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The Arita Clan (Christian ruler) ruled over the domain from Hinoe Castle and Hara Castle. After the start of the national isolation policy the Tokugawa Regime banned Christianity from 1614 and replaced Arima with the Matsukura Clan. Matsukura, who strictly enforced the prohibition against Christianity with mass executions, also severely raised taxes to pay for the construction of his new Shimabara Castle from 1618-1624. This oppression of the peasants was a major factor leading to the Shimabara Rebellion. Shimabara Castle Nagasaki came under siege during the Shimabara Rebellion but was not damaged.
Today only the moat and stone walls remain from the original structure. In 1980, a memorial museum was opened in honor of Seibo Kitamura, a noted sculptor and designer of the famous Peace Statue at the Peace Park in Nagasaki City. In 2006, the Shimabara Castle was listed one of the 100 finest Castles in Japan by the Japan Castle Foundation.
Sometimes I am in awe when i am driving down the hill from the mountain and the Shimabara Castle suddenly appears in the foreground. A real Castle that operated over 400 years ago and still remains today albeit a restored type but really portrays the history and the real life setting of what life was like in Japan in the 17th century.
An absolute must visit for visitors to Nagasaki to inspect its history and beauty. Always rated very highly by our Private Tour Groups.
Check out the Shimabara Castle Nagasaki on a map!
Click on the photos below to enlarge:
|Private Family Tour Group|
|One of the Outer Buildings|
|With Plum blossoms|
Click on the videos below to see some performances by the staff at the Shimabara Castle:
Check out Shimabara Castle Nagasaki on this videos below: | <urn:uuid:fdab44a1-727f-4283-835b-c0f9b7fb5174> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | http://www.tour-nagasaki.com/2020/02/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178367183.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20210303165500-20210303195500-00432.warc.gz | en | 0.935937 | 377 | 3.25 | 3 |
I’ve done it myself. Ask a teenager a healthy place to eat, she’ll respond “Subway or Chipotle.” What about a less healthy place? Response: “McDonald’s or Burger King.” But do fast food restaurants that are perceived “healthier” by teens actually translate into fewer calories consumed by them?
Researchers in southern California explored that question in a new paper published in the Journal of Adolescent Health. They teamed up with the community-based group Youth, Family, School and Community Partnership in Action to recruit about 100 adolescents aged 12 to 21 years to participate in the study. Each participant made two restaurant visits, one to a McDonald’s and one to a Subway restaurant, on predesignated dates and times. They were instructed to order a meal, turn in their receipts (on-site) to a research assistant and complete a short written survey. The researchers prepared food intake surveys for each participant’s meal in order to calculate calorie intake and other nutritional information about the meal purchased.
The mean age of the participants was 16.9 years, 61 percent were males and 47 percent were Asian. The adolescents purchased 1,038 calories of food at McDonald’s, compared to 955 calories at Subway. The overall 83-calorie difference was not statistically significant. At McDonald’s, the participants purchased more grams of carbohydrates and sugars, and fewer grams of protein. There was no difference, however, in the amount of fat or saturated fat purchased at the two restaurants. The difference in price of the meals was statistically significant with the McDonald’s meal averaging $4.46 and the Subway meal averaging $6.14.
The authors conclude:
“the true measure of a healthy restaurant is whether people actually consume a healthy meal there.”
Both McDonald’s and Subway offer less calorie-dense options, but making healthier choices requires mindful, not mindless eating. After all, Jared Fogle lost 245 pounds eating Subway sandwiches and went on to become the company’s spokesperson. The Jared lunch consisted of a modest 6-inch sub (about 250 calories) and 120-calorie bag of baked potato chips. That’s fewer than 400 calories. I guess the teenagers in the study who racked up 955 calories at Subway were going for the footlongs, smeared with mayo and layered with cheese. | <urn:uuid:948c7966-b4dc-41a5-b0e8-db229ff62da2> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://scienceblogs.com/thepumphandle/2013/05/20/teenagers-calorie-consumption-at-mcdonalds-versus-subway/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698543614.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170903-00318-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.953671 | 502 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Tornado expert Gary Conte joined a Weather Watch bulletin board from September 5-24, 2003.
Student: Is your work hard?
Gary Conte: Forecasting the development and track of mostly weak tornadoes across the New York City Metro Area is quite difficult, even when trained skywarn spotters supplement radar observations.
Student: Hi. I am in an Earth and Space Science class and we are supposed to do a project. I am doing a project on F4 and F5 tornadoes. Can you give me any interesting information on those two types you know?? Thanks.
Gary Conte: F4 and F5 tornadoes are classified as violent tornadoes. Less than 1% of all tornadoes that occur are violent, resulting in 70% of all tornado deaths. The lifetime can exceed 1 hour and wind speeds are greater than 205 miles per hour.
Student: What do you do when a tornado strikes?
Gary Conte: I would take cover in a house or building. I would go to the lowest floor and proceed to a central location, away from windows. If your house has a basement, go to it. If not, the best place is usually an interior bathroom or closet on the first floor.
Student: How do tornadoes start?
Gary Conte: Before a thunderstorm forms, a change in wind direction and a rapid increase in wind speed with increasing height above the earth's surface creates an invisible horizontal spinning effect in the lower atmosphere. Rising air within a thunderstorm updraft tilts the rotating air from horizontal to vertical. An area of rotation, 2-6 miles wide now extends through much of the storm. Most tornadoes form within this area of strong rotation.
Student: How do they stop?
Gary Conte: When tornadoes move into an atmospheric environment that is unfavorable, they dissipate by lifting back up to the sky.
Student: How far can they go?
Gary Conte: Weak tornadoes may touch down briefly for less than one tenth of a mile. Violent tornadoes can travel for 25 to 50 miles.
Student: I have heard the myth that tornadoes will jump a house and then destroy one. I was iffy on believing this one. So can you finally clear up my doubtfulness on this issue? Thank you.
Gary Conte: It is quite possible for a weak tornado to briefly touch down, lasting less than 30 seconds, before lifting back up into the cloud. Yes, it is possible.
Student: Where is the worst place for you in a tornado?
Gary Conte: If you are out in an open field or an open area, this would be the most harmful location, without any personal protection.
Student: How can I get out of the middle of a tornado?
Gary Conte: You have to wait until the tornado moves past your location.
Student: How can you measure tornados?
Gary Conte: Doppler weather radars are used to estimate wind speeds above the ground. Surface observing systems are used to measure wind speeds on the earth's surface.
Student: I will be moving to Whitehall, PA. Does this area get hit with tornadoes???
Gary Conte: Although tornadoes occur most frequently in Oklahoma, they can occur anywhere, including Whitehall, PA. However, the frequency of tornadoes is much less in Pennsylvania than in Oklahoma.
Student: How can you tell if a tornado is coming?
Gary Conte: Your National Weather Service Office will issue a Tornado Warning based on Doppler Weather Radar and volunteer skywarn spotter reports BEFORE a tornado occurs. These warnings will be seen on television and heard on radio. If you look up at the sky and notice a green color, see a circular cloud rotating and can hear a loud roar similar to a freight train, a tornado is coming!
Student: Will you die if you’re in the center of a tornado??
Gary Conte: You might. It depends on the intensity of the tornado and where you are as the tornado approaches your location.
Student: When and where did the highest number of tornadoes occur? What was the largest area destroyed by a tornado?
Gary Conte: Violent tornadoes, which are classified as F4 and F5 tornadoes, most frequently occur from Texas north to Nebraska, which is known as Tornado Alley.
Concerning your question on Historical Tornadoes, please check this Storm Prediction Center Web site for answers:
Student: Where do tornados come from?
Gary Conte: Tornadoes develop from well-defined severe thunderstorms that have large and intense rotating updrafts. This 2 to 6 mile wide area of rotation is called a mesocyclone.
Student: Why does a tornado twist?
Gary Conte: Before a thunderstorm develops, a change in wind direction and a rapid increase in wind speed with increasing height above the earth's surface creates an invisible horizontal spinning effect in the lower atmosphere.
Rising air within the thunderstorm updraft tilts the rotating air from horizontal to vertical.
An area of rotation, 2-6 miles wide, now extends through much of the storm. Most tornadoes form within this area of strong rotation.
Student: What technology do you use to predict tornadoes? And how is it used?
Gary Conte: Weather satellites, radar, wind profilers, and surface observing systems are all used to monitor the environment for the development of severe thunderstorms that can produce tornadoes.
Doppler weather radar and trained volunteer skywarn "spotters" are used to "warn" for tornadoes. Radar "looks" above the ground. Spotters "look" from the ground and supplement radar data.
Doppler weather radars are the primary tools used to forecast the development of tornadoes. Because it can "sense" movement of air toward or away from the radar, it can be used to detect areas of developing rotation within the atmosphere that precedes tornado development.
Student: How can I keep from being scared of tornadoes?
Gary Conte: There is educational literature that you can read that focuses on "safety" at school, at home, and other places.
Some sites that have information on tornado safety are:
Learn about tornadoes, how they form, how you can be notified of a tornado warning, and what actions you can take to protect yourself.
To learn about tornadoes, try this web site:
Student: Hi, I was wondering are all tornadoes dangerous? And also how do you find out where tornado a tornado is going to be? Well that’s all my questions for now. I have to read lots more on tornadoes! Bye!!
Gary Conte: Yes Ellen, all tornadoes are dangerous, BUT some are more dangerous than others. About 88 percent of all tornadoes that occur are weak, rated as F0 and F1 with wind speeds up to 112 miles per hour. They cause moderate damage. Less than 1 percent of all tornadoes that occur are violent, rated F4 and F5 with wind speeds over 200 miles per hour. They cause incredible damage.
The National Weather Service's (NWS) Storm Prediction Center issues Tornado Watches across the entire United States. Your local NWS office issues Tornado Warnings for your local area. Visit our Web Site at:
Your local National Weather Service Office will issue Tornado Warnings, telling you the direction and speed the tornado is moving. The warning will list the communities in the path of the tornado and the approximate times it will impact the communities.
To learn more about tornadoes, try this web site:
Student: When do tornadoes really start coming in the year?
Gary Conte: Although tornadoes can occur at any time of year throughout the United States, they are most frequent east of the Rocky Mountains during the spring and summer. They typically occur during the afternoon and evening from 3 to 9 pm.
Climatologically, the highest frequency of tornadoes occur during the afternoon and evening from March through May in the Southern U.S., May through July in the Central U.S., and June through August across the Northern U.S.
Student: Have there been any tornadoes this year (2002)?
Gary Conte: Yes, tornadoes occur throughout the United States every year. About 941 tornadoes occurred during 2002.
For the latest tornado occurrences, check this web site:
Student: When does the tornado season begin?
Ingrid Amberger: Tornadoes can occur at any time of the year. In the southern states, peak tornado occurrence is in March through May. While peak months in the northern states are during the summer.
Note, in some states, a secondary tornado maximum occurs in the fall.
Tornadoes are most likely to occur between 3 and 9 p.m. but have been known to occur at all hours of the day or night.
Gary Conte: Across the Southern U.S., it begins in March; across the Central U.S., in April; and across the Northern U.S., in May. However, tornadoes can and do occur any time of the year.
Student: Who has the most tornadoes, Wisconsin or Alabama. What about the worst ones? Thanks
Gary Conte: Hi. From 1950 through 1998, 18 tornadoes were reported in Wisconsin and 21 were reported in Alabama.
...AND the WINNER is...Alabama.
Student: How do tornadoes form? What states can get the worst tornadoes and most damage? How do F5 tornadoes start?
Gary Conte: The 3 key ingredients to produce a thunderstorm are: low and mid-level moisture in the atmosphere, atmospheric instability, and a source of "lift" (such as a cold front, warm front, dry line, sea breeze front, etc.).
For tornadoes to develop within thunderstorms, you need a rapid turning of the wind direction AND a significant increase in wind speed with increasing height above the ground. This creates an invisible horizontal column of air in the lower atmosphere. Rising air currents (updrafts) within the thunderstorm tilts the rotating air column from horizontal to vertical. An area of rotation, 2-6 miles wide, now extends through much of the storm. Most strong and violent tornadoes form within this area of strong rotation.
Because of the unique geography of the U.S., most severe thunderstorm producing tornadoes occur in "tornado alley" covering the states from Texas north across Nebraska. This includes the states of Oklahoma and Kansas.
Student: Can tornadoes happen anywhere? If so, how you don't hear about tornadoes in the mountains or in big cities like New York or San Francisco?
Gary Conte: Hi. YES, if the "right" weather ingredients come together, tornadoes can and do form anywhere.
Here are a few examples:
The last tornado to strike the NYC Metro Area occurred during July 7, 1976. An F1 tornado with estimated wind speeds up to 112 mph passed within 1/4 mile of the statue of liberty. Significant damage occurred in nearby urban areas. During the past few years, several tornadoes have struck U.S. cities such as Salt Lake City in Utah and Dallas in Texas.
As far as mountains go, in the late 1980's, a tornado swept through Yellowstone National Park leaving a path of destruction both UP and DOWN a 10,000-foot mountain.
Student: We live near Lake Michigan. Are we less likely to have a tornado by the lake?
Gary Conte: NO. Please read this Tornado Myth and Fact.
MYTH: Areas near rivers, lakes, and mountains are safe from tornadoes.
FACT: No place is safe from tornadoes. In the late 1980's, a tornado swept through Yellowstone National Park leaving a path of destruction up and down a 10,000 ft. mountain. | <urn:uuid:c2bf9c55-a5f9-4e17-8095-b0d0c37d4b1a> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://teacher.scholastic.com/activities/wwatch/tornadoes/experts02.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163997135/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204133317-00021-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.923289 | 2,452 | 2.828125 | 3 |
How to Recycle Your Christmas Tree—and Why You Really Should
When the holiday season is over, do you plan on recycling your Christmas tree? Many people leave their tree on the curb to be hauled off by the trash collector, but that doesn’t mean it will automatically be recycled.
“It’s important for people to recycle their Christmas trees to prevent them from going into the landfill,” says Kevin Haseney, district commander at JDog Junk Removal & Hauling in Tampa, FL.
Christmas trees—the real ones, anyway—are naturally biodegradable and can be repurposed for mulch and other materials that benefit the environment.
“Cutting down and transporting Christmas trees requires time, energy, money, and fuel, so it’s not always the most environmentally friendly process on the front end,” says Isaac Weins, owner of JDog Junk Removal & Hauling in Menomonee Falls, WI.
When trees are properly recycled, Weins says, they have plenty of environmentally friendly uses after their holiday life cycle.
So do the right thing and put forth the extra effort!
How are recycled Christmas trees used?
So how can Christmas trees be repurposed? According to Susan Brandt, co-founder of the Blooming Secrets gardening website, Christmas trees can be shredded and chipped down for use as soil erosion barriers or natural path material on hiking trails.
Christmas tree chips can also be used in gardens as mulch, which helps retain moisture in the soil, keep weeds out, and improve the overall appearance.
And there’s some unusual repurposing, too.
“Some zoos recycle trees and put them in enclosures with animals to play with,” says Tim O’Connor, executive director of the National Christmas Tree Association. “So you’ll see lions playing with a Christmas tree like it’s a toy or using it as a scratching post.” Fun!
How to recycle a Christmas tree
Your recycling options vary based on where you live. Some cities have drop-off facilities, while others will pick up your tree. The first step is to check with your local municipality or search online for “Christmas tree recycling in [your city],” Brandt says.
“If it is offered, they usually have a location where you take your tree, or they’ll offer specific dates you can place it outside your home for pickup,” she adds.
In most U.S. cities, your local dump or transfer station will accept Christmas trees for its own recycling program, according to Miranda Benson with Dolly, an on-demand service that connects local pickup truck owners with people who need to move heavy items.
“Cities that have a designated composting program tend to recycle their trees, turn them into mulch, or add them to a compost pile,” she says.
Cities that don’t have recycling programs may partner with local nurseries to compost or mulch the trees. Just make sure you know exactly where your tree is going.
“Unfortunately, some cities dump the trees in a landfill like any other trash,” Benson says.
Prepping your tree for recycling
Most recycling centers will accept trees only if they are in a certain condition.
“In most cases, you will need to remove all tinsel, lighting, and all other nonorganic material,” says Dave Green, a vice president at Agromin, an organic material composter in California.
“In some areas, flocking material must be made out of a natural paper product to be recyclable,” Green says.
If the tree has been sprayed with any chemicals, it can’t be recycled.
“For example, if you’ve sprayed fake frost on your tree or painted it, those trees are likely not going to be recyclable,” says Haseney. “However, some paint is biodegradable, so double-check before you decide to throw your tree in a landfill.”
Ways to use recycled Christmas trees at home
Composting your Christmas tree for your yard at home is a challenge, but it’s not impossible.
“It would be difficult for homeowners to compost their own tree because it involves running the trunk and limbs through a chipper and then mixing the wood chips with other organic material,” Green says.
But if you have access to a wood chipper (from either a particularly handy neighbor or an equipment rental store like Home Depot), you can spread some of that Christmas cheer—right onto your garden. | <urn:uuid:eb192c11-e193-4c50-92c6-a36ed144451d> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://thebranniganteam.com/how-to-recycle-your-christmas-tree-and-why-you-really-should/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337731.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20221006061224-20221006091224-00248.warc.gz | en | 0.930655 | 977 | 2.734375 | 3 |
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Why do some fine motor skills activities frustrate your child?
Not all activities that are supposed to improve your child's skills actually do so. Why else is your child reduced to tears and frustration when trying them?
Many websites and educational toys will tell you that their activities will improve your child’s fine motor skills.
But perhaps you have found that your child struggles to do the activity, and gives up in frustration – and their fine motor skills remain poor.
I have written this article to help you to understand what is happening, and to help you to choose fine motor skills activities that will really help your child.
I have found that you can classify fine motor skills activities into two groups:
Does the activity REQUIRE the child to have decent fine motor skills
to start with? These activities are the ones that USE fine motor skills.
Coloring in, pencil-and-paper work, building model airplanes, some construction toys, craft work, and threading beads are some of them.
If your child has fairly decent fine motor skills, then
HOWEVER, if your child has poor fine motor skills,
And because your child gives up, their fingers don’t get the practice they need.
Of course, a really determined or bright child may find a method of doing it, but it usually involves doing the activity in a way that does not use the small muscles of the hands efficiently.
For example, look at the distorted grip that this child uses to hold the paint brush!
I have also seen children wedging a construction toy between the knees to screw it on, or using their mouth to hold the wire for threading beads.
They may be able to complete the activity with a great deal of effort, but their fine motor skills are not necessarily improved.
A fine motor activity that strengthens hand and finger muscles and improves dexterity, is good for developing fine motor skills.
In addition, if your child does an activity that works on one of the Four Essential Bases, it will eventually have a positive impact on your child’s fine motor skills.
Developing good fine motor skills requires that your child develops skills in what I call the Four Essential Bases. These bases are:
If your child's fine motor skills are poor, and they get frustrated with regular fine motor tasks, then request an occupational therapy evaluation to figure out which "base" is weak. Your OT will then help you find activities that will help your child develop a stronger foundation for fine motor skills.
So, whenever you want to do a fine motor skills activities with your child, ask yourself: "Which essential base is this activity working on?"
If it is an activity merely for the sake of activity, demanding skills that your child does not have, then you will both be frustrated.
But if the activity is developing an Essential Base, then your child has a better chance of succeeding and enjoying the task.
Almost all of the fine motor skills activities on my site are aimed at trying to improve your child's fine motor skills, without making the assumption that their skills are good to start with!
Check out these pages for a range of activities that can help your child master fine motor skills with a whole lot less frustration!
I hope you were helped by this article.
Why not sign up for my free, occasional newsletter to stay in touch with new pages on my site?
If this page was helpful, please share it with your friends!
Didn't find what you were looking for? Try a search of my site! | <urn:uuid:e96b7239-49d9-47c5-9fe9-563da1e2d9d7> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | https://www.ot-mom-learning-activities.com/fine-motor-skills-activities.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221213794.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20180818213032-20180818233032-00105.warc.gz | en | 0.957951 | 778 | 3.265625 | 3 |
Mar 3, 2011
why is there no danger of getting hepatitis b from the vaccine?
Response from Dr. McGovern
Because it is not made out of live virus. It is engineered in a laboratory without the use of viruses. That is why it can be used in very immunosuppressed persons.
Tattoo and Hep C
Hep. C from rubbing eye?
This forum is designed for educational purposes only, and experts are not rendering medical, mental health, legal or other professional advice or services. If you have or suspect you may have a medical, mental health, legal or other problem that requires advice, consult your own caregiver, attorney or other qualified professional.
Experts appearing on this page are independent and are solely responsible for editing and fact-checking their material. Neither TheBody.com nor any advertiser is the publisher or speaker of posted visitors' questions or the experts' material. | <urn:uuid:d21c2737-2a5d-45a2-8172-3e8c70629a79> | CC-MAIN-2016-18 | http://www.thebody.com/Forums/AIDS/Hepatitis/Q213827.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860111365.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161511-00147-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.918999 | 187 | 2.71875 | 3 |
10,200 (2011 census). Very few monolinguals.
Bagmati Zone, northern Nuwakot and northwestern Sindhupalchok districts.
6a (Vigorous). Language of recognized indigenous nationality: Hyolmo.
Eastern Helambu Sherpa, Western Helambu Sherpa, LangDang Yohlmo, Lamjung Yohlmo. Melamchi river divides dialects. Understand other dialects even for abstract and complex subjects, including possibly Tarke Ghyang, Kahng-Kharka, Pahndang, but not Kagate [syw]. Lexical similarity: 66% with Dolpo [dre] and Walungge [ola]; 65% with Lhasa Tibetan [bod], Jirel [jul], and Kyerung (Kyirong) [kgy]; 63% with Loke [loy] and Sherpa [xsr]; 61% with Nubri [kte]; 60% with Lhomi [lhm].
SOV; postpositions; head noun initial; genitives, relatives before noun heads; articles, adjectives, numerals mostly after noun heads; no noun classes or genders; content q-word is usually the second word in the clause; maximum number of prefixes 1; maximum number of suffixes 4; clause constituents indicated primarily by case-marking, but word order distinguishes subject, object, indirect object some, but normally marked by postpositions; case of noun phrase indicated by postposition; split ergativity; rich system of tense and aspect; no passives or voice; causatives; comparatives; CV, CVC, CVV, CCV, CCVV, CVVC; tonal (4 tones); 36 consonant and 10 vowel phonemes.
Devanagari script [Deva].
They go to northern India as laborers or resettle in Kathmandu or in India. Buddhist, Christian, traditional religion. | <urn:uuid:b238d041-736c-4a5a-9ad3-c604fcf9515d> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | https://www.ethnologue.com/language/scp | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698543316.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170903-00132-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.831929 | 413 | 2.75 | 3 |
Source: (2004) Foreword and introduction by Guy Masters. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.By 'justice' Belinda Hopkins means fairness, and the restorative approach that she describes is based on respecting the individuality of everyone in a school - adults as well as children - although the reader is slightly thrown off the scent by Guy Masters' foreword on using restorative methods in the criminal justice system. Hopkins, a former teacher, describes how to start a restorative programme in a school. Part II, 'Restorative skills and processes', outlines how to become a 'listening school', with suggested techniques for encouraging children to work out their rights and responsibilities. The restorative approaches to bullying will be of interest to many people. She believes in mediation as a process of transforming relationships and attitudes. She describes five basic steps, obviously writing from her own experience. Throughout she stresses the importance of a whole-school approach, and she acknowledges the need for a careful balance between blaming the victim and recognizing that his or her behaviour sometimes provokes an attack. There is a section on circles, which can also be used by governors, staff and others in resolving conflicts. The last part is about implementation and sustainability, and grasps the nettle by questioning whether rewards and punishments are the best way of managing relationships. Howard Zehr's paradigms of retributive and restorative justice are adapted to make them relevant for schools. After a discussion of consistency and voluntariness , Hopkins gives more guidance on five stages for making a start, recognizing that the aim should not be merely 'negative peacemaking' to make children behave, but to show them conflict management skills. Schools should be not merely re-structured, bur re-cultured, and the restorative method introduced in teacher training. Finally, some of the text diagrams are helpfully reprinted in reproducible form. | <urn:uuid:f2050d1b-72ac-4001-815a-28a61d6a22ab> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | http://restorativejustice.org/rj-library/just-schools-a-whole-school-approach-to-restorative-justice/5432/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578528433.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20190420000959-20190420022959-00203.warc.gz | en | 0.962804 | 379 | 3.453125 | 3 |
Sumiyoshi GukeiArticle Free Pass
Sumiyoshi Gukei, (born 1631, Kyōto, Japan—died April 25, 1705, Edo [now Tokyo]), Japanese painter of the early Tokugawa period (1603–1867) who became the first official painter of the ruling Tokugawa shogunate.
Gukei came from the Yamato-e (painting based on Japanese subjects and techniques) background, as against the Kara-e (painting strongly influenced by Chinese art) background. His father, Jokei (1599–1670), of the Tosa family of Yamato-e painters, had assumed the name Sumiyoshi in 1662, but it was Gukei who established the Sumiyoshi school of painting and contributed to the spread of Yamato-e in Edo (now Tokyo), as the Tosa school painters had done in Kyōto. His scroll “Scenes of Kyōto and Its Environs” (Tokyo National Museum) is remarkable for its vividness of style and the way the daily life of courtiers and townsmen, as well as of country folks, is depicted with a powerful sense of reality and humour. These qualities were exceptional among the Yamato-e painters of the time.
What made you want to look up Sumiyoshi Gukei? | <urn:uuid:ea4e8441-9970-443c-83f8-a88c7fab9bc3> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/573283/Sumiyoshi-Gukei | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657124356.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011204-00180-ip-10-196-40-205.us-west-1.compute.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.978739 | 286 | 3.03125 | 3 |
The Alliance for Affordable Energy says the new carbon rule is a win-win-win for Louisiana. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has proposed new federal carbon pollution standards for existing power plants that will likely boost Louisiana’s natural gas industry, improve public health, and safeguard our coast.
The new rules are one part of an across-the-board approach EPA is using to reduce climate change pollution and protect public health. EPA’s new carbon rules will only effect existing dirty and old power plants, namely old coal plants. The good news is Louisiana’s economy will likely benefit from these rules. Only 12% of our in-state electricity generation comes from coal; 75% of our generation comes from natural gas. Even if the cost of coal doubled, Louisiana ratepayers will not see much of an increase. In fact, our rates could go down if Regulators take the opportunity to increase energy efficiency investments to comply with the rules. EPA gave the States flexibility to choose the right mix of generation for their unique situation using diverse fuels, energy efficiency and demand-side management to meet the carbon goals and their own needs.
Public health will see an improvement. The carbon emission limits will also limit other forms of pollution that are very harmful, especially to children.
Here is what the rules will do once they are implemented:
*Reduce carbon emission from the power sector 30% below 2005 levels by 2030
*Avoid ~ 6,600 premature deaths
*Prevent 150,000 asthma attacks in children
*Save up to $93 billion in reduced public health and environmental costs
*Shrink electricity bills ~ 8 percent by increasing energy efficiency and reducing demand on the electric grid
Our state scientists and Legislature have already approved adaptation plans with the 2012 State Master Plan. Unfortunately, those plans are already out of date. According to state scientists, the 2012 restoration plans were modeled based on the “Moderate” sea level rise projections. The sea level rise projections will need to be moved closer to the “Less optimistic” level in the 2015 plan. This is not good news. StateHighway 1 is vital to Louisiana and the US economy because it’s the only road linking New Orleans to Port Fourchon, a strategic oil hub. The road is under a double threat of sinking land and rising seas resulting in more frequent and more severe flooding during high tide. The US estimates that a 90-day shut down of Highway 1 would cost the nation about $7.8 billion. The only way to keep sea levels manageable, our coast restore-able, and economy thriving is to limit the pollution causing the seas to rise.
EPA will accept comment on the proposal for 120 days after publication in the Federal Register and will hold four public hearings on the proposed Clean Power Plan during the week of July 28 in the following cities: Denver, Atlanta, Washington, DC and Pittsburgh. Based on this input, EPA will finalize standards next June following the schedule laid out in the June 2013 Presidential Memorandum.
In 2009, EPA determined [and the Supreme Court agreed] that greenhouse gas pollution threatens Americans’ health and welfare by leading to long lasting changes in our climate that can have a range of negative effects on human health and the environment. Taking steady, responsible steps to cut carbon pollution from existing power plants will protect children’s health and will move our nation toward a cleaner, more stable environment for future generations, while supplying the reliable, affordable power needed for economic growth. | <urn:uuid:7c36b40e-2cc2-4d83-9afb-d209ac445b1e> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://www.all4energy.org/watchdog/epa-gets-serious-about-climate-change-pollution | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710870.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20221201221914-20221202011914-00300.warc.gz | en | 0.926284 | 730 | 2.796875 | 3 |
This is the last day at the 10th National Parks Service (NPS) Fort Vancouver Public Archaeology Field School based in Vancouver, Washington. Over the past 7 weeks the 18 students from Washington State University Vancouver, Portland State University and a few graduate students from all over the United States have come together to excavate a multicultural village, called Kanaka Village by the Americans due to the large Hawaiian population brought in by the English traders, that served to support the Hudson’s Bay Company trading post on the Columbia River in the 1830s and 40s. We have been well trained in field techniques and methodology while investigating the purpose of a fenced-in open area in the middle of the village. We have also been interacting with the public on a daily basis. Interpretative training is a part of our curriculum and an essential part of our mission to raise awareness and foster public involvement in the history of the Columbia River and the Oregon-Washington coast. In addition to all this we have been attending regular lectures from visiting archaeologists on topics ranging from Saloon Archaeology to Fur Trade Archaeology in the Great Lakes region, and race and ethnicity in a constructed landscape in the American South.
The Hudson’s Bay Company Village was built along side the fort in the late 1820s as a place for non-officers or ranking company officials to live. The population dwarfed the fort population at its smallest with around 250 inhabitants and could swell into the thousands during the brigade season. It was the most culturally diverse area of the Western coast of North America for a significant portion of the 19th century with workers being brought in from across the globe by the Hudson’s Bay Company trading and interacting with over 30 distinct Native American tribes at a major trading hub along the Columbia River. Most of the historic record of this era concerns itself with the lives and dealings of the officers and officials of the company and their perspectives of the villagers. Almost nothing is known about the daily lives of the villagers that is not revealed to us through archaeology.
Each of our trenches were investigating a different aspect of the open area in the village and students were rotated from trench to trench and would hone their interpretive skills informing any visitors who came to see what we were finding. Many times we would learn more from the public than they did from us but this is part of the beauty of Public Archaeology, each party walks away with a new outlook on the site.
This last week in our field school has been spent working on survey techniques. We have been camping at the Yeon Property, a new Parks Service acquisition by the Lewis and Clark National Historical Park on the Oregon Coast. New properties must be first archaeologically surveyed in order to identify any sites of significance in the area and to set up an archaeological baseline to protect and preserve any cultural resources on the property. We have been split into three groups of 5 or 6 each and over the past few days have rotated between digging 1m deep shovel probes at regular 30m intervals, conducting pedestrian surveys through the woods and sea grass to the ocean, and mapping the property with hand held GPS devices and today is no different. It will be sad to say goodbye to all of our new friends and the Fort and its Village which we’ve all come to know and love but this will be tempered by the knowledge that we got to participate in something special – a uniquely designed Public Archaeology endeavor that involves and educates the public and trains all of us students to enter the field as well-rounded professionals and future leaders in archaeology.
If you’re ever in the Vancouver/Portland area please come and visit the Fort and experience part of the rich colonial and frontier history of the Hudson’s Bay Company and US Army eras on the West coast of the Oregon Territory, you won’t be disappointed. For more information about the field school, Fort Vancouver, or Kanaka Village, please visit our website. | <urn:uuid:595a5597-c2b2-4177-a648-261c5fe19bd9> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://www.dayofarchaeology.com/tag/united-states-army/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439740679.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20200815035250-20200815065250-00390.warc.gz | en | 0.964017 | 795 | 3.0625 | 3 |
- There are 48 countries in the next 25%, 49 in the next, and 47 countries in the highest 25% in terms of income. >> With this new categorical, explanatory variable, we're now ready to create the last type of bivariate graph. That is the Categorical to Quantitative Bar Chart.
- This spreadsheet produces graphs to explore the interaction between a categorical and a continuous IV. You must first choose the tab that has the appropriate number of groups for your categorical IV. Next, enter the coefficients from the regression equation in the dark blue boxes. You can use any type of coding system (dummy, effect, etc.)
- Interactions plots are constructed by plotting both variables together on the same graph. They take the form of the graph below. Note that in this graph, the relationship between variable "A" and Y changes as the level of variable "B" changes. When "B" is at its high (+) level, variable "A" has almost no effect on Y.
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Energy-Efficient Maintenance (EEM) is maintenance of energy-using equipment in a commercial or industrial environment. Since energy easily holds the largest potential for significant savings, maintaining energy-using equipment is extremely important. Sometimes, budget cutting results in deferred maintenance that can lead to additional energy use and reduced equipment life. That deferred choice, due to a short-term budget need, can result in an increase in labor and equipment costs. If things go wrong, more employees are needed to make up for down equipment, and more money has to be allocated for new replacements.
A company can choose to reduce energy costs, thereby increasing efficiency in different ways. It can achieve this by reducing the price of the purchased energy, the operating hours for the equipment or the need for energy. It can also increase the operating efficiency of the energy-using equipment. Equipment maintenance brings to the company—your customer—the energy cost savings they expect. In addition, any deferred maintenance situation is a new opportunity for energy cost savings through corrective maintenance action or beginning an effective preventive program.
Consider a heating, ventilating and air conditioning system (HVAC) for a large commercial space. This complex system encompasses equipment such as chillers, air handlers, cooling towers, pumps, etc., and each piece of equipment could have been specified individually. In today’s buildings, where systems are becoming interdependent, someone must figure out how to maintain them. If the original consultant/designer hasn’t done that, who will?
Steps for energy-saving efficiencies
When considering strategies to promote energy savings in commercial and/or industrial environments, first do an overview or audit of a company’s existing systems that use significant energy. Once those systems are documented, the designer or consultant should write up specific maintenance tasks. If no designer or consultant is used, a manufacturer’s guidelines for maintenance may be used as a benchmark.
The contractor can work with his or her client and the company’s facility management as a team. The team members work toward the overall goal of energy efficiency by auditing the systems—so no critical equipment is left out—and they develop the maintenance program together. This promotes realistic procedures that actually get executed and delivers savings to the customer.
Next, the contractor or the customer puts together a preventive maintenance agreement (PMA) that covers how and when the contractor will show up to perform the tasks. PMAs often pay for themselves through higher energy efficiency and fewer utility overpayments. In addition, sometimes contractors offer their PMA customers a discount on all parts and services performed during the year. With a PMA, the contractor delivers reliable service, and the customer benefits with savings and never having to worry about its equipment.
If a system failure does occur—for example, air conditioning goes inactive during a spate of hot summer weather—customers with PMAs can receive priority service. Finally, since technicians get assigned to specific customers, the customer becomes more familiar with them and their energy-saving successes.
Energy-saving maintenance of HVAC systems
A complex HVAC system contains many areas in which failure can occur. With proper maintenance of chillers, air distribution systems, air handlers, boilers, condensing units and control systems, callbacks due to failure are greatly reduced.
Recently, two members of the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) proved through their own testing that maintaining clean air-handling components could save energy dollars and improve other building efficiencies.
The members—Ross D. Montgomery, president of QST-Honeywell Controls, Palmetto, Fla., and Robert Baker, founder and chairman of BBJ Environmental Solutions, Tampa, Fla.—tested a 34-story building in New York City with four large air handlers. To affect savings, they restored the air handler—the coil was 30 years old and hadn’t been cleaned for a year—and documented how it saved energy by such methods as decreasing the load on the chiller plant, increasing the heat transfer ability of the coil, and improving tenant satisfaction with the building environment improvement. For more information, you can read the article “Study Verifies Coil Cleaning Saves Energy” in the November 2006 ASHRAE Journal.
Energy saving maintenance—compressed air
Compressed air is another very expensive utility that is often overlooked when it comes to energy savings. According to Kaeser Compressors Inc. (www.kaeser.com), “This fact has been documented time and time again. It takes 7–8 hp of electricity to produce 1 hp in an air tool.” It is important to look beyond the purchase price because “the electrical power costs of a compressed air system are much higher than the initial price and maintenance.” More specifically, in an energy-efficient air compressor, the components that can affect energy efficiency are the compressor element (air end), drive motor (efficiency) and compressor controls. Since electrical contractors maintain motor and other controls, this is an area one could maintain.
Other energy-saving maintenance
According to “10 Preventive Maintenance Steps You Can Take to Maximize Energy Efficiency This Winter” by Mintek Mobile Data Solutions (www.mintek.com) and Glenn Hasek, president of Hasek Communications (www.hasekcom.com), without proper preventive maintenance, electrical systems typically generate a 5 to 10 percent energy loss.
I have read about Quality Installations (QI) for the residence and believe there can be QIs in the commercial and industrial environment as well. A QI is an Energy Efficient Installation (EEI) followed by Energy Efficient Maintenance (EEM). Or, a QI = EEI + EEM. If a customer’s building systems need to be more energy efficient, the contractor can deliver a program to solve that problem. Keep in mind that a building can improve its worth when it saves energy. EC
MICHELSON, president of Jackson, Calif.-based Business Communication Services and publisher of the BCS Reports, is an expert in TIA/EIA performance standards. Contact her at www.bcsreports.com or [email protected]. | <urn:uuid:467ff765-7a53-44ba-9fb8-595c8544cf0d> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | http://www.ecmag.com/print/section/green-building/keep-your-customer-energy-efficient?qt-issues_block=0 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982976017.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823200936-00197-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.932182 | 1,289 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Believe it or not, with our current levels of consumption, the earth can only sustain about 5 billion people. If everyone consumes like Americans do, we can only sustain about 1.4 billion people.
What’s the current world population? 7 billion!
So here are some creative, but feasible steps that can lead us to sustainable prosperity. The Worldwatch Institute provides us with some good ideas.
First and foremost, it’s time to shed our consumer culture. We are trapped in a system that stimulates more and more consumption, and we are going to have to walk away from certain cultural norms, like having a meat-centric diet, driving, etc.
Second, redistributing tax burdens and serving the public with new tax revenue. We can use the tax revenue from the wealthiest people to fund public goods. We can build infrastructure and promote programs like bike-sharing to encourage people to use public transportation more. And we can build more libraries -- encouraging people to borrow, rather than buy, books.
Third, working only 21 hours per week! I bet everyone would support it. Only our culture says that a 40-hour work week is normal. For some countries, like the U.K., the average work week is 21 hours if you actually add up all the employed individuals, the unemployed, the over-employed and the under-employed. If we work less, we will have more time to relax, which reduces our overall consumption while maintaining a high quality of life.
Fourth, developing a more scientific price system. If we take water prices as an example, we can see there is room for improvement. For water use, it doesn’t matter how much you actually use. If you use a little, you pay the same amount per unit as if you use a whole lot. What if we were offered a certain amount of water at a low rate -- and when the amount goes up -- the rate rises very steeply to three or four times the basic unit cost? Thus, people would be encouraged to use less water. And as time goes by, conservation becomes a habit. | <urn:uuid:094adabe-7d34-4cec-9463-138d73a9dd08> | CC-MAIN-2016-18 | http://www.marketplace.org/2012/04/04/life/creative-feasible-steps-towards-sustainable-prosperity | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461864953696.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428173553-00059-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.952352 | 430 | 2.671875 | 3 |
PETERBOROUGH OPTOMETRIC HAS EXPERTISE CARING FOR THE FOLLOWING CONDITIONS:
What is it: This condition is known as Hyperopia. Individuals with hyperopia exert effort to see in the distance and extra effort to see up close. After looking at near objects for an extended period of time, you may experience blurred vision, headaches, and eyestrain. Children who are farsighted may find reading difficult.
What causes it: Being farsighted means that light rays bend incorrectly into your eye causing blurry images to be sent to the brain.
How is it treated: Farsightedness is best corrected with glasses or contact lenses made to the individual’s prescription. Glasses or contact lenses bend the light at a correct angle to clear the images sent to the brain.
What is it: This condition is known as Myopia. Individuals with myopia often have difficulties seeing objects at a distance (e.g., road signs).
What causes it: Being nearsighted means that light rays bend incorrectly into your eye causing blurry images to be sent to the brain.
How is it treated: Nearsightedness is best corrected with glasses or contact lenses made to the individual’s prescription. Glasses or contact lenses bend the light at a correct angle to clear the images sent to the brain.
What is it: Astigmatism usually occurs when the front surface of the eye (i.e., the cornea) has an irregular curve.
What causes it: Normally, the cornea is smooth and equally curved in all directions and the light entering the eye is focused equally on all directions as well. With astigmatism, the cornea is shaped more like an oval and the light that hits your cornea focuses more clearly along one direction, but is blurred along the other. This causes only part of what is being viewed to be in focus at a time. Having astigmatism may result in vision that is much like looking into a distorted wavy mirror. Astigmatism is not a disease nor does it mean that you have “bad eyes”, it simply means that you have a variation in the shape of your cornea.
How is it treated: Astigmatism is best corrected with glasses or contact lenses made to the individual’s prescription. Glasses or contact lenses bend the light at a correct angle to clear the images sent to the brain.
What is it: Presbyopia is the loss of the ability to see up close.
What causes it: This condition is related to aging and everyone who lives long enough will experience it. The first symptoms of presbyopia often manifest in your early 40’s.
How is it treated: Presbyopia is treated with glasses based on the individual’s need for magnification when they are looking at things up close.
What is it: Red eyes can be caused by many different things, some of which are harmless and others that are serious enough to lead to permanent vision loss.
What causes it: The most common causes of red eyes are allergic reactions and bacterial/viral infections. It is always advised that any red eye be examined by an optometrist or ophthalmologist, as it is very difficult to determine the difference between a harmless red eye and one that could be potentially threatening to one’s sight.
How is it treated: Treatment for red eyes is based on the specific cause of each individual case. Treatments can be as simple as hot compresses and eye drops or as complicated as prescription antibiotics.
What is it: Dry eyes can manifest in different symptoms such as excessive watering or a sensation that there is something in the eye.
What causes it: Dry eye symptoms can result from the normal aging process, exposure to environmental conditions, medications (e.g., antihistamines, oral contraceptives, anti-depressants). Dry eyes can result from general health problems or disease (e.g., Sjogren’s syndrome), but can also be the result of more severe damage from chemical or thermal burns.
The natural tears that your eyes produce are composed of 3 layers:
- Outer oily layer (prevents or slows evaporation of the tears)
- Middle watery layer (moisturizes and nourishes the front surface of the eye)
- Inner mucus layer (helps maintain stable tears)
Dry eye may also occur because the volume of tears produced is inadequate. As we get older we all produce fewer tears. Dry eye may also occur because the quality of the tears has changed, causing them to evaporate more quickly; this can cause eyes to water more frequently because the body is compensating for quality with quantity.
How is it treated: The treatment options for dye eyes ranges from daily hot compresses and eye drops to more extensive regimens that include massaging the eyelids and medicated eye drops.
Flashes and Floaters
What is it: The sudden appearance of dark floating objects in your vision and/or bright flashing lights.
What causes it: Flashes and floaters are often related to normal changes that occur in the eye’s structure with age. However, they could also be a sign of serious damage to the retina (i.e., the eye’s light sensing structure located at the back surface). It is advised that any appearance of new flashes or floaters be examined by an optometrist or ophthalmologist to rule out serious retinal problems such as a retinal tear or retinal detachment as soon as possible.
How is it treated: The treatment for a retinal detachment is very serious surgery and should be preformed as soon as possible after diagnosis.
What is it: A cataract is the gradual clouding over of the lens inside the eye. Cataracts are a normal age related process and anyone who lives long enough will eventually develop them.
What causes it: Cataracts are most commonly associated with aging. However, they can also be associated with certain medication use (e.g., steroids), systemic diseases (e.g., diabetes) and in rare situations, at birth (i.e., congenital).
How is it treated: Cataracts are surgically removed by an ophthalmologist when they begin to significantly impair vision.
What is it: Uncontrolled diabetes can cause serious damage to the eyes and vision, including premature cataracts and serious retinal damage.
What causes it: The most common cause of vision loss from diabetes is due to leaky blood vessels on the back surface of the eye (i.e., the retina). Uncontrolled diabetes causes the retinal blood vessels to leak blood and other material into the eye causing vision loss. It is recommended that all diabetic patients have an annual Vision and Eye Health Evaluation.
How is it treated: There are various ways to treat diabetic damage to the eyes depending on the severity of the damage (e.g., laser treatments and injections by an ophthalmologist). However, the best way course of action is preventative care. Taking care of your health now with regular monitoring of your blood sugar, cholesterol, and blood pressure, as well as regular diet and exercise are the best ways to help protect your eyes against diabetic eye damage.
What is it: Glaucoma is a disease characterized by the progressive degeneration of the eye’s optic nerve. Glaucoma results in peripheral vision loss in its early stages and can eventually lead to total blindness.
What Causes it: The most common cause of glaucoma is raised pressure inside the eye (i.e., intraocular pressure, IOP). The inability of the eye to maintain a balanced IOP can cause excessive pressure on the optic nerve, causing the shortened lifespan of nerve fibers and in turn, vision loss.
How is it treated: Glaucoma has very few early symptoms and progresses so slowly that individuals often do not notice problems until there is permanent vision loss. Early detection of glaucoma by an optometrist or ophthalmologist is vital to preserving vision in individuals with this disease. Treatments vary depending on the patient’s type of glaucoma. For some patients it is as simple as prescription eye drops taken daily, where for others, surgical treatment by an ophthalmologist is necessary to control pressures.
Age Related Macular Degeneration (AMD)
What is it: Macular degeneration is a disease of the macula. The macula is located on the retina (i.e., the back surface of the eye) and it is responsible for giving a person their central vision. With macular degeneration, waste deposits known as drusen begin to build-up on and around the macula causing distortions and vision loss; this damage is often irreversible. There are 2 types of macular degeneration, dry and wet, with wet being the most detrimental to one’s sight.
What causes it: There are many causes of macular degeneration and unfortunately, heredity is one of them. It is likely, however not guaranteed that if your parent or sibling has been diagnosed with macular degeneration that you will as well. Other causes of macular degeneration include smoking and a decrease in the amount of pigment in the macular region.
How is it treated: Unfortunately, treatments for macular degeneration are very limited at this time and focus on maintaining present level of sight and preventing and slowing further damage.
Our optometrists recommend MacuHealth, a vitamin supplement with a patent blend of macular pigments, which is designed to restore macular pigment levels back to their optimal levels. As a result of the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory nature of its patented combination of macular pigments, lutein, zeaxanthin, and meso-zeaxanthin, MacuHealth is also designed to potentially protect against macular degeneration.
We also offer genetic testing to assess your risk of vision loss from macular degeneration. This test can also determine what combination of supplements you should be taking specifically based on your DNA to protect and preserve your sight. | <urn:uuid:c1005ca4-5486-4668-adf7-136dfe6a4c1d> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://www.peterboroughoptometric.com/optometry-services/conditions-managed/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154304.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20210802043814-20210802073814-00307.warc.gz | en | 0.943761 | 2,091 | 3.40625 | 3 |
Samuel P. Chase to William Pitt Fessenden
During the war, the Republican-controlled Congress enacted a series of measures which carried long-term consequences for the future. The Homestead Act of 1862 provided public land free to pioneers who agreed to farm the land for five years. The Morrill Act of 1862 helped states establish agricultural and technical colleges. Congress also authorized construction of the nation's first transcontinental railroad.
The Civil War also brought vast changes to the nation's financial system. Before the Civil War, the federal government did not issue paper money. Instead, paper notes were issued by more than 1,500 state banks in 1860, which issued more than 10,000 different kinds of currency.
To end this chaotic system and to impose federal regulation on the financial system, Congress enacted two important pieces of legislation. The Legal Tender Act of 1862 authorized the federal government to issue paper money. Because these notes were printed on green paper, they became known as greenbacks. The National Bank Act of 1863 created the nation's first truly national banking system.
In the following letter, Treasury Secretary Samuel P. Chase (1808-1873), writing to his eventual successor, describes his plan to make banks more trustworthy and stable. As finally adopted by Congress, the National Banking Act of 1863 chartered national banks which met certain requirements, made the notes of national banks legal tender for all public and private debts, and levied a tax of 2 percent on state bank notes, which gradually increased over time. By imposing a tax on state bank notes, the federal government forced state banks to join the federal system. By 1865, national banks had 83 percent of all bank assets in the United States. After 1870, interestingly, state banks made a comeback; they avoided the tax on their bank notes by issuing checks.
In my first report (July 1861) I suggested a tax on bank notes as well as other internal taxes: but at that session no internal duties at all were imposed. We all hoped that the increased customs duties & the direct tax might suffice.
In my second report--just before the Suspension--I proposed a national Banking system and a tax on circulation.... It is my considered judgment that had these views been adopted at the last session...there might have been comparatively little financial embarrassment at the time.
But Congress through otherwise. The system of conversion was adopted and the Banking Association Bill was only ordered...for public information & consideration.
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Edited by Paul F. Bradshaw and Lawrence A. Hoffman
Passover and Easter constitute for Jews and Christians respectively the most important festivals of the year. Although sharing a common root, the feasts have developed in quite distinct ways in the two traditions, in part independently of one another and in part in reaction against the other. Following the pattern set in earlier volumes in this series, these two volumes bring together a group of distinguished Jewish and Christian scholars to explore the history of the two celebrations, paying particular attention to similarities and connections between them as well as to differences and contrasts. They not only present a convenient summary of current historical thought but also open up new perspectives on the evolution of these annual observances.
Volume 5 in the series focuses especially on the origins and early development of the feasts and on the way that established practices have changed in recent years. Volume 6, also in the series, focuses on the contexts in which they occur—the periods of preparation for the feasts in the respective calendars and their connection to Shavuot/Pentecost—as well as to their traditional expression in art and music. At the same time, the essays raise some fundamental questions about the future. Have modern human beings so lost the sense of sacred time in their lives, for instance, that these great feasts can never again be what they once were for former generations of believers? And what about recent attempts by some Christians to enter into their heritage by celebrating a Jewish Seder as part of their annual Holy Week and Easter services?
Specialists and general readers alike will find much to interest and challenge them within these two additions to what has become a highly regarded series in the world of liturgical scholarship.
“In these companion volumes of essays, Jewish and Christian liturgical scholars examine, from historical, theological, and aesthetic perspectives, the practices and intricate interrelationships of Passover and Easter. Several essays lament the antisemitism that has infected the Easter liturgy, and one—Israel Yuval’s ‘Easter and Passover as Early Jewish-Christian Dialogue’—pushes beyond the oft-told tale of Jewish-Christian enmity to explore ways the development of worship patterns of the two faiths have influenced one another. Both volumes are required purchases for libraries supporting liturgical studies. Volume 5 would also be a good choice for broader collections in the history of Judaism and Christianity.” — Choice
“Continuing as in past volumes of this series, the editors present collections of essays from both Judaic and Christian scholars regarding these Holy Days. One question dealt with is ‘Have these two highest holy days lost some of their emphasis and practice in our modern day world?’ Volume 5 focuses on the origins and early development of the feasts and the ways that established practices have changed in recent years. Volume 6 deals with the contexts in which these Holy Days occur, the periods of preparations for them as feast days in the liturgical year, their traditional expression in art and music, and their connection to the succeeding season of Shavuot/Pentecost. Collectively they explore the ‘sense of sacred time’ and its meanings in relationship to modern day Judaism/Christianity. And what about attempts by some Christians to enter into their heritage by celebrating a Jewish Seder as part of their annual Holy Week and Easter services? These questions will be of import to specialists and general lay-persons alike as both take our religious practices into a new and more complex millennium.” — Church and Synagogue Libraries | <urn:uuid:e540fb87-fbcc-4032-82fd-402cc6657222> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://undpress.nd.edu/books/P00562?page=3 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934808260.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20171124161303-20171124181303-00114.warc.gz | en | 0.962462 | 722 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Diverticulosis is characterized by small sac-like protrusions (hernias) of inner intestinal tissue through the muscular wall of the large intestine (colon). These protrusions are called diverticula and may occur in any part of the colon, but most frequently are found in the lowest part (sigmoid).
Diverticulosis is characterized by small sac-like bodies (diverticula) that protrude through the wall of the colon. The diverticular wall consists of a thin layer of mucous membrane tissue. Diverticula can vary in size from 0.1 inch to larger than 1 inch in diameter.
In most cases, individuals with diverticulosis exhibit no symptoms of the disorder (asymptomatic) other than the development of diverticula. However, in rare cases, diverticulosis may cause abdominal pain, constipation, diarrhea, an uncomfortable feeling after eating (dyspepsia), and/or bleeding from a portion of the large intestine (rectum).
In some cases, the diverticula may become inflamed or infected (diverticulitis). (For more information on this disorder, see the Related Disorders section of the report.)
Diverticulosis may be caused by a highly refined diet lacking sufficient fiber and bulk. The lack of bulk may cause muscle spasms of the colon, especially in the lower section called the sigmoid. Pressure inside the colon builds up and the mucous tissue eventually pushes through the muscular coat of the colon, usually where the blood vessels pierce the muscle. Ulceration of the diverticulum may occur causing rectal bleeding. Chronic constipation may also cause diverticulosis. If the sacs become infected, diverticulosis becomes diverticulitis. (For more information, see the Related Disorders section of this report.)
Diverticulosis is a common disorder affecting 30 to 40% of persons over age 50. The incidence increases with each subsequent decade of life. It affects males and females in equal numbers. Diverticulitis is less common than diverticulosis.
The diagnosis of diverticulosis is usually confirmed by the presence of diverticula on CAT-scan or x-ray images. Examination of the diverticula can also be done directly by inserting a very thin, flexible tube through the rectum into the colon. This tube i. equipped with a tiny, powerful camera that helps the doctor determine if inflammation is present in the diverticula.
In some cases, especially in people over 50, a diagnosis of diverticulosis may be suspected if the individual is overweight, exhibits signs of thickening of the inner layers of the walls of certain arteries (atherosclerosis), and experiences abdominal pain or rectal bleeding.
Some cases of diverticulosis are treated by antibiotics and a few days of liquid diet followed by a diet high in fiber (e.g., whole wheat bread, bran cereal, etc.) Application of heat, adequate rest, a diet with substantial bulk and medication usually relieve symptoms. Small doses of barbiturates, or muscle relaxant, as well as antispasmodic agents may also relieve abdominal distress. Rectal bleeding may be treated by a clear liquid diet, blood transfusions, repair of coagulation defects, and/or the administration of fluids through the veins (intravenously).
Treatment options depend upon the severity of the bleeding. If severe bleeding persists or recurs, surgical intervention may be necessary.
Information on current clinical trials is posted on the Internet at www.clinicaltrials.gov. All studies receiving U.S. government funding, and some supported by private industry, are posted on this government website.
For information about clinical trials being conducted at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) in Bethesda, MD, contact the NIH Patient Recruitment Office:
Tollfree: (800) 411-1222
TTY: (866) 411-1010
For information about clinical trials sponsored by private sources, contact:
Berkow R., ed. The Merck Manual-Home Edition.2nd ed. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck Research Laboratories; 2003:747-48.
Kasper, DL, Fauci AS, Longo DL, et al. Eds. Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine. 16th ed. McGraw-Hill Companies. New York, NY; 2005:159-60.
Yamada T, Alpers DH, Kaplowitz N, Laine L, et al. Eds. Textbook for Gastroenterology. 4th ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Philadelphia, PA; 2003:1844-45.
Eglash A, Lane CH, Schneider DM. Clinical inquiries. What is the most beneficial diet for patients with diverticulosis? J Fam Pract. 2006;55:813-5.
Brian West A. The pathology of diverticulosis: classical concepts and mucosal changes in diverticula. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2006;40(7 Suppl 3):S126-31.
Spiller R. How inflammation changes neuromuscular function and its relevance to symptoms in diverticular disease. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2006;40(7 Suppl 3):S117-20.
Bogardus ST Jr. What do we know about diverticular disease? A brief overview. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2006 Aug;40(7 Suppl 3):S108-11.
FROM THE INTERNET
Diverticulosis and Diverticulitis. National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse (NDDIC). October, 2006.
Bebarta V, Heard K. Diverticulosis and Diverticulitis. EMedicineHealth. Last Editorial Review: 8/10/2005
Diet for Diverticulosis. Department of Nutrition and Dietetics. The Ohio State University Medical Center.©(5/2003). | <urn:uuid:317a08ed-5e91-4c4a-bd93-8d92fd6a0b3d> | CC-MAIN-2015-32 | https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/diverticulosis/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042981969.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002301-00044-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.84178 | 1,253 | 3.625 | 4 |
Familiar with oat milk? It’s fantastic.
Whether you are interested in plant-based diets, are looking to move away from dairy, or are just plain curious about oat milk, you will learn everything you need to know about oat milk and its health benefits through reading this piece.
- What is Oat Milk?
- Vitamins and Minerals Contained in Oat Milk
- Is Oat Milk Gluten-free?
- Is Oat Milk a Good Source of Fiber?
- Biggest Health Benefits of Consuming Oat Milk
- How Oat Milk Promotes Long-term Health
- The Bottom Line
First, it’s essential to mention that we are seeing many people switching to plant-based alternatives to milk due to nutritional and environmental reasons. Due to this, there are so many types of milk at the grocery store nowadays, that it can be hard to keep track. From almond and rice to soy and hemp, non dairy milk alternatives have been gaining popularity.
In an article from Shape, Keri Gans, M.S., R.D.N., C.L.T., and author of The Small Diet Change, confirmed the rise in the trend, saying, "Almost all non-dairy beverages may be 'hot' right now because of the interest in plant-based diets.”
Specifically, milk created from oats is one of the most popular trends in the non-dairy world, and this is a cause for celebration for many of us who are lactose- and dairy-free. Fortunately, oat milk is not just a trend, it is here to stay, as it offers many nutritional benefits and promotes overall good health.
What is Oat Milk?
Oat milk is a nondairy, plant-based, lactose-free and vegan-friendly alternative to cow’s milk. It can be produced from oats that have been soaked in water, blended and then strained. The milk that stems from this process can be consumed as is or you can add all natural flavours such as vanilla, dates or cinnamon.
And, if you didn’t know, oat milk is more accessible, cheap, and environmentally friendly to make than nut milk, explained registered dietitian Kelly R. Jones M.S., L.D.N., in Shape.
But, what about the taste?
"Because oats absorb water more easily than nuts, when blended well enough, more of the food itself winds up passing through the cheesecloth, giving a creamier texture than nut milk without added ingredients,” adds Jones.
Many baristas and coffee-lovers go to oat milk as their first choice due to a rich, creamy, and delicious taste.
With Oat Milk, Healthy Never Tasted So Good
“Oat milk contains 35 percent of the recommended daily allowance (RDA) for calcium, and 25 percent for vitamin D," says Gans. "Compared to cow's milk and soy milk, it has less protein; however, compared to other plant-based beverages, i.e. almond, cashew, coconut, and rice, it has more protein."
Just because we're Canada's first premium oat milk doesn't mean we can't also have the nutrients your body needs. Here’s what you’re getting with each serving of Two Bears Oat Milk:
- 4g of protein
- 5g of fiber
- 350mg of calcium
Overall, one cup serving of oat milk provides about 130 calories, 15 grams of carbohydrates, 2.5 grams of fat, 0 grams of saturated fats, and 2 grams of fiber. Oat milk also has less sugar (7 grams per cup) than cow's milk (12.5 grams per cup).
Besides the usual ingredients, we integrate rapeseed oil, calcium carbonate and tricalcium phosphate in our oat milk. While sunflower oil is more common among other oat milk products, rapeseed oil comes with healthy fats and fat-soluble vitamins, making for improved heart health. Additionally, rapeseed oil’s 1:2 omega-3 to omega-6 ratio speaks for its healthy range of omega-6 fats. We also add calcium carbonate and tricalcium phosphate to provide you with extra nutritional benefits. The higher percentage of fibers and calcium ensures that our product is optimal for plant-based diets.
While oat milk contains a higher amount of carbohydrates, it’s okay because oat milk provides energy through these carbs and fiber and not through fat, which can typically be the case with most nut milks. Because oat milk is made from fiber-rich oats, it contains higher levels of carbohydrates than other milk alternatives but contains zero saturated fats. Plus, the healthy carbohydrates found in oat milk translate into quality energy throughout the day.
Vitamins and Minerals Contained in Oat Milk
Oats also contain the B vitamins thiamin and folate, a significant amount of the minerals magnesium, manganese, phosphorus, zinc, and copper, as well as a variety of other vitamins and minerals in trace amounts. These nutrients are passed on to oat milk through the production process, and they are passed to you when you consume it. And according to Kelly Jones, oat milk is also a good choice for anyone who is allergic or intolerant to dairy or nuts.
Is Oat Milk Gluten-free?
In general, oat milk is often a safe choice for people who have a gluten intolerance, and at Two Bears, we use gluten-free oats in our milk.
Is Oat Milk a Good Source of Fiber?
Oat milk is the clear winner when it comes to fiber.
"Cow's milk has 0 grams fiber, almond and soy have 1 gram of fiber per serving — so oat milk with 2 grams of fiber is the highest," says Keri Gans.
Pea, flax, cashew, hemp, coconut, and soy milk all have 1 gram of fiber or less per cup. For reference,the recommended intake of fiber is at least 25 grams a day for adults.
Oats contain a specific type of soluble fiber known as beta-glucan, which can help lower your blood levels of LDL cholesterol and subsequently reduce your risk of heart disease, according to a 2018 review. Research has also shown that beta-glucan can help to slow your digestion, increase your satiety, and suppress your appetite.
“Oat milk also retains some of the healthful fiber found in oats, although it only supplies about 2 grams per cup,” said Cynthia Sass, who is a registered dietitian and board-certified sports and performance nutritionist based in New York and Los Angeles, in a recent article.
Functional medicine dietitian Jorden Edinger, RDN, LD, addresses some things to consider in an article with Cleveland Clinic. Compared to other plant-based milks, such as almond or rice milk, oat milk typically has a bit more protein and fiber, Edinger explains. While some of the fiber in the oats is lost during the production process, oat milk products still generally end up with a significant amount of fiber per serving.
“Oat milk can be enjoyed and included as part of a healthy, well-balanced diet that also includes plenty of colorful produce, healthy fats and protein,” Edinger says.
If you have a nut allergy or are just looking for a thicker, more filling addition to your coffee, smoothie or cereal, oat milk is a fantastic option for you.
Biggest Health Benefits of Consuming Oat Milk
What else can oat milk do for your nutrition and overall well being? Here are some of the biggest health benefits of incorporating oat milk consumption into your diet:
- Oat Milk Promotes Satiety – The high levels of protein and fiber contained in oat milk promote satiety, which means oat milk fills you up rapidly and helps to balance your appetite. This positive element of satiety can help improve diet discipline and promote healthy weight loss.
- Oat Milk Provides High Levels of Iron – One cup of oat milk contains approximately 10 percent of your recommended daily intake for iron. For plant-based diets, this is great news. Oat milk is a good source of iron for vegans and vegetarians who may miss out on other sources of iron commonly found in meat. Overall, healthy iron levels help promote an ideal red blood cell production and can also prevent anemia.
- Oat Milk Helps Keep Cholesterol Levels Healthy – Because oats contain beta-glucan, a type of soluble fiber, they help maintain healthy cholesterol levels. Beta-glucan exhibits cholesterol-lowering properties and its health benefits are preserved within oat milk and oat milk derived beverages.
How Oat Milk Helps Promotes Long-term Health
Because oat milk contains beta-glucan, it has shown to improve cholesterol levels and even help with blood sugar control over time. As cholesterol levels and blood sugar come under control, people see a reduced risk of heart disease as a result of drinking oat milk. Beta-glucan fiber in oat milk provides prebiotics too, which fuel your body’s probiotics and help these friendly cultures of bacteria survive and thrive in the long run. Over time, consuming foods like oat milk that beta-glucan has also been connected to enhanced gut health and immunity.
The Bottom Line
Just because we're Canada's first premium oat milk doesn't mean we can't also have the nutrients your body needs. Each serving of Two Bears Oat Milk contains 4g of protein, 5g of fiber, and 350mg of calcium.
Who knew you could pack so much flavour and so much goodness in one glass?
At Two Bears, our mission is to energize your mission, your moments. In a world of influence, our hope is to reconnect you with you so that you can make meaningful connections with the world around you. We craft the freshest, frothiest energy for you to sip and turn into whatever you need that day – human connection, motivation, creativity, confidence, slowness... we encourage you to craft your moment with Two Bears, whatever that moment may be. | <urn:uuid:9adfa12e-3641-46dc-9b3c-7951879e3629> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.twobears.ca/blogs/the-den/oat-milk-why-dietitians-love-it-for-your-health | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100909.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209103523-20231209133523-00269.warc.gz | en | 0.93688 | 2,138 | 2.5625 | 3 |
48. Delphinium luteum A. Heller, Bull. S. Calif. Acad. Sci. 6: 68. 1903.
Stems 20-40(-55) cm; base often reddish, nearly glabrous. Leaves mostly on proximal 1/4 of stem; basal leaves 4-9 at anthesis; cauline leaves 2-4 at anthesis; petiole 0.5-6 cm. Leaf blade round to pentagonal, 1-5 × 2-10 cm, nearly glabrous; ultimate lobes 3-5, width 8-30 mm (basal), 5-15 mm (cauline). Inflorescences 5-25(-37)-flowered; pedicel (1-)3-5(-7) cm, puberulent; bracteoles 6-10(-17) mm from flowers, green, linear-lanceolate, 6-7 mm, nearly glabrous. Flowers: sepals bright yellow, puberulent, appearing waxy, lateral sepals ± forward pointing, (11-)14-16 × (6-)9-13 mm, spur straight, ca. 30° below horizontal, 11-20 mm; lower petal blades elevated, exposing stamens, 3-4 mm, clefts 0.5-1.5 mm; hairs sparse or absent, ± evenly distributed if present, white to yellow. Fruits 11-14 mm, 3.5-4.5 times longer than wide, glabrous. Seeds unwinged; seed coat cell surfaces smooth.
Flowering late winter-mid spring. Wet cliffs, coastal grassland or chaparral; of conservation concern; 0-50 m; Calif.
Delphinium luteum is presently known from only three populations. It is known to hybridize with D . decorum and with D . nudicaule . Populations of D . hesperium subsp. hesperium also occur at the type locality; D . luteum flowers earlier and hybrids are not known.
Delphinium luteum is not likely to be mistaken for any other species of Delphinium . It has been treated as a variety of D . nudicaule and is closely related to that species. Sepals of the infrequent yellow-flowered phase of D . nudicaule , however, have a much drabber appearance compared with the bright shining yellow of the sepals in D . luteum . | <urn:uuid:fc884f2f-d2e2-4549-9437-acb98cb5833f> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=233500516 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506423.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20230922202444-20230922232444-00096.warc.gz | en | 0.840447 | 524 | 2.609375 | 3 |
In recent times, sexual harassment and harassment have become more common in the news across the country. The #MeToo movement has made more people talk about sexual abuse and abuse than ever before. Identifying the difference between sexual abuse and sexual abuse is important to continue this important conversation.
As a victim of sexual or sexual abuse, it is important to understand the differences so that you can seek justice. As a family member or friend of someone who has been abused or attacked, it’s also important to understand these differences so that you can help your loved one find the support and help they need.
The main difference between sexual harassment and sexual harassment is that sexual violence occurs on adults and sexual harassment occurs on minors or children.
Sexual abuse generally describes behavior committed against a minor child. In many states, children cannot consent to any kind of sexual contact. If a person over the age of majority forces a minor to have sexual interactions, especially if this crime persists for a period of time, this behavior constitutes sexual abuse.
Sexual abuse may include the following:
Exposing oneself to a minor
An adult who deliberately exposes himself to a minor, especially in a provocative manner, commits sexual abuse against a minor. This includes a person who masturbates or touches himself sexually in the presence of a minor. Both men and women can commit sexual assault by exposing themselves to minors. However, allowing a minor to accidentally see the genitals of an adult does not mean sexual abuse.
Sexual contact, including caressing and sexual intercourse
Any type of sexual contact with minors, from caressing to direct intercourse, is sexual harassment. Whenever an adult sexually touches a child, the adult abuses the child.
Digital technology has increased criminals’ ability to contact their victims and the tools at their disposal. Obscene messages on social media, via text, video messages or email, constitute sexual abuse. Often these kinds of messages can begin as soon as the adult male sends the boy a photo of his genitals. These messages can cause severe psychological trauma in minors.
Human trafficking can lead to excessive sexual abuse. 50% of victims of trafficking are children, and most are forced into prostitution. Many children suffer long-term psychological damage from some time in the sex trade.
Child pornography not only haunts the child during the recording, but again and again when new people watch the material. The FBI is trying to identify and punish the creators of child pornography.
Many sex addicts start caring for children in early childhood so that the perpetrators can later turn their children into victims. It often requires signs of sexual abuse as the adult gradually introduces the child to an increasing number of sexual behavior patterns.
Abandonment of friends and regular activities Many victims begin to give up activities that they enjoy. They may feel ashamed associated with violence. This can cause them to avoid normal interactions with their friends and loved ones.
Inappropriate Child Sexual Behavior Some children naturally self-harm, regardless of age or gender. On the other hand, if a child behaves inappropriately or starts engaging in behavior with other children it may indicate sexual abuse.
Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) or signs of genital trauma. These signs of physical abuse should be serious warning signs of child sexual abuse and require immediate evaluation and treatment.
Unexpected knowledge of inappropriate sexual behavior given the child’s age: Children may naturally gather some information about sexual behaviors at school, but if they begin to show unexpected sexual knowledge, especially if they show reluctance to tell an adult where they learned, it may indicate sexual violence
Reluctance to spend time with a certain person – Reluctance to spend time only with that person. If a child begins to show a sudden reluctance to spend time with a friend or relative, even if that person does not show signs of inappropriate behavior, parents should listen to the child’s reluctance and investigate further.
Behavioral regression: The child may begin to wet the bed or return to it earlier, soothing behaviors such as finger sucking or tugging hair.
Hesitation to undress – Children may try to avoid what they see as a protective layer of clothing, even when bathing or swimming. They may be reluctant to change at all or wear the same clothes for several days, even if they are asked to change.
All suspicions of child sexual abuse should be investigated by a licensed therapist who is experienced in treating children of sexual abuse. Even the most well-meaning parents can deceive a child with their questions, even let the child suggest a behavior that did not happen or the child accidentally imposes a sense of guilt. Working with a therapist will make it easier to determine the incidence of abuse and prevent further trauma to the child.
Identifying potential signs of abusive behavior can make it easier for parents to protect their children. Avoiding anyone who shows signs of abusive behavior, including warning signs to other children, will help prevent future abuse. Observing this behavior and reporting it when necessary will also help protect children who may be at risk.
An adult who wants to spend a lot of time with children, in addition to their role in that child’s life. An adult who naturally plays a part in a child’s life, including a coach, teacher or parent, may naturally spend time with the child. However, the adult’s exit from the role can prepare the child for abuse. It could be a coach who wants to spend a lot of time with a particular child, or a teacher who suddenly wants to interact more with a child outside of school.
Adult does not respect a child’s privacy or labels. This could, for example, include adults who don’t care if a child wants to be hugged or kissed, even though a child may have stated several times in the past that they dislike such behavior.
An adult who spends more time with children and adolescents than with his adult friends. Some adults naturally enjoy the presence of children and young people; However, if these adults regularly surround themselves with children and adolescents and apparently do not have appropriate interactions with other adults, it could be a red flag.
Adults who regularly discuss sexual behavior or emotions with children and adolescents An adult may also post inappropriate content for teens, including videos and other sex material.
Often has “special friends” in a certain age group or appearance, which can change from year to year. The adult may approach specific children as deemed appropriate or necessary, including taking that child on special trips or spending a lot of time alone with that child.
There have been several cases of sexual harassment in recent times that have made headlines in the media. These cases show that sexual abuse does not happen in a vacuum. There are often abusers and institutions. That is where these dangerous child sex offenders live. Institutions, managers and employees who turn a blind eye to red flags can – and should – be held accountable for their actions. Some of the most recent cases of sexual violence in the media have included cases against the Catholic Church, US gymnastics, US swimming, and American Boy Scouts.
These agencies are responsible for the protection of young children. This includes implementing protocols that reduce the time adults spend alone with children, thorough employee checks, and training employees on child sexual abuse. It should also include strict protocols to follow when sexual violence is reported or suspected.
As mentioned earlier, in cases of sexual and sexual violence, sexual violence usually involves an adult victim. Sexual abuse often occurs as a one-time event and includes any sexual contact not invited or desired by the victim. For the most part, when defining sexual violence, people think of rape; However, rape is not the only type of sexual violence.
Forced sex may include rape Rather, it may involve forcing the victim to unwanted contact with the anus or genitals. Forced sex may involve forcing the victim to perform a sexual act on the offender. Many victims of forced sexual touch feel that they lack the ability or authority to say no because of the abuser’s perceived power over them, even when the abuser does not physically compel the victim to make contact. Is.
Grasping, fondling or unwanted touching occurs when the abuser deliberately grabs or touches the victim, usually around the breasts or genitals, without their consent. This type of contact can occur in any type of environment. In fact, many victims may experience unwanted caress at work or in an educational setting. Some victims go through this type of abuse over and over because of their reluctance to say negative behavior or fear that instead of being abusive, they will be punished for the act.
Rape and sexual harassment are often used interchangeably but this is not always right. Direct penetration, including penetration through the mouth, genitals, and anus is considered rape. Rape includes penetration of any degree, including minor penetration, done in an intentional act without the victim’s consent. In 2012, the FBI updated its version of rape to include any penetration without consent, no matter how minor. Furthermore, the law is gender neutral and anyone can be a victim of rape.
Rape occurs when a rapist forces himself to break into a victim on a date. Rape by agreement occurs when the victim does not feel safe to say no or when the victim can not give his consent due to intoxication or intoxication. Any type of abuse, including sexual contact with a non-consensual victim, still constitutes sexual assault. | <urn:uuid:06c59a7c-68e1-495c-be17-80daf9a9c0fb> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://abletotrain.com/sexual-violence-and-sexual-harassment/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337836.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20221006124156-20221006154156-00036.warc.gz | en | 0.952583 | 1,912 | 3.203125 | 3 |
To mark this year’s 400th anniversary of William Shakespeare’s death, the Educational Recording Agency has helped us compile the following A to Z of Shakespearean people, places and and things.
Each entry entry points to one or more BBC-produced media clips, ranging from animations and news interviews to short films and radio documentaries. Beginning with…
A is for Ariel
Ariel is the magic fairy, or “sprite” that Prospero calls upon to help him in The Tempest, the final play that Shakespeare wrote.
Prospero is the play’s lead character – a former duke of Milan now living on a faraway island with his daughter, Miranda, having fled there when Prospero’s brother, Antonio, claimed the city of Milan from Prospero for himself.
One night, a boat sets carrying Antonio and the King of Naples, Alonso, is shipwrecked upon the island during a violent storm, leaving the men stranded. It soon emerges that Prospero orchestrated the storm, using magical powers learned during his years of exile. The stage is thus set for a grand tale involving sorcery, wizardry and monsters…
Banquo features in one of Shakespeare’s best-known plays, Macbeth. Banquo not only appears as a human in the story, but also as a ghost.
To begin with, he and Macbeth are good friends who have fought side-by-side in battle against their enemies. After successfully defending the kingdom of Scotland against invading forces from Ireland and Norway, the two men are traversing a deserted moor at night when they encounter three witches who prophecise that Macbeth will one day become King.
Fearing that Banquo’s descendants will come to rule the throne rather than him, Macbeth has Banquo killed – but is later surprised to find himself haunted by Banquo’s ghost later on in the play.
Fancy hearing more about Banquo’s ghost? Check out this BBC clip, and and click here to view a short clip of actor Rhys Ifans talking about the the part of Banquo.
C is for Coriolanus
Coriolanus is the main character in a Shakespearean tragedy play of the same name, based on a Roman leader called Caius.
He was a Roman general who successfully challenged the government in Rome and went on to become involved in politics following encouragement from his mother. When he faces opposition to his plans, however, he flees Rome to live in exile, later returning to seek revenge upon his enemies. Although his wife and mother are able to talk him out of destroying Rome, his opponents succeed in ultimately killing him in the end…
Desdemona features in Shakespeare’s Othello. A true Venetian beauty, and a real daddy’s girl, one day she meets Othello – a Moorish general in the Venetian army – and falls madly in love with him.
They marry in secret, against the wishes of Desdemona’s father Brabantio. Soon after, Othello is summoned to Cyprus to defend the island against an invasion by Turkey. Desdemona accompanies him there.
Unbeknownst to the new couple, one of Othello’s military colleagues, Iago – resentful at being passed over for promotion – has become obsessed with discrediting Othello, and concocts an intricate plan to convince him that Desdemona has been unfaithful. She protests her innocence, but is eventually killed by her husband.
Othello, subsequently discovers that she had, in fact, been faithful all along, takes vengeance on Iago but mortally wounding him. Othello and Iago are arrested for their crimes – but rather than return to face trial in Venice, Othello opts to take his own life, using a concealed sword.
Sir John Falstaff is one of the most famous comic characters in all English literature. He appears in four of Shakespeare’s plays - Henry IV Part 1, Henry IV Part 2, Henry V, and The Merry Wives of Windsor.
His death is mentioned in Henry V but he has no lines, nor is it directed that he appear on stage. However, many stage and film adaptations have seen it necessary to include Falstaff for the insight he provides into King Henry V’s character.
Sir John Falstaff is said to be based on a real life solder called Sir John Oldcastle. However, after protest from Oldcastle’s descendants, Shakespeare was forced to change his name.
In this fantastic BBC Arts clip, you can see the Hollywood actor Orson Welles portray Sir John Falstaff’s character.
G is for Gertrude
In Shakespeare’s play Hamlet, Gertrude is Hamlet’s mother and the Queen of Denmark.
When Gertrude’s husband, the King of Denmark, is murdered by his own brother Claudius, Gertrude marries Claudius, much to Hamlet’s distaste. Mother and son are emotional opposites, with Gertrude caring for court life whilst Hamlet, a scholar and philosopher, searches for life’s most elusive answers.
Prince Hal was the name often used to refer to Henry, Prince of Wales, who later came to the throne as King Henry V. He was also known as ‘Harry Monmouth’ – a fictional character based on the monarch.
Henry IV depicts Prince Hal as a riotous and rebellious individual who spends time with vulgar and lowlife peasants and creates tension within the family, especially between himself and his father.
However, critics have continued to debate to what extent the Prince’s behaviour was authentic as opposed to calculated. The BBC provides us with this clip where Prince Hal is played by Tom Hiddleston, who’s hotly rumoured to be the next James Bond…
I is for Iambic Pentameter
Iambic Pentameter is one of the most important technical phrases to remember when it comes to poetry and writing, describing a rhythmic way in which lines are written.
There’s a great definition here on Schmoop – put simply, it sounds like ‘baDUM. Repeat that rhythm five times, and you have iambic pentameter – ‘baDUM, baDUM, baDUM, baDUM, baDUM…’
To help get your head around the concept, check out this BBC exercise where students recite their birthdays in iambic pentameter.
J is for Juliet
Romeo and Juliet is one of the most famous – and most tragic – love stories ever written. Juliet is an only child to Lord and Lady Capulet. Aged just 13, her character experiences a host of intense emotions over the course of the play, moving through love, passion and romance, as events conspire to lead to her untimely death.
We see Juliet start out as being somewhat naïve, before later evolving into a more headstrong, intelligent and complex character. In this BBC clip, actors Mariah Gale and Sam Troughton explore ‘what’s in a name’ and the feelings behind Juliet’s soliloquy (teacher viewing recommending prior to showing in class).
K is for King Lear
King Lear is the titular character of one of Shakespeare’s great tragedies. Crowned the King of Britain, in his old age he decides to step down and divide his realm amongst his three daughters – Goneril, Regan and Cordelia.
The King promises to give the largest share of his estate to the daughter who loves him the most, inviting each daughter to declare their love for him. Dissatisfied with Cordelia’s response, King Lear disinherits her and divides his realm amongst Goneril and Regan. It later transpires that their love was fake, with both describing their father as a foolish old man.
There then unfolds a tale of deceit, madness, battles, imprisonment and suicide, that involves the death of virtually all of the play’s main characters – as discussed by Melvyn Bragg and guests in this downloadable 45-minute episode of the radio series, In Our Time.
L is for Lady Macbeth
Lady Macbeth is the wife of Macbeth – a character portrayed in the play as being cold hearted, and the main motivator behind Macbeth’s murder of the King (which results in her becoming Queen).
In one of play’s most famous scenes Lady Macbeth is shown consumed by guilt, walking and talking to herself about the events that have led her to where she is. The scene seems to illustrate, however, that while she does feel genuine remorse about her actions, her mind is also starting to unravel.
In this short video clip, Louise Lombard looks at how Lady Macbeth is perceived and challenges the negative portrayal of her character.
M is for Malvolio
Malvolio is the steward of the main household in Shakespeare’s comedy, Twelfth Night. He is a sombre man who emphasises the importance of dignity, decency, decorum and good order – yet he abandons such values when he thinks that the Lady of the house, Olivia, might be interested in him romantically.
This, of course, is a prank and he is the victim of a cruel joke. He transforms into an utter fool, displeasing Olivia and earning himself in a short spell in priison. Upon on his release he swears revenge on the culprits, as Olivia acknowledges that he has been “notoriously abused”.
This short video clip featuring Nigel Planer – best known for his role in the cult BBC comedy, The Young Ones – looks at the motivations behind Malvolio’s complex character.
N is for “Now is the Winter of Our Discontent”
One of the most famous lines from Richard III, the term ‘winter of discontent’ has long been part of our popular consciousness. One of its most famous uses is in connection with the public sector trade union strikes that took place in late 70s – though in this context, it typically refer to the actual season of winter between 1978 and 1979.
In this clip, actor Sir Antony Sher – who won an Olivier award for his performance of Richard III at the Royal Shakespeare company during the 1980s – performs the monologue for the BBC’s Today programme.
O is for Othello
Othello is a military general who has overcome challenges and difficulties to become known as a ‘valiant’ man and one of the most respected officers in the Venetian Army. Originally from Africa, he experienced separation from home and family at an early age, followed by a life of dangerous and unpredictable adventures.
In the eponymous play we see him win the heart of Desdemona – yet believes her to be too good for a man like him, still considered an outsider due to his background and the colour of his skin. His insecurities ultimately get the better of him, when he is misled into believing that his beloved Desdemona has cheated on him. Taking this to be true, he condemns her and smothers her to death.
In this downloadable Radio 3 documentary, entitled Looking for Moor, British-Ghanaian actor Hugh Quarshie explores whether Shakespeare actually knew any black people, and considers the possibility of Othello’s persona as being derived from literary and theatrical convention. He suspects that if Shakespeare had indeed little or no awareness of black people, then his characterisation of Othello could be regarded as lazy – an interesting point for discussion.
P is for Puck
Puck, also known as Robin Goodfellow, is a fairy that appears in A Midsummer Night’s Dream.
Jester to Oberon and Titania – King and Queen of the Fairies – Puck is a powerful supernatural creature. Unlike other fairies under Oberon’s control, Puck is mischievous and enjoys playing practical jokes on humans. He even goes so far as to bring an element of danger to the fairy world, invoking damned spirits and pitching individuals against each other.
If your students would enjoy watching a fairies scene, you could play them this clip of Royal Shakespeare Company actors portraying the scene in which Oberon and Titania meet for the first time. Alternatively, you can browse through this assortment of class clips that explore the play’s various characters and themes.
Q is for Quotes
Whilst the total number of words coined by Shakespeare is hotly debated, his impact on the English language is undeniable. As well as creating numerous words still in use today (including ‘swagger’ and ‘lonely’), his plays and sonnets are the source of numerous well-known phrases and idioms – some comedic re-interpretations of which you can see in this short CBBC clip...
R is for Romeo
Romeo’s name is associated the world over with love. A young man living in Verona, he’s a member of the powerful House of Montague, which has been locked in a fierce and deadly rivalry with the House of Capulet.
The play’s tragic events are set in motion when he falls madly in love with Capulet’s young daughter, Juliet, experiencing true love for the first time, rather than the superficial crushes he’s shown to have had for other girls up until then. These new and intense emotions drive him to take risks to see Juliet – even in the afterlife. At the climax of the play, we see him take his own life, upon discovering what appears to be Juliet’s lifeless corpse…
Shakespeare himself was born in Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire, in 1564 and died on 23 April 1616 at the age of 52 – now 400 years ago. Little is known about his upbringing, including his real date of birth – but, by 1592, he was working in London both as an actor and a dramatist.
His writing career spanned almost 25 years, throughout which he wrote at least 37 comedies, tragedies, romances and histories, whilst collaborating with other writers on even more. At the age of 18 he married the 26-year-old Anne Hathaway, who gave birth to three children, including twins.
His works were not always revered at the time; it’s said that he was once told he wasn’t as good as other contemporary writers who had studied at university. Shakespeare nevertheless continued with his writing and went on to become arguably the world’s most celebrated writer.
The BBC have created an incredible archive of Shakespeare programmes which can be accessed by educational establishments.
T is for Tempest
The Tempest opens in the midst of a storm, as a ship containing the King of Naples and his party struggles to stay afloat. On a nearby island, Prospero and his daughter Miranda watch the storm unfold – a storm which Prospero deliberately created through magic, because said ship is carrying his enemies.
12 years earlier, Prospero and Miranda had been banished to the island when Prospero’s younger brother, Antonio, stole his Kingdom. The royal party ends up being cast ashore on the island and soon find themselves confronting a Prospero bent on revenge, retribution and retaking the throne that’s rightfully his.
Here again is broadcaster Melvyn Bragg, exploring the themes and characters of The Tempest with studio guests in an episode of In Our Time.
U is for Ursula
Ursula is a character in one of Shakespeare’s most popular comedies, Much Ado About Nothing.
The play focuses on two love stories that are intertwined. The first is between young Hero – the daughter Messina’s governor, Leonato – and Claudio, a soldier recently returned from war. The second is between Beatrice and Benedick, who both spend most of the play teasing each other and declaring that neither of them will ever marry anyone, let alone each other.
Ursula is one of Hero’s maids, and plays a small role in the humorous love story that develops between Beatrice and Benedick.
If you’re searching for broadcast material to help explain the play’s themes of appearance and reality to a primary school audience, try this clip. If you’re looking for classroom ideas to teach this play to a secondary school audience, check out this resource.
V is for Viola
Viola is the leading woman in Shakespeare’s Twelfth Night and often considered one of the Bard’s most charming, sweet and witty female characters.
Orphaned as a child and separated from her twin brother following a shipwreck, she finds herself abandoned on an island in search of refuge. Disguising herself as a man and adopting the name Cesario to ensure her safety and freedom of movement across the land, she eventually secures employment with Duke Orsino. A complicated love triangle between Viola, Duke Orsino and Lady Olivia then ensues, with the latter falling for Viola’s male disguise. The story takes an expected twist, however, when Viola’s twin brother arrives safe and well on the island.
The three witches are central characters in Macbeth – though in this instance, the reference to “weird” doesn’t mean ‘strange’. It actually comes from the Anglo-Saxon ‘wyrd’, meaning ‘destiny’ or ‘fate’. In this sense, the witches can therefore be seen as prophets telling Macbeth of his future.
At the start of the play, they tell Macbeth that he will one day become King, planting in him the idea of killing the present Monarch. Later, however, he overhears the witches talk of his impending downfall. The appearance of the witches sets a dark and ominous tone for the rest of play, representing evil, darkness and conflict.
This clip allows you to explore with students the significance of the witches and the various ways in which they might be played.
X is for X-Factor
Whilst Shakespeare didn’t enter any singing contests (at least that we know of)! it’s hard to deny his lasting influence on our culture, which makes him someone special. 400 years on from his death we’re still telling his stories, performing and adapting his plays, and wooing each other with his sonnets.
Yorick lends his name to one of the most well-known phrases to emerge from a Shakespeare play: the words “Alas, poor Yorick; I knew him, Horatio”, as spoken by Hamlet.
Yorick was, in fact, a fictional character. He was a dead court jester whose skull was exhumed by a gravedigger in the first scene of the play. Upon seeing this, Hamlet launches into a monologue on mortality.
In the course of writing his comedy plays, Shakespeare had a hand in introducing the word ‘zany’ to English audiences in Love’s Labour’s Lost.
The way we think of and define comedy now is very different to how it was understoood in Elizabethan times. The style of a Shakespearean comedy is typically light-hearted, with a story that usually ends with a wedding. They also often involve characters wearing disguises and cases of mistaken identity.
In this clip, actors discuss the language of comedy and the nature of comic timing in relation to A Midsummer Nights Dream.
Celebrating the 400th anniversary of the death of Shakespeare. This A to Z is brought to you in partnership with ERA – enhancing the learning experience.
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Take the positive route to better behaviour with our experts’ advice. | <urn:uuid:18ef4a42-6573-40bc-a3c4-0b5ba24ef7cf> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://www.teachwire.net/news/the-full-a-to-z-of-shakespeare-resources | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875147116.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20200228073640-20200228103640-00234.warc.gz | en | 0.969045 | 4,188 | 2.5625 | 3 |
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Improve your Skills: Writing for IELTS 6.0-7.5 Student's Book prepares pupils for the Academic IELTS Writing paper. The book is full of exercises and examples to help develop key Writing skills. Tips support students on how to approach the Writing tasks and MPO accompanies this book for further practice online. This is a ‘With Key’ version.
Цена 11 105 тг. за 1 штКоличество | <urn:uuid:ce8aefb7-a916-4487-84c5-2babfe939853> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | https://bestseller.kz/catalog/el/improve_your_writing_skills_for_ielts_6_7_5_sb_book_with_key_mpo_pack/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818689686.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20170923141947-20170923161947-00547.warc.gz | en | 0.772148 | 152 | 2.53125 | 3 |
As part of our pillars, we work in environmental management, carrying out projects oriented towards sustainable development and conservation.
We have specialised in knowing the environment as a starting point to evaluate its interaction with different uses and to be able to propose effective measures for its conservation, monitoring and control.
Within this field we carry out numerous activities:
- (LAND) Environmental management Project
- Planning, managing, monitoring and evaluating of Protected areas and species.
- Environmental Impact Assessments (EIA)
- Environmental Vigilance Plan
- Sediment Characterization Studies
- Taxonomic Survey
- Flora and faunas Studies
Monitoring and Control Plan for Aquanaria SA’s marine cultivation facilities, both on land and at sea, in Gran Canaria.
Environmental Impact Study for the Meloneras Marina (Gran Canaria)
Drafting of the Conservation Plan for Cymodocea nodosa habitat in the Canary Islands.
Assessment of the conservation status of Habitat 1110 grasslands in the Special Areas of Conservation of the Canary Islands.
Environmental Impact Study for the installation of an offshore marine farming concession for seriola fattening off the coast of Almeria.
Drafting of the Management Plans for the network of protected areas of the island of Maio, Cape Verde.
Water quality monitoring based on ROM 5.1-13 of the ports of the province of Las Palmas.
Update of the Management Plans of the Marine Special Conservation Areas in the province of Las Palmas | <urn:uuid:edf85fef-52bc-43cc-9de8-c67cc2b9a781> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://ecoscanarias.com/en/ecos-enviroment/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224649293.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20230603133129-20230603163129-00003.warc.gz | en | 0.844038 | 335 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Understanding the Health Benefits and Risks of Bariatric Surgery
Severe obesity is a chronic condition that, for many people, is difficult to treat with diet or exercise alone, and increases risks for type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, fatty liver disease, and many other devastating health conditions. Bariatric surgical procedures, which restrict stomach size and/or alter the intestinal tract, have been increasingly performed to treat severe obesity when other interventions have not worked. Additionally, bariatric surgery is used in clinical practice for people who have milder levels of obesity along with type 2 diabetes or other serious obesity-related disease. These surgical procedures can have dramatic benefits— such as significant and sustained weight loss, improved control of blood glucose (sugar) levels, or even reversal of type 2 diabetes—especially when accompanied by exercise and a healthy diet. They also carry substantial risks, and researchers have been evaluating the benefits and risks of different procedures.
Despite the increasing popularity of bariatric surgery, crucial questions still remain, such as how best to select candidates for surgery, based on improved definition of specific benefits versus short- and longer-term complications and survival rates, and the effects of different procedures on specific co-morbidities in people with lesser degrees of obesity. While the surgical modifications of the stomach and intestines reduce food intake and the amount of nutrients—including calories—absorbed, emerging evidence is revealing potential additional mechanisms for the effects on weight and metabolism. Researchers would thus like to determine precisely how certain types of bariatric surgical procedures work to help patients lose a considerable amount of weight, maintain weight loss, and improve obesity-related diseases. Finally, there is as yet unexplained heterogeneity in the outcomes of bariatric surgery, ranging from dramatic weight loss and improvement in comorbidities to subsets of patients who fail to lose weight, or who regain weight, and do not have a satisfactory outcome.
Scientists supported by the NIDDK and other organizations have been studying the risks and benefits of bariatric surgery, to help individuals with obesity and their doctors make more informed decisions. Additionally, research on the underlying mechanisms for the effects of bariatric surgical procedures could lead to the development of novel, non-surgical treatments that confer the benefits without the risks of surgery.
Bariatric Surgical Procedures
The first surgery of this type used for severe obesity dates back 50 years and grew out of the results of operations for certain cancers or severe ulcers. Doctors became aware that their patients lost weight following surgeries that removed large portions of the stomach or small intestine. Some physicians began to use such operations to treat patients with severe obesity. Over time, these operations have been modified to improve patient safety and to incorporate technological advances in surgical procedure. There are several general problems involved in assessing the outcomes of bariatric surgery. One is that new surgical approaches and technologies evolve continuously, and are continuing to change at the present time. Secondly, the patient populations who receive bariatric surgery also continue to evolve and may be quite different in individual studies. Together, these issues often make direct comparisons of research studies difficult.
There are several different surgical procedures performed that work through restricting food intake, changing the way in which food is absorbed or metabolized, or both. Physicians performing restrictive operations such as the laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB) reduce the opening to the stomach or stomach size. Other procedures such as the biliopancreatic diversion, with or without duodenal switch, restrict the amount of calories and nutrients the body absorbs. The most commonly performed procedure at this time, which has both a restrictive and malabsorptive component, is the Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass (RYGB). RYGB connects the upper stomach to the lower part of the small intestine, so that food bypasses a large portion of the gastrointestinal tract in which digestion and nutrient absorption normally take place. Increasingly, surgeons are performing a sleeve gastrectomy (SG) procedure in which a portion of the stomach is removed, leaving a sleeve or tube through which food can pass. Over the past several decades, researchers have sought to understand the benefits and risks of different bariatric surgery procedures.
The “Swedish Obese Subjects” Study of Bariatric Surgery
One early large-scale trial was the Swedish Obese Subjects (SOS) study, which remains the largest prospective study on bariatric surgery to date. The landmark SOS study was initiated in 1987. It included more than 2,000 participants who were undergoing bariatric surgery as part of their clinical care, and, as a control group, over 2,000 individuals who had similar health-related measures at the beginning of the study but had declined surgery and instead were receiving usual care. The researchers studied the participants over many years to compare the two groups for overall mortality, weight loss, and other important health outcomes, such as heart attacks, stroke, and type 2 diabetes. When the patients were recruited into the study (from 1987 to 2001), the most common procedure performed was vertical banded gastroplasty, a procedure which is infrequently performed today. RYGB, the most common procedure performed today, was only done in 13 percent of the SOS patients.
The SOS study now has 15 to 20 years of follow-up results. Bariatric surgery was associated with a 29 percent reduction in mortality, which was not correlated with the extent of weight loss. Type 2 diabetes remission after 2 years was 72 percent, and 36 percent after 10 years. Bariatric surgery was also associated with fewer cardiovascular events after more than 10 years. The SOS study found a reduced cancer incidence in women, but not in men, following bariatric surgery. Bariatric surgery lowered medication costs from years 7 to 20, but hospital days and outpatient visits were greater in the surgery group in the first 6 postoperative years. Although the SOS study has yielded important information about the long-term outcomes of bariatric surgery, most patients in the study underwent procedures that are no longer performed today.
The Longitudinal Assessment of Bariatric Surgery (LABS) Study
Many other bariatric surgery studies have been performed over the past few decades. However, the generalizability of some of these studies has been limited by a variety of factors, such as relatively small numbers of participants, lack of diversity in geographic locations or populations, non-standardized research practices, and short-term follow-up. Thus, in 2003, the NIDDK began a new research effort in bariatric surgery. The Institute partnered with researchers at multiple sites across the country to create the Longitudinal Assessment of Bariatric Surgery (LABS) consortium. The goal was to facilitate and accelerate clinical, epidemiological, and behavioral research to address key long-term outcomes of bariatric surgery, with a planned follow-up of at least 5 years. Between 2004 and 2009, the multi-center LABS consortium enrolled thousands of patients with severe obesity who were already planning to undergo bariatric surgery. The geographically diverse participants were evaluated at baseline and annually with standardized measures by trained personnel to address important questions about the comparative efficacy and safety of surgical procedures, as well as the durability of weight loss and health improvements. The overall goal of this observational research was to provide evidence that can be broadly applicable to clinical practice.
LABS has already provided critical insights into the risks and outcomes of bariatric surgical procedures. One early report followed 4,776 patients with severe obesity who had bariatric surgery, from before their surgery through the first 30 days following surgery, to evaluate death and complication rates. The study took place over 2 years at 10 U.S. medical centers, with one center coordinating data collection and analysis. Within 30 days of surgery, 4 percent of patients had at least one major adverse outcome, defined as development of blood clots in the deep veins of the legs or the pulmonary artery of the lungs, repeat surgeries, not being discharged from the hospital within 30 days, or death. Mortality rates were low: fewer than 1 percent of patients died within 30 days. This evaluation highlights the level of short-term risks associated with bariatric surgery.
An important goal of the LABS consortium is to determine longer-term outcomes of bariatric surgery. One study, reported in 2013, found that adults with severe obesity had substantial weight loss 3 years after bariatric surgery (RYGB or LAGB) with significant improvements in diabetes, high blood pressure, and cholesterol outcomes, although results varied among the study participants. A majority of the study participants lost the most weight during the first year. Overall, the median weight loss after 3 years for individuals who underwent RYGB was 31.5 percent of the body weight they had before surgery, compared with 15.9 percent weight loss for those who had LAGB surgery. Many participants had at least partial remission of type 2 diabetes, improvements in high blood pressure, and a reduction in excess fats in the blood. Although both procedures were effective, RYGB consistently led to greater health improvements than LAGB. For both procedures, fewer than 1 percent of study participants died within 3 years. Only 0.3 percent of patients who had RYGB required subsequent bariatric surgery, whereas 17.5 percent of individuals who received LAGB needed additional surgery, such as band replacement, band removal, or revision to another bariatric surgical procedure. Thus, RYGB, and to a lesser degree LAGB, leads to significant weight loss and reduction in obesity-related health conditions after 3 years, but the extent of these improvements is variable.
LABS investigators are also seeking to understand behavioral predictors and outcomes of bariatric surgery. For example, researchers found that adults who had RYGB were at significantly higher risk for alcohol use disorders (AUD) 2 years after surgery compared with before surgery. Among participants who had the RYGB procedure, there was no significant increase in AUD 1 year after surgery. By the second postoperative year, however, there was a relative increase in AUD of more than 50 percent in participants who had RYGB compared to pre-surgical rates. Patients who underwent gastric banding did not report an increase in AUD symptoms. While a number of predictors for AUD were identified, these results suggest that clinicians should be aware of the importance of monitoring for signs and symptoms of AUD and consider counseling after bariatric surgery, particularly in patients who undergo RYGB.
In addition to funding research on outcomes in adults, the NIDDK also supports the Teen-Longitudinal Assessment of Bariatric Surgery (Teen-LABS) study. Although not common in adolescents, the use of bariatric surgery in this age group has been increasing in clinical practice. Thus, the Teen-LABS study was launched in 2007 to assess the short- and long-term risks and benefits of bariatric surgery among teens with severe obesity. This observational study enrolled 242 teens who were already planning to have bariatric surgery. The participants underwent either RYGB, SG, or gastric banding, and they were evaluated for major, life-threatening complications (e.g., bowel obstruction/bleeding, gastrointestinal leaking, deep vein thrombosis, and splenectomy), as well as for minor, non-life-threatening, complications (e.g., pneumonia, urinary tract infections or other complications, bowel injury, and hypertension). At 30 days after surgery, there were no deaths; 8 percent of the participants experienced major complications; and 15 percent experienced minor complications. Thus, over the short-term, bariatric surgery led to relatively few complications. Teen-LABS investigators will continue to study the participants to determine longer-term safety, health, and weight outcomes of bariatric surgery in teens.
Mining Health Databases to Evaluate Outcomes of Bariatric Surgery
In another type of effort to gain insights on bariatric surgery outcomes from relatively large numbers of patients, researchers have sought to use data from pre-existing databases to perform retrospective analyses. For example, one group of scientists, supported by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, examined data from the electronic medical records of 1,395 adults with severe obesity and with type 2 diabetes, from 20 centers across the United States, who had bariatric surgery—most had RYGB, but a small percentage had other procedures—and more than 62,000 who did not. The goal of this study was, at 2 years after surgery, to compare various health outcomes, including diabetes remission and death. The researchers’ analyses, published in 2012, showed that in this large, multi-center study, the patients who had bariatric surgery achieved higher rates of diabetes remission, with no increased risk of death, compared with patients who received usual care.
Scientists in another study, supported by the NIDDK, also used electronic medical records of 690 patients who had RYGB surgery to develop an algorithm, called the DiaRem score, that can predict the likelihood of postoperative type 2 diabetes remission. Sixty-three percent of the patients achieved partial or complete diabetes remission after the surgery. The researchers examined 259 different pre-operative clinical variables, and found that four standard measures could effectively predict type 2 diabetes remission: insulin use, age, circulating glucose levels, and type of anti-diabetes drugs. This predictive model could provide a tool for clinicians and patients to help consider whether bariatric surgery might be an appropriate treatment option, and to better manage type 2 diabetes after the operation.
Clinical Trials of Bariatric Surgery for Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes
While observational and retrospective studies can provide insights about risks and benefits of bariatric surgery, proving its health impact would require long-term randomized, controlled trials (RCTs), which are difficult and costly to undertake. In the past few years, several relatively small RCTs enrolled participants with type 2 diabetes who either underwent bariatric surgery or were given one of a variety of non-surgical treatments for obesity and/or diabetes. After short-term follow-up, bariatric surgery procedures resulted in greater weight loss and greater remission of type 2 diabetes compared with the non-surgical options.
In addition to research focusing on people with severe obesity, recent clinical trials have been conducted to gain preliminary insights into the risks and benefits of bariatric surgery for type 2 diabetes in people with milder levels of obesity, as defined by body mass index (or “BMI,” a measure of weight relative to height). For example, reports of two small, NIDDK-supported short-term trials published in 2014 found that bariatric surgery may be more effective than non-surgical approaches for treating type 2 diabetes in adults who have moderate (BMI 35 to 40) or mild (BMI 30 to 35) levels of obesity. In one trial, 69 volunteers with type 2 diabetes were randomly assigned to receive either bariatric surgery or an intensive lifestyle intervention for weight loss, and health outcomes were compared after 1 year. About one-half of the individuals who underwent RYGB and 27 percent of those who underwent LAGB had partial diabetes remission. Their blood glucose levels were no longer in the diabetes range, and they were able to discontinue their diabetes medications. None of the people in the lifestyle intervention group had partial or complete diabetes remission. However, several individuals in the RYGB and LAGB groups experienced complications, including a surgery-related ulcer and dehydration. In another trial, investigators assigned 43 volunteers to receive either RYGB surgery or a lifestyle and medical intervention of diet and exercise, delivered in group sessions, with a weekly medication adjustment plan. After 1 year, 58 percent of the individuals in the RYGB group, but only 16 percent of those in the lifestyle and medical therapy group, saw their blood glucose levels improve to the target for glucose control chosen as the study outcome. Weight loss was greater in the RYGB group as well. Importantly, while assessing the safety of the interventions, the researchers noted several adverse events among participants in the RYGB surgery group, including ischemic heart disease requiring coronary artery bypass surgery and depression with attempted suicide. In the non-surgical group, a few individuals experienced near-fainting.
The results of these studies were similar to other RCTs, which found improved weight and diabetes outcomes for the bariatric surgical groups when compared to those receiving non-surgical treatments for obesity or diabetes. However, RCTs are difficult to perform, generally small, and of short duration. Given these challenges, high-quality, carefully designed observational studies might be preferable to answer questions about the safety of bariatric surgery, as well as the durability of weight loss and health improvements.
While a picture may be emerging regarding the safety and efficacy of bariatric surgery as a treatment for obesity in the short- and medium-term, further research is needed to better understand the long-term risks and durability of positive outcomes. Additional avenues of clinical research, such as efforts to elucidate the behavioral and psychological factors that influence the trajectory of weight loss after bariatric surgery, could also inform clinical decisions for the treatment of obesity and its complications.
Researchers are also investigating the molecular mechanisms behind physiological changes that occur following bariatric surgery. Emerging evidence suggests that the beneficial effects of bariatric surgery may extend beyond the physical restrictions of the surgery, malabsorption, and the postoperative reduction of calorie intake. For example, scientists have observed near immediate improvements in type 2 diabetes and other metabolic complications prior to weight loss following bariatric surgery, but the reasons for the dramatic change in glycemic control are not yet well understood. Other physiological effects, such as alterations in the types of bacteria that normally reside in the gut (the gut microbiome) and changes in hormones, metabolic factors such as bile acids, and nervous system pathways controlling feeding behavior and metabolism are also under investigation. These and other studies may ultimately provide the foundation for non-surgical therapies, including medications and devices, to achieve health improvements similar to those following bariatric surgery, but perhaps without the associated risks. | <urn:uuid:9ac1f3f7-3c8c-4ee9-89bb-46e9834487ff> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://www.niddk.nih.gov/news/archive/2015/understanding-health-benefits-risks-bariatric-surgery | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104683020.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20220707002618-20220707032618-00686.warc.gz | en | 0.962349 | 3,655 | 2.90625 | 3 |
City of Surrey – RETHINK WASTE !
Taking the concept of a closed loop one step further, The City of Surrey is planning to power their garbage trucks with… Garbage! The project description below is long, but a worthwhile read- and a case study for the textbooks. It’s also the best write up we had this year. Kudos to the team who did the work – and who took the time to share it! The metrics in this one are buried – but outstanding!
The British Columbia Ministry of Environment mandates all of BC’s Regional Districts to establish solid waste management plans for their respective regions. The Metro Vancouver Regional District (Metro Vancouver), in which the City of Surrey is a member municipality, recently revised its “Integrated Solid Waste Resource and Management Plan”, establishing a target to divert 70% of all regional municipal waste from landfill by 2015 . The diversion of food and other organic waste is viewed as a key strategy for meeting this goal.
In addition, the City of Surrey’s own Sustainability Charter, which was endorsed by Surrey Council in September 2008, reflects guiding principles in achieving economic, environmental and social sustainability within Surrey.
On the basis of both the above noted Metro Vancouver and City of Surrey policy documents, the City initiated careful planning to establish a a fully integrated model for organic waste management that:
1.Maximizes the diversion of household organic waste from landfill;
2.Leverages the best end use of diverted organic waste; and
3.Is both economically and environmentally sustainable.
Surrey’s vision in this regard is “To fuel Surrey’s waste trucks with renewable biogas generated from curbside organic waste”.
Between 2009 and 2010, the City conducted seasonal waste composition studies to determine the percentage of organic (kitchen) waste contained within its residential garbage waste stream. This was necessary as it would provide us with the required data to:
a) design an optimal waste collection process geared towards maximizing the diversion of organic waste; and
b) determine if we produce sufficient organic waste feedstock that would justify the establishment of a municipal organic waste biofuel processing facility
The season results consistently reflected that approximately 65% of Surrey’s waste was comprised of food waste that was discarded into the landfill bound garbage stream.
The next step, which commenced in the spring of 2010, was to gauge the public’s receptivity to separating out their food waste from their garbage stream. In this regard the City engaged a public consultation process throughout Surrey supplemented by surveys. The feedback received from customers was overwhelmingly positive for an organic waste collection program with support at 88%.
In late 2010, the City initiated a 2,000 household pilot waste collection program. Pilot households were provided 3 waste carts, one each for organic (kitchen & yard) waste, recyclables and garbage. During the pilot, organic waste was collected weekly, while recyclables and garbage was collected biweekly on an alternating schedule. The City carried out surveys with the pilot group to gauge satisfaction levels. This allowed City staff to make adjustments to the program to ensure that customer concerns were addressed.
Between November 2010 and August 2011 waste composition studies were carried out to gauge the effectiveness of the pilot program, the results of which reflected a significant (50%) drop in garbage tonnage after 8 months. Based on these results, the City engaged a market proposal call seeking a service provider to deliver the same cart-based waste collection service to Surrey’s 100,000 households using Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) fuelled trucks. The City awarded a contract to BFI Canada in late 2011 to carry out the waste collection services accordingly (for services commencing Oct 2012).
Over the course of the spring and summer of 2012, the City initiated a comprehensive communications and public education campaign informing its customers of the new waste collection services. The City also carried out the delivery of 300,000 waste carts to its 100,000 customer base during this time (3 waste carts per household: one for organic waste, one for recyclables and one for garbage).
On October 1, 2012, the City rolled its new “Rethink Waste” collection program. The comprehensive interactions with our customers during the planning and pilot stages proved effective. While there were a few growing pains to overcome in the few months of the program, the new services clearly hit a cord with customers. Participation levels for organic waste diversion far exceeded the City’s initial estimates. In just the first three months of the program, (from October 1st to December 31st, 2012), the City’s residential waste diversion levels jumped from 52% to 70%, with a 43% drop in garbage tonnage.
During the time that the City planning its new waste collection program, as described above, it was managing a parallel process with regards to the establishment of an organic waste biofuel processing facility
Once established, the facility will process Surrey’s kitchen and yard waste into both a renewable fuel and a compost and mulch material. The renewable fuel will be used to power vehicles, including the City’s fleet of CNG waste collection trucks, while the compost and mulch will be sold through local retailers and used by the City for application in Surrey parks, streetscapes and facility landscaping. Based on the organic waste processing capacity of the future facility (at 80,000 metric tonnes/year), it is estimated that the City will produce enough clean renewable gas to fuel over 4 times the size of our CNG waste collection fleet per year.
The Organic Waste Biofuel Processing Facility will be situated on Surrey-owned property located in the Port Kells industrial park area of the City (adjacent to the Surrey Transfer Station). The facility will be developed as a Public Private Partnership. Under this model, the City will choose a private partner to design, build, finance, operate and maintain the facility in a long-term agreement. As an added financial benefit, in September 2012, the Government of Canada announced that it had approved the City of Surrey’s application to the PPP Canada Fund where it will contribute up to 25% (or up to $16.9 million) of the capital cost of the future biofuel facility.
An open Request for Qualifications process was initiated in May 2013 and will close in mid-July 2013. A short-list of proponents will be selected and subsequently invited to participate in a Request for Proposal process. The City expects to engage a successful proponent by late 2013 and commence development of the biofuel facility immediately thereafter, with full commissioning of the facility by 2015.
Describe the results achieved
A:Since the implementation of the Rethink Waste collection program, the City of Surrey has seen tremendous economic, environmental and operational results.
Since the roll out in October, 2012 the City has seen an average monthly reduction in garbage volume of 43%; from approximately 5,300 tonnes/month to approximately 3,000 tonnes/month.
Conversely, monthly organic waste diversion has jumped 81%; from approximately 2,400 tonnes/month to approximately 4,300 tonnes/month.
It has been estimated that the diversion of this residential organic waste alone will reduce CO2e emissions by ~9,000/year. This CO2e impact is the equivalent of taking 1,700 passenger vehicles off the road annually.
The Rethink Waste collection program implemented a more efficient collection system, which is saving the City approximately $3,000,000/year compared to the previous waste collection service where waste was collected manually and on a weekly basis. These savings are realized via:
• The weekly-biweekly collection schedule (less trucks);
• The usage of CNG trucks is highly beneficial due to significantly less expensive fuel, i.e. the diesel litre equivalent price for natural gas is more than 50% cheaper than diesel. To this end, we estimate the fuel saving to be in the vicinity of $800,000/year (these savings are included in the $3 million total savings per year associated with our new waste collection service).
In addition, the use of CNG trucks reduces the City’s emissions relating to waste collection by 23% compared to the use of diesel waste trucks.
Also the reduced tipping costs of disposing the diverted organic waste at a compost facility, rather than landfill is saving the City approximately $1.5 million year. This is due to the relative high cost of garbage disposal at regional transfer station, the current rate of which is $107/tonne, versus separating out organic waste from the garbage and paying an organic waste disposal rate which is presently under $50/tonne.
The Rethink Waste collection program differs from the City’s old collection service in three highly sustainable ways.
The new program requires that customers separate kitchen waste from garbage. The kitchen waste, along with yard and garden waste is required to be placed into an organics cart and is collected weekly. Presently, the organic waste materials are taken to a compost facility for processing into a mulch, fertilizer and soil amendment products. recycling and garbage is collected on an alternating, biweekly basis. Taking this step not only provides additional incentive to Surrey’s residents to properly divert their organic waste, it also reduces collections costs incurred by the City as noted above.
Waste that enters the garbage stream is eventually disposed of at Metro Vancouver Regional Transfer Stations then hauled away to the Cache Creek landfill located 350 km northeast of the region. By separating out organic waste, we have significantly minimized the transfer of this waste thereby reducing emissions associated with trucking this material.
When organic waste is buried in a landfill it generates methane gas, the carbon emissions impact of which is 22 times higher than gasoline or diesel. By separating out organic waste from the landfill bound garbage stream, we minimize this impact.
As noted above, Surrey is taking this one step further: We are in the process of planning the establishment of an organic waste biofuel processing facility that will accept organic waste and generate biomethane. We intend to convert this to a grid quality renewable gas that will fuel our CNG waste trucks. As per the City’s requirements, our waste hauling contractor (BFI Canada) is operating a fleet of 100% compressed natural gas (CNG) waste collection vehicles. Taking this step not only reduces the City’s overall corporate carbon footprint, it also significantly reduces fuel costs incurred by the City. In effect, the City will be operating a wholly sustainable, closed loop waste collection system; where the waste trucks will literally be collecting their fuel from Surrey’s residents.
Name of executive or team leader who managed the project
Rob Costanzo, Deputy Manager of Engineering Operations
What 3 things in your mind makes this project most worthy of recognition
1. Economic sustainability often comes with an upfront cost, above and beyond the status quo. Through rigorous analyses and consultation, the Rethink Waste project has seen past these upfront economic and operational hurdles to realize the actual lifecycle savings of organic waste diversion.
2. The potential environmental benefits of both Phases 1 and 2 are significant. The diversion of residential and private organic waste from landfill and operating a fleet of waste collection vehicles on 100% renewable biomethane will have an estimated net carbon reduction impact of 10,200 tonnes of CO2e per year. This would be the same as taking roughly 2,000 passenger vehicles off the road every year.
3. Taking the steps that the City has taken with Phase 1 of the Rethink Waste program, and the steps that the City will take with Phase 2 of the program are already being seen as revolutionary within the solid waste industry and amongst peers from other local governments. While this wholly sustainable solid waste management model has been proven successful in Europe, Surrey’s Rethink Waste collection system will represent a first of kind in North America, and will certainly act as a catalyst project on the local, regional and national level. | <urn:uuid:be051e81-ac46-44b2-8da5-1a3ec5a62561> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://clean50.com/projects/city-of-surrey-rethink-waste/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510575.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20230930014147-20230930044147-00385.warc.gz | en | 0.942688 | 2,464 | 2.734375 | 3 |
On 20 September 1855 violence erupted during the Legislative Council election when a mob attempted to interfere with the voting at West Adelaide. Later that day a full riot developed there after the close of the election, as a furious attack was made on the supporters of one candidate, Anthony Forster, editor and part owner of the South Australian Register newspaper. At that time the British colony of South Australia was ruled by a governor appointed by the British government. He appointed officials and made laws, and was advised by a small Legislative Council, whose members he nominated. Early in the 1850s the British government had allowed the election of members to the Legislative Council. This was a considerable move towards democratic rule in South Australia. A major task for the Legislative Council was to draw up a constitution for the colony. But how democratic should this new constitution be, and what form should it take? Who should be allowed to vote on the matter, and how? Should there be one or two houses of government, and should there be peers or freely elected men? These questions caused a lot of civic dispute and tension.
The election process to decide these matters also needed to be improved: there was limited franchise, voting was at public polling booths (generally in pubs) and men had no privacy or secrecy when voting so sometimes there was coercion and even violence. On the morning of the election on 20 September, reported the Register, a ‘very great’ crowd gathered at the Blenheim Hotel, Hindley Street to hear speeches by Forster and his opponent, James Hurtle Fisher. Forster supported the model of a freely elected Legislative Council, liberal voting rights for ordinary men as well as landowners and election by confidential ballot. The Register reporter said that the ‘utter insufficiencies’ of the Blenheim as a polling station ‘soon became painfully manifest’, as men were forced to record their votes outside the building, in full public view. As an eyewitness recalled in 1911:
Those were the days of open voting. The 'touters' standing at the door could see by the colour of the ballot-slip used which man the elector voted for, and they signalled the fact to the crowd, who were all eager partisans of one side or the other. This caused very bad feeling between the rival factions.
Intimidating behaviour at polling station
The Register reported that at the Blenheim a ‘premeditated and organised attempt to create a disturbance was patent to every observer … Groups of sturdy and desperate-looking men’ carrying cudgels lurked near the hotel. Some reports said these were Irishmen, and not electors, and it was thought their violent behaviour was to intimidate people against voting. A fight took place in the polling booth almost as soon as it was opened, and some blows were exchanged. At one point during the day the violence grew, even though there were 60 police constables stationed nearby. The Register complained that the police remained inactive while electors were being beaten and obstructed from voting. Frequent appeals were made to the Inspector in vain, as the Commissioner of Police said that he would not interfere until there was a riot in the street. Unknown to those at the Blenheim, the military had also been ordered in readiness close by, although ‘very prudently and properly concealed from public’.
At the close of the polls, Forster had beaten Fisher by 740 votes to 604. The final result was announced by Forster’s supporters from the balcony of the Exchange Hotel, opposite the Blenheim. While Forster made a victory speech, ‘a number of riotous persons occupied the balcony of the Blenheim Hotel, from whence they yelled forth defiance at the party supporting Mr Forster’. Flags belonging to his supporters were ‘pulled down and torn to shreds with almost savage ferocity’. Then the gang ran into the street and charged the crowd, which included many women and children.
A mob storms the hotel
The mob took up a position in front of the Exchange Hotel, threw missiles at Forster’s men and then stormed the hotel:
a scene of great confusion and disgraceful violence followed, in which many inoffensive persons were seriously injured. Several persons scrambled out of the windows, over the balcony, and even by the roof of the Exchange Hotel, to escape from the shillelahs [clubs] and still more dangerous weapons of their ruffian assailants.
Finally the police commissioner acted, and the constables scattered the crowd, making several captures, although taking, as the Register commented, ‘none but the most outrageous’. In the fray, Constable Alexander Wright was severely injured, and some of the men arrested required medical assistance.
The Register lamented the violence and corruption of the day, hoping that the ‘disgraceful proceedings’ were at an end. Electoral irregularities meant that the result of the day’s vote was declared void, serving as a potent example of the need for electoral reform. The Register said that it was ‘painful to think that men who have had heretofore cause to complain of political coercion should themselves, in a land where all may vote freely, attempt by brute force to subvert freedom of election’. While there was no official explanation for the violence, or the refusal of the police to intervene for so long, the colonial secretary later chastised some government officers in private letters.
In the end, all but one of the 16 members elected to the Legislative Council in 1855 were supporters of the secret ballot, and it was duly included in the Electoral Act that followed the Constitution Act. How best to make the ballot secret was debated in February 1856. Victoria had adopted the secret ballot the previous month. South Australia borrowed the innovation of ballot papers printed with the names of candidates, but improved the Victorian system by not numbering papers. This meant that a vote could not be linked to a name on the electoral roll, thus ensuring absolute secrecy. | <urn:uuid:8dbdd86a-5050-4c48-81fa-95c581bc438e> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | http://adelaidia.sa.gov.au/events/hindley-street-riot | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912204736.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20190325234449-20190326020449-00204.warc.gz | en | 0.981469 | 1,231 | 3.390625 | 3 |
As humans, we are hard-wired to crave sweet things; from an evolutionary perspective, a sweet taste in food meant it was toxin free and safe to eat. Before the evolution of agriculture, when our ancestors came across something sweet such as fruit or honey they undoubtedly would have indulged on it until either it was all gone or they could eat no more, as they had no guarantee where their next ‘sugar hit’ would come from. Sweet food would have provided a rich and well deserved reward, and when discovered, would have been enjoyed with reckless abandon.
However, our inbuilt desire to seek sweet foods has in recent years been transformed from a survival instinct into a potential health hazard, thanks in no small part to the ‘junk food’ industry. Sweetness is now everywhere you turn; soft drinks, fruit juices, breakfast cereals, sweets, chocolate, and energy bars scream at us from supermarket shelves. As a result, our threshold for sweetness has been extended, and as a nation on a collective blood sugar rollercoaster we are now consuming more added sugar than ever before.
Nonetheless, a recent revolt against sugar has seen a dramatic increase in the consumption of sweeteners, sugar substitutes, and even ‘healthy’ sugar sources such as maple syrup and coconut sugar. Even these are coming up against fierce opposition, with a growing low carb and sugar free community claiming that all sugar should be avoided in our quest for optimum health. Are they correct? Or are sweeteners safe, or even healthy, in moderation? Let’s take a look at the main sugar sources in our diet and examine the evidence.
We’re kicking things off with fruit, because although it is widely recognised as one of the healthiest things you can eat, the growing contingent of ‘sugar-shunners’ have voiced quite a strong opinion against it. The theory is that fructose, the main source of carbohydrate in fruit, is a toxin that can contribute to everything from weight gain to diabetes to cardiac failure. Whilst a number of studies do point to fructose being hazardous, these studies are looking at isolated fructose; the kind found in energy drinks and other over-processed creations of the junk food industry. There’s a notable difference between the two.
Indeed, the fructose found in fruit comes packaged with fibre and water, which slows down the insulin response and increases satiety. Many people would find it rather difficult to consume 4 large Jonagold apples in one sitting, but it’s significantly easier to drink a can of coke. Studies have shown that the consumption of fruit is in no way unhealthy, whilst an increase in fruit consumption can actually decrease the risk of diabetes and obesity. Furthermore, the sugars in fruit also come hand in hand with a range of vitamins, minerals and antioxidants that are extremely beneficial to our health. Fruit has always been a nutritious part of the human diet, and there is no reason for it not to carry on that way.
White / Brown Sugar
Sugar, on the other hand, is quite rightfully demonised by virtually all nutritionists, doctors, and health professionals. Once touted as a ‘healthy, low calorie way to lose weight,’ we can now pretty much all agree that table sugar should be avoided wherever possible, given how it has virtually no nutritional value and skyrockets our blood sugar thanks to it’s high glycemic index (GI).
Both white and brown sugar come from the sugar cane, and whilst brown sugar retains some of the molasses, white sugar has these stripped away. Some people turn to brown sugar because they believe it to be healthier than its paler counterpart, but in reality there is very little nutritional difference given the high levels of processing both forms undergo.
As we discussed earlier, when sugar is refined it makes it very difficult to measure a caloric response thanks to the ease of consumption. As such, we are now consuming far more sugar than would ever have been possible before agriculture, which is leading to a world riddled with blood sugar imbalances, obesity, diabetes and candida. Too much sugar of any kind can lead to health issues, but as white and brown sugar will give you the least nutritional value per calorie, it would be in your best interest to avoid added sugar wherever possible. But if that’s the case, what about natural sweeteners?
Honey, Maple Syrup, Coconut Sugar and Molasses
Honey, Maple Syrup, Coconut Sugar and Molasses are considered ‘more natural’ sweeteners as they are unrefined and, as such, come packaged with beneficial nutrients, phytonutrients and enzymes. Out of the four, honey has the longest history in the human diet, and would have provided a fantastic source of energy for hunter gatherer communities, providing they could get their hands on it. In fact, there are still tribes today where honey represents a significant component of their diet, such as the Hadza hunter-gatherers in Tanzania, who remain in remarkably good health despite a diet that could raise a few eyebrows due to it’s sugar content. Whilst honey is composed almost entirely from fructose, glucose and water, it does contain beneficial enzymes, phytonutrients and antioxidants. Studies have shown that these antioxidants help to reduce inflammation and decrease HDL (bad) cholesterol whilst increasing LDL (good) cholesterol. Raw honey also has naturally antibacterial and antiviral compounds, and can help reduce allergies. When choosing honey, be sure to source one that is raw, unpasteurised, and where possible, local, for maximum benefits.
Molasses, the ‘leftover’ product of sugar production, contains all the vitamins and minerals found in the sugar cane. Whilst not a ‘nutrient dense’ product when compared to things like fruits or vegetables, molasses does provide a good source of minerals calcium, magnesium, iron and potassium. Maple syrup and coconut sugar also contain trace amounts of vitamins and minerals, and although they are not as beneficial as honey and molasses, they are both lower GI than table sugar, with coconut sugar having a GI value almost half that of table sugar.
If you have a sweet tooth, it is without doubt that these four sweeteners make more sensible choices than table sugar. Simple changes such as swapping sugar in your tea for a teaspoon of molasses, or baking with coconut sugar, are excellent places to start. That said, it is still important to look on these sweeteners as ‘treats’ that are consumed every so often, rather than making them a part of your daily diet.
Agave NectarWhilst many people would group agave nectar in the ‘safe sweetener’ category, we’re not so sure. Taken from the sap of the blue agave plant native to Mexico, which also makes tequila, agave nectar can contain up to 90% fructose – and very little else. We discussed fructose earlier, and concluded that, whilst fine when naturally packaged in fruit, such high levels of fructose in isolation should be avoided. Whereas 100g of blueberries, for example, contain about 7.4g of fructose packaged with fibre, water and many beneficial nutrients, the same amount of agave contains up to a whopping 90g fructose. Unlike other sweeteners like maple syrup and honey, agave has it’s beneficial enzymes removed to stop it fermenting and turning into tequila in your cupboard. Metabolically and nutritionally speaking, therefore, agave nectar is very similar to high fructose corn syrup, considered one of the biggest offenders in the whole food industry. Whilst a little agave won’t hurt you, we’ve opted against including it in the ‘acceptable sweetener’ list.
As we leave the territory of natural sweeteners, we come into a market that provides a source of much debate: natural sugar substitutes. Out of these, stevia is perhaps the most popular. Although only approved in the EU in 2011, stevia has rose to popularity for providing sweetness (said to be up to 300x sweeter than sugar) without any calories or carbohydrates. Many healthy recipes now call for a couple of drops of stevia rather than sugar, and even manufacturers of nutrition products like protein and greens blends have taken to using it to provide sweetness without additional calories. But is it safe?
Unfortunately, given the fairly recent arrival of stevia in the EU and America, there are not a great deal of studies to allow us to form a concrete opinion either way. Until more research of the effects of stevia on humans comes to light, we’re sitting on the fence with this one!
One potential issue that has been raised with stevia is how the sweet taste without the influx of sugar may confuse our insulin response; conversely, however, one study showed how stevia can actually help control blood sugar, whilst another showed how stevia improved insulin sensitivity in rats. Because of this, the early indications are that stevia may be a particularly good choice for those with diabetes, low insulin tolerances, or issues digesting sugar.
From our point of view, we prefer to use a sweetener such as raw honey or maple syrup simply because stevia is really, really sweet – it’s very easy to overdo it when not following a recipe! The key here is balance – if you like the taste of stevia, and you notice no ill effects from consuming it, then keep doing what you’re doing. Just be sure to keep an eye out for new studies as they come out, as we’re still learning about stevia and as such should be open to new research.
Much like stevia, xylitol is an all-natural sweetener (this time derived from tree bark) that contains very few calories and almost zero sugar, and is treated by the body as an indigestible carbohydrate, similar to fibre. Xylitol doesn’t raise blood glucose after consumptionand is actually recommended by dentists due to the benefits it offers for oral health. Xylitol has been shown to increase tooth whiteness and decrease the risk of cavities. Furthermore, xylitol can not be used as a food source for common plaque forming oral bacteria as sugar can – instead, it actively inhibits the growth of these bacteria.
Excessive consumption of xylitol can produce laxative effects, so use with caution. Natural sweeteners like xylitol are an excellent step to take to decrease your sugar intake, but that doesn’t mean you should consume the same amount!
As we delve deeper into the world of sweeteners, the water gets a little murkier. Artificial sweeteners such as aspartame and sucralose are also free from sugar and calories, but evidence suggests we would be best to avoid them wherever possible. Aspartame, the most studied artificial sweetener, has come up against a lot of opposition ever since it was first synthesised in 1965, but research hasn’t been significant enough to warrant a ban – yet. One studyin the 1980s linked aspartame consumption in rats with the formation of brain tumours; however, this has since been challenged a number of times. Another study reported a slight increase in the risk of Hodgkin lymphoma and multiple myeloma in males but not in females; but again, this has since faced vocal opposition. Sucralose has been the subject of less research, although a study has linked it to a decrease in red blood cells.
A recent study has also indicated that artificial sweeteners could actually impair glucose tolerance. The study indicates that they do so by changing the composition and function of our gut bacteria, leaving us with an impaired ability to digest and utilise glucose. Another study supports this argument, which showed that rats who are fed with artificial sweeteners gained weight faster than rats who were fed with glucose or sucrose.
Human studies have also been shown to correlate; when used in liquid form, artificial sweeteners are so sweet that they can mess with our bodies’ metabolic signals. Our brains expect such sweetness to equal caloric density, so when these calories aren’t provided, our bodies aim to compensate and actually begin to crave more calories. Whilst one would think that consumption of calorie free sweeteners would lead to an overall reduction in calories due to the sugar that they replace, studies have shown this not to be the case; rather, participants who consumed calorie free sweeteners in place of sugar actually consumed more calories in total.
When it comes to artificial sweeteners, we think that the alarming number of studies linking them to adverse health effects provide ample reason to avoid them. They have not been in the human diet long enough to be subject of long term research, but if anything, this uncertainty should provide even more reason to exercise extreme caution. If you’re anything like us, the word ‘artificial’ should be enough to put you off on it’s own. | <urn:uuid:cbbbc2e2-85f5-4076-9bee-dbb7124d2a10> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://www.vivolife.co.uk/blogs/health/a-sweet-dilemma | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964363125.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20211204215252-20211205005252-00059.warc.gz | en | 0.953665 | 2,696 | 2.984375 | 3 |
The Wnt signaling pathway, highly conserved amongst various species, is a group of signal transduction pathway made of proteins that pass signals into a cell through cell surface receptors.
Wnt signaling pathways are highly evolutionarily conserved in animals. It was first identified for its role in carcinogenesis, then for its function in embryonic development, including body axis patterning, cell fate specification, cell proliferation and cell migration.
Additionally, Wnt signaling also controls tissue regeneration in adult bone marrow, skin and intestine. Later research found that the genes responsible for these abnormalities also influenced breast cancer development in mice.
Wnt signaling diversifies into three main branches, all three pathways are activated by the binding of a Wnt-protein ligand to a Frizzled family receptor, which transmits the biological signal to the Dishevelled protein inside the cell.
1. The canonical Wnt pathway, also known as classical, activates target genes through stabilization of β-catenin in the nucleus, and leads to regulation of gene transcription, and is thought to be negatively regulated in part by the SPATS1 gene.
The function of this pathway during embryonic development has been originally elucidated by experimental analysis of axis development in the frog Xenopus laevis and of segment polarity and wing development in the fly Drosophila melanogaster.
2. The planar cell polarity pathway involves RhoA and Jun Kinase (JNK) and controls cytoskeletal rearrangements. It mainly regulates the cytoskeleton that is responsible for the shape of the cell.
3. The Wnt/Ca2+ pathway is stimulated by Wnt 5a and Wnt 11 and involves an increase in intracellular Ca2+ and activation of Ca2+-sensitive signaling components, such as calmodulin-dependent kinase, the phosphatase calcineurin, and the transcription factor NF-AT. It mainly regulates calcium inside the cell.
If you want to know more information about Wnt signaling pathway, you can click the following link: https://www.cusabio.com/c-20690.html. This article focuses on Wnt family and related diseases.
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|CSNK2A1||CSNK2A1 Antibody||CSNK2A1 Protein||CSNK2A1 cDNA||CSNK2A1 ELISA Kit| | <urn:uuid:23f556f0-80a7-440b-b960-5daeb64c05e6> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://www.cusabio.com/pathway/Wnt-signaling-pathway.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496669183.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20191117142350-20191117170350-00018.warc.gz | en | 0.782728 | 1,140 | 3.53125 | 4 |
The Different Programming Languages
This page discusses the different popular programming languages and help you choose one to learn. You shouldn’t worry too much about which language you choose, since the basic programming fundamentals are the same in each one. But you might as well pick the language that fits best with your goals. You can look at this chart to get an overall idea and read below to find out more about a language.
Higher Levels of Languages
As mentioned before, there are "medium" languages which are closer to the machine, and high-level languages that take care of more things automatically. Even within these high-level languages, some languages (such as Java and C#) are more optimized for the machine while other languages choose greater flexibility for the programmer.
Java and C#
Java and C# are two very similar programming languages that are well-optimized and have stricter rules to help prevent programming mistakes. Code in these languages need to be “compiled” into lower-level code before it runs, and all variables need to be “declared” with their name and type. They also enforce/encourage a methodology known as “object-oriented programming”, requiring all code to belong to an “object”.
People who program in these languages use an IDE to write their software in, which can provide various features to help with programming, such as auto-completion suggestions while they code, and automatic highlighting of certain errors. The rules in these languages will help you detect certain errors before you even run your code, which can be especially helpful when learning programming. However, Java or C# are not made for writing simple scripts, and they are not as popular for quickly creating dynamic websites.
Java vs. C#
Both languages are popular in large companies, large projects and in projects that need optimized code.
C# can be called "Microsoft's Java", but it also has features missing in Java. It does not yet support multiple platforms as well as Java does, but it does fit well with Microsoft's other offerings. If someone is within a Microsoft world anyways, it likely makes sense to use C# over Java. Microsoft has started to open-source C# and associated technologies, so support for other platforms will improve over time.
In summary, you should learn one of these languages if you:
- Want to program for a big company
- Want extra rules to help prevent errors
- Require very fast software for large projects
You should likely do C# if you'll just be doing things on Windows, but you should do Java if you want to make Android apps or are going to a college that does Java.
The "interpreted languages" are more flexible, and are probably a better choice for a beginner who doesn't care about the reasons mentioned above. Since they're popular on the web, I’ll quickly review how websites work before going through different languages. (For more information see Intro to Web Development.)
PHP is a language built for creating dynamic web pages, and it runs on the server-side. Let’s say you just finished building a website without programming and now you want to be able to customize things further. You want to learn how to program the brains of the website, i.e. the back-end. A large number of websites and scripts are built using PHP, and web hosts often come with a list of one-click-install scripts. If you want to create a plugin for WordPress or work with the same script that runs Wikipedia, then PHP is for you. Practically all dynamic web hosts run PHP, and its very easy to get started with it. However, PHP has some issues, such as a messy syntax and certain inconsistencies and quirks. This means you should probably learn a different language if you just want to learn programming or you want to create an entirely new web app. However, PHP has improved over time, and if it fits your purposes, go ahead and learn it.
Ruby is similar to Python in many ways. It is a general-purpose language which is focused more on programmer productivity than running-time on a machine. This ‘slowness’ isn’t really an issue for most things a beginner will be building. Ruby has become popular in the last few years due to the website-building framework written in it – Ruby on Rails. Rails developed certain principles (such as “convention over configuration”) that let programmers built websites quickly. If you are interested in creating websites with Rails, then it obviously makes sense to learn some Ruby. While Rails can be used without that much Ruby knowledge, I think a beginner should first learn a simple language before taking on a complex framework.
The C language is the 'grandfather' of modern languages, and it (and C++) influenced many languages, especially Java and C#. Many lower-level systems (and language compilers themselves) are written in C, but a beginner should usually learn an easier higher-level language for creating applications.
Objective-C (which appeared in 1983) is Apple's variant of C for creating apps for Macs and iPhones. It still requires programmers to do certain things that modern languages take care of automatically. Apple recently came out with Swift, as an easier alternative to Objective-C. Swift offers various beginner-friendly features, such as playgrounds for seeing your code execute live. Swift is a good choice if you're interested in creating iPhone apps.
The table below provides some additional info about each language. See this post for sample code for each language.
Scroll table sideways to view all languages.
|About name & original purpose||Named for Java Coffee, created for interactive TV||Named after C++ and the musical note. Microsoft's Java competitor||Implies faster coding,
"Objective-C without the C"
|Named for Monty Python, created as a scripting language to bridge the gap between the shell and C||Named for the gemstone, created as a true object-oriented scripting language||Named after Java as a marketing ploy, created as a scripting language for Netscape browser in 10 days||Creator made it for his own Personal Home Page and it evolved from there|
(official or otherwise)
|Robust to catch errors
Portable to run anywhere
Multithreading for concurrency
(See Design Goals of the Java)
|Strong type checking
Robust & durable Programmer productivity
Source code portability and programmer portability
Run on hosted and embedded systems, distributed environments, large to small
|Builds on the best of C and Objective-C, without the constraints of C compatibility.
Systems programming language that is as expressive and enjoyable as a scripting language.
Modern, functional, easy to experiment with, safe and powerful.
Explicit is better than implicit.
Flat is better than nested. Sparse is better than dense.
Special cases aren't special enough to break the rules. Although practicality beats purity.
Errors should never pass silently. Unless explicitly silenced.
There should be one - and preferably only one - obvious way to do it.
If the implementation is hard to explain, it's a bad idea.
|Make programmers happy
Principle of least surprise
There's more than one way to do it
Concise and succinct
Helps get the job done
We are the masters, computers are the slaves
|Scheme-like language using Java-syntax.
HTML needed a 'scripting language', a programming language that was easy to use by amateurs and novices, where the code could be written directly in source form as part of the Web page markup. We aimed to provide a "glue language" for the Web designers and part time programmers who were building Web content from components such as images, plugins, and Java applets.
|"I have absolutely no idea how to write a programming language, I just kept adding the next logical step on the way."
PHP is an HTML-embedded scripting language. Much of its syntax is borrowed from C, Java and Perl with a couple of unique PHP-specific features thrown in. The goal of the language is to allow web developers to write dynamically generated pages quickly.
|Used for creating||Android apps, large websites||Windows apps, large websites (Unity games)||iPhone and Mac apps||Math scripts, wesbites||Ruby on Rails websites||Anything that runs in a browser (and beyond)||Applications built on older scripts like Wordpress|
|Used especially by||Large companies
(Banks, eCommerce, Google, etc.)
(Microsoft, healthcare, etc.)
|iPhone developers||Academics, startups, Google||Startups
(Airbnb, Github, Scribd, etc.)
|All websites||Older companies, Facebook.|
|Pro / Unique Feature||Well-optimized Java Virtual Machine for running code.||LINQ for easily querying and updating data.||Easy to try out code with Interactive Playgrounds and REPL.||List comprehensions for creating lists based on other lists.||Pass around Blocks of code to get stuff done concisely.||Only language that runs in browser.||Quick to set up server and web host.|
|Cons / Tradeoffs||Strict rules help catch errors but reduce flexibility and brevity. Requires more boilerplate code than others. Primitives.||Similar to Java. Integrates well with Windows, but not yet as well with other platforms.||May be harder to find answers when coding in a new language. Still has some issues with performance and bugs.||Somewhat slow. Using whitespace looks nice, but may cause occasional issues. Language split between Python 2 and 3.||Slower run-time on a computer. Multiple ways to do things can make reading code a little harder.||Its flexibility sometimes leads to inconsistencies, bugs or surprises. E.g. there's one global namespace for all code.||Messy syntax and some inconsistencies and quirks. Makes it easy to create something quickly, but also to follow bad practices and leave security holes.|
|How language is executed||Compiled to run on the Java Virtual Machine so you can "Write once, run anywhere".||Compiled to run on the Common Language Infrastructure (part of .NET platform) which is primarily used on Windows but will become more cross-platform.||Compile to run apps on the Mac and iPhone.||Commonly executed on CPython, the official Python implementation written in C.||Commonly executed on MRI, the official Ruby implementation written in C.||Runs within any browser from source code; well-optimized for a scripting language.||Commonly executed on the official Zend PHP implementation. Facebook's newer HHVM compiler can execute PHP faster.|
900 (Android: 800)
340 (Rails: 1,020)
|2,070 for both||2,400
|Top Web Framework||Spring MVC||ASP.NET MVC||n/a||Django||Ruby on Rails||Node.js for server, many for front-end||Laravel, etc.| | <urn:uuid:35aff78a-ef45-4376-ad0c-28ca29729082> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://www.learneroo.com/modules/12/nodes/94 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710813.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20221201121601-20221201151601-00013.warc.gz | en | 0.930105 | 3,032 | 3.375 | 3 |
A report in The Times newspaper earlier this week suggested that the Prime Minister's Strategy Unit - the body which advises Tony Blair's government on potential areas for legislation - was giving serious consideration to suggesting that foods such as dairy products, pastries, chocolate, pizzas and burgers should be taxed at a higher rate than other, 'healthier' products.
With obesity levels in the UK fast approaching those of the US, where some observers are already talking of an obesity epidemic, the government is looking at ways to improve the nation's health.
In fact, Britain and Ireland are the only two EU countries which do not impose VAT on all food products (although some items, such as carbonated soft drinks and fast food are taxed at the full rate of 17.5 per cent), and the suggestion is that making 'unhealthy' food more expensive would go some way towards combating rising obesity levels.
But the government was quick to pour cold water on the suggestion, saying that while several ideas for tackling obesity were being discussed, a fat tax was not one of them - not least because such a system would be all but unworkable.
The government is certainly aware that the problem has to be tackled somehow, with the rising cost of treating obesity and other diet-related problems putting even greater strain on the already under-funded National Health Service.
The Policy Unit document set out a number of other suggestions, according to the newspaper report, including 'lifestyle lessons' in schools to warn of the dangers of an unhealthy diet and sedentary lifestyle or a more structured approach towards sports in schools and elsewhere, making it cheaper, easier and more fun for people to take exercise on a regular basis.
The idea of a fat tax may have been dismissed by the government, but the medical profession is certainly in favour. The British Medical Association debated the issue at its conference last year, amid claims that taxing fatty foods could help cut heart disease deaths by up to 1,000 a year.
Not surprisingly, though, the food industry itself has always vociferously opposed the suggestion. Martin Paterson, deputy director general of the Food and Drink Federation (FDF), which represents British producers, said: "A so-called 'fat tax' levied on specific food types would hit lower income families, be patronising to consumers, and would be a tax on choice. Many food products already attract VAT. A fat tax would operate like a poll tax on food penalising lower income families who spend a higher proportion of their income on food and drink."
"Consumers will rightly feel patronised by 'top-down' messages based on the idea that they can't think for themselves and need to be taxed into weight-loss. The idea that any particular food is bad for you is out of date and simplistic. A balanced diet can include snacks and treats - moderation is the key. Negative messages about unhealthy eating habits just don't work - much better to promote a positive approach to food and health.
"Information and education initiatives such as the food industry's foodfitness campaign which encourage a healthy diet and moderate physical exercise will do much more to combat obesity," he said. | <urn:uuid:03b5fa7c-c21c-47e4-8d21-ac0b4ed4ce77> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.foodnavigator.com/Article/2004/02/20/Fat-tax-plans-dismissed-as-unworkable | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100779.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20231208212357-20231209002357-00048.warc.gz | en | 0.972414 | 639 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Introduction to Shading
As mentioned many times in the previous lessons, the rendering process can be decomposed into essentially two steps: visibility and shading. We presented two techniques in the previous lesson to solve the visibility problem: rasterization and ray-tracing. From this point on, we will cover the second part of the rendering process: shading. Shading is a very large topics. Some of the techniques that are used in shading can also be mathematically complex. Though in this lesson, we will only cover the basics of shading and provide you with an introduction to the simplest and most important or common shading methods. This will provide you with an overview of what shading is and the necessary background to explore the topic deeper.
What is Shading?
What is shading anyway? Shading is the process in rendering that consists of computing the color of objects in the 3D scene. In rendering we are interested in reproducing the shape, the visibility and the appearance of objects as seen from a given viewpoint. The visibility part of the rendering process deals with shape and the visibility problem. Shading deals with computing or simulating the color of objects as seen from a given viewpoint. The viewpoint here plays an important role. We will see in this chapter, that the appearance of objects can change with the angle of view. The appearance of an object also depends on some pretty obvious parameters such as the amount of light in the scene, the orientation of the surfaces with regard to the light sources in the scene, the objects' colors, etc. What contributes to defining the look or the appearance of objects will be reviewed in this chapter. Generally, why things look the way they do, has very much to do with the way light interacts with matter. The principles involved in this process are pretty well known today and are well described by laws which are also generally easy to simulate with a computer. Shading relies on these laws to simulate the appearance of objects in a consistent and realistic manner.
The level of photorealism of a painting depends on the painter's ability to reproduce the color of real surfaces on the canvas as seen by the human eye. If photo-realism is the goal, shading is concerned with reproducing the appearance or the look of real surfaces to such a degree of accuracy that the human eye can't make the difference anymore between looking at an image of the real world and the real world itself. The goal of Photorealistic rendering is to produce computer generated image that looks real, or looks like a photograph. Shading which is the part of the rendering process during which the appearance of objects is defined, plays of course a critical role in photorealistic rendering. On the other side of the spectrum, non-photorealistic rendering (NPR in short) is concerned with creating or simulating all sort of artistic rendering styles. The goal of NPR can be to reproduce real artistic techniques such as oil or water-colour painting, or to develop entirely new styles that can only be explored and generated with computers. In the lessons from this section, we will only be interested in photorealistic rendering.
Setting Up Terminology
When the image is generated by a computer, then we can't rely on the painter's eyes to decide about the color each pixel in the image should be set to. Hopefully the appearance of objects, which is what we want to simulate in photorealistic rendering, is "just" the by-product of essentially two things: lighting and the properties of the object and these two things as well as their interaction can be simulated with a computer. You can't see objects if there is no light, so light obviously plays an essential part in the process. And the more light, the brighter the objects. As for the objects properties, we can essentially decompose them into two main categories: the geometric properties of objects' surfaces (such as their orientation) and the properties that are involved in the way light and objects interact (such as for example, the object's color).
When we "see" an object, what we actually see is light reflected off of the surface of that object. Most objects don't emit light. Generally, light comes from what we call light sources, special objects which have the property of emitting light (the sun, light bulbs, the flame of a candle are all examples of light sources). Typically, light is emitted by light sources, falls on the surface of an object (that doesn't emit light), and this object reflects some of that light back in the direction of the viewer (figure 1). This light forms in our brain the image of the object we look at. In shading, this is what we call direct lighting, or direct illumination. Though since objects reflect light that falls onto them, it doesn't really matter if this light comes directly from a light source or indirectly from other objects in the scene. When an object reflects lights towards the surface of another object, which in turn reflects this light towards the viewer (or at least a fraction of it as we will soon explain), we speak of indirect illumination (figure 4). Note that light can bounce off of many surfaces before it gets finally reflected towards the viewer (figure 5).
Light-Matter Interaction and the Essential Components of Shading: N, P, L and V
This quick introduction gives us already some clues about what's happening in the process. What we see are not objects per se, but light reflected off by the surface of objects. Light is energy and is emitted by light sources and reflected off the surface of objects. Now, as mentioned before, the orientation of surfaces play an important role in the amount of light reflected off. We all know that if we turn a surface towards a light source it will become brighter or if we turn it away from this light source it will become darker. Surface orientation (in relation to light sources), as we will see, plays an important role in shading. This is where the normal \(N\) at the surface of an object is going to be of most use to us. Of course we can change the orientation of a surface in relation to a light or change the position of the light source in relation to the object surface. Changing the surface orientation or the light position (and thus its direction with respect to the surface orientation) has the exact same effect. The light direction \(L\) can simply be defined by tracing a line (a vector) from the point \(P\) on the surface we want to compute the color of, and the light source position (figure 7). For now, we will assume that lights are infinitesimally small points in 3D space. We don't know yet how to compute the color at \(P\), but we know it depends on \(P\), the point on the surface we want to compute the color of, \(N\), the surface orientation at \(P\) which is given by the surface normal \(N\) at \(P\), and \(L\) the light direction (of course how "bright" is the light source also plays a role in how bright \(P\) is but we will talk about this later). What else is important?
So far, we explained that light was reflected off of the surface of objects. How is light reflected is something we will study soon, but what about understanding in which direction light is reflected to? The direction in which light strikes the surface is called the incoming or incident light direction. The angle this vector forms with the normal \(N\) at \(P\) is often denoted \(\omega_i\) (the Greek letter omega and the subscript \(i\) stands for "incoming" - the Greek letter \(\theta\) is also sometimes used but we will stick with the convention of using \(\omega\) which other educational resources such as PBRT use as well) and is often called the angle of incidence. Perfectly reflective surfaces, e.g. mirror like surfaces, reflects light exactly like a tennis ball bouncing off of the ground of a tennis court. The outgoing direction of the ray forms an angle with the normal \(N\) at point \(P\) which is generally denoted \(\omega_o\) (where \(o\) in this case stands for "outgoing"). This angle is also called the angle of reflection. The angle of reflection and angle of incidence for mirror like surface is governed by the law of reflection. It states that when a ray of light reflects off a surface, the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection (figure 7). Almost everything in shading is somehow derived from this simple law (though this doesn't mean things will be that simple later on).
If the surface is a perfect mirror, then if we can easily find the outgoing light, mirror of reflection direction \(R\) (depending on how you like to call it) using some basic geometry. The complete equation to compute this reflection direction will be provided in the next chapters.
Let's define the viewing direction \(V\), as the line joining \(P\) and the eye (\(E\)) or camera origin as shown in figure 6. Note something interesting though which is that if a viewer doesn't look exactly at \(P\) in the same direction than the outgoing light direction (i.e. if R != V), then the light ray won't enter the viewer's eye. In other words, the viewer "won't see the light ray or the image of the light source emitting that light ray". It will miss the viewer (figure 7). This is an important observation and we will come back to it in a short while (keep it in mind for now).
Few surface in the real world are perfect mirrors though. Most surfaces are in fact somehow shiny or glossy (depending on the term you prefer to use) or matte or diffuse. Again here the terms can be used interchangeably though in CG, we prefer the term diffuse, or Lambertian when it comes to matte surfaces. Both terms will be explained soon. What makes a surface glossy rather than mirror like or diffuse? In fact, glossy surfaces are "broken" mirrors if you wish. Their surface is not perfectly smooth and can be seen as a collection of small facets all acting individually as small mirrors but more or less oriented in random directions as shown in figure 8. As a result, rather than being reflected exactly in the mirror direction, light rays are reflected in directions slightly different than the ideal mirror direction. How far off from the mirror direction they are reflected off depends on how different the facets orientations are from the "mirror like" surface plane. The greater the difference, the more likely reflected rays will diverge away from the mirror like direction (and the glossier the surface).
The effect of the rays being reflected in other directions than the mirror direction is to blur the reflected image. Or to say the same thing but the other way around, a blurred reflection on the surface of an object is the result of the surface being broken up or rough and reflecting light in over directions than the mirror direction. The rougher the surface, the blurrier the reflected image (figure 9 and 10). In summary, materials can go from a perfect mirror surface to a very rough surface as shown in the animation of figure 9.
Diffuse materials can be seen as the exact opposite of perfect mirrors, and you may be tempted to think that diffuse materials are materials which are very rough. Though why they are diffuse has generally little to do with roughness itself. Diffuse materials are often material that exhibit a complex internal structures. Because of this, light rays get "trapped" for a while in the object's matter, bouncing back many times against the surfaces of that structure before eventually leaving the object. Light rays bounce so many times against these internal structures that their direction when they leave the surface is totally uncorrelated with their incident direction. In CG, we like to say that their direction when they leave the surface of the object at \(P\) is random. On 100 rays hitting the surface in a very small area around \(P\) with the same incident direction, we end up with generally less than 100 rays leaving the surface in random directions (less because some the rays may have been absorbed by the object but this is another topic that we will cover soon).
For this particular reason we like to see diffuse objects as reflecting incident light equally in every possible in the a hemisphere of directions centered around \(P\) and oriented about the normal \(N\) at \(P\) as shown in figure 12. This also means that there is a fundamental difference in the way glossy and diffuse material react to light. Because diffuse materials reflect light equally in all directions, their brightness doesn't change with the view direction, which is not the case of glossy or shiny materials. Remember what we said before about the view direction and the mirror reflection. If they are not the same the reflected ray doesn't enter the eye and we don't see the image of the source from which the light ray was emitted. Similarly the image reflected by a mirror will change as you change your point of view with respect to the mirror itself. Reflection and glossy reflections (which are just reflections by rough surfaces) are view dependent. What you see of an object or light source being reflected by a glossy surface depends on your angle of view. Diffuse reflections (it is also a sort of reflection in the sense that light is reflected back by the object in the environment) on the other hand are view independent. You can look at them from every angle you want, their brightness won't change (and this is because diffuse material reflect incident light equally in all directions). This distinction is very important. You can experience it easily by looking at some glossy and diffuse objects around you. Notice how their brightness changes or not depending on your viewpoint.
The last component of shading we need to quickly cover is to explain why objects have a color and how we can simulate it. An entire lesson is devoted to the topic of color, color perception, etc. [link]. We will only quickly review the process in this lesson. We will assume here that you are familiar with the idea that "white" light is composed of all the spectral colors composing the visible light spectrum. When "white" light strikes an object, some of these colors are absorbed by the object and the others are of course reflected back in the environment. The spectral colors that are absorbed by the object is a property of the object material itself. An orange fruit for example is orange, because it absorbs most of the blue colors, leaving only red and green light which mixed together (in additive mode) form an orange color (it absorbs a bit of the green colors as well which is why the fruit is more orange than yellow). As you can see, a given material can absorb all or just a fraction of some colors. The orange fruit absorbs almost all the blue colors (say 90%), absorbs a fraction of the green colors (say 40%) and only a very small amount of the red colors (10%). Light that is not absorbed is reflected (10% of blue plus 60% of green plus 90% of red). But how can we define the color of an object? First note that the concept of color only makes sense if the object is somehow diffuse. Though to make things complicated, most materials in the real world exhibit both behaviours to some extent: they have a diffuse component and a glossy component. They are rarely one or the other completely. So mirrors don't have a color per se. Orange fruits are more complex. They have a color but they look shiny as well. This is because the orange skin which is diffuse for the most part is covered by a very thin oily layer which is acting as a mirror. The oily layer which is transparent reflects some of the light falling on the fruit, but some light is also transmitted through the oily layer to the diffuse skin layer which reflects light back as a diffuse surface. But the color of an object can be defined as the ratio of reflected light over the amount of incident light. In the orange fruit example, this ratio would be 0.1 for blue, 0.6 for green and 0.9 for red (assuming a RGB color system to represent colors). The technically correct term to speak of the color of an object is albedo.
In this chapter, we quickly reviewed the very basic principles of light-matter interactions and laid down the terminology we will be using in shading. These principles of light-matter interactions are important because it is essentially what we will need to simulate to produce photo-realistic images. You should remember that light is reflected by objects. On a perfectly flat mirror-like surface, the reflection direction is given by the law of reflection.
P: shaded point N: normal at P L: light direction V: view direction Angle of Incidence: the angle between N and L Angle of Reflection: the angle between the reflected ray and the normal | <urn:uuid:8b812526-620e-4224-bbc9-c6d0d641c222> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://www.scratchapixel.com/lessons/3d-basic-rendering/introduction-to-shading/what-is-shading-light-matter-interaction | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570987838289.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20191024012613-20191024040113-00260.warc.gz | en | 0.949314 | 3,432 | 4.25 | 4 |
I would have enjoyed more of the demonstrations and re-enactments myself, but Gess is not at a point where she is able to enjoy things by standing or sitting still for very long (especially when there is so much to see and do). She had the honor of meeting President Abraham Lincoln which thrilled me because he is one of the 4 presidents she has learned about!
She also had the opportunity to make a corn husk doll. It came with a tag that gave it's history. It reads:
Classic Cornhusk Dolls
Cornhusk dolls were very common in the early days of America. The dolls were usually made in the fall from the husks pulled off the dried ears of corn during husking time. Cornhusk dolls were originally made by Native Americans, who then taught the colonists how to make them. The cornhusk dolls' history continued in the westward expansion of the United States in the 1800's. Few pioneer children could afford store-bought dolls, but any child could make his or her own cornhusk doll.
I found some links on how to make a corn husk doll, but they seem to go into more detail. We stopped with the skirt, cut it so it would stand and that's about it. Michigan Kids - Make a Corn Husk Doll looks like it has easy to follow graphical instructions if you want to try to make your own. | <urn:uuid:ee2d31f9-ca5b-4246-965d-919897ac2e44> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | http://specialconnectionhomeschool.blogspot.com/2009/06/civil-war-days.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891814801.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20180223154626-20180223174626-00255.warc.gz | en | 0.989863 | 288 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Reducing Your Own Carbon Emissions
If we all work together, we can make a big difference to our carbon emissions
Here are some simple ways you can cut the amount of carbon you add to the environment:
- Use energy saving light bulbs.
- Insulate your home so less heat escapes.
- Switch off appliances – don’t leave them on standby.
- Put a water saving device in your toilet cistern.
- Do your washing at 30ºC or less.
- Share car journeys wherever you can and cycle, walk or take public transport to replace car journeys at least once a week.
- Buy locally grown, seasonal produce.
- Boil only the water you need, instead of a full kettle every time.
- Reduce the amount of waste your produce and recycle more.
- Take your own bag when you shop rather than plastic carriers.
Energy saving advice and grants
The Local Energy Advice Programme gives eligible Bournemouth households access to free home visits, energy saving gadgets, benefit checks and other services. Apply now
If you want to get involved in making more of a difference, you could join a local green interest or lobby group such as:
Read about the Government's plans for smart meters. | <urn:uuid:f5deda4a-853c-4a21-ac27-76d667d8c169> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | https://www.bournemouth.gov.uk/environment-and-sustainability/ClimateChangeandCarbonReduction/reducing-your-own-carbon-emissions.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627999041.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20190619204313-20190619230313-00076.warc.gz | en | 0.849768 | 256 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Urban Entomology State Specialist
Division of Plant Sciences
Springtails are tiny insects belonging to the order Collembola (Figure 1). About 700 species of springtails occur in North America, and more than 6,000 worldwide. They are wingless and have limited vision. These and other primitive features have convinced some scientists to exclude springtails from the class Insecta, placing them instead in a separate, exclusive class called Collembola.
Springtails are only about 1 to 2 millimeters long but can rapidly move 3 to 4 inches in a single motion. This represents a distance of about 100 times their body length. Springtails move rapidly because of a “springing” device on their abdomen called a furcula. The furcula is a hinged appendage that is bent forward and is held in place by a latch mechanism called a tenaculum (Figure 2). When the furcula is released, it springs down, sending the springtail through the air.
Springtails are able to breathe through their thin body covering. Water is also able to pass through this covering. Because of the ease with which moisture can escape their bodies, springtails are extremely sensitive to drying out, and many species inhabit soil that contains sufficient moisture and food for them to survive. It has been estimated that as many as 50,000 springtails can inhabit 1 cubic foot of organic topsoil. Several thousands to millions of them emerge from the soil in large masses when the soil becomes either completely dry or completely saturated with water.
Their food includes decaying vegetation, fungi, bacteria, pollen, algae, lichens and insect feces. The feeding activities of springtails enrich the soil by breaking down these forms of organic matter and releasing the nutrients they contain. Because of these activities, springtails are considered to be a good indicator of soil health.
Two representative species of springtails.
Springtails occur in moist habitats almost everywhere except under water. Many species of springtails even live in the tidal zones of the seashore. Occasionally, large numbers of springtails congregate outdoors in masses as large as a softball. Often, these masses appear on a sidewalk, patio or concrete porch (Figure 3). Other species are called snow fleas because large groups of them will occasionally congregate on old snow banks, where they feed on algae and fungal spores. Snow fleas are usually a velvety black color and stand out in vivid contrast to the snow.
Springtails invade structures in search of moisture when their soil habitat becomes dry. Their usual outdoor habitats include mulch, leaf litter, other decaying organic matter, firewood, logs and landscape timbers. They are attracted to light and are so small that they can enter houses through cracks and crevices around doors, utility pipes, window screens, etc. They can also be brought indoors in the soil of potted plants. Indoors, they are most often found in high-moisture areas such as bathrooms, kitchens, crawlspaces and basements. Moldy furniture is also able to support large infestations. Indoors, they are mainly nuisance pests that are able to survive in areas of high moisture.
Large numbers of springtails may congregate outdoors in masses after rainfall or when the soil becomes extremely dry.
Nonchemical management is primarily focused on long-term strategies that prevent springtail infestations. Some key nonchemical strategies for springtails include restricting their entry from outside around windows and doors via caulking, weatherstripping and screening. Inside, minimize moisture sources by repairing leaks, eliminating spills, insulating cold water pipes, and reducing humidity in infested areas.
Homeowners who see these tiny grayish insects in and around houseplant containers are often concerned that they are likely to harm the plants, but springtails do not cause damage to plants. Springtail activity is an indication of healthy, moist, organically rich soil. It is not necessary to initiate control measures if springtails remain confined to the soil of houseplants. However, if there are so many that they leave the soil to cause a nuisance, . When large numbers of springtails cause a nuisance indoors, they can quickly be removed with a vacuum.
When springtails are found in and around bathtubs and showers, these areas must be cleaned thoroughly and kept dry to correct the problem.
Springtails may be found in wooden windowsills where moisture is causing the wood to decay. Removing the cause of the moisture and refinishing the wood surface will eliminate the attractiveness of these areas.
When large masses of springtails appear on a sidewalk, patio or concrete porch, control measures are rarely needed because the masses usually disappear in a day or two. However, if immediate removal is desired, just spray the mass with water to disperse or wash it away.
For a temporary solution to indoor springtail problems, you can use a household aerosol spray. However, you will need to restrict entry and manage moisture issues indoors to prevent future infestations.
When immediate control is necessary outdoors, treat the soil surface and the foundation surrounding the building with an insecticide that lists springtails on the label. Make sure to treat any exterior cracks in the foundation. Several products containing pyrethroids (products with various names ending in -thrin) are labeled for use around the home. Most of the products that you can purchase over the counter for indoor insect control are pyrethroids. These compounds are normally only active for a short time before they break down and have no effect. Some common pyrethroids that are effective against springtails include fluvalinate, bifenthrin, cyfluthrin and deltamethrin. | <urn:uuid:6f48e88e-ec3b-4e67-9c6f-37b9d0f9b41a> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | https://extension2.missouri.edu/g7363 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257647883.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20180322112241-20180322132241-00413.warc.gz | en | 0.946091 | 1,161 | 4.5 | 4 |
Pollution from car exhausts 'helps city dwellers fight stress'
Toxic monoxide acts as benign narcotic, claims prof
Toxic carbon monoxide emitted from engine exhausts, inhaled in low levels by city dwellers, has a narcotic effect which helps people to resist various other stresses of urban life such as noise – that's the controversial claim made by an Israeli professor investigating conditions in Tel Aviv.
According to a press release issued yesterday highlighting research by Professor Itzhak Schnell of Tel Aviv University:
Prof Schnell and his fellow researchers wanted to measure how people living in an urban environment confronted stressors in their daily lives. They asked 36 healthy individuals between the ages of 20 to 40 to spend two days in Tel Aviv, Israel's busiest city ... Researchers monitored the impact of four different environmental stressors: thermal load (heat and cold), noise pollution, carbon monoxide levels, and social load (the impact of crowds) ...
The most surprising find of the study, says Prof Schnell, was in looking at levels of CO that the participants inhaled during their time in the city. Not only were the levels much lower than the researchers predicted — approximately 1-15 parts per million every half hour — but the presence of the gas appeared to have a narcotic effect on the participants, counteracting the stress caused by noise and crowd density.
According to the prof and his colleagues, the thing which actually has the worst effect on a city dweller's health is noise: not temperature, not crowding, and certainly not carbon monoxide, which actually helps a person to cope with stress (anyway it does if breathed in the concentrations found in Tel Aviv – it's definitely poisonous at higher levels).
Schnell suggests therefore that the most urgent priority in making cities healthier to live in is not dealing with extreme temperatures or air pollution or crowding, but plainly and simply trying to make them quieter.
The research has been published in the journal Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. ® | <urn:uuid:d09314ec-f880-4de2-a590-3b579825a78a> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | https://www.theregister.co.uk/2011/11/10/carbon_monoxide_is_good_for_you/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463614615.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20170530070611-20170530090611-00261.warc.gz | en | 0.963469 | 407 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Programmers may declare new named data structures with the following procedure:
:- foreign_type Type_name = Type, …, Type_name = Type.
where Type_name is an atom, and Type defines either an atomic or compound type, or is a previously-defined type name.
In Prolog, atomic types are represented by the natural atomic term
(integer, float, or atom). Compound structures are represented by
terms whose functor is the name of the type, and whose only argument
is the address of the data. So a term
foo(123456) represents the
thing of type
foo that exists at machine address 123456. And a term
integer(123456) represents the integer that lives in memory at
address 123456, not the number 123456.
For types that are not named, a type name is generated using the names of associated types and the dollar sign character (‘$’), and possibly a number. Therefore, users should not use ‘$’ in their type names. | <urn:uuid:848cc4ba-f246-4b41-8544-5bd49407fd44> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://sicstus.sics.se/sicstus/docs/latest4/html/sicstus.html/str_002dfty_002ddty.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780058450.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20210927120736-20210927150736-00544.warc.gz | en | 0.86686 | 218 | 3.4375 | 3 |
Hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) - a disease associated with the incompatibility of fetal blood to maternal blood.The reasons for this state, diagnosis and treatment of disease and will be discussed in this article. Content
incompatibility between maternal blood and fetal blood may be associated with the Rh factor and group incompatibility.It is known that there are four different blood group 0 (I), A (II), In (III) and AB (IV).85% of Europeans in the blood has Rh-factor, and 15% of Europe's population is Rh negative.
HDN in 3-6% of cases developed with Rh incompatibility, when Rh-negative mothers develop Rh-positive fetus: Rhesus conflict arises.Incompatibility group antigens (ABO conflict) develops in the presence of the fetus A (II) c.Blood (2/3 cases) or In (III) (approximately 1/3 of the time) and 0 (I) c.mother.When the group incompatibility HDN milder than in rhesus conflict.
In all these cases, the red blood cells in the fetus have different antigenic qualities.If these red blood cells overcome the placental barrier and get into the blood of the mother, the mother's body starts producing antibodies to these erythrocytes.
If you get these specific antibodies in the body of the fetus can begin the process of destruction of red blood cells (hemolysis), leading to the development not only of anemia but also dangerous to the fetus jaundice.
Sensitization mother (purchase of increased sensitivity to a particular antigen) occurs not only during pregnancy: a much greater degree of fetal red blood cells enter the mother's body during childbirth.Therefore, the risk of tension-type headache for the first child less than (antibodies have not had time to develop in the mother's body) than for subsequent children.
Please note that sensitization can occur when abortion (miscarriage or an artificial medical abortion) as the Rh factor is formed in the fetus is already 5 weeks of pregnancy.Sensitization can occur when a woman transfusion Rh incompatible blood (even if the transfusion was performed in early childhood).
is not always in the Rh blood incompatibility of the couple in a child developing HDN.The baby may inherit from a parent Rh factor, it may not inherit it.
Therefore HDN due to Rh incompatibility occurs in 0.5% of babies were born, while the Rh incompatibility of the couple celebrated in 20 times more often.In addition, the low birth rate is not every mother develops such a pronounced sensitization to the fetus occurred severe HDN.It is important for the development of the disease and the degree of permeability of the placenta.
When an ABO HDN number of previous pregnancies does not matter, since sensitization may contribute to a number of factors.
erythrocyte destruction not only leads to anemia fetus or infant, but also a significant increase in blood levels of bilirubin.Normally indirect bilirubin bound to albumin (a type of blood proteins) and is converted into direct bilirubin.But too many indirect bilirubin, released from the destroyed red blood cells, does not manage to bind to albumin and blood continues to circulate in the blood and increase.
indirect bilirubin is toxic to the nervous system.Upon reaching a level above 340 umol / L in term infants and above 200 umol / L of preterm it is able to penetrate the blood-brain barrier and to strike the brain (especially the cortex and subcortical nuclei).As a result of developing bilirubin encephalopathy or kernicterus.
indirect bilirubin is dangerous not only for the nervous system: it is a tissue poison that causes degenerative changes in many organs until necrosis cells.When liver damage in the blood rises as the level of direct bilirubin, develops concentration of bile stasis in her bile ducts and reactive hepatitis.
The destruction of red blood cells, the child develops anemia, in response to which there are atypical foci of hematopoiesis.In the internal organs are laid breakdown products of red blood cells.Deficiency develops trace elements (copper, iron, zinc, etc.).
distinguish between such clinical forms of HDN:
Fruit die in utero, or the baby is born in a very critical condition, with severe edema.
skin is pale, jaundiced.Child sluggish sharply reduced muscle tone, significantly increase the size of the liver and spleen, expressed phenomena of cardiopulmonary diseases.The hemoglobin level of less than 100 g / l.In this form of newborns die within 1-2 days after birth.
With an increase in bilirubin levels may increase drowsiness and lethargy of the child, there is a decrease in muscle tone, there is a monotonous cry.When the concentration of indirect bilirubin to critical parameters (usually 3-4 days) show signs of kernicterus: nagging cramps, large bulging fontanelle, muscle tension neck, monotonous cry, appears a symptom of "setting sun" (a small part of the iris is visible on the lower eyelid).
critical indicator of the level of bilirubin:
- 10% of full-term infants with tension-type headache is the excess of 340 mmol / l;
- 30% of babies - more than 430 mmol / l;
- for 70% of newborns - more than 520 mmol / l.
In rare cases, even a high level of indirect bilirubin is 650 mmol / l, does not lead to the development of kernicterus.
If untreated, the child may die 3-6 days of life.When kernicterus in surviving children may experience intellectual disabilities up to idiocy, impaired physical development.
7-8 days of life on the background of the therapy developed bile stasis: the child appears greenish tinge to the skin, dark urine and discolored feces, blood increased direct bilirubin.In the analysis of the blood was anemia, which can last up to 2-3 months.Long-held and yellowness of the skin.If there is no nervous system recovery, though long, yet complete.
general condition of the child suffers a little.On examination revealed an enlarged liver and spleen.The concentration of indirect bilirubin increases several times.Prognosis is generally favorable.
HDN, which arose as a result of the conflict on the ABO blood group, occurs most often mild, but late diagnosis can lead to bilirubin encephalopathy.
When combined Rh incompatibility and ABO incompatibility, that is, when a double incompatibility HDN milder than in an isolated Rh-conflict.
There antenatal (prenatal) and postnatal (postpartum), the probability of diagnosis of HDN.
Antenatal held with the Rh blood incompatibility of spouses and subject to obstetric and gynecological history of women (miscarriage, abortion, stillbirth, blood transfusion).It determines whether the immune conflict.
Antenatal diagnosis includes:
Postnatal diagnosis of HDN conducted taking into account:
the treatment of severe HDN shown exchange transfusion of fresh (no more than 3 days old) blood in order to prevent increasing levels of bilirubin to a life-threatening concentration (20 mg%).Blood transfusion is conducted under strict indications.
If there is the risk of HDN the analysis of umbilical cord blood.If the level of bilirubin in it above 3 mg% and the Coombs test is positive, the transfusion should be carried out immediately.
In the absence of analysis of umbilical cord blood and the existing suspicion of HDN conducted Coombs test and determine the level of bilirubin in the blood of the baby.
through the catheter into the umbilical vein is injected rhesus negative blood at the rate of 180-200 ml / kg body weight of the newborn (thereby replaced 95% of the blood of the baby).After the infusion of every 100 ml of blood is introduced 1-2 ml of calcium gluconate.In order to prevent infection of the umbilical vein baby appoint a 3-day course of antibiotics.
After 96 hours of a child's life blood transfusion is performed, depending on the general condition of the child.When the bilirubin level of 20 mg%, severe anemia and positive Coombs - transfusions performed.If the sample is negative, then controlled by the further content of bilirubin in the blood.
after blood transfusion bilirubin are monitored every 6 hours.Upon detection of an ongoing hemolysis transfusion may be repeated.
When incompatibility ABO blood donations entered about (I) the group does not contain the A and B antibodies.In the case of high (above 20 mg%) the level of bilirubin in the blood of newborn blood transfusions odnogruppnoy even in the absence of incompatible blood parents.
important role played by medical history, if previously born children have tension-type headache and in the blood of pregnant women increased antibody titer after 37 weeks of pregnancy termination performed by its rodostimulyatsii or caesarean section.
main method of prevention is intramuscular globulin containing specific Rh antibodies immediately after the first birth.This prevents sensitization of an Rh-negative mother's Rh-positive fetus in subsequent pregnancies. | <urn:uuid:e7c68643-c452-4b51-a87b-47d5019fb3fc> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | http://diets-doctor.com/en/pages/834308 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267156314.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20180919235858-20180920015858-00261.warc.gz | en | 0.888532 | 2,025 | 3.109375 | 3 |
Ironworkers fabricate, construct and join metal scaffolding, structural steel buildings, bridges, ornamental ironwork and precast structures. This includes building structural steel components, reinforcing steel, posting tension tendons, installing conveyors and robotic equipment, and sometimes performing reconstructive work on existing structures. Ironworkers will also read blueprints; unload, stack and position steel units to prepare them for hoisting; build construction cranes, derricks and other hoisting equipment; assemble rigging (cables, pulleys, hooks); and select, cut, bend, position, and secure steel bars or wire mesh in concrete forms to reinforce concrete structures.
Apprentices may be eligible for financial support.
To enter an apprenticeship, you must have the educational qualifications required for the trade to which you apply. Entrance requirements are monitored by Alberta and Industry Training.
See the Apprentice System of Training to find out about becoming a registered apprentice.
Apprentice Success Services
Have you been out of school for some time? SAIT is committed to your success and is pleased to offer resources designed to prepare you for your training at SAIT and make your learning experience a successful one while in training. Visit Study Skills and Learning Strategies to learn how SAIT can help promote your success.
Determine your math and reading level
Take our online quiz to see where your math and technical reading skills stand.
Apprenticeship cost calculator
Take the guesswork out of preparing for your Apprentice education. | <urn:uuid:b4fcaa3a-89f4-41d5-872e-631e801242d4> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | https://www.sait.ca/programs-and-courses/apprenticeships-and-trades/apprenticeship-programs/apprenticeship-ironworker-apprentice | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583510998.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20181017044446-20181017065946-00195.warc.gz | en | 0.899971 | 301 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Lohri falls on January 13th, a day before Makar Sankranti. It is a festival celebrated with great pomp and show in most parts of North India. Lohri marks the end of winter and the beginning of spring. This is the period when the Rabi (winter) crops are being harvested.
The day begins with children singing folk songs and going door to door demanding Lohri in the form of money or sweets. As the sun sets, a bonfire is lit and people dressed in their best attire sing traditional songs and dance around the bonfire. Prayers are also said as they seek blessings of Agni (Fire God) for abundance and prosperity of the land.
Post this, family and friends get together and eat a sumptuous dinner of sarson ka saag (cooked mustard green leaves) and makki ki roti (bread made from corn flour).
May you find your life partner during this festival of joy and prosperity. Happy Lohri!
Quick Facts»The first Lohri is a big occasion for newly-weds and is celebrated in a grand way »Children sing in praise of Dulha Bhatti, an avatar of Robin Hood who robbed the rich and helped the poor »On this day, the Prasad is made of til (sesame), gajak (sweet), gur (jaggery), moongphali (peanuts) & phuliya (popcorn)
Know more about other festivals, events and important days:
Hello and welcome to the official Shaadi.com blog! Shaadi.com is the world's largest and most preferred matrimonial service. We the blog authors are various members of the Shaadi.com team. We hope this will be a great forum for us to talk about what we are doing, and for you to tell us what you think. So stay tuned... | <urn:uuid:660b32ce-8f56-4c51-9d52-88f590d9c025> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://blog.shaadi.com/happy-lohri/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510270577.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011750-00348-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.937604 | 390 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Once a while it is useful to be able to derive the circuit equation, this will ease the design process. Below are some points to consider when performing circuit equation derivation:
1. If you already know the purpose of circuit, use that info to do the derivation.
2. Most circuit can be modeled as y = mx +c, so you must define what is desired x (input) and y (output) prior to the actual derivation itself.
3. Keep all variable names short – to ease your derivation.
4. Always try to inspect the circuit and equation for opportunity to simplify the equation.
a. For example, if a group of terms keep repeating itself, use a new term to represent them.
b. Sometimes it is easier and more intuitive to use current as your parameter.
5. Acknowledge characteristic of circuit component – such as
a. Opamp input pins will generally be at the same potential (hence the term “virtual ground” for inverting Opamp with non-inverting pin tied to “Ground”.
b. Base emitter of BJT will always be a diode drop. | <urn:uuid:843d1e44-ae19-4207-8fe9-662249af7bf1> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | http://electroniccircuitdesignsharing.blogspot.com/2012/03/circuit-equation-derivation.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257647567.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20180321023951-20180321043951-00717.warc.gz | en | 0.884974 | 243 | 3.40625 | 3 |
A conductor is a material that transfers heat and electricty
Heat is when molecules start to move really fast
a insulator is a material that stops heat or electricity from leaving the conductor
mass is how much matter a object is made of .you use a balance to find mass.
density is how dense a object is | <urn:uuid:e3db4f1f-c8ad-4af7-8d7a-2271250a7648> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | https://tackk.com/2ta58g | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549436330.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20170728042439-20170728062439-00219.warc.gz | en | 0.900113 | 66 | 3.0625 | 3 |
The Loch Ness Monster, or Nessie, as she is affectionately known, is one of the best known myths in the world.
Loch Ness is the largest freshwater lake in the UK. It is 24 miles long and in places over a mile wide. It is situated in the Great Glen in Scotland, between the towns of Fort William and Inverness.
In the 1800s a monster was first reported as living in the Loch and ever since then visitors have come from all over the world to look for it and see where it lives. April 1933 saw the first recorded sighting and since then many photographs have been taken, some of which have since been proved to be a hoax.
Whether you believe in it or not, there is no doubt that there have been plenty of documented sightings of Nessie over the years and the beautiful area surrounding the loch ensures that anyone who travels here will not be disappointed with their visit.
The roads around the north and south of Loch Ness give wonderful views of lochs, rivers, mountains and canals. You may see deer, highland cattle, birds of prey and plenty of birds.
Return to Home Page | <urn:uuid:1efde2af-6a68-48ae-911b-b6e1e33bf2ab> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://www.corrieliath.co.uk/loch-ness-monster.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590348526471.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20200607075929-20200607105929-00420.warc.gz | en | 0.978216 | 236 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Traumatized Child: The Effects of Stress, Trauma & Violence on Student Learning
This course is designed to help classroom teachers, school counselors, and other educational personnel learn strategies to reach and teach students who have been affected by stress, trauma, and/or violence. Participants will explore how stress, violence, and trauma affect a student’s learning, cognitive brain development, and social-emotional development. The short- and long-term consequences of being exposed to stress, trauma, or violence, as well as the social and family causes, will be reviewed. Participants will learn the dynamics of domestic violence and community violence. The educator’s role in the intervention and prevention of violence will be discussed. Ideal for elementary, middle, and high school instructors.
- Dates: Self-paced; students may register now through November 21, 2014; coursework must be completed by December 18, 2014.
- Place: N/A
- Class No: 80177
- Units: Two
- Course: LEE 180T
- Grading Option: Letter Grade
- Fee: $330
- Instructor: Joan Halverstadt, M.S. | <urn:uuid:4b2b95a0-5f8f-478b-b591-2873ce716ab8> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://www.fresnostate.edu/cge/programs/online/traumatized-child.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657121288.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011201-00229-ip-10-196-40-205.us-west-1.compute.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.919375 | 240 | 3.234375 | 3 |
Bitterroot RiverWapiti Waters home river
The Bitterroot River in Montana has been Wapiti Waters’ home river for over three decades. During this time we have observed not only the seasonal changes from summer to fall or the daily changes in the pulse of a March Brown mayfly emergence but also the annual changes associated with high water run-off events.
It is these events that sculpt and scour it’s banks and channels as well as rearrange it’s fish. Erosion is a process where new habitat is created or perhaps eliminated. Logs that have been eroded from it’s banks and deposited somewhere along the channel form the classic Bitterroot “holding water.” They provide the necessary cover for daily survival and the shade to stay hidden in the heat of a summer day.
The Bitterroot is home to a thriving beaver population which can aid in the creation of new “log buckets.” Too many logs stacked upon a heavy water bank can create treacherous floating hazards. Sometimes a portage is necessary to be safe rather than sorry.
Many tributaries of the Bitterroot River headwaters originate in wilderness areas giving the main river a good supply of pristine water up until late July.
The West Fork, it’s main tributary has a dam which releases cold, clean water during the critical times of summer. The fisheries are a beneficiary of these enhanced flows as is the rancher who can grow his hay crop.
Finding a balance between the needs of a fishery and human activities has been an ongoing contentious issue as demands for these cold water releases are increasing. Fortunately, the Bitterroot River fish have an in-stream flow reservation of water, i.e. the trout have been given a little consideration.
Despite increased recreational pressure which not only includes fishing but also boating, tubing, and swimming, the Bitterroot River seems to be thriving and still produces good numbers of westslope cutthroat, some brown and rainbow trout as well as the cuttbow, a hybrid between cutthroat and rainbow trout.
Catch and release sections have been a big help as is the in-stream flow reservations. Based on the increased number of Missoula area guides who have an option to fish elsewhere, I would have to say the Bitterroot River in Montana is probably everyone’s 1st choice to fish. You might as well experience it with knowledge and expertise.
Use this link to visit Montana Fish, Wildlife & Parks Bitterroot River description and facts! An interactive map is available.
Kofflar Drift Boat
Built of strong aluminum alloy, Jack’ Kofflar drift boat is comfortable, easy to row and stable.
Adding versatility, the Wapiti Waters raft is great when needing a lighter boat at certain fishing access sites or for for rivers with many boulders.
We can provide fishing gear
If you need any gear, just ask. We have rods, waders, shoes, flies, even extra clothing.
Lunch and snacks
We provide delicious river lunches including beverages and snacks. If you have dietary needs or preferences, let us know.
Recent Blog Posts
Follow us on the river by reading our blog. Below are posts tagged “Bitterroot.”
A couple of Butte Boys fished with Jack on the Bitterroot River in May. This trip was a benefit to Trout Unlimited. Fun was had by...
Photo from south of Hamilton on Old Darby Road looking west. Happy fall... | <urn:uuid:ad090320-52d5-43cf-9fb4-49b56948ac47> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://www.wapiti-waters.com/blog/home/bitterroot-river-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046153899.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20210729234313-20210730024313-00560.warc.gz | en | 0.955435 | 736 | 2.734375 | 3 |
It is a popular choice for shared servers and easy configuration for PHP frames and open source applications such as WordPress. Unfortunately, Apache uses more resources than nginx by default and cannot handle as many visitors at the same time. In many “exceptional” programming languages, an exception is released every time something goes wrong. This is certainly a viable way to do things, but PHP is an “exceptional” programming language.
It is also used by developers around the world to develop a wide variety of websites and web applications. Programmers have the ability to create small, simple websites by embedding PHP code in HTML. The resources and tools provided by the various PHP frameworks to create large and complex web applications in a shorter period of time can also be used at any time. This programming language is often used to create a large group of talents to choose from for customizations and to build and reduce the hourly costs for those services. To update your site in the future, it is a better option to select and hire an employee for the job or to work with an alternative provider than the one who built your site.
Facebook uses the thread and offers exceptional performance and is very useful for developing small projects. But with the introduction of PHP 7 and Zend Engine 3, the speed PHP laravel web development and performance of PHP have increased significantly. As a result, it has become faster than many programming languages such as Ruby, Python, Perl and even TypeScript.
Another important reason why we use PHP for web development is its versatility. Both PHP and .Net provide great community support with experienced developers. PHP has been in web development services for some time; therefore, the availability of a large PHP developer laravel application development company community is not surprising It is always best to choose programming languages that include a community to help them grow and tackle problems. Languages with an active forum, wikis and tutorials are likely to be more popular than languages without comparable offers. | <urn:uuid:fc1d9221-666d-4c48-883b-30b7c85c0d2d> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://mybrandingyards.com/why-do-we-use-php-for-web-development-5-main-reasons/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337428.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20221003164901-20221003194901-00726.warc.gz | en | 0.949085 | 533 | 2.59375 | 3 |
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In Computer Literacy for Windows, author Garrick Chow walks through the skills necessary to use computers comfortably, while improving learning, productivity, and performance. This course focuses on the Microsoft Windows operating system and offers a thorough introduction to computers, networks, and computer peripherals such as printers, digital cameras, and more. In addition, basic procedures with software applications, the Internet, and email are covered.
When you have a digital camera, it's inevitable that your photo collection is going to grow larger year after year. So, it makes sense to take steps to ensure that you'll be able to find certain photos or types of photos when you need to later on. In previous movies we saw how to organize your photos into folders and nested folders, but that only helps to keep groups of photos together. Or if you want to find say all of your vacation photos over the past several years. In this movie, I want to introduce you to the concept of tagging photos, which is an ability common to most photo management applications. When you tag a photo, you're attaching a descriptive keyword or multiple keywords to the photos file.
It's a pretty simple task but it does have to be done manually and is therefore a bit time consuming. But tagging photos is a good habit to get into because it makes finding your photos later much easier. For example, if you've imported pictures of your cat and dog, you might want to tag those photos with the word pets. Then sometime in the future when you want to find pictures of your pets, you can just search by keyword and any photos of your pets you tagged will appear. So, let's take a look at how to do this in Photo Gallery. You'll need to start by creating a handful of tags. You can do so in the left pane of the Photo Gallery window using either the People tags or Descriptive tags.
Let me open up People tags. Now, People tags are for identifying photos of or containing certain people who often appear in your photos. For example, I'll click Add a new tag and type Parents and now I can add that tag to any pictures of my parents in my Photo Gallery or you might create People tags like family, or coworkers, or friends and so on. Now, Descriptive tags are for all the other types of photos, although you can apply multiple tags to photos including mixing People and Descriptive tags together.
The point of Descriptive tags is to come up with keywords that are general enough to apply to many of your photos like Add a new tag and maybe a Vacation, or a Travel, or maybe Animals. Now, you don't want to create tags so specific like Uncle Bob on a roller coaster unless you have lots of photos of your Uncle Bob on a roller coaster. More appropriate and useful would be to create a People tag labeled Uncle Bob and a Descriptive tag labeled roller coasters if you have a lot of roller coaster photos, and then you could add the Uncle Bob and roller coaster tag to photos where appropriate.
Okay, so, now I have a couple of tags created and I want to apply them to my photos. There are two ways to do this. The first way to do this is to drag the photo to the tag, like this. I'll drag this photo to my Vacation tag, release, and it's has been applied. Now, you would think would make more sense to drag the tags to the photos but dragging the photos to the tag lets you apply the same tag to multiple files at once. So, for example, I'll select the other two of these Downtown Ventura photos and drag them both to Vacation. Now again, you really can't tell that anything happened but I'm going to come up here and click Info which opens up the Info pane and when I select my thumbnails, you can see that the Vacation tag has been added to these photos, but not to these photos.
Now, the Info pane is another way to add tags to photos. First, select your photos. I'll select all of my photos from the Santa Barbara Zoo and I'll click Add descriptive tags and here I'll type the letter A and Photo Gallery automatically displays any tags that begin with the letter A. I only have the one, Animal, so I'll select that, press Return and now all of my photos here have been tagged with the Animals keyword. So that's another quick way to add tags and again you can add multiple tags to your photos.
If these Zoo photos were taken on vacation, I can come in here and click Add descriptive tags again, type a V, select Vacation. Maybe I should also tag them with Travel. So, now I've added three tags to all of those photos. So, you actually do have to do this manually, which is why you should take the time to tag your photos when you import them and once your photos are tagged, it's just so easy to find them again. So, if I have another photo selected here just for example and then all you have to do to find photos that you've tagged is just click the tags over here on the left. For instance I want to find all the photos I've tagged with Vacation and there they are. And if you ever need to remove a keyword from a photo, maybe added it by accident, just select the photo, rollover the tag over here, and then click the X next to it.
Confirm that you do want to remove the tag and the tag is then removed. Now, to delete an actual tag from the Descriptive tags or the People tags list, just right-click on it and then choose Delete. Confirm. Now, notice that says that it will also delete the tag from all the photos it was assigned to. If you're okay with that, click Yes and now I no longer have a Travel tag. Also you can right-click on tags to rename them, which is nice if you misspelled something and all the photos tagged with that keyword will have their tags renamed as well.
So, that's a little bit on how to tag photos with keywords and how they're used. Try to get into the habit of tagging your own photos each time you import a new set onto your PC.
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She has helped turn the Baltimore Orioles into a science project. She plans to make fossil-filled quarries more user friendly for schoolchildren. And she is creating a virtual tour of the only national wildlife refuge established to support wildlife research.
These projects have sprung from Wright State alumna Beverly Stambaugh’s service as an Albert Einstein Distinguished Educator Fellow, a coveted honor that has her working with the National Science Foundation in the Washington, D.C., area.
Stambaugh, who has three master’s degrees from Wright State and teaches STEM science at Baker Middle School in Fairborn, says she is sponging up the fellowship experience, which began in September and ends in July.
“I have been networking with the fellows; I have new project ideas,” she said. “I’ll be able to enhance what I teach. I’ll be able to make it deeper, richer, more engaging.”
Stambaugh says the fellowship has strengthened her knowledge of STEM science, engineering and math teaching and the elementary school learning process. And it has been a springboard for new projects.
Stambaugh and three other fellows are working to improve student test scores in science with the project involving the Baltimore Orioles baseball team. The fellows have written lesson plans on the science of groundskeeping, the physics of baseball pitching, batting helmet safety and the climates at various ballparks.
“We’re trying really hard to engage the kids with something that is homegrown and interesting,” she said.
The Orioles plan to take the lesson plans with them to spring training in Sarasota, Fla., and have them tested in the schools there before using them in Maryland. Stambaugh said there is no reason similar lesson plans couldn’t be developed using the Dayton Dragons and Cincinnati Reds.
She also hopes to collaborate with a professor from Mississippi State University to improve signage at fossil-filled parks and quarries to make them more engaging and educational for schoolchildren.
In addition, Stambaugh is creating a virtual field trip to the Patuxent Wildlife Research Center in Maryland after seeing it for herself as part of her fellowship. She is currently collecting content for the site and working with web teams from the U.S. Geological Survey and the Fish and Wildlife Service.
With land surrounding the Patuxent and Little Patuxent rivers between Washington, D.C., and Baltimore, the refuge has grown from the original 2,670 acres to its present size of 12,841. Its mission is to conserve and protect the nation’s wildlife and habitat through research and wildlife management techniques.
Stambaugh won the Einstein fellowship in March 2014. She was among the 15 to 20 fellows selected from a field of 200 to 300.
The program provides an opportunity for accomplished K-12 educators in the fields of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) to serve in the national education arena.
Fellows spend 11 months working in a federal agency or in a congressional office, bringing their knowledge and experience in the classroom to education program and/or education policy efforts.
Sponsoring agencies include the Department of Energy, the National Science Foundation, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
In working with NSF, Stambaugh has attended congressional briefings on the reauthorization of Elementary and Secondary Education Act and provided input to various foundation panels that review the merit and impact of grants.
“Understanding that K-12 realm for undergrad teachers gives them a perspective of how they might have to adjust the way they teach in class, the way they do assessments,” she said. “So it’s nice to be able to give them my point of view. You have to start at pre-K and kindergarten to build those skills that you want students to have as undergrads and grads.”
Stambaugh has also teleconferenced with geoscientists and geoscience education researchers to develop collaborations between the two groups. And she attended a Geological Society of America conference in Vancouver to get an update on the science and how professors are trying to make field experiences more enriching.
Stambaugh grew up in the tiny northeast Ohio town of Rittman. Her father was a computer programmer for The Babcock and Wilcox Co., which currently supplies clean-energy technology and services primarily for the nuclear, fossil and renewable power markets.
Stambaugh took an early interest in geology. Her grandfather owned 55 acres in Holmes County, and the family built a log cabin on the property.
“I grew up tramping around the woods,” she said. “We were always down in the ravines, walking around and looking at the rocks.”
Stambaugh obtained her bachelor’s degree in geology from Marshall University in 1996 and spent several years Houston.
“Teaching is something I’ve wanted to do as far back as I can remember,” she said. “But the science was very interesting to me.”
Stambaugh began teaching at Baker in 2000 and over the years has been an adjunct instructor at Wright State, teaching geology, remote sensing, foundations of science literacy and physics for education majors.
In addition to her teaching duties, Stambaugh finds time to be a Girl Scout leader. She also helps her church organize and run an annual backpack drive in which hundreds of backpacks filled with donated school supplies are distributed to needy children. | <urn:uuid:c2a7b54c-6a62-4691-aa88-62e8d26f8e67> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://webapp2.wright.edu/web1/newsroom/2015/03/11/fitting-fellow/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610704795033.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20210126011645-20210126041645-00706.warc.gz | en | 0.960408 | 1,144 | 2.75 | 3 |
Outside the Classroom
Education has evolved far beyond the stereotype picture of organised rows of desks with a teacher at the front of the classroom and ‘Learning Outside the Classroom’ is one of those key phrases that can be used to explain many of the activities that the school undertakes.
The school has a commitment to provide and develop learning outside the classroom experiences for all pupils. This takes many forms - the traditional school trip, the engagement in local authority initiatives, collaborative learning, the use of spaces throughout the school, use of new technologies. It permeates the way in which staff look to receive training and the way in which new staff are inducted. This commitment can be seen in classroom practice, local and international visits, the art exhibitions, school events, the Duke of Edinburgh Award, the Year 11 leadership day and its outcomes are demonstrated by an engaged and enthused student population. | <urn:uuid:01c60987-022f-4070-a08d-f9362439e8bc> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | http://www.stbernardswestcliff.org.uk/page/?title=Outside+the+Classroom&pid=58 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578534596.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20190422035654-20190422061654-00102.warc.gz | en | 0.96525 | 181 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Rainbow Fish Template
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Rainbow fish kids craft: teach kids importance sharing, Try this rainbow fish kids craft inspired by the book the rainbow fish to teach your children the concept of giving and sharing. an easy activity for all..
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Rainbow fish craft | scholastic., This project great activity reading rainbow fish marcus pfister. colored tissue paper represents scales rainbow fish character. | <urn:uuid:f521be99-1393-487b-a3e7-3123ac3014ec> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://www.playbestonlinegames.com/rainbow-fish-template.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496670821.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20191121125509-20191121153509-00222.warc.gz | en | 0.691484 | 213 | 2.5625 | 3 |
- israel : Postal Services for further details). The following post offices were established by the European powers: (a) French Post Offices. There were three French post offices in Ereẓ Israel. The office in Jaffa was opened in June 1852, while those in Jerusalem and Haifa were opened in 1900 and 1906, respectively. The postage stamps of France were in use until 1885, when they were replaced by stamps specially issued for the French post offices in the Levant. Austrian Post Offices. The post offices in Jaffa and Haifa were opened in 1854 and that in Jerusalem in 1859. Postage stamps were introduced in 1863 with the issues of Lombardo-Venetia, followed in 1867 by the first stamps for the Austrian post offices in the Levant. (c) Russian Post Offices. The Russian post offices in Ereẓ Israel were in Jaffa, Jerusalem, Acre, and Haifa. (d) The Italian Post Office. This was the only postal service to issue stamps specially overprinted with the name of the city "Gerusalemme." The period of the Turkish post offices ended with the conquest of Ereẓ Israel by General Allenby (1917–18). The British then opened post offices, staffed by army personnel, in the principal towns and cities. At that time there were no postal facilities for the civilian population, and the inhabitants of Ereẓ Israel were unable to communicate with their relatives and friends abroad. Cut off from the outside world for a long time, the people of Ereẓ Israel eagerly awaited the resumption of postal services. On Dec. 9, 1917, approval was given by the military authorities for printing the first stamp under the British occupation. This stamp, first issued on Feb. 10, 1918, bears the initials EEF ("Egyptian Expeditionary Forces") and cost one piaster. A total of 338,881 of these stamps were printed on ungummed paper, and they remained in use until July 1, 1920. In addition, 20 separate stamps of various monetary denominations, all appearing with the same basic design, were issued. The Civil Administration replaced the Military Administration on July 1, 1920, when the letters OET (or OETAEEF), the abbreviation for "Occupied Enemy Territory Administration, Egyptian Expeditionary Force," were removed from the obliterators used in all post offices. It was decided by the government to issue stamps bearing inscriptions in the then official languages of the country: English, Hebrew, and Arabic. The inscription on these stamps, issued in September 1920 in the official languages, read "Palestine"; the Hebrew inscription having the additional letters א״י (the abbreviation for Ereẓ Israel) added after the word "Palestine" (פלשתינה א״י). These stamps were used in various overprints, until the appearance in 1927 of the only pictorial set to be issued by the British government, and which continued in use until the State of Israel was established in 1948. This pictorial issue had four basic designs: Rachel's Tomb near Bethlehem for the 2, 3, and 10 mil values; the Dome of the Rock in the Old City of Jerusalem for the 4, 6, 8, 13, and 15 mil values; the Tower of David near Jerusalem's Jaffa Gate for the 5, 7, and 20 mil values; and Tiberias and the Sea of Galilee for the 50, 90, 100, 200, 250, 500 mil, and £ P1 values. Three sets of postage due stamps were also issued; these stamps were normally used to collect charges on taxed letters or letters with insufficient postage. On the departure of the British in April–May 1948, many of the post offices were taken over by the Minhelet ha-Am, and, from May 15, 1948, by the Government of Israel. During the War of Independence communications were extremely difficult, and from time to time the supply of postage stamps ran out. In order to overcome this shortage and to continue a regular postal service until the Government of Israel could supply the new stamps, many issues of a local and provisional nature appeared. Noteworthy among these, and eagerly sought by philatelists, are the Jewish National Fund labels overprinted with the word Do'ar ("Post") and the local issues of Safed, Rishon le-Zion, and Petaḥ Tikvah. On May 9, 1948, while Jerusalem was under siege, the first set of local Jerusalem stamps were issued. These were JNF stamps showing the map of Ereẓ Israel with the frontiers of the Jewish State and the "International" city of Jerusalem as proposed by the United Nations in its decision of Nov. 29, 1947. Overprinted with the word Do'ar and their value in mils in Hebrew lettering, the stamps were in use until June 20, 1948, when the stamps of the State of Israel became available. The first stamps issued by the State of Israel were printed on a small letter-press machine under strict secrecy. On May 16, 1948, the Do'ar Ivri ("Hebrew Post") stamps bearing pictures of ancient Jewish coins were put on sale throughout Israel. Since the name of the new state was not known until the Proclamation of Independence on May 15, the designation Do'ar Ivri was used. The nine values of this first set are today a highly prized collector's item. From 1948 to the end of 2005 Israel produced a total of 1,827 stamps, including souvenir sheets and special issues. Their attractive and colorful designs have won them international recognition. The definitive series of ancient coins, the twelve tribes, the signs of the zodiac, and emblems of the towns and cities of Israel; airmail issues of birds, landscapes, and exports of Israel; annual Jewish New Year and Independence Day commemoratives; and many other fascinating subjects have introduced Israel to philatelists throughout the world. Many philatelic clubs, both in Israel and abroad, are devoted to the study of the postal history of Ereẓ Israel. Collections of Ereẓ Israel stamps are regularly displayed at philatelic shows such as at the Philympia exhibition in London, where a number of exhibitors of Ereẓ Israel stamps were awarded medals. Israel stamps are much in demand, and the early issues, for example, sell for high prices. They have also been a considerable source of revenue to the state. (Moshe Hesky / Alan Karpas) -Jews and Judaica on Stamps Over the years philatelists the world over have increasingly devoted their collections to a single theme, subject, or country. One such thematic category is "Judaica" and "Jews on Stamps." These stamps, issued by Israel and many other countries, depict religious symbols and objects, synagogues, portraits of famous Jews in all walks of life, sites of significance in Jewish history, Bibles, statues of and by Jews, and almost every aspect of life connected with Judaism and Jews. There are a number of enthusiasts all over the world who devote themselves to this aspect of stamp collecting, and who have united themselves into societies. One of these publishes the Judaica Historical Philatelic Journal in the U.S. Among the subjects in the Judaica collection are the following: Nobel Prize Winners: Niels Bohr, Paul Ehrlich, Fritz Haber, and Albert Einstein. Statesmen: Benjamin Disraeli, Walther Rathenau, Paul Hymans, and President Zalman Shazar (on a Brazilian stamp issued in honor of his visit to that country in 1966). Scientists and Scholars: Heinrich Hertz, Armin Vámbéry, David Schwarz, Robert von Lieben, Ferdinand Widal, Walemar Haffkine, Otto Lilienthal. Philosophers: Henri Bergson, Maimonides. Musicians: Anton Rubinstein, Henri Wieniawski, Karl Goldmark, Felix Mendelssohn-Bartholdy, Gustav Mahler, Paul Dukas. Artists: Isaac Levitan, Amadeo Modigliani, Marc Chagall, Mark Antokolsky. Actors: Rachel, Sarah Bernhardt. Poets and Writers: Heinrich Heine, Shalom Aleichem, Ḥ.N. Bialik. Revolutionaries and Resistance Fighters: Rosa Luxemburg, Karl Marx, Jacob Sverdlov, Mátyás Rákosi. Other subjects include the Bible; Hebrew letters (on the stamps of the UN, Russia, Denmark, and Jordan); and synagogues of Prague, Surinam, Cochin, Panama, and the Netherlands Antilles. A field of special interest to collectors of Judaica is the period of the Holocaust, including antisemitic issues, and the Ghetto stamps. (Alan Karpas and Shaul Dagoni) -BIBLIOGRAPHY: M.J. Wurmbrand (comp.), in: Philatelic Literature Review, 5, no. 3 (1955); H.F. Kahn, in: Postal History Journal (Jan. 1966), incl. bibl.; I. Livni, Livni's Encyclopedia of Israel Stamps. Catalogue 1969 (Heb. and Eng. 1968); London. Mosden Stamp Company. Catalogue of the Postage Stamps of the State of Israel (1959); idem, Holy Land and Middle East Philatelic Magazine; Holy Land Philatelist: Israel's Stamp Monthly (Tel Aviv); Israel Philatelist: Official Organ of the Israel Philatelic Exchange Club (Tel Aviv); Simon's Catalogue of Israel Stamps (Heb.). ADD. BIBLIOGRAPHY: Stamps of Israel Encyclopedia and Catalogue, CDD-ROM (1998); M. Arbell, The Spanish and Portuguese Jews in Postage Stamps (1988).
Encyclopedia Judaica. 1971.
Look at other dictionaries:
Stamps — Stamps, AR U.S. city in Arkansas Population (2000): 2131 Housing Units (2000): 1003 Land area (2000): 3.072139 sq. miles (7.956804 sq. km) Water area (2000): 0.080750 sq. miles (0.209142 sq. km) Total area (2000): 3.152889 sq. miles (8.165946 sq … StarDict's U.S. Gazetteer Places
Stamps, AR — U.S. city in Arkansas Population (2000): 2131 Housing Units (2000): 1003 Land area (2000): 3.072139 sq. miles (7.956804 sq. km) Water area (2000): 0.080750 sq. miles (0.209142 sq. km) Total area (2000): 3.152889 sq. miles (8.165946 sq. km) FIPS… … StarDict's U.S. Gazetteer Places
stamps to go — A method for customer purchase of postage stamps at consignment outlets (e.g., grocery stores or drug stores) or via ATMs dispensing stamps … Glossary of postal terms
Stamps — Original name in latin Stamps Name in other language State code US Continent/City America/Chicago longitude 33.3654 latitude 93.49518 altitude 101 Population 1693 Date 2011 05 14 … Cities with a population over 1000 database
stamps — stæmp n. postage stamp; imprint, seal; tool for stamping out words or symbols, die; mark, characteristic; type, kind; act of striking the ground or floor with one s foot v. strike the floor or ground forcefully with one s foot; trample, crush;… … English contemporary dictionary
Stamps — This is a French locational name which originated in the Village of Etampes in the Department of Seine et Oise, Normandy. The name is recorded very early in London and may be associated with the actual Conquest of 1066. In the medieval period,… … Surnames reference
STAMPS — … Useful english dictionary
Stamps.com — is a Los Angeles, California based company that provides Internet based mailing and shipping services. Stamps.com is a public company and trades on the Nasdaq exchange under the symbol STMP. History In April 13, 1998, the U.S. Postal Service… … Wikipedia
Stamps (Arkansas) — Stamps Ciudad de los Estados Unidos … Wikipedia Español
Stamps on stamps — is a philatelic term for depicting images of postage stamps on postage stamps. Some postage stamp collectors have specialized in collecting stamps on stamps as a topical collection.External links* [http://www.stampsonstamps.org/ SOSCC, Stamps on… … Wikipedia | <urn:uuid:b6f84268-2013-4cb5-a62b-b14029cc58fa> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://judaism_enc.enacademic.com/18732 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400208095.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20200922224013-20200923014013-00619.warc.gz | en | 0.928255 | 2,670 | 3.234375 | 3 |
Research Topics Ecosystem Processes
^ Main Topic |
Tropical Ecosystems |
Sierra Nevada Ecosystems
Sierra Nevada Ecosystems
About this Research:
1000 Years of Forest History in the Glass Creek Watershed, Eastern Sierra Nevada
Interpreting the influence of fire, climatic change, and environmental change on subalpine forest structure and composition
Research Project Summary
Much progress has been made in the past two decades in elucidating the key role that recurring wildfire plays in determining forest structure and composition. While other forces such as climate change and landscape evolution obviously influence vegetation over longer terms, their relative importance as co-architects at the management-timescale of decades to centuries remains little investigated. We are studying forest history in a mid-elevation watershed in the eastern Sierra Nevada, the Glass Creek watershed. The forest extends from lodgepole pine at low elevations, old-growth eastside mixed conifer with red fir at middle elevations, to whitebark pine at treeline. A large wet meadow with high species diversity dominates the valley floor. Aside from domestic sheep grazing in the meadow, the watershed has been minimally disturbed by recent human activities; even fire suppression does not seem to have influenced fire regimes. The watershed has been significantly influenced, however, by repeat eruptions of the nearby Inyo Craters, whose most recent activities covered the watershed with many meters of tephra ~750 years ago. In related studies, we have been documenting the influence of climate on vegetation at nearby treeline elevations and the influence of climate on conifer invasion of the meadow. In this study, we investigate the main forest zones of this watershed as a case study in dissecting the role of climate, fire, and volcanism in shaping stand structure and composition.
Using dendrochronological, ecological plot, and fire-scar analyses in the forest zones, we are reconstructing forest structure, climate relations, and fire history over the last 1000 years. We find evidence for influence of each of the forces (fire, climate, and eruption) on forest dynamics, with relative importance changing over time. In some cases, the influences are confounding, in that they have similar effects ecologically, and are thus difficult to separate.
Important conclusions emerging from these studies include 1) the role of each force is significant and vegetation diversity cannot be adequately understood with reference to single one, 2) extreme events and variability in events determine significant ecological pathways that become set for hundreds of years, and 3) third order change is evident, that is - vegetation changes are evident in response to physical systems that are themselves changing.
Evaluate the relative roles of fire, climate change, and volcanic eruptions as architects of forest structure and composition over the past 1000 years.
Application of Research Results
This study is part of a complex of studies we are conducting in the Glass Creek watershed designed to provide information for resource managers about the relative influence of climate, fire, and volcanism on forest dynamics. Under conditions of changing climates, and altered fire regimes, decision-makers need accurate information about how forests respond to these forces. The Glass Creek Watershed is part of a larger landscape analysis by the Inyo National Forest, and management decisions will benefit from information provided in the suite of studies we are undertaking there.
Eastern Sierra Nevada: Glass Creek watershed, headwaters of the Owens River.
1) Millar, C.I 1) Delany, D.D. 1) Westfall, R.D. 2) King, J.C. 3) Stephens, S.A.
1) USDA Forest Service, PSW Research Station
Sierra Nevada Research Center
800 Buchanan St., Albany, CA 94706 USA
2) Lone Pine Research, Bozeman, MT 59715
3) University of California, Berkeley, Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, Berkeley, CA 94720
Publications and Reports
PDFs available at: http://www.fs.fed.us/psw/programs/snrc/staff/millar/
- Poster: Millar, CI; Westfall, RD; Delany, DL; King, JC; and Alden, HA. 2004. High-Elevation Response of Conifers to Climate Change in the Sierra Nevada and Western Great Basin, USA: Treeline Elevation is Not the Primary Effect.
- Poster: Millar, CI; Westfall, RD; Delany, DL; King, JC; and Alden, HA. 2004. Climate as an Ecosystem Architect; Responses of High-Elevation Conifers to Past Climate Variability. | <urn:uuid:c2cb3b44-2b16-42cf-9381-4c77b444fc1e> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://www.fs.fed.us/psw/topics/ecosystem_processes/sierra/climate_landscape/high_elevation_sub1/1000yrs_glasscrk.shtml | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802765002.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075245-00076-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.902293 | 961 | 2.953125 | 3 |
It is strange that the Torah specifically says that these commands it now gives about Sabbaticals and the Jubilee were given on Sinai. Weren’t all the laws supposed to have been given on Sinai? Rashi quotes the Midrash that says that it simply reiterates the fact that Sinai was the source of everything. But it does seem strange that this comes directly after a case many years after Sinai in which Moses needs to go back to consult with God. Sinai as the origin, but not the end of Divine Law giving?
Also noteworthy is that these laws are predicated in “when you arrive in the Land.” Hinting at the debate over whether all or only some of the laws were intended to apply only in Israel.The seventh Year Shmitah, release, sounds a lot like a variation on medieval crop rotation, giving agricultural land a breather in one way or another from over use. As the Torah says, “It is a rest of rests for the land.”
It seems that the Shmitah was always observed where possible. But for a long time, there was little Jewish agricultural activity in the Land of Israel. That began to change with the nineteenth century pioneers from Eastern Europe who began to drain the swamps of the north. They were struggling to survive. To get around the problem the Chief Rabbinate arranged for the land to be “sold” to a friendly Arab for the duration. Like selling Hametz over Pesah. Increasingly conditions have improved so that more and more people in Israel now keep Shmitah without using the old device off selling the land.
The Seventh Year released bonded Israelites who had debits to pay off by working for their creditor. Or because they could not afford to feed themselves and their children so they sold themselves into servitude. In addition, debts incurred were released. In ancient times lending was only an act of charity or to help someone set up in business. The Torah did not want people to be burdened indefinitely by debt.
This too must have been common because as society began to shift from agricultural to commercial, the problem of lending when the seventh year released all debts meant that lenders withdrew for fear of losing their money. Hillel then created the Prosbul, that transferred the debt to the Beth Din who were not subject to the release. And they ensured the money was returned. It was also a year that by being freed from agricultural work many who wanted to could devote themselves to study. Hence our modern use of the word “sabbatical.” | <urn:uuid:686d0d30-5a3e-4a94-b1b0-2183df316181> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | http://jeremyrosen.com/2017/07/sabbaticals.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891814393.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20180223035527-20180223055527-00177.warc.gz | en | 0.982906 | 525 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Following are the key areas tof focus for learning/training which are described later in this article:
- Java Essentials
- Hadoop Essentials
As Hadoop is based on Java programming language, one would want to get expertise of at least intermediary level to do good with Hadoop development. Following are some of the key concepts that one would want to learn or get trained on:
- JVM concepts
- Data types
- Basic Java constructs
- Looping, switch concepts
- Classes, objects and methods
- Collections concepts such as HashMap, ArrayList, LinkedList
- Exception handling
- Building Java projects
It would be important to learn introductory and advanced concepts in relation with some of the following topics:
- Basic introduction to Big Data and Hadoop
- Hadoop Architecture: One should try and learn some of the following concepts:
- Hadoop core components including HDFS & MapReduce
- HDFS architecture (Name Node, Data Node)
- MapReduce architecture (Job tracker, Task tracker)
- Coordination service
- Hadoop Installation & Deployment
- Advanced concepts in HDFS
- Advanced concepts in MapReduce
- HBase concepts including HBase architecture, distributed data storage model, difference between RDBMS & HBase
- Hive & Pig concepts including installation information, architecture related concepts, query compiler & optimizer, client & server components
- Zookeeper concepts including installation information, challenges faced in coordination of distributed applications, usecases such as leader election or distributed locking service, data model etc.
- Introduction to tools such as Apache Flume, Sqoop
- Introduction to commercial distribution of Hadoop such as Cloudera, Hortonworks, MapR, IBM etc.
- Introduction to Hadoop ecosystem including concepts on tools such as Oozie, Mahout, Spark etc.
- Introduction to Hadoop administration, troubleshooting etc.
Follow him on Twitter and Google+. | <urn:uuid:8a8381b1-42af-4562-a6b2-2b94f3a60679> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://vitalflux.com/key-training-topics-for-hadoop-developer/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320873.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20170626235612-20170627015612-00637.warc.gz | en | 0.912121 | 416 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Protecting the world’s forests could achieve a quarter of the greenhouse gas emissions cuts needed to meet the 1.5°C Paris target, scientists say.
By Alex Kirby
LONDON, 2 November, 2017 – Forests that are properly cared for can take the world a long way towards cutting carbon emissions, US-based researchers say – far enough to go at least a quarter of the way to reaching the UN’s target.
They report that stopping deforestation and allowing young secondary forests to grow back could establish a “forest sink” – an area that absorbs carbon dioxide rather than releasing it into the atmosphere – which by 2100 could grow by over 100 billion metric tons of carbon, about ten times the current annual rate of global fossil fuel emissions.
The researchers say capturing more carbon in land and forests is no substitute for eliminating the world’s dependence on fossil fuels, which it is consuming so prodigally that the consequent rise in greenhouse gas levels is driving global warming.
But better management to reduce emissions and enhance carbon absorption capacity, they say, could let forests and agricultural land help the world to move at least a quarter of the way towards meeting the more ambitious of the two goals adopted in the 2015 Paris Agreement – limiting temperature rise to 1.5°C.
Through large-scale tree planting efforts, the three – China, India and South Korea – have together removed more than 12 billion metric tons of CO2 from the atmosphere over the past two decades.
The Woods Hole report says there is 40% more carbon stored in forested lands than in known fossil fuel deposits worldwide – almost five times more carbon than can be added to the atmosphere without exceeding the less challenging Paris goal of 2°C, the authors say.
“Releasing this carbon into the atmosphere through continuing deforestation not only commits us to the worst impacts of climate change, but also results in the loss of a globally important carbon sink,” said Martin Herold, professor of geoinformation science and remote sensing at Wageningen University in the Netherlands
“We cannot meet the Paris Agreement’s goal of limiting warming to 1.5°C without utilizing the potential of forests and agricultural soils to store more carbon”
“People often misunderstand the longevity of forests – sure, individual trees die, but forests naturally grow back. As long as the land use does not change, forests are a permanent fixture of the earth’s carbon sequestering architecture. Protecting the carbon stored in forests is no different than taking action to ensure fossil deposits stay underground.”
The countries which have ratified the Paris Agreement are due to meet in the German city of Bonn from 6 to 17 November, with possible ways of strengthening it high on their agenda, and are likely to debate the role of forests at length. The UN’s Food and Agriculture Organisation reported in 2015 that, while forested areas had decreased since 1990, the rate of net forest loss had been cut by 50%.
“We cannot meet the Paris Agreement’s goal of limiting warming to 1.5°C without utilizing the potential of forests and agricultural soils to store more carbon,”said Philip Duffy, president and executive director of Woods Hole Research Center.
The Woods Hole researchers say aggressive action to reduce emissions from the land sector can buy more time for a rapid transition to a decarbonised economy. Ending tropical forest loss, improving tropical forest management, and restoring 500 million hectares of tropical forests could reduce emissions enough to provide 10-15 years of extra time to reduce the use of fossil fuels, they write.
Governments have already received many warnings that forests are vital to climate change mitigation. Other forms of land use are equally important. The latest findings certainly offer hope of a possible way to reduce carbon emissions, but another recent study concluded that tropical forests release more carbon than they absorb (scientists from Woods Hole were among the authors).
The researchers say there are striking benefits when governments invest heavily in forests. Rough estimates of cost per ton of CO2 sequestration range from a low of about US$2 in India to US$26 per ton in China.
But there is a major gap in funding for forests, they say. Investments in stopping deforestation make up less than 1.5% – US$2.3 bn – of the US$167 bn committed by multilateral institutions and developed country donors since 2010 to climate change mitigation.
The researchers say the average annual deforestation rates in forests over which indigenous peoples have secure tenure are significantly lower than in those without it.
A 2016 report from the Rights and Resources Initiative (RRI), Woods Hole Research Center and the World Resources Institute reported that indigenous peoples and local communities hold at least 54,546 million metric tons of carbon in the tropical forests they live in globally – just under a quarter of the total carbon found above ground in the global tropics. – Climate News Network | <urn:uuid:5e5a4887-fba3-473e-befb-fc7ee18e8514> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | http://globe-net.com/forests-can-bring-1-5c-paris-target-closer/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084888878.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20180120023744-20180120043744-00255.warc.gz | en | 0.935895 | 1,004 | 3.734375 | 4 |
The Battle of Brandy Station actually occurred in several locations, miles apart. A mile in front of you is Hansborough Ridge. Late in the morning of June 9, 1863, a division of the Union Cavalry under Col. Alfred Duffie approached the ridge from the south along what is now Route 3. Duffie's 2nd Division of the Army of the Potomac's Cavalry Corps, about 3000 men and 6 cannon, was part of a larger force that had crossed the Rappahannock River earlier that morning at Kelly's ford. Other Union troops led by Brig. Gen. John Buford had crossed at Beverly ford, further upstream.
Duffie was ordered to reconnoiter Stevensburg and Germanna Plank Road (now Route 3) for evidence of Confederate Infantry. He was then to join the other Union columns at Brandy Station, five miles away, before a joint advance of the Confederate Cavalry reported to be at Culpeper Court House.
In attempting to cross Hansborough Ridge, the Federals were confronted by 200 troops of the 2nd South Carolina Cavalry under Col. Mathew C. Butler. Duffie hesitated. Finally, the 1st Massachusetts Cavalry charged, whether they simply lost patience or were ordered forward is unclear. They hurled themselves down the road and smashed into Butler's thin line of men, most of whom fought dismounted. The Federals plowed through the gap and hit the 4th Virginia Cavalry while these Confederates were still deploying. The greatly outnumbered Confederates then made a dash for the Norman's Mill ford, crossing over to the north side of Mt. Run where the lone cannon of the 4th Virginia Cavalry was placed guarding the 2 horse wide ford. This ford was the only place where horses could cross Mt. Run.
Since Duffie could not follow across the stream, the Confederates enjoyed their first "breathing spell" of the morning and immediately started organizing their defense, using Mt. Run as a natural barrier.
Hansborough Ridge was the site of the 2nd Corps and 2nd Cavalry Division, Army of the Potomac, winter camps during the winter of 1863-1864.
The hill at the far left is Signal Hill, used as a signal station throughout the war. | <urn:uuid:a5bcf7ee-8018-4696-8ba2-2f6ac760c137> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | https://www.historicalmarkerproject.com/markers/HM2OG_hansborough-ridge_Brandy-Station-VA.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221213247.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20180818001437-20180818021437-00347.warc.gz | en | 0.975918 | 471 | 3.234375 | 3 |
Today, a walk up-town. The University of Houston's
College of Engineering presents this series about
the machines that make our civilization run, and
the people whose ingenuity created them.
Here's an article titled, A
Walk Up-Town in New York. It's in Scribner's
Magazine, January 1900. Scribner's
has just adopted the new technology of including
photos, and they really go over the top.
Thirty-three photos illustrate the author's stroll
from Lower Manhattan up to Central Park -- roughly
a four-mile hike.
What we get is an immensely detailed look at the
technologies of upscale urban living, just over a
century ago. The photos are clearly not from a
single eighty-minute period. They show New York in
its changing faces. So let's look at pictures:
First, architecture: skyscrapers are entering New York
after their recent birth in Chicago. I can make out
one twenty-five-story building. But most are still
without elevators and limited to six or seven
stories. The author stops to visit a skyscraper. He
observes, not only elevator operators, but also an
elevator starter on the ground floor, to
regulate elevator traffic.
The caption on one photo says, "City
Hall with its grateful lack of height." It shows an
elegant two-story building. Of course, such land
use was doomed in Manhattan. Twelve years later,
the eight-hundred-foot Woolworth Building would
The photos also show us transportation. Not even
the most primitive of the new automobiles appear in
the pictures. Later that year, construction of the
subway system would begin. That would bring chaos
during the next four years.
But that lies ahead. Now we see only cable cars and an infinite variety
of horse-drawn vehicles. (New York was among the
few cities that'd put in cable cars before the more
efficient electric trolley superceded them.) Two
photos show firemen battling a blaze with
horse-drawn, steam-powered water pumps. Horses pull
heavy wagons, graceful carriages, omnibuses, and
heavy stagecoaches. It is a world about to be
blindsided by unimaginable change.
We have to digest the clothing
we see from our century-later perspective -- our
clothes are so much simpler. The women wear fancy
hats, adorned with bird
feathers. Their fitted bodices have large
shoulder pads, and they flare out over swirling
skirts that almost touch the pavement. Only young
girls wear skirts high enough to expose their
ankle-high laced-up shoes.
The author remarks that the women "walk
independently with an interesting gait." Well, the
suffrage movement was still in its infancy, and
here it was a seed beneath the snow.
All the men wear hats -- mostly bowlers, and a few
stovepipes. Only a few have the new fedoras. Most
men wear suit jackets rather like yours and mine,
although a few still have frock coats. Vests are
common. Neckties are the rule.
The author laments the steady incursion of tall
buildings into his genteel world. Well, they called
this America's Gilded Age. And, as I look
at the pictures, I think to myself, "It'd surely be
lovely to visit, but I wouldn't want to live there
I'm John Lienhard, at the University of Houston,
where we're interested in the way inventive minds
J. L. Williams, The Walk Up-Town in New York.
Scribner's Magazine, Vol. XXVII, No. 1, Jan.
1900, pp. 44-59.
The Engines of Our Ingenuity is
Copyright © 1988-2003 by John H. | <urn:uuid:7e5180dd-a60b-4f22-b149-df1e0707b472> | CC-MAIN-2016-18 | http://www.uh.edu/engines/epi1915.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860123840.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161523-00145-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.930745 | 829 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Today, Dec. 8, we offer the following feature:
Changing Climate, Changing Policy (start time: 7:06): As political leaders are still hammering out an accord at the UN Climate Summit, or COP21, in Paris, to rein in global warming, today we discuss the underlying scientific facts about climate change, and the policy promises and challenges for our future. Hosts Susan Moran and Daniel Glick interview two Colorado scientists at the intersection of science and policy. Dr. Waleed Abdalati is a geoscientist and director of the Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), a partnership between the University of Colorado-Boulder and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
Dr. Lisa Dilling is an associate professor of environmental studies, also at CIRES, who brings expertise in science policy related to climate issues. She directs The Western Water Assessment, a NOAA program that provides information for policy makers throughout the Intermountain West about the region’s vulnerabilities to climate change impacts. Contributing host Daniel Glick was an editor of the 2014 National Climate Assessment, and his team has produced videos on the immediate and human impacts of climate change.
Hosts: Daniel Glick, Susan Moran
Producer: Susan Moran
Engineer: Maeve Conran
Executive Producer: Beth Bennett
Additional contributions: Joel Parker, Shelley Schlender
Listen to the show: | <urn:uuid:b1405026-e41c-46c8-ae23-00427b18922e> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://howonearthradio.org/archives/tag/paris | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103322581.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20220626222503-20220627012503-00321.warc.gz | en | 0.904442 | 288 | 2.546875 | 3 |
What are some good Christmas questions?
Question: What are you supposed to do when you find yourself under the mistletoe? Question: Which one of Santa’s reindeer has the same name as another holiday mascot? Question: Which country started the tradition of putting up a Christmas tree? Question: In the song “Winter Wonderland,” what do we call the snowman?
Which group followed a star and which group went to find the baby because an angel told them where to look?
And it happened that when the angels went away from them into the sky, the shepherds said one to another, “Let us go to Bethlehem, now, and see this thing that has happened, which the Lord has made known to us.” They came with haste, and found both Mary and Joseph, and the baby was lying in the feeding trough.
When was Christmas first celebrated?
December 25, 336 AD (Rome)
Christmas Day/Date of first occurrence
What is Teen Bible Quiz?
Nazarene Bible Quizzing (also known as “Youth Quizzing”, “Teen Quizzing”, or “Bible Quizzing Ministry”) is a program for discipleship targeted to children aged 12–18 or in grades 6–12 in the United States or Canada. Within each eight-year cycle, Nazarene Bible Quizzing covers over half of the New Testament.
Who was Jesus father?
Summary of Jesus’ life He was born to Joseph and Mary sometime between 6 bce and shortly before the death of Herod the Great (Matthew 2; Luke 1:5) in 4 bce. According to Matthew and Luke, however, Joseph was only legally his father.
How was God born in the Bible?
Since Christianity maintains that God wasn’t created, he always existed, he was never born so he has no birthday. (As for Jesus, the Bible says that he was born on a night when the flocks were in the fields at night – that would be from about late April to early October.
What does the Bible really say about Christmas?
Bible verses related to Christmas from the King James Version (KJV) by Relevance. – Sort By Book Order. Isaiah 9:6 – For unto us a child is born, unto us a son is given: and the government shall be upon his shoulder: and his name shall be called Wonderful, Counsellor, The mighty God, The everlasting Father, The Prince of Peace.
What Christians should know about Christmas?
What Christians Should Know About Christmas. Christmas is the celebration of union, peace, joy, love, and all the positive aspects and behaviors. Christmas is not just about the gifts; we should not value it only when we receive or give presents to the children. Material objects should not bring happiness inside of a family,…
What are some Christmas Verses in the Bible?
Bible Verses About Christmas. Jesus is called Immanuel — Isaiah 7:14, “Therefore the Lord himself will give you a sign. Luke 1:35 And the angel answered her, “The Holy Spirit will come upon you, and the power of the Most High will overshadow you; therefore the child to be born will be called holy–the Son of God.
Where in the Bible does it talk about Christmas?
John 3:16 16 For God so loved the world that he gave his one and only Son, that whoever believes in him shall not perish but have eternal life. | <urn:uuid:be29cf10-294e-421a-8d74-8c4c67f7cffb> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://laurenceanywaysthemovie.com/what-are-some-good-christmas-questions/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662530066.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20220519204127-20220519234127-00780.warc.gz | en | 0.969624 | 744 | 2.578125 | 3 |
A Tool for Your Diabetes Management Kit
The fact that you are reading Diabetes Self-Management suggests that you are eager to learn new ways of dealing with this demanding condition. It is likely that you’ve heard a great deal of advice on improving your diet, controlling your blood glucose levels, and starting or maintaining an exercise routine. However, it is also important to consider how you care for your mental and psychological health. Many people pay too little attention to these aspects of healing, yet such activities as guided imagery, meditation, and mindful eating can be excellent additions to anyone’s self-management routine. Each of these techniques – and others, as well – can help you learn to accept and feel compassion for yourself, and that, in turn, can lead to rewards both measurable (in the form of improved blood glucose control, for example) and immeasurable.
What is self-compassion?
While most people understand the concept of compassion as it applies to other people, fewer recognize the importance of extending compassion to themselves. Many people neglect to provide themselves with the same love and support that they offer to family members and close friends.
Many people are also overly self-critical, doubtful of their capabilities and desires, and too ready to negatively compare themselves to others. They see mistakes as permanent failings and temporary setbacks as insurmountable obstacles. When it comes to their own shortcomings, they see mountains where only molehills exist. But allowing greater self-compassion into one’s life can change all that.
Self-compassion presents an alternative way of thinking about yourself and your perceived faults. It allows you to bestow upon yourself the same love and support you give to those close to you. It also helps build your emotional resilience so that it’s easier to weather future blunders without spiraling into guilt and recrimination.
Dr. Kristin Neff, Associate Professor in Human Development and Culture at the University of Texas, has proposed three major components of self-compassion:
Self-kindness. This means avoiding harsh judgment of yourself and instead treating yourself with care and understanding. Self-kindness is a gentle and accepting approach in which you use kind and caring language with yourself, as a good parent might use with a child. You learn to actively soothe and comfort yourself when something goes wrong, rather than turning to harsh and judgmental criticism. Exercising self-kindness means avoiding negative language; just as you wouldn’t call your best friend fat, lazy, or stupid, you shouldn’t use such language with yourself either.
Embracing common humanity. This means recognizing that imperfection is a shared aspect of the human experience and not a personal failing. When experiencing problems in life, it is common to feel as if you are the only person in the world who has that problem – even when this is obviously not the case. You may have experienced such feelings when you were first diagnosed with diabetes. This mind-set can leave you feeling isolated and powerless. But when you commit to embracing a sense of common humanity, you develop an understanding that everyone is in the same boat together. All of humanity deals with failure, disappointment, and shame. Once you internalize this reality, you will begin to feel more connected with the world and less alone in moments of trouble.
Mindfulness. This means seeing the big picture by keeping your present experiences in perspective. It means seeing life – with all of its nuisances, obstacles, and disappointments – as it is, no more and no less. By having a balanced perspective, you can avoid getting carried away with thoughts and feelings and letting them control you. You begin to realize that reality consists of only the present moment, not anxieties about the future or regrets about the past.
Self-compassion and diabetes
When living with a chronic condition such as diabetes, self-compassion can be helpful in a number of ways. Embracing self-compassion is not about gaining more control over your life, but rather about controlling how you perceive your life and the struggles you encounter. It is about having the resilience to deal with day-to-day conflicts in a more positive and empowering way.
Diabetes is a complex disease, requiring constant evaluation of your behavior – which is why feeling compassion for yourself is essential to successful self-management. With self-compassion, you can develop a new relationship with your diabetes, in which you pay attention to it without judging yourself. You do this in part by applying mindfulness to your daily self-care activities, such as food preparation, eating, exercise, and blood glucose monitoring. Dealing with the ups and downs of diabetes can be difficult, but being compassionate toward yourself can help you make peace with your diabetes. This has both mental and physical benefits.
Mental benefits. Research has shown that people who treat themselves with compassion have greater psychological health than those who do not take this approach. Self-compassion correlates positively with overall life satisfaction, feelings of happiness and optimism, social connectedness, and emotional resilience. Self-compassionate people also tend to have less extreme reactions to problems than people who are excessively critical of themselves. It follows, then, that lacking self-compassion can lead to self-loathing, depression, anxiety, and perfectionism – all of which will ultimately have a negative impact on your diabetes management. Taking a compassionate approach will lead to greater awareness of your health, more resilience to deal with health-related setbacks, and more nurturing mental responses to distressing thoughts and events.
Physical benefits. A lack of self-compassion has been shown to be related to a variety of eating problems and disorders, including emotional eating. Research has shown that when dealing with a restrictive diet, people who are self-critical tend to feel “eating guilt” when they stray from the diet – which often leads to overindulgence as a method of coping with this feeling. People who practice self-compassion, on the other hand, are more likely to forgive themselves for eating something that’s not on their meal plan and move on.
Furthermore, if you treat yourself with compassion, you will feel more motivated to opt for healthy rather than harmful choices. Self-compassion strengthens humans’ innate yet often neglected awareness of how their bodies are feeling, thus increasing their ability to self-regulate, heal, and maintain good health.
Four ways to increase self-compassion
There are a number of ways to cultivate self-compassion, including the following four:
1. Consider your reaction to having diabetes. Ask yourself: Do you accept your diabetes and work with it, or do you resent your diabetes and try to fight or ignore it? What kind of language do you use with yourself when thinking about or discussing your diabetes? Do you often insult yourself, or do you usually take a kind and understanding tone? By evaluating your initial level of self-compassion, you can identify areas where you need more work and attention.
2. Consider your feelings about having diabetes. Take some time to write about a diabetes-related issue that tends to make you feel inadequate or bad about yourself. Write down how this issue makes you feel inside: Does it make you scared, sad, depressed, insecure, or angry? Focus on whatever emotions arise when you think about this issue. Try to be as honest as possible, examining your feelings without exaggerating them or pushing them away.
Once you have your honest feelings down on paper, think about a real or imaginary friend who loves you unconditionally and is accepting, kind, and compassionate toward you. This friend knows you intimately and can see all of your true strengths and weaknesses, including any negative aspects of yourself that you’ve been writing about. Reflect for a few moments on the feelings this friend has toward you. Now pick up a new piece of paper and write a letter to yourself from the perspective of the friend, focusing on whatever negative emotions you’ve been probing within yourself. What would this friend say to you about your perceived flaws, from the perspective of unqualified compassion and support? How would this friend convey such compassion to you, particularly in response to whatever pain you inflict upon yourself through harsh self-criticism? What would this friend say to remind you that you are only human, and that all humans have their strengths and weaknesses?
After you finish writing it, set the letter aside for a while – maybe a few days. Then read it as if you were seeing it for the first time, letting the words truly sink in. Reflect on how soothing it is to hear these compassionate words and to realize that they came from inside of you – which means they can come from you again anytime you feel a need for them.
3. Keep a self-compassion journal. Journaling has been found to enhance both mental and physical well-being, and it is an effective way to get in touch with your emotions. Journaling has been found to be particularly useful for people with chronic conditions such as diabetes. Every evening, find a few quiet moments to reflect on the day’s events. Write in your journal about any negative feelings, anything you judged yourself for, or any other difficult experience that caused you pain or sadness – no matter how trivial it may seem. For each event, make a point of using the three components of self-compassion to help frame the way you think about the events:
• Self-kindness. Write yourself some kind and understanding words of comfort. Adopt a gentle, reassuring tone and let yourself know that you care about yourself. For example: “It is all right; you strayed from your diet, but it wasn’t the end of the world. Maybe you can keep some healthy snacks at your desk to avoid cravings at work.”
• Common humanity. Write down some ways in which your experience was connected to the larger human experience. This might include acknowledging that being human entails being imperfect. (“It is normal to slip up every once in a while.” Or, “I am not the only one facing these challenges; many people have diabetes.”) You may also want to reflect on the underlying causes and conditions behind the negative event. (“I was already stressed out about my afternoon meeting, which made me less resistant to food cravings.”)
• Mindfulness. Explore any painful emotions that arose from your self-judgment or difficult circumstances. Write down how you felt, including whether you were sad, ashamed, frightened, or stressed. As you write, try to be accepting and nonjudgmental of your experience, capturing your emotions as they were rather than minimizing or exaggerating your experience. (“I was stressed about my meeting, so I indulged and felt guilty afterward.”)
Using the three components of self-compassion as part of your journaling will help you organize your thoughts and emotions, as well as help you incorporate these attitudes into your everyday life. If you keep this journal regularly, the practices of using kind language and keeping your experiences in perspective will become easier and will help you treat yourself in a caring way.
4. Take care of yourself. Managing your diabetes effectively might mean that you need to recharge your inner battery occasionally to have enough energy to give to others. Grant yourself permission to satisfy your own needs first – recognizing that this will not only enhance your quality of life, but also enhance your ability to contribute to the lives of others. By showing yourself the same love and care you show to the people you care about, you are cultivating a more balanced and capable self. Whether you pamper yourself with a relaxing bubble bath or organize a night out with friends, relaxing and recharging your mind and body will improve your mood, ability to concentrate, and general outlook on life. Taking the time to respect your personal needs – and making a habit of it – will also help you manage your diabetes more effectively.
A blanket of acceptance
Living with diabetes can be difficult mentally, physically, socially, and emotionally. If dealt with negatively, it can hurt relationships and interfere with life goals. The stress of living with diabetes can lead to anxiety, depression, and poor eating habits. Self-compassion will improve your emotional resilience in the face of these difficulties. It can give you the support you need to cope with guilt, anxiety, and depression. By treating yourself with compassion, you surround yourself with a blanket of acceptance rather than a cloud of judgment. As a result, you are more likely to make healthy decisions about your diet, exercise, blood glucose management, and other factors associated with diabetes. And that is just the beginning; self-compassion will help you cope with anything life throws your way. | <urn:uuid:cc862a6a-8838-4db6-a7c4-b291d83dae9b> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://www.diabetesselfmanagement.com/managing-diabetes/emotional-health/learning-self-compassion/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375096738.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031816-00290-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.965438 | 2,610 | 3.015625 | 3 |
A parasite lives on or in another organism and feeds off that organism. Pets often become the host body for parasites, both external and internal. To protect your pet from parasites, you need to be proactive. Learning to recognize symptoms of parasites and take steps to prevent them. Check with your veterinarian for advice on treatment and preventive measures.
External. External parasites live outside the hosts body and include fleas, mites and ticks. These parasites can cause skin irritation, itching and rashes and affect both cats and dogs.
• Fleas. Fleas may go unnoticed until your pet begins scratching excessively. Treatments are available through your veterinarian and vary depending on the animal and the severity of the problem.
• Mites. There are mites that affect the skin and mites that are found in the ears of both cats and dogs. Sarcoptic mange mites or scabies are very contagious from dog to dog, while demodectic mange mites are not. Both cause scaly skin patches, but a dog infected with demodectic mange mites usually will not itch, while one with scabies will. Both conditions are treatable, but a dog with suspected demodectic mange mites should be examined by a veterinarian. Ear mites will make your dog or cat scratch their ears, and a brown or black discharge may be present. These mites can be treated with medication and cleaning of the ears.
• Ticks. Any animal playing outdoors in wooded areas may pick up a tick. The little bloodsuckers need to be removed promptly. Ticks can spread Lyme disease and other infectious diseases. When removing a tick from your pet, never crush it or yank it from the skin. Use tweezers to remove the entire tick. Consult your veterinarian if you're unable to remove the entire tick
Internal. Internal parasites live inside your pets body, usually within the gastrointestinal, respiratory or urinary tracts. Most worm infections can be prevented with a monthly deworming medication. If a pet does become infected, your veterinarian can prescribe the proper treatment.
• Roundworms. According to the American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA), roundworms are the most common internal parasite found in dogs and cats. Infection occurs when your pet eats something contaminated with the parasites eggs or larvae, usually found in dirt, bugs, birds and feces. For canines, roundworms are more common in puppies; the infection occurs before birth. This parasite can affect both the lungs and the intestines.
• Hookworms. Hookworms affect both dogs and cats, infecting the animals through ingestion the same as roundworms, or they can enter through the animals skin. Hookworms can be passed to puppies through a mothers milk as well. Symptoms include diarrhea, lack of appetite and bloody stools.
Page 2 of 2 - • Tapeworms. The tapeworm is ingested when your cat or dog eats an infected flea or rodent. Symptoms may include mild stomach upset and soft stools, but this parasite is usually not lethal. | <urn:uuid:0c33d50e-034e-4efc-b7f9-ba08959daa26> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://www.hillsdale.net/article/20121211/NEWS/312119953/1666/LIFESTYLE?rssfeed=true | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163964642/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204133244-00004-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.912706 | 625 | 3.515625 | 4 |
Anunciorelacionado con: tudor style architecture
Tudor Style Architecture - Architecture Practice Test
Architect Design Prep Test - Computer Architecture Design - Architecture Context Detection. Architecture Design Practice - Architecture Degree Mock Exam - Questions For Architecture
21 de mar. de 2023 · One of the most notable Tudor Revival projects of the period was the Lowther Castle in Cumbria, built by the architect Robert Lorimer in 1912. With its elegant mullioned windows, imposing turrets and meticulously crafted stone doorways, the house has become a much-coveted design in the world of Tudor Revivalists.
20 de mar. de 2023 · Tudor Revival style features half-timbering, steep roofs, textural materials like stone and troweled plaster, high wainscots and paneling, beamed ceilings, Jacobean staircases, casement windows, and stained glass are common to both. Skip to main content PRODUCTS & SERVICES CURTAINS TO CARPETS DECORATIVE ACCESSORIES FLOORING FURNITURE HARDWARE
20 de mar. de 2023 · Features of Tudor Style Houses Known for their brown-and-white color scheme, Tudor style houses are typically built from stone or bricks, with a façade of stucco and exposed timbering framing. The framing creates straight lines that connect each level of the home, giving it a sense of geometry.
23 de mar. de 2023 · Architecture + Design 11 Kitchens With Jewel Tones We’re Loving on the AD PRO Directory See how designers are eschewing white in favor of deep, rich hues for kitchen cabinetry and surfaces By...
19 de mar. de 2023 · Tudor Houses - Architecture (1485 - 1603) 15th century and 16th century The Tudor period is the time when the Tudor family came to the throne. Henry VIII is the most famous tudor king. You can see many Tudor houses in England today. Some of them are over 500 years old! How can you recognise a Tudor House?
21 de mar. de 2023 · One look at a Tudor style house and you’re instantly transported to the English countryside. This distinct architecture dates back hundreds of years, borrowing elements of Renaissance and Gothic design, and later experienced a revival in the United States that continued to grow in popularity through the mid-twentieth century. Similar to cottage homes, their medieval imagery evokes a ... | <urn:uuid:646775ec-82bf-4a34-a021-4c40430db666> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://mx.search.yahoo.com/mobile/s?p=tudor+style+architecture&q=Ana+de+Dinamarca&ei=UTF-8&fl=0&rd=r2&norw=1&age=1w&hsimp=yhs-elex_22find&hspart=Elex&fr2=time&btf=w&fr=yhs-Elex-elex_22find | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296945292.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20230325002113-20230325032113-00290.warc.gz | en | 0.856636 | 541 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Auditory Verbal therapy
What is Auditory Verbal therapy?
Auditory Verbal therapy is a highly specialist early intervention programme which equips parents with the skills to maximise their deaf child’s speech and language development. The Auditory Verbal approach stimulates auditory brain development and enables deaf children with hearing aids and cochlear implants to make sense of the sound relayed by their devices. As a result, children with hearing loss are better able to develop listening and spoken language skills, with the aim of giving them the same opportunities and an equal start in life as hearing children.
Through play-based therapy sessions, parents are given the tools – Auditory Verbal techniques and strategies – to develop their child’s listening and spoken language. Auditory Verbal therapy enables parents to help their child to make the best possible use of his or her hearing technology and equips parents to check and troubleshoot it in collaboration with their audiology team. This will maximise a child’s access to sound so that listening and spoken language skills can be developed to the fullest extent possible.
Through play-based sessions using the Auditory Verbal approach, the child develops a listening attitude so that paying attention to the sound around him or her becomes automatic. Hearing and listening become an integral part of communication, play, education and eventually work. All learning from the sessions carries over into daily life. This means that at home, parents can make everyday activities such as setting the table or reading a story into a fun listening and learning opportunity.
What are the communication options for deaf children?
There are a number of different options for the parents of a deaf child or baby, including sign language, bilingualism, Cued Speech, Total Communication, oral speech & language therapy and Auditory Verbal therapy. Auditory Verbal therapy (AVT) is the approach that is most focused on the child working through audition.
AVT differs from other speech and language therapy approaches in a number of ways:
AVT concentrates on developing the listening part of the brain (the auditory cortex) rather than relying solely or partly on visual cues. There is a narrow window within which to develop the brain as a listening brain (rather than predominantly a visual brain, for example), and AVT seeks to make the most of this window of neural plasticity in the first three and a half years of life.
AVT focuses on coaching the parents or carers of the child in the use of Auditory Verbal strategies and techniques in everyday activities and play so that every opportunity is used to develop their child’s listening brain and spoken language skills.
AVT is an early intervention programme. By working intensively with the child in their first few years they should require much less additional support for the rest of their life.
AVT aims to develop the child’s social skills and theory of mind; the ability to understand that their mind differs from another’s. This prepares them to make and keep friends at school.
AVT is delivered by an Auditory Verbal therapist who is a qualified Teacher of the Deaf, Speech and Language Therapist or Audiologist who has undergone three years of post-graduate training to become a listening and spoken language specialist (LSLS Cert AVT), accredited through the AG Bell Academy, the certifying body based in the USA.
The Auditory Verbal approach is distinctive in the way it makes the most of a child’s use of hearing as the main sense for developing spoken language. Auditory Verbal therapy is government-funded in Australasia and Denmark and is a mainstream approach in Canada and the United States for teaching children with permanent hearing impairment to listen and speak.
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Side ASide B
rule for appropriate behavior
behavior expected of certain status/ position
types of sanctions
formal: fine, jail, expulsion, etc
informal: ridicule, gossip
3 forms of norms
mores: govern serious behavior
folkways: norms govern mundane conduct
Laws: written and enforced...
carried out by rules and norms
NECESSARY for equilibrium in social relations
Characteristics of a norm
1)associated with roles 2) taught through socialization 3) accompanied by sanctions 4) tend...
consequences of social order
too much leads to more probs
no social order = chaos
3 types of variations in deviant behavior
4 ways to conceptualize deviance
1) absolutist definiton
2) Statistical definition
3) normative conception
certain actions qualify as deviant bc they have always been defined that way (Bible, Koran,...
behavior that is rare or strays from statistical average
leads to confusion bc logically the...
deviant behavior violates a norm
prob: there are so many norms, everyone...
"new conception". deviant behavior is labeled that way.
act = not important REACTION = important
interest groups promote personal set of moral values in attempt to control social life
Argument in Defining Deviance Down- DP Moynihan
moral standards have been altered to accommodate amount of deviance overtime. More things have...
Durkheim's ideas about crime
crime = normal phenomenon
"society of saints"
totality of beliefs and sentiments common to average citizens of same society
Kai Erikson's Wayward Puritan study
Mass. Bay Colony- "witches"
group only has so many resources to deal w/ deviants and tries...
study of deviance in the academic community..
lower prestige field areas because 1) not clearly defined/vast topic 2) deviance - kinda bizarre...
benefits and disadvantages of qualitative method
pros: deeper understanding, observe subtle comm, looks for meaningcons: hard to interview deviants,...
Robert Merton- deviant behavior repsonse to structural conditions (nurture)goals-means gap5...
5 adaptations to anomie
1) conformity 2) innonvation 3) Ritualism 4) Retreatism 5) Rebellion
conventional goals and means
accept goals, reject means
going through motion by means, no goals in sight
reject goals and means
alternative set of goals and means
SOcial Learnin theory
(integrated theory) deviance is LEARNED in context of primary groups3 componentsR2 = .48 (ron...
3 components of social learning theory
differntial associationdifferential reinforcementdefinitions
socialized by grop of ppl who engage in deviance (techniques and mind set)
balance of actual and anticipated rewardssocial (praise) and no -social (effects of drugs/alcohol)
attitudes and meanings that a person attatches to behavioracceptable/ unacceptable
(richard quinney) class struggles occur in capitalist society2 types of deviance (crimes):1)crimes...
crimes of domination and oppression
committed by capatalists to keep superiority
crimes of resistance and accomodation
offenses committed by working class as reaction to oppression
(Howard Becker) nothing is inherentppl are labeled deviant3 neg consequencesprimary and...
3 neg consequences of being labeled
1) restricted opportunities2) Damaged Intrerpersonal relationships3) Diminished self-concept
original norm violations. considered undetected by others.detection can start labeling process
committed as a result of the labeling process"career deviance"
Social Bond Theory
"control theory" (Travis Hirschi) R2 = .14natural inclination to engage in deviant acts4...
4 elements of social bond theory
Attatchment - (works with young) school, family, churchCommitment- (legit) (long-term) stakes...
Akers criteria for judging a theory
1.personal beliefs 2. empirical validity 3. scope (R2) 4. parsimony (how clear) 5. testability
functions of deviance
1. strengthen the group (reactions) 2. highlights normss 3. catalyst for change 4. entertainment
medicalaization of deviance
deviance = medical problem. Bad -> Sick.ex's: addictive behavior, eating disorder, ADHD/ADD,...
Assumptions of medical model
caused by physical/ biological defectqualitative difference btwn deviants and normalsneed...
advantage of medical model
humanitarian benefitsless condemnation of deviants
disadvnatages of medical model
1) expert domination (medical social control)2)individualizing social problems/ alleviates...
myth of mental illnesscauses lablelingits a psychosocial deviation not a disease
The Rosenhan Study
fake patients admitted into mental hospital "hearing voices"results: all but 1 admitted. nobody...
criticisms of Rosenhan study
"logic in remission"hearing voices called for no other action but to admit them | <urn:uuid:b5c4e7f1-5e9e-4cfe-b495-d8f90ed49d2b> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://www.proprofs.com/flashcards/story.php?title=social-deviance | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422122691893.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124180451-00229-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.817899 | 1,091 | 3.109375 | 3 |
Contents - Previous - Next
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6. Industrial metabolism at the national level: A case-study on chromium and lead pollution in Sweden, 1880-1980
The use of chromium and lead in Sweden
Calculation of emissions
The development of emissions over time
The emerging immission landscape
7. Industrial metabolism at the regional level: The Rhine Basin
Geographic features of the Rhine basin
The example of cadmium
8. Industrial metabolism at the regional and local level: A casestudy on a Swiss region
9. A historical reconstruction of carbon monoxide and methane emissions in the United States, 1880-1980
Carbon monoxide (CO)
10. Sulphur and nitrogen emission trends for the United States: An application of the materials flow approach
Nitrogen oxides emissions
11. Consumptive uses and losses of toxic heavy metals in the United States, 1880-1980
Production-related heavy metal emissions
Emissions coefficients for production
Consumption-related heavy metal emissions
Emissions coefficient for consumption
Historical usage patterns
Ulrik Lohm, Stefan Anderberg, and Bo Bergbäck
In many countries, estimations of annual emissions of chemicals from point sources are now being regularly presented for the nation as a whole. For Sweden, the figures show that the emissions have been decreasing since the mid-1970s. This is, of course, encouraging with regard to environmental protection objectives. Unfortunately, however, these figures do not present a complete picture. Nor do they provide sufficient information to evaluate human impact on the environment systematically, especially in a long-term perspective. There are two major shortcomings of the standard estimates:
1. Lack of a spatial dimension; a nationwide
scale is hardly satisfactory to assess impacts (or the value) of
reduced industrial emissions.
2. Lack of a temporal dimension; to evaluate present pollution loadings, knowledge about the dimension and localization of past emissions is needed.
The development of industry in Sweden has led to an increased use of chemicals and other materials. In this study we want to approach the environmental problems of tomorrow that will arise from the use of various materials, from a historical standpoint. This type of study could be used as an argument for what has recently been called the precautionary principle of environmental management (see O'Riordan, chapter 12 of this volume). The purpose is to develop methods to reconstruct the flows of materials and estimate the emissions over time. This is done through studies of the development of production, technology, trade, and the longevity of products in society. This last part in the chain will form the "consumption emissions."
The concept of industrial metabolism suggests that we should seek to estimate the total load of toxic substances in soils and sediments, i.e. to describe and assess the development of a new "immission landscape." In this chapter industrial metabolism is illustrated in terms of the total flow and accumulation of chromium (1920-1980) and lead (18801980) in Sweden (Anderberg et al., 1989, 1990; Bergbäck et al., 1989, 1992).
The method of analysis is based on a simplified flow scheme: Various substances enter the economy either through imports or domestic production. Production of goods and extraction of primary materials result in "production emissions." The main part of these emissions is found in the products themselves, and is accumulating in the "anthroposphere." Depending on the type of product, large amounts may remain for a long time. Some parts are recycled after use. However, a significant quantity is sooner or later spread to the environment through consumption emissions, dissipative losses (see Ayres, chapter 1 of this volume), consumer-related emissions, or emissions from diffuse sources.
This materials' balance approach method
(inspired by Ayres and Kneese, 1969; Ayres, 1978; Ayres and Rod,
1986; Tarr and Ayres, 1990) consists, in somewhat simplified
form, of the following steps:
1. Construction of flow schemes for various substances.
2. Collection of data concerning production, trade, and technology with the aim of filling the boxes in the flow schemes and creating a base for assumptions concerning emissions.
3. Estimating the emissions over time, using the net surplus and the flow scheme of the substance; emission coefficients concerning consumption are based on "life-expectancy" of the product in the technosphere.
4. Calculation of the anthropogenic amounts of stable substances in the soil and sediments per region and decade, i.e. the immission landscape.
In Sweden, the use of chromium has been quite extensive owing to the historic importance of steel alloy production. As there are no chromium mines in Sweden, the import of chromium ore has long made up more than half of total Swedish ore imports. These imports have increased dramatically during this century. Imported chromium ore is mainly used for the production of ferrochrome. Since 1920, the Swedish iron and steel industry has been the major user of chromium, particularly for stainless steel. The use of chromium in the leathertanning and textile industries was once important, but with the decline of these industries and the introduction of synthetic materials for tanning and dyeing, this use has decreased rapidly. The chemical industry and anti-corrosion treatment have replaced these industries as the major users of imported chromium compounds.
Lead mining has a long history in Sweden, but it is only since the Second World War that it has really been important; Sweden has become a major lead producer and ore exporter in Europe. Still, imports of various lead products have also been quite significant, particularly between 1945 and 1980. Traditionally, pigments and metal products were the most important uses, but since 1920 the electrical industry (cables and batteries) has been the dominant user, with 7080 per cent of total consumption.
Production emissions of chromium have been estimated for the ferrochrome alloy and steel industries and for leather tanneries. These activities contributed more than 90 per cent of the chromium emissions to water, and almost 100 per cent to the air in the late 1970s, according to estimates by the Swedish Environmental Protection Board.
For lead, the emissions have been calculated for metalworks, the iron and steel industry, glassworks, the rubber industry, and battery manufacturing. These branches were responsible for approximately 95 per cent of the emissions to air and water in the late 1970s.
The method for calculating time series for production emissions has been to use the best available single-year estimate of uncontrolled emissions for the various branches. We then let the emissions follow the development of production and/or use of lead/chromium backward in time. The emissions from a particular branch of industry were distributed between the individual factories according to the number of workers employed, or the production figures at different periods in time (10-year periods, except for the first and last periods, where five years were used). Finally, the total emissions per time period and region were summed up.
For consumption emissions, specific factors for various products have been used (see below). Here, the emissions were distributed between regions according to the distribution of population, except in the case of gasoline, where sales statistics were used.
The diffusion of lead or chromium from a certain use was calculated as follows
A x E x T
where A is the share of total lead/chromium consumption for the particular use, E is the assumed emission factor, and T is net consumption, from which the consumption of lead in gasoline and ammunition has been subtracted. The emission factor (see table 1) is defined as the part of the product that is mobilized in the environment within a decade. (Here we have used the factors given by Tarr and Ayres, 1990.) The emissions from gasoline and ammunition have been calculated separately, assuming that 80 per cent and 100 per cent of the lead content, respectively, will reach the environment.
Table 1 Emission factors for calculation of consumption emissions
Source: Tarr and Ayres, 1990; Ayres and Ayres, in this volume.
In Sweden, the production emissions of chromium increased drastically in the period 1910-1970. Until the 1950s, tanning (see table 2) was the main source of chromium pollution, while steel and ferrochrome plants (see table 3) dominated the emissions after 1960. Despite a continued increase in chrome alloy steel production, the emissions drastically decreased in the 1970s, owing to an increasingly effective control programme.
The use of chromium in Sweden has increased constantly since the beginning of the century. Between 1950 and 1980, imports increased more than sixfold (see table 4). Most of the chromium will end up in the technosphere in numerous products. Even if only very small quantities are assumed to reach the environment, in the long run these emissions will be most significant. As consumption emissions are still increasing, leaching from chromium products appears to be a major future source of pollution.
Table 2 Calculated chromium emissions from tanneries in Sweden, 1910-1980
Source: Swedish Industrial Statistics, various years.
Table 3 Calculated chromium emissions from ferrochrome alloy and steel plants in Sweden, 1920-1980
|Year||Ferrochrome alloy plants||Steel plants|
(10³ t yr-1)
(t 10 yr-1)
Source: Swedish Industrial Statistics, various years.
Table 4 Total consumption emissions in Sweden, 1920-1980 (calculated from import surplus)
Source: Swedish Trade Statistics, various years.
For lead, production emissions culminated in the 1970s, but owing to improved production control are now relatively limited. The total production emissions to air in the period 1880-1980 (see table 5) have been dominated by one particular metalworks (Rönnskär), with a percentage of up to 57 per cent. Other contributors have been iron and steel production (16 per cent), rubber (12 per cent), glass (11 per cent), and battery manufacture (2 per cent). The major sources of total emissions to water (see table 6) have been metalworks (47 per cent), iron and steel (39 per cent), mining (9 per cent), and crystal glass production (5 per cent).
The consumption of lead in Sweden increased drastically in conjunction with rapid industrialization, by more than 40 times between 1880 and 1960. But since then it has decreased because of the stagnation in some of its major areas of use, and also because of increased recycling. The shares of the various uses have changed significantly over the hundred years. By the end of the last century, metal products and chemicals, mostly white and red lead used in paint, were dominant. Since around 1920, most of the lead has been used for cables and batteries, while metal products and chemicals have kept stable shares of 10-15 per cent each (see table 7).
Table 5 Calculated lead emissions to air in Sweden, 1880-1980 (based on production figures), in tonnes per year
Source: For production figures: Swedish Industrial Statistics. various years.
a. Estimated by the Swedish Environmental Protection Board.
Table 6 Calculated lead emissions to water in Sweden, 1880-1980 (based on production figures), in tonnes per year
Source: Swedish Trade Statistics, various years. a. Estimated by the Swedish Environmental Protection Board.
After the Second World War tetraethyl lead was introduced as an additive to gasoline. Around 1970 this use reached over 2,000 tonnes, or 3.5 per cent of total consumption. Even though this share is rather small, it has by far been the most important emission source during the latter half of the century. The production and import of lead shot and cartridges have fluctuated considerably throughout the century, but ammunition has always been a significant source of lead emissions. The total amount of lead emissions calculated from both production and consumption was approximately 190,000 tonnes between 1880 and 1980. The share of consumption emissions was 85 per cent, with about one-fourth each from both ammunition and gasoline, and one-third from other consumer uses (e.g. lead pigments, cables, and batteries). The emissions from consumption have dominated for the whole period studied (see figure 1).
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Within short time frames, these can cause lethargy and hunger, while over time, your body will no longer be able to bring your blood sugar to its optimum levels, leading to type 2 diabetes and even cardiac arrests. Keeping your blood sugar levels at their normal level is not completely impossible, however, and by adopting a few healthy lifestyle changes, you can protect yourself from some very serious health complications in the future.
Avocados being high in healthy fat and a plethora of vitamins and minerals top the list of must-have foods. The high fiber content and vitamin-C present in them promote easier bowel movements preventing constipation. These properties also enhance the colon-health keeping any infections or hemorrhoids at bay.
If you’re struggling with constipation, get more fiber by eating yucca. The fiber will also improve your blood glucose and cholesterol levels, making type 2 diabetes and heart disease less likely. And if you already have diabetes? The fiber in yucca will help control it. You’ll also be able to eat less and lose weight because fiber can boost satiety. Even your immunity will flourish, thanks to the high level of vitamin C in yucca. One cup has 42.4 milligrams!
If you are battling constipation, your best bet is to opt for fiber-rich foods and increase your fluid intake. Foods that work as natural laxatives include berries, unpeeled apples or pears, avocado, leafy greens, squash, whole-grain cereals, brown rice, and rye bread. Top it off with resistant starches found in foods like cooked and cooled potatoes or green bananas.
Oatmeal water is low in calories. It might prevent blood sugar spikes and, in turn, cravings and overeating. However, cooking oats is vital to release nutrients that can't be absorbed from raw oats and to break down phytic acid that prevents nutrient absorption. Oatmeal milk is also low in fiber and nutrients. Opt for a bowl of oatmeal porridge or a glass of fortified oat milk instead.
Exercise to burn sugar for fuel and to increase insulin sensitivity. Avoid carbs and stock up on soluble fibre-rich foods to regulate your sugar spikes. Stay hydrated to prevent your liver from producing sugar. Chew slowly, eat chromium and magnesium-rich foods (with low glycemic indices), and reduce your portion size. Glucagon and cortisol spike sugar - avoid stress and sleep well.
Matcha tea is considered better than green tea because of its higher antioxidant levels, chlorophyll, and other amino acids. It’s smoother and tastes softer due to absence of stems and veins. Studies at Tufts University used ORAC (oxygen radical absorbance capacity) method to discover that Matcha possesses an amazing 20x more oxygen than pomegranates or blueberries.
High cholesterol is when cholesterol levels in blood become very high. LDL (“bad” cholesterol) is considered a major risk factor for heart disease and stroke. LDL cholesterol is thought to irritate the lining of blood vessels, causing the arteries to harden. Natural Remedies To Lower High Cholesterol Vitamin B3 Also[.....]
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About Incense Cedar Trees
The incense cedar (Calocedrus decurrens) is native to the mountains of the far west. The natural range extends from near the Columbia River in Oregon south to northern Baja California in Mexico and east to western Nevada. The incense cedars in the wild thrive in a wide variety of conditions. The annual rainfall average within the natural range varies widely at from 15 inches per year up to 80 inches per year. This indicates that the species can tolerate from near desert conditions to near rainforest conditions. Incense cedars in the wild grow from an elevation of 2000 feet up to 7000 feet and to a height of 150 feet. The shape is conical and symmetrical. In older trees the trunks are tapered from a broad base with trunk diameters of up to 7 feet. The bark is thick and fibrous, a cinnamon-red in color, and furrowed. The heartwood is a reddish brown, soft, light, fine grained, and pleasantly aromatic. The wood contains substances that retard decay and repel moths. The wood is traditionally used for cedar chests, siding, interior paneling, shingles, decking, pencils, and fence posts. The foliage of the incense cedars is a yellowish green in color arranged in flattened sprays. The foliage is aromatic lacing the nearby air with a pleasant scent on a warm day.
According to the Sunset New Western Garden Book the incense cedar grows in zones 1-12 and 14-24, excluding only the low deserts of the southwest, and will tolerate poor soils.
The incense cedar is a slow starter. In the first 2 years the incense cedar trees here in the nursery will only reach a height of about one foot. They reach 3 feet in the third year and 6 feet in the fourth making the incense cedar a 4 year crop in a 15 gallon container. | <urn:uuid:ae1ee2c9-9ef4-450b-be24-994e347e46b0> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | https://www.giant-sequoia.com/about-sequoia-trees/about-incense-cedar-trees/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376831334.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20181219045716-20181219071716-00536.warc.gz | en | 0.921916 | 403 | 3.1875 | 3 |
Traditional Australian beach shacks are simple robust dwellings built for families to escape the city. These houses have dotted small surfing and fishing villages up and down the Australian coast for over 100 years. With their crude, minimal, public and joyful nature the beach shack is the basis of the Australian coastal vernacular.
Beach shacks, traditionally being cheap, small and only occupied during holiday periods, provided the basics for shelter and food preparation – families and holidaymakers were forced to optimise the exterior for living activities. Decks became living rooms and barbecues became kitchens, life spilled outside on long hot days spent chasing the shade of the verandah.
Depot Beach House is an elaborate beach shack that amplifies the traditional coastal vernacular and the associated relationships between family, space and the rituals of holidaymaking.
Upgrades on the traditional shack include a large rooftop sunshade that retracts to allow sun into the house in winter, good passive solar design with thermal mass for the storage of heat in winter and evacuation of heat in summer, strategic cross ventilation through highlights and sun shading specific to orientation add to passive efficiencies.
The building connects to the past lineage of the site through a palette of hardy matter-of-fact materials; there is a bunkhouse for
packing in kids and friends, overall there is space for 22 people to sleep if the need arises.
Most importantly, decks have become extensive spaces for exterior living. An elevated living and cooking environment integrates with a large open plan living area to become the theatrical heart of the home – a place for talking, cooking, eating, reading and looking out to the ocean.
Depot Beach House reiterates the ease of occupation of the past along with an awareness of connectivity and respect to the preservation of the landscape, our future.
Text and Images taken from ‘Under the Edge : the Architecture of Peter Stutchbury’ published by the Architecture Foundation Australia, 2008. Photos : Michael Nicholson. Text : Peter Stutchbury and Ewan McEoin.
Depot Beach House
Location: Depot Beach, New South Wales
Project duration: 2000 - 2007 | <urn:uuid:de577192-aba8-4b02-8f4f-6280e9ec361b> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.ozetecture.org/2012/depot-beach-house/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988718284.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183838-00365-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.924722 | 435 | 2.546875 | 3 |
In the wake of Hurricane Harvey, Texans have spent the last year adopting innovative new strategies to protect the state from future storm damage. The latest of these proposed strategies involves building a 60-mile “spine” of steel levees, concrete seawalls and earthen barriers that will stretch from the Louisiana border to an area south of Houston.
In addition to protecting homes and ecosystems from potential storm surges, this network of seawalls will also serve as the first line of defense for the region’s petrochemical infrastructure. This area of the Gulf Coast is home to roughly one third of the nation’s total refining capacity. Plans for the coastal spine are still being finalized, but Texas will seek at least $12 billion in federal funding to help finance its construction.
“Our overall economy, not only in Texas but in the entire country, is so much at risk from a high storm surge,” said Brazoria County judge Matt Sebesta in a recent interview.
After Hurricane Harvey disrupted about a quarter of the region’s refining capacity in 2017, the nation’s average gasoline prices rose 28 cents per gallon. With this in mind, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers is eager to implement new defensive measures to protect these refineries from similar disruptions in the future. Meanwhile, a similar barrier project is expected to build about 25 miles of new seawalls and levees in nearby Orange County as well.
Thanks to the efforts of our state’s construction crews, the citizens of Texas will be in a much better position when the next Hurricane comes knocking at the door of the Gulf Coast. | <urn:uuid:b4c41f80-f5c4-4990-aa3c-a74ed25db7a8> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | https://www.texconeqp.com/proposed-coastal-spine-will-protect-texas-energy-corridor/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195524254.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20190715215144-20190716001144-00554.warc.gz | en | 0.930267 | 335 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Company Has Ambitious Plan to Build Private Space Station with Artificial Gravity
"This will be the next industrial revolution."
A space colonization company has some bold plans to turn a specific kind of science fiction into reality: Artificial gravity. Which you may recognize from, say, Interstellar, The Martian, Halo, Cowboy Bebop, 2001: A Space Odyssey, and more.
The Orbital Assembly Corporation’s (OAC) bold vision? To construct a gigantic orbital space station called Voyager that can hold up to 400 passengers. And then, spin fast enough to provide them with artificial gravity, as Space.com reports — and they want to get started as soon as 2025.
OAC’s medical advisor Shawna Pandya presented the idea during a one hour long event on January 29.
If the company can actually achieve this incredibly ambitious goal, Voyager could become the largest human-made structure in space. It will even feature bars, libraries, gyms, and a spa.
OAC has at least plenty of expertise among its ranks, including NASA vets, engineers, and pilots.
The company is hoping to start with sending a smaller scale prototype into orbit, 200 feet in diameter, which will spin fast enough to simulate the gravity of Mars.
A giant robot called the Structure Truss Assembly Robot (STAR) will then build the much bigger Voyager station piece by piece — while in orbit.
“This will be the next industrial revolution,” John Blincow, founder of The Gateway Foundation and the CEO of OAC, promised during the event.
OAC claims it already has commissioned a STAR prototype which will be tested in California.
To say that the company has plenty of hurdles to still overcome would be a gross understatement. We don’t even know if spinning up a man-made structure in space will provide the angular momentum needed to create artificial gravity.
And then there’s the matter of money. OAC is open for private investment until April 1, but even with the likes of SpaceX bringing down the cost of flying cargo to orbit, building a space station is arguably going to be prohibitively expensive. So far, the company has raised $1 million.
But OAC has done its homework. Their extravagant vision of space colonization may not materialize within the coming decades — even if they manage to fly a single piece of its station into space before then.
But at least somebody is thinking ahead of what our future in space might look like.
More on the Gateway: A Startup Wants to Launch a Space Hotel Named After a Nazi
Care about supporting clean energy adoption? Find out how much money (and planet!) you could save by switching to solar power at UnderstandSolar.com. By signing up through this link, Futurism.com may receive a small commission. | <urn:uuid:3d6cae17-2975-4e6d-83a6-4bc5f23996e9> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://futurism.com/company-ambitious-plans-private-space-station | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320300624.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20220117212242-20220118002242-00093.warc.gz | en | 0.932766 | 590 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Traverse City, Mich. -- Local governments spend about $15 billion annually on Great Lakes environmental programs while the U.S. and Canadian governments do comparatively little for the world's largest surface freshwater system, says a report released Wednesday.
The study will strengthen the case for a bigger federal role in protecting and restoring an ecosystem battered by sewage overflows, invasive species, toxic pollution and other problems, officials from the region said.
"Our study shows that local governments are pulling their weight and more," Michigan Lt. Gov. John Cherry said. By contrast, he added, the federal government has "a significant investment deficit."
The study, released in Washington, D.C., was conducted by the Great Lakes Commission and the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence Cities Initiative. The commission represents governors, legislators and state agencies, while the cities group includes mayors and other local officials.
The findings came from a 2006 survey in which 143 local governments in both the U.S. and Canada participated. Communities from eight U.S. states, including Ohio, were among those surveyed.
Only 21 percent of the communities contacted by the group responded to the survey, however. Notable omissions included Cleveland and Detroit.
In fact, the survey did not include information on sewer improvement spending from the 60 suburbs covered under the Northeast Ohio Regional Sewer District -- which is spending $80 million a year on average in capital improvements to sewer systems, district Director Julius Ciaccia said.
And that figure is likely to rise to $140 million a year once the region is under final order to treat all sewage that runs through combined sewage and stormwater drains throughout Northeast Ohio, Ciaccia said.
"And virtually all of that is without any help from federal funding," Ciaccia said. "If there's ever a problem that begs for a federal solution."
Ciaccia said without federal assistance, all of the pollution cleanup work is being paid for by the ratepayers in the sewer district, who are facing double-digit increases for the next several decades already, officials have said.
By extrapolating the study to include all 688 local governments in the Great Lakes region, the report estimates their annual spending at $12 billion for water quality management. They spend about $3 billion more for related activities such as recycling and green-space protection.
The federal contribution is "not even close" to that amount, said David Ullrich, executive director of the cities group, acknowledging the federal total was unclear. "It's been a very difficult number to get a handle on," he said.
In 2004, President Bush ordered development of a strategy for protecting and restoring the lakes. Government agencies, Indian tribes and interest groups produced a wide-ranging plan that would cost about $20 billion.
But advocates say Washington isn't paying its fair share.
Bush's proposed fiscal 2009 budget would cut spending for Great Lakes water quality by 16 percent from this year. It would reduce by nearly one-fifth the region's federal allocation for upgrading sewer systems. Nationwide, federal wastewater treatment assistance has fallen by nearly half since 2004.
Local governments in the U.S. invest 10 times more than Washington on wastewater infrastructure in the Great Lakes basin, the report says.
"It's still not on the radar of the national government," Chicago Mayor Richard M. Daley said.
A spokesman for the Environmental Protection Agency, the lead federal agency on Great Lakes programs, had no immediate reaction.
Advocates from the eight Great Lakes states are lobbying Congress this week to put more in the budget for the region's waters.
"Every day we wait, the problems get worse and the solutions more costly," said Jeff Skelding, national campaign director for the Healing Our Waters-Great Lakes Coalition.
The Canadian government has committed $40 million over five years for areas of special concern in the Great Lakes but should do more, Toronto Mayor David Miller told the Canadian Press.
"At the moment, the municipalities are carrying almost the entire burden, and of course it's not possible to do what needs to be done if it's just the cities carrying the load," Miller said.
Plain Dealer reporter Michael Scott contributed to this story. | <urn:uuid:c7246fd5-d970-4b82-8de4-1985ea19e4c5> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://blog.cleveland.com/plaindealer/2008/02/local_governments_spend_most_o.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368699755211/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516102235-00027-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961429 | 859 | 2.515625 | 3 |
The effect of altered gravity on astronauts' perceptions and motor skills is significant as it threatens the health, well-being, and performance of crews. Astronauts experience gravitational transitions from Earth's gravitational level during launch to microgravity in space, then to partial gravity if landing on the Moon, Mars, or Martian moons, followed by a return to microgravity, and finally re-entry back to Earth. In addition, the use of Artificial Gravity (AG) from an on-board centrifuge also presents an altered gravity challenge, in particular during transitions between gravity levels. During each of these g-transitions astronauts must adapt their sensorimotor programs to coordinate perceptual and motor capabilities and function successfully and safely. The ability to identify and predict changes in sensorimotor function during these g-transitions is essential to the development of protocols and countermeasure implementation for future crew members. This project takes a new approach which could lead to a practical and acceptable protocol. We alter gravito-inertial accelerations with centrifugation in different body orientations. Furthermore, we have quantified sensory adaptation capabilities of both perception and manual control ability to a transition into hypo-gravity. Additionally, we investigated the effect of a common motion sickness drug, promethazine, on basic vestibular motion perception. This is an important step in better understanding the benefits and risks associated with the use of motion sickness drugs in conjunction with adaptation training and in flight after critical gravity transitions.
Specific Aims: The original specific aims for this project were: SA1) Demonstrate that individual differences exist in the ability to adapt to gravitational transitions, and can be measured quantitatively by measures of subjective orientation, closed loop manual control, and subjective motions sickness reports. SA2) Test whether pre-training by adapting to one altered gravity environment can improve sensorimotor adaptation in another altered gravity environment. SA3) Test whether the leading pharmacological agent, promethazine, affects either basic vestibular perceptual function or the adaptation rate to an altered gravity environment and the associated motion sickness symptoms. SA4) Develop and test a combined pre-adaptation training and pharmacological intervention protocol that can both improve sensorimotor adaptation and reduce the associated motion sickness.
Hypotheses: The hypotheses are: H1) Individual differences exist in the ability to adapt to altered gravity environments and these differences can be predicted by measuring adaptability in one altered gravity environment. H2) Pre-adaptation training in one altered gravity environment will improve sensorimotor adaptation in another altered gravity environment. H3) Promethazine will reduce motion sickness, but will have no influence on either basic vestibular perceptual function or sensorimotor adaptation to altered gravity environments.
Results: We determine individual differences in performance of both the perception and manual control tasks in terms of initial performance decrement and adaptation time constant. All subjects consistently show a performance decrement in the perception and closed-loop manual control task on initial exposure to altered-gravity, followed by a return back to baseline performance. Promethazine significantly affects upright roll tilt motion perception thresholds, a measure of basic vestibular perceptual function. Thresholds were not different with promethazine for upright yaw or upright interaural translation motions. However, the small but consistent effect of promethazine on roll tilt perception could have functional and operational significance.
Deliverables: Deliverables are a methodology for measuring an individual's capacity to adapt to an altered gravity environment using affordable centrifuge tests, and a combined pharmacological and pre-adaptation training intervention to reduce the severity of motion sickness and sensorimotor impairment during gravitational transitions. | <urn:uuid:3c3fddef-1098-4537-9f84-3e286abb876c> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | https://techport.nasa.gov/view/23264 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676593378.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20180722155052-20180722175052-00012.warc.gz | en | 0.904808 | 735 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Forty years ago today, Dr. Martin Luther King gave the speech "Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence." It was April 4, 1967 — a year to the day before he was murdered. He was speaking at the Riverside Church here in New York. King billed the speech as a declaration of independence from the war and called the United States: "the greatest purveyor of violence in the world today." [includes rush transcript]
JUAN GONZALEZ: Forty years ago today, Dr. Martin Luther King gave the speech "Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence." It was April 4, 1967, a year to the day before he was murdered. He was speaking at the Riverside Church here in New York. King billed the speech as a declaration of independence from the war and called the United States "the greatest purveyor of violence in the world today." Time magazine called the speech "demagogic slander that sounded like a script for Radio Hanoi." And The Washington Post declared that King had "diminished his usefulness to his cause, his country, his people."
We turn now to that speech that King gave in April 1967.
REV. MARTIN LUTHER KING JR.: If we do not stop our war against the people of Vietnam immediately, the world will be left with no other alternative than to see this as some horrible, clumsy and deadly game we have decided to play. The world now demands a maturity of America that we may not be able to achieve. It demands that we admit that we have been wrong from the beginning of our adventure in Vietnam, that we have been detrimental to the life of the Vietnamese people. The situation is one in which we must be ready to turn sharply from our present ways. In order to atone for our sins and errors in Vietnam, we should take the initiative in bringing a halt to this tragic war and set a date that we will remove all foreign troops from Vietnam in accordance with the 1954 Geneva Agreement.
Part of our ongoing commitment might well express itself in an offer to grant asylum to any Vietnamese who fears for his life under the new regime, which included the Liberation Front. Then we must make what reparations we can for the damage we have done. We must provide the medical aid that is badly needed, making it available in this country, if necessary. Meanwhile, we in the churches and synagogues have a continuing task: while we urge our government to disengage itself from a disgraceful commitment, we must continue to raise our voices and our lives if our nation persists in its perverse ways in Vietnam. We must be prepared to match actions with words by seeking out every creative method of protest possible.
These are the times for real choices and not false ones. We are at the moment when our lives must be placed on the line if our nation is to survive its own folly. Every man of humane convictions must decide on the protest that best suits his convictions, but we must all protest.
Now, there is something seductively tempting about stopping there and sending us all off on what in some circles has become a popular crusade against the war in Vietnam. I say we must enter that struggle, but I wish to go on now to say something even more disturbing.
The war in Vietnam is but a symptom of a far deeper malady within the American spirit, and if we ignore this sobering reality, we will find ourselves organizing "clergy and laymen concerned" committees for the next generation. They will be concerned about Guatemala and Peru. They will be concerned about Thailand and Cambodia. They will be concerned about Mozambique and South Africa. We will be marching for these and a dozen other names and attending rallies without end, unless there is a significant and profound change in American life and policy.
AMY GOODMAN: Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., giving his "Beyond Vietnam" speech at Riverside Church. It was April 4, 1967, 40 years ago today. A year later, he was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee. | <urn:uuid:686bffae-8049-4a59-9b83-95cb877a071d> | CC-MAIN-2016-18 | http://www.democracynow.org/2007/4/4/beyond_vietnam_40th_anniversary_of_kings | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860123151.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161523-00091-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.962508 | 819 | 2.828125 | 3 |
The history of the name Gilbren begins with the Anglo-Saxon
tribes of Britain. It is derived from the Gaelic Mac Giolla Seanain
, which referred to son of the servant
follower of a Saint
Early Origins of the Gilbren family
The surname Gilbren was first found in Lancashire
where they held a family seat
from very ancient times. Their name being derived from an old Anglo Saxon personal name
Early History of the Gilbren family
This web page shows only a small excerpt of our Gilbren research.Another 297 words (21 lines of text) covering the years 1300, 1345 and 1665 are included under the topic Early Gilbren History in all our PDF Extended History products and printed products wherever possible.
Gilbren Spelling Variations
The English language only became standardized in the last few centuries; therefore, spelling variations
are common among early Anglo-Saxon
names. As the form of the English language changed, even the spelling of literate people's names evolved. Gilbren has been recorded under many different variations, including Gillibrand, Gilbrand, Gilsbrand, Gelibrand, Gellibrand, Jelibrand, Jellybrand, Jellibrand, Gyllibrand, Gilliebrand, Gillebrand, Gillebrande, Gillibrands and many more.
Early Notables of the Gilbren family (pre 1700)
More information is included under the topic Early Gilbren Notables in all our PDF Extended History products
and printed products wherever possible.
Migration of the Gilbren family to the New World and Oceana
For many English families, the political and religious disarray that shrouded England
made the far away New World an attractive prospect. On cramped disease-ridden ships, thousands migrated to those British colonies that would eventually become Canada and the United States. Those hardy settlers that survived the journey often went on to make important contributions to the emerging nations in which they landed. Analysis of immigration records indicates that some of the first North American immigrants bore the name Gilbren or a variant listed above: David Gillibrand who landed in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1849; as well as John Gillibrand, who was naturalized in Indiana sometime between 1846 and 1848.. | <urn:uuid:cc586fdb-e322-465f-90e7-70568d65b2da> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | https://www.houseofnames.com/gilbren-family-crest | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267861641.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20180619002120-20180619022120-00604.warc.gz | en | 0.925403 | 482 | 3.09375 | 3 |
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Davy Crockett mention in the election report for Tennessee...
Item # 638119
August 22, 1835
NILES' WEEKLY REGISTER, Baltimore, Aug. 22, 1835
* Davy Crockett mention
* Tennessee election
* Pre Alamo death
Page 3 contains various reports of "Elections", and under "Tennessee" is mention that: "...Colonel Crockett was going 'a'head'...". Uncommon mention of the famed Davy Crockett, who would lose this election prompting him to move on to Texas where he would meet his fate at the Alamo just 7 months later.
Sixteen pages, 6 3/4 by 10 1/2 inches, never bound nor trimmed, nice condition.
This newspaper began in 1811 and was a prime source for national political news of the first half of the 19th century. Wikipedia notes: "Niles...Register (was) one of the most widely-circulated magazines in the United States...Devoted primarily to politics, Niles' Weekly Register is considered an important source for the history of the period."
Category: Pre-Civil War | <urn:uuid:a2fccd22-6a73-4f78-96ff-0f0a100d13bc> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | http://www.rarenewspapers.com/view/638119?list_url=%2Flist%3Fpage%3D%2525q%255Bquery%255D%3Dcat265%2Bcatwa%2525q%255Bsearch_method%255D%3DAny%2BWords%2525q%255Btext%255D%3Dcat265%2Bcatwa%2525q%255Bdate_range_start%255D%3D1800-01-01%2525q%255Bdate_range_end%255D%3D1899-12-31%2525list_results_format%3Dstandard%2525sort%3Ditems.date%2525sort_direction%3DASC%2525per_page%3D200 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267863411.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20180620031000-20180620051000-00311.warc.gz | en | 0.93444 | 245 | 2.515625 | 3 |
While previous research has linked low levels of vitamin D to the onset of type 2 diabetes, new research finds no evidence that high levels of vitamin D prevent the disease.
British researchers went looking for genetic proof of the connection, and found that even when there were variants of the genes that control levels of vitamin D in the blood, there was no connection between those variants and the development of type 2.
“Our findings suggest that interventions to reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes by increasing concentrations of vitamin D are not currently justified. Observational studies that show a strong and consistent higher risk of type 2 diabetes with lower levels of vitamin D may do so because they have thus far not been able to adequately control for distorting or confounding factors, such as physical activity levels,” said study author Dr. Nita Forouhi, of the University of Cambridge’s School of Clinical Medicine.
The results were published Sept. 30 in The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology.
Previous studies have suggested that there could be a link between low levels of vitamin D and the onset of type 2 diabetes after tests showed that those with higher levels of the vitamin the body produces through exposure to the sun were less likely to develop the disease.
The studies were compelling enough that the National Institutes of Health is currently investing millions on research to determine if vitamin D and diabetes are | <urn:uuid:bfc1ce15-fe3f-4612-bbce-43f8b6be2ccf> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.diabeteshealth.com/study-debunks-link-between-low-vitamin-d-and-type-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506423.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20230922202444-20230922232444-00498.warc.gz | en | 0.961135 | 275 | 3.5 | 4 |
Malaysia is a country of contrasts and paradoxes. This applies also to how women behave and how they are perceived.
As March 8th is the day celebrating Women across the world, it is a good day to reflect on the position of women in Malaysian cultures.
A patriarchal society
Malaysia, as many countries in Asia, has very patriarchal family structures. The father is clearly the head of the family and sons still often have a privileged role to play. I have heard countless stories of women having to fight for their right to higher education, across the many cultures of Malaysia.
Yet it would be inaccurate to say that all women in Malaysia have to be obedient silent wives as a group tried to promote a few years back.
There are examples of great women figures in Malaysia: from the Queens of Langkasuka who ruled the kingdom in the 15th century to today prominent women in arts, business (Tan Sri Dato' Sri Dr. Zeti Akhtar Aziz, governor of Bank Negara) and science (Dr Mazlan Otham, who created the Malaysian Space Agency and went on to be the head of UN Office for Outer space Affairs in Vienna).
Despite these examples who are great role models, many women still face hurdles to make their voices heard and their contributions recognized in the workplace.
Feminism the Malaysian way
The use of the word “feminism” in Malaysia is an ongoing debate- seen by some as a western concept not adapted to the Malaysian reality. Nurul Huda Jamaludin, a freelance journalist, gave a good account of how Feminism is still a Dirty Word in Malaysia in 2015. She explained that this is largely due to the fact some believe that women’s rights are already secured in the Quran.
So should women in Malaysia openly fight for equal rights?
For many Malaysian women the answer is Yes! For them there is a need in for more awareness, discussions and actions to bring more gender equality in Malaysian society. Numbers and research seem to prove them right. According to the UN Development Program in 2012, only 49,5% of women of working age were actually employed (as opposed to 80% of the men). Other researches done by the ministry of human resources show at that at senior officer or managerial level, women earn on average only half of what men earn.
Groups like Sisters In Islam (SIS), AWAM and WAO address larger societal issues and there are also initiatives that focus on equality for women in the work environment.
Women at Work
Talent Corp for instance wants to promote diversity and inclusion, with a focus on gender equality. Hence, it is relevant to open the discussion on Women at Work and the gender dynamics in the workplace.
In writing and presenting “Women at Work”, Realex team gathered many testimonials of what women experience in the workplace (see below to know more about it).
What came out of these testimonials, is that yes, in the workplace women have to deal with gender stereotypes. One participant shared how she often has to fit in a “man’s world” to get things done. Others prefer to use the stereotypes to their advantage as they give them short cuts to achieve their goals.
However, the most important idea that emerged is that it is not the sole responsibility of men to make things change. Women should take the lead to encourage more equality in the workplace not by fitting in but by inspiring respectful behaviors.
In conclusion, we sensed that many women would like a more inclusive workplace, but not many are able or willing to push for change. They simply accept that is a given situation that they have to “cope” with.
The first step toward a change is to encourage awareness and discussions to generate new options. Realex “Women At Work” is a platform where such discussion and experimentation happen. | <urn:uuid:61c0b3e1-88c4-4ceb-abae-7b1e6e56d550> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.culturalimpact.org/single-post/2016/05/09/This-is-your-third-post | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251783000.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128184745-20200128214745-00104.warc.gz | en | 0.972472 | 802 | 2.546875 | 3 |
A Guide to (Modern) Fairbanks
The discovery of gold in the Klondike in August 1896 sparked the wildest stampede of humanity
that the modern world has seen. Although an estimated 100,000 people started off for the land of gold, only 30-35,000 ever
reached their destination, and a mere handful found the riches that they had expected. The great discoveries in the Klondike, however, helped to
encourage other prospectors to continue their labours in other parts of the Yukon and Alaska, and brought into the country a
wide spectrum of personalities, ranging from those who believed that hard work was the secret to success, to those who believed that
"there is a sucker born every minute."
In the middle of that personality range was a man who reached Dawson City
but didn't get rich there - Elbridge Truman Barnette. Born in Akron, Ohio in 1863, Barnette, known to everyone as E.T., was a man with
huge dreams and determination to match, and he had been one of the first to catch gold fever, heading for Seattle 14 days after the arrival of the Portland
and it's Ton of Gold. Having been in on several mining stampedes throughout the American West, E.T.Barnette had apparently made a few dollars,
because upon reaching Seattle, he booked passage on the ocean steamer Cleveland to St. Michael, from which point a river steamer
would take him and his outfit to Dawson City. This was the rich man's route - no packing over the Chilkoot, White, or some even more
dangerous pass, no boat-building or running life-threatening rapids, just a leisurely cruise to the Klondike.
The "leisurely cruise", however, was not to be. Following a terrifying trip that included fierce
storms, fog, and a fire in the hold, the Cleveland arrived at St. Michael to find that their river steamer had gotten a
better offer from the passengers of another ship, and had already left. Not discouraged, Barnette and about 60 other passengers
merely bought their own little steamer, the 67 foot long St. Michael, as soon as she entered the harbour from her upriver
tour of Jesuit missions. The attempt to reach Dawson before the river froze was plagued by breakdowns, a fire, and disease, and
the St. Michael was frozen in at Circle City on September 28th. Barnette, still determined, bought the fastest dog team on
the river, and eventually reached Dawson, only to find that every creek had been staked many months before.
Barnette found a job managing some mines for the North American Trading & Transportation Company
(NAT&T), but soon returned south. Becoming involved in a variety of trading and mining ventures, by late 1900 he had raised enough
money to head back to Alaska to start a new venture. J.J.Healy of the NAT&T had told Barnette about a railroad that he was planning
to build from Valdez to Eagle, as an "All-American Route" to the Klondike. Barnette decided to set up a trading post at a crucial
river crossing which that railroad would have to make, at Tanana Crossing, and in July 1901 he arrived at St. Michael with a large
load of freight, and a river steamer, the 124 foot long Arctic Boy, which he had bought at Circle City.
Barnette's Alaskan luck held true, though - while out on a cruise around St. Michael harbor, the
Arctic Boy hit a rock and sunk. With every cent he could raise tied up in this venture, Barnette was now desperate, and finally
managed to convince Captain Charles W. Adams of the 150-foot steamer Lavelle Young to attempt to get him to Tanana Crossing.
Included in the complicated (and very expensive) contract was a clause stating that Barnette, with his wife Isabelle and all their
goods, would be put off at the furthest point the boat reached, whereever that might be.
Captain Adams managed to get his boat 6-8 miles above the mouth of the Chena River before being stopped
by low water, still 200 miles from Tanana Crossing. Barnette told Adams that he had heard from Indians that the Chena River was actually a slough
that led back on to the Tanana River, so the Lavelle Young was swung around, and taken up the Chena until shallow water halted
progress again. After a lengthy argument, Barnette's 130 tons of freight was unloaded on the riverbank, on August 26, 1901.
Two log buildings were very quickly erected, a small cabin for E.T. and Isabelle, and a 26 x 54 foot trading
post. Tents were put up for much of the freight, and for the 5 men who stayed with the Barnettes. Captain Adams then left, with Isabelle nearly hysterical at being left in the wilderness. The hills, however, were not as empty as
they no doubt appeared to be; within a few hours, two prospectors, Felice Pedroni and Tom Gilmore, arrived at Barnette's camp, which he
had christened Chenoa City. Felice Pedroni was an Italian immigrant who had been prospecting in Alaska since about 1895. In 1898, while
he and his partner were in the Tanana Hills, lost and with their food supply almost used up, they discovered a creek with extremely rich
placer gold deposits. They marked the creek, but were never able to re-locate it, even after years of trying. Pedroni, who became known
by the name of Felix Pedro, kept searching, however - he would work for wages when it was necesssary to raise more cash for an outfit,
then head off into the hills again. The two prospectors stayed at Barnette's camp only long enough to buy their winter outfits from him,
then they quickly faded back into the hills.
Barnette was still determined that Tanana Crossing was the place to be, so in March 1902 he and Isabelle and
3 of their men left for the Outside. Obtaining a loan in Seattle, they were able to return to St. Michael a few months later with more stock and a new boat,
the shallow-draft Isabelle, which used the machinery from the wreck of the Arctic Boy. While waiting for the Isabelle to be
assembled, Barnette had agreed to a request by Judge James Wickersham that the post on the Chena River be named to honor a man that the judge admired
(and who would be a good man to be able to ask for a favor), Senator Charles W. Fairbanks, a Republican from Indiana.
Returning to the Chena River in September, Barnette's new steamer was unable to reach the Fairbanks Trading Post
due to extreme low water, and things looked very bleak for his future. But he soon found out that 6 weeks previously, on July 22, Felix Pedro had quit looking
for the Lost Creek. On a small unnamed creek 12 miles north of Barnette's post, he discovered a substantial quantity of gold; in the next month,
he also staked Discovery claims on 4 more creeks which flowed from the hill which he named
Pedro Dome. In September, a small rush was already underway, and business was booming.
Although things were suddenly going his way, Barnette knew the potential of an all-out stampede, and promoted the
Tanana gold fields in every way he could think of, including possibly "salting" a shaft with gold from another area. He knew, however, that he needed to get
word out in a dramatic way to spark his stampede. His cook, Jujiro Wada, was a musher of legendary prowess, and enjoyed a "show" as much as Barnette did -
he was to serve Barnette's needs nicely. On December 28, 1902, Barnette sent him to Dawson City with some letters, and furs to sell. On January 3, 1903,
the news of the Tanana strike made front page news, and, with the temperature at 53 degrees below zero, the stampede was on!!
Although a fairly good trail to the Tanana district existed, it was long, and many of the 1,000 men who left Dawson
immediately took the shortest route, and nearly lost their lives as a result - many had to eat their pack animals after running out of food. Those who
reached the Tanana scrambled to stake any ground that was not yet taken (all of it miles from any Discovery claim),
then re-supplied at Barnette's trading post. Even with all his new stock, however,
Barnette had no planned on feeding several hundred people, and supplies soon ran short. Barnette's prices were high, and he was eventually forced by a miners'
meeting to cut his price on flour from $12 to $6 per sack, and for a time, several men with rifles were hired by Barnette to guard his store.
Despite early threats that a trading post at the mouth of the Chena River might overshadow Fairbanks because of the
low-water difficulty of getting steamboats up the smaller stream, development at Tanana City (later Chena) was not well organized. At Fairbanks, E.T.Barnette
was firmly in charge, having laid out a townsite block along the river, naming streets, and encouraging new settlers - a town lot could initially be obtained
for only a $2.50 recording fee. At Tanana City, speculation drove prices sky-high during the first weeks of the rush. The turning point, however, was the
decision by Judge Wickersham to build a jail and government offices at Third & Cushman Streets in Fairbanks, on a lot which Barnette had cut out from his
trading post site and donated for the purpose.
Despite the stamp of approval by Wickersham, development at Fairbanks did not always go smoothly, and most of the early
stampeders soon left in disgust, but despite the problems, Barnette's pile of freight on a wilderness riverbank eventually grew into one of the largest
towns in Alaska. A combination of hard work , determination, "creative truth" and just plain luck were successful in opening up yet another blank area
on Alaskan maps.
References & Further Reading:
©2007 Murray Lundberg:
Use for other than research purposes must be approved by the author. | <urn:uuid:6241548e-bb77-4dbe-ba25-1758f1e656cb> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://explorenorth.com/library/yafeatures/bl-Fairbanks.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398516.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00156-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.982124 | 2,200 | 2.640625 | 3 |
The Epilepsy Foundation of Minnesota wants to celebrate its 60th anniversary all across the state. A group is pushing back, calling the foundation's celebration irresponsible. Why?
The Epilepsy Foundation wants to release 60,000 balloons – in recognition of the 60,000 people in the community with epilepsy – from numerous locations throughout Minnesota and North Dakota on May 15. The celebration is called "Rise Above Seizures" – a way to celebrate people with epilepsy, the organization says.
But a number of groups are aggressively urging them to pop the balloon launch plan, citing environmental concerns. One such public comment comes from the group Balloons Blow, a non-profit that provides information on the dangers of balloon releases, especially toward the wildlife and environment.
The group posted the following on Facebook:
The foundation has since responded, providing numerous links on its website's "Environmental Info" page containing information and a study about balloon launches. The site says the balloons are made from "coagulated and dried sap from the Hevea tree, which is a 100% biodegradable material," and decompose at the same rate as an oak leaf. And the cited study found balloon launches aren't very harmful to the environment, if at all.
"The Epilepsy Foundation of Minnesota carefully evaluated public awareness event options, and is comfortable with our Rise Above Seizures event on May 15," the site says. "We contacted Minnesota agencies and confirmed that there are no laws/regulations against balloon launches in MN."
It may not be that simple, however.
The St. Cloud Times reports the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency has notified the foundation although balloon launches aren't mentioned by name in the law, it could constitute littering.
The paper also spoke with a DNR official, who said the study cited by the foundation is old and not reputable. He added pieces of latex and mylar balloons have been found along Lake Superior's shoreline.
The biggest danger environmental groups cite, according to the St. Cloud Times, is when a balloon breaks apart and falls back to earth – animals can mistake the pieces for food and eat them.
According to Longwood.edu, seven states have laws in effect that deal with balloon releases. Connecticut, Florida and Virginia outright ban the intentional release of floating balloons. The site also lists six cities with balloon legislation.
In 1986, a United Way Balloonfest in Cleveland let a world-record 1.5 million balloons go at the same time, Cleveland.com writes. But shortly after many of them came falling back down, causing multiple accidents and damages. A runway at Burke Lakefront Airport had to be shut down; a horse in a pasture was spooked, and it ended up suffering permanent injuries, resulting in a lawsuit; and the search for two missing boaters – who were found dead in the water – was hampered because balloons blanketed the water, making the Coast Guard's search nearly impossible. The wife of one of the victims sued and settled.
The Epilepsy Foundation of Minnesota has made some alterations to its much smaller celebration. They are offering participants the option to launch a virtual balloon online, or suggest participants let a balloon go indoors. The St. Cloud Times says the foundation will also not launch the balloons all at once, as originally planned, but request people release them on their own. No strings will be attached, as that can be a danger to animals, the foundation says.
Says the foundation on its site: "Rise Above Seizures" is now "getting lost in the controversy over biodegradable balloons." | <urn:uuid:293454d3-e5bb-4c2e-99a5-51c83643d42a> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | https://bringmethenews.com/news/backlash-weighs-down-epilepsy-foundations-balloon-launch | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583510932.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20181017002502-20181017024002-00309.warc.gz | en | 0.957668 | 734 | 2.84375 | 3 |
How the danger ebbs and flows; (line 60)
Fire was a big threat in Poe's day, and the chance that you would die in a fire, or lose your whole house, was much greater than it is today. Even today, fire is a scary and unpredictable thing. In this moment in the poem, the power and danger of fire is stalking through the town, and we know that death is marching along with it. At this point death is lurking just behind the fire. It's an invisible threat in the poem, but we can feel its presence.
What a world of solemn thought their monody compels! (line 72)
The word "monody" has heavy overtones of death. It can mean a poem in which the speaker laments someone's death, or a mournful song. In this case, the song of the bells is forcing the people listening to it to think "solemn thoughts." In our experience, that's just how thoughts of death creep into the mind. The speaker weaves the thread of death into the poem with the lightest possible touch. He picks just the right words to hint that death is slipping out of the bells like a ghost.
At the melancholy meaning of their tone! (line 75)
Behind the tone of the bells, the wordless sound they make, there's some kind of "melancholy meaning." We can be pretty sure that these bells are ringing for some sad occasion. Given the little hints the speaker drops, we think it's pretty safe to assume that the iron bells are ringing for a funeral. Maybe the occasion isn't as important as the pure feeling of the sound, the heavy misery that the bells broadcast. It's a totally different feeling from the frantic fear of the fire alarm bells in section 3. | <urn:uuid:8fe38ba1-cc2f-4015-895e-3b172096e56a> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://www.shmoop.com/bells-poe/death-quotes.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510267865.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011747-00002-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.967856 | 367 | 3.46875 | 3 |
Thermal flowmeters were introduced in the market after Coriolis meters came in the mid-1970s. Although the global market for Coriolis meters now reaches $1,932.5 million, the demand for thermal meters is about $150 million.
Despite the difference in its market size and demand, the thermal flow meter is still one of the excellent technological innovations. In this post, we’ll walk you through a brief history and evolution of thermal flow meters. Read on to know more!
How It Started
The thermal meter’s history is undoubtedly enthralling. These meters were first made in the Western United States as a result of the independent development of three companies. One of the companies was Fluid Components International.
The company began by designing thermal flow switches for oil patches. These flow switches perceived the movement or flow of oil in the pipes. Even so, the switches did not turn into actual flow meters until 1981.
Moreover, the collaboration of Jerry Jurz, Ph.D., and John Olin, Ph.D., was the second phase of the flowmeter market’s development. Both of them worked for Thermo Systems Incorporated, located in Minnesota.
In this company, they manufactured hot-film and hot-wire anemometers for applications in air flows, turbulence, and gas dynamics. These devices were founded on thermal dispersion technology and involved sensors, which consisted of a thin platinum film or heated tungsten wires.
Although Kurz and Olin were researching anemometers, they were more inclined to make measurement devices for many different industrial applications. Because of this, they established their own organization in 1973, incorporating Sierra Instruments.
In the year 1977, Sierra Instruments was producing both thermal flow meters and air sampling products. Also, in the same year, Kurz formed Kurz Instruments to become independent. In the early 80s, Fluid Components, Kurz, and Sierra were the only organizations to manufacture thermal flow meters. But over the years, more manufacturers and suppliers took place.
How Thermal Flow Meters Work
Thermal meters are mainly used to measure gas flow. These meters bring heat into the flow and calculate the rate of heat loss. A couple of sensors computes the heat loss, and the process works excellently with the gas flow since the heat absorption ability of fluids quickly soaks the signal, resulting in a loss of resolution.
Although all thermal meters introduce heat into the flow, there are different ways to gauge the rate of heat loss. Take constant temperature differential, for instance. Thermal meters utilizing this method uses sensors to measure the gas temperature.
The device tries to keep an unvarying difference in temperature between the sensors. On the other hand, the second method is using the principle that higher flow velocity makes a significant cooling effect.
Thermal meters are utilized for many different applications. That said, there are two periods of thermal flow meters, wherein environmental applications drive sales in the market.
The first one was in the early 90s when the demand of CEMS (continuous emissions monitoring) need the measurement of nitrous oxides and sulfur dioxide. For this purpose, thermal flow meters were perfect. By merging the measurements of the concentrations, it can be identified how much SO2 and NOX are discharged or freed into the atmosphere.
Keep in mind that this is very crucial because they’ve been deemed as the chief cause of acid rain. Thermal meters competed with ultrasonic and Pitot tube flow meters to deliver this measurement at that time.
Furthermore, the full acceptance or recognition of global warming as a scientific fact has allowed for a second prospect for thermal flow meters. Starting with Obama’s administration, the US government has prioritized the reduction and identification of greenhouse gases.
The following are some of the applications that have instigated or launched due to the efforts to minimize greenhouse gases:
- Ethanol refining and distillation
- Biomass gasification
- Methane recovery from coal mines
- Measuring emissions from steam generators, process heaters, and boilers
- Monitoring and measurement of flare and flue gases
- Recovery measurement of landfill gases
The government has declared the goal or objective of minimizing greenhouse gas emissions by at least 80% by 2050. Other countries have exerted much effort to cut down on greenhouse gases, as well.
Thermal flowmeters are still considered as a pioneering technology to some extent. Manufacturers have reacted to the sharp volume of challenging and modern applications by bringing in many essential product improvements and enhancements. The market is continuing to drive more sales; thus, suppliers and manufacturers will respond with more accurate and feature-rich thermal flow meters.
Although thermal flow meters might not be as extensively used compared to Coriolis flow meters, they have their own set of applications and niche. More importantly, competition in the flowmeter market will likely increase because suppliers will try to introduce higher-quality, better-performing products. | <urn:uuid:5d99168c-2c7e-4349-a90d-959c13b0ffa3> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://durofy.com/thermal-flow-meters-history-evolution | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296943809.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20230322114226-20230322144226-00221.warc.gz | en | 0.952695 | 1,021 | 3.09375 | 3 |
Grace's Guide is the leading source of historical information on industry and manufacturing in Britain. This web publication contains 148,100 pages of information and 233,633 images on early companies, their products and the people who designed and built them.
George Burge (1795-1874), Contractor
1830 George Burge and another London businessman, visited Herne Bay and saw an opportunity to build a pier to allow passengers to land and take the waters, something that would be preferable to the existing method of carrying them ashore in beach boats. Burge knew that a similar problem had recently been solved by the building of a landing stage more than a mile long at the growing resort Southend.
Burge persuaded Telford to get involved with the project. It is almost certain that the pier was designed by Telford's chief assistant, Thomas Rhodes, who decided to use wood rather than iron.
Burge raised funds for the pier's construction
1831 Construction began in 1831 and was completed a year later. Burge began buying land and, with local landowner Sir Henry Oxenden, he became involved in planning the town's development.
1838 Contractor on the Bath-Chippenham section of the Great Western Railway | <urn:uuid:52bb0389-2e88-48ff-a611-eca7b2cea170> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://www.gracesguide.co.uk/George_Burge | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585177.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20211017113503-20211017143503-00440.warc.gz | en | 0.968137 | 255 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Mental illness can affect people of any age, ethnicity, religion or income. In fact, an estimated 26 percent of Americans age 18 and older suffer from a diagnosable mental disorder per year. That’s one in four adults diagnosed with a mental illness. The truth is, at some point we all cross paths with mental health challenges, whether it is a family member, friend, co-worker, neighbor or ourselves. Mental health challenges are the leading cause of disability in the United States and can affect everyone in the community.
Learn more about different mental illnesses and how they impact individuals and their loved ones. | <urn:uuid:fc68bebb-a0e9-4b63-b17a-5537cf1e15fb> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://www.campaignforcommunitywellness.org/living-with-mental-health-challenges/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917121216.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031201-00540-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.933642 | 125 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Poor air quality (and even air that passes the World Health Organization's safe limits for ambient pollution) can significantly impair lung function of cyclists who are riding close to the tail pipes of buses and cars belching particulate matter, research of cycle messengers on the streets of London by Brunel University has found. The fact that the cycle couriers were exercising exacerbated the negative effect of the bad air, researchers said.
While the study recommends that cyclists choose times of less traffic to protect their lungs, it doesn't help those of us that are cycling commuters. Meanwhile a University of South Wales study finds that drivers take more care when there are more cyclists on the roads. What's a dedicated biker to do?
Top tips: cycle off-peak hours, avoid bus lanes, wear a filter?
Taking apart the first study, couriers in the Brunel research were wearing a special breathing filter apparatus - designed in part by researchers - and had changes in their lungs recorded after they had worked a 7.5 hour shift delivering by bike on London's busy streets. When measured pollution load of particulate matter was high, lung function decreased by around five percent, and couriers' lungs suffered from what the study called "acute inflammation." When air was better, lung function improved.
The impairment of lung function at relatively low concentrations is worrying - Brunel Professor Alison McConnell equates 30 minutes of cycling in bad air to 8 hours of sitting by the roadside because the higher breathing rate of pedaling cyclists increases their uptake of pollution. But McConnell has a somewhat vested interest - she's also part of a time that created a filter called the PureBreathe to help "protect urban exercisers." The PureBreathe's airtight mouthpiece and a medical-grade filter help reduce the ambient dust, particulates and pollen, and was made available to UK athletes at Beijing's Olympic games. While there have certainly been days especially in humid summer weather, where a filter in downtown traffic would have been welcome, the nearness of McConnell to the research does cast a bit of a unwelcome commercial pall to the results. (In addition, how do you keep the particulates from going up your nose?)
Cycling's 'Virtuous Cycle'
Meanwhile, while your lungs might be worse off on busy traffic times, your safety level might be higher, especially when there are many more cyclists around you (spreading around the particulates, so to speak. The University of New South Wales study compiled research from different countries (15 countries including the Netherlands, Denmark and Australia, and 68 cities in California) to find that the urban myth of "safety in numbers" does hold true for cyclists.
As cycling participation increases, the study finds, motorists choose or are forced to change their behavior, and injuries and cycle-related deaths also go down. In rough terms, a community that doubles its number of cyclists can expect about a one-third drop in the per-cyclists frequency of a crash with a motor vehicle.
Now how do we get both motorists and cyclists to agree that cell-phone talking and texting while in traffic is just a foolhardy practice? Via: Ecologist and Streetsblog
Monowheel Bike at Beijing Olympics
Tricycle Super Hero in Fight for Cycle Safety Episode
Saving Money But Risking Injuries on Bicycles in LA | <urn:uuid:7f877a13-91e7-40e9-84ea-f5257f388053> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | https://www.treehugger.com/bikes/urban-cyclists-stick-together-dont-inhale.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583515029.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20181022092330-20181022113830-00028.warc.gz | en | 0.95856 | 682 | 2.8125 | 3 |
In 2015, a group of undergraduates from the University of Wisconsin, Madison launched boats into Lake Mendota at the edge of campus, ready to put lessons from the classrooms to the test in hands-on field research activities. As they moved through research protocols, a student brought a metal pole from the soft bottom to the surface of the lake.
Vince Butitta, the graduate student teaching assistant, noticed a small bivalve attached to the end of the pipe, and his stomach dropped. The undergrads had just discovered the first recorded Zebra Mussel in Lake Mendota.
Read the rest on the LTER Network Site! | <urn:uuid:d76f7234-9454-43ce-b026-51d83918efbf> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://zambellophotography.com/2019/05/02/lter-road-trip-zebra-mussels-arrive/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030338280.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20221007210452-20221008000452-00236.warc.gz | en | 0.938421 | 130 | 2.5625 | 3 |
But how much sleep is enough? We’re glad you asked.
The American Academy of Pediatrics recently endorsed a set of guidelines issued by the American Academy of Sleep Medicine for children four months to 18 years. The recommendations, published June 13 in the Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, suggest the following for optimal health:
Infants 4 months to 12 months should sleep 12 to 16 hours per 24 hours, including naps.
Children 1 to 2 years old should sleep 11 to 14 hours per 24 hours, including naps.
Children 3 to 5 years old should sleep 10 to 13 hours per 24 hours, including naps. (Kids often stop napping around 5.)
Children 6 to 12 years old should sleep nine to 12 hours per 24 hours.
Teenagers 13 to 18 years old should sleep eight to 10 hours per 24 hours.
The experts further found that getting adequate sleep on a consistent basis leads to improved attention, behavior, learning, memory, emotional regulation, quality of life, and mental and physical health. In other words: You snooze, you win.
By contrast, not getting enough Zs is associated with an increase in injuries, hypertension, obesity and depression, especially for teens with an increased risk of self-harm or suicidal thoughts.
We reached out to OCDE Medical Officer Dr. Marc Lerner, who emphasized the value of sleep and cited similar findings.
“A good night’s sleep is important for every student,” Dr. Lerner told the Newsroom. “Families should know that better sleep can help both high achieving and academically challenged students. Doctors are paying more attention to sleep and can refer families to effective behavioral programs to improve the sleep of their children.”
The AAP also has some advice for improving sleep quality. Along with logging the appropriate number of hours, the academy suggests that video screens be turned off at least 30 minutes before bedtime. In fact, they advise that TVs, computers and other screens not be allowed in children’s bedrooms.
For infants and young children, establishing a bedtime routine is a great way to ensure a good night’s sleep. You can read more about the AAP’s “Brush, Book, Bed” program — and find additional resources — here. | <urn:uuid:6da24547-6b1a-4d82-a96a-3255b0c69521> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://newsroom.ocde.us/how-long-should-children-sleep-here-are-a-few-recommendations-based-on-age/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662510117.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20220516104933-20220516134933-00240.warc.gz | en | 0.94372 | 471 | 3 | 3 |
পাম্প, পাম্প করা, দমকলপাম্প করা, পাম্প চালান, পাম্প দ্বারা তোলানৃত্যকালে পরিধেয় হালকা জুতা বিশেষ
- পাম্পপাম্পযে ব্যক্তি পামপপাম্পিংপাম্প
Noun(1) a mechanical device that moves fluid or gas by pressure or suction(2) the hollow muscular organ located behind the sternum and between the lungs; its rhythmic contractions move the blood through the body(3) a low-cut shoe without fastenings
Verb(1) operate like a pump; move up and down, like a handle or a pedal(2) deliver forth(3) draw or pour with a pump(4) supply in great quantities(5) flow intermittently(6) move up and down(7) raise (gases or fluids(8) question persistently
(1) His pulse was weak and feverish, more like a shiver than the pump of his life's blood.(2) For the other hydraulically operated functions, the pressure is generated by a mechanical pump .(3) The drug is usually administered daily via a mechanical pump that pumps the drug underneath the skin while the child is sleeping.(4) we had to pump the handle like mad(5) Functioning basically like a pump , it compresses the refrigerant and provides pressure to force it around the rest of the cooling system.(6) They'll pump him, try to get as much information out of him as possible.(7) When Harry's turned on, his adrenaline flows and the endorphins pump , and he feels alive instead of dead.(8) My chest and triceps were toast and the pump of blood into the muscles was immense to say the least.(9) What she saw was a very clever ploy to pump her for information.(10) a petrol pump(11) In sufficient quantities, it can cause permanent damage to the cells' noradrenaline reuptake pump .(12) He used the steam engine to pump water out of mines.(13) The authorities didn't know at this stage of his movements overseas but they were keen to pump him for information on the prayer room, which was now under close surveillance.(14) Used pump shotguns abound in this country and remain a favorite choice for the shooter requiring the utmost in reliability.(15) Once the vehicle is started the electric pump will level it and the mechanical pump will take over once the vehicle is moving.(16) a gas pump
(1) pump up :: পাম্প আপ
1. ticker ::
2. force ::
3. inflate ::
4. spurt ::
5. interrogate ::
Different Formspump, pumped, pumper, pumpers, pumping, pumps
English to Bengali Dictionary: pump
Meaning and definitions of pump, translation in Bengali language for pump with similar and opposite words. Also find spoken pronunciation of pump in Bengali and in English language.
Tags for the entry "pump"
What pump means in Bengali, pump meaning in Bengali, pump definition, examples and pronunciation of pump in Bengali language. | <urn:uuid:f15d0ba3-1ce8-41c9-96d9-42e5c1b49de3> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | https://www.bdword.com/?q=pump | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912203378.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20190324063449-20190324085449-00106.warc.gz | en | 0.900612 | 882 | 2.765625 | 3 |
EBP Compendium: Summary of Systematic Review
Social Skills Interventions for Preschoolers with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Description of Single-Subject Design Studies
Gillis, J. M., & Butler, R. C.
Journal of Early and Intensive Behavior Intervention, 4(3), 532-547.
Indicators of Review Quality:
The review addresses a clearly focused question
Criteria for inclusion of studies are provided
Search strategy is described in sufficient detail for replication
Included studies are assessed for study quality
Quality assessments are reproducible
Description: This is a systematic review of single-subject design research investigating social skills interventions for preschoolers diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder.
Questions not specifically stated.
Population: Preschool children with ASD.
Intervention/Assessment: Social skills interventions
Number of Studies Included: 17
Years Included: 1999 - 2006
The characteristics and findings from the single subject research studies reviewed is concordant with the group studies review conducted by Vaughn et al. (2003). There is a great deal of variability in terms of the quality of single subject research designs. Future research should focus on improving participant description, using standardized assessments for diagnosis and participant characteristics, improve elements necessary to improve validity, and demonstrate replication of specific features and packages of social skills interventions.
Keywