extrapolated from a published study on the effect of dietary palmitic acid on cancer metastasis in mice/animal models . This study uses palm oil as a primary source of palmitic acid.
It is rather biased to single out one fatty acid from one type of fat and claims that this single compound alone can cause or is linked to the spread of cancer. Although it is long known that excessive intake of fat and fatty acids from any sources, as well as changes in metabolism can be signs of cancer metastasis. It is worth noting that different tumour types seem to display specific fatty acid preferences related to metastasis and cancer (Table 1).
Palmitic acid has been known to have an important role in human development and metabolism as it represents 20 – 30% of total fatty acids in membrane phospholipids and adipose triacylglycerols . Palmitic acid can be found in dairy and meat products, cocoa butter, olive oil and even in human breast milk. Palm oil, for instance, is composed of palmitic, stearic, oleic and linoleic acid .
Apart from its balanced fatty acid composition, palm oil is rich with beneficial phytonutrients such as vitamin E and carotenoids. A specially refined Red Palm Oil (RPO) that has high vitamin E tocotrienols and carotenoids content, which is a potent antioxidants, plays a significant role in maintaining the immunity of the human body. Many studies reported that antioxidants in palm oil have the potential to be an anti-cancer agent [6-1 OJ. Chemotherapy and radiation therapy are some of the treatments available for cancer. However, it will generate a reactive oxygen series (ROS) that will induce DNA damage . Antioxidant-rich RPO is said to have a beneficial effect on the consequences of chemotherapy. More than half of all cancers are avoidable by altering one’s lifestyle and eating habits. Cutting added sugars from your diet is one of the simplest changes you can do to improve your waistline while simultaneously lowering your cancer risk. | <urn:uuid:5cf481c6-bc9c-46d2-b214-a9cfbdbdd4f8> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://mpoc.org.my/palm-oil-does-not-cause-cancer/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030335059.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20220927225413-20220928015413-00513.warc.gz | en | 0.952749 | 534 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Recently on Facebook, Paul Langman posted a photo of a mountain ash tree near his home in northern Japan. At this time of the year, the trees are covered with their bright fruits:
The rowans or mountain-ashes are shrubs or small trees in genus Sorbus of family Rosaceae. They are native throughout the cool temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere, with the highest species diversity in the mountains of western China and the Himalaya, where numerous apomictic microspecies occur. The name rowan was originally applied to the species Sorbus aucuparia, and is also used for other species in Sorbus subgenus Sorbus. Rowans are unrelated to the true ash trees which belong to the genus Fraxinus, family Oleaceae, though their leaves bear superficial similarity.
Here’s the tree in bloom:
The fruits (often called berries, though botanically they are pomes) are edible; they are great favorites of birds.
After the stage in #1, the leaves turn, providing gorgeous fall color.
Now, on names for the plant. There’s a profusion of these. From Wikipedia again:
The traditional names of the rowan are those applied to the species Sorbus aucuparia, Sorbus torminalis (wild service-tree) and Sorbus domestica (true service-tree). The Latin name sorbus was loaned into Old English as syrfe. The name “service-tree” for Sorbus domestica is derived from that name by folk etymology. The Latin name sorbus is from a root for “red, reddish-brown” (PIE *sor-/*ser-); English sorb is attested from the 1520s in the sense “fruit of the service tree”, adopted via French sorbe from Latin sorbum “service-berry”. Sorbus domestica is also known as “Whitty Pear”, the adjective whitty meaning as much as “pinnate”. The name “mountain-ash” for Sorbus domestica is due to a superficial similarity of the rowan leaves to those of the ash; not to be confused in Fraxinus ornus, a true ash that is also known as “mountain ash”. Sorbus torminalis is also known as “chequer tree”, its fruits, formerly used to flavour beer, being called “chequers”, perhaps from the spotted pattern of the fruit.
The name rowan is recorded from 1804, detached from an earlier rowan-tree, rountree, attested from the 1540s in northern English and Scottish. It is from a North Germanic source (such as Middle Norwegian), derived from Old Norse reynir (c.f. Norwegian rogn, Swedish rönn), ultimately from the Germanic verb *raud-inan “to redden”, in reference to the berries (as is the Latin name sorbus). Various dialectal variants of rowan are found in English, including ran, roan, rodan, royan, royne, round, rune.
The Old English name of the rowan is cwic-beám, which survives in the name quickbeam (also quicken, quicken-tree and variants). This name by the 19th-century was re-interpreted as connected to the word witch, from a dialectal variant wick for quick and names such as wicken-tree, wich-tree, wicky, wiggan-tree, giving rise to names such as witch-hazel, witch-tree. [The witch-hazel shrub, from which the astringent is derived, is an entirely different plant.] | <urn:uuid:8a68bd2b-1e48-4ecd-86f1-8ddbbfcaf1ff> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | https://arnoldzwicky.org/2013/10/08/mountain-ash/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982297699.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823195817-00191-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.950816 | 795 | 3.265625 | 3 |
Tuesday, April 9, 2013
IST Lunch Bunch
Deep Learning: Theory, Algorithms, and Applications
Pierre Baldi, Computer Science, School of Information and Computer Sciences, University of California in Irvine
Learning is essential for building intelligent systems, whether carbon-based or silicon-based ones. Moreover these systems do not solve complex tasks in a single step but rather use multiple processing stages. Hence the question of deep learning, how efficient learning can be implemented in deep architectures. This fundamental question not only impinges on problems of memory and intelligence in the brain but is also at the forefront of current machine learning research. In the last year alone, new performance breakthroughs were achieved by deep learning methods in applications areas ranging from computer vision, to speech recognition, to natural language understanding, to computational biology. This talk will provide a brief overview of deep learning, from its biological origins to some of the latest theoretical, algorithmic, and application results. | <urn:uuid:11e24181-15f5-4641-a0e2-bebf55a268c4> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.caltech.edu/content/ist-lunch-bunch-50 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397111.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00155-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.911208 | 192 | 2.625 | 3 |
, a bio/informatics shared resource is still "open for business" - Visit the CDS website
Alveolar soft part sarcoma (ASPS) is a rare, histologically distinctive soft tissue sarcoma typically occurring in children and young adults. Although the tumor often shows focal expression of muscle markers, its relationship with rhabdomyosarcoma is not established. The genetic background of ASPS is poorly understood. This study was undertaken to analyze the DNA copy number changes in 13 cases of ASPS using comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) on formaldehyde-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections. Four ASPS cases showed DNA copy number changes. Gains were more common than losses. Gains observed in more than one case included 1q, 8q, 12q and 16p. Although these findings do not show consistent DNA copy number changes in ASPS, they give preliminary clues to genomic areas that might be important in the pathogenesis of ASPS. | <urn:uuid:08c75d83-d0b1-4393-9588-765c13e60cb0> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://labnodes.vanderbilt.edu/publication/view/pmid/9521467 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347398233.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20200528061845-20200528091845-00466.warc.gz | en | 0.927564 | 205 | 2.75 | 3 |
Mental Health Awareness Month has been observed in May in the United States since 1949 by Presidential proclamation. Each year millions of Americans face the reality of living with a mental condition. According to the National Institute for Mental Health, an estimated 26.2 percent of Americans ages 18 and older—about one in four adults—suffer from a diagnosable mental illness in any given year. Not only are these adults affected by one mental illness; 45% of these adults meet criteria for two or more disorders.
Mental illness is a real and treatable set of conditions that includes major depression, bipolar disorder, eating disorders, panic attacks, generalized anxiety disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and schizophrenia, among dozens of others. These disorders are serious enough to significantly impact a person’s daily life functioning, whether at school, work or in their relationships with others.
Despite the large number of Americans affected by such disorders, stigma surrounding mental illness is a major barrier that prevents people from seeking the mental health treatment that they need. Another huge barrier that prevents people from receiving the mental health treatment that they need are the insurance companies.
At Kantor & Kantor, we work to put an end to stigma surrounding mental illness and we advocate for treatment and recovery. We are willing to stand up to the insurance companies when they deny treatment and we understand that living with a mental illness is different for everyone.
If you or someone you know is suffering from a mental illness and you are being denied benefits by your insurance, please call Kantor & Kantor for a free consultation.
We understand, and we can help. | <urn:uuid:1f70bb28-c8cb-417a-9874-3921597d34ce> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.kantorlaw.net/may-is-mental-health-awareness-month/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100229.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20231130161920-20231130191920-00687.warc.gz | en | 0.95315 | 327 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Michel Corneille the Younger
|Dates||1641 - 1708|
Primarily a decorator, Michel Corneille the Younger worked at Louis XIV's residences, including Versailles and Fontainebleau. He also decorated government buildings and painted religious works for French churches. Unfortunately, many of his paintings have been destroyed, so today he is known chiefly through his many drawings and engravings.
Corneille, whose younger brother was also a successful painter, received his earliest artistic training from his father, painter Michel Corneille the Elder. He then studied under classicizing painters Charles Le Brun and Pierre Mignard, whose powerful protection helped him to receive commissions. Winning the Prix de Rome in 1659 allowed Corneille to study in Rome for four years, where he developed a great admiration for the the Carracci, whose work he copied extensively while there.
Admitted to the Académie Royale in 1663, Corneille moved up the teaching ranks, becoming professor and then counselor. A famous painter in his own day and the most highly esteemed of the three Corneilles, he shared his father's admiration for Italian art and taste for well-ordered compositions. | <urn:uuid:af17c96b-680d-4999-af51-ac0122fe6767> | CC-MAIN-2016-18 | http://www.getty.edu/art/collection/artists/821/michel-corneille-the-younger-french-1641-1708/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860121776.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161521-00110-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.976795 | 247 | 3.109375 | 3 |
Germ-line specific promoters are useful to insect biologists and Biedler and colleagues (2015) in a just-published paper in G3-Genes|Genomes|Genetics report their efforts to identify, isolate and test maternal germline-specific genes and promoters in the Asian malaria vector, Anopheles stephensi.
“We are interested in maternal germline‐specific genes in the An. stephensi for both fundamental and translational research purpose” Biedler et al. (2015)
A powerful synthetic gene drive system developed in Drosophila melanogaster called Medea or maternal-effect dominant embryonic arrest was described a few years ago that relied on the clever use of maternal germline specific and early zygotic promoters.
The Medea system in Drosophila serves as a prototype ‘toxin/antidote’-based genetic drive system fostering interest in the creation of similar systems in insects of agricultural and public health significance. Uses for such systems include the introgression of genes into mosquito populations that alter their vectoral capacity. Alternatively, these systems could be used to severely alter sex ratios – for example, skewing sex ratios toward males and resulting, ultimately, in collapse of the population.
To recreate the Medea system in other insects maternal germline specific promoters are needed.
Biedler et al. identified and characterized 79 previtellogenic early ovary-specific genes in An. stephensi using genome-wide RNAseq analysis over a range of developmental stages and tissues.
RT-PCR was used to validate the expression patterns of some of the candidate genes with RNAseq data of interest.
Some of the genes identified such as nanos, vasa, vgr (vitellogenin receptor) and oskar have been described in other species and are known to have germline specific expression.
Two, nanos and vgr, were further tested in transgenic An. stephensi, confirming their expected specificity. The promoters were also used to express artificial microRNAs against suspected mosquito maternal‐effect genes, discontinuous actin hexagon and myd88 and achieved 73% and 42% knockdown of myd88 and discontinuous actin hexagon mRNA in the ovaries 48 hours after blood-feeding.
The paper of Biedler et al. represent progress toward the creation of an Anopheles mosquito gene drive system and is worth reading while the availability of mosquito maternal germline specific promoters could be useful .
Maternal Germline-Specific Genes in the Asian Malaria Mosquito Anopheles stephensi: Characterization and Application for Disease Control (2014) James K. Biedler, Yumin Qi, David Pledger, Anthony James, and Zhijian Tu
G3 g3.114.015578; Early Online December 5, 2014, doi:10.1534/g3.114.015578
Related Technology Posts: | <urn:uuid:0b46bedf-6621-49ce-aff0-2f4028f28722> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | http://igtrcn.org/towards-a-medea-drive-system-in-anopheles-mosquitoes/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039744561.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20181118180446-20181118202446-00548.warc.gz | en | 0.893074 | 613 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Hill 314 is one of those elevations that are barely noticeable at first. However, as soon as we reach the top we at once realize its importance, as it commands an excellent view of the section of highway between Latrun and Nahshon Junction. During Israel’s War of Independence, this stretch of road was of great strategic importance in the battle for Jerusalem and the fighting in the Latrun area, and the hill is studded with signs that tell the story of those conflicts. To the north, above the roofs of Neveh Shalom, the hilltop on which the Latrun fortress stands can be clearly seen, with the monastery at its foot. We shall arrive there at the end of our walk.
Hill 314 played a vital role in Operation Bin Nun Alef, which took place on the night of May 24th-25th, 1948. During this operation, forces from the newly-created 7th Brigade and the 32nd Battalion attempted to break through the Latrun sector, which was under the control of Jordan’s Arab Legion at the time. The force came under heavy fire, and Ram Ron, who commanded the 1st company of the 32nd Battalion, withdrew to Hill 314 and dug in there in order to withstand the legion’s attacks and provide cover for the retreat of the battalion’s 2nd company. Over 70 fighters from the attacking force were killed in Operation Bin Nun Alef. Later on in the war, this hill played an important role once again, as it screened from Jordanian Latrun the Burma Road, which was the lifeline to beleaguered Jerusalem. After the war, Hill 314 came under the control of the State of Israel, and it served as an IDF forward post that secured the armistice line between Israel and Jordan. Today the remains of trenches and foxholes can still be seen among the mastic bushes (Pistacia lentiscus), the Mediterranean buckthorn (Rhamnus lycioides) and a lone, conspicuous carob tree.
The Abie Nathan recreation Area and Eshtaol Forest
From Hill 314 we walk eastwards for about 300 meters along the dirt road indicated by black markings until we arrive at an attractive section of Eshtaol Forest that signals our arrival at the edge of the woodland. This section includes a recreation area dedicated to the memory of the famous peace activist Abie Nathan (1927-2008), who immigrated to Israel from India and served as a volunteer pilot during Israel’s War of Independence. Abie Nathan flew twice to Egypt in his private plane (on February 28th, 1966 and July 28th, 1967) to deliver a message of peace, but was promptly deported. Thereafter he delivered his peace message by means of his private radio station the Voice of Peace, which broadcast from a ship anchored off the shores of Tel Aviv.
In the recreation area, we meet up with the Israel Trail and follow it down towards Nahal Nahshon. Our path leads us along a dirt road that follows the edge of Eshtaol Forest, which sprawls over an area of some 12,000 dunams (approx. 3,000 acres) to the south of the Tel Aviv-to-Jerusalem Highway. The forest is planted on low soft-chalk hillsides that rise to a height of up to 350 meters above sea level. The highway from Shaar HaGai to Nahshon Junction (Route no. 38) borders the forest to the east.
KKL-JNF has invested a lot of work in Eshtaol Forest, providing it with marked scenic routes suitable for private cars and signposting the main sites. The routes through the forest are dotted with recreation areas suitable for picnicking. | <urn:uuid:64935c69-8aec-47ba-b16d-47ac68c15af8> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://kkl-jnf.org/hiking_and_walking_tracks/latrun-monastery-hill314/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572163.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815085006-20220815115006-00120.warc.gz | en | 0.967417 | 770 | 2.59375 | 3 |
The Food and Drug Administration last week issued new guidance urging healthcare providers to “child size” the radiation dose when conducting medical imaging exams on children.
“The level of ionizing radiation from X-ray imaging is generally very low, but can contribute to an increased risk of cancer,” states the FDA guidance. “Because children have longer expected lifetimes ahead of them for potential effects to appear and the risk for cancer is not fully understood, it’s important to use the lowest radiation dose necessary to provide a diagnostic exam.”
The regulatory agency recommends that providers optimize the radiation dose of medical imaging exams— including X-ray, CT and fluoroscopy—to deliver the lowest level of dose needed. Imaging exams should be performed on children only when it is determined the studies are necessary to answer a clinical question or guide treatment.
“Unnecessary radiation exposure during medical procedures should be avoided,” warns the FDA. “However, X-rays and CT scans should never be withheld from a child or adult who has a medical condition where the exam could provide important health care information that may aid in the diagnosis or treatment of a serious or even life-threatening illness.”
While the FDA defines the pediatric population as birth through 21 years old, the agency contends that the optimization of image quality and radiation dose in X-ray imaging depends more on a patient’s size than their age and that smaller patients require less radiation to obtain a medically useful image.
“Technically, the patient’s body thickness (the distance an X-ray travels through the body to create the image) is the most important consideration when ‘child-sizing’ an image protocol,” according to the FDA’s guidance.
Ultimately, providers are responsible for ensuring there is justification for all X-ray imaging exams performed on pediatric patients, according to the agency. “They should also consider whether another type of imaging exam that does not expose the patient to ionizing radiation, such as ultrasound or magnetic resonance imaging, could be used to obtain the same result.”
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Don't have an account? Register for Free Unlimited Access | <urn:uuid:ba241896-0ac3-4f63-b207-7e8941541625> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | https://www.healthdatamanagement.com/news/fda-calls-for-lowest-level-dose-in-childrens-x-rays | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125948047.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20180426012045-20180426032045-00573.warc.gz | en | 0.925707 | 516 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Emergencies, the need for resources, and exploration are 3 of the top factors that make dangerous jobs an extremely necessary part of day to day life. These risky jobs can attract characters of many different variations, from adrenaline junkies, to men and women just trying to make an honest days living. So just what would be considered the top 10 most dangerous jobs in the world?
In the united states alone there is an average of 4,500+ directly work related casualties annually. Below are some of the most popular jobs taking up larger than average pieces on the fatality pie. Factors of job danger include number of deaths in proportion to their industries size, injuries both direct and indirect, hazards within the work area, work environment, geography and landscape, work conditions, and mental and physical demands of the job.
POLICE AND FIREFIGHTERS- Who each see an average of 60-100+ deaths a year each.
#10 Professional Boxer
To some this may not be considered a job, but for many men and women participating in this sport it is a way of life and also a mode to earn a living. Directly over 1,000+ deaths have occurred from this fast paced, physical sport since the 1920’s. Yet, many attributed illnesses can result from head trauma, such as alzheimer’s, and even parkinson’s disease. While many if not most boxers make it out of this competition relatively unscathed, unfortunately casualties number around 10 deaths per year.
#9 Structural Iron and Steel Workers
A job with relatively small numbers of fatalities in comparison to other hard labor/blue collar jobs, this career still averages between 20-40+ casualties a year. More so the job can involve lifting very heavy loads and working at very high altitudes, making way for many potential work related injuries.
Being a roofer is no doubt a strenuous, demanding, and hot job. Most roofer fatalities are due to slipping and falling off of slanted surfaces of buildings, as well as loose falling equipment. Due to the nature of the job, it can require a lot of motion and movement which makes tying off to an object to prevent falls a hassle. Fatalities usually fall in the 60+ a year range.
It is no doubt that the life of a miner can be a hard one. Mining accounts for nearly an average of 150 deaths a year due to equipment accidents, cave ins as well as fatal falls. Also keep in mind that there are future looming health effects due to black lung disease as well as other various ailments due to this strenuous work environment.
#6 Factory worker
Factory workers fatality rate is largely due to the exceptionally large machinery they must tinker with all day. Around 320+ deaths occurred in these jobs through the last few recent years.
#5 Electrician/ Power line installers
Everyone knows that electricity is dangerous. Depending on volts, watts, as well as amps the risk can fluctuate in terms of how likely a death may be. However, many are not aware that nearly 300-350+ deaths come out of this demanding industry annually. One of the most common deaths in this industry occurs in the power line installer job, which is considered one of the riskiest jobs within the industry.
#4 Transportation/ truck driving
From warehouse accidents, to fatal wrecks this job has its fair share of risks to take. Not only do drivers have to worry about safely driving larger than usual vehicles, they also have to worry about other vehicles driving safely on the road as well. A giant industry, on average this job includes upwards of 700+ deaths a year.
Arguably contending with the #2 spot for most dangerous jobs, this grueling work has an average of 100+ deaths a year and steadily growing within the past years. From the hazard of falling trees, heavy equipments, and challenging landscape, this job can prove to quite risky.
#2 Construction worker (industry as a whole)
According to the Bureau of Labor and Statistics, the construction field is one of the most dangerous places to work, with an average of 700+ deaths a year within this industry as a whole. Most of the lives claimed are general laborers. Most in part because they do a considerably more amount of moving about the construction zone than their co-workers which puts them at greater risk for tripping, falling, getting hit with equipment, and having loose objects fall on top of them.
#1 Commercial Fishermen
Between 1992-2007 alone, 1,903 commercial fishing vessels sank. Even more so, over a 20 year period over 1,000 workers died. Largely in part due to slippery surfaces, falling overboard, drowning, freezing, being hit with heavy equipment, and even dealing with the still possible threat of modern pirates. This job takes a special breed of person. There is no doubt about it, as the old saying goes, “The sea can be a cruel mistress.”
So, there it is. A complete list of some of the more dangerous jobs out in the world we live in today. While what is considered more dangerous is highly disputable to the people with varying opinions, this will serve as a guideline and a template for those needing a bit of incite in the direction they wish to take or choose a career. | <urn:uuid:842fce8a-1172-4157-8ed0-151c04856fe2> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://megatopten.com/life/top-10-most-dangerous-jobs-in-the-world/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917119642.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031159-00419-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.962062 | 1,088 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Human beings have long been fascinated and in many cases obsessed with the possibility of living forever, or even the less ambitious goal of living longer before experiencing disability and disease. Tales of individuals with exceptional longevity—including Methuselah and other characters in the Bible—have been passed from generation to generation throughout the history of modern man, despite a lack of substantive evidence. However, with the advent of actuarial and scientific methods it has become clear that, as with other biological variables, the life spans of individuals in populations throughout the world follow a bell curve, with the maximum attainable life span of approximately 120 years remaining largely unchanged for thousands of years.
In his new book, Mortal Coil, David Haycock, a historian and an authority on the history of medicine, provides a riveting account of the past four centuries of humans’ search for the explanation of their mortality and the possibility of achieving immortality. The book integrates religious, philosophical and scientific considerations of mortality, using well-researched accounts of the lives and contributions of key thinkers as well as of charlatans who have shaped our views of aging. Drawing upon his training as a historian and his knowledge of medicine, Haycock provides a unique view of a fundamental aspect of human existence, written in an easy-to-read yet thought-provoking manner—albeit with room for further insight about the brain.
Sir Francis Bacon recommended a diet that included plants known to contain poisonous substances, such as hemlock, mandrake and nightshade. Recently, accumulated scientific evidence has suggested that the health benefits of some of the chemicals in plants do indeed result from their noxious properties.The book begins in the early 1600s with the life and intellectual pursuits of Sir Francis Bacon, who made several major contributions that advanced knowledge of the causes of aging and the prospect of life span extension. In his essays on this subject Bacon describes how the aging process is unequal—some parts of the body age relatively fast and are not repaired (the arteries and bones, for example), whereas other parts, such as the skin and the blood, can be restored during aging.
Interestingly, Bacon recommended a diet that included plants known to contain poisonous substances, such as hemlock, mandrake and nightshade. Recently, accumulated scientific evidence has suggested that the health benefits of some of the chemicals in plants do indeed result from their noxious properties; in a process called “hormesis,” low amounts of such potentially toxic substances induce a mild adaptive stress response in cells and organs, which results in increased resistance to disease. As described by Haycock, it was also in the 17th century that Rene Descartes emphasized the importance of dietary moderation, exercise and “peace and tranquility.” This section of the book provides an interesting and well-conceived account of how people viewed mortality from religious and philosophical perspectives at a time when the biological underpinnings of aging were completely unknown.
The era of alchemy and the search for the “elixir of life,” still in the 1600s, is the topic of the next section of Mortal Coil. Haycock describes the intermingling of the beginnings of medicine with the promulgation of anecdotal cases and outright witchcraft and quackery that was fueled by the hopes and fears of the sick and the aged. Claims of dramatic cures through treatments ranging from bloodletting to herbs and gonadal extracts were rampant. Despite the prevalence of false claims during this time period, however, valuable information and concepts were generated. For example, the Swiss alchemist and physician Paracelsus developed the idea that medicines are poisons that at low doses have beneficial effects. In England there was a growing interest in the prolongation of life among members of the Royal Society, and physicians commonly employed drastic measures to prolong the lives of people on their deathbeds. Robert Boyle espoused the “corpuscular theory”—the principle that life could be prolonged by replacing body fluids and cells in old individuals with fluids and cells from younger individuals.
Haycock describes the 18th century as the age of reason and optimism for the future of medicine, health and longevity. Claims of exceptional longevity continued—St. Germain claimed to be 300 years old, and even prominent physicians such as the Scottish doctor George Cheyne suggested that it was possible to live beyond 200 years by adopting a strict Spartan-like lifestyle. But this hope among intellectuals and medical professionals was in stark contrast to the reality of the times, for the average life span was actually decreasing; for example, average life expectancy in England in 1726 was 25 years.
One lesson of the 1700s, however, was that with optimism comes energy and motivation, and, indeed, the belief that immortality might be eventually achieved through advances in science and medicine became an impetus for rigorous research in these fields. Even Napoleon Bonaparte expressed the opinion that science would find a way to prolong life indefinitely. And on the other side of the Atlantic Ocean in sprouting America, Benjamin Franklin was fascinated with the process of aging and the possibility of slowing it through dietary modifications—he found that his own health benefited by abstaining from meat. Also important among Interestingly, many of the environmental factors that were anecdotally linked to increased longevity in the 16th through the 18th centuries exert their beneficial effects by modifying neurotransmitter systems in the brain.the conceptual advances of the 1700s were the idea of the “power of the mind” forwarded by William Godwin and the appreciation of the role of inheritance as a determinant of one’s life span as voiced by the German physician Christof Hufeland. This section of the book touches on the influence of the brain on health and longevity, but could have benefited from specific examples of how chronic stress shortens life and engagement in intellectual and leisure activities promotes health. Interestingly, many of the environmental factors that were anecdotally linked to increased longevity in the 16th through the 18th centuries exert their beneficial effects by modifying neurotransmitter systems in the brain. For example, by increasing signaling by the neurotransmitters serotonin and glutamate, exercise and engagement in intellectual activities increase the production of neurotrophic factors, proteins that promote the growth and survival of nerve cells and thereby protect against disease.
Rigorous investigations of longevity and the aging process in which reliable data were systematically collected began and then grew exponentially during the 19th century. Data collected by the life insurance industry based on substantiated birth and death records definitively refuted claims that individuals were living beyond 120 years of age. Thomas Malthus’s analysis of population growth demonstrated the importance of competition for available resources in setting limits on survival, and predicted adverse consequences of continued exponential growth of the human population. At the same time, the meticulous research of the naturalists Alfred Wallace and Charles Darwin led to the realization that humans evolved over millions of years by the process of natural selection. These kinds of fully validated discoveries clearly suggested that longevity is largely predetermined by evolutionary history and that, accordingly, the death of the individual is important for the survival of the species. Elsewhere, Benjamin Gompertz developed an equation that describes the survival curves for populations of any animal from which two key values can be obtained: the average life span and the maximal life span. Coincident advances in medicine by famous scientists such as Louis Pasteur led to reduction in deaths caused by infectious agents, which resulted in increases in the average life span—but without an increase in the maximum life span, which remained at 100 to120 years.
Haycock concludes Mortal Coil by summarizing the many advances in aging research and in understanding the molecular and cellular basis of aging and age-related disease. This large body of knowledge, the vast majority of which has been obtained within the past hundred years, was bolstered by numerous major discoveries in the field of biology, including what cells are and how they divide and function; the structure and mechanism of replication of DNA; how proteins, which are made from amino acids, control the structure and function of cells; and the nature of oxygen free radicals and how they damage cells.
Though not overtly stated by Haycock, the title for his book presumably derives from the Shakespearean use of the phrase: Hamlet, in his famous soliloquy, ponders what happens once we have “shuffled off this mortal coil”—the troubles of life and the suffering in the world. But the title also invokes the double helix “coil” of DNA, inherited from our parents, which controls our life and also dooms us to death. Accordingly, included in the last section of the book are sketches of the work of several prominent scientists whose discoveries support the importance of the “mortal coil,” among them Thomas Kirkwood, who developed the “disposable soma theory of aging.” This theory focuses on the concept that evolution protects the germ cells while discarding the body through its programmed death. The discovery that dividing cells in the body, such as those in the skin, are capable of only a limited number of cell divisions, proportional to the life span of the species, strengthened the case for a genetically programmed life span. Haycock touches on key points concerning the mechanisms of aging, but leaves it to the reader to integrate this information with that covered in the previous sections of the book. The book would have been enhanced by the inclusion of examples of predictions made in the preceding centuries and whether they were or were not supported by emerging scientific findings.
Some of these examples are brain-related. Many centuries before the discoveries of nerve cells and neurotransmitters it was recognized that thought, mood and behavior could be affected by substances present in certain plants and animals. A culture of using traditional medicines that were mainly components (roots, leaves, bark, etc.) or extracts of plants became pervasive in societies throughout the world. In an increasing number of cases, the efficacy of such traditional medicines is being validated in controlled studies and the specific chemicals responsible for the medicinal actions are being identified. In several cases the active chemicals are actually toxins that at the low doses consumed activate adaptive cellular stress response pathways in neurons and other cells. The result is that the cells respond to the mild stress induced by the phytochemicals by increasing their ability to cope with more severe stress and resist disease. It would have been more informative if Haycock had included a description of the brain circuitry and neurotransmitters that control mood (serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine) and how drugs used to treat depressed or otherwise abnormal mood act on these neurotransmitter systems. In modern societies mood-altering drugs, particularly antidepressants, are becoming widely used. It will be of considerable interest to know how views of longevity and life span are affected by From an evolutionary perspective, survival is paramount, and the brain is of fundamental importance in the critical decision-making processes that determine one’s fate.these drugs.
Also missing from the book is discussion of the roles of the brain in the contemplation of mortality and in efforts to delay death. From an evolutionary perspective, survival is paramount, and the brain is of fundamental importance in the critical decision-making processes that determine one’s fate. As modern societies evolved, survival depended less on avoiding sudden violent death and more upon avoiding and properly treating diseases. Assimilation of scientific data and the development of drugs in pharmaceutical companies and universities required the coordinated efforts of individual scientists and physicians—a dramatic example of altruism. Higher cognitive functions were essential for these efforts to extend health span (the number of years lived in good health) and, with it, average life span. Because of the brain’s structural and chemical complexity, and the prevalence of psychiatric and neurological disorders such as schizophrenia, depression, epilepsy, Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease, the brain was itself a major target for drug development. Together with basic research in animals and human subjects, the various neurotransmitters that control all behaviors and bodily functions were identified, and “neurochemical maps” of the nerve cell circuitry of the brain were established.
While great strides have been made in understanding what happens to the body’s molecules and cells during aging, the general “formula” for living longer and healthier that was first appreciated four centuries ago remains largely unchanged: eat in moderation, exercise regularly, keep the mind engaged in challenging intellectual pursuits and avoid chronic stress. In 2008 it is realistic to expect further incremental advances that increase average life span and extend health span, but as suggested by the history elegantly chronicled by Haycock in Mortal Coil, the prospect of major increases in maximum life span remains remote. | <urn:uuid:5bf32f96-8c99-4d79-8a11-cbd4404ca179> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://www.dana.org/news/cerebrum/detail.aspx?id=13102 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696382917/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092622-00022-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960515 | 2,571 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Poor Will's Almanack: March 19 - 25, 2019
Often, the landscape still seems to lie in winter even when the sun says spring. But the season takes on its character from many cues and signs, or what anthropologist Keith Basso calls “mnemonic pegs.” A person might use such pegs, formed by objects or events, like blooming daffodils or singing birds, to formulate what anthropologists call a “topogeny,” a listing of phenomena that creates maps or paths.
In his On Trails, Robert Moore explains that topogeny “is the summoning, in the mind’s eye, of a mental landscape….” Like the technique of singing the names of landmarks for navigation, used by the aboriginal inhabitants of Australia and described by Bruce Chatwin in The Songlines, the naming of flora and fauna, in context, becomes a sequence of markers with which one can plot time and place.
In the coldest springs, it often seem I am lost in a monotony of rain and gray, but then if I walk about and look closely, I might see May apples pushing up in the woods, bluebells, twinleaf, bloodroot, small-flowered bittercress and hepatica budding, willows, mock orange, and buckeyes leafing, forsythia blooming in hedgerows, maybe see a goldfinch turned all summer gold. If I listen on the warmest nights, I might hear the shrill call of the American toad
If I keep walking and if I collect signs for just a few days, I will have a topogeny, a list of events which will be the map that tells me exactly where I am and will show me the way to summer.
This is Bill Felker with Poor Will’s Almanack. I’ll be back again next week with notes for the final week of Early Spring and the final week of the Cabbage White Butterfly Moon. Go out and start collecting the signs of spring. Make your own topogeny. Soon you’ll have a map that will take you all the way to summer. | <urn:uuid:0ef9b36c-f39d-451a-877f-b995377d0f2d> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://www.wyso.org/show/poor-wills-almanack/2019-03-19/poor-wills-almanack-march-19-25-2019 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585025.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20211016200444-20211016230444-00233.warc.gz | en | 0.942597 | 452 | 2.796875 | 3 |
- > Resources >
- Images >
- The Urinary System Image >
In this section we've added a few alternative study aids to help you along.
- Articles - Here you'll find a range of short articles on basic anatomy and physiology topics, complete with a few 'test yourself' questions for each one.
- Images and pdf's - Just in case you get tired of looking at the screen we've provided images and pdf files that you can print out and use for 'off-line' practice.
- Word Roots - When you learn the word roots, prefixes and suffixes contained within anatomical and medical terms, you can often work out what they mean. This can be a useful skill as you progress in your studies, so we've provided a dictionary to help you!
- Games - Finally in the resources section, we've added some simple games to make anatomy and physiology practice a little bit more fun. | <urn:uuid:c55e0101-ab4b-4c6e-94dc-85eb8ae5ec93> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | https://www.free-anatomy-quiz.com/urinary_pic.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912203168.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20190324022143-20190324044143-00163.warc.gz | en | 0.908705 | 190 | 2.9375 | 3 |
A question we would like to ask you is why the child had his blood potassium checked? Was the
doctor looking for a specific medical condition or was the blood checked for potassium as part
of another test?
The most common cause of elevated potassium levels in the blood, known medically as
kyperkalemia, is from the breakdown of red blood cells that sometimes happens when blood is
taken from a vein. Red blood cells are high in potassium and if a lot of potassium is released into
the blood when the specimen is taken, then a high potassium level is reported. A repeat blood
test usually shows a normal potassium level.
There are many possible medical conditions that could cause an elevated potassium in your
baby’s blood. Our kidneys help maintain normal potassium levels in the blood by filtration,
reabsorption, and excretion of excess potassium in the urine with the aid of the hormone
aldosterone. Therefore, kidney disease can cause abnormal levels of potassium to accumulate in
If potassium supplements are taken in excess of your kidneys' ability to remove them, a high
level in the blood also may result. Destruction of blood cells within the body, such as from
burns, major trauma or a transfusion reaction also can increase your potassium level. Rare
conditions such as adrenal failure (Addison's disease) and some forms of congenital kidney
disease also increase potassium in the blood. In addition, certain medications, like diuretics that
conserve potassium also may result in hyperkalemia. | <urn:uuid:71439ddd-c27f-46a0-8e84-663dcef44ca1> | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | http://www.kidsgrowth.com/resources/advicedetail.cfm?id=2149 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398446500.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205406-00239-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.931579 | 319 | 3.734375 | 4 |
(NNPA)—Do you know about Elizabeth Keckley? Maggie Lena Walker, Sarann Knight Preddy, Gertrude Pocte Geddes-Willis, Trish Millines Dziko, Addie L Wyatt or Marie-Therese Metoyer?
What about Ernesta Procope, Dr. Sadie Alexander, Or Dr. Phyllis Wallace? What about Bettiann Gardner, Lillian Lambert, or Emma Chappell? What about Ellen Holly, Mary Alice, or Edmonia Lewis?
If we knew anything about these women, it might cause all of us, African-American men and women, to walk a bit more lightly, hold our heads a bit higher, and revel in the
March is Women’s History Month, so it’s an ideal time to celebrate Black women who often get overlooked by other women as well as their own race.
History belongs to she who holds the pen, she who will speak up, speak out and tell the whole story. If the names of the sisters listed above aren’t as well known as others—like Harriet Tubman, Sojourner Truth, and Mary McLeod Bethune—it is because no one has chosen to tell their stories. | <urn:uuid:6413cd6b-b4bd-4778-9059-92e49b575bbf> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | http://newpittsburghcourieronline.com/2014/03/12/black-womens-history-month/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936459277.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074059-00036-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.943385 | 258 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Is interesting the kind of ideas that arise from relativity. One of the widely accepted ones are about some kind of “relativistic stresses”. As wikipedia says:
In general, it was concluded by Dewan & Beran and Bell, that relativistic stresses arise when all parts of an object are accelerated the same way with respect to an inertial frame, and that length contraction has real physical consequences.
This assertion is correct, as far as this condition is met: ” when all parts of an object are accelerated the same way with respect to an inertial frame”
However, this is a highly unnatural situation, far from the original “spirit” of the Bell’s spaceship paradox wich initial conditions say:
“Consider two identically constructed rockets at rest in an inertial frame S. Let them face the same direction and be situated one behind the other”.
It is obvious that, under this conditions, both spaceships will have exactly the same speed for every instant of time. Moreover, having the same speed they will share the same frame of reference, so B will stay at rest relative to C, and this yields to no broken thread. We can not say the same about A. A will stay at rest, so for A, B and C velocities will be different. Let’s check the facts:
Now, let’s analyze the situation by dividing the flight time on very little intervals $latex \Delta t$, and we will assume that $latex \Delta t$ is so small that the initial condition holds for the entire interval.
Step 1 (B and C start motors). The initial conditions of this interval say $latex V_a = V_b = V_c = 0$, so A, B and C share a common reference frame, so me assume they share the reference frame for the whole $latex \Delta t$. This means $latex \Delta t_a = \Delta t_b = \Delta t_c = \Delta t$, because if A, B and C share the reference frame, time flows equally for all of them.
At the end of this step, we will have:
Step 2. A is a rest, while B and C has a velocity $latex V_1$. This makes B and C to share a common reference frame, while A keeps its original reference frame. This means time flows now equal to B and C, but different for A (by time dilation) $latex \Delta t_b = \Delta t_c = \Delta t$. $latex \Delta t_a \neq \Delta t$. B and C now share the same reference frame, so for all practical purposes they are at rest relative to each other. This of course means the thread doesn’t break during this interval.
V_b=v_1+a\Delta t=2a\Delta t\\
V_c=v_1+a\Delta t=2a\Delta t\\
Step 3. A keeps at rest, while B and C has a velocity $latex V_2$. B and C share the same reference frame, so they both keep ar rest relative to each other, so no thread breaks.
As you can see we can keep doing this analysis for a long time, and the result will not change. B and C keeps always at rest relative to each other, so the thread never breaks. Now the question is: why this was not seen before? Simple: we are humans, and by starting with A, B and C from the same reference frame and by being acceleration the same from the begining, we easily tend to think B and C will keep synchronized to A. By the way, A keeps synchronized to B and C? No. Why? By the relativity of simultaneity. When B and C get a velocity V the line of simultaneity for them get a little inclination relative to A rest frame, so simultaneous events for B and C are now out of phase for A. The phase difference is given by: $latex \Delta t=Vx/c^2$, been $latex x$ the distance from A to B or C, and V the velocity of B or C. This means (folowing our analysis) that B and C get velocity $latex V_2$ at the end of step 2 simultaneously for its own frame of reference, but B get that velocity slightly after C from the A frame of reference. This means the minkowski diagrams for this paradox are wrong too, because they assume B and C get velocity $latex V_2$ simultaneously as seen from A frame of reference. The right diagram shows below.
Do you see of any error in this article? Let me know! I’ll really appreciate it. | <urn:uuid:c288f793-885f-414a-89bd-0e45c84b1f64> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | http://stalinbeltran.com/bells-spaceship-thread-does-not-breaks/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496668765.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20191116204950-20191116232950-00254.warc.gz | en | 0.902137 | 1,007 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Here at Mercer’s Wood we use a synthetic phonics scheme to teach early reading skills called Read, Write, Inc. The programme gets children reading quickly, accurately and fluently. Every child’s progress is tracked through ongoing assessment and children are grouped by ability so they all learn rapidly and at the right level. Lots of partner work means that every child participates in the whole lesson. The programme starts with the forty-four initial phonemes that the children need to know then develops into blending, segmenting and looking at graphemes for spelling.
Synthetic phonics is a way of teaching reading. Children are taught to read letters or groups of letters by saying the sound(s) they represent – for example the letter ‘L’ makes the sound ‘llllll’ when said. Synthetic phonics also teaches children to read words by synthesising the sounds together to make a word.
Before your son / daughter can start to read, they need to learn to:
Where to go for further help?
A perfect place to look for some further information is on the Ruth Miskin website at: http://www.ruthmiskin.com/en/read-write-inc-programmes/phonics/
If you have any worries or concerns about your child’s learning of phonics and reading, please contact your child’s class teacher in the first instance.
We are always willing to support you in any way that we can.
From Wednesday 13th January we are changing the way that your child will access their phonics Read Write Inc home learning lesson.
A daily Read Write Inc phonics lesson will be available on YouTube. You will receive an email with your child’s current Set number (Set 1, Set 2 or Set 3).
This set number will tell you which program your child needs to watch. | <urn:uuid:e19688e0-8d81-40a5-86f6-de2a2725902d> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://www.talloaksacademy.co.uk/phonics-rwi/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703519984.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20210120085204-20210120115204-00637.warc.gz | en | 0.940917 | 391 | 3.359375 | 3 |
WEDNESDAY, April 10 (HealthDay News) -- Everyone wants to build a better mousetrap, but researchers working to uncover the secrets of Alzheimer's disease have taken that a step further: They've built a better rat.
By creating genetically engineered lab animals that more closely mirror key elements of Alzheimer's in the human brain, scientists report they have created a more effective, faster approach for early testing of potential drugs to treat the disease.
These "transgenic" rats are better lab animals than are other rodents for a variety of reasons, according to study author Terrence Town, a professor in the physiology and biophysics department at the Keck School of Medicine at the University of Southern California. "You get so much more usable data from these rats."
"First, the typical rat, which is 5 million years closer to the human than the mouse is, is a better model for pathology than the mouse," Town said. Mice have typically been seen as the preferred lab animal because rats are four times more expensive to house, he noted.
Because the genetically altered rats are designed to develop specific pathologies seen in Alzheimer's, these rodents could help researchers better understand the disease process and test new therapeutics, he explained. "With mice models, you can cure them with lots of things but none have translated to humans, and we believe we're now going to close the gap with these rats."
Alzheimer's disease, which affects at least 5.1 million Americans, is an age-related dementia that gradually destroys a person's memory, thinking and the ability to carry out simple tasks.
Scientists have found that brain evidence of the disease includes the loss of neurons, or nerve cells; the development of abnormal levels of proteins that form what are called amyloid plaques, and the clumping of "tau proteins" inside neurons, forming what are termed "neurofibrillary tangles."
The newly created transgenic rats are the first rodents to have mutations that effectively reproduce those brain changes, according to the research published April 9 in the Journal of Neuroscience.
From studying the genetically engineered rats, the researchers have confirmed the role of amyloid plaques in the development of the disease and discovered specialized glial cells (neural support cells) before the development of amyloid plaque. That suggests that activation of those cells could potentially become a new treatment target, according to Town. "We may be able to see subtle changes in humans earlier than we thought in people who are predisposed to Alzheimer's."
To create a transgenic rat, "you take a disease-causing gene from a human and you put it into an animal," Town explained. "You make a line of animals, just like you would with dogs or horses, to transmit that gene."
The scientists then test to be sure the rat progeny have evidence of the genetic changes and allow them to age. Rats typically have a three-year lifespan, so 16-month-old rats are like people in their 40s and 2-month-olds are like those in their 80s, Town noted.
The researchers tested the transgenic rats to confirm the presence of the neurofibrillary tangles in areas of the brain involved in learning and memory. They also found evidence that 30 percent of the rats' brain neurons in these areas died as the rats aged, with some glial cells forming themselves into shapes similar to those found in human patients.
Heather Snyder, director of medical and scientific operations for the Alzheimer's Association, said the research represents the first time critical processes and pathologies of the disease have been replicated in an animal model. But she warned that animal models are limited.
"Rats are not humans and animals do not develop Alzheimer's," Snyder noted."This is something that is still being manipulated by the scientists -- animal models are an early tool in research. So, while this type of research and this type of advance in the field is important, this is still basic science."
Town said his hope is that the transgenic rats will help researchers uncover principles applicable to other neurological diseases, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis -- also known as ALS or Lou Gehrig's disease -- and Parkinson's disease. "As we make this model available to the research community, our hope is that it will be useful in basic research and treatment development," he said.
Learn more about Alzheimer's disease from the U.S. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. | <urn:uuid:4e00fb6b-6469-4fed-bd89-0a65a1341d8f> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://www.ivillage.com/newly-created-rats-designed-speed-alzheimers-research/4-a-532895 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802768034.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075248-00047-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.963305 | 917 | 3.328125 | 3 |
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Days of prayer, and formerly also of fasting, instituted by the Church to appease God's anger at man's transgressions, to ask protection in calamities, and to obtain a good and bountiful harvest, known in England as "Gang Days" and "Cross Week", and in Germany as Bittage, Bittwoche, Kreuzwoche. The Rogation Days were highly esteemed in England and King Alfred's laws considered a theft committed on these days equal to one committed on Sunday or a higher Church Holy Day. Their celebration continued even to the thirteenth year of Elizabeth, 1571, when one of the ministers of the Established Church inveighed against the Rogation processions, or Gang Days, of Cross Week. The ceremonial may be found in the Council of Clovesho (Thorpe, Ancient Laws, I, 64; Hefele, Conciliengeschichte, III, 564).
The Rogation Days are the 25th of April, called Major, and the three days before the feast of the Ascension, called Minor. The Major Rogation, which has no connexion with the feast of St. Mark (fixed for this date much later) seems to be of very early date and to have been introduced to counteract the ancient Robigalia, on which the heathens held processions and supplications to their gods. St. Gregory the Great (d. 604) regulated the already existing custom. The Minor Rogations were introduced by St. Mamertus, Bishop of Vienne, and were afterwards ordered by the Fifth Council of Orléans, which was held in 511, and then approved by Leo III (795-816). This is asserted by St. Gregory of Tours in "Hist. Franc.", II, 34, by St. Avitus of Vienne in his "Hom. de Rogat." (P.L., LVIII, 563), by Ado of Vienne (P.L., CXXIII, 102), and by the Roman Martyrology. Sassi, in "Archiepiscopi Mediolanenses", ascribes their introduction at an earlier date to St. Lazarus. This is also held by the Bollandist Henschen in "Acta SS.", II, Feb., 522. The liturgical celebration now consists in the procession and the Rogation Mass. For 25 April the Roman Missal gives the rubric: "If the feast of St. Mark is transferred, the procession is not transferred. In the rare case of 25 April being Easter Sunday [1886, 1943], the procession is held not on Sunday but on the Tuesday following".
The order to be observed in the procession of the Major and Minor Rogation is given in the Roman Ritual, title X, ch. iv. After the antiphon "Exurge Domine", the Litany of the Saints is chanted and each verse and response is said twice. After the verse "Sancta Maria" the procession begins to move. If necessary, the litany may be repeated, or some of the Penitential or Gradual Psalms added. For the Minor Rogations the "Ceremoniale Episcoporum", book II, ch. xxxii, notes: "Eadem serventur sed aliquid remissius". If the procession is held, the Rogation Mass is obligatory, and no notice is taken of whatever feast may occur, unless only one Mass is said, for then a commemoration is made of the feast. An exception is made in favour of the patron or titular of the church, of whom the Mass is said with a commemoration of the Rogation. The colour used in the procession and Mass is violet. The Roman Breviary gives the instruction: "All persons bound to recite the Office, and who are not present at the procession, are bound to recite the Litany, nor can it be anticipated".
ROCK, The Church of Our Fathers, III (London, 1904), 181; DUCHESNE, Chr. Worship (tr. London, 1904), 288; BINTERIM, Denkwurdigkeiten; AMBERGER, Pastoraltheologie, II, 834; VAN DER STEPPEN, Sacra Liturgia, IV, 405; NILLES, Kalendarium Manuale (Innsbruck, 1897).
APA citation. (1912). Rogation Days. In The Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/13110b.htm
MLA citation. "Rogation Days." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 13. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1912. <http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/13110b.htm>.
Transcription. This article was transcribed for New Advent by Joseph E. O'Connor.
Ecclesiastical approbation. Nihil Obstat. February 1, 1912. Remy Lafort, D.D., Censor. Imprimatur. +John Cardinal Farley, Archbishop of New York.
Contact information. The editor of New Advent is Kevin Knight. My email address is webmaster at newadvent.org. Regrettably, I can't reply to every letter, but I greatly appreciate your feedback — especially notifications about typographical errors and inappropriate ads. | <urn:uuid:b3abd7dd-414f-414d-8175-f154f4172521> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | http://newadvent.org/cathen/13110b.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738662022.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173742-00165-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.926219 | 1,161 | 3 | 3 |
Pineapple is a delicious, nutritious fruit, and it is also typically low in pesticides, even when grown traditionally. This member of the “Clean Fifteen” list is packed with vitamin C, a good source of fiber, and contains a potent natural chemical called bromelain. Read on to learn about the health benefits of pineapple and diseases/health disorders it can help manage.
Pineapple Health Benefits
Along with containing well over 100 percent of your daily vitamin C requirement, just one cup of diced pineapple also contains potassium, thiamin, folate, beta carotene, and fiber. While sweet and filling, one cup of diced pineapple contains about 80 calories, which makes it a perfect choice for a healthy snack or a sweet dessert.
Even with its great nutrient profile, pineapple has a lot more to offer your body with its antioxidants and potent natural bromelain content. In fact, no other food in the world contains bromelain. It’s what makes pineapple’s health benefits so unique!
3 Diseases You Can Treat or Prevent by Eating Pineapple
1. IBD and Other Digestion Disorders
If you have Crohn’s Disease, ulcerative colitis, or just feel like your digestive system is sluggish at times, then starting or following a meal with a little pineapple can help your body break down your food and unleash its nutrients more effectively.
The bromelain in pineapple is actually a group of enzymes called proteolytic enzymes. This type of enzyme down protein and releases the amino acids in it. This is why bromelain is often an ingredient in meat tenderizers. These substances can help break down any food in the stomach and intestines, giving your natural digestion process a little boost that it needs.
Along with helping food to digest properly, the bromelain and vitamin C both benefit IBD in other ways. Bromelain is also a potent anti-inflammatory agent, and vitamin C has been shown in animal studies to also help reduce colon inflammation.
With allergy season here, pineapple can be another great addition to your natural allergy prevention “medicine cabinet.” If your allergies trigger your asthma, then pineapple is even more beneficial for you.
The bromelain in pineapple has been shown to help keep the immune system working properly, which can help keep your body from over-reacting to allergy triggers that are harmless, such as pollen. Animal studies have also shown it to be a potential great treatment for allergy-induced asthma, because it helps prevent lung and airway inflammation due to allergen exposure.
Pineapple can also help manage two types of arthritis: osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Both types benefit from bromelain’s potent anti-inflammatory effect. This can lead to natural pain reduction. The ability of bromelain to help keep the immune system in balance may offer an additional benefit to sufferers of rheumatoid arthritis, which is an autoimmune disease.
This is not an all-inclusive list of pineapple health benefits and diseases and health problems it can help manage, because there are so many! If you have any type of body inflammation or just want to stay in great heath as long as you can, then pineapple is a great addition to your daily diet! | <urn:uuid:3029047b-5ba1-4913-b4d2-9f563d7caa39> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | http://www.rawandnaturalhealth.com/pineapple-health-benefits-diseases-can-treat/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583514708.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20181022050544-20181022072044-00103.warc.gz | en | 0.937413 | 688 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Cinderella and Carnival Time ,
Characters and Masks ,
Drama and the verb " to be ".
This year we have been trialling approaches to the teaching of grammar in KS2 and we have focused our attention recently in how we can engage young children with the active learning of high frequency verbs in the present tense
As it's nearly carnival time though I thought that the lesson frame and the resources I created based on "masks " and Cinderella characters might be something that some of you may like to try with your UKS2 children to find out more about the high frequency verb "to be" .
The lesson frame provides you with the key language in French, German and Spanish - should you be unsure, like I was, how to say the "ugly sisters" in the target language!
The activities take the children from being able to ask and say who a character is in the first , second , third person singular and plural to developing personalities behind the masks for the characters and adding performance and drama !
The aims of the activities are:
- To introduce and practise the names of the main characters in the pantomime Cinderella, using the parts of the verb “to be “ in the target languages of French /Spanish or German
- To ask questions and give target language responses with the characters’ names
- To create personalities for the characters through the use of the voice, actions and performance
- To extend the character descriptions to allow the children to give the characters' personalities and feelings
- To create a simple performance ( groups of 5 children) based on the idea of a “masked ball
The children can use our Cinderella masks (download the zip file of the five characters here) masks to create their own face masks for the activities , like the one below ......or as part of their carnival focus they could work out for themselves how to create a mask and design their own masks for the characters in Cinderella.
Here's the activity sequence Cinderella PDF to download and follow.Please note that on the PDf the phrase "Who are they?" in Spanish should read “¿Quiénes son?”
The children will need to make dice with smaller versions of the characters for several of the games they will play.
"A wizard's potion" . You can listen to a non-specialist linguist and Y6 class teacher describe the sequence of lessons she put together to explore the resource and the lesson framework I provided her with. Click here to listen to her describe the work her class has done around the wizard's potion on JLN Network News.I will be sharing this sequence of activities at a later date on the blog should you like to try this . Will tweet about this when I put it up on the blog on @JanetLloydnet | <urn:uuid:80d8e5e9-91a0-43da-bafa-8ddffca266fe> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | http://janetlloyd.blogspot.co.uk/2014/02/cinderella-masks-carnival-time-drama.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948592846.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20171217015850-20171217041850-00590.warc.gz | en | 0.94297 | 578 | 3.734375 | 4 |
Up in the Old Hotel
AND OTHER STORIES
By Joseph Mitchell
The Mohawks in High Steel
The most footloose Indians in North America are a band of mixed‑blood Mohawks whose home, the Caughnawaga Reservation, is on the St. Lawrence River in Quebec. They are generally called the Caughnawagas. In times past, they were called the Christian Mohawks or the Praying Mohawks. There are three thousand of them, at least six hundred and fifty of whom spend more time in cities and towns all over the United States than they do on the reservation. Some are as restless as gypsies. It is not unusual for a family to lock up its house, leave the key with a neighbor, get into an automobile, and go away for years. There are colonies of Caughnawagas in Brooklyn, Buffalo, and Detroit. The biggest colony is in Brooklyn, out in the North Gowanus neighborhood. It was started in the late twenties, there are approximately four hundred men, women, and children in it, it is growing, and it shows signs of permanence. A few families have bought houses. The pastor of one of the churches in the neighborhood, the Cuyler Presbyterian, has learned the Mohawk dialect of the Iroquois language and holds a service in it once a month, and the church has elected a Caughnawaga to its board of deacons. There have been marriages between Caughnawagas and members of other groups in the neighborhood. The Caughnawaga women once had trouble in finding a brand of corn meal (Quaker White Enriched and Degerminated) that they like to use in making ka‑na‑ta‑rok, or Indian boiled bread; all the grocery stores in North Gowanus, even the little Italian ones, now carry it. One saloon, the Nevins Bar & Grill, has become a Caughnawaga hangout and is referred to in the neighborhood as the Indian Bank; on weekend nights, two‑thirds of its customers are Caughnawagas; to encourage their patronage, it stocks one Montreal ale and two Montreal beers. A saying in the band is that Brooklyn is the downtown of Caughnawaga.
Caughnawaga Reservation is on the south shore of the St. Lawrence, just above Lachine Rapids. It is nine miles upriver from Montreal, which is on the north shore. By bus, it is half an hour from Dominion Square, the center of Montreal. It is a small reservation. It is a tract of farmland, swamp, and scrub timber that is shaped like a half‑moon; it parallels the river for eight miles and is four miles wide at its widest point. On the river side, about midway, there is a sprawled‑out village, also named Caughnawaga. Only a few of the Caughnawagas are farmers. The majority live in the village and rent their farmland to French Canadians and speak of the rest of the reservation as "the bush." The Montreal‑to‑Malone, New York, highway goes through Caughnawaga village. It is the main street. On it are about fifty commonplace frame dwellings, the office of the Agent of the Indian Affairs Branch of the Canadian government, the Protestant church (it is of the United Church of Canada denomination), the Protestant school, and several Indian‑owned grocery stores and filling stations. The stores are the gathering places of the old men of the village. In each store is a cluster of chairs, boxes, and nail kegs on which old men sit throughout the day, smoking and playing blackjack and eating candy bars and mumbling a few words now and then, usually in Mohawk. In the front yards of half a dozen of the dwellings are ramshackly booths displaying souvenirs — papoose dolls, moccasins, sweet‑grass baskets, beadwork handbags, beadwork belts, beadwork wristwatch straps, and pincushions on which beads spell out "Mother Dear," "Home Sweet Home," "I Love U,‑ and similar legends. In one yard, between two totem poles, is a huge, elm‑bark tepee with a sign on it that reads, "Stop! & Pow Wow With Me. Chief White Eagle. Indian Medicine Man. Herbages Indiens. " Except on ceremonial occasions and for show purposes, when they put on fringed and beaded buckskins and feather headdresses of the Plains Indian type, Caughnawagas dress as other Canadians do, and if it were not for these front‑yard establishments, most motorists would be unaware that they were passing through an Indian village. A scattering of Caughnawagas look as Indian as can be; they have high cheekbones and jut noses, their eyes are sad, shrewd, and dark brown, their hair is straight and coal black, their skin is smooth and coppery, and they have the same beautiful, erect, chin‑lifted, haughty walk that gypsies have. White blood, however, has blurred the Indianness of the majority; some look dimly but unmistakably Indian, some look Indian only after one has searched their faces for Indian characteristics, and some do not look Indian at all. They run to two physical types; one type, the commoner, is thickset, fleshy, and broad‑faced, and the other is tall, bony, and longheaded. Some of the younger Caughnawagas have studied a little of the Indian past in school and they disapprove of the front‑yard establishments. They particularly disapprove of Chief White Eagle's establishment; they feel that it gives visitors a highly erroneous impression of Caughnawaga right off the bat. First of all, the old Mohawks did not live in tepees but in logand‑bark communal houses called longhouses, and they did not make totem poles. Also, there haven't been any chiefs in Caughnawaga, except self‑appointed ones, since 18go. Furthermore, while all Caughnawagas have Indian names, some much fancier than White Eagle, few go under them outside their own circles, and those who do almost invariably run them together and preface them with a white given name; John Goodleaf, Tom Tworivers, and Dominick Twoax are examples. Caughnawagas discovered long ago that whites are inclined to look upon Indian names, translated or untranslated, as humorous. In dealing with whites, ninety‑five per cent of them go under white names, and have for many generations. Most of these names are ordinary English, Scotch, Irish, or French ones, a number of which date back to intermarriages with early settlers. The names of the oldest and biggest Caughnawaga families are Jacobs, Williams, Rice, McComber, Tarbell, Stacey, Diabo (originally D'Ailleboust), Montour, De Lisle, Beauvais, and Lahache. The most frequent given names are Joe, John, and Angus, and Mary, Annie, and Josie.
On each side of the highway there is a labyrinth of lanes, some dirt, some gravel, and some paved. Some are straight and some are snaky. The dwellings on them are much older than those on the highway, and they range from log cabins to big field‑stone houses with frame wings and lean‑tos; members of three and even four generations of a family may live in one house. In the yards are gardens and apple trees and sugar‑maple trees and piles of automobile junk and groups of outbuildings, usually a garage, a privy, a chicken coop, and a stable. Large families keep a cow or two and a plug horse; the French Canadians who rent the reservation farmland sell all their worn‑out horses to the villagers. The dwellings in Caughnawaga are wired for electricity, just about every family has a radio and a few have telephones, but there is no waterworks system. Water for drinking and cooking is obtained from public pumps — the old‑fashioned boxed‑up, long‑handled kind‑situated here and there on the lanes. Water for washing clothes and for bathing is carted up from the river in barrels, and the horses are used for this. They are also used for carting firewood, and the children ride them. Most mornings, the cows and horses are driven to unfenced pastures on the skirts of the village. A few always mosey back during the day and wander at will.
The busiest of the lanes is one that runs beside the river. On it are the reservation post office, the Catholic church, the Catholic schools, a parish hall named Kateri Hall, and a small Catholic hospital. The post office occupies the parlor in the home of Frank McDonald Jacobs, the patriarch of the band. A daughter of his Veronica Jacobs, is postmistress. The church, St. Francis Xavier's: is the biggest building in the village. It is a hundred years old, it is made of cut stone of a multiplicity of shades of silver and gray, and the cross on its steeple is surmounted by a gilded weathercock. It is a Jesuit mission church; at its altar, by an old privilege, masses are said in Mohawk. In the summer, sightseeing buses from Montreal stop regularly at St. Francis Xavier's and a Jesuit scholastic guides the sightseers through it and shows them its treasures, the most precious of which are some of the bones of Kateri Tekakwitha, an Indian virgin called the Lily of the Mohawks who died at Caughnawaga in 1680. The old bones lie on a watered‑silk cushion in a glass‑topped chest. Sick and afflicted people make pilgrimages to the church and pray before them. In a booklet put out by the church, it is claimed that sufferers from many diseases, including cancer, have been healed through Kateri's intercession. Kateri is venerated because of the bitter penances she imposed upon herself; according to the memoirs of missionaries who knew her, she wore iron chains, lay upon thorns, whipped herself until she bled, plunged into icy water, went about barefoot on the snow, and fasted almost continuously.
On a hill in the southern part of the village are two weedy graveyards. One is for Catholics, and it is by far the bigger. The other is for Protestants and pagans. At one time, all the Caughnawagas were Catholics. Since the early twenties, a few have gone over to other faiths every year. Now, according to a Canadian government census, 2,682 are Catholics, 2Ni belong to Protestant denominations, and 77 are pagans. The so‑called pagans — they do not like the term and prefer to be known as the longhouse people belong to an Indian religion called the Old Way or the Handsome Lake Revelation. Their prophet, Handsome Lake, was a Seneca who in 1799, after many years of drunkenness, had a vision in which the spirits up above spoke to him. He reformed and spent his last fifteen years as a roving preacher in Indian villages in upstate New York. In his sermons, he recited some stories and warnings and precepts that he said the spirits had revealed to him. Many of these have been handed down by word of mouth and they constitute the gospel of the religion; a few men in each generation — they are called "the good‑message‑keepers" — memorize them. The precepts are simply stated. An example is a brief one from a series concerning the sins of parents: "It often happens that parents hold angry disputes in the hearing of their infant child. The infant hears and comprehends their angry words. It feels lost and lonely. It can see for itself no happiness in prospect. This is a great sin." During the nineteenth century, Handsome Lake's religion spread to every Iroquois reservation in the United States and Canada except Caughnawaga. It reached Caughnawaga right after the First World War and, despite the opposition of Catholics and Protestants, began to be practiced openly in 1927. Handsome Lake's followers meet in ceremonial structures that they call longhouses. The Caughnawaga longhouse is on the graveyard hill. It resembles a country schoolhouse. It is a plain, one‑room, frame building surrounded by a barbed‑wire fence. Several times a year, on dates determined by the phases of the moon or the rising of sap in the sugar maples or the ripening of fruits and vegetables, the longhouse people get together and hold thanksgiving festivals, among which are a Midwinter Festival, a Thanks-to‑the‑Maple Festival, a Strawberry Festival, and a String Bean Festival. In the course of the festivals, they burn little heaps of sacred tobacco leaves, eat a dish called corn soup, make public confessions of their sins, and chant and dance to the music of rattles and drums. The smoke from the tobacco fires is supposed to ascend to the spirits. The sacred tobacco is not store‑bought. It is a kind of tobacco known as Red Rose, an intensely acrid species that grows wild in parts of the United States and Canada. The longhouse people grow it in their gardens from wild seed and cure the leaves in the sun. The longhouse rattles are gourds or snapping‑turtle shells with kernels of corn inside them, and the drums are wooden pails that barn paint came in with rawhide or old inner tubes stretched over their mouths. The Catholics and Protestants complain that for several days after a longhouse festival everyone on the reservation is moody.
The Caughnawagas are among the oldest reservation Indians. The band had its origin in the latter half of the seventeenth century, when French Jesuit missionaries converted somewhere between fifty and a hundred Iroquois families in a dozen longhouse villages in what is now western and northern New York and persuaded them to go up to Quebec and settle in a mission outpost. This outpost was on the St. Lawrence, down below Lachine Rapids. The converts began arriving there in 1668. Among them were members of all the tribes in the Iroquois Confederacy — Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayugas, and Senecas. There were also a few Hurons, Eries, and Ottawas who had been captured and adopted by the Iroquois and had been living with them in the longhouse villages. Mohawks greatly predominated, and Mohawk customs and the Mohawk dialect of Iroquois eventually became the customs and speech of the whole group. In 1676, accompanied by two Jesuits, they left the outpost and went up the river to the foot of the rapids and staked out a village of their own, naming it Ka‑na‑wi‑ke, which is Mohawk for "at the rapids"; Caughnawaga is a latter‑day spelling. They moved the village three times, a few miles at a time and always upriver. With each move, they added to their lands. The final move, to the present site of Caughnawaga village, was made in 1719. Until 1830, the Caughnawaga lands were mission lands. In that year, the Canadian government took control of the bulk of them and turned them into a tax‑free reservation, parcelling out a homestead to each family and setting aside other pieces, called the Commons, for the use of future generations. Through the years, grants of Commons land have grown smaller and smaller; there are only about five hundred acres of it left; according to present policy, a male member of the band, after reaching his eighteenth birthday, may be granted exactly one‑fourth of an acre if he promises to build upon it. A Caughnawaga is allowed to rent his land to anybody, but he may sell or give it only to another member of the band. Unlike many reservation Indians, the Caughnawagas have always had considerable say‑so in their own affairs, at first through chiefs, each representing several families, who would go to the Indian Agent with requests or grievances, and then through an annually elected tribal council. The council has twelve members, it meets once a month in the parish hall, and it considers such matters as the granting of Commons land, the relief of the needy, and the upkeep of lanes and pumps. Its decisions, when approved by the Indian Affairs Branch in Ottawa, are automatically carried out by the Agent.
IN THE EARLY YEARS at Caughnawaga, the men clung to their old, aboriginal Iroquois ways of making a living. The Jesuits tried to get them to become farmers, but they would not. In the summer, while the women farmed, they fished. In the fall and winter, they hunted in a body in woods all over Quebec, returning to the village now and then with canoeloads of smoked deer meat, moose meat, and bear meat. Then, around 1700, a few of the youths of the first generation born at Caughnawaga. went down to Montreal and took jobs in the French fur trade. They became canoemen in the great fleets of canoes that carried trading goods to remote depots on the St. Lawrence and its tributaries and brought back bales of furs. They liked this work — it was hard but hazardous — and they recruited others. Thereafter, for almost a century and a half, practically every youth in the band took a job in a freight canoe as soon as he got his strength, usually around the age of seventeen. In the eighteen-thirties, forties, and fifties, as the fur trade declined in Lower Canada, the Caughnawaga men were forced to find other things to do. Some switched to the St. Lawrence timber‑rafting industry and became famous on the river for their skill in running immense rafts of oak and pine over Lachine Rapids. Some broke down and became farmers. Some made moccasins and snowshoes and sold them to jobbers in Montreal. A few who were still good at the old Mohawk dances came down to the United States and travelled with circuses; Caughnawagas were among the first circus Indians. A few bought horses and buggies and went from farmhouse to farmhouse in New England in the summer, peddling medicines — tonics, purges, liniments, and remedies for female ills — that the old women brewed from herbs and roots and seeds. A good many became depressed and shiftless; these hung out in Montreal and did odd jobs and drank cheap brandy.
In 1886, the life at Caughnawaga changed abruptly. In the spring of that year, the Dominion Bridge Company began the construction of a cantilever railroad bridge across the St. Lawrence for the Canadian Pacific Railroad, crossing from the French‑Canadian village of Lachine on the north shore to a point just below Caughnawaga village on the south shore. The D.B.C. is the biggest erector of iron and steel structures in Canada; it corresponds to the Bethlehem Steel Company in the United States. In obtaining the right to use reservation land for the bridge abutment, the Canadian Pacific and the D.B.C. promised that Caughnawagas would be employed on the job wherever possible.
"The records of the company for this bridge show that it wasour understanding that we would employ these Indians as ordinary day laborers unloading materials," an official of the D.B.C. wrote recently in a letter. "They were dissatisfied with this arrangement and would come out on the bridge itself every chance they got. It was quite impossible to keep them off. As the work progressed, it became apparent to all concerned that these Indians were very odd in that they did not have any fear of heights. If not watched, they would climb up into the spans and walk around up there as cool and collected as the toughest of our riveters, most of whom at that period were old sailing‑ship men especially picked for their experience in working aloft. These Indians were as agile as goats. They would walk a narrow beam high up in the air with nothing below them but the river, which is rough there and ugly to look down on, and it wouldn't mean any more to them than walking on the solid ground. They seemed immune to the noise of the riveting, which goes right through you and is often enough in itself to make newcomers to construction feel sick and dizzy. They were inquisitive about the riveting and were continually bothering our foremen by requesting that they be allowed to take a crack at it. This happens to be the most dangerous work in all construction, and the highest paid. Men who want to do it are rare and men who can do it are even rarer, and in good construction years there are sometimes not enough of them to go around. We decided it would be mutually advantageous to see what these Indians could do, so we picked out some and gave them a little training, and it turned out that putting riveting tools in their hands was like putting ham with eggs. In other words, they were natural‑born bridgemen. Our records do not show how many we trained on this bridge. There is a tradition in the company that we trained twelve, or enough to form three riveting gangs."
In the erection of steel structures, whether bridge or building, there are three main divisions of workers — raising gangs, fittingup gangs, and riveting gangs. The steel comes to a job already cut and built up into various kinds of columns and beams and girders; the columns are the perpendicular pieces and the beams and girders are the horizontal ones. Each piece has two or more groups of holes bored through it to receive bolts and rivets, and each piece has a code mark chalked or painted on it, indicating where it should go in the structure. Using a crane or a derrick, the men in the raising gang hoist the pieces up and set them in position and join them by running bolts through a few of the holes in them; these bolts are temporary. Then the men in the fitting‑up gang come along; they are divided into plumbers and bolters. The plumbers tighten up the pieces with guy wires and turnbuckles and make sure that they are in plumb. The bolters put in some more temporary bolts. Then the riveting gangs come along; one raising gang and one fitting‑up gang will keep several riveting gangs busy. There are four men in a riveting gang — a heater, a sticker‑in, a bucker‑up, and a riveter. The heater lays some wooden planks across a couple of beams, making a platform for the portable, coal‑burning forge in which he heats the rivets. The three other men hang a plank scaffold by ropes from the steel on which they are going to work. There are usually six two‑by‑ten planks in a scaffold, three on each side of the steel, affording just room enough to work; one false step and it's goodbye Charlie. The three men climb down with their tools and take their positions on the scaffold; most often the sticker — in and the bucker‑up stand on one side and the riveter stands or kneels on the other. The heater, on his platform, picks a red‑hot rivet off the coals in his forge with tongs and tosses it to the sticker‑in, who catches it in a metal can. At this stage, the rivet is shaped like a mushroom; it has a buttonhead and a stem. Meanwhile, the bucker‑up has unscrewed and pulled out one of the temporary bolts joining two pieces of steel, leaving the hole empty. The sticker‑in picks the rivet out of his can with tongs and sticks it in the hole and pushes it in until the buttonhead is flush with the steel on his side and the stem protrudes from the other side, the riveter's side. The sticker‑in steps out of the way. The bucker‑up fits a tool called a dolly bar over the buttonhead and holds it there, bracing the rivet. Then the riveter presses the cupped head of his pneumatic hammer against the protruding stem end of the rivet, which is still red‑hot and malleable, and turns on the power and forms a buttonhead on it. This operation is repeated until every hole that can be got at from the scaffold is riveted up.
Then the scaffold is moved. The heater's platform stays in one place until all the work within a rivet‑tossing radius of thirty to forty feet is completed. The men on the scaffold know each other's jobs and are interchangeable; the riveter's job is bone‑shaking and nerve-racking, and every so often one of the others swaps with him for a while. In the days before pneumatic hammers, the riveter used two tools, a cupped die and an iron maul; he placed the die over the stem end of the red‑hot rivet and beat on it with the maul until he squashed the stem end into a buttonhead.
After the D.B.C. completed the Canadian Pacific Bridge, it began work on a jackknife bridge now known as the Soo Bridge, which crosses two canals and a river and connects the twin cities of Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, and Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan. This job took two years. Old Mr. Jacobs, the patriarch of the band, says that the Caughnawaga riveting gangs went straight from the Canadian Pacific job to the Soo job and that each gang took along an apprentice. Mr. Jacobs is in his eighties. In his youth, he was a member of a riveting gang; in his middle age, he was, successively, a commercial traveller for a wholesale grocer in Montreal, a schoolteacher on the reservation, and a campaigner for compulsory education for Indians. "The Indian boys turned the Soo Bridge into a college for themselves," he says. "The way they worked it, as soon as one apprentice was trained, they'd send back to the reservation for another one. By and by, there'd be enough men for a new Indian gang. When the new gang was organized, there'd be a shuffle‑up — a couple of men from the old gangs would go into the new gang and a couple of the new men would go into the old gangs; the old would balance the new." This proliferation continued on subsequent jobs, and by 1907 there were over seventy skilled bridgemen in the Caughnawaga band. On August 29, 1907, during the erection of the Quebec Bridge, which crosses the St. Lawrence nine miles above Quebec City, a span collapsed, killing ninety‑six men, of whom thirty‑five were Caughnawagas. In the band, this is always spoken of as "the disaster."
"People thought the disaster would scare the Indians away from high steel for good," Mr. Jacobs says. "Instead of which, the general effect it had, it made high steel much more interesting to them. It made them take pride in themselves that they could do such dangerous work. Up to then, the majority of them, they didn't consider it any more dangerous than timber‑rafting. Also, it made them the most looked‑up‑to men on the reservation. The little boys in Caughnawaga used to look up to the men that went out with circuses in the summer and danced and war‑whooped all over the States and came back to the reservation in the winter and holed up and sat by the stove and drank whiskey and bragged. That's what they wanted to do. Either that, or work on the timber rafts. After the disaster, they changed their minds — they all wanted to go into high steel. The disaster was a terrible blow to the women. The first thing they did, they got together a sum of money for a life‑size crucifix to hang over the main altar in St. Francis Xavier's. They did that to show their Christian resignation. The next thing they did, they got in behind the men and made them split up and scatter out. That is, they wouldn't allow all the gangs to work together on one bridge any more, which, if something went wrong, it might widow half the young women on the reservation. A few gangs would go to this bridge and a few would go to that. Pretty soon, there weren't enough bridge jobs, and the gangs began working on all types of high steel‑factories, office buildings, department stores, hospitals, hotels, apartment houses, schools, breweries, distilleries, power houses, piers, railroad stations, grain elevators, anything and everything. In a few years, every steel structure of any size that went up in Canada, there were Indians on it. Then Canada got too small and they began crossing the border. They began going down to Buffalo and Cleveland and Detroit."
Sometime in 1915 or 1916, a Caughnawaga bridgeman named John Diabo came down to New York City and got a job on Hell Gate Bridge. He was a curiosity and was called Indian Joe; two old foremen still remember him. After he had worked for some months as bucker‑up in an Irish gang, three other Caughnawagas joined him and they formed a gang of their own. They had worked together only a few weeks when Diabo stepped off a scaffold and dropped into the river and was drowned. He was highly skilled and his misstep was freakish; recently, in trying to explain it, a Caughnawaga said, "It must've been one of those cases, he got in the way of himself " The other Caughnawagas went back to the reservation with his body and did not return. As well as the old men in the band can recollect, no other Caughnawagas worked here until the twenties. In 1926, attracted by the building boom, three or four Caughnawaga, gangs came down. The old men say that these gangs worked first on the Fred F. French Building, the Graybar Building, and One Fifth Avenue. In 1928, three more gangs came down. They worked first on the George Washington Bridge. In the thirties, when Rockefeller Center was the biggest steel job in the country, at least seven additional Caughnawaga gangs came down. Upon arriving here, the men in all these gangs enrolled in the Brooklyn local of the high‑steel union, the International Association of Bridge, Structural, and Ornamental Iron Workers, American Federation of Labor. Why they enrolled in the Brooklyn instead of the Manhattan local, no one now seems able to remember. The hall of the Brooklyn local is on Atlantic Avenue, in the block between Times Plaza and Third Avenue, and the Caughnawagas got lodgings in furnished‑room houses and cheap hotels in the North Gowanus neighborhood, a couple of blocks up Atlantic from the hall. In the early thirties, they began sending for their families and moving into tenements and apartment houses in the same neighborhood. During the war, Caughnawagas continued to come down. Many of these enrolled in the Manhattan local, but all of them settled in North Gowanus.
At present, there are eighty‑three Caughnawagas in the Brooklyn local and forty‑two in the Manhattan local. Less than a third of them work steadily in the city. The others keep their families in North Gowanus and work here intermittently but spend much of their time in other cities. They roam from coast to coast, usually by automobile, seeking rush jobs that offer unlimited overtime work at double pay; in New York City, the steel‑erecting companies use as little overtime as possible. A gang may work in half a dozen widely separated cities in a single year. Occasionally, between jobs, they return to Brooklyn to see their families. Now and then, after long jobs, they pick up their families and go up to the reservation for a vacation; some go up every summer. A few men sometimes take their families along on trips to jobs and send them back to Brooklyn by bus or train. Several foremen who have had years of experience with Caughnawagas believe that they roam because they can't help doing so, it is a passion, and that their search for overtime is only an excuse. A veteran foreman for the American Bridge Company says he has seen Caughnawagas leave jobs that offered all the overtime they could handle. When they are making up their minds to move on, he says, they become erratic. "Everything will be going along fine on a job," he says. "Good working conditions. Plenty of overtime. A nice city. Then the news will come over the grapevine about some big new job opening up somewhere; it might be a thousand miles away. That kind of news always causes a lot of talk, what we call water‑bucket talk, but the Indians don't talk; they know what's in each other's mind. For a couple of days, they're tensed up and edgy. They look a little wild in the eyes. They've heard the call. Then, all of a sudden, they turn in their tools, and they're gone. Can't wait another minute. They'll quit at lunchtime, in the middle of the week. They won't even wait for their pay. Some other gang will collect their money and hold it until a postcard comes back telling where to send it." George C. Lane, manager of erections in the New York district for the Bethlehem Steel Company, once said that the movements of a Caughnawaga, gang are as impossible to foresee as the movements of a flock of sparrows. "In the summer of 1936," Mr. Lane said, "we finished a job here in the city and the very next day we were starting in on a job exactly three blocks away. I heard one of our foremen trying his best to persuade an Indian gang to go on the new job. They had got word about a job in Hartford and wanted to go up there. The foreman told them the rate of pay was the same; there wouldn't be any more overtime up there than here; their families were here; they'd have travelling expenses; they'd have to root around Hartford for lodgings. Oh, no; it was Hartford or nothing. A year or so later I ran into this gang on a job in Newark, and I asked the heater how they made out in Hartford that time. He said they didn't go to Hartford. 'We went to San Francisco, California,' he said. 'We went out and worked on the Golden Gate Bridge."'
In New York City, the Caughnawagas work mostly for the big companies — Bethlehem, American Bridge, the Lehigh Structural Steel Company, and the Harris Structural Steel Company. Among the structures in and around the city on which they worked in numbers are the R.C.A. Building, the Cities Service Building, the Empire State Building, the Daily News Building, the Chanin Building, the Bank of the Manhattan Company Building, the City Bank Farmers Trust Building, the George Washington Bridge, the Bayonne Bridge, the Passaic River Bridge, the Triborough Bridge, the Henry Hudson Bridge, the Little Hell Gate Bridge, the Bronx‑Whitestone Bridge, the Marine Parkway Bridge, the Pulaski Skyway, the West Side Highway, the Waldorf‑Astoria, London Terrace, and Knickerbocker Village.
NORTH GOWANUS IS AN OLD, sleepy, shabby neighborhood that lies between the head of the Gowanus Canal and the Borough Hall shopping district. There are factories in it, and coal tipples and junk yards, but it is primarily residential, and red‑brick tenements and brownstone apartment houses are most numerous. The Caughnawagas all live within ten blocks of each other, in an area bounded by Court Street on the west, Schermerhorn Street on the north, Fourth Avenue on the east, and Warren Street on the south. They live in the best houses on the best blocks. As a rule, Caughnawaga women are good housekeepers and keep their apartments Dutchclean. Most of them decorate a mantel or a wall with heirlooms brought down from the reservation — a drum, a set of rattles, a mask, a cradleboard. Otherwise, their apartments look much the same as those of their white neighbors. A typical family group consists of husband and wife and a couple of children and a female relative or two. After they get through school on the reservation, many Caughnawaga girls come down to North Gowanus and work in factories. Some work for the Fred Goat Company, a metal-stamping factory in the neighborhood, and some work for the Gem Safety Razor Corporation, whose factory is within walking distance. Quite a few of these girls have married whites; several have broken the Gospel According to Luke into Mohawk. Dr. Cory is quite serious, his sermons are free of cant, he has an intuitive understanding of Indian conversational taboos, and he is the only white person who is liked and trusted by the whole colony. Caughnawagas who are not members of his congregation, even some Catholics and longhouse people, go to him for advice.
OCCASIONALLY, IN A SALOON or at a wedding or a wake, Caughnawagas become vivacious and talkative. Ordinarily, however, they are rather dour and don't talk much. There is only one person in the North Gowanus colony who has a reputation for garrulity. He is a man of fifty‑four whose white name is Orvis Diabo and whose Indian name is 0‑ron‑ia‑ke‑te, or He Carries the Sky. Mr. Diabo is squat and barrel‑chested. He has small, sharp eyes, and, round, swarthy, double‑chinned, piratical face. Unlike most other Caughnawagas, he does not deny or even minimize his white blood. "My mother was half Scotch. And half Indian," he says. "My grandmother on my father's side was Scotch‑Irish. Somewhere along the line, I forget just where, some French immigrant and some full Irish crept in. If you were to take my blood and strain it, God only knows what you'd find." He was born a Catholic; in young manhood, became a Presbyterian; he now thinks of himself as "a kind of free‑thinker." Mr. Diabo started working in riveting gangs when he was nineteen and quit a year and a half ago. He had to quit because of crippling attacks of arthritis. He was a heater and worked on bridges and buildings in seventeen states. "I heated a million rivets,” he says. "When they talk about the men that built this country, one of the men they mean is me." Mr. Diabo owns a house and thirty‑three acres of farmland on the reservation. He inherited the farmland and rents it to a French Canadian. Soon after he quit work, his wife, who had lived in North Gowanus off and on for almost twenty years but had never liked it, went back to the reservation. She tried to get him to go along, but he decided to stay on awhile and rented a room in the apartment of a cousin. "I enjoy New York," he says. "The people are as high‑strung as rats and the air is too gritty, but I enjoy it." Mr. Diabo reads a lot. Some years ago, in a Western magazines, he came across an advertisement of the Haldeman-Julius Company, a mail-order publishing house in Girard, Kansas, that puts out over eighteen hundred paperbound books, most of them dealing with religion, health, sex, history or popular science. They are called the Little Blue Books and cost a dime apiece. “I sent away for a dollar’s worth of Little Blue Books,” Mr. Diabo says, “and they opened my eyes to what an ignorant man I was. Ignorant and supersititious. Didn’t know beans from back up. Since then, I've become a great reader. I've read dozens upon dozens of Little Blue Books, and I've improved my mind to the extent that I'm far beyond most of the people I associate with. When you come right down to it, I'm an educated man." Mr. Diabo has five favorite Little Blue Books — Absurdities of the Bible, by Clarence Darrow; Seven Infidel U.S. Presidents, by Joseph McCabe; Queer Facts about Lost Civilizations, by Charles J. Finger; Why I Do Not Fear Death, by E. Haldeman Julius; and Is Our Civilization Over‑Sexed? by Theodore Dreiser. He carries them around in his pockets and reads them over and over. Mr. Diabo stays in bed until noon. Then, using a cane, he hobbles over to a neighborhood saloon, the Nevins Bar & Grill, at 75 Nevins Street, and sits in a booth. If there is someone around who will sit still and listen, he talks. If not, he reads a Little Blue Book. The Nevins is the social center of the Caughnawaga colony. The men in the gangs that work in the city customarily stop there for an hour or so on the way home. On weekend nights, they go there with their wives and drink Montreal ale and look at the television.
When gangs come in from out‑of‑town jobs, they go on sprees there. When a Caughnawaga high‑steel man is killed on the job, a collection is taken up in the Nevins for the immediate expenses of his family; these collections rarely run less than two hundred dollars; pasted on the bar mirror are several notes of thanks from widows.
The Nevins is small and snug and plain and old. It is one of the oldest saloons in Brooklyn. It was opened in 1888, when North Gowanus was an Irishtown, and it was originally called Connelly's Abbey. Irish customers still call it the Abbey. Its present owners are Artie Rose and Bunny Davis. Davis is married to a Caughnawaga girl, the former Mavis Rice.
One afternoon a while back, I sat down with Mr. Diabo in his booth in the Nevins. He almost always drinks ale. This day he was drinking gin.
"I feel very low in my mind," he said. "I've got to go back to the reservation. I've run out of excuses and I can't put it off much longer. I got a letter from my wife today and she's disgusted with me. 'I'm sick and tired of begging you to come home,' she said. 'You can sit in Brooklyn until your tail takes root.' The trouble is, I don't want to go. That is, I do and I don't. I'll try to explain what I mean. An Indian high‑steel man, when he first leaves the reservation to work in the States, the homesickness just about kills him. The first few years, he goes back as often as he can. Every time he finishes a job, unless he's thousands of miles away, he goes back. If he's working in New York, he drives up weekends, and it's a twelve-hour drive. After a while, he gets married and brings his wife down and starts a family, and he doesn't go back so often. Oh, he most likely takes the wife and children up for the summer, but he doesn't stay with them. After three or four days, the reservation gets on his nerves and he highballs it back to the States. He gets used to the States. The years go by. He gets to be my age, maybe a little older, maybe a little younger, and one fine morning he comes to the conclusion he's a little too damned stiff in the joints to be walking a naked beam five hundred feet up in the air. Either that, or some foreman notices he hasn't got a sure step any longer and takes him aside and tells him a few home truths. He gives up highsteel work and he packs his belongings and he takes his money out of the bank or the postal savings, what little he's been able to squirrel away, and he goes on back to the reservation for good. And it's hard on him. He's used to danger, and reservation life is very slow.; the biggest thing that ever happens is a funeral. He's used to jumping around from job to job, and reservation life boxes him in. He's used to having a drink, and it's against the law to traffic in liquor on the reservation; he has to buy a bottle in some FrenchCanadian town across the river and smuggle it in like a high‑school boy, and that annoys the hell out of him.
"There's not much he can do to occupy the time. He can sit on the highway and watch the cars go by, or he can sit on the riverbank and fish for eels and watch the boats go by, or he can weed the garden, or he can go to church, or he can congregate in the grocery stores with the other old retired high‑steel men and play cards and talk. That is, if he can stand it. You'd think those old men would talk about the cities they worked in, the sprees they went on, the girls that follow construction all over the country that they knew, the skyscrapers and bridges they put up — only they don't. After they been sitting around the reservation five years, six years, seven years, they seem to turn against their high‑steel days. Some of them, they get to be as Indian as all hell; they won't even speak English any more; they make out they can't understand it. And some of them, they get to be soreheads, the kind of old men that can chew nails and spit rust. When they do talk, they talk gloomy. They like to talk about family fights. There's families on the reservation that got on the outs with each other generations ago and they're still on the outs; maybe it started with a land dispute, maybe it started with a mixed‑marriage dispute, maybe it started when some woman accused another woman of meeting her husband in the bushes in the graveyard. Even down here in Brooklyn, there's certain Indians that won't work in gangs with certain other Indians because of bad blood between their families; their wives, when they meet on Atlantic Avenue, they look right through each other. The old men like to bring up such matters and refresh their recollections on some of the details. Also, they like to talk about religion. A miraculous cure they heard about, something the priest said — they'll harp on it for weeks. They're all amateur priests, or preachers. They've all got some religious notion lurking around in their minds.
"And they like to talk about reservation matters. The last time I was home, I sat down with the bunch in a store and I tried to tell them about something I'd been studying up on that interested me very much — Mongolian spots. They're dark‑purple spots that occur on the skin on the backs of Japanese and other Mongolians. Every now and then, a full‑blood American Indian is born with them. The old men didn't want to hear about Mongolian spots. They were too busy discussing the matter of street names for Caughnawaga village. The electric‑light company that supplies the village had been trying and trying to get the Indians to name the streets and lanes. The meter‑readers are always getting balled up, and the company had offered to put up street signs and house numbers free of charge. The old men didn't want street names; they were raising holy hell about it. It wouldn't be Indian. And they were discussing the pros and cons of a waterworks system. They're eternally discussing that. Some want a waterworks, but the majority don't. The majority of them, they'd a whole lot rather get behind a poor old horse that his next step might be his last and cart their water up from the river by the barrel. It's more Indian. Sometimes, the way an Indian reasons, there's no rhyme or reason to it. Electric lights are all right and the biggest second‑hand car they can find, and radios that the only time they turn them off is when they're changing the tubes, and seventy‑five‑dollar baby carriages, and four‑hundred-dollar coffins, but street names and tap water — oh, Jesus, no! That's going entirely too damned far.
"On the other hand, there's things I look forward to. I look forward to eating real Indian grub again. Such as o‑nen‑sto, or corn soup. That's the Mohawk national dish. Some of the women make it down here in Brooklyn, but they use Quaker corn meal. The good old women up on the reservation, they make it the hard way, the way the Mohawks were making it five hundred years ago. They shell some corn, and they put it in a pot with a handful of maple ashes and boil it. The lye in the ashes skins the hulls off the kernels, and the kernels swell up into big fat pearls. Then they wash off the lye. Then they put in some red kidney beans. Then they put in a pig's head; in the old days, it was a bear's head. Then they cook it until it's as thick as mud. And when it's cooking, it smells so good. If you were breathing your last, if you had the rattle in your throat, and the wind blew you a faint suggestion of a smell of it, you'd rise and walk. And I look forward to eating some Indian bread that's made with the same kind of corn. Down here, the women always use Quaker meal. Indian bread is boiled, and it's shaped like a hamburger, and it's got kidney beans sprinkled through it. On the reservation, according to an old‑time custom, we have steak for breakfast every Sunday morning, whether we can afford it or not, and we pour the steak gravy on the Indian bread.
"And another thing I look forward to, if I can manage it — I want to attend a longhouse festival. If I have to join to do so, I'll join. One night, the last time I was home, the longhousers were having a festival. I decided I'd go up to the Catholic graveyard that's right below the longhouse and hide in the bushes and listen to the music. So I snuck up there and waded through the thistles and the twitch grass and the Queen Anne's lace, and I sat down on a flat stone on the grave of an uncle of mine, Miles Diabo, who was a warwhooper with the Miller Brothers 101 Ranch Wild West Show and died with the pneumonia in Wheeling, West Virginia, in 1916. Uncle Miles was one of the last of the Caughnawaga circus Indians. My mother is in that graveyard, and my father, old Nazareth Diabo that I hardly even knew. They called him Nazzry. He was a pioneer high‑steel Indian. He was away from home the majority of the time, and he was killed in the disaster — when the Quebec Bridge went down. There's hundreds of high‑steel men buried in there. The ones that were killed on the job, they don't have stones; their graves are marked with lengths of steel girders made into crosses. There's a forest of girder crosses in there. So I was sitting on Uncle Miles's stone, thinking of the way things go in life, and suddenly the people in the longhouse began to sing and dance and drum on their drums. They were singing Mohawk chants that came down from the old, old red‑Indian times. I could hear men's voices and women's voices and children's voices. The Mohawk language, when it's sung, it's beautiful to hear. Oh, it takes your breath away. A feeling ran through me that made me tremble; I had to take a deep breath to quiet my heart, it was beating so fast. I felt very sad; at the same time, I felt very peaceful. I thought I was all alone in the graveyard, and then who loomed up out of the dark and sat down beside me but an old high‑steel man I had been talking with in a store that afternoon, one of the soreheads, an old man that fights every improvement that's suggested on the reservation, whatever it is, on the grounds it isn't Indian — this isn't Indian, that isn't Indian. So he said to me, 'You're not alone up here. Look over there.' I looked where he pointed, and I saw a white shirt in among the bushes. And he said, 'Look over there,' and I saw a cigarette gleaming in the dark. 'The bushes are full of Catholics and Protestants,' he said.
'Every night there's a longhouse festival, they creep up here and listen to the singing. It draws them like flies.' So I said, 'The longhouse music is beautiful to hear, isn't it?' And he remarked it ought to be, it was the old Indian music. So I said the longhouse religion appealed to me. 'One of these days,' I said, 'I might possibly join.' I asked him how he felt about it. He said he was a Catholic and it was out of the question. 'If I was to join the longhouse,' he said, 'I'd be excommunicated, and I couldn't be buried in holy ground, and I'd bum in Hell.' I said to him, 'Hell isn't Indian.' It was the wrong thing to say. He didn't reply to me. He sat there awhile — I guess he was thinking it over — and then he got up and walked away." | <urn:uuid:fc5ac918-3c9a-4446-840f-a63e1e0b9ba4> | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | http://www.columbia.edu/itc/journalism/j6075/edit/Mitchell.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398446218.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205406-00290-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.978547 | 11,381 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Fish and Wildlife Service, Interior.
Notice of availability.
The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service announces that a Comprehensive Conservation Plan (CCP) and Summary for Sand Lake National Wildlife Refuge is available. This CCP, prepared pursuant to the National Wildlife Refuge System Improvement Act of 1997 and the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969, describes how the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service intends to manage this refuge for the next 15 years.
A copy of the CCP or Summary may be obtained by writing to U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Sand Lake National Wildlife Refuge, 39650 Sand Lake Drive, Columbia, SD 57433; or downloaded from http://mountain-prairie.fws.gov/planning.Start Further Info
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT:
Gene Williams, Project Leader, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Sand Lake National Wildlife Refuge, 39650 Sand Lake Drive, Columbia, South Dakota, 57433; telephone 605-885-6320; fax 605-885-6333; or e-mail: [email protected] Further Info End Preamble Start Supplemental Information
Sand Lake National Wildlife Refuge (NWR) was established in the mid-1930s as a refuge and breeding ground for migratory birds and other wildlife. The 21,498-acre refuge lies in the James River basin within Brown County, South Dakota. This northeastern area of South Dakota is the heart of the prairie-pothole region of the northern Great Plains and plays a major role for migratory birds.
Sand Lake NWR was established by Executive Order 7169 (September 4, 1935) “* * * as a refuge and breeding ground for migratory birds and other wildlife * * *” Four other sets of authorities and purposes follow: The Migratory Bird Conservation Act, “* * * for uses as an inviolate sanctuary, or for any other management purpose, for migratory birds * * *”; the Fish and Wildlife Act, “* * * for the development, advancement, management, conservation, and protection of fish and wildlife resources * * *”; the National Wildlife Refuge System Administration Act, for “* * * conservation, management, and protection of fish and wildlife resources * * *”; and the Refuge Recreation Act, “* * * for (1) incidental fish and wildlife-oriented recreational development, (2) the protection of natural resources, and (3) the conservation of endangered species or threatened species * * *”
The availability of the Draft CCP and Environmental Assessment (EA) for 30-day public review and comment was announced in the Federal Register on June 20, 2005, (FO FR 35449). The Draft CCP/EA identified and evaluated three alternatives for managing Sand Lake NWR for the next 15 years. Alternative 1, the No Action Alternative, would have continued current management of the refuge. Alternative 3 (Preferred Alternative) takes an integrated approach with management practices that would serve to improve bird populations. This alternative balances the best management practices for producing migratory birds and finds a balance with reducing cropland, while ensuring depredation is minimized. Alternative 2 would maximize the biological potential of the refuge for species of grassland-nesting birds. Based on this assessment and comments received, the Preferred Alternative 3 was selected for implementation. The preferred alternative was selected because it best meets the purposes and goals of the refuge, as well as the goals of the National Wildlife Refuge System. The preferred alternative will also maximize the biological potential for migratory birds, and the vegetative diversity of grasslands would be greatly enhanced by reseeding for native plants or rejuvenated dense nesting cover. Environmental education and partnerships will result in improved wildlife-dependent recreational opportunities that will be expanded and improved on- and off-refuge. Cultural and historical resources will be protected.Start Signature
Dated: October 17, 2005.
Sharon R. Rose,
Acting Deputy Regional Director, Region 6, Denver, CO.
This document was received at the Office of the Federal Register on March 6, 2006.End Supplemental Information
[FR Doc. E6-3344 Filed 3-8-06; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 4310-55-P | <urn:uuid:e1318ab0-280e-4a12-b2e8-b86041c36c30> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2006/03/09/E6-3344/availability-of-final-comprehensive-conservation-plan-for-sand-lake-national-wildlife-refuge | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886123359.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20170823190745-20170823210745-00408.warc.gz | en | 0.894486 | 890 | 2.703125 | 3 |
1. Know the difference between a state and an ethnic group of people. Israel is a state, the Jewish people are an ethnic group that exists outside of Israel all over the world and Israelis can be Arabs or Jews that belong to the nation-state of Israel (or Palestine) who may or may not have a defined state. Israel is taking action on behalf of a large number of Jewish people. However, many Israelis do not support this action. Many Jews around the world also do not support this action. Your opposition should be directed at the state and its political leadership not the Jewish people.
2. Once again, to reiterate, the state of Israel is responsible for the offensive in Gaza and atrocities against Palestinians. The state of Israel does not equal all Jews. If you see Jewish people making terrible comments or writing/sharing hateful comments on social media, it does not mean they represent all Jews. It doesn’t even mean they represent all Israeli Jews. Some Jewish people out there are responsible for saying offensive/racist things just like every other group of people.
3. If you have a problem with what the state of Israel is doing, great. Let’s talk about how the state of Israel is breaking International Law. How it is exacerbating a volatile situation. Do not go around talking about how Jewish people are scum or deserve to die. There are many oppressive governments all around the world that have done/are doing exactly the same thing as Israelis. The current Bangladeshi government is arguably corrupt and has engaged in extrajudicial killings of Bangladeshi citizens, so do many Arab countries, and many countries in Africa. Governments do illegal and inhumane things in the name of and on behalf of their citizens. Most of the time citizens have no control over those actions even if they have voted for that government.
4. If you have to invoke Hitler, you are uninformed. You are losing your argument and most importantly you are no different than what Israel is doing right now. What happened during the Holocaust was a stain on humanity. It is something all of us as humans should be collectively ashamed of. How can a state kill 6 million people based on their race and the world just stand by and let it happen? It was unacceptable and it will always be unacceptable (I cannot believe I have to actually write this out). Under no circumstances will Hitler’s actions EVER be justified. And neither are Israel’s actions now. They are two separate incidents occurring at two different times. Don’t conflate the two just because one situation contributed to the current situation.
5. Palestine was a British Colony and Jews emigrated there to flee persecution in Europe (which as you all know included the Holocaust). Palestine did not have a choice or say in the matter when the UK devised this plan to relocate a group of people who were clearly in need of assistance at the time. Since that relocation, indigenous Palestinians have been forced to leave their homeland or become refugees in their own land and face continuous institutional discrimination from the newly created Jewish state of Israel. Israel has locked them in small pockets, illegally occupied their land, extended Jewish settlements in places that legitimately belong to Palestinians and used the might of their military to oppress the very people who opened up their country to them.
6. How did Israel do this? They have the support of most of the international community including the very powerful UK and US. They receive economic and military aid including weapons and technology. They are guaranteed the US veto in the Security Council whenever the international community attempts to hold them to account for their illegal actions. Their oppressive and illegal actions have led Palestinians to fight back and that action has been branded “terrorism” (which in some cases it is). However, Palestinian terrorism is not the same at terrorism in other parts of the Middle East and Asia. This is not related to religion. This is in response to occupation, oppression, and appropriation of land (all of this is a breach of international law which goes unpunished). And militant groups in Palestine is not limited to Hamas. Every group has their own agenda and like the Israeli government, most Palestinian citizens do not get to dictate how these militant groups behave.
7. This is a very cursory overview of the conflict but the point of this is to say – stop directing your hate towards an ethnic group. Atrocities are committed on orders from the top. In this case it is the Israeli leadership with support from the international community (this includes US, UK, Arab countries and other Europeans countries). This is not the first time an ethnic minority has been oppressed and murdered for their resources. This is our collective human history. Your protests should be directed towards Israel. Speak up. Write. Share your protest photos online. Demand action from your own government. Educate yourself on the history. Educate those who are spreading hate on the internet via social media. Verify facts. | <urn:uuid:20b1bc59-f4b5-41f0-b160-adb2f55a09de> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | https://cornerpolitics.blogspot.com/2014/07/before-you-comment-on-israel-palestine.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084886792.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20180117003801-20180117023801-00483.warc.gz | en | 0.970811 | 996 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Burns are among the most common of household injuries. They are also among the most common offshore injuries. Oil rig workers, seamen, and other offshore workers work with electrical equipment, flammable chemicals, gas and oil, and scalding hot liquids. They deal with the risk of oil rig explosions, ship fires, and electrical accidents. Burn injuries could also be caused by cutting torches, which can ignite unburned oxygen. When proper safety equipment is not available or equate safety precautions are not taken, these workers are at an even higher risk for burns.
A burn is a skin injury caused by heat, electricity, chemicals, light, radiation or friction. Burn injuries can range from mild to life-threatening. Burns are generally classified as first-degree, second-degree, or third-degree.
First-degree burns are superficial and affect only the outermost layer of skin. These burns are limited to redness, perhaps a white plaque, and tolerable pain. They often heal with minor medical treatment.
In second-degree burn injuries, both the outer and deeper layers of the skin are involved. Second-degree burns involve a blistering on the surface of the skin. If nerves are damaged, they can cause significant amounts of pain. They must be treated by a medical professional in order to avoid infection.
In third-degree burns, the outer layer of the skin is burned away. There may be significant damage to the lower layers of skin and even to the muscles and bones. Third-degree burns always result in scarring and the loss of skin. Victims may need surgery and skin grafts. There is a significant risk of potentially fatal complications such as
Third-degree burns require extensive hospitalization and victims may also require significant psychological and emotional support to deal with the resulting physical disability, scarring, and physical deformity.
Fourth-degree, fifth-degree, and sixth-degree burns are often fatal. In these burns, skin is burnt away and there is significant muscle and bone damage. Survivors may be paralyzed and the burn areas may require amputation.
These burns require that victims spend significant time in the hospital. Once they are released, they may face months or even years of physical therapy. Victims are often left unable to work and with substantial medical bills.
Any burn covering more than a 3-inch area is a serious burn. These kinds of burns, as well as deep burns, can lead to:
The expenses of treating a severe burn injury are costly. To hold negligent parties accountable for your horrific diving accident, you should consult with a Jones Act attorney.
Maritime law is designed to protect maritime workers who have high-risk jobs. Your right to maintenance and cure means that your company must pay the cost of all treatment that is reasonable and related to your injury. If your accident was caused by the negligence of your employer, you have the right to sue your employer for your injury and damages under Jones Act Law.
You can learn more about your rights and maritime claims in our free resources. If you have any questions, contact the Jones Act attorneys at the New Orleans office of The Young Firm at (866) 938-6113.
More articles on maritime injuries: | <urn:uuid:466907cc-4910-4e99-ac38-82d84a4aabdf> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://www.jonesactlaw.com/library/burn-injuries-a-serious-danger-for-gulf-of-mexico-maritime-workers/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178375096.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20210306131539-20210306161539-00471.warc.gz | en | 0.960177 | 654 | 3.4375 | 3 |
Acidum Tannicum (U. S. P.)—Tannic Acid.
FORMULA: HC14H9O9. MOLECULAR WEIGHT: 321.22.
SYNONYMS: Gallotannic acid, Digallic acid, Tannin, Tanninum.
"An organic acid obtained from nutgall"—(U. S. P.).
Source.—Tannin is a name applied to vegetable substances possessing acid properties and having an astringent taste, and which produce with iron salts a dark precipitate or solution, and precipitate albumen and gelatin. The tannin under consideration is produced from nutgalls, and to distinguish it from other tannins, is known as gallotannic or digallic acid. Tannic acid may be obtained from nutgalls (excrescence on Quercus lusitanica, Lamarck, var. infectoria, Nat. Ord. Cupuliferae, U. S. P.), from the leaves of the Rhus Coriaria, Linné, from some kinds of acorn cups, and from Japanese and Chinese galls. Allied tannic acids are also found in catechu, coffee, fustic, quercitron, pomegranate, kino, cinchona, tea, the oak, willow, elm, horse-chestnut, plum, pear, sumach, whortleberry, etc., in each instance possessing nearly the same properties, though their chemical composition is different. Some of them form a dark-green color with the salts of iron, and a few form a gray color. Gallotannic acid produces a dark-blue, or bluish-black precipitate with ferric salts. Tannic acid was distinguished as an individual compound by Deyeux and Seguin, in 1793 and 1795, respectively. Gallotannic acid was found by Schiff, in 1871, to be an anhydrid of gallic acid, having the constitutional formula: CO2H.C6H2(OH)2O.COC6H2(OH)3.
Preparation.—Allow sulphuric ether to percolate through a suitable quantity of powdered galls contained in a glass percolator, the lower end of which is loosely closed with a pellet of cotton. The liquor obtained in the receiver separates into two parts, and the ether must be allowed to percolate through the galls until the lower stratum of liquid in the receiver no longer increases. Pour off the upper layer, and evaporate the lower portion with a moderate heat, to dryness.
It is stated that a much larger quantity of tannic acid may be obtained by employing a mixture of 16 parts of ether and 1 part of alcohol. The percolated liquid separates into two layers. The lower one contains the tannic acid, which may be obtained perfectly pure on evaporation; the upper layer contains the gallic acid, coloring matter, and some tannic acid. The tannic acid in the upper layer may be obtained by evaporating the liquid to dryness, treating the residue with pure ether, until the lower of the two layers, into which the liquid separates, no longer presents a green color; and then separating it, adding, if necessary, a little alcohol, and evaporating.
Description and Tests.—"A light-yellowish, amorphous powder, usually cohering in form of glistening scales or spongy masses; odorless, or having a faint, characteristic odor, and a strongly astringent taste; gradually turning darker when exposed to air and light. Soluble at 15° C. (59° F.) in about 1 part of water, and in 0.6 part of alcohol; very soluble in boiling water, and in boiling alcohol; also in about 1 part of glycerin, with the intervention of a moderate heat; freely soluble in diluted alcohol, sparingly in absolute alcohol; almost insoluble in absolute ether, chloroform, benzol, or benzin. When heated on platinum foil, the acid is gradually consumed without leaving more than 0.2 per cent of ash. Tannic acid has an acid reaction upon litmus paper"—(U. S. P.).
The watery solution, exposed to the air, absorbs oxygen, and is transformed into carbonic acid gas, which escapes, leaving behind gallic and ellagic acids. Oils do not dissolve it. Tannic acid combines with a solution of animal gelatin, forming a white, curdy, insoluble substance, the tannate of gelatin; a piece of prepared skin introduced into a solution of tannic acid, absorbs the acid and is converted into leather. With the per-salts of iron, tannic acid and its salts strike a deep-blue, nearly black color, which is a tannate of iron, and the principal ingredient of ordinary ink. Ink stains are gallo-tannates of iron, and are readily removable by oxalic and citric acids, owing to the solubility of the iron basis. When potassium hydroxide is added in excess to a solution of tannic acid, tannoxylic or rubitannic acid is formed; if the mixture be boiled, instead of exposed to the air, tannomelanic or tannohumic acid is formed, a bibasic, dark, humus-like powder. Concentrated sulphuric acid dissolves the dry tannins, forming yellow solutions which, when heated, become deep-red, owing to the formation of rufi-gallic and meta-gallic acids. Potassium bichromate causes brown precipitates with the majority, if not all, of the tannins (Trimble, On Tannins). Tannic acid precipitates most metallic oxides from the solution of their salts; is more or less completely precipitated from its solution by mineral acids, and gives, with those acids, compounds soluble in pure water. If tannic acid be treated with oxidizing bodies, as with nitric acid, chromic acid, chlorine, bromine, or the higher oxides, it is completely destroyed, under production of formic and oxalic acids. Acetate of lead added to a solution of tannic acid, produces a white precipitate; tartar emetic gives a white precipitate, of a gelatinous character. When given internally, tannic acid will be found, when passed in the urine, to have changed into gallic acid. There is a substance formed in white wines, called glaïadine, which renders them turbid and disposed to mucous fermentation; a solution of tannic acid will arrest this by coagulating the above-named substance.
The U. S. P. gives the following tests: "The addition of a small quantity of ferric chloride T.S. to an aqueous solution of the acid, produces a bluish-black color or precipitate. On adding to an aqueous solution (1 in 100) of tannic acid a small quantity of calcium hydrate T.S., a pale, bluish-white, flocculent precipitate is produced which is not dissolved on shaking (difference from gallic acid), and which becomes more copious and of a deeper blue by the addition of a moderate excess of calcium hydrate T.S., while a large excess of the latter imparts a pale-pinkish tint to the solution. The aqueous solution of the acid imp produces precipitates with most alkaloids and bitter principles, and with test solutions of gelatin, albumen, and starch (distinction from gallic acid). On dissolving 2 Gm. of tannic acid in 10 Cc. of boiling water, and allowing the liquid to cool, no turbidity should be produced on diluting 5 Cc. of the solution with 10 Cc. of alcohol (absence of gum or dextrin), or with 10 Cc. of water (absence of resin)"—(U. S. P.).
Action, Medical Uses, and Dosage.—Tannic acid is a pure astringent. It has a bitter, astringent taste, and a constringing action upon mucous tissues. As a general rule it does not derange the stomach, yet it precipitates pepsin from the gastric secretions. It generally produces constipation, by contracting the intestinal vessels, thus diminishing the secretions and retarding peristaltic action. It sometimes, and especially when long given, occasions gastric and intestinal pain, febrile phenomena, with thirst and eructations of gas, while the tongue is coated, and defecation tenesmic. It powerfully coagulates blood and albumen, and enters into the blood in the form of gallic acid. It probably controls hemorrhage by acting upon the vascular coats. Erythema, dyspnoea, and a cyanotic condition have been produced by it.
In view of its astringent power, tannic acid is very valuable in gastro-intestinal disorders, with undue acid, watery, or mucoid secretions, and accompanied with flatulence. In the various forms of non-irritative diarrhoea, without fever or inflammation, it is of marked utility. Chronic dysentery is asserted to be benefited by it. Tannic acid should never be given when there is fever or active inflammation. The diarrhoea and colliquative sweats of phthisis are controlled by it, the febrile condition here, if present, not contraindicating its use. It is effectual in uterine and other passive hemorrhages, and as a wash or injection to remove chronic mucous discharges, as in bronchial catarrh, gonorrhoea, gleet, leucorrhoea, etc." Use it in hemorrhage, from abortion, or any passive uterine hemorrhage, with pain and nervous disturbance. Take 30 grains each, of tannic acid and Dover's powder, and divide into 5 or 10 powders, and let 1 be taken every hour or two until the bleeding is arrested. This will cheek the flow, provided there is no organic lesion" (Locke, Syl. of Mat. Med.). In this manner it is of much value in menorrhagia. Hematuria, hematemesis, and hemoptysis (by spray) are benefited if the blood is small in amount. If the hemorrhage be active in the latter case, the agent is too slow in producing its effects. It has likewise been recommended in diabetes, combined with opium, and to arrest excessive perspiration; also, in conjunction with morphine, in Asiatic cholera. Externally, it has been successfully used in excoriations, prolapsus ani, piles, fissure of the anus or rectum, sore nipples, phagedenic ulcers, aphthous ulceration of the mouth, sore throat, severe salivation, and in toothache, in solution with ether. Applied to nasal polypi, it is stated to have produced a rapid disappearance of the abnormal growths. In the form of ointment, it will frequently prove effectual in curing vaginal leucorrhoea, being introduced into the vagina on lint or cotton, and allowed to remain there, changing it every 3, 4, or 5 hours. In solution or powder, in the form of spray passed upon the affected parts, it gradually overcomes chronic mucous irritation or congestion, and has been beneficially applied in chronic nasal, faucial, pharyngeal and laryngeal mucous affections. Dissolved in 3 parts of mucilage, it has effected cures in chronic granular conjunctivitis, corneal ulceration, and other affections of the eye. It may be used in ophthalmia neonatorum, with granular conjunctiva (1 part in 10 of water); and in purulent conjunctivitis, with but little swelling and small quantity of secretion, use a wash of from 2 to 10 grains to 1 ounce of distilled water. In the early stage of trachoma, when there is slight roughness of the conjunctiva, the beginning of granulation, with injected and clouded upper part of the cornea, a glycerole (5 grs. to 1 fl ounce) dropped into the eye in 2-drop doses will allay the gritty sensation. In advanced trachoma, with soft, pasty granulations, it may be used in connection with gallic or boric acids (Rx Boric acid drachm iij; tannic acid drachm i; Rx Gallic acid drachm i; tannic acid drachm iij). It is of little value to destroy aural polypi, and when used in suppurative otitis media, as it sometimes is, it is objectionable in that hardened masses, difficult of removal, are formed. Its solution in glycerin is a powerful styptic. It may be employed in the form of a wash, by adding 5 grains to a fluid ounce of water; or in ointment, 1 part of the acid to 10 or 15 of lard. It is a valuable remedy, the only disadvantage being its tendency to produce constipation, which may be avoided by the addition of a small quantity of podophyllum resin, in cases where this resin is not contraindicated.
The glycerole of tannin is very efficient in sores occuring from the use of false teeth; and in ingrowing toe-nail, with fungous granulations, the pure acid is especially useful. It forms a good dressing for burns. Several cases of cholera in the collapsed stage have been cured by our physicians, by doses of 10 or 15 grains of tannic acid, repeated every 10 or 15 minutes, until the discharges ceased; and continuing it afterward at longer intervals, with other appropriate treatment. Tannic acid, as an internal astringent, sometimes leaves the tissues upon which it acts harsh and dry. Dr. Chausarel has proved that tannic acid is the best antidote against poisonous fungi, or mushrooms, etc.; 30 or 40 grains of tannic acid, dissolved in a pint and a half of water, may be taken in small glassful doses every 5 minutes; if too much time has not elapsed an emetic may be first administered. Tannic acid is one of the best antidotes against poisoning by strychnine, forming an insoluble tannate of strychnine; it may be given freely. Dose of tannic acid, from half a grain to 10 grains. Suppositories, consisting each of 12 or 15 grains of butter of cacao, and 3 to 5 grains of tannic acid, are valuable in some rectal and vaginal diseases, as anal prolapsus, hemorrhoids, abrasion of the vaginal epithelium, leucorrhoea, etc.
Specific Indications and Uses.—Relaxed states of the gastro-intestinal tract, with excessive secretions, and no fever or inflammation; soft, pasty or fungoid granulations; passive hemorrhages; leucorrhoea with vaginal relaxation. | <urn:uuid:2eb234b3-c1e3-4c1b-8a4a-fbc2b0c98905> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | https://www.henriettes-herb.com/eclectic/kings/acidum-tann.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912207618.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20190327020750-20190327042750-00112.warc.gz | en | 0.910123 | 3,224 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Surface and coatings technology refers to the scientific study and industrial application of coatings, surfaces, and interfaces. This field encompasses a wide range of technologies related to modifying and enhancing the surface properties of materials for improved performance and protection.
History and Evolution of Surface Technology
Humans have utilized coatings and surface treatments for thousands of years, from early uses of paints and varnishes to more advanced surface hardening techniques. However, surface science did not emerge as a distinct field of study until the 20th century. Some key developments include:
- 1900s – Study of corrosion and oxidation leads to research on protective coatings and anodizing of metals.
- 1920s – Development of chroming process for decorative and protective coatings on consumer products.
- 1940s – Advancements in understanding of surface physics and chemistry.
- 1960s – Invention of plasma spray coatings and chemical vapor deposition process.
- 1970s – Commercialization of thermal spray coatings and diamond-like carbon coatings.
- 1990s – Nanotechnology allows manipulation of surfaces at atomic scale.
Key Concepts in Surface Technology
There are several foundational scientific concepts that inform research and development of advanced surfaces and coatings:
Surface Energy and Wetting
The interactions at the interface between a liquid or solid and a surface are critical in adhesion and coating performance. Surface energy, surface tension, and wettability influence how a coating bonds to a substrate.
Creating sufficient adhesive forces between a coating material and the substrate is necessary for a durable, long-lasting coating. Mechanical, chemical, and diffusive bonding all play a role.
The process by which a coating transforms from liquid to solid state on a surface is called film formation. Coating properties are influenced by drying, curing, solidification mechanisms.
Common Types of Surface Treatments and Coatings
Many methods exist for altering surface properties. Some of the most widely used include:
Paints and Varnishes
Paints and varnishes provide color, gloss, and protection using polymer binders, pigments, solvents and other additives. Used on wood, metal, concrete, and more.
Electroplating coatings apply a metallic surface coating using electrodeposition for corrosion protection, wear resistance, or aesthetics. Common metals used include chromium, zinc, nickel, cadmium, copper.
Anodizing creates a thick oxide layer on metals like aluminum and titanium using electrolysis to improve corrosion and abrasion resistance.
In thermal spray coatings, metallic or ceramic powders are melted and sprayed onto surfaces to form protective coatings against wear, heat, or corrosion.
Advanced Surface Technologies and Coatings
Ongoing innovation in surface science and engineering has enabled new advanced coatings and surface modification techniques including:
Nanocoatings contain nanoparticles for enhanced properties like barrier performance, conductivity, or scratch resistance.
Smart coatings are engineered materials that adapt to changing environments. Examples include self-healing coatings, anti-reflective coatings, and bactericidal coatings.
Superhydrophobic coatings repel water, oil, and other liquids through nanostructures that create trapped air at the interface.
Extremely hard diamond-like carbon (DLC) coatings improve wear resistance in applications like cutting tools.
Characterization Techniques in Surface Analysis
Researchers have many analytical techniques available to study and quantify surface properties at different scales, including:
- Optical microscopy
- Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
- Atomic force microscopy
Applications of Surface Technology
Surface engineering has widespread applications across many industries including:
Specialized coatings protect aircraft and spacecraft against erosion, corrosion, and extreme temperatures.
Surface treatments enhance appearance, durability, and functionality in automotive components and systems.
Bioactive coatings and surface modifications enable implants, devices, sensors and tissue engineering scaffolds.
Thin films and diffusion barriers enable semiconductor devices, displays, photovoltaics, and other electronics.
Surface Technology for Sustainability
As environmental awareness grows, surface solutions are enabling sustainability improvements through:
Durable anti-reflective coatings boost solar cell efficiency. Protective films enhance wind turbine reliability.
Replacing hazardous chrome electroplating with safer surface treatments reduces environmental impact.
Hydrophobic, anti-smudge, and self-cleaning coated surfaces support resilient buildings and infrastructure.
The Future of Surfaces and Interfaces
Exciting innovations on the horizon include:
Surfaces with transformable topography or switchable properties could enable new dynamic material functionality.
Artificial intelligence and machine learning may guide the design of new optimized, application-specific surface coatings.
Complex coatings with multiple integrated sensors, self-powered systems, and multi-zone materials could enable smart surface applications.
Surface and coatings technology is a vibrant, quickly-evolving interdisciplinary field with roots in physics, chemistry, and materials science that connects to diverse industries. Ongoing research in nanotechnology, surface characterization, and computational methods will enable the design of increasingly sophisticated coatings and surface treatments. The customized manipulation of interfaces at multiple length scales from macro to molecular levels provides opportunities for innovation not just in materials performance but also in sustainability and resilience of the human-made environment. Exciting new directions link surface science ever more closely with biology, electronics, and information technology, promising technologies that learn, adapt, and interact with their surroundings in real-time. The surface, where vital interactions and exchanges occur, is truly the foundation of function.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is surface energy?
Surface energy relates to the interactions at the interface between a liquid or solid and a surface. It determines important properties like wettability and adhesion. Surfaces aim to achieve an optimal balance of surface free energy.
How do self-cleaning surface coatings work?
Nanostructured hydrophobic coatings repel water so effectively that dirt and grime are picked up and carried away when water slides across the surface. This self-cleaning ability relies on the lotus effect.
What are the benefits of anodizing metals?
Anodizing creates a protective oxide layer on metals like aluminum and titanium that resists corrosion, abrasion, and weathering. It allows achieving tough, durable surfaces in a range of colors.
What are chromate conversion coatings?
Chromate conversion coatings contain hexavalent chromium to create thin films on metals that improve paint adhesion and resist corrosion. However, due to chromium’s toxicity, green alternatives are being developed.
How are thermal spray coatings applied?
In techniques like plasma spraying, flame spraying, or HVOF, heat melts a coating material into fine droplets that are sprayed in a molten state onto a prepared surface where they rapidly solidify. This builds up thick, protective films.
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Today in History- 10th January
1839 Tea from India for the 1st time arrives in UK.
1863 World's first underground passenger railway London's Metropolitan opened to the public.
1920 The League of Nations went into effect.
1946 UN 1st General Assembly of UN meets at London.
1951 UN headquarters
opens in Manhattan New York.
1966 Tashkent Declaration for India & Pakistan sign peace accord after war. | <urn:uuid:a85a022d-a8cd-4bcd-b151-5786d4ea2b60> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://www.gkduniya.com/today-history-january-10th | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655911896.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20200710175432-20200710205432-00240.warc.gz | en | 0.886553 | 92 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Concerns that tablet computers may harm children’s development appear to be unfounded, early research by Swinburne scientists suggests.
Children began to play with tablet computers as soon as they came out in 2010, immediately generating fears that the technology might harm their development.
“Some people think touchscreen computers are ushering in a new age of learning; others believe they’re ruining childhood, but there hasn’t been much evidence either way,” says Dr Jordy Kaufman, of Swinburne’s Babylab, one of the first Australian research facilities specialising in child cognitive brain research and social development.
Although excessive television viewing is known to have an adverse effect on children’s cognitive development, those conclusions cannot necessarily be applied to touchscreens, which are interactive.
Kaufman has investigated how children learn from new media, measuring attentiveness, impulsivity and learning with children aged two to seven. The attention spans and problem-solving abilities of children using touchscreens were compared with children using traditional toys.
“We give them creative activities such as drawing and block building,” Kaufman says. “So far, there’s been no difference between touchscreen and real-world activities when it comes to slow-paced creative activities. We’re not finding any difference in their skills whether they are using a tablet or a toy.
If you are careful with the applications you choose, we haven’t found any negative effects on attention span.”
Kaufman says the key consistent message in his findings is that it’s the activity that matters rather than the medium.
(Source: Swinburne University of Technology) | <urn:uuid:b65a4aee-7608-4acb-ae80-890a293277c5> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://www.parenthub.com.au/news/kids-news/childhood-and-the-touchscreen-revolution/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540551267.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20191213071155-20191213095155-00361.warc.gz | en | 0.957482 | 354 | 3.53125 | 4 |
The document is part of ongoing UN discussions over how small island developing states (SIDS) can achieve sustainable development. The finalised version will be used as a framework during the Third International Conference on Small Island Developing States (SIDS), to be held in Samoa later this year (1-4 September).
As it stands, the draft only makes a few references to science and research. For example, it pledges to provide “assistance to SIDS in undertaking marine scientific research and developing their technological capacity, including through the establishment of dedicated regional oceanographic centres”, and to “enhance regional and inter-regional SIDS-SIDS cooperation for research and technological development” in renewable energy.
“Sound weather and climate scientific information and products provide a key input into decision-making processes in climate-sensitive sectors.”
World Meteorological Organization
But science is only mentioned in connection with coastal zone management, energy and marine resources, and is omitted from “many other relevant sectors such as agriculture, forestry, health and water” says Gerd Rücker, senior scientific officer at the German Aerospace Center.
Rücker worked in the European Commission's Pacific-EU Network for Science and Technology (PACE-Net) project as policy conference coordinator from 2011 to 2013, and is now attached to the latest version of the project: PACE-Net Plus.
He says that although SIDS are frequently dealing with highly complex issues such as land degradation and high unemployment, which are exacerbated by climate change and population growth, each country’s population is too small to individually address all of their research and policy needs.
Rücker suggests the draft should take note of PACE-Net’s recommendations for more regional co-operation for development, innovation and research, published in December 2013. It proposed setting up regional thematic task forces to coordinate research and develop the islands’ research capacity and priorities.
The World Meteorological Organization also commented on the draft, saying: “the role of science is not developed in the [draft] document”, and suggested adding a line to “support SIDS in their efforts to build their resilience to climate change and climate variability by developing the science and knowledge base and the related applications”.
“Sound weather and climate scientific information and products provide a key input into decision-making processes in climate-sensitive sectors,” it adds.
> Link to zero draft
> Link to PACE-Net’s Recommendations for Research, Innovation and Development in the Pacific | <urn:uuid:7568aac4-0b89-42b1-aac7-de120438b4d5> | CC-MAIN-2015-32 | http://www.scidev.net/global/policy/news/draft-text-for-small-island-summit-lacks-science.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042989043.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002309-00093-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.933116 | 527 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Julia Dent Grant
Born: January 26, 1826 at St. Louis, Missouri
Died: December 14, 1902 (aged 76) at Washington, D.C.
Spouse: Ulysses Grant (m. 1848 – 1885)
Children: Frederick Dent Grant, Ulysses S. Grant Jr., Nellie Grant, Jesse Root Grant
First Lady of the United States (1869 – 1877)
Facts about Julia Dent Grant
She was the 1st First Lady to write her memoirs, although they remained unpublished until nearly 75 years after her death. Julia had been raised in a wealthy privileged family, had a lively outgoing personality and was brimming with self-confidence. Despite her many admirable qualities unflattering descriptions of her appearance were made when she became First Lady.
When her husband was nominated for President Julia was absolutely thrilled. Her husband was duly elected President and Julia Grant assumed the role of First Lady on March 4, 1869. Julia Grant was a breath of fresh air to the White House. She was known for bringing happiness and joy back to the White House after the despair and gloom of the Civil War.
Her lifestyle, clothes and appearance were constantly reported in the media. She organized lavish parties and entertainments and thrived on public attention.
Julia Dent Grant Childhood
Julia Boggs Dent was born at White Haven plantation west of St. Louis, Missouri, the daughter of Frederick and Ellen Wrenshaw Dent, a slave-holding planter and merchant. Julia was one of eight children and “”according to a biography of Grant posted to the White House Website Grant once wrote that her childhood consisted of “”one long summer of sunshine, flowers, and smiles.”” All her life, she suffered from a medical condition called strabismus (cross-eyed).
Julia attended the Misses Mauros’ boarding school in St. Louis for seven years among the daughters of other affluent parents. She excelled in art and voice. A social favorite in that circle, she met Ulysses at her home, where her family welcomed him as a West Point classmate of her brother Frederick. She soon felt lonely without him, dreamed of him, and agreed to wear his West Point ring.
Where is Julia Dent Grant buried?
On December 21, 1902, Julia Grant was buried beside her husband at Grants Tomb on Riverside Drive in New York. While the ceremony was not opened the general public, it did mark the first burial rites of a First Lady treated as a quasi-official federal event, with local Army and Navy officers in attendance, along with her four children.
How did Julia Dent Grant die?
Julia Grant died at her Washington, D.C. home on 14 December 1902 in the presence of her daughter. She was 74 years old. | <urn:uuid:7ab31c48-09b7-4fba-84b4-13e046793675> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | http://www.theuspresidents.org/julia-dent-grant/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583510853.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20181016155643-20181016181143-00102.warc.gz | en | 0.980687 | 586 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Xeno's strange news awards blog.
Etched by canyons, crinkled by mountains, and cleansed of craters, the surface of Pluto and its largest moon, Charon, are unexpectedly dynamic, according to the first high-resolution images downloaded by the New Horizons team this morning. Mission scientists describe the findings as almost paradoxical, because the two worlds had been thought too small to sustain the internal heat that drives geologic activity on Earth, and they do not experience the tidal heating that drives such activity elsewhere in the outer solar system. “The team has been abuzz,” deputy project scientist Cathy Olkin told a press briefing. “Look at this! Look at that! This is amazing!”
Pluto, a close up: Taken from an altitude of 478,000 miles kilometers, this image of a tiny fraction of Pluto’s surface reveals features as small as 400 meters across. Tall mountain ranges dot the crater-free landscape, suggesting that the surface is shockingly young—only about 100 million years old.
This image was captured while New Horizons was flying 476,000 miles from Pluto’s surface on July 13 at around 4 p.m. ET, about 16 hours before the spacecraft made its closest approach on Tuesday morning.
It is tempting to say that textbooks will need to be rewritten, but when it comes to Charon, so little was known that textbooks had barely even been written. Just yesterday scientists were describing it as an ancient, cratered terrain like Earth’s moon. Today, presenting a global image with a resolution of about 2.3 kilometers per pixel, Olkin drew attention to troughs and cliffs extending for 1,000 kilometers and canyons as deep as 10 kilometers. Some regions have few craters, suggesting they are so geologically young they have scarcely been battered by impacts. The dark, red polar cap—informally named “Mordor”—appears to have been shattered in places by impacts, suggesting that the dark covering is but a thin veneer.
Pluto has a thorn in it?
This new image of an area on Pluto’s largest moon Charon has a captivating feature—a depression with a peak in the middle, shown here in the upper left corner of the inset.
The image shows an area approximately 240 miles (390 kilometers) from top to bottom, including few visible craters. “The most intriguing feature is a large mountain sitting in a moat,” said Jeff Moore with NASA’s Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California, who leads New Horizons’ Geology, Geophysics and Imaging team. “This is a feature that has geologists stunned and stumped.”
The mountain in the moat would be something of a different density that impacted and is still sticking out, right? What else could it be?
Here’s a good graphic showing the size of Pluto and Charon. Either one of them could totally wipe out Nevada, if it wanted to. | <urn:uuid:499539e0-1502-423b-a0ba-d23c19171426> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | https://truestrange.com/2015/07/21/what-is-that-thing-on-charon-close-up-photos-of-pluto-and-moon-charon/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218186841.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212946-00544-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.963324 | 634 | 3.328125 | 3 |
STORRS, Conn. (AP) — A year ago, Richard Parnas had never heard of brown grease: sticky, stinky, remnants of sludge sucked from grease traps at restaurants, bars and commercial kitchens. The glop for years has been considered useless, a common clog-inducer at sewage treatment plants, often burned as costly waste.
Parnas immediately saw the potential, one that he hopes could change the fuel industry and improve the environment. If he is correct, the University of Connecticut professor's vision also could make him and his partners wealthy.
Parnas can turn brown grease into biodiesel fuel.
The vehicle for this chemical engineer's dreams of environmental revolution is RPM Sustainable Technologies, a company Parnas founded with two partners, Fred Robson and Richard Madrak, to break into the national biodiesel market. At the moment, the company's base is a lab at the edge of the UConn campus, where a metal machine of large tanks and gurgling tubes transforms grease into fuel.
This spring, a machine just like it will be hooked up to the Torrington wastewater treatment plant, a designated "FOG" facility, or one that accepts the region's fats, oils and grease. The city agreed to serve as temporary sales model for Parnas, whose plan is to sell his equipment, and its maintenance, to municipalities, universities or anyone interested in making biodiesel. UConn is currently using the biodiesel Parnas creates to run its campus shuttle buses.
The machinery and the chemistry it encourages inside can make any common source into biodiesel. Parnas, however, is pushing brown grease, because he strongly believes that potential food sources such as soybean and corn should be used to feed the world, and not run cars and buses. Also, the putrid grease, laden with heavy metals, exists as an environmental hazard, he said.
Turning it into biodiesel changes a problem into an asset, something that can run your Volkswagen instead of being burned or buried in a landfill. Torrington spends $9,000 a year burning its brown grease in Waterbury. "You just blow all those heavy metals out into the air," Parnas said. "We will have a much bigger impact on the environmental problem than on the fuels market. We will convert the environmental problem into a high quality fuel that will be worth money."
Customers will buy the machinery and then own the biodiesel they produce. Parnas said he could not provide what the machinery could cost; the company is too new, he said, and it might depend on size and orders. There are projects in the works, he said.
On a recent afternoon at the lab, two doctoral students in lab coats hurried about the machine, responding to beeping alarms and emptying buckets of glycerol, a byproduct of the process. The prototype pumped out one gallon of biodiesel every four minutes, in one session making enough to propel a diesel Volkswagen Jetta about 40 miles.
The doctoral students, Iman Noshadi of Iran and Baishali Kanjilal of India, are researching further uses of the glycerol byproduct. Noshadi said it is worth maybe 50 cents a gallon as a raw chemical but with further research and chemistry it can be turned into high value chemicals used in labs that sell for between $3,000 and $5,000 a gallon. He said with their research they want to create a process where there is no waste.
Continue reading this story on the... | <urn:uuid:b65999a7-84cf-41ef-919b-da3f50a989f9> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://newsok.com/article/feed/466944 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500837094.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021357-00003-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.949098 | 728 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Do you know about Geringsing ?
Geringsing is a fabric or clothces that has a high historical of heritage from Bali in Tengan Area.
Gringsing fabric is the only traditional Indonesian fabrics are made using the techniques and double ikat may take 2-5 years. This fabric comes from the village of Tenganan, Bali. Generally, people gringsing Tenganan has a centuries-old fabric used in special ceremonies. The word comes from gring gringsing which means 'sick' and sing, which means 'no', so that when combined into a 'no pain'. Intent contained in these words is as repellent reinforcements. In Bali, the various ceremonies, such as tooth filing ceremonies, weddings, and other religious ceremonies, performed by relying on the strength of the fabric gringsing.
History of Geringsing
Based on the myth, the woven cloth originated gringsing of God Indra, the protector and teacher of life for the people of Tenganan. Lord Indra was amazed with the beauty of the sky at night and he describes the beauty of the motif woven through to the people of his choice, the people of Tenganan. God that teaches women to master the technique of weaving that depicts gringsing and capture the beauty of the stars, moon, sun and other heavenly expanse. Dark-colored woven fabric alammi Tenganan community use in religious rituals or customs and is believed to have magical powers. The fabric is also mentioned a tool that can cure disease and ward off bad influences. It states that an expert textile fabric weaving techniques gringsing is only found in three locations in the world, Tenganan (Indonesia), Japan, and India.
In 1984, Urs Ramseyer (1984) in his article titled Clothing, Ritual and Society in Pegeringsingan Tenganan Bali, Tenganan expressed the notion that society as a fellow follower of the god Indra is an ancient Indian immigrants. Immigrants is likely to bring the double ikat technique of Orissa through shipping or Andhra Pradesh and developed the technique independently in Tenganan. Another possibility is that the immigrants elaborate quotations from several types of weaving patola to be developed in Indonesia
Proses and Preparation
Gringsing fabric-making process from start to finish is done by hand. The yarn used is the result of hand-spun with a traditional loom, not machines. Cotton yarn is derived from imported seed in one of Nusa Penida because only in this place could get one cotton seed. When finished spinning, the yarn will undergo a process of immersion in hazelnut oil before continuing to process tissue and staining. Immersion can take place over 40 days up to a maximum of one year with the replacement of the soaking water every 25-49 days. The longer the soaking, the yarn will grow stronger and more tender.
Candle nut (Aleurites moluccana) were taken directly in the forest gringsing Tenganan and fabric makers have to use pecan that really ripe, and fell from the tree. This is in accordance with awig-awig (custom rules) which states that a particular tree species (walnut, keluak, tehep, and durian) are grown on land owned by individuals should not be picked by the owner, but Hattush allowed to mature on the tree and then fell .
Yarn will be spun into a fabric that has a length (feed side) and width (side lungsi) specific. To tighten the weave, the thread will be encouraged to use bat bones. The finished fabric will be bound by the interpreter to follow a specific pattern of tissue was determined. The binding process using two-color rope, which is pink and light green. Each bond will be opened according to the color dyeing process to generate the appropriate motif and coloring.
Structuring process thread, binding, and staining performed on the lungsi and feed, so the technique is called double ikat. At ordinary weaving techniques, generally only the feed side of the given motif, whereas the lungsi just a plain yarn, or vice versa. Patterns made the fabric must be woven with skill and precision so that each color on lungsi will meet with the same color on feed and generate motifs that look firm.
Doc from Wikipedia
You can see example the Geringsing Fabric at www.edelweissboutiquebali.blogspot.com | <urn:uuid:e60a2795-85b6-45ef-ba4e-c85c65e84f59> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | http://bawaktravelingbali.blogspot.com/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267160853.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20180925004528-20180925024928-00109.warc.gz | en | 0.932336 | 921 | 2.734375 | 3 |
It's a listening worksheet about how the orange juice is made. Students need to complete missing words and numbers. It's an active listening with visual help. It's a practical use of language that you can't learn from grammar books. This listening worksheet is a visual delivery of language. A listening worksheet can prepare students to hear different accents and helps students to learn from the real life situations. | <urn:uuid:6ef0e48a-9784-4e96-9bd4-8ea518a2267c> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://busyteacher.org/11069-how-the-orange-juice-is-made.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280483.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00285-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.933862 | 81 | 3.390625 | 3 |
We all know how much damage alcohol can cause and reverting brain damage has been very hard to do before, but scientists from the University of Kentucky and University of Maryland now concluded that a chemical in marijuana called cannabidiol (CBD) could be used to ward off alcohol-induced brain damage.
That is actually great news, what if it can help reduce brain-damage related to other hard drugs as well, we will keep our hopes up for now!
The authors of this study also note that CBD acts as a stronger antioxidant than many well-known antioxidants – including BHT and α-tocopherol (vitamin E).
“It has been suggested that the neuroprotective effects of CBD observed during binge alcohol induced neurodegeneration are due to its high antioxidant capacity.”
Studies show about 8.5% of the U.S. population may be suffering from alcohol dependence, suggesting that many stand to benefit from this new potential treatment. And that is only in America, world wide there is a huge need for help battling this addiction and coping with it’s damages. | <urn:uuid:1e55a925-b11b-4117-a568-45825b36cd93> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://cbdcrew.org/can-cannabis-reduce-braindamage-caused-by-drinking-study-suggest-so/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662521152.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20220518052503-20220518082503-00306.warc.gz | en | 0.959722 | 226 | 2.625 | 3 |
Red Meat Republic: A Hoof-To-Table History of How Beef Changed America (Hardcover)
How beef conquered America and gave rise to the modern industrial food complex
By the late nineteenth century, Americans rich and poor had come to expect high-quality fresh beef with almost every meal. Beef production in the United States had gone from small-scale, localized operations to a highly centralized industry spanning the country, with cattle bred on ranches in the rural West, slaughtered in Chicago, and consumed in the nation's rapidly growing cities. Red Meat Republic tells the remarkable story of the violent conflict over who would reap the benefits of this new industry and who would bear its heavy costs.
Joshua Specht puts people at the heart of his story--the big cattle ranchers who helped to drive the nation's westward expansion, the meatpackers who created a radically new kind of industrialized slaughterhouse, and the stockyard workers who were subjected to the shocking and unsanitary conditions described by Upton Sinclair in his novel The Jungle. Specht brings to life a turbulent era marked by Indian wars, Chicago labor unrest, and food riots in the streets of New York. He shows how the enduring success of the cattle-beef complex--centralized, low cost, and meatpacker dominated--was a consequence of the meatpackers' ability to make their interests overlap with those of a hungry public, while the interests of struggling ranchers, desperate workers, and bankrupt butchers took a backseat. America--and the American table--would never be the same again.
A compelling and unfailingly enjoyable read, Red Meat Republic reveals the complex history of exploitation and innovation behind the food we consume today.
About the Author
Joshua Specht teaches American history at Monash University in Australia. He divides his time between Melbourne and South Bend, Indiana. Twitter @joshspecht | <urn:uuid:c8aef9ff-82cd-4d09-85c7-dbb56651f0bb> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://www.wellerbookworks.com/book/9780691182315 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496668534.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20191114182304-20191114210304-00531.warc.gz | en | 0.948885 | 381 | 2.53125 | 3 |
We recently completed one of our most comprehensive video projects to date: a series of eight videos for the Hawaii Department of Agriculture explaining the requirements for Good Agriculture Practices (GAP) certification.
Background: Farming is an important part of Hawaii's economy and in recent years, food safety has become a priority. We were hired to create videos that help farms and farm workers understand food safety regulations and how farms can become GAP certified. These videos were designed to work with voice-overs in English, Chinese, Thai, Spanish and Ilocano.
One of the talented project leaders, Jeri Kahana, recently explained how they are using the video series in education:
We have shared it with our Cooperative Extension partners to use when conducting outreach education with our farmers. We have also shared it with a Group GAP organization who is working with a group of farmers to become GAP certified under the Group GAP program. They were all impressed by the videos!
Along with working with the amazing team in Hawaii, we loved this project because it was a perfect fit for our style of explainer videos. The videos are educational and focused on solving a problem.
One of our earliest videos (from 2007!) explained online photo sharing. While much of that video is still relevant, photo sharing has changed significantly over the years and now plays a much bigger role in our online lives.
So, we've created a completely new version of the video which focuses not only on why photo sharing matters, but how to do it safely and responsibly. This new video will replace the older version in our library.
Online Photo Sharing - Explained
What it Teaches:
Today, we’re taking and sharing more photos than ever before. In the moment, it’s easy to forget that sharing photos can represent both fun and risk. By understanding the basics of online photo sharing and how to share responsibly, we can reduce the risk and focus on the fun. This video teaches:
Why photo sharing is more popular than ever
How people often interact with online photos
What kinds of data and information are included when sharing online photos
How online photos create a digital footprint that can become a risk in the future
This is the 99th video to appear in our library and was suggested by Common Craft members. Watch it here.
What it Teaches:
Like footprints left on a trail in the woods, our digital footprints leave evidence of what we do on apps and websites. This video explains the concept of digital footprints, why they matter and how to reduce the risk of digital footprints in the future. It teaches:
What it means to have digital footprints
Why digital footprints are tracked and saved by organizations
What actions leave digital footprints
How your digital footprints could be used in the future
Over the past ten years, I've written hundreds of scripts for explainer videos and if there is one thing I've learned, it's this: the act of writing the script and trying to explain an idea for others teaches me more about the subject than anything else I can do. My understanding doesn't become clear until the ideas in my head make the jump to the script, where I'm forced to present them logically.
This process of writing explanations in order to understand them better is also known as the Feynman Technique. Richard Feynman was known as The Great Explainer thanks to his talent for transforming complex scientific information into easy to understand models and ideas. The 1.5-minute video below summarizes the technique.
For a new study in Applied Cognitive Psychology researchers led by Aloysius Wei Lun Koh set out to test their theory that teaching improves the teacher’s learning because it compels the teacher to retrieve what they’ve previously studied. In other words, they believe the learning benefit of teaching is simply another manifestation of the well-known “testing effect” – the way that bringing to mind what we’ve previously studied leads to deeper and longer-lasting acquisition of that information than more time spent passively re-studying.
They found the students who performed best at understanding and remembering a new subject were the ones who learned the subject and then taught it to others.
Why does this matter? Because anyone can use this practice to increase their understanding of a subject. Studying is great. Taking notes is helpful. But if you really want to understand and remember a subject, explain it to someone else. Or, simply pretend that you're writing a letter or video script with the goal of explaining it clearly.
Sachi and I often find ourselves discussing what is in "the zeitgeist", meaning subjects that are becoming more popular and representing a particular period of history. Early in our video careers, we created videos about Twitter and Wikis because they were in the zeitgeist at the time.
Today, there are few subjects in the technology world more in the zeitgeist than the idea of blockchain and how it enables Bitcoin, among many other ideas, to work. The problem, as with most subjects in the zeitgeist, is that new, transformational ideas are often difficult to understand. This is certainly the case with blockchain.
We produced a video called Blockchain Explained by Common Craft that's available in our video library and designed for use in classrooms, training, etc. Now that blockchain is becoming a more popular idea, we've decided to publish the blockchain video so it may reach many more people. You can now find and share the video on YouTube and Facebook. I've embedded the YouTube video below:
Using an example of a song written three generations ago, this video shows why it makes sense that the public domain exists and what it means when a song, photo, artwork, document or other creative work is in the public domain. This video teaches:
The basics of copyright law and how it gives creators control
Why copyrights expire over time
How public domain works are available for use without payment or permission
Why creators and organizations contribute to the public domain | <urn:uuid:9ea72f40-c9d4-47fd-a2e7-a9aa4dad82a5> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://www.commoncraft.com/blog-categories/explainer?page=1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320304572.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20220124155118-20220124185118-00596.warc.gz | en | 0.961872 | 1,219 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Difference Between Anime and Cartoons
Cartoon is a term that once referred to fine art during the renaissance period. Somehow, though, the term’s meaning evolved (or devolved, depending on how you look at it) into humorous and witty illustrations and, finally, into animated programs meant to entertain people, mostly children. For, clarity, the term ‘cartoon’ in this article shall be referring to the animated programs. Recently, however, a new term has been coined: Anime. And the distinction between these two has caused much confusion.
Strictly speaking though, there should be no distinction between anime and cartoon. Anime is a term used by the Japanese to refer to animated cartoons, from their own country and from others as well. Somehow, though, the world started using the term anime in reference to Japanese cartoons exclusively. Japanese animation was once called japanimation, but this term was aptly discarded when the term ‘Anime’ was put into use.
Some say that they see absolutely no difference between the two, even going so far as to classify both cartoons and anime as ‘childish’ because of the nature of how they are presented, much to the woe of anime fans. Technically, there’s no official difference and they are somewhat correct. But you only have to watch a single episode of any anime series and you’ll see that anime is far more than your usual slapstick comedy man-tripping-on-a-banana-peal early morning cartoons. There is a real and profound difference between the two besides their spellings: Anime is so much more than ‘just a cartoon’.
Cartoons usually have a simple and defined plot. And they’re usually about the good guys fighting the bad guys. Cartoons rarely go beyond that old cliché. Most Anime series, on the other hand, are also about the same good vs. evil but the plots are rarely simple and rarely predictable. You’ll find an element of politics, religion, humanity, and a score of several other abstract concepts within an anime. Whereas cartoons are just about ‘evil’ cats chasing ‘innocent’ mice or a hero defending himself and others from a very evil bully. Anime can blur the lines between good and evil so much that you’ll be left wondering which side is really right. Look at the plot of Gundam, there aren’t any good guys or bad guys. They’re both fighting for a cause – a worthy one, and both sides are prepared to do good and evil to achieve their goals. Look at the Wave Country arc of Naruto which is now at Naruto Shippuden. Zabuza, evil as he was, had evoked more sympathetic tears than any of the typical Disney antagonists. There are, however, few exceptions to the ‘cartoons are simple’ rule. There are cartoon series that are far advanced like X-men.
In terms of humor, anime goes beyond the slapstick comedy that cartoons offer. There won’t be any corny joke about the chicken crossing the road with anime. There won’t even be the quintessential banana peal. Anime humor is deep and witty. However, it is to be noted that cartoons are mostly for kids. Anime can be for an adult audience; it mostly is, actually. There are even times when anime plots are hardly suited for children.
In cartoons, there’s a protagonist, an antagonist, and a damsel in distress. Their roles are well-defined and clear and the characters always act according to their roles. In anime, however, the damsel in distress may very well become the antagonist, leaving the protagonist in distress. There’s no knowing what to expect in anime. Anime characters, a lot of times, are developed overtime through trials and growth, while cartoon characters remain the same from when the show started. (Of course, there are exceptions such as Spiderman.) Since there’s an ongoing plot, Anime characters actually grow up and may even produce the next generation for the series. Anime fans tend to get into the characters a lot deeper because of the characters’ depth and charm. Consider Naruto; viewers see him growing up from an infant to a young powerful ninja, the way he relates to people, the way he learns new techniques, and the way he evolves visually. That is one of the chief reasons for popularities of anime over plain cartoons.
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- Prospective Students
- Current Students
These guidelines are also available for download in DOC (Word) and PDF format. See also the department's Stylesheet for Citations, showing the proper format and usage for footnotes in papers (also available in DOC and PDF formats).
WKU History Department Writing Guide: Rules, Style Tips, and Common Errors
Before you hand in a history paper, you should proofread it to make sure you have followed basic grammar rules and avoided common grammar errors.
1. A FEW BASIC RULES
Either “On 10 June 1911, the sky fell” or “On June 10, 1911, the sky fell.” Be consistent.
Spell out centuries: “the thirteenth century” and “eighteenth-century literature.”
For decades and years, use figures: 1968; the 1960s (no apostrophe)
Use a person’s full name the first time you refer to him or her. After that, use the last name: “Mary Wollstonecraft,” then “Wollstonecraft.”
** Plurals of names do not need apostrophes:
“The Smiths ate dinner,” NOT: “The Smith’s ate dinner.”
Spell out all numbers through one hundred (e.g. “sixty-five”), and all round numbers that can be expressed in two words (“five thousand,” “one million”).
Write out all other numbers as figures: “The people ate 5,328 pounds of wheat.”
Exception: Spell out numbers that start sentences: “Ten students passed the exam.”
**Plurals of numbers do not have apostrophes:
RIGHT: “Most guests came in ones and twos.”
WRONG: “Most guests came in one’s and two’s.”
D. Quotation marks:
Punctuation almost always belongs inside quotation marks:
“The cat drank a cup of coffee.”
Paragraphs should have at least three sentences and should not go on for a full page or more.
Paragraphs should not be separated by extra spaces. (In later versions of Microsoft Word, look under Format>Paragraph to remove these additional spaces, which Word will otherwise automatically insert).
2. STYLE TIPS
How to write clear, concise sentences:
A. Use the active voice, not the passive:
Active: “The king ate his subjects.”
Passive: “The subjects were eaten by the king.”
B. Put the action in the verb
Good: “The Committee for Public Safety had to approach it differently.”
Bad: “The establishment of a different approach on the part of the Committee for Public Safety became a necessity.”
C. Avoid wordy phrases:
Wordy: “This paper will discuss issues concerning the matter of the decline of the Roman Empire.”
Less wordy: “This paper will discuss the decline of the Roman Empire.”
D. Reduce wordy verbs:
has knowledge of knows
is taking takes
are indications of indicate
are suggestive of suggest
E. Reduce prepositional phrases
Prepositional phrases make your sentences more wordy than they need to be (see “wordy verbs” above). Often, you can be more concise by using an apostrophe + s to denote possession of an object.
Too many: The writers of the eighteenth century in France wrote with pens of peacock feathers.
Better: France’s eighteenth century writers wrote with peacock feather pens.
F. Use fewer words where you can:
Instead of “subsequent to,” use “after.”
Instead of “as a consequence of this series of events,” use “therefore.”
G. Minimize or avoid “It is,” “There is,” “There were,” and the like.
Instead of “There were many factors that contributed to the Revolutions of 1848,”
Write, “Many factors contributed to the Revolutions of 1848.”
H. Avoid starting sentences with conjunctions (such as “And,” “But,” “Or,” “Therefore,” and “So.)
I. When possible, avoid parentheses: explain what you mean in the body of the sentence if it is important.
J. Explain your ideas in your own words, rather than relying on a pseudo-quote, an adage, or other informal phrase to hint at what you mean.
Instead of: “It is like ‘an eye for an eye’
Try: “These laws tried to make the punishment match the crime that had been committed.”
K. Avoid using two words separated as a slash as a shortcut: Figure out how to say what you mean.
For instance: “popular and modern” instead of “popular/modern”
3. COMMON ERRORS TO AVOID:
A. Apostrophe where one does not belong:
Apostrophes indicate possession for nouns ("Ellen’s sock,” "several years' work") but not for personal pronouns (its, your, their, and whose).
Apostrophes also indicate omissions in contractions ("it's" = "it is").
In general, apostrophes are not used to indicate plurals: “The Smiths,” NOT “The Smith’s” to refer to a family called Smith.
Apostrophes do not belong on dates or decades: “The 1800s,” NOT “The 1800’s.”
B. Bias vs. biased: The first is a noun, and the second is an adjective.
WRONG: “The author’s biased towards the Ottoman Empire is clear in this source.”
RIGHT: “The author’s bias towards the Ottoman Empire is clear in this source.”
WRONG: “It is clear that this source is bias in favor of the Ottoman Empire.”
RIGHT: “It is clear that this source is biased in favor of the Ottoman Empire.”
C. Contractions: avoid the use of contractions. Do not use them.
That’s right, we said “do not use them,” NOT “don’t use them.”
D. Comma splices, or run-on sentences. If a sentence that has two parts that could stand alone as sentence, you need to either link them with a conjunction (“and,” “or,” “but”) or a semi-colon, or break the two parts into two sentences.
WRONG: “This seems to be the case with Abu’Fazl Allami when he describes Akbar, he writes about the leader with a tremendous level of fervor.”
RIGHT: “This seems to be the case with Abu’Fazl Allami when he describes Akbar; he writes about the leader with a tremendous level of fervor.”
ALSO RIGHT: “This seems to be the case with Abu’Fazl Allami when he describes Akbar. He writes about the leader with a tremendous level of fervor.”
E. Sentence fragments: Make sure each word group you have punctuated as a sentence contains a grammatically complete and independent thought that can stand alone as an acceptable sentence.
WRONG: “Life in seventeenth century Europe was difficult for most people. With food shortages, a countryside ravaged by war, and a complete lack of bubble-gum.”
RIGHT: “Life in seventeenth century Europe was difficult for most people. Some contributing factors include food shortages, a countryside ravaged by war, and a complete lack of bubble-gum.”
F. Inconsistent tense: Use verb tense consistently (all past tense or all present tense). Usually, the past tense is most appropriate in a history paper.
G. “Its” and “it’s” confusion:
“Its” means “belonging to it or pertaining to it.”
“It’s” means “It is.”
H. Their/there/they’re confusion:
“Their” means “belonging to or pertaining to them.”
“There” refers to location (try to avoid the weak construction “There were…”)
“They’re” means “They are.”
I. Men and Women: Refer to men and women, not man and woman, when you are making generalizations.
“Women had few rights in this period,” NOT “Woman had few rights.”
***…And a point of common sense:
Be sure you spell your professor’s name correctly on the paper. No sense starting out on the wrong foot. That Civil War professor may have access to some interesting weapons.
A. On-Campus Resource: The Writing Center
The WKU English Department’s Writing Center has several locations where you can get help with your writing. You may even get help by email.
B. On-line Resources
The University of Wisconsin Writing Center has an excellent Writer’s Handbook available on-line at http://writing.wisc.edu/Handbook/index.html
Be sure to check the section on common grammar and punctuation errors.
Use this checklist as a list of reminders while you are editing your paper.
from University of Wisconsin Writing Center Writer’s Handbook http://writing.wisc.edu/Handbook/CommonErrors.html
See also Purdue University’s site for similar help: http://owl.english.purdue.edu
For interactive grammar review exercises, visit the following sites:
Activities for ESL writers designed by the Internet TESL Journal:
Note: documents in Portable Document Format (PDF) require Adobe Acrobat Reader 5.0 or higher to view,
download Adobe Acrobat Reader.
Note: documents in Excel format (XLS) require Microsoft Viewer,
Note: documents in Word format (DOC) require Microsoft Viewer,
Note: documents in Powerpoint format (PPT) require Microsoft Viewer,
Note: documents in Quicktime Movie format [MOV] require Apple Quicktime, | <urn:uuid:074e21d8-c843-4d73-af49-c0a9a2c4ff20> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | http://wku.edu/history/writing/writing-guidelines.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936461848.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074101-00091-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.908294 | 2,295 | 3.34375 | 3 |
Volkswagen Corporation Presented By: Nicole Bendana, Alberto DeGracia and Cameron Rowland
How Volkswagen started • Thought process was thought about in 1934 by Ferdinand Porsche. • Wanted to create “peoples car” to attract the Germans to this affordable first car. • To further educate himself in automobile manufacturing, he became involved in schools and shop.
How Volkswagen Started cont… • Porsche joined the carriage factory named Jackob Lohner & Co. • 1898, Lohner-Porsche carriage was designed. • Volkswagen was founded in 1937 • In 1938, 1st Volkswagen was made in Wolfsberg, Germany.
A Brief History of the Company • Porsche had promised Adolf Hitler he would have his ideal prototype for the military. • In 1939, war broke out and Volkswagen beetles were used the military. • 2nd car theory
Brief History cont… • Volkswagen is known as Volkswagen group;non-German speaking markets. • Currently fourth largest car manufacturer in the world • Only limited cars were made up until WWII. (1939)
Types of Old Cars Coupe Volkswagen bus • http://oldcarandtru ckpictures.com/Volkswagen/
Types of New Cars http://www.VW.com Passat Jetta New Beetle Golf
Specialized Features • 1939-Air cooling rear mounted engines • Round shape, curved front windshield • More space in front luggage area • 1958-thick door pillars
Specialized features cont… • air cooled engine replaced with water cooled engine • Front mounting cooling system. • Padded dashboards • Bumper and trim taken off to decrease weight and looker cleaner. • High tech gauges
Other Companies Volkswagen bought into • Founded in 1931 • First collaboration with VW • Awards • British based • Bentley purchased by VW • Queen Elizabeth II
Other companies cont… • Founded in 1910 • Headquarters in Ingolstadt, Bavaria • First modern Audi was the Audi 100 in 1968 • Founded in 1963 • Headquarters in Sant’Agata Bolognese, Italy • Competition with Ferrari
Went International • 1945, Volkswagen went international. • Europe & Asia • North America and Canada • Mexico
Competitors • Worlds largest automaker since 1931 • Founded in 1908 • Headquarters in Detroit, Michigan • Manufacturers its car and trucks in 33 countries. • Japanese multinational corporation • Headquarters in Toyota, Aichi, Japan • Founded in 1933 by Kiichiro Toyoda • 1st production of eight-speed automatic
Competitors cont… • Americas multinational corporation • 3rd largest automaker • Based in Dearborn, Michigan • Founded by Henry Ford in 1903 • Ranked worlds most profitable corporations. • Japanese manufacturer • Name suggests engine company not a car company. • Headquarters are in Tokyo, Japan • Founded by Soichiro Honda in 1948
Recommendations • Survey • Hybrid vehicle • Advertisement • Customize your car • Decrease sales price New Hybrid vehicle
Conclusion • Decades of experience in a wide variety of automobiles • 4th largest car manufacture in the world • Develops innovative engines • In 2005 VW sold more than 2.5 million vehicles | <urn:uuid:983f476d-c406-43e9-9f3d-73f44f075a30> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://fr.slideserve.com/hagen/volkswagen-corporation | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964363006.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20211204185021-20211204215021-00298.warc.gz | en | 0.90607 | 642 | 2.671875 | 3 |
The history of Limnological Institute goes back to October 1928, when the Baikal Limnological Station was founded. It was the first scientific institution within the Academy of Sciences to be established in Siberia. According to Decree No.49 of January 20, 1961, the Station was reorganized into Limnological Institute of the Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
The first Director of the Station was Gleb Yu. Vereshchagin, and the first Director of Limnological Institute was Grigory I. Galazy.
To date, Limnological Institute has the staff of 331employees, numbering 180 researchers, including 101 under the age of 39. Among the members of the Institute’s staff there is Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 16 doctors of sciences and 103 candidates of sciences of various disciplines.
The structure of Limnological Institute includes one department, 12 laboratories, research fleet (5 vessels) and equipment necessary for collecting samples of Baikal organisms, water and bottom sediments. The Institute possesses advanced scientific facilities for the analysis of samples using methods of molecular biology, classical and molecular microbiology, gas and liquid chromatography, mass-spectrometry and transmission and scanning electron microscopy.
Limnological Institute carries out comprehensive interdisciplinary studies of Lake Baikal and other aquatic ecosystems of Siberia. The main scientific goals of the Institute are to obtain new knowledge and apply it in the fields of biology, chemistry, physics, geology and geography, and to perform fundamental investigations aiming at understanding the processes of formation and functioning of aquatic ecosystems, diversity and evolution of aquatic organisms and mechanisms of biological speciation.
The main research areas of Limnological Institute are:
- Limnology: mechanisms of speciation, biodiversity and evolution of lake ecosystems;
- Current state and prospects of development of inland water bodies and streams;
- Live ecosystems: comprehensive studies of hydrobionts using methods of classical and molecular biology and interdisciplinary sciences.
The most significant results achieved in fundamental studies:
- Ascertainment of the cause of mass mortality of Baikal seals: virus epizootic which resulted in significant mortality of Baikal seals (6,000 seals died in 1987-1988) was caused by the canine distemper virus; it was proved for the first time;
- Reconstruction of the Baikal sedimentary paleoclimate records for the last 8 Myr and reconstruction of sub-recent climatic records; continuous long paleoclimate records of the continent could be obtained only from Lake Baikal; all the results were pioneering; the investigations were performed in wide cooperation between foreign and Russian researchers;
- The system of search indicators for detection of underwater occurrence of methane hydrates: thick deposits of gas hydrates were recorded for the first time in the freshwater Lake Baikal. | <urn:uuid:4a30dcfa-e05f-4344-944a-35d58b3e7be0> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | http://www.lin.irk.ru/en/about | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982292944.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823195812-00074-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.922449 | 584 | 2.75 | 3 |
Hamburger Helper: Hamburger Helper Let hamburger help you make a great essay! What is an essay?: What is an essay? Essays can be long or short. Essays can cover any topic. Essays can be very different but all essays must stay true to the roots of the word "essay" which is derived from the French infinitive essayer , meaning "to try" or "to attempt". It is basically your attempt to explain your point of view in an interesting and informative way. Hamburger Method: Hamburger Method Appetizing Introduction AP Hamburger Method: AP Hamburger Method Body of Your Essay Thesis Conclusion Slide 5: Introductory Paragraph Introduce your paper- Grab the reader’s attention a. Maybe an anecdote (story) b. Maybe use a quote, definition or fact found in your research 2) Thesis Statement: What is your point of view? Ex. Why is voting important? 3) The Organization Statement – briefly mention the 3 points you will make to back up your thesis This essay is about . . . It may help to write the introduction after your body. Slide 6: Each paragraph contains: 1) Topic Sentence 2) Fact to prove topic 3) 2 or more details to support your reason The Body of the Essay Make each reason you have that supports your thesis into a complete topic sentence What is Fluff?: What is Fluff? Cute General Vague narratives Meant as filler when you don’t know what to say! The Conclusion: The Conclusion Restate your thesis Recap your points Analysis/Conclusion What is Fluff?: What is Fluff? To this day, I’m glad this was established because who knows where we’d be without those brave men and women fighting for our united country! FLUFF!!! Fluff Or Fact?: Fluff Or Fact? This changed when the Articles of Confederation came to the rescue!” FLUFF!!! Fluff Or Fact?: Fluff Or Fact? Question: To what extent was the United State Constitution a radical departure from the Articles of Confederation? Thesis Fluff Or Fact?: Thesis Fluff Or Fact? The United States constitution was a radical departure from the Articles of Confederation after the American Revolution. The Articles of Confederation tried to protect Americans from the issues with Britain. As this attempt for protection was issued, it became clear that America had become strong enough to go on without the Articles of Confederation. This led to the creation of the Constitutional convention and the creation of the Constitution was issued. FLUFF!!! Thesis Fluff Or Fact?: Thesis Fluff Or Fact? The United States Constitution was a very radical departure from the Articles of Confederation. The United States Constitution formed almost a completely new view on the way the states would be united. One major difference was in taxation and control of money. A second large change in the government was the emphasis on the strength of a central power. This was in contrast to the states’ power over the federal government. A final drastic change, was in the way the governing body was set up. The new government under the Constitution was a very different government than had been seen under the Articles of Confederation. Fluff Or Fact?: Fluff Or Fact? Question: Analyze the contributions of TWO of the following in helping establish a stable government after the adoption of the Constitution? John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, George Washington Thesis Fluff? Or Fact?: Thesis Fluff? Or Fact? “Thomas Jefferson and George Washington have been two of our greatest leaders. Besides being two of the top presidents to ever hold office, they have had other accomplishments that has led our country to outstanding heights. In order to obtain a stable governments, leaders like Thomas Jefferson and George Washington have done remarkable contributions in order to help our nation after the adoption of the constitution. ” FLUFF!!! Thesis Fluff or Fact?: Thesis Fluff or Fact? “Many presidents and governors tried to establish a stable government after the adoption of the Constitution. George Washington and Thomas Jefferson's eras or terms, illustrated that a stable government is needed in order to establish a free-standing government after the adoption of a Constitution. George Washington contributed the idea of neutrality, enforcement of federal law by summoning state militias, thus illustrated in the Whiskey Rebellion and the support of Hamilton’s national bank. These entities illustrated Washington’s contribution to help establish a stable government… Fluff? Or Fact?: Fluff? Or Fact? “…Thomas Jefferson illustrated his contributions by the purchasing of the Louisiana Purchase, the War of Tripoli (Barbary Pirates) and his belief of a strict interpretation of the Constitution. His contributions also showed us his belief of establishing a stable government. Slide 18: FLUFF!!! Hamburger Helper: Hamburger Helper for AP Essays APUSH Hamburger Helper: APUSH Hamburger Helper Writing An Essay THE MEAT GRINDER!: Writing An Essay THE MEAT GRINDER! | <urn:uuid:31359131-54b7-48f7-b928-f07817914814> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://www.authorstream.com/Presentation/aSGuest85091-816769-hamburgerhelper-how-to-write-an-essay/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802773864.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075253-00137-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.926326 | 1,019 | 3.25 | 3 |
There is much consternation about the recent voter laws passed in Georgia and being evaluated in other states. Why are people so upset about a simple ID law? Doesn’t it make sense to verify that the person in the booth is authorized to cast the vote? And how is requiring identification racist?
In order to understand the discontent around voting laws, like many acts of policy or protest in America, the policy must be placed in the appropriate context. Before we get into that history, we must first define election fraud. The term as currently being discussed typically refers to people illegally voting multiple times or voting when they are ineligible, something we should more accurately refer to as “voter fraud”. This is contrasted with after-ballot tampering, miscounting, or tactics that prevent people from being able to vote in the first place, which is all conducted by agents of the state and reflected in most of our voting history in America. When we dispute the charges of election fraud currently being leveled by the Republicans who are pushing nationwide for stricter voting laws, we are specifically disputing the question of whether voters are acting illegally and not the states that count the votes.
The story for Black voting in the United States starts at the end of the Civil War with the 14th and 15th Amendments. Having abolished slavery except for prisoners with the 13th, the United States Congress went on to ratify the 14th Amendment, which gave Black people citizenship, and the 15th Amendment, which made preventing voting based on race, color, or former slave status illegal. (It was still illegal for women to vote.) In the South, Black people made up nearly half the population in several states, and so a number of states sent Black legislators to the state houses and to DC.
In Georgia, 33 Black legislators were duly elected in 1868. They were subsequently expelled by white supremacists, with some of them being attacked or killed. The newly formed KKK backed the move with a terror campaign where a number of Black Georgians were killed. This subversion of the legal electoral process led to Georgia being kicked back out of the Union, and it was not readmitted for nearly two years. The Confederate remnant in the Democratic Party managed to re-secure control and engaged in an orchestrated terror campaign similar to what happened in other states in the South to eventually disenfranchise Black voters by the 1890s. The politically dominant Democratic Party even went so far as to have White-only primaries.
Jim Crow kept most Black people out of the voting booth until the 1960s. Poll taxes were in place from 1877 to 1945. All-white primaries were banned in 1946. However, literacy tests and “tests of personal character” were also common, with the passing determined by the voting registrar in the county, nearly guaranteed to be white. Regardless of federal and state laws, local registrars did what they wished, and the state would generally look upon malfeasance with a wink and a nod. The Voting Rights Act of 1965 was crafted to target the aggressive voter suppression in the Deep South and affected specific states, and finally allowed Black people to safely vote, at least in urban areas where terror or intimidation tactics could not be as easily applied.
Thanks in part to the Voting Rights Act, the ideological home of Southern conservatism switched over the next 30 years from the Democratic to the Republican Party. In 2005, after Republicans took control of the legislature and the governor’s seat from Democrats, they passed a law reducing the number of valid forms of ID one could vote with and making provisions for no-excuse absentee ballots, with the knowledge that the absentee ballots would skew rural, white, and Republican. Democrats at the time made some of the same arguments Republicans are making now, indicating fear of fraud, though not alleging that fraud had occurred. Republicans continued to win statewide elections for the next 15 years, and there were no suggestions to change the law. While there did not appear to be malfeasance in the counting of the absentee ballots, catering to the demographic they hoped to obtain seemed to work. Along the way, Georgia also chose electronic systems that came under fire for glitches and possible tampering that favored Republicans.
Stacey Abrams, through her efforts with the organization she founded, the New Georgia Project, registered nearly a million voters over 6 years — 200,000 before the 2018 governor’s race, and 800,000 more after. Those voters were disproportionately historically disenfranchised and disengaged Black voters. Despite this, in 2018 she lost the governor’s race to Brian Kemp, who in his capacity as secretary of state presided over the election as well as being a candidate. The election itself was plagued by allegations of miscounts and problems with the equipment. In the end, the voter registration efforts paid off for Democrats as newly engaged voters who skewed Democrat voted in the election, giving Georgia 2 new senators and giving the Democratic presidential candidate the state’s electoral votes.
In the wake of the closely contested 2020 election and runoffs, Republicans asserted foul play and again moved to change the laws. The same absentee ballots that were valid 15 years prior were now allegedly sources of substantial fraud. Despite lack of substantial proof, anecdotal allegations and unfounded claims won much of the day in the public discourse. A Republican-dominated state legislature adjusted the voting laws and made several changes. The most notable changes were:
-The state can now intervene and take over county election boards
-The secretary of state can no longer preside over the state electoral board, replaced instead with a person chosen by the legislature
These changes determine who gets to count votes in the large urban counties in Atlanta where there is a significant enough Black population to sway the statewide result. They also ensure that even if a secretary of state is elected from a different party than the legislature, they will not have sufficient influence to determine how the state sets election policies and rules within the laws drawn. A number of other provisions were put in place, including the infamous food and water provision, requiring copies of ID, and restricting absentee ballot drop-off to poll hours.
Restrictions like limiting drop-off to poll hours are intended to make it harder to vote. Georgia gained notoriety as well for uneven distribution of polling equipment, producing hours-long lines in many predominantly Black districts while other districts breezed voters through. The laws are specifically designed to create more hurdles to voting under the guise of solving a problem with voter fraud that has repeatedly been proven not to exist. (The Heritage Foundation alleges over 1300 instances of voter fraud but they appear to be looking at over 2 decades of data nationwide and do not seem to distinguish between malicious intent and people who made honest mistakes.) But why?
Just as the Voting Rights Act was able to target the South without saying “the South” by looking at the percentage of registered voters due to successful suppression during Jim Crow, these new measures are targeting Black voters without saying “Black voters”. There are a number of ways to validate that a person is authorized to cast a vote. We could make state IDs free, and in this digital age, even make them easy to get via manned mobile stations. We could allow voting on Sunday (the new Georgia law makes that optional for counties to disallow, targeting Black churches’ “Souls to the Polls” efforts). We could mandate that any county polling place with the equipment make complimentary photocopies of ID. None of that is being done.
The economic damage of centuries of enslavement followed by nearly a century of racial terror and disenfranchisement means we see Black people disproportionately represented in jobs that make less money and have less flexibility. Our “essential workers” may not be able to get out of their jobs during election hours. Federal law mandates 2 hours of time off (not necessarily paid) to vote, but in an at will state where you can be fired for any non-protected reason, do you take the chance? Even if you get the time, if you are reliant on public transit, it may be too inconvenient to get to your polling place.
Yes, these hurdles are surmountable. Yes, a sufficiently motivated person can still vote in person, albeit with an hours-long wait time in some areas. However, we should ask ourselves why we are putting up hurdles in the first place if they have been proven to not protect us from anything. When we again lay the list of actions and expected outcomes against a nation that has a long history of racialized policy decisions, the results become problematic, and we’re faced with the choice to either mitigate the racialization or avoid it in the first place by choosing policies that are just and maximize access without compromising security.
Our nation deserves secure elections. And we deserve sufficient access to the tools required to secure them, and sufficient resources to run elections in such a way as to avoid hours-long waits to exercise the fundamental right of a democracy. | <urn:uuid:846869e4-9631-4fc5-8c59-adfa05354208> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://brokenbeatnik.com/2021/04/02/voter-security-or-suppression-a-brief-look-at-the-history-of-voting-laws-in-georgia-and-elsewhere/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030335124.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20220928051515-20220928081515-00171.warc.gz | en | 0.969631 | 1,825 | 3.34375 | 3 |
To quantify cleanliness in any fluid power system can’t be condensed into any problem with one solution scenario. Various types of contamination occur in fluid power systems: gaseous (e.g. air), liquid (e.g. water) and solid contaminants (e.g. rust). Solid contamination is subdivided into three groups: extremely hard, hard and soft particles. Extremely hard particles can cause substantial damage in fluid power systems if they are not removed as quickly as possible. Preventive measures can reduce the ingress of contaminants in systems.
Matt Brown, Product Manager Filter Systems, Schroeder Industries, explains that solid particulate cleanliness is expressed in a code. The code expresses a count of particulates, of a particular size in a defined amount of fluid. ISO 4406 code is the most commonly used these days. Other codes in use are NAS 1638 and SAE 4059.
“The objective of the ISO 4406:1999 is to classify particulate contaminants in hydraulic fluids. Particle counts are determined cumulatively, i.e. > 4 μm, > 6 μm and > 14 μm, and coded for easy comparison.,” he said. “Each hydraulic system has an ISO Target Cleanliness Levels (TCL), which is based on the most sensitive system components (small clearances in the micro meter range), system pressure and environmental conditions.”
He recommends that filter manufacturers can be of assistance with general TCL guidance, or also the system manufacturer might have recommendations for the fluid ISO code that should be used.
Water contamination in hydraulic fluids can be expressed in two ways: Parts per million (ppm) or in water saturation in %. The ppm is an absolute value that expresses how much water is present in a particular fluid. If the volume of the fluid is known, the amount of water can be calculated based on the ppm value. “For example: 500 ppm water content in 1000 gallons of fluid equals to 0.5 gallons of water in that fluid. The fluid manufacturer can provide a ppm level for new fluids. This level of water concentration should be maintained during the time of fluid use in a system,” Brown explained.
“The water saturation in percent (%) is measuring the water content relative to the saturation concentration (saturation point). Sensors are available that can measure the water saturation and display, or output the value. A reading of 0% would indicate the absence of water, while a reading of 100% would indicate that a fluid is fully saturated and has free water. Readings between 0 and 100% indicate the amount of dissolved water in the fluid. The fluid’s capacity of taking on water depends mainly on the fluid type and temperature. A fluid is capable to take on more water at higher temperature levels.”
Example: A fluid has 55% water concentration at 70° F. If the temperature is increased to 100° F, the water saturation might drop to 30%. On the other hand, if the temperature is dropped to 40° F, the water saturation might show 100%, with water coming out of solution, resulting in free water in the fluid.
Brown notes that a water saturation sensor is often measuring fluid temperature, as well. “If the fluid saturation curve (ppm value in function of temperature and corresponding water saturation in percent) of a particular fluid is programmed into the sensor, a ppm value could be generated for that particular fluid in the dissolved water range of that fluid.”
“It is also important to note that design issues in the hydraulic system can contribute to air/gases in hydraulic fluids. If the return line is above the fluid level in the tank, free air can be mixed into the fluid. Incorrect motor speeds, unprimed pumps, suction lines too small, suction lifts too high and blocked inlets are among other reasons for air contamination over time. The resting time of the fluid in the tank must be long enough that free air can dissipate from the fluid over time. Fluid that has small, visible air bubbles in the fluid should not be used in hydraulic systems,” he said.
In conclusion, Brown pointed out that an often overlooked source for premature fluid degradation and consequent system damage is heat. “This is especially important if the tanks size is small and the fluid does not have enough time to properly cool down. An elevated heat level in the fluid can speed-up the oil aging effects of the fluid and shorten the overall time the fluid can be used in an hydraulic system. Adding a cooler in the system return, upstream of the hydraulic tank can help in removing excess heat from the fluid.”
By Joyce Laird | <urn:uuid:69346f63-8439-47b8-beac-b04848d11b73> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://www.sealingandcontaminationtips.com/quantify-hydraulic-fluid-cleanliness/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710801.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20221201053355-20221201083355-00584.warc.gz | en | 0.921458 | 962 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Uric acid is produced when the body breaks down chemicals called purines. It is meant to be a waste product by dissolving in the bloodstream, flowing through the kidneys, and leaving the body in urine.
But it can happen that the uric acid in the blood is not filtered well and reaches high levels, higher than 0.42 millimoles per liter, which is known as hyperuricemia and that can end the formation of crystals in the tissues.
If these end up in the joints (especially in the fingers and toes), it can cause a gout attack, a type of arthritis that manifests itself with sudden and unbearable joint pain and affects between 1-6.8% of the population, according to a study published in Nature. Although sometimes it is necessary to treat gout with medication, in some cases lifestyles, such as diet and physical activity, can help us a lot to reduce these levels.
What foods help break down uric acid?
Here we have researched 7 foods that will help You break down the increased uric acid.
The 7 foods that will help you keep uric acid at bay
Purines are found naturally in the body but also in certain foods. Although they are not entirely bad, it is advisable to avoid consuming them in large quantities, especially if there are problems breaking them down. Foods low in purines are:
- Fruits: In general, all fruits are low in purines and are therefore safe to eat to keep uric acid levels low, especially cherries. A study conducted with gout patients followed up for a year showed that those who had eaten cherries in the past few days were 35% less likely to have an acute gout attack than those who had not eaten them.
- Vegetables: As with fruits, most vegetables are low in purines, except for asparagus, cauliflower, spinach, mushrooms, and peas, which are slightly higher in purines.
Whole grains: Whole grain bread, rice, and pasta have been associated with a lower risk of gout.
- Legumes: Except for peas, all legumes are fine, including lentils, soybeans, and tofu.
Skimmed dairy: this food favors the excretion of uric acid.
- Eggs: they are low in purines, but they are consumed in moderation (three or four eggs a week).
- Vegetable oils such as olive oil.
- Low-fat dairy: This food promotes the excretion of uric acid.
- Whole grains: whole grain bread, rice, and pasta have been associated with a lower risk of gout.
Another nutritional aspect that will help keep uric acid low is good hydration since water helps the body to eliminate its excess in the blood. Also taking vitamin C supplements, about 500 milligrams a day for a month, leads to a small reduction in uric acid in the blood, according to a review of 13 studies.
Although care should be taken because a high intake of these supplements can increase the risk of kidney stones. To this list of foods, we could add the data of a very complete study, published in the British Medical Journal, which analyzed the diets of almost 45,000 men for 26 years.
People who more closely followed a DASH diet, designed to combat high blood pressure and which focuses on lots of fruits, vegetables, nuts, legumes, low-fat dairy, and whole grains, had a lower risk of gout. In contrast, people who ate a more Western diet, with more red and processed meats, fried foods, refined grains, and sweets, had a higher risk of gout.
Foods to avoid
One of the things to do to keep your uric acid levels balanced is to limit your intake of foods high in purines, compounds found naturally in certain foods. When the body breaks them down, it produces uric acid. This process of metabolizing purine-rich foods can lead to gout by causing the body to produce too much uric acid.
Foods high in purines should be avoided such as:
- Fish such as trout, tuna, sardines, anchovies, and mussels
- High-fat foods like bacon, dairy products, and red meat.
- Alcoholic beverages especially beer. Alcohol, in addition to raising uric acid levels, can inhibit the body’s ability to process and eliminate uric acid. In a meta-analysis of 17 studies involving 42,000 adults, it was shown that the relative risk of gout for people who consume more alcohol is almost double compared to non-drinkers or light drinkers.
- Sugary foods and drinks fructose increase the metabolism of purines, raising uric acid levels in the blood. Uric acid levels tend to be higher in people who consume sugary drinks or soft drinks.
The Arthritis Foundation highlights the importance of maintaining an adequate weight to keep gout at bay. Obesity is, therefore, a risk factor.
Chronic diseases affect different age groups of the Italian population
Top 5 Best Diets for Weight Loss
How child development impacts resilience? | <urn:uuid:61de0a0c-8d6c-4b38-9492-dc2096ce0df8> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://newshoth.com/what-foods-help-break-down-uric-acid/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296949678.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20230331175950-20230331205950-00528.warc.gz | en | 0.954333 | 1,064 | 3.03125 | 3 |
from The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, 4th Edition
- n. A railway that operates on a raised structure in order to permit passage of vehicles or pedestrians beneath it.
from the GNU version of the Collaborative International Dictionary of English
- adj. one in which the track is raised considerably above the ground, especially a city railway above the line of street travel.
from WordNet 3.0 Copyright 2006 by Princeton University. All rights reserved.
- n. a railway that is powered by electricity and that runs on a track that is raised above the street level
Sorry, no etymologies found.
Sorry, no example sentences found. | <urn:uuid:9cc9291a-5b70-40f0-a091-d4fcd03640ae> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | https://www.wordnik.com/words/elevated%20railway | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549423512.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20170720222017-20170721002017-00423.warc.gz | en | 0.892629 | 137 | 2.671875 | 3 |
This week, we delve into our collections to investigate some fascinating fashions from across the centuries. London Fashion Week took place late last month while today marks the final day of Paris Fashion Week. Just as they do in the 21st century, those two cities represented cultures that helped determine the height of fashion in the 18th century. To us today, fashions of the past may consist of strange terms, foreign garments, or archaic customs. In this post, Lives & Legacies contributors come together to salvage some fashions from the pages of history in an appreciation of both them and of the people who wore them.
To most of us today, the term “petticoat” refers to a ladies’ undergarment – a fabric support for a skirt, intended to give the skirt more fullness or volume. Petticoats have essentially disappeared from our modern wardrobes but, for 400 years, petticoats were a staple of female dress and weren’t always hidden under skirts.
The earliest references to petticoats show up in the Middle Ages. Only they weren’t worn by women. And they weren’t skirts. A “petty coat” referred to a short (“petty”) robe (“coat”) that was padded and worn under a knight’s armor or chain mail. Eventually, the term “skirt” was used to describe the tails of men’s petty coats (“the skirts of his petty coat hung so long they touched the ground”), and was also used to describe typical women’s attire, just as we use it today. By the 16th century, somehow women’s skirts and men’s petty coats became synonymous, and as time went by and men ceased wearing petty coats, the word “petticoat” referred entirely to a woman’s skirt. Petticoats could be worn as stand-alone skirts, or under open-front robes, creating a two-part dress. By the mid-19th century, petticoats were no longer seen and became an undergarment worn under an all-encompassing dress, mostly to add structure to the voluminous skirts that had become popular by then.
In the 1700s, women often wore quilted petticoats under those open-front robes or as stand-alone skirts. In either case, the quilted petticoat was intended to showcase intricate handiwork in the quilted pattern. Geometric patterns, birds, flowers and even pastoral scenes were all common themes for quilted petticoats, which had an added bonus of providing extra warmth.
One quilted petticoat dating to approximately 1760 survives in our collection. Made of peach satin silk with wool batting between the two layers, it is quilted in a chevron pattern above an undulating band, below which is an assortment of flowers and leaves. Although it appears that this particular petticoat was made over several times in its life, there are indications that it was originally intended be worn over a dome-shaped hoop skirt, which probably means that it was worn under an open-front robe for a more formal dress. The wearer would have been at the height of 18th century fashion!
Aldrich Director of Curatorial Operations
Corsets have been a fashion mainstay in women’s clothing throughout history. Like petticoats, they have changed their shape, material and purpose but, unlike petticoats, they have always been a very personal and private garment. From the 15th to the 18th century, corsets contained a small sliver of stiff material called a busk or busk board. The busk was made of wood, ivory, or bone and measured between 12 to 16 inches long and 1 to 2 inches wide. They were inserted into a special narrow pocket in the front of the corset to keep the garment straight and upright.
Given the intimate location of the busk they were often given as tokens from lovers and contained elaborate carvings. Hearts, cupids, and initials were favorite and common motifs inscribed on the busk. The board in our collection is made out of wood in a long rectangle shape with round end. On the surface are etched a pinwheel, a fleur-de-lis, six flowers petal enclosed in a circle, and a square with a diamond carved design all surrounded by a cross-hatched edging. At the end is inscribed “B.L. 1785” with a sprig of leaves.
Perhaps, unlike pretty petticoats and busk boards, when we today think of footwear in the colonial era, we often think of pedestrian black leather. This might have been sufficient for the puritans of New England, who were typically adverse to bright colors and flashy clothes. Here in Virginia, however, where London fashions were king, the style conscience demanded something more. Much like today, there were shoes meant for work and shoes meant to impress. Linen shoes, like the ones in our collection, would have certainly impressed.
In our collection we have three versions of 18th century ladies’ shoes: black shoes from the late 1770s which have a pointed vamp and an Italian heel; a silk and linen pair from the 1760s; and, finally, an embroidered linen pair with a white rand and leather-covered English heel. All were the height of fashion in the 1700s and perfect for showing off at a fine evening of dance, a Sunday at church, or even at home while company was visiting. Like all shoes in the 1700s, a trained shoemaker made them by hand. Although there were journeyman and master shoemakers in the colonies, the finest worked in London and shipped their merchandise across the Atlantic. While certain elements of these shoes are ubiquitous such as the thin leather soles, wooden heels, straps for fine buckles, and a linen base, eighteenth century shoes were like the shoes of today varying in style, color, material, and purpose.
Personally, my favorite aspect of these shoes is how contemporary they truly are. While they seem like a foreign footwear from a bygone era, anyone who has splurged on the perfect pair of boots, fashionable flats, or even stylish sneakers can relate to the original owners of these beautiful artifacts.
Manager of Interpretation & Visitor Services
“Pink Lightning”! Meteorogically speaking, it is a distinctive type of lightning that is exceptionally loud and generates a unique purple-pink color. But in the world of fashion, “Pink Lightning” was the color name created by Revlon for a line of beauty products in 1944. Face powder, nail polish, and lipstick were available in this shade for women who wanted to sport a distinctive, high voltage color on their lips and nails.
While most of this post has focused on 18th century fashion, both Historic Kenmore and George Washington’s Ferry Farm have long histories beyond the 1700s. We often unearth objects that span 300 years during archaeological excavations. Indeed, during the summer of 2014, an intact tube of 20th century lipstick was excavated. The product label – “Revlon – Pink Lightning”- was still legible on the base of the wartime-inspired bullet-shaped casing, and remnants of the crème lipstick still surprisingly survived inside the tube. Someone, sometime, pulled out her lipstick tube, dabbed ‘Pink Lightning” on her lips, and promptly dropped it on the ground to be lost for nearly 70 years.
Lipstick is the ultimate fashion accessory. As the very last beauty product applied before heading out the door, it is usually the finishing touch to an outfit. The world of fashion is not only about clothing, but just as much about the hair and makeup created to complement and highlight fashionable outfits. Wearing “Pink Lightning” lipstick would certainly suggest a fashion image that was “electrifying!”
Judy Jobrack, Archaeologist
Assistant Lab Supervisor
Baumgarten, Linda. Eighteenth Century Clothing at Williamsburg. The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, 1986. | <urn:uuid:c21e16b0-0e16-4d3d-8d15-036f432ea4f3> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://livesandlegaciesblog.org/2016/03/09/petticoats-and-pink-lightning/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703537796.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20210123094754-20210123124754-00367.warc.gz | en | 0.970774 | 1,712 | 3.546875 | 4 |
Wildlife trade refers to the commerce of non-domesticated animals or plants, usually extracted from their natural environment or raised under controlled conditions, either as living or dead animals or their body parts.
Illegal wildlife trafficking is any environment-related crime that involves the illegal trade, smuggling, poaching, capture or collection of endangered species, protected wildlife (including animals and plants that are subject to harvest quotas and regulated by permits), derivatives or products thereof.
At the core of the illegal wildlife trafficking is a strong and rapidly expanding demand for a variety of products around the world: bushmeat; ingredients for traditional Chinese medicine; exotic pets; jewelry, trinkets, and accessories such as chess sets; furs for uses ranging from coats to traditional costumes; and trophies.
Wildlife trade is regulated by the United Nations' Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), which currently has 170 member countries.
Illegal wildlife trade, however, is a widespread and serious conservation problem, it has a negative effect on the viability of many wildlife populations and is one of the major threats to the survival of vertebrate species.
Why should we care about wildlife trafficking? Read more. | <urn:uuid:28162bde-a4d8-475e-b577-8163aae4a57e> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | https://wildlifetrade.wcs.org/Wildlife-Trade/What-is-wildlife-trafficking.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320243.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20170624082900-20170624102900-00529.warc.gz | en | 0.944718 | 248 | 3.1875 | 3 |
Receding gums occurs when the tooth are more visible than the usual length. The margin of the gum tissue that surrounds the teeth gradually wears away, or pulls back, exposing the tooth, or the tooth’s root. As a result, “pockets,” or gaps, form between the teeth and gum line. This makes it easy for disease-causing bacteria to build up. If ignored, the supporting tissue and bone structures of the teeth become sensitive and gradually gums recede and the receding gums lose teeth. Gum recession is a common dental problem and is treatable but it’s not something you want to ignore. If you think your gums are receding, make an appointment with your dentist. The treatment would prevent further damage.
Reasons for Receding Gums
There are a number of factors that can cause receding gums:
Periodontal or Gum diseases. These are the main cause of gum recession. Periodontal diseases occur due to bacterial gum infections that destroy gum tissue and supporting bone which hold your teeth in place.
Hereditary. Some people are susceptible to periodontal diseases even if they take care their teeth very well. Reason could be their genes. Like the rest of the body, the characteristics of the gums are also hereditary. If gum recession runs in the family, then you are at higher risk as well.
Crooked teeth or a misaligned bite. When teeth do not come together evenly, too much force can be placed on the gums and bone, allowing gums to recede.
Aggressive tooth brushing. If you brush your teeth too hard or the wrong way, it can cause the enamel on your teeth to wear away and your gums to recede.
Poor dental care. If brushing, flossing, and rinsing with antibacterial mouthwash is inadequate then it makes it easy for plaque to turn into tartar (a hard substance that builds on and between your teeth). If untreated, it can lead to gum recession.
Hormonal changes. Fluctuations in female hormone levels during puberty, pregnancy, and menopause, can make gums more sensitive and more vulnerable to gum recession.
Use of Tobacco products. Tobacco users are more likely to have sticky plaque on their teeth that is difficult to remove and can cause gum recession.
Bruxism or Grinding and clenching your teeth. Habitual clenching or grinding your teeth mainly during sleep, put too much force on the teeth, causing gums to recede.
How to fix receding gums
Mild gum recession may be able to be treated by your dentist by deep cleaning the affected area. The exposed root area is smoothed to prevent the bacteria to attach itself. Medicines are also advised by the dentist to get rid of any remaining harmful bacteria.
In case the gum recession is not treatable through cleaning and medicines, then your dentist would refer to a periodontist for gums treatment.
Surgical Treatment of Gum Recession
Taking Care of your Gums to Avoid Gum Recession.
The best way to prevent gum recession is to take good care of your mouth.
- Brush and floss your teeth every day, in a proper way. Ask your dentist to show you the proper way.
- Visit your dentist or periodontist at least twice a year, or as recommended.
- Always use a soft-bristled toothbrush.
- If a misaligned bite or teeth grinding is the cause of gum recession, consult your dentist for treatment
- If you smoke or use tobacco products, immediately quit as it is very harmful not only for your mouth but overall health as well.
- Eat a well balanced and healthy diet.
- Never ignore or delay a consultation if you experience any changes in your mouth. | <urn:uuid:1248716b-2627-4c88-8278-1a3ab0041b15> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://melbourneperiocare.com.au/causes-and-treatment-of-receding-gums/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400244353.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20200926165308-20200926195308-00440.warc.gz | en | 0.93852 | 787 | 3.390625 | 3 |
The current pressure for democratic reform in Iran changed dramatically after the student protests at Tehran University in 1999, protests that marked the beginning of the contemporary student movement. The protests began over the closure of the well known newspaper Salam. Black-clad thugs attacked the students, beating many and killing at least one student. President Khatami called for an investigation and trial of those responsible, but no convictions were ever returned. Every year on the anniversary of the 1999 event, students have gathered at Tehran University and other major campuses throughout the country. The date has been a flashpoint for violence and tension, and as recently as July 2003 the authorities have tried to keep large crowds from gathering at the university campus in Tehran.
Almost every individual we spoke with said that it was important to draw a distinction between the treatment of insiders [khodi] and outsiders [gheire khodi]. Insiders are those who have had some role within the Islamic Republic, but have adopted more critical views, arguing reform of the legal system, transparency of governmental decision-making, and greater power for the elected branches of government. Generally, they do not call for wholesale reexamination of the Islamic Republics political foundations. Outsiders are those who have not been politically involved in the Islamic Republic, either because of their youth or because they have eschewed any affiliation with the government. Some outsiders have argued that democratic progress can only come through fundamental transformations in the system.
The student movement is a disparate group, without a coherent leadership or organizational structure. Some argue for reform within the current structure of the government, and others say that more drastic steps must be taken to create a democratic system. There have been several splits within student political groups, and fissures are likely to continue. The largest known student group, Daftar-e Tahkim-e Vahdat (the Office for the Consolidation of Unity), is the central office of various university-based anjoman-e islami [Islamic Societies].79 Other groups of students affiliate themselves with particular intellectual leaders.
Student activists and journalists for university media have been treated by the judicial and penal system as outsiders. Unlike the generation of well known writers or journalists, the students cannot rely on their reputations or their connections with officials or their families for protection. The students cannot rely on their status in society or their age, or their respect from some branches of the government to shield them from the worst treatment used to silence critics. In the cases that Human Rights Watch documented, student activists were physically tortured more often than their insider counterparts.80
Those formerly imprisoned students who spoke with Human Rights Watch had a markedly more abusive experience from other interviewees in their encounters with interrogators and guards. The sequence of their arrest and detention was often similar: arrested without charge; held incommunicado for long periods; held in solitary confinement in Evin or in illegal detention centers before finally being released. However, they were treated more brutally, and were often subjected to physical torture in order to obtain confessions or videotaped retractions.
Students were typically picked up by plainclothes men, taken to an illegal detention center where they were beaten, interrogated, and threatened for several days or weeks, and then released. There are often no prison records and no court documents, but the impact on the individuals and on the larger community of students was quick and far-reaching. Former student detainee Farhad T. told Human Rights Watch that he was picked up several times and detained for short durations, only to be let go until his next involvement in political activities.
He remembered one incident in late summer of 2000, when he was walking into the gates of Azad University in Tehran and was picked up by a group of plainclothes men:
Several months later, in August 2000, he was a speaker at the annual meeting of Daftar-e Tahkim-e Vahdat in Khorramabad, when the meeting was raided by plainclothes men.82
Mohsen M., another student activist and a representative of Daftar-e Tahkim-e Vahdatfrom the Medical School the University of Hamedan, was repeatedly taken into detention by plainclothes officers from the Ministry of Intelligence. In September 2000, he was taken into a solitary cell in an illegal detention center. His treatment there suggests that the tactics of the authorities were similar in cities other than Tehran. He described the solitary cell as measuring 1.5 by 2 meters, with a four meter high ceiling, and a light at the top of the ceiling that was on twenty-four hours a day. He was interrogated three times a day, at irregular times of day and night.
He was beaten especially severely when he refused to sign a blanket confession. He remarked on the humiliation he experienced at the hands of his captors:84
Mohsens medical records confirmed injuries sustained as a result of beatings.86 He told Human Rights Watch that in every interrogation there would be a piece of paper on the table. At times he was told that there was a video camera in the room as well:
Throughout his twenty-five days in solitary confinement, without any visits from family or counsel, Mohsen M. continued to resist confession. He maintained the exact same story: that he had done nothing to violate the law, that he was involved with a recognized student group, and that he would not confess to any crimes. One day, he told Human Rights Watch:
When physical torture did not produce the desired confession, the authorities turned to psychological abuse:
Dr. M. never found justice. He did not realize that the guards had been lying to him about his parents death until he saw them in court. After a judgment sentencing him to fifty lashes (later carried out) and a large fine, he was released and later gave several international radio interviews criticizing his treatment at the hands of Iranian authorities. Days later he was again abducted by plainclothes men and savagely beaten.88 An experienced mountain climber, Mohsen M. then fled to the mountains around Tehran for several weeks before escaping the country.
Some former prisoners told Human Rights Watch that brutal treatment by government agents sometimes took place in the presence of high-level judges. The claims are similar to those made by other outspoken individuals who are critical of the government.
Ahmed Batebi, a university student who first came to international attention when he was pictured on the cover of the Economist magazine holding the bloodied shirt of a beaten student, was first sentenced to death for his involvement in the 1999 Tehran University protests. This sentence was later reduced to fifteen years imprisonment. For many, he has become the living symbol of the student movement, and also of the torture and ill-treatment that so many have endured at the hands of the government. Batebi managed to smuggle out of prison a letter describing the conditions of the early part of his detention in 2000, which was then posted on many Persian language websites. His letter states:
Human Rights Watch confirmed with other prisoners who were imprisoned at the same time that Batebis letter was sent from inside Evin Prison. Further, former prisoners who were in Evin with Batebi in 2001 and 2002 confirmed that his mental stability has degraded considerably, and that his physical condition (poor hearing, diminished eyesight, missing teeth) confirms his claims. A journalist who recently met with Batebi confirms these accounts:
Hossein T., a student protester, experienced similar mistreatment. He was kidnapped and severely beaten by members of Ansar-e Hizbollah and later released, only to be arrested on May 23, 2000, and taken to Evin prison. He was taken to Section 209 of the prison, and kept there in solitary confinement. His interrogations match the treatment of other detainees in Section 209: several hours long, constant demands for confession, and threats of continued detention or threats of physical abuse if a confession is refused. In his case, these threats were carried out.
In one of my interrogations, Alizadeh [then a judge] came into the room, and he said, Take off your blindfold. There were three men in the room, and Alizadeh started to yell at me. He said, Tell the truth. I said, I have told the truth. One of the men hit me on the side of the head. Alizadeh said, I can order for you to be executed right now. You say what I say. You tell the truth we tell you. We will blacken your future otherwise.
After that, every night, they would beat me while they interrogated me. Mostly kicking, and hitting on the side of the head, which the students dont consider to be torture because it is so common.
Twice they took me to the courtyard in Evin, where the executions are carried out. 91 They tied my feet. They took off my blindfold. One man was saying: Tell me why you lied. Tell me what you did. They hung me from my feet, and they put a bag over my head. For what I think was thirty minutes, they were kicking me and hitting me. They hit my chin, and the skin broke. Blood began to fill the bag that was tied over my head. Blood began to drip on the floor, and this is when they stopped.
They were putting anesthetic on my chin, and I asked for medication. They put me back in my cell.
The second time they took me in there, they hung me from my hands. They used a baton to beat my torso. They broke my hand, and I fell unconscious. When I regained consciousness, they said, If you say you lied, we will stop. I could not speak. It is not because I am brave that I did not confess, it is because I couldnt talk.92
He was later taken to Towhid prison, an illegal detention center that is now believed to have been closed following pressure from members of parliament. There the interrogations and the attempts to force him to confess and retract his public statements continued:
He remarked on the difficulty that faces many who attempt to document the crackdown by the parallel institutions on the students:
Hossein T. fled the country in the summer of 2003.
On July 9, 2003, the anniversary of the 1999 University of Tehran protests, there were reports of plainclothes men staffing checkpoints near the university, as well as mass arrests of those near the Tehran University campus. One person arrested then spoke with Human Rights Watch. His experiences confirm that the treatment of students continues to be harsher than that of other higher profile detainees.
After being picked up by plainclothes men, Ali K. was taken to a police detention center [kalantari], with at least fifty people who had been picked up that day:
Some of his interrogations were carried out while he was blindfolded, and he was asked to tell his story over and over again. As with other detainees, he recalled telling the same story to his interrogators day after day, only to be told to tell the truth.
He was later taken to another illegal detention center, Edareh Amaken in Tehran. There, he recalls a double interrogation, in which he was interrogated in the same cell as another man, Habib, who was being beaten:
After paying a heavy fine for the crime of endangering national security, Alis case was closed.99
Human Rights Watch telephone interview with Hossein T., location withheld, 8 December 2003.
For example, the numbers provided by the judicial authority state that at least 4,000 individuals were arrested during the June and July protests of 2003, and while the government acknowledged release of some of these individuals, it is impossible to document the exact number of detainees, how many were released, or how many were affiliated with student political groups. International press journalists who were in Tehran documented plainclothes militia roving the streets on motorcycles, beating protesters with clubs and bats, and violently attacking groups of peaceful protesters. In August 2003, confessions of several students were televised, retracting their affiliation with political activity, and begging forgiveness for their wrongdoing. Several students, after being freed, stated that their confessions had been the result of coercion. Leader Ayatollah Khamenei threatened the students with a reaction they remembered well, stating that If the Iranian nation decides to deal with the rioters, it will do so in the way it dealt with it in 1999. See Irans Khamenei Rips Pro-Reform Protests, AP, June 12, 2003. Later, he freed a number of students, acknowledging that those who had disassociated themselves from the trouble-makers and declared their loyalty to the Islamic Republics regime should benefit from Islamic clemency. Irans supreme Leader orders clemency for arrested students, AFP, August 5, 2003. See also Gozaresh-e Na-arami hayeh se-shanbeh shab-e Tehran, [the report of the disturbances of Tuesday night in Tehran] Yas-e Nau (Tehran), June 12, 2003; and Lebas Shakhsi-ha ba motor seeklet dar Tehran, [the Plainclothes ones with motorcycles in Tehran] Rooydad Online, June 30, 2003.
Human Rights Watch interview with Farhad T., London, Dec. 21, 2003.
See Iran Report, RFE/RL News, September 11, 2000.
Human Rights Watch interview with Farhad T., London, Dec 21 2003.
A letter from Evin prison by student protester Ahmed Batebi in prison refers to similar treatment:
The soldiers bound my hands and secured them to plumbing pipes. They beat
my head and abdominal area with soldiers' shoes. They insisted I sign a confession
of the accusations made against me. Next, they threw me onto the floor, stood
on my neck and cut off not only all my hair, but also parts of my scalp causing
it to bleed.
They beat me so severely with their heavy shoes that I lost consciousness. When I regained consciousness, they started their actions again. They gave me some A4 paper and ordered me to write and sign a "confession" of their accusations. Upon my protesting, they took me to another room, blindfolded me and secured my bound hands to the window bars. Once again they insisted that I "confess." When I again protested, they beat me with a car-jacking cable. Under extreme duress, I was forced to write what they wanted. At that time, they tore up the A4 paper and said that I had to write the same thing on official paper with logo. But they never brought this paper.
Text of Ahmed Batebis letter from prison, March 23, 2000, on file with Human Rights Watch.
Human Rights Watch telephone interview with Mohsen M., Ankara, Turkey, December 8, 2003.
On file with Human Rights Watch.
Human Rights Watch telephone interview with Mohsen M., Ankara, 8 December, 2003.
Photographs of Dr. Mohsen M.s injuries are on file with Human Rights Watch.
Text of Ahmed Batebis letter from prison, March 23, 2000, on file with Human Rights Watch.
Nazila Fathi, After 2 Visits to the Hangman, More Horror for Iran Dissident New York Times, December 14, 2003.
This is same place where Batebi alleges that he was taken twice, noose tied around his neck, and told that he would be executed.
Human Rights Watch telephone interview with Hossein T., location withheld, December 8, 2003.
Human Rights Watch telephone interview with Hossein T., location withheld, 8 December, 2003.
Human Rights Watch telephone interview with Hossein T., location withheld, 8 December, 2003.
Several blocks or special sections of solitary cells (Prison 59, several blocks of Evin, and other secret detention centers in Tehran) were refashioned as holding cells for large groups of detainees during the June and July 2003 protests. According to numbers provided by the judicial authority, at least 4,000 individuals were arrested during the protests. Due to the incredibly high numbers detained at one time, A. and other detainees viewed Prison 59 and other interrogation centers without blindfolds and were held in large groups. In addition, Evin prison created an internal prosecution system, with prosecutors housed within the prison complex to deal with the large caseload of detainees. These offices are reportedly now closed. See Ten more detained Iranian students to be freed, Reuters, August 11, 2003; Ali Akbar Dareini, Iranian Student Protests Spark Clashes, AP, June 11, 2003.
Human Rights Watch interview with Ali K., New York, September 29, 2003.
Human Rights Watch interview with Ali K., New York, September 29, 2003.
Human Rights Watch interview with Ali K., New York, January 21, 2004.
The judgment in his case is on file with Human Rights Watch. | <urn:uuid:ee7824d3-3f4c-4a1a-a40c-73d52f97e30b> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://www.hrw.org/reports/2004/iran0604/6.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247481624.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20190217051250-20190217073250-00516.warc.gz | en | 0.978436 | 3,482 | 2.640625 | 3 |
A field is the written form of an association between a label
and a value. For example, if we wanted to associate the label
Name with the value
Ada Lovelace we would write:
Name: Ada Lovelace
The separator between the field name and the field value is a colon followed by a blank character (space and tabs, but not newlines). The name of the field shall begin in the first column of the line.
A field name is a sequence of alphanumeric characters plus
_), starting with a letter or the character
%. The regular expression denoting a field name is:
Field names are case-sensitive.
different field names.
The following list contains valid field names (the final colon is not part of the names):
Foo: foo: A23: ab1: A_Field:
The value of a field is a sequence of characters terminated by a
single newline character (
Sometimes a value is too long to fit in the usual width of terminals and screens. In that case, depending on the specific tool used to access the file, the readability of the data would not be that good. It is therefore possible to physically split a logical line by escaping a newline with a backslash character, as in:
LongLine: This is a quite long value \ comprising a single unique logical line \ split in several physical lines.
+ (PLUS) and an optional
_ (SPACE) is interpreted as a newline when found in a field
value. For example, the C string
"bar1\nbar2\n bar3" would be
encoded in the following way in a field value:
Foo: bar1 + bar2 + bar3 | <urn:uuid:917fe367-c281-4e12-844e-cf0bb6c7b73e> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.gnu.org/software/recutils/manual/html_node/Fields.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281162.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00057-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.884449 | 365 | 3.046875 | 3 |
|Scientific Name:||Systomus sarana|
|Species Authority:||(Hamilton, 1822)|
|Infra-specific Taxa Assessed:|
Barbodes sarana (Hamilton, 1822)
Cyprinus sarana Hamilton, 1822
Puntius sarana (Hamilton, 1822)
Systomus sarana (Hamilton, 1822)
|Taxonomic Notes:||The generic status of the fish is still unclear and keeps flipping between Barbodes and Puntius.
|Red List Category & Criteria:||Least Concern ver 3.1|
|Reviewer(s):||Kar, D, Juffe Bignoli, D., Rema Devi, K.R. & Chaudhry, S.|
Puntius sarana is a widespread species with no known major widespread threats. There are no data available to confirm the belief that this species is declining; it is even considered endangered in Bangladesh. Currently, based on its wide distribution and apparent lack of threats it is assessed as Least Concern. However, the species needs to be thoroughly studied before a reevaluation is done.
|Range Description:||In India it is widespread (except peninsular India south of Krishna River), and is also found in Nepal, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Afghanistan and Pakistan (Talwar and Jhingran 1991).|
Native:Bangladesh; India; Nepal; Pakistan
|Range Map:||Click here to open the map viewer and explore range.|
|Population:||This barb is very widely distributed all northern and north east India in rivers and tanks and it is fairly common in many areas of its known distribution.|
|Habitat and Ecology:||This barb is very widely distributed all over India in rivers and tanks. It attains a length of 31 cm. It breeds during monsoon in running waters amongst submerged boulders and vegetation (Talwar and Jhingran 1991). Spawning occurs in two stages once between May to mid September but prominent in June and the second spawning time in the months of August and September (Chakraborty et al. 2007).|
|Use and Trade:||Puntius sarana has fishery value.|
The threats to the species are not known. However, it is considered to be endangered in Bangladesh (Chakraborty et al. 2007).
Detailed information on use, harvest rates, population trends and threats to the species are needed.
|Citation:||Dahanukar, N. 2010. Systomus sarana. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.3. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 25 May 2015.|
|Feedback:||If you see any errors or have any questions or suggestions on what is shown on this page, please provide us with feedback so that we can correct or extend the information provided| | <urn:uuid:f352d29c-97a8-4dc7-a770-ab75a34ce59b> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/166567/0 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207928520.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113208-00275-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.8527 | 617 | 2.734375 | 3 |
HUTCHISON & GREENBLATT'S CLASSES
Today's focus was on the early attempts at governing the new nation. We first debriefed the homework reading on Republican Motherhood then followed that up with an examination of the Articles of Confederation compared to our consensus list of the essential functions of government. We then dove into an analysis of the Northwest Ordinances and Indian Affairs in the 1780's with the goal of finding answers to the question of Congress' primary goal in relations with Indigenous nations. We then slipped into a brief analysis of another historical question on the significance of Shay's Rebellion in the formation of the Constitution and ended the day with peer critiques of your practice LEQ essays in progress.
Tonight, you need to complete the HAPP analysis over the letters from Abigail and John Adams found under Period 3 Recitation and wrap up your reading of chapter 8a up to page 230, "Revolution of 1800." Also, make sure to finish up revisions to your rough draft LEQ Intro and first body paragraphs tonight so you can turn those in for my feedback tomorrow! | <urn:uuid:95357d64-03ac-4b04-8c95-e2789dbc1a23> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | http://www.ghhsapush.com/blog-fall-18/september-20-2018 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474649.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20240225234904-20240226024904-00216.warc.gz | en | 0.923672 | 219 | 3 | 3 |
Many people attribute success to hardwork, perseverance and determination. American statesman Colin Powell once said that “There are no secrets to success. It is the result of preparation, hard work, and learning from failure.” While this may be a popular opinion towards success, some people may think otherwise.
Stanford Professor Carol Dweck has done a lot of research on motivation, personality, and development. In 2006, she wrote a book called Mindset: The New Psychology of Success. According to Dweck’s studies, a major component of mindset is someone’s belief about where ability comes from. She found that some people believe their success is based on innate ability (fixed mindset) whereas others believe their success is based on hard work, training, perseverance, and learning (growth mindset).
The people she studied weren’t really aware of their beliefs, but their behaviors, especially in the face of failure, revealed these beliefs. People with fixed mindsets (those who thought intelligence, skill, and talent are just inherent) dread failure. They see failure as a negative statement about their basic abilities, even a negative judgment about who they are. People who have a growth mindset on the other hand don’t fear failure as much. They know that they can improve their performance and learn to be better because of the failure. These two mindsets play an important role in all aspects of a person’s life.
As Dweck explained it, “In a fixed mindset, students believe their basic abilities, their intelligence, their talents, are just fixed traits. They have a certain amount and that’s that, and then their goal becomes to look smart all the time and never look dumb. In a growth mindset students understand that their talents and abilities can be developed through effort, good teaching, and persistence. They don’t necessarily think everyone’s the same or anyone can be Einstein, but they believe everyone can get smarter if they work at it.”
People with growth mindsets are more likely to continue working toward their goals despite roadblocks and setbacks whereas those with fixed mindsets give up more easily. But Dweck’s team discovered that these mindsets could be affected by subtle environmental cues. They found that children who were praised with “good job, you’re very smart” were much more likely to develop a fixed mindset. But if they were given compliments like “good job, you worked very hard,” they developed more of a growth mindset.
Successful people tend to lean heavily toward the growth mindset. They do not give up at the first sign of trouble or based on the first criticism of their ideas. When they believe in what they are doing, they persevere. A growth mindset is especially important for unconventional thinkers and outliers. Their ideas and projects tend to run counter to the normal flow and are beyond what is known and accepted. Because of this, they will experience even more setbacks and seeming failures. | <urn:uuid:c45f6b06-052f-4815-a136-6d5612198af8> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | http://www.flourishsummit.com/2016/09/08/whats-the-root-of-your-success/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570987779528.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20191021143945-20191021171445-00163.warc.gz | en | 0.974383 | 619 | 2.921875 | 3 |
We will look at and discuss what happened to France after King Louis' failed attempts to tax the 2nd estate at the Estates-General. Why did the 3rd estate form the National Assembly? What led to the Tennis Court Oath, Storming of the Bastille, and The Great Fear?
1. Bastille Day Activity
- Students will continue their work on Bastille day findings.
-Students will use their iPads to discover how the French celebrate Bastille Day on July 14.
They will follow the rubric and turn in all of their findings to Showbie.-Bastille Day Celebrations
2. French Revolution Terror Begins!
- We will be watching a History Channel documentary of the French Revolution. This video
will give the students a good idea what to expect as we continue to study this time in history.
- We will begin viewing the video at 20:00 | <urn:uuid:f534c443-8397-48f9-ba32-ebf38a6fb7ea> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://mrwinsorbchistory.blogspot.com/2015/04/whii-day-9-fr-terror-begins.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818688208.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20170922041015-20170922061015-00385.warc.gz | en | 0.933991 | 182 | 3 | 3 |
“Meno” by Plato
- Meno was a young, rich nobleman from Thessaly
- Anytos was an Athenian politician, later accuser at Socrates’s trial
Meno – Can virtue be taught? Does it come by practice? If neither, do you get it through nature or another way?
Socrates – I’ve always thought people from your neck of the woods were smart & that they’d always answer freely without fear if asked such a question. But, unfortunately, we’re not as smart as you in Athens. Ask that question around here & you’re likely to get blank looks, shrugs or questions in return. I don’t even know what virtue is, let alone where it comes from.
Meno – Are you serious?
Socrates – I don’t even know anyone who does know.
Meno – You knew Gorgias. Don’t you think that he knew?
Socrates – Maybe. What did he say? I can’t remember.
Meno – A man’s virtue is to manage public business, help friends, hurt enemies & stay out of trouble. A woman’s virtue is to manage the house, keep the stores safe & obey her husband. There are other virtues for boys, girls & old people. There are many kinds of virtue depending on your activities, age, etc.
Socrates – OK. If I asked you what a bee was, you’d tell me there were different kinds of bees. They may be different but what do they all have in common that make them all bees? Likewise, virtues may be different but what do they all have in common in that men, women, the old & children all can have them? Is managing public affairs justly & is managing the household justly virtuous?
Meno – Yes.
Socrates – So, it’s not possible to manage affairs justly without being just. Being just is a virtue. All the virtues you’ve listed are only activities performed justly… What did Gorgias say?
Meno – To be able to rule men.
Socrates – Can a slave rule his master? If he rules, would he still be a slave? Shouldn’t we add “justly” to “to be able to rule men”?
Meno – Yes, justice is a virtue.
Socrates – Is it “a virtue”, or “virtue” itself?
Meno – What do you mean?
Socrates – Take “roundness”. A figure can be round but “figure” is not necessarily “roundness” because we know there are other types of figures.
Meno – I see… Yes, there are other virtues, like courage, temperance, wisdom, high-mindedness, etc.
Socrates – So, we’ve found a few examples but what do they all have in common? “Roundness” is a type of figure but you must allow for others. “White” is a type of color, but not all colors. I’d like a definition that ties all virtues together.
Meno – What would you say what color was to someone who didn’t know?
Socrates – The truth. If he’s being a dick about it, I’d explain & then tell him to take it or leave it. If he’s friendly, I’d walk him through it. For a figure, I’d say, “something bounded & ended”.
Meno – What about color?
Socrates – We were talking about Gorgias’s definition of virtue…
Meno – You first.
Socrates – Very well, but you’re just ordering me about. OK… [Does an imitation of Gorgias] “Color is an emanation from figures symmetrical with sight & perceptibility to the senses.”
Meno – Very nice. I like that answer!
Socrates – I figured you would. But that answer can also apply to a question about smell, sound, etc. So, what about virtue then?
Meno – “To rejoice in what’s handsome & to be able…” as a poet once said. It’s the desire for handsome things & to be able to provide them.
Socrates – Don’t we all want good things but just differ in what we see as “good”? Do people want “bad” things if they know they’re bad?
Meno – Yes.
Socrates – Why?
Meno – To have them.
Socrates – Because they benefit from them or because they injure?
Meno – Some because they benefit. Some because they injure.
Socrates – Those who want bad things don’t know what they are but desire them because they thought they were good but in reality, they’re bad. Those who don’t know will think they’re good & desire good. Those who want them because they injure know that they will injure but don’t know that to injure will make them wretched.
Meno – Yes.
Socrates – Who wants to be wretched?
Meno – No one.
Socrates – Nobody unless he wants to be wretched… Isn’t misery or wretchedness just the desire for bad things & actually getting them?
Meno – Yes.
Socrates – If virtue is the desire for good things & to be able to provide them, desiring makes no difference between one man & another – only in their ability – the power to get good things.
Meno – Yes. Gold, silver, public appointments & honor are the highest things.
Socrates – Could you add “justly” to that?
Meno – Yes.
Socrates – It seems like no matter what you do, for it to be virtuous, you have to do it justly.
Meno – Yes.
Socrates – So not getting silver, gold, public appointments, etc. when it’s unjust is also virtuous. Getting those thing is no more just or unjust than not getting them. Just using justice makes everything good. Whatever you do with virtue is virtuous. But I still need a definition for virtue. What is it?
Meno – You’re lucky you live here & not somewhere else. They’d lynch you. I don’t think you know what you’re talking about.
Socrates – I’ve heard people of all kinds talk about virtue at great length with eloquence. They say the soul is immortal & it’s reborn after death & can never be destroyed. Since the soul is immortal, there can be nothing we don’t know. There is no learning, just remembering.
Meno – Explain that.
Socrates – I’ll demonstrate it using your servant. [Starts with things the servant understands, asks questions & the servant begins to understand geometry & arithmetic.] I’m not teaching him a thing. He’s only remembering my questions. He starts off not remembering anything & answers my carefully worded questions. Now he remembers. It might have been difficult but he got there in the end. By numbing the pain & not launching right away into difficult questions, he’s learned. We didn’t put thoughts into his head that weren’t originally his.
Meno – No, they must have been there all the while.
Socrates – It’s like they came from a dream. No one taught him, only asked him. It must be a form of remembering. He’d either got it before, or he always knew it. It wouldn’t have been in this lifetime because he didn’t know it.
Meno – No one had ever taught it to him.
Socrates – If knowledge & truth are always in us, the soul must be immortal. Anything you know must be re-learned or remembered. In order to know what is really unknown, we must be braver & less idle than if we believed that it’s impossible to know & not worth trying.
Meno – OK. Let’s find out if virtue can be taught or if you’re born with it.
Socrates – I think we’d better find out what it is before. Let’s approach this matter as if it were geometry. Is virtue a form of knowledge?
Meno – I think so.
Socrates – If something is good, but separate from knowledge, then there’s something that exists outside of knowledge. I think there’s no good that knowledge doesn’t have. So maybe virtue is a form of knowledge.
Meno – Yes
Socrates – Health, strength, good looks, wealth – there are all good but are the helpful?
Meno – Yes
Socrates – But sometimes they do harm?
Meno – Yes.
Socrates – When used correctly, they help & when used incorrectly, they harm. You said temperance, justice, courage & cleverness are good things for the soul.
Meno – Yes
Socrates – But you don’t think they’re a form of knowledge & somehow separate. Are they sometimes harmful & sometimes helpful? Courage isn’t intelligence. It’s more like boldness. If a man is senselessly bold, he’s harmed. If he’s sensefully bold, he’s helped.
Meno – Yes
Socrates – The same is true with temperance & cleverness. With sense, they’re good & without it, they’re bad. So, it seems with the soul, wisdom leads to happiness & senseless leads to unhappiness. Virtue must be a sort of wisdom. It all revolves around your soul
Meno – Yes
Socrates – So, wealth, heal, strength, etc. – we said they can harm or help. Using wisdom makes them help & not using wisdom makes them harm. A senseless soul will use them badly & a wise soul will use them well. It doesn’t depend on the soul, just on whether or not the soul uses wisdom. Using wisdom is good & not using it is bad. Virtue is a form of wisdom & nature doesn’t make us good or bad.
Meno – Right.
Socrates – If that were true, you could just isolate the good away from the bad to protect them. If men aren’t good or bad by nature, it must be learned or taught.
Meno – Yes.
Socrates – What if we’re wrong… If it can be taught, there must be teachers & students. If there aren’t any, it probably can’t be taught.
Meno – You don’t think there are any teachers?
Socrates – I’ve tried to find them without any luck. I know others have tried, too [ANYTOS ENTERS]. Say, Anytos, your father became a wealthy guy without any luck or inheritance but by his own wisdom. If we wanted Meno to become a doctor, would we send him to learn with the doctors?
Anytos – And if we wanted him to be a shoemaker, we’d send him to learn with a shoemaker?
Socrates – In general, if you want to learn something, you’ll have to learn it from someone who practices it. It would be stupid to do otherwise. Meno says he wants wisdom & virtue. Should he got to those who claim to be virtuous & teach it?
Anytos – Who might that be?
Socrates – Sophists.
Anytos – Hell no! You don’t want to go see them. They’re turn you into an absolute maniac.
Socrates – They say they know how to do good. But you say they’ll corrupt us through their teachings. & they want money on top of all that! I knew a guy, Protagoras, who made way more money than any artist or shoemaker. If a shoemaker did his job as poorly as you say Sophists do, you’d know it with in a month by the shoe falling apart. But Protagoras got away with it for over 40 years without anyone noticing it. His name is still praised by the Sophists. Do you think the Sophists know what they’re doing to their students? Or do you think they’re crazy & have no idea.
Anytos – They know what they’re doing. It’s crazy to pay them for what they do. It’s crazier to send your kids off to them. & what’s craziest of all is that cities allow these charlatans to hand around corrupting their young with their bullshit!
Socrates – Have you ever been trained by one?
Anytos – No way would I ever go near one of them!!
Socrates – How do you know anything about them if you’ve never been near them?
Anytos – I know how they operate.
Socrates – Well, we don’t want to send Meno to a charlatan, just to someone who can teach him virtue. I was about to send him to a sophist but as you say, they probably aren’t the ones to see. Perhaps you can suggest one?
Anytos – Any gentleman in Athens would be a better teacher than a Sophist.
Socrates – Did they learn or become virtuous by luck. If they got lucky, how could they teach it?
Anytos – I guess they probably learned from their fathers. Don’t you think we’ve got virtuous men here in Athens?
Socrates – I know politicians. They’ve always been around. But have they taught virtue? Meno & I have been discussing whether or not virtue can be taught or if comes naturally or another way… Was naval hero Themistocles a good man?
Anytos – None better.
Socrates – Wouldn’t he have provided virtue lessons to his son by himself or hired a teacher if he could? He taught his son to be an expert at horses. Why not do the same with virtue? Did he wish to teach his son but not make him any more virtuous than the neighbors’ kids? If virtue could be taught, could we believe he wouldn’t provide lessons for him?
Anytos – Probably not.
Socrates – One of the best men of the past? Not a grand teacher of virtue? It’s hard to believe. What about Aristeides? Was he good?
Anytos – Yes.
Socrates – He taught his sons & gave them the best teachers you get in Athens. But he never gave them lessons in virtue. & Pericles’s sons? He taught them to be the best horsemen Athens has ever seen. He gave them the best education money could buy. No virtue teacher, though. Thucydides’s sons were educated & he got them the best wrestling coach & they became the best wrestlers in Greece. No courses in virtue…
Anytos – No…
Socrates – Isn’t it clear that all these great men with money could provide their kids with an education but never taught them virtue. I think it’s because it can’t be taught.
Anytos – Be careful. It’s easy to do more harm than good in most cities. It’s even easier in Athens… [ANYTOS LEAVES]
Socrates – I guess Anytos left because he thought I was defaming those men & him as well… Do you have good men in Thessaly?
Meno – Absolutely.
Socrates – Do they teach virtue?
Meno – No… Sometimes you hear it can be taught. Sometimes you hear that it can’t be taught.
Socrates – Only Sophists claim that it can be taught. Do you think that they teach it?
Meno – Gorgias always laughed at those who claimed it because he just thought they were teaching them how to speak cleverly.
Socrates – Do you think they taught virtue?
Meno – I’m not sure… Sometimes I think so & other times I don’t.
Socrates – You aren’t alone. Theogonis said the same as you. That it can’t be & then said it can be. Can you think of any other subject whose teachers are thought not only not to teach but not even to know the subject itself? If students are confused, they must be bad teachers.
Meno – Correct.
Socrates – If neither Sophists nor gentlemen can teach virtue, there are probably no teachers or students. Then it probably can’t be taught.
Meno – Looks like it. Are there any good men at all?
Socrates – Maybe we should try to find out how good men become good. Good men must be useful & guide their business correctly. If a man knows the way from here to Larissa (region where Thessaly, north of Athens), he goes there himself & can guide others there as well.
Meno – Right.
Socrates – If a man who’s never been there before guess & is correct, then a good guess isn’t any worse than knowledge. They both guide to the right action.
Meno – But the one with knowledge will always be right. The one who makes good guesses will be wrong sometimes.
Socrates – Not if he always guesses correctly.
Meno – I suppose so. Why is knowledge any better than good guesses? How are they different?
Socrates – Well, like it is with statues. You’ve got to nail them down to something otherwise they’ll disappear. They’ll be stolen, get knocked over or the wind will take them away. If you don’t do that, there’s little point in owning one. As long as they stay, they’re wonderful. But we all know sooner or later, they’ll be gone or broken. They’re not worth much unless they’re fastened down. Having a good guess isn’t worth much in the long run unless you start to understand why you’re right, and cause & effect. When you do that, it turns into knowledge. That’s why it’s better.
Meno – Nicely put. I think I get it.
Socrates – Good guesses guide us no better or worse than knowledge. Good guesses aren’t inferior to knowledge in their results. A man is as useful to his city if he’s a good guesser than if he is knowledgeable, no matter how knowledge or good guessing skills are acquired.
Meno – So, not by nature.
Socrates – The good doesn’t not come by nature. But if not from nature, can it be taught? Since we don’t have teachers & students, probably not.
Meno – Correct.
Socrates – Good guesses & knowledge do just as well as each other in guiding us. If a man has either, he’s useful. If he’s not useful by knowledge, at least he guesses well. That’s how politicians keep a state afloat. It has no more to do with knowledge & understanding than an oracle or a diviner, or poets or artists. When they are right, they are divinely inspired but have no understanding of why they’re right.
Meno – Seems right.
Socrates – Women call a good man divine.
Meno – Don’t let Anytos catch you saying that. He won’t like it.
Socrates – Whatever… He’ll hear about it sooner or later. Virtue comes not from nature or learning but from divine allotment or dispensation. | <urn:uuid:6e587749-c22a-44c7-bca4-d19a9ed69a89> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | http://knowitalltoknownothing.com/2017/12/01/meno-by-plato/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195526670.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20190720194009-20190720220009-00013.warc.gz | en | 0.954619 | 4,280 | 3.1875 | 3 |
(H.R. 1913) On passage of the Local Law Enforcement Hate Crimes Prevention Act, which provided federal assistance to states, local jurisdictions, and Indian tribes to prosecute hate crimes, and added disability, age, sexual orientation, and military or law enforcement service as protected categories.
This was a vote on passage of H.R. 1913, which gave the U.S. Attorney General authority to provide assistance to state and local governments to investigate and prosecute violent crimes motivated by prejudice based on the victim’s actual or perceived race, color, religion, national origin, gender, sexual orientation, gender identity, disability, or military or law enforcement service.
Those Members supporting the bill argued that it would enhance American’s tradition of protecting liberty and granting acceptance. They also argued that the government needed to make clear that hate crimes committed because of sexual orientation, gender identity, gender, or disability should be categorized in the same way as hate crimes motivated by factors such as race or ethnicity. Those Members opposing the bill had been arguing that it would have a “chilling effect” on free expression that it would make thought a crime, and that bad ideas such as bias on account of sexual orientation would eventually be shown to be “bankrupt.”
Rep. Conyers (D-MI), who was leading the effort on behalf of H.R. 1913, noted that it would enable the Department of Justice to assist state and local law enforcement agencies “in investigating and prosecuting bias-based brutality and help defer the costs when they overwhelm State and local resources. And when necessary . . . it authorizes the (Justice) Department to step in and prosecute at the Federal level.”
He explained that the legislation expands existing federal hate crimes law by adding “group characteristics deservedly recognized for protection, the reason being due to their being well-known targets for bias-based violence . . . sexual orientation, gender, gender identity, and disability.” Conyers claimed: “(T)hese crimes of violence are directed not just at those who are directly attacked; they are targeting the entire group with the threat of violence.”
Rep. Sensenbrenner (R-WI), one of the leaders of the opposition to the legislation, acknowledged that the “motivation behind this bill is extremely well-intentioned.” He then argued that the bill was not the right way to approach the issue because “by setting up a separate hate crime . . . someone could be indicted for the violent crime and the hate crime simultaneously. At the first trial, the person is acquitted of the violent crime, and at the second trial the person is convicted of the hate crime, meaning what the defendant says during the commission of that crime. And that ends up criminalizing free speech . . . . “
Rep. Foxx (R-NC), who also opposed the bill, argued that it “will establish a new category of criminal activity, which is thought crimes. Today it is the politically correct thought crimes, those directed toward certain protected groups, but . . . it is but a small step to add new types of thought crimes to the list, and suddenly we find ourselves back on the Orwellian threshold of Nineteen Eighty-Four and staring down the specter of the thought police.”
The bill passed by a vote of 249-175. Two hundred and thirty-one Democrats and eighteen Republicans voted “aye”. One hundred and fifty-eight Republicans and seventeen Democrats voted “nay”. As a result, the House approved and sent to the Senate legislation providing federal assistance to states, local jurisdictions, and Indian tribes to prosecute hate crimes, and adding the disability, age, and sexual orientation as protected categories. | <urn:uuid:81d8a212-a8dc-4850-9a71-d6835b54a36c> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://www.progressivepunch.org/vote.htm;jsessionid=D090AAE1653ACEBEFF24AD63DE870ADD?vote=17638&topic=R2 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964363437.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20211208022710-20211208052710-00142.warc.gz | en | 0.95794 | 783 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Learn English slang | Rabbit and pork
Stop rabbiting on! What does it mean if someone says this to you? Learn English slang to help you understand this rhyming expression.
Watch the video lesson and find out about how to use the well-known rhyming slang expression rabbit and pork...
To hear the rhyming slang rabbit used in context, listen to this popular Chas and Dave song, Rabbit, from the 1980s...
So what do you do to learn English slang? Put your ideas in the comments below...
Rabbit and pork...talk.
So the expression rabbit and pork rhymes with 'talk'. We often shorten it just down to rabbit. So we can use it mostly as a verb to rabbit...to rabbit on means to talk on...to talk on and on and on.
So you could say: 'My friend rabbits on and on all day'. My friend never stops talking. Normally, to rabbit on means to talk about nothing important. 'My teacher rabbits on all day!' 'I get so bored listening to my teacher rabbit on about nothing!'
Rabbit and pork - talk. | <urn:uuid:7ba8136f-12ae-45fc-9b84-bc6c8a20caba> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | https://anglopod.com/blog/learn-english-slang-rabbit-and-pork | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267160923.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20180925024239-20180925044639-00406.warc.gz | en | 0.940211 | 230 | 2.59375 | 3 |
One of the most fundamental concepts in finance is that risk and return are correlated. We touched on this a tiny bit in one of the early MBA Mondays posts. But I’d like to dig a bit deeper on this concept today.
Here’s a chart I found on the Internet (where else?) that shows a bunch of portfolios of financial assets plotted on chart.
As you can see portfolio 4 has the lowest risk and the lowest return. Portfolio 10 has the highest risk and the highest return. While you can’t draw a straight line between all of them, meaning that risk and return aren’t always perfectly correlated, you can see that there is a direct relationship between risk and return.
This makes sense if you think about it. We don’t expect to make much interest on bank deposits that are guaranteed by the federal government (although maybe we should). But we do expect to make a big return on an investment in a startup company.
There is a formula well known to finance students called the Capital Asset Pricing Model which describes the relationship between risk and return. This model says that:
I don’t want to dig too deeply into this model, click on the link on the model above to go to WIkipedia for a deeper dive. But I do want to talk a bit about the formula to extract the notion of risk and return.
The formula says your expected return on an asset (bank account, bond, stock, venture deal, real estate deal) is equal to the risk free rate (treasury bills or an insured bank account) plus a coefficient (called Beta) times the “market premium.” Basically the formula says the more risk you take (Beta) the more return you will get.
You may have heard this term Beta in popular speak. “That’s a high beta stock” is a common refrain. It means that it is a risky asset. Beta (another Wikipedia link) is a quantitative measure of risk. It’s formula is:
I’ve probably lost most everyone who isn’t a math/stats geek by now. In an attempt to get you all back, Beta is a measure of volatility. The more an asset’s returns move around in ways that are driven by the underlying market (the covariance), the higher the Beta and the risk will be.
So, when you think about returns, think about them in the context of risk. You can get to higher returns by taking on higher risk. And to some degree we should. It doesn’t make sense for a young person to put all of their savings in a bank account unless they will need them soon. Because they can make a greater return by putting them into something where there is more risk. But we must also understand that risk means risk of loss, either partial or in some cases total loss.
Markets get out of whack sometimes. The tech stock market got out of whack in the late 90s. The subprime mortgage market got out of whack in the middle of the last decade. When you invest in those kinds of markets, you are taking on a lot of risk. Markets that go up will at some point come down. So if you go out on the risk/reward curve in search of higher returns, understand that you are taking on more risk. That means risk of loss.
Next week we will talk about diversification. One of my favorite risk mitigation strategies.
This article was originally written by Fred Wilson on June 14, 2010 here. | <urn:uuid:1fbb79cc-0d28-4997-ade9-3534674f4a3b> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | http://www.mba-mondays-illustrated.com/2014/01/risk-and-return/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125945232.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20180421145218-20180421165218-00003.warc.gz | en | 0.957657 | 734 | 2.625 | 3 |
The Battle of Belvoir Castle
In the campaign and Battle of Belvoir Castle (Kaukab al-Hawa), a Crusader force led by King Baldwin IV of Jerusalem sparred inconclusively with an Ayyubid army from Egypt commanded by Saladin.
Saladin had seized control of Egypt in 1169 and established the Ayyubid Sultanate soon after. He began extending his dominion over Muslim emirates in Syria formerly held by Nur al-Din.
In 1177, Saladin mounted a major invasion of the Kingdom of Jerusalem from Egypt and was defeated by King Baldwin IV (the "Leper King" of Jerusalem) at the Battle of Montgisard.Two years later in 1179, Saladin defeated Baldwin at the Battle of Marj Ayyun.
In 1180, Saladin arranged a truce between himself and two Christian leaders, King Baldwin and Raymond III of Tripoli. Two years later, the lord of the Transjordan fief of Kerak, Reynald of Châtillon, attacked Muslim caravans passing through his lands. Resenting this violation of the truce, Saladin immediately assembled his army and prepared to strike.
On May 11, 1182, Saladin left Egypt and led his army north toward Damascus via Aila on the Red Sea.. At a council of war, the Crusader princes pondered their reponse. They could move across the Jordan River to protect the exposed fiefs. Raymond of Tripoli argued against this strategy, saying that would leave too few soldiers to protect the kingdom. The aggressive Baldwin overruled Raymond and the Crusader army moved to Petra in the Transjordan, defending the exposed fiefs.
Saladin's nephew, Farrukh Shah, led a force from Damascus to ravage the now-undefended Latin Principality of Galilee. In this destructive raid, the emirs of Bosra, Baalbek and Homs and their followers joined Farrukh. Before returning to Damascus.
Out in the Transjordan, the main armies faced each other. A Frankish plan was proposed to occupy the water points, thus forcing Saladin into the desert, but the Crusaders were unable to carry this out. The Saladin moved north and reached Damascus on June 22. The Crusaders recrossed the Jordan into Galilee and concentrated their army at Sephoria, six miles northwest of Nazareth.
After a three weeks, Saladin marched out of the Damascus on July 11 and advanced to Al-Quhwana on the southern shore of the Sea of Galilee. From there he sent forces to raid the Jordan valley, Jenin and the district of St Jean d'Acre. One raiding column attacked Baisan but was driven off.
Saladin took his main army, crossed to the west side of the Jordan and moved south along the high ground. As soon as reconnaissance patrols revealed the Muslim leader's manoeuvre, the Frankish leaders determined to move their field army into close contact. After adding reinforcements by stripping nearby castles of most of their garrisons, the Crusader army marched to Tiberias then turned south. In the vicinity of Belvoir castle, Baldwin's men spent the night in their closely guarded camp.
The next morning, the Ayyubid army confronted the Crusaders.
The Franks advanced in their usual formation when in contact with their enemies. The infantry marched in close order, with the spearmen guarding against direct attack and archers keeping the Saracens at a distance. Shielded by the footmen, the cavalry conformed to the pace of the infantry, ready to drive back their enemies with controlled charges. The Crusaders had successfully used this tactic in the Battles of Shaizar (1111) and Bosra (1147).
Saladin's soldiers tried to disrupt the Crusader formation by raining arrows from their horse archers, by partial attacks and by feigned retreats. The Franks could neither be tempted into fighting a pitched battle nor stopped. Unable to make an impression on the Latin host, Saladin broke off the running battle and returned to Damascus.
Saladin had arranged for an Egyptian fleet to attack Beirut. As soon as his scouts had spotted the fleet from the Lebanese mountains, Saladin left Damascus, marched through the Munaitra Pass and laid siege to Beirut. At the same time, a force from Egypt raided the southern part of the kingdom, doing further local damage. Baldwin recalled his army to Sephoria then marched to Tyre. From there he appropriated shipping and organized an attempt to relieve the port of Beirut by both land and sea. When Saladin heard of these efforts, he raised the siege and ended his campaign in August 1182.
Saladin spent the next twelve months campaigning in Syria and Mesopotamia, adding Aleppo and a number of other cities to his growing empire. He would invade the Kingdom of Jerusalem again in September 1183. Free of his adversary, in October 1182 Baldwin recovered Habis Jaldak in the Transjordan. In December, Raymond of Tripoli launched a raid in the same area and Baldwin took a mounted force within a few miles of Damascus. But these were pinpricks. Not long afterward, Baldwin became incapacitated by leprosy and was forced to appoint his sister Sibylla's husband Guy of Lusignan as regent.
The Crusaders kept their enemies from capturing any strongholds and retained their field army intact, so they succeeded in their strategic purpose. But Saladin's raiders managed to inflict great damage on the countryside. Frankish overlords depended on the rents of their tenants, and these could not be collected if the crops were ruined. Without money, the lords could not pay their soldiers. Constant devastations would ultimately reduce the Frankish kingdom to helplessness. | <urn:uuid:968471c3-9e42-4341-b935-42d90215ff0a> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | http://www.castlesandmanorhouses.com/p.php?key=belvoir | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936462751.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074102-00188-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.966135 | 1,187 | 3.578125 | 4 |
Another cartoon animal coming your way and I think you will all be pleased with it because it came out looking very cute, neat and detailed. I will be showing you “how to draw a cartoon owl", step by step. The owl is a very peculiar type of bird because it is often quite and out of site. If you see an owl your first reaction will be like “Oh my god, I just saw an owl”. I mean at least for me that would be my reaction because I have never seen one of these birds in the flesh before, not even at a zoo for crying out loud. The owl is a nocturnal creature and like the bat they prey on field mice and other rodents. I wanted to do a lesson on a cartoon version owl because I already have a cool tutorial on a more realistic type of owl. The drawing was wicked easy to do because there is no spread of wings, just a simple quite looking bird that is sitting minding its own business. Anyway, you can go ahead and color in your owl any shade you like. I stuck to the typical coloring concept because this is supposed to be a simple type of lesson. I will be back with at least one more cartoon animal for the day so stay tuned in to see what is coming your way next. While you wait try this lesson on for size and teach yourself “how to draw a cartoon owl step by step”. Peace out folks and happy drawing. | <urn:uuid:de424bb1-69be-4a35-9829-bb29e20aa96c> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://www.dragoart.com/tuts/2727/3/1/learn-how-to-draw-a-cartoon-owl.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657127222.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011207-00193-ip-10-196-40-205.us-west-1.compute.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.972277 | 297 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Hong Kong’s very first newspaper was called The Friend of China – but it was no friend of the Hong Kong government. Launched in 1842, its nearly two-decade run ended with its muckraking publisher in prison, convicted of libel, rendered persona non grata in Hong Kong.
That man was William Tarrant, an Englishman who first arrived in China as a 17-year-old ship steward. But the newspaper’s story doesn’t start with him. The Friend of China was funded by and written mainly for European merchants who had been trading in Guangzhou and who eagerly flocked to Hong Kong after it was occupied by Britain in 1841.
As Frank H.H. King and Prescott Clarke note in their 1965 book A Research Guide to China-coast Newspapers, The Friend was a strong supporter of the colonial project, and after its inaugural issue it merged with the Hong Kong government’s official newspaper of record to become The Friend of China and Hongkong Gazette. That arrangement lasted for two years, before the government switched its partnership to an upstart rival, The China Mail.
The Friend remained popular for its lively writing and sometimes surprising editorial positions, which were prone to critique the actions of some trading companies, despite the merchant community being the newspaper’s bastion of support. “There is the suspicion that customers were primarily interested in a lively newspaper even at their own expense, and The Friend of China certainly met those qualifications,” write King and Clarke.
It only grew livelier when Tarrant bought The Friend in 1850. After settling in Hong Kong in 1842, he found a job as an inspector in the government’s surveying department, and he helped lead the construction of Wong Nai Chung Gap Road. But Tarrant was disposed to poor health, and working outdoors in the summer heat did not agree with him, so he was transferred to a new job managing government land leases. He married a woman named Eliza Whitlock in 1845 and began amassing a portfolio of properties around the young colony.
Then things turned sour for the young civil servant. Towards the end of 1846, the man in charge of running the Central Market, Wei Afoon, told Tarrant that the comprador of colonial secretary William Caine was running a protection racket and extorting money from the market’s hawkers. Tarrant reported the allegations to his boss, who informed the governor, Sir John Davis, who then ordered an investigation by the attorney general. But the investigation—whose final report was kept secret—concluded that Wei and Tarrant’s claims were baseless. And to make things worse, both men were accused of conspiracy to injure Caine’s reputation.
Davis suspended Tarrant from his position without pay. But he and Wei were never prosecuted, because the chief justice at the time had been suspended for drunkenness, and his replacement had been involved in the investigation into their claims, posing a conflict of interest. Although the Colonial Office in London ordered Tarrant to be reinstated, Davis simply abolished his position so that he had no job to go back to.
That’s when Tarrant decided to get even. He began what historian Christopher Munn describes as “an obsessive campaign for redress.” He started by petitioning the British government to restore his position and pay him compensation, but he was ignored. Then he bought a share in the Central Market to gain access to its account books, and when he cracked them open, he found what he considered hard evidence that Caine himself—and not just his comprador—had been involved in the extortion scheme. That’s when he decided to buy The Friend of China.
“For the whole of the 1850s he used the newspaper to press his case against Caine and expose abuses by the government,” writes Munn. He became a noisy crusader against everything he considered unjust, whether it was Hong Kong’s high crime rates or the failure of the government to convict a merchant who had sold poisoned bread in a failed attempt to kill off members of the European community.
Though he was strident in his convictions, Tarrant was by no means a wholesome character. Among the properties he had acquired were squalid tenements that housed migrant labourers from mainland China. They lived in atrocious conditions, which came to light in during an 1857 incident in which a group of migrants en route to Havana were found to have been falsely imprisoned by what would now be known as human traffickers. As with many Europeans at the time, Tarrant held a dim view of most Chinese people, and he railed against the Hong Kong government for allowing “the scum of the Chinese cauldron, the vilest outcasts of empire” to settle in the colony.
He also hated William Caine, which would prove to be his downfall. In 1857, a high-ranking civil servant named Daniel Caldwell was accused of being in cahoots with Wong Ma-chow, a notorious pirate, pimp, gangster, arms dealer and slave trader. The case became known as the Caldwell Affair and it resonated as far away as London, earning Hong Kong the reputation of a vice-ridden city where Chinese and Europeans were at loggerheads with one another.
Caldwell may have been targeted because, unlike most Europeans in Hong Kong at the time, he was multilingual, speaking Cantonese, Portuguese and Hindi. And most importantly, he had married a Chinese woman, Mary Ayow. When he was accused of corruption, Britain was once again at war with China, and anyone close to the Chinese community was viewed suspiciously.
That was certainly the case for Tarrant, who seized the scandal as an opportunity to ramp up his attacks on William Caine, whom he claimed was at the heart of Hong Kong’s corruption. This time, however, Caine—who was on the verge of retirement—decided to fight back. The government charged Tarrant with criminal libel and won in court. Tarrant was fined £50 (about HK$54,000 in today’s money), sentenced to a year’s imprisonment and ordered to pay the government’s legal costs, which bankrupted him. He lost his properties and The Friend of China folded when he was unable to continue running it from prison.
Though Tarrant was arguably as scurrilous as the men he accused of corruption, his journalistic activism was by no means unusual for the time. From the very beginning, Hong Kong’s media were robust and lively—if prone to libellous outbursts—which stemmed from British’s long-engrained tradition of having a free press. And while most of the English-language newspapers of the time would be considered racist and xenophobic by today’s standards, they served as a model for an equally boisterous Chinese press that emerged in the middle of the 19th century.
In mainland China, the Qing Dynasty government had banned public discussion of politics, but in Hong Kong, newspapers were free to print what they liked. “Taking their cue from English newspapers that took upon themselves the function of watchdog of the government, Chinese newspapers provided a vehicle for Chinese eager to speak out on public affairs, giving a voice to commoners who had hitherto been denied access to the authorities,” writes historian Elizabeth Sinn in her paper “Emerging Media: Hong Kong and the Early Evolution of the Chinese Press.”
After he was released from prison, Tarrant tried to relaunch The Friend of China in Guangzhou, then in Shanghai, but he failed both times. He finally gave up in 1869 and returned to England, where he died three years later. But the Hong Kong media continued to grow and evolve into the biggest centre for both English and Chinese media in Asia, with several newspapers (including the South China Morning Post, founded in 1903) that have existed for more than a century.
It’s hard to say how much longer that era will last. Hong Kong’s controversial national security law was implemented this week after being drafted in secret by officials in Beijing. The law targets secession, subversion, terrorism and “collusion with foreign forces,” but its extremely broad definition of such crimes has left many legal experts confounded. According to Article 29 (5) of the new law, which was gazetted only in Chinese, any “behaviour” that provokes “hatred” towards the government may be considered a violation of national security.
The law also opens up the media to unprecedented levels of government control. Article 9 grants the government supervisory powers over local publications. Article 43 gives police the power to search physical premises and electronic devices without a warrant, which raises questions about whether journalists will be able to protect their sources.
Hong Kong’s first newspaper ended with its outspoken publisher in prison. Two centuries later, will things come full circle? | <urn:uuid:ec6d178e-6611-45fe-90ea-e838380cfd82> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://zolimacitymag.com/no-friend-of-the-government-the-story-of-hong-kongs-first-rabble-rousing-newspaper/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154321.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20210802141221-20210802171221-00187.warc.gz | en | 0.983741 | 1,872 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Strategies for Successful Learning Part One: Create a Safe and Nurturing Environment
This is the first in a three-part series that looks at the learning process. Be sure to check back in February for the next installment.
What your child learns today is helping lay the foundation for a lifetime. Stimulating early childhood experiences where children learn to solve problems, make difficult decisions and assess the consequences of their choices are critical to future success in school, and eventually in a career. In fact, research shows that more than 90 percent of a person’s brain is formed by age 5. That’s why it’s so important to ensure your child has outstanding learning experiences that help him to reach his full potential.
Additionally, children have the need to be safe and to be powerful, to be independent and to be loved. These are social and emotional needs that we all have. While healthy adults can ensure that these needs are met for themselves, children rely on us to help them meet their needs in appropriate ways. This is why when you walk into our classrooms, you will find:
- A nurturing and stimulating environment
- A teacher who encourages your child’s curiosity
- An opportunity for your child to develop his or her own unique gifts
- Reading time every day – because a child who learns to love reading grows into an adult who loves to learn
Of course, learning happens 24 hours a day, and the most important members on your child’s team of experts are you – the family. We strive to create an atmosphere of mutual respect, trust and teamwork when it comes to our school and our families. Our goal is to build relationships with our families that will grow over time. We encourage our families to keep in touch with their child’s teachers during these formative years in order to ensure that common goals are met.
For more information, visit: http://www.multivu.com/players/English/52483-learning-care-group-literacy-winter-enrollment/
Be sure to check back next month for Part Two: Enable Children to Lead Lessons. | <urn:uuid:81f1bcf1-7782-4214-973d-d5c83e12bead> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | http://www.tutortime.com/parent-resource-center/blog/2011/12/strategies-for-learning-part-1-tt/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982292607.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823195812-00227-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960573 | 437 | 3.453125 | 3 |
Comprehension and Collaboration in Grade 6 ELA
Engage effectively in a range of collaborative discussions with diverse partners on grade 6 topics, texts, and issues, building on others’ ideas and expressing their own clearly, Speaking & Listening, Grade 6, Standard 1 (CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.SL.6.1).
Why? Discussion, besides being a critical means of communicating in both personal and professional situations, helps us to prepare for writing by helping us to identify relevant thoughts, ideas,and support for ideas.
How? To support youth in having effective discussions, talk with your child about what makes a good conversation (eye contact, focusing on those you’re speaking with, asking questions, etc.). The most important thing to do is simply have conversations; talk with your child about what he is interested in, ask your child to explain something she is able to do do well, ask questions and restate or paraphrase what you heard your child say to model effective discussion techniques.
What? The phrase “diverse partners” refers to giving students the opportunity to talk with a variety of people in a variety of situations - one-on-one conversations, small group conversations, larger group conversations; talking with people who are similar to you and different from you. | <urn:uuid:18dffc11-7b16-4e58-af51-790a987d0b49> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | https://dpi.wi.gov/my-wi-standards/speaking-listening-grade-6-ela | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195526386.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20190719223744-20190720005744-00301.warc.gz | en | 0.950437 | 269 | 4.5 | 4 |
- "To the Glistening Eastern Sea, I give you Queen Lucy the Valiant."
Lucy Pevensie, known as Queen Lucy the Valiant in Narnia (1932-1949), was the youngest of the four Pevensie children, and was the first one to discover Narnia through the wardrobe. Although none of her siblings believed her, Lucy went there at least twice before the rest of them finally realised she was telling the truth.
She was crowned as "Queen Lucy the Valiant" at Cair Paravel, and was the most faithful of the four, who never stopped believing in Narnia, and, along with her brothers Peter and Edmund, died in a train crash in England, and were transported to Aslan's Country with the other Narnians.
ChildhoodLucy Pevensie was born in 1932, the youngest of four children.
She grew up in London with her mother, father, elder brothers Peter, Edmund, and her sister Susan.
In 1940, the Blitz of World War II began, and Lucy and her siblings were evacuated from London for their safety, taking up temporary residence in the country manor of an old man known as Professor Kirke.
Winter RebellionWhile staying at the house of Professor Kirke, Lucy discovered a spare room containing a wardrobe.
Upon entering the wardrobe, she soon found herself in a snowy wood, where she encountered a lamppost, and then a Faun, who introduced himself as Mr. Tumnus. He explained to her that she had come into the magical realm of Narnia, and invited her to join him for tea.
During her stay at his home, he attempted to use an enchantment on her, which she shook off.At her insistence that she return home, he became distressed and admitted to her that he was in the service of an evil witch Queen who had cast an eternal winter over Narnia, and had commanded Tumnus to kidnap all humans in the land.
Horrified, Lucy pleaded for her freedom, and Mr. Tumnus mercifully relented, helping her back to the lamppost, and promising to tell no one of her visit.Lucy returned to England, and attempted to tell her siblings about her adventure, only to be met with open disbelief. Unable to prove her story, she stopped speaking about it.
Days later, however, she succeeded in stumbling into Narnia again. After a visit to Mr. Tumnus, she was reassured that no one had found out of his saving her, and that he was safe. Departing, she found her brother Edmund wandering in the woods, having followed her through the wardrobe. She later tried to tell Peter and Susan of their adventure, but Edmund refused to back her up, and instead mocked her baby-story, much to her distress.Several days later, all four children together crossed the wardrobe into Narnia, prompting sincere apologies from Susan and Peter. Both were annoyed with Edmund and his dishonesty, and agreed to go and see Mr. Tumnus.
Upon arriving at his home, however, Lucy was horrified to find that he had been arrested by the Queen for helping her.
Peter and Susan reluctantly agreed to remain and help him in what way they could, after which all four children were led into the woods, where they were met by a talking beaver.The Beaver, who also opposed the witch-queen Jadis, told them that Tumnus had been arrested, and was being held at the White Witch's castle. He brought them to his home for dinner, and described the horrors that were likely being done to them, but offered hope, to calm Lucy, by telling them of the true king of Narnia, called Aslan.
Aslan, he told them, had promised his people that four future kings and queens were coming, who would defeat the Witch. He promised also that when these four came, Aslan would come to Narnia as well, and the Long Winter of the Witch would end.In the midst of their dinner, however, the Beavers and the Pevensies realised that Edmund had disappeared. Mr. Beaver lamented that Edmund must have gone to betray them to the Witch, and his siblings unhappily concluded that on his first visit to Narnia, he must have met with the Witch and been won over to her side by deception or magic. They immediately fled to meet Aslan and his army.
On their way, they met with Father Christmas, who greeted them as prince and princesses, and gave them each gifts. For Lucy, a magical cordial that could heal any injury instantly, and a small dagger.After a long journey, the five reached the Stone Table, the site of Aslan's camp. There, Aslan greeted the Pevensies as the future king and queens of Narnia, and was very grave at the news of their brother's betrayal.
Lucy and Susan were sent away to rest and refresh themselves, but while alone with several ladies-in-waiting, the sisters were attacked by Maugrim. Lucy, and many of the others, managed to run away, as Peter, Aslan and many soldiers arrived to rescue them. Though the first wolf was slain by Peter, a second one escaped, and was followed by several Narnian soldiers.The next morning, the soldiers returned, bringing Edmund from the enemy's camp. Lucy welcomed him back, and forgave him easily for his treachery.
Later that day, however, Aslan received a visit from the White Witch, who called upon an ancient law that gave her a right to Edmund's blood.
Lucy waited in fear, as Aslan debated privately with the Witch, and was overjoyed when the Witch renounced her claim on Edmund's life. She was, however, one of the first to notice that afterwards, Aslan had become very despondent.Later, the camp was moved from the Stone Table to the Fords of Beruna.
Aslan's behaviour affected Lucy so strongly that she and Susan were unable to sleep, so they snuck out of their pavilion, found Aslan leaving the camp, and decided to follow him.
He soon became aware of their presence, but allowed them to walk with him, giving him comfort. Several times he stumbled or began to weep, until at long last he stopped and ordered them to remain hidden.
Both princesses did so, hiding in the bushes, and watched, as he proceeded up to the Stone Table itself, where they saw the Witch Witch and all her army gathered. The sisters witnessed Aslan give himself up to her, and weeped, as they watched him tortured, mocked, and finally killed.
After the Witch's triumphant departure, both girls went to Aslan's body, and remained with him all night, weeping, and untying his bonds.At dawn, both sisters faced the east until they heard a loud cracking sound behind them, and turned to find the Stone Table broken in two, and Aslan's body gone.
A moment later, both were overjoyed to find Aslan alive again by the power and law of the Deeper Magic.The three celebrated, and Aslan bade both girls climb onto his back, and carried them with all speed to the White Witch's Castle.
There, they found many victims and prisoners of the Witch, including Mr. Tumnus, who Lucy begged Aslan to help. Aslan did so, freeing each of them from their stone prison with his breath.
He then led all of them to Beruna, to join the battle, in which Peter and the army were already engaged.Upon arriving there, Lucy fought briefly, and then quickly rushed to the sidelines, where she found Edmund gravely wounded. Using her magic cordial, she healed him at once, and then witnessed his knighting, after which she spent her time healing many of the wounded soldiers.
The next day, at the royal castle of Cair Paravel, Lucy and her siblings were crowned Narnia's new monarchs, thus fulfilling the ancient prophecy, and officially ending Jadis's reign. This took place in the spring of 1000 NT.
Golden Age of Narnia
The Pevensies' reign lasted fifteen years, and was forever known as the Golden Age of Narnia.
Lucy grew up to become a sweet and beloved queen, dubbed Queen Lucy the Valiant by her people. Not only a lovely lady and an accomplished queen, she was also a fierce warrior, known to ride into battle in times of need.
She remained close friends with Mr. Tumnus.In 1014, Narnia's ally, Archenland, was under attack from the Calormen. She rode with her brother, King Edmund, to wage battle for their defense, and helped to win the day.
She was present during the trial of Prince Rabadash, convinced King Lune not to kill him, and attempted to help the prince see the error of his ways, but eventually concluded that he was too much of a fool.
In 1015 NT, Mr. Tumnus brought news that the magical White Stag had returned to Narnia. Lucy and her siblings set out on a hunt, in the course of which they got lost in the woods. Stumbling through the woods, they found themselves in England again, back on the other side of the magic wardrobe.
1940-1941The siblings discovered that due to magic, their fifteen years in Narnia had taken up no time at all in England, and they were again children in the Professor's house.
They told only the professor of their adventure, and he in turn admitted that he too had once been to Narnia.
The children were slightly dismayed to be told that the wardrobe had sealed, and would no longer carry them between the worlds, but were hopeful when the professor told them that they would get back to Narnia again someday, though not by the wardrobe.
A year later, at the age of nine, Lucy set out for her first year at a girl's boarding school (Saint Finbars', in the Prince Caspian film) with Susan.
While en route to school, all four children felt a peculiar tug, recognised as magic, and were within moments drawn out of Earth and back in Narnia.
War of DeliveranceThe four arrived on a strange beach, next to a forest, on what they soon found, by exploring, to be an island.
Having no way to get off the island and onto the nearby mainland, the four soon found the ruins of an old castle, where they chose to stay for the night. It was during the night that Susan found a gold chessman that they all realised was one of their own from their reign in Narnia.
After a debate, they concluded that they were in fact in a very changed Narnia, in the ruins of their old castle, Cair Paravel.To prove their hypothesis that time between the worlds was non-concurrent, the four uncovered their old Treasure Room.
From the chamber, Lucy retrieved her old magic gifts, and the four made themselves comfortable. The next morning, the siblings were near the channel that divided the island from the mainland, when they spotted two men in a boat, about to drown a dwarf. After a hasty rescue, the dwarf was unbound.
Though skeptical, he explained to them that 1300 years had passed in Narnia, setting the year at 2303. Narnia had been invaded by Telmarines a few hundred years ago, who had forced the Narnians to live in hiding, and had caused the trees and rivers to fall into a deep sleep.
Recently, a Telmarine prince called Caspian had fled from his people, and had agreed to free the Narnians if they made him king. He had, the dwarf explained, blown Susan's ancient horn, to summon help, sending out the dwarf as a scout to bring back whatever help came.The Pevensies readily agreed to help, proving their mettle in a series of tests.
The dwarf, called Trumpkin, set out with them to meet Caspian. All five were forced to journey for some time, getting lost repeatedly due to the changes in topography.
After being foiled in their attempt to cross the River Rush, the five turned to retrace their steps, until Lucy looked across the river and spotted Aslan showing her the way. Though she was overjoyed, her siblings refused to believe her, and after a vote, chose to go down the river, to find a better crossing. Lucy reluctantly followed them.
- "If you were any braver, you would be a lioness."
- ―Aslan, to Lucy[src]
During the night, Lucy heard a a voice calling her, and rose to walk through the nearby trees, which rose and began to dance. Eventually, Lucy emerged into a clearing, finding Aslan waiting for her.
After a joyful embrace, Lucy was convicted for listening to her siblings' peer pressure when she ought to have followed Aslan before.
Aslan told her to wake the others at once, and tell them that he was there to lead them on. When she tried to rouse her siblings, she found that none but she could see Aslan, and they refused to follow her. Desperate, she announced she would go on along with Aslan, forcing them to come with her. They all rose, and she led them after Aslan, across the river, and to Caspian's camp. As they walked, each one in turn was able to see Aslan, and follow him on their own.
When they reached Caspian's camp, they separated, the Queens going with Aslan, as all of Old Narnia began to celebrate his return. With a roar, he announced his presence, and woke the trees and waters from their sleep, preparing them for the coming battle between Narnia and the Telmarines.Telmarine army surrendered, and Prince Caspian was brought forth to meet Aslan. Lucy witnessed his knighting, and met and magically healed many soldiers in the Narnian army, including Reepicheep the High Mouse. In the aftermath, the four siblings were given rooms and amenities in Prince Caspian's castle.
A few days later, Aslan had a door set up in the meadow, summoning all the people to a meeting. There, he told the Telmarines that they were descended from seafarers from the world of Earth, and if they wished, he would send them back to that world through the door. Taking the lead, Peter and Susan explained to Lucy and Edmund that Aslan was sending them home as well.
Lucy bade a tearful farewell to Narnia, and to Aslan, and stepped through the door back into England.
1941-1942In England again, Lucy spent her first year at boarding school, and made several friends while there.
In the summer of 1942, she and Edmund were sent to stay with their aunt and uncle while their parents went away on a trip.
It was during this time that they, along with their cousin Eustace, were brought back into Narnia through a painting.
Voyage on the Dawn Treader
The three landed in the sea, and were quickly hoisted up onto a ship. Lucy was the first to come on board, and the first to recognize one of its occupants, their friend King Caspian.
He quickly introduced her to the ship, the Dawn Treader, its Narnian-Telmarine crew, and its purpose; to find seven missing lords of Narnia, and to explore the seas to the end of the world, in the hopes of finding a way to Aslan's Country.
Lucy was thereafter given Caspian's own cabin to stay in, and was permitted to wear his clothes. Her magic cordial, also on board the ship, was returned to her, which she used to cure Eustace of seasickness.
Shortly after their arrival, the Dawn Treader came into sight of the Lone Islands. Lucy wanted to walk on the island Felimath, which she remembered from her time as queen, and Caspian agreed, sending the ship on to the other side of the island while Lucy, Edmund, Caspian, Eustace and Reepicheep walked. On the way, however, they were kidnapped by slave traders, and all but Caspian spent a night on a slave ship.
The following morning, they were taken to Narrowhaven to be sold in a slave market. Lucy, being obviously well-bred and hard-working, was purchased quickly, but freed almost instantly when Caspian arrived, announcing his kingship, and shut down the trade.
After three weeks, the Dawn Treader finally set out again, and had several days of fine weather. It did not last, however, and soon a storm came up that lasted twelve days, causing damage to the ship, which required them to land on a strange island. Before they could even begin their repairs, Eustace went missing. A search party was sent out, but no sign of him was found, until the following morning when a dragon flew into the camp, landing on the beach between the crew and the ship. They were wary until Lucy saw that the dragon was crying, and offered to heal its wounded leg. Through a series of questions, Lucy and the others worked out that the dragon was a spellbound Eustace.After the spell on Eustace was lifted, the ship sailed on until a few days later, when a Sea Serpent attacked, winding itself around the Dawn Treader, to crush it. The crew successfully escaped, and sailed on to yet another strange island, where they decided to walk.
On the island, at the bottom of a nearby pool, was a statue that looked to be made of solid gold. They discovered that anything that touched the water in the pool was instantly turned to gold. Caspian, Edmund and Lucy began to quarrel until they all spotted Aslan on a nearby hill. Realizing the island was heavily enchanted, they all returned to the ship.The next island that the Dawn Treader came to was surprisingly modern. As the others headed inland along the path, Lucy stayed behind a moment, and heard a strange thumping sound. Soon there were voices talking, which Lucy realized belonged to invisible people planning to kidnap the Narnians while they were away from their ship. Lucy hurried to find Edmund and Caspian, and told her story. Deciding to go back down to the boat, they found that these 'Dufflepuds' were not only un-intelligent, but also lacking in courage. Their request was that Lucy would perform a spell to make them visible, going into the house of magician they regarded as evil, and refused to enter themselves. Lucy agreed, if only to save her friends' lives.
Lucy did as the Duffers had instructed her, and found the magician's Book of Incantations. Leafing through it, she came upon a spell that was said to make her beautiful beyond the lot of mortals. About to utter it out of jealousy, and vanity, she was stopped when she looked back at the opening words of the spell, and saw Aslan's face staring into hers. After passing over many more spells, she found the correct one, and spoke it. Both Aslan and the magician, whom the Dufflepuds so feared, entered and greeted her. After meeting the magican, who was in fact a follower of Aslan, and spending some time on the island, the Dawn Treader again sailed east.
Twelve days passed by, until a mist appeared in the distance, growing into a darkness hovering over the water. Although all were apprehensive, they rowed on until a man appeared in the water, and was quickly hauled on board. The stranger warned them to escape as quick as they could, for the darkness harbored the island where dreams and nightmares came true. Instantly they began to frantically row their way back out, but after a while they began to think that they were caught and would never escape. Lucy, who was positioned in the fighting-top, with a bow at the ready, whispered to Aslan, begging for his help, and a beam of light appeared in the dark. A bird came out of the beam, an albatross, which spoke to Lucy with Aslan's voice, and led them out of the dark.
In the following days, another island came into sight. On the island was set a long table prepared with a banquet such had never been seen. Three of the chairs at the table were filled, and in them sat three lords, all under an enchanted sleep. Lucy, Caspian, Edmund, Eustace and Reepicheep sat at the table to spend the night. Early in the morning, they awoke to find a lady coming to the table. She told them of the three lords, and that the island was the beginning of the end of the world. Her father, the star Ramandu, told Caspian that to break the enchantment that held the lords asleep, he must sail to the end of the world and leave one person behind.They set sail then onto the Last Sea, where they discovered sweet waters, Sea People, and the Sea of Lilies. It soon became clear that the Dawn Treader could sail no farther East, and Aslan came briefly to tell them that Reepicheep, Lucy, Edmund and Eustace were to go to the World's End. There were sad goodbyes, and then they did as they were told.
When they came to a shore, Reepicheep took his boat on into Aslan's Country, while Lucy and the others made their way ashore. There was a lamb there, and as it spoke to them it changed to become the Lion himself, who told Lucy that she and Edmund would never come back to Narnia. Then Aslan kissed their foreheads, and they were back in Lucy's room in Eustace's house.
Afterwards, Lucy grew up fairly normally, eventually becoming one of the self-titled Seven Friends of Narnia, those who had been to the world of Narnia by magic. In 1949, Lucy, Edmund and Peter were having dinner with Eustace, Jill Pole, Polly Plummer and Digory Kirke, reminiscing about their days in Narnia, when a Narnian-dressed figure appeared to them as a specter. The figure did not speak, even when Peter demanded as High King that it do so.
After the specter disappeared again, they all felt sure that something was dreadfully wrong in their beloved country, and they needed to find a way to get there on their own.
Remembering the Magic Rings that were capable of carrying humans from one world to another, the seven set up a plan to get young Jill and Eustace to Narnia. While the rings were retrieved, Lucy and the others got on a train to take Eustace and Jill to school, intending to use the rings on the way.
They never made it, though, as their train had crashed on the way, killing at least nine people. Lucy was among the casualties, having died instantly as a result of the crash.
Aslan had transported Lucy, along with Edmund, Peter, Digory and Polly, to a great green field with fruit trees, and a door that led to nowhere, clothed in Narnian garb. Several people came in or out of the door, but most seemed unable to see the fields or Lucy and her companions. After some time, Eustace, and then Jill, came through the door, explaining that they had been to Narnia on the other side of the door. Once everything in Narnia had been straightened out, and many other Narnians had joined them, the Friends of Narnia stood by, as Aslan brought about the end of Old Narnia.
Aslan then gave a great roar, and began to lead all the remaining Narnians. All ran after him in the field, realizing that this was not Narnia, but the real Narnia, and the afterlife of the world they had known. They all ran until they reached not Cair Paravel, but a bigger and better Cair Paravel, and met all of their old friends from all of their adventures in the Shadowlands, alive and better than ever before, as well as many people of whom they had only heard.
But Lucy was, as Aslan said, not quite so happy as he meant her to be. She explained that it was because they (the English Narnians) were so afraid of being sent back home again. It was then that Aslan explained that there had been a train accident back in England, and that in their world, the children were all dead. This, the real Narnia, was Aslan's Country, and a Narnian equivalent of Heaven. Lucy was not going to be sent back, but was permitted to live forever in the Real Narnia.
Lucy is the most faithful out of all her siblings; which is why she saw Aslan across the gorge while her brothers and sister didn't. As a young child, she was often teased by Edmund; and he thought she was playing "childish games" about Narnia. Of course, even though he knew Lucy was right about Narnia all along, he only said they were pretending when he himself went through the wardrobe.
Lucy loves animals, and makes friends with many creatures; and was sad to see that all of Narnia was invaded by humans. But she is full of courage; and is much more adventurous than her sister, Susan, which is why she never stopped believing in Narnia.
Lucy has a great desire to help others, and uses her cordial, given to her by Father Christmas, to heal anyone sick or injured. She is also the one closest to Aslan, and often seeks his guidance. Despite being called a "liar", Lucy has come to forgive her siblings, which is why she is a very admirable character; she still has a loving heart and can forgive anyone.
Edmund mentions in The Voyage of the Dawn Treader book that Lucy is afraid of insects.
- The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe (book, appearance)
- Prince Caspian (book, appearance)
- The Voyage of the Dawn Treader (book, mentioned)
- The Horse and His Boy (book, appearance)
- The Last Battle (book, appearance)
- The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe (BBC serial) (1988 TV, appearance)
- Prince Caspian; The Voyage of the Dawn Treader (BBC serial) (1989 TV, appearance)
- The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe (film) (2005, appearance)
- The Chronicles of Narnia: Prince Caspian (film) (2008, appearance)
- The Chronicles of Narnia: The Voyage of the Dawn Treader (film) (2010, appearance)
- The Silver Chair (book, mentioned)
| Movie-based Information|
- In the 1988 BBC television adaptation of The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, and its 1989 sequel, Prince Caspian and the Voyage of the Dawn Treader, Lucy is portrayed by Sophie Wilcox.
- In the 1979 animated adaptation of The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, Lucy is voiced by Rachel Warren.
- In the 2005 Disney/Walden Media movie, Lucy Pevensie is portrayed by Georgie Henley, and the older Lucy by Rachael Henley. Georgie Henley again plays Lucy in the 2008 adaption of Prince Caspian, and then once more, in 2010, in The Voyage of the Dawn Treader.
|House of Pevensie|
|Preceded by||Queen of Narnia||Succeeded by|
|Jadis||1000–1015||unknown, eventually Swanwhite II|
| "Well done, son of Adam. For this fruit you have hungered and thirsted and wept."
The article was written and presented so well that it has been featured on the front page. | <urn:uuid:07ea148d-532f-4394-ad97-e1ebf903729c> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://narnia.wikia.com/wiki/Lucy | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394011017001/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305091657-00009-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.988954 | 5,926 | 2.828125 | 3 |
The LORD said to Moses, “Tell the people of Israel to bring me their sacred offerings. Accept the contributions from all whose hearts are moved to offer them.” — Exodus 25:1–2 NLT
The Torah portion for this week is Terumah, which means “contributions,” from Exodus 25:1–27:19, and the Haftorah is from 1 Kings 5:26–6:13.
This week’s Torah portion is about the temporary structure that would serve as the portable Temple – the Tabernacle, or in Hebrew, the Mishkan. In the opening verses, God instructed Moses to collect contributions from the children of Israel in order to construct the Mishkan. This Torah portion is called Terumah, which means contributions, and is named for the donations that God’s people would give from their hearts for His divine plan.
The Jewish sages asked: Why is the Torah portion about God’s house named after man’s contributions? The overwhelming majority of the verses in this selection speak about the details of the Mishkan. So why does the title focus on the few verses that describe the donations given by the people?
When you think even more about it, we might also question why God asked for the people’s contributions in the first place. After all, He brought forth manna from heaven and water from a rock. Surely He could provide the means to build His own home!
And that’s just the point. God could have done it all on His own, but He chose not to. Instead, He gave humankind a role to play. God doesn’t need us, but He wants us. He wants us to be His partners in bringing holiness to the world and making the world a better place.
The building of God’s home certainly takes center stage in this week’s Torah portion, but it all hinges upon the contributions of His children. God wants to be a part of our world, but it has to come through us – through our desires, our actions, and our contributions.
There is a great quote I came across a number of years ago that goes something like this:
“Sometimes I would like to ask God why He allows poverty, suffering, and injustice when He could do something about it.”
“Well, why don’t you ask Him?”
“Because I’m afraid He would ask me the same question.”
Just like God could have built the Mishkan without any help from the Israelites, He could also solve all of the world’s problems without any help from you or me. But just as He chose to give the Israelites a role in building His home, He gives each of us the opportunity to be a part in building His world.
God wants you to be His partner today and every day in perfecting the world. What can you do today? What will be your contribution, this week, this year, this lifetime? Giving to God’s purposes is not a burdensome obligation; it’s a wonderful opportunity and a privilege.Honor Rabbi Eckstein | <urn:uuid:7744f272-eb58-4cd6-b220-3e535710a554> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | http://www.ifcj.org/learn/holy-land-moments/daily-devotionals/god-wants-you.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247487624.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20190218175932-20190218201932-00315.warc.gz | en | 0.961318 | 662 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Lewis Howard Latimer
Born September 4 1848 Ė Died December 11 1928
Lewis Latimer invented a method for producing a more durable carbon filament, making incandescent lighting practical and affordable for consumers.
Latimer was born in Chelsea, Massachusetts, the son of former slaves. He enlisted in the Union Navy during the Civil War and was a lieutenant in the Massachusetts Volunteer Militia. Working as a self-taught draftsman after the war, Latimer made the drawings for Alexander Graham Bellís first patent application for the telephone. He made his most important innovation in electric light technology while working for the United States Electric Lighting Company in the 1880s. | <urn:uuid:267ee3ba-790e-41e9-9bcf-1c13d9a3d8ed> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://invent.org/hall_of_fame/286.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163035819/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204131715-00053-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.945626 | 132 | 3.25 | 3 |
Valuable resources that enable space exploration, such as water, may be available on the moon, planets and asteroids - but astronauts may need to mine the surface to find them. NASA's Glenn Research Center is partnering with the Northern Centre for Advanced Technology (NORCAT) to conduct tests that simulate mining planetary surface materials.
Testing recently took place at Glenn's Simulated Lunar Operations (SLOPE) facility. The SLOPE lab includes a 20-foot by 60-foot "sandbox" that is filled with a material that approximates extraterrestrial planetary soil. During the testing, NORCAT supplied excavation tools and mining vehicles which were used to test and measure the force and power needed for planetary surface mining.
Pictured, from left to right, are Marcel Viel (NORCAT), Mark Plant (student at The Ohio State University) and Colin Creager (NASA). Viel and Plant are consulting about the next test run while Creager tests soil readiness using a tool called a cone penetrometer, which measures the density of the packed soil bed.
Image Credit: NASA
Marvin G. Smith (Wyle Information Systems LLC)
Page Last Updated: August 2nd, 2013
Page Editor: NASA Administrator | <urn:uuid:8523cd3a-1c66-4cc7-a449-4f5086935953> | CC-MAIN-2016-18 | http://www.nasa.gov/centers/glenn/multimedia/imagegallery/if_72_mining.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860111518.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161511-00171-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.926246 | 249 | 3.65625 | 4 |
Demographics Of Canada Ethnicity
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- Canada Ethnic groups - Demographics
- Facts and statistics about the Ethnic groups of Canada. Updated as of 2011.
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Demographics Of Canada Ethnicity Topics
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book of esther setting | <urn:uuid:18b37d1b-3c8a-40a2-be31-5fa197bb7f4b> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://www.realmagick.com/demographics-of-canada-ethnicity/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368708664942/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516125104-00060-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.90841 | 799 | 2.9375 | 3 |
by Manu SharmaSep 12, 2020
It is time when toys and the world of play and make believe reflect the harsh realities of life. The Ophelia Doll, also known as the Doll that Dies, is made out of bio-degradable and compostable materials that degrade over time with play. The doll is the recipient of the Student Notable Design Concept Award of Core 77 Design Awards 2018, and is currently trending. The Doll is modelled on the Shakespearean tragic heroine, Ophelia, the female protagonist to Hamlet, who drowns herself in a brook when she assumes that Hamlet is dead. It is seen as her one act of agency.
The original doll from Core77 Design is made up of red algae, jackfruit, mycelium (for the inner skeleton), and human hair. It is coated with a wax exterior that protects it from the wear and tear of play, but ultimately over a period of time the doll is supposed to show signs of age, similar to the way the human body would age. It has been argued that the Ophelia Doll may serve as a tool for starting a conversation between parents and their children about the end of life.
Children who own Ophelia will have the opportunity to develop a belief that talking about death is normal. When a person talks about death, they begin to understand the impermanence of life, and become inspired to be prepared for their own end of life, setting the stage for a less stressful and positive ending, as well as a more appreciated and fulfilled life.
Parents and children can choose to ‘bury’ the doll in their garden and have it become part of the natural environment. The doll does not leave behind any bio-waste and is a beautiful way of coming to terms with the ephemeral quality of life.
Typically, most toys and dolls are made of plastic, from oil-based materials, a non-renewable resource, and are made to be broken easily and are then sent straight to the landfill.
There are several versions of the Ophelia Doll, one very interesting kinds making waves in cyberspace has been created by Jordan Taylor, an art doll artist and emerging writer from North Carolina. “My art doll is intended to represent the moment in Hamlet of Ophelia’s drowning in the brook,” says Taylor.
In Shakespeare’s Hamlet, the lines that speak of Ophelia are quote poetic: “There is a willow grows aslant a brook (and) there with fantastic garlands she did make, of crow flowers, nettles, daisies, and long purples… There, on the pendant boughs her coronet weeds clambering to hang, an envious sliver broke, when down her weedy trophies and herself fell in the weeping brook. Her clothes spread wide. And mermaid like awhile they bore her up. Which time she chanted snatches of old lauds, as one incapable of her own distress. Or like a creature native and indued unto that element.”
“Ophelia’s cloth body is hand-stitched and covered in paper-clay, and painted with water colours. I spent a long day knotting her blonde mohair wig, for which I used a sock as the wig cap. Ophelia wears a watercolour blue silk slip with silver embroidery threads sewn into it, intended to mimic water in sunlight. Her over-dress is sewn from emerald green floral damask silk, something a young girl of medieval Denmark might not have actually had access to, but the colours were so lovely I just couldn’t resist,” writes Taylor.
Well, the doll certainly inspires the tragic female character that Shakespeare created all those years back, and it is wonderful to see the protagonist of the dark drama get a new life in the form of this bio-degradable doll. | <urn:uuid:7e2252e9-d4bd-443e-8c26-a948ec596440> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://www.stirworld.com/see-features-the-trending-craze-of-ophelia-the-doll-that-shows-signs-of-age | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243991943.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20210513173321-20210513203321-00019.warc.gz | en | 0.965853 | 822 | 2.78125 | 3 |
This study is aimed to detect Coxiella burnetii in cattle by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). A total of 138 cattle blood samples were collected from 8 farms and then examined in laboratory conditions. The examination of Coxiella burnetii was carried out by PCR with specific primers. In this study, a total of 6 (4.3%) cattle serum samples were found PCR positive for Coxiella burnetii. This result proves that cattle are an important reservoir of Coxiella burnetii infection.
Coxiella burnetii, cattle, PCR
KIRKAN, ŞÜKRÜ; KAYA, OSMAN; TEKBIYIK, SERTEN; and PARIN, UĞUR (2008) "Detection of Coxiella burnetii in Cattle by PCR," Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences: Vol. 32: No. 3, Article 10. Available at: https://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/veterinary/vol32/iss3/10 | <urn:uuid:8873de20-00e8-4490-a16a-25573f58dff7> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/veterinary/vol32/iss3/10/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500017.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20230202101933-20230202131933-00623.warc.gz | en | 0.869874 | 250 | 2.625 | 3 |
Lee County, North Carolina
|Lee County, North Carolina|
|County of Lee|
Location within the U.S. state of North Carolina
North Carolina's location within the U.S.
|Founded||March 6, 1907|
|Named for||General Robert E. Lee|
|• Total||259 sq mi (671 km2)|
|• Land||255 sq mi (660 km2)|
|• Water||4.1 sq mi (11 km2), 1.6%|
|• Density||227/sq mi (88/km2)|
|Time zone||Eastern: UTC−5/−4|
Lee County is a county located in the U.S. state of North Carolina. As of the 2010 census, the population was 57,866. The county seat is Sanford. It was established on March 6, 1907, from parts of Chatham and Moore counties, and named for General Robert E. Lee, who served as the General in Chief of the Armies of the Confederate States in 1865.
Lee County comprises the Sanford Micropolitan Statistical Area, which is a part of the greater Raleigh-Durham-Chapel Hill, NC Combined Statistical Area, which had a 2012 estimated population of 1,998,808.
|U.S. Decennial Census|
As of the census of 2000, there were 49,040 people, 18,466 households, and 13,369 families residing in the county. The population density was 191 people per square mile (74/km²). There were 19,909 housing units at an average density of 77 per square mile (30/km²). The racial makeup of the county was 70.03% White, 20.46% Black or African American, 0.42% Native American, 0.67% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 7.33% from other races, and 1.06% from two or more races. 11.65% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.
By 2005 14.2% of the County population was Latino. 20.2% of the population was African-American. 64.2% of the population was non-Hispanic whites.
In 2000 there were 18,466 households out of which 33.30% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.30% were married couples living together, 13.40% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.60% were non-families. 23.50% of all households were made up of individuals and 8.80% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.61 and the average family size was 3.05.
In the county, the population was spread out with 25.70% under the age of 18, 9.00% from 18 to 24, 29.70% from 25 to 44, 22.70% from 45 to 64, and 12.90% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females there were 97.50 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.00 males.
The median income for a household in the county was $38,900, and the median income for a family was $45,373. Males had a median income of $32,780 versus $23,660 for females. The per capita income for the county was $19,147. About 9.80% of families and 12.80% of the population were below the poverty line, including 16.50% of those under age 18 and 12.20% of those age 65 or over.
The county is divided into seven townships, which are both numbered and named:
- 1 (Greenwood)
- 2 (Jonesboro)
- 3 (Cape Fear)
- 4 (Deep River)
- 5 (East Sanford)
- 6 (West Sanford)
- 7 (Pocket)
Politics, law and government
Lee is a typical "Solid South" county in terms of voting patterns. From its first election in 1908 it voted Democratic by large margins until 1968, except in the 1928 election when anti-Prohibition Catholic Al Smith held the county by single digits. In 1968, Lee's Democratic streak was broken when its electorate chose the American Independent candidate George Wallace. From 1972 onwards, Lee has voted Republican in every election except for Jimmy Carter's two elections in 1976 and 1980.
Lee County is a member of the regional Triangle J Council of Governments. The county is governed by a seven-member board of County Commissioners, elected at large to serve four-year terms. Terms are staggered so that, every two years, three or four Commissioners are up for election. The Commissioners enact policies such as establishment of the property tax rate, regulation of land use and zoning outside municipal jurisdictions, and adoption of the annual budget. Commissioners usually meet on the first and third Mondays of each month.
- The area has historically been one of the leading brick manufacturing areas in the United States.
- Cotton and tobacco are leading crops in the county.
- The county is divided between the Piedmont in the northern part of the county and the Sandhills in the south.
- Lee County sits in the middle of the Triassic Basin and has the state's most concentrated reserves of oil and natural gas.
- List of counties in North Carolina
- List of memorials to Robert E. Lee
- National Register of Historic Places listings in Lee County, North Carolina
- "State & County QuickFacts". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on July 13, 2011. Retrieved October 21, 2013.
- "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
- "Establishment of Lee County". www.leecountync.gov. Retrieved March 16, 2018.
- "2010 Census Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. August 22, 2012. Archived from the original on January 12, 2015. Retrieved January 17, 2015.
- "Population and Housing Unit Estimates". Retrieved June 9, 2017.
- "U.S. Decennial Census". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 17, 2015.
- "Historical Census Browser". University of Virginia Library. Retrieved January 17, 2015.
- Forstall, Richard L., ed. (March 27, 1995). "Population of Counties by Decennial Census: 1900 to 1990". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 17, 2015.
- "Census 2000 PHC-T-4. Ranking Tables for Counties: 1990 and 2000" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. April 2, 2001. Retrieved January 17, 2015.
- "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
- Leip, David. "Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections". uselectionatlas.org. Retrieved March 16, 2018.
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lee County, North Carolina.|
- General information
- NCGenWeb Lee County - free genealogy resources for the county | <urn:uuid:8352f8a2-1a99-4163-8baa-ee563d6bbbf4> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | http://www.let.rug.nl/~gosse/termpedia2/termpedia.php?language=dutch_general&density=7&link_color=000000&termpedia_system=perl_db&url=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FLee_County%2C_North_Carolina | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578743307.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20190425233736-20190426015736-00229.warc.gz | en | 0.933137 | 1,494 | 3.125 | 3 |
No one really knows for sure but one of the best
theory asserts that life started in the ocean
since several billion years ago, oceans were
covering the major part of the earth surface. It
is also thought that life came about from and
assembly of molecules and atoms coming from outer
space. These molecules formed the first living
cells which then assembled to form more complex
organisms such as plants, fish....
were not there so it is only a scientific theory
based on assumptions and a few facts.
Click Here to return to the search form. | <urn:uuid:7814853c-a804-4be1-b15c-f2c9793e76a5> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://scienceline.ucsb.edu/getkey.php?key=98 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549425737.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20170726002333-20170726022333-00294.warc.gz | en | 0.947333 | 117 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Imagine turning the rink at Nathan Phillips Square into a vegetable garden. Or seeing corn stalks along the Gardiner Expressway. Or filling the median along University Ave. with a row of tomato plants.
That's the dream of food enthusiasts like Debbie Field, who think Toronto should take advantage of its public spaces and grow food closer to home. That would encourage healthy eating as well as fight climate change by reducing the distance food travels from farmer's field to kitchen table.
"Why don't we naturalize the side of the Gardiner with corn? Or we could grow pumpkins," Field said yesterday as she addressed city councillors and others during a discussion on how Toronto can encourage more urban farming.
"We are still spending a lot of money planting annuals and mowing grass," she said. "Whereas our movement thinks we can let people grow vegetables and fruits. Rosemary, thyme and all herbs smell beautiful. Kids love to touch them."
While Field, executive director of FoodShare, used the example of the side of the highway for visual impact, she conceded testing may be needed to ensure food grown near the Gardiner is safe to eat.
But her point was that there are many areas that could be used for community gardens and urban farms, from schoolyards to public housing to hospitals.
"There are big chunks of land – acres of publicly owned land that is just sitting there or has grass growing on it," she said. "We are still paying a lot of people to plant and mow grass, and are often told it's not a good idea to garden."
As she spoke, FoodShare staff handed out small bags of pea sprouts grown in an old greenhouse at the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, to show how easily something edible can be grown in just six weeks.
Paula Sobie, who started City Harvest in Victoria, spoke about how much produce can be grown on small plots of land – and even turned into a profitable business if crops are properly rotated.
Two years ago, together with a friend, she placed online classified ads titled: Garden Wanted.
The response was unbelievable. What started as nine small plots of land in the front and back yards of private homes became 16 plots totalling half an acre, yielding 300 pounds of produce a week.
Sobie would give the homeowner a weekly sampler basket of organic produce in exchange for use of the land. The rest was sold to restaurants and at a farmers' market.
City staff will be drafting an urban food policy in coming months that takes into account experiences elsewhere.
A key issue will be zoning – whether people will be allowed to sell food grown in backyards. As well, while urban farmers would want to see lower property taxes if land is zoned agricultural, the city wants to maintain its tax assessment base.
Another tricky issue will be what to do about backyard animals: Would residents want their next-door neighbours raising chickens or goats?
Current bylaws prevent it, but some councillors might support a few hens – though not roosters – in the yard. | <urn:uuid:b4fd1abc-be7c-4531-8a1e-0522515535ed> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://www.thestar.com/life/health_wellness/nutrition/2009/02/06/activists_envision_crops_along_gardiner.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370510287.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20200403030659-20200403060659-00457.warc.gz | en | 0.966861 | 630 | 2.640625 | 3 |
There is urgent need to develop the human resource so that value can be added to the existing products. When human intellect is developed, a shift from basing production only on natural resources to products of the intellect will occur. Japan has no natural resource but the economy is based on the peoples’ intellect. Products of the brain are superior to natural products. These products cannot be produced without developing the human mind.
I recently visited farmer-groups in Makueni and Machakos districts of Eastern Kenya, a region largely dependent on meager rain-fed subsistence agriculture, to assess their understanding of applying commercial strategies in agriculture.
“Commercial farming is a type of agriculture that involves farming with a view of getting enough products for consumption and surplus for sale, in order to accrue profit,” says Maingi.
“What does it entail?” I ask.
“It entails putting in mind profit and loss. This can be determined by record keeping,” Mueni says.
“How is record keeping significant in determining profit and loss?” I pose.
“It is important to know how much farm input has been involved in the agricultural process and what has come out of it. By weighing the two, one is able to determine whether he has gone at a loss or garnered profit,” Mbindyo says.
“If you encounter loss, you have to ascertain its cause. For example, are your crops suited for the area where you are cultivating them? Are you using the correct seeds and fertilizer? Could you be dependent on crop farming when animal rearing would do better? After answering those questions, you go ahead to do the right thing,” Mwoki chips in.
And indeed, the farming group dubbed Kalawani Mwanzo Mpya demonstrates how they responded to such questions. Having experienced water scarcity in their maize and vegetable demonstration plot, they hired another plot near a spring to maximize output. The kales, tomatoes and maize crops were doing well until frost set in. This, they appropriately combated with a product from a nearby agro-vet shop. But alas, when all was going well, an army of worms invaded their plot. The shopkeeper prescribed a pesticide- Bestox, which effectively combated the menace. When their hopes were high, the spring started drying up, thwarting their irrigation effort.
This is when they embarked on raising tree and fruit seedling for sale and baking bricks as they wait for the next rain season. Ngui, their chairperson says they couldn’t just sit back and do nothing, since business involves diversification. They are also raising money to sink a group borehole to settle the water problem permanently.
Their counterparts, Imani Farmers Group did not also sit back when the rains fled six months ago. They purchased maize flour in bulk and sold it in small quantities at a profit. They used the profit to set up an animal spray project. Local residents bring their animals for deworming and spraying against pests every Saturday.
“We charge Ksh 10 for each cow sprayed; Ksh 5 for goats and sheep and Ksh 25 for deworming services. Our project is registered by the Ministry of Agriculture,” says Benson Mang’eng’e, the group chairperson.
Kimeu, a group member loaned them his knapsack sprayer as they raise fund to buy one for the group. Using Steladone for spraying and Wormicid for deworming, the group makes not less than Ksh 70 per Saturday and over Ksh 400 on the last Saturday of the month.
They also contribute Ksh 20 each per week. By the end of the month, they have Ksh 2000 which they share equally among two members of the group to invest in business ventures. Priscilla Siloni opines that she used this money to buy a goat and poultry.
When prompted on which seed she will plant during the coming rain season, Stella proudly says: “I will plant certified hybrid variety. During the last rain season, I planted half a kilogram of Duma 41 maize seed and it yielded almost 2 sacks (140 kilograms), in spite of meager rainfall. One kilogram of the local farm-saved seed barely yielded 20 kilograms,” says Stella.
“We are working with relevant stakeholders to boost us in terms of farming skills, technology diffusion and acquisition of farm inputs, loans and market information. Our destiny lies in liaising with other service providers on a win win basis,” says Benson.
By Josephat Juma
Mr. Juma is an African Executive Writer
Comment on this article! | <urn:uuid:21ed68c6-0c3e-4ccb-a4c5-1e65f3aa2a18> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://www.africanexecutive.com/modules/magazine/articles.php?article=916&magazine=86 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500812662.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021332-00273-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.955329 | 966 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Author(s): Chris Ferrie
Simple explanations of complex ideas for your future genius
Written by an expert, Newtonian Physics for Babies is a colorfully simple introduction to Newton's laws of motion. Babies (and grownups ) will learn all about mass, acceleration, the force of gravity, and more. With a tongue-in-cheek approach that adults will love, this installment of the Baby University board book series is the perfect way to introduce basic concepts to even the youngest scientists. After all, it's never too early to become a physicist
It only takes a small spark to ignite a child's mind.
"Simple illustrations and simple explanations to launch your future rocket scientist." - NPR, Science Friday "Start 'em young with this STEM-centric board-book that promotes science literacy by introducing concepts such as mass, net force and gravity. " - Los Angeles Times "Physicist and father Chris Ferrie knows it's never too soon to learn Newton's three laws of motion or Einstein's theory of general relativity. His board books are illustrated with eye-catching graphics for baby geniuses and written with a tongue in cheek humour for their adult friends, who might also learn a thing or two about aerospace engineering." - Plenty Magazine "Let's weigh in on gravity. The book keeps your little ones interested as they learn that Sir Isaac Newton wrote the three laws of motion. The apples do not float away but feels the force of gravity once they fall off of a tree. The bright drawings draw your child in as Chris uses easy to understand words to introduce your child to Newtonian Physics. As Chris says, it only takes on small spark to ignite a child's mind. This quality book is exactly what we should feel our babies and children with. Hey, you might walk away learning something. Feel free to use demonstrations while explaining Newtonian Physics to your little one. Every child loves a good item falling to the ground!" - TheBabySpot.CA "The Baby University board-book series is designed to teach infants about the most fundamental basics of science. This series is entirely age-appropriate and baby-accessible, featuring bright colors and simple sentence structure; it's just that instead of teaching words like "hippopotamus" they teach words like "electron." A wonderful way to help stimulate interest in math and science from an extremely early age, the Baby University series is highly recommended, especially for library collections intended for pre-Kindergarten children." - Midwest Book Review "In this board book series, Ferrie makes his knowledge accessible to the youngest of readers--and probably some adults, too... the subject material will certainly be enjoyable for trendy caretakers to read aloud. (And the pictures of babies chewing on the covers are going to be #instaworthy.)" - Shelf Awareness for Readers "Lively explorations of physics, technology, and space." - School Library Journal
Chris Ferrie is a physicist, mathematician and father of three budding young scientists. He obtained his doctorate in Mathematical Physics from the University of Waterloo in Waterloo, Canada and currently holds a postdoctoral fellowship at the University of New Mexico in Albuquerque, New Mexico. Chris believes it is never too early to introduce children to the wild and wonderful world of physics! | <urn:uuid:07ba6b98-0afd-4312-b5e0-e75d88fc1211> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | https://www.beachsidebookshop.com/p/board-books-newtonian-physics-for-babies-board-book--6 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202450.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20190320190324-20190320212101-00036.warc.gz | en | 0.935401 | 663 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Webopedia Term of the Day: What is a micro server?
May 13, 2011, 16:01 (1 Talkback[s])
(Other stories by Webopedia)
How to Help Your Business Become an AI Early Adopter
"A micro server (may also be written as microserver or
MicroServer) is a small server appliance that works like a server.
Micro servers are off-the-shelf appliances that are designed for
ease of installation and maintenance. A micro server will come with
the operating system, hardware and software preinstalled and
configured by the manufacturer. Some configuration functions of the
micro server may be performed by the end-user through a touch panel
and access to the server appliance is through a Web browser.
"A micro server is a popular choice for small- to medium-sized
businesses that need a server but do not need a full-scale rack or
tower server. Micro servers are also used by corporations that
operate with minimal IT staff at local or branch offices.
"A micro server may also be called a server appliance."
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- Webopedia Term of the Day: 802.11n(Apr 01, 2009) | <urn:uuid:3e202af2-b53a-49df-a887-09ff66b9dbfd> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | https://www.linuxtoday.com/it_management/2011051300139NWBZSV | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267863834.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20180620182802-20180620202802-00470.warc.gz | en | 0.88435 | 463 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Electron is negatively charged came to our knowledge when J.J Thomson discovered sub atomic particles in an atom naming it as an electron. The electron is always depicted with a negative kind of charge and in order to understand why it is negatively charged, you need to do nothing but study the same what was practiced by J.J Thomson. It was Cathode Ray Experiment. I won’t ask you to go for the CRT experiment on your own but you may simply study the experimented results of it to understand it in a better way.
Why Electron Is Negatively Charged
1. What The C.R.T Experiment Demonstrates:-
In the Cathode Ray Tube experiment, the rays were emitted at cathode part of a discharge tube. This one is the part that has got cations with it. The negatively charged particles which were repelled in this experiment were attracted to the anode which is having anions with it. This makes us have a conclusion that the rays must be negatively charged. The cathode ray experiment was just a start but it followed many other researches and researchers that concluded the fact that electron are negatively charged.
2. The Conclusions That Rutherford Made:-
Rutherford studies again the same what had been demonstrated by J.J Thompson and he was sure about the fact that there must also be some positively charged particles within the atom to balance the negative electrons. These positively charged particles were discovered by Rutherford and named as protons.
3. How Rutherford Made His Experiment:-
This was made by him through the gold foil experiment which included the bombardment of rays over it and the way some of the particles got deflected made it sure that there must be something for sure that is preventing the rays from passing straight and when these get deflected it means there is something as an obstacle for sure.
4. Why The Conclusion That Electron Is Negatively Charged:-
The positive and negative charges are based on the fact if there is an attraction or repulsion felt within these experiments and as we know that in case there is one positive and one negative, they will get attracted and thus this is kept in consideration while concluding if the charge will be negative or positive over an electron. The further studies were made by the researchers that arrived afterwards and made researches based on the same and thus a conclusion was made that electron is negatively charged. | <urn:uuid:72844952-028e-49a3-8984-27212a503042> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://howflux.com/why-electron-is-negatively-charged/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662531779.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20220520093441-20220520123441-00506.warc.gz | en | 0.980093 | 482 | 3.421875 | 3 |
This page contains references to diamonds or engagement rings from different companies. Sometimes I do receive a commission when you click on links and buy the products.
If you have been researching or shopping for diamonds online, the chances are you will have come across Moissanite at some point. There can be a little confusion over what Moissanite really is, and conflicting information about how it compares to a diamond.
This guide will outline the truth about Moissanite, including how and why it differs from a diamond when it comes to matters of creation, beauty and price.
The History of Moissanite
In 1893, while examining rock samples from a meteor crater in Canyon Diablo, Arizona, Henri Moissan discovered mineral moissanite. At first, Moissan believed the crystals to be diamonds, however in 1904 he identified the crystals as silicon carbide. Silicon carbide is a naturally occurring, rare mineral. Just two years before Moissan’s discovery, Edward G. Acheson had synthesized silicon carbide in his lab.
Silicon carbide (in its mineral form) was given the name Moissanite, in honour of the discovery the French chemist had made and his continued work on the properties of the mineral throughout his life.
Moissanite in its natural form is extremely rare; in fact, no other sources for moissanite than meteorites were discovered until the 1950’s, over 57 years later, when it was found in the Green River Formation in Wyoming. It has only been found in a small amount of rocks and even today discoveries are limited.
It wasn’t until 1998 that Moissanite was introduced to the jewelry market. Charles and Colvard received patents to create lab-grown silicon carbide gemstones that could be marketed and sold for jewelry purposes. Charles and Colvard continue to sell lab-grown moissanite jewelry, marketing it as a diamond alternative that eliminates the need for exploitative mining processes and is a more cost-efficient gemstone.
What is the Difference Between Diamonds and Moissanites?
The differences between diamonds and moissanites can be tricky to identify at a first glance, however with a little knowledge, you can clearly see the distinctions between the two gemstones. These differences fall into three main factors; optical properties, durability and price.
The advantage of lab-grown gemstones is that the desirable properties can, in some way, be controlled. For example, Moissanites are all listed as colorless. However, this is not fool proof. In fact, a huge percentage of moissanites have a greyish or yellowish hue. By contrast, a diamond that is listed as colorless will have a dazzling white color and be completely free from any brown, yellow or grey hues. As moissanites cannot be accurately characterized by their color it makes it very difficult to make the correct choices for your jewelry. You may find moissanite sellers categorizing their gemstones and charging different prices, however as there is no governing body or grading framework for moissanite, these colors are subjective and there are no guarantees. Generally, a Moissanite appears as about a K in color on the GIA grading scale, therefore anyone looking for a colorless or near colorless gemstone, moissanite would be unsuitable as a substitute for a diamond.
Another area where the differences between moissanite and diamonds becomes particularly evident, is when you examine the brilliance. Brilliance refers to the appearance of light refracted from within the gemstone. The brilliance of a moissanite presents itself very differently to a diamond as their faceting pattern is different. Moissanite gives off a large amount of fire and these rainbow colored flashes can be clearly seen under bright lights or sunlight. This is because moissanite has a refractive index from 2.65-2.69 which is higher than that of a diamond. The effect of this fiery rainbow effect divides opinion; while some people enjoy this optical effect, others find the overly brilliant moissanite to have a ‘disco ball’ appearance which is entirely different to the brilliance we see in a diamond. If your plan is to pass off a moissanite gemstone as a diamond, seeing this fiery rainbow in sunlight is likely to give the game away.
A diamond reflects light in three different ways; brilliance, fire and scintillation. White light being reflected back is the brilliance. Fire (also referred to as dispersion or dispersed light) which is the rainbow light seen in dimmer environments or when there are just a few small light sources present, for example a candlelit restaurant. The final way is known as scintillation. Scintillation is the intense sparkle or ‘blinking’ effect that can be seen when a diamond is moving. This effect demonstrates the importance of contrast within a diamond; the black spaces within the diamond create the blinking effect against the positive areas of white light. Scintillation is best observed in a floodlit setting or under office-style lighting.
The durability of minerals and gemstones is measured on the Mohs scale. It is measured by the materials ability to scratch a softer material. Moissanite receives a score of 9.5 on the Mohs scale; with this score, it is suitable for every day wear and engagement rings. However, it is still outranked by a diamond. The hardest, naturally occurring substance on earth, a diamond has a score of 10. This is just one of the reasons that diamonds have been coveted in fine jewelry for so long.
|Hardness||Substance or mineral|
|>10||Nanocrystalline diamond (hyperdiamond, ultrahard fullerite)|
|5||Apatite (tooth enamel)|
|2–2.5||Halite (rock salt)|
The price of a diamond is dictated by the Four C’s; carat weight, color, clarity and cut. Any one of these features can dramatically alter the beauty, and therefore the price, of any diamond. This is why it is essential that buyers choose diamonds which have been properly certified by internationally recognized gem laboratories such as the GIA and AGS. They create an industry wide standard for grading, making it easier to compare quality and price.
As no such governing body exists for Moissanite, the price of these gemstones is generally only affected by size and whether the Moissanite is enhanced or unenhanced. Moissanite is around 15% lighter than diamond, so a comparison using carat weight is inaccurate. Instead, the size of moissanite is calculated by its measurement in millimetres.
All of these factors make it difficult to compare the prices of diamonds and moissanites. In some ways, it is like comparing apples to oranges. The lack of quality grading for moissanite and the incredibly detailed grading for diamonds make it difficult to create a direct comparison. However, a rough guide can be given which will allow you some insight into price differences.
A 1.00ct diamond equates to a 6.5mm moissanite. I have used Charles and Colvard for moissanite prices as they are the most established moissanite vendors around.
This 6.5mm Charles and Colvard moissanite costs $599. It is a round brilliant cut and is categorized by Charles and Colvard as colorless (which would equate to a D, E or F grading by the GIA).
This 1.00ct round brilliant diamond by Blue Nile is GIA certified. It is an E in color, an SI1 in clarity and has an Ideal cut grading. It costs $5,173.
It is worth noting that Charles and Colvard have encountered issues when it comes to the color grading of their diamonds. As there is no standardized way of grading moissanite, they give boundary color gradings (in this case a D-F), and some customers have found them to be inaccurate. This is due to the natural hues of a moissanite which make a truly colorless stone impossible.
The chart below shows some more price comparisons:
|Size (in Carats)||Diamond Price||Size (closest equivalent to Carats)||Moissanite Price|
Once again, it is important to note that, like optical properties, comparisons of price between diamonds an moissanites is another ‘apples and oranges’ situation. There is undoubtedly a huge difference in price, but essentially these are two entirely different materials. One is a natural substance, taking thousands of years to form within the earth’s mantle. The other, is a lab-made substance. Their chemical compositions differ, as do their appearance and their price.
The FTC has recently issued a warning to Lab Grown Diamonds companies. With production increasing and prices falling a “race to the bottom” has started which has involved unethical marketing, learn more about this here.
Moissanite is often marketed as the eco-friendly alternative to a diamond as its lab creation avoids mining procedures therefore minimizing environmental impact. Over the years, diamonds have slowly begun to shake off their association with unethical procedures, however there is still a lack of clarity on the matter.
As a minimum, diamonds from respectable vendors will be part of the Kimberly Process; this initiative has successfully removed blood diamonds from the open market, and they now make up less than 1% of the total diamonds traded. In fact, many companies such as Whiteflash, James Allen and Blue Nile are part of diamond schemes who aim to make a positive impact upon the countries where they are mined. You can read more about Whiteflash’ social responsibility programmes here, Blue Nile’s here, and James Allen’s here.
There are positives and negatives on both sides of the argument and it is important to have an even view on ethical and social matters before making your choice. Moissanites undoubtedly have less of an environmental impact, however when undergone responsibly, the diamond mining process supports millions across the globe who are reliant upon the industry. Whiteflash further details the positive effects of the diamond industry in this article.
Is Moissanite the Same as a Diamond?
Perhaps you are still wondering, what’s the catch? If it looks like a diamond and performs like a diamond, surely it is the same as a diamond? This is simply not the case. Moissanite bears a similar appearance to a diamond, but there are distinct differences between the two, differences that even a novice can identify, particularly when the gemstones are placed side by side. Furthermore, the two do not perform the same. Moissanite has different optical properties and degrees of light return and although it gets a good score on the Mohs Scale, it does not have the same durability as a diamond.
From creation, to appearance, to durability and price, Moissanites should not be considered the same as diamonds. Instead, moissanite should be though of as a gemstone in its own right as opposed to a substitute for a diamond.
The Final Word
Unmistakably different (once you know what you are looking for), Moissanites and diamonds each have their own unique properties. We covet diamonds for the seemingly miraculously conditions which must come together for their creation, for the unique birthmarks that form within them and for the entirely unique sparkle that cannot be match by any other known substance on earth. Without more information developing on the quality gradings on moissanite, it is difficult to make many recommendations based on the best moissanite vendors.
Get free assistance from the Diamond Guru today. You’ll be glad you did!
- Secure the best quality diamond for your budget.
- Don’t pay over the odds for your diamond ring.
- Have piece of mind that you didn’t get ripped off.
Have a Question? Contact us now… | <urn:uuid:64a6da4f-b6ee-4283-9d94-cb3ff1913c18> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://yourdiamondguru.com/diamonds-vs-moissanites/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107894890.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20201027225224-20201028015224-00110.warc.gz | en | 0.939016 | 2,445 | 2.53125 | 3 |
In this lesson, our instructor Joel Gonzaga goes over an introduction on word games for standarized tests. He starts by discussing the structure of the words games and tricks to find the answer. He then goes over some exercises.
Lecture Slides are screen-captured images of important points in the lecture. Students can download and print out these lecture slide images to do practice problems as well as take notes while watching the lecture.
Grammarly is the world's leading software suite for perfecting written English. It checks for more than 250 types of spelling, grammar, and punctuation errors, enhances vocabulary usage, and suggests citations. | <urn:uuid:e27b947f-81c3-476b-b6a3-2cf9881dad3a> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | http://www.educator.com/language/english/reading-comprehension/gonzaga/standardized-tests_-word-games.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738662058.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173742-00232-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.921717 | 132 | 3.03125 | 3 |
The situation is different for various kinds of batteries, from laptop batteries to car batteries. However, one thing is true for all. After some time, the performance of the batteries deteriorate, and it eventually goes flat completely. But is this the end of your battery? No, it’s not always the case. In this article, we want to share with you some tips using magnesium sulfate battery reconditioning methods for your lead-acid batteries.
Causes of Why Batteries Fail
There are several reasons why a battery ceases to function. It could be because of sulfation, overcharging, or poor maintenance. You ought to maintain your batteries regularly and makes sure you charge them just right.
As for sulfation, lead-acid batteries are vulnerable to this condition. Sulfation happens when sulfate crystals form on the lead plates of the batteries. The consequence of this is that the battery will have a hard time recharging or it won’t charge at all.
Most often, sulfation is accepted as a natural cause of why batteries die. But there are still ways on how to lengthen the life of your batteries. If you can recondition your batteries successfully, then you can still use them for quite some time before you will need to buy a new battery.
Benefits of Reconditioning Batteries
When you recondition your batteries, you simply do certain procedures that can break apart the sulfate crystal build-up so that the battery can be charged again. That is the basic principle behind reconditioning batteries.
One of the best benefits of reviving your batteries is that you will save money because you don’t have to buy new batteries as frequently compared to just throwing away old batteries.
But apart from that, you are also doing something to save the environment because there will be fewer batteries being dumped in landfills. Ultimately, reconditioning batteries is a great idea that everyone should consider doing.
How to Recondition Your Batteries
Let us show you how to do the procedure in this section. But first, let us enumerate the things that you will need. For the following steps, you will need a battery charger, multimeter, rubber gloves, a bucket, baking soda, Epsom salt, and distilled water. We should warn you that this process may take some time so please be patient.
If you do not have all the tools for this procedure, considering investing in them because you can use them again and again when you will be reconditioning your batteries. Besides, it’s a small cost compared to buying new batteries.
Don’t worry if you don’t know a lot about electronics. All you need to do is to identify the negative and positive terminals. That’s it. You won’t be opening the battery and working on the materials inside it.
The steps are clear and easy, so we are confident that you can do this process of reconditioning your battery successfully.
Reconditioning Batteries Using Magnesium Sulfate
Magnesium Sulfate is also called Epsom salt. You probably have this lying around in your house. If you don’t have Epsom salt, you can buy some. It’s very affordable, and the cost is nothing compared to buying new batteries.
Epsom salt has a lot of benefits, and that includes reviving your old batteries. If you mix it in distilled water along with baking soda, you will be able to dissolve the sulfate crystal build-up on the battery’s lead plates. This will improve the performance of your battery.
If you have already prepared the things you will need for this procedure, here are the steps that you should follow.
1. First, clean your battery. You can use a brush to remove the dirt and grime.
2. Take of the cell caps of the battery. Don’t forget to wear your gloves. You don’t want to touch the acid.
3. Place the battery acid in the bucket.
4. Prepare ten ounces of baking soda and dissolve it in a gallon of distilled water.
5. Stir until everything has been dissolved.
6. Put the mixture in the battery cells. Proceed carefully and slowly.
7. Place the cell caps on and then shake the battery. This will clean your battery from the inside.
8. Take off the cell caps and then put the liquid into the bucket.
9. Prepare fifteen ounces of Epsom salt and mix it with a gallon of warm distilled water.
10. Put the solution in each of the cells.
11. Connect the charger and then slow charge your battery for twenty-four hours. Keep the cells open as the solution might overflow during charging.
12. After charging, use the multimeter so you can check the battery’s voltage. It should improve already at this point.
13. If it hasn’t improved, charge it again for another twenty-four hours. Also, check if there are overflow issues as you may have to put more solution in the cells.
It is important that you are patient during the whole process because it can take a few days. You may have to wait at least 36 hours to see the effects of this method.
What to Do Next
There you have it; now you know some Magnesium Sulfate battery reconditioning tips. You can try it so you can know how to recondition dead batteries and use them again.
Hopefully, it will turn out to be a success for you. If you have tried this method, do share your experience with us in the comments. | <urn:uuid:47f262b5-73b2-4b8d-885a-3c596883b0ac> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://howtoreconditionbatteries.org/magnesium-sulfate-battery-reconditioning-tips/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600402130531.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20200930235415-20201001025415-00683.warc.gz | en | 0.941045 | 1,183 | 3.03125 | 3 |
In the Home Designer programs, you can create and edit a number of objects, including wall openings, fixtures and furniture, and images in 3D views. In this example, a window is created and then edited in 3D; however, the same basic rules applyto doors, fireplaces, fixtures, furniture and images.
To edit objects in a 3D view
Select Build> Wall from the menu to access the Wall Tools and draw your exterior and interior walls.
When your walls are in place, select a 3D view tools from the 3D menu, such as the Full Overview and create a 3D view.
To create a window in this view, select Build> Window> Window from the menu, then click on a wall in your view to place a window at that location.
To edit this window, click on the Select Object arrow tool, then click on the window to select it.
There are several ways to edit this object:
Use the edit handles that display along its edges to resize the window.
Use the Move edit handle that displays at its center to move it to a new location.
Click the Open Object edit button to open the Window Specification dialog.
Select 3D> Material Painter> Material Painter , then choose a new material for any component of the window and click on that component to apply the new material. | <urn:uuid:36484dc7-6367-495c-b65b-e25523f14df9> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | https://www.homedesignersoftware.com/support/article/KB-00260/editing-objects-in-3d-views.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187825141.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20171022041437-20171022061437-00269.warc.gz | en | 0.864715 | 277 | 2.875 | 3 |
Medora is a town full of fun and beauty — and nothing accentuates that beauty more than the Theodore Roosevelt National Park. In this “Tale of Medora,” we explore what went into the creation of the Theodore Roosevelt National Park. From the political leg-work to the final celebration; there is a whole story behind the creation of the TRNP and it’s fascinating! The following is an excerpt taken from Rolf Sletten’s book, “Medora: Boom, Bust, and Resurrection.” Enjoy!
In 1946, a bill proposing the creation of the Theodore Roosevelt National Park was introduced in the US Congress. The bill was opposed by the secretary and reintroduced in 1947. This time the proposal included language that would bring the site of Theodore Roosevelt’s Elkhorn Ranch within the embrace of the proposed park. Finally, the bill passed. After twenty-five years of hard work, Theodore Roosevelt National Memorial Park was born. The North Unit was added the following year. On June 4, 1949, a crowd of more than twenty thousand people attended a dedication ceremony in the natural amphitheatre at Painted Canyon, seven miles east of Medora.
The man most responsible for getting the bill through congress was North Dakota Congressman William Lemke. He made it his cause celebre. Just why Lemke devoted more than five years of his political career to a cause he had never previously espoused and to preserving the memory of a man he didn’t particularly admire is a bit of a mystery. Whatever his motivation might have been, Lemke fought a long hard battle to make the park a reality.
The new park was named Theodore Roosevelt National Memorial Park. Although the name was a political compromise, some people, including Lemke, had hoped inclusion of the word “Memorial” would create additional status not enjoyed by other parks. Unfortunately, the proponents of that idea were misreading the tea leaves. The name turned out to be a bit of a burden. As the only “Memorial” park in the federal system, the park had a sort of nebulous status and was often omitted when the national parks were discussed. In 1978, the name of the park was changed to Theodore Roosevelt National Park, and any questions about its status were finally removed. | <urn:uuid:1703e7a5-78d1-4b72-8a2e-bd9c6d5cb116> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | http://blog.medora.com/tales-of-medora-how-the-theodore-roosevelt-national-park-began/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267156314.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20180919235858-20180920015858-00236.warc.gz | en | 0.977469 | 474 | 3.265625 | 3 |
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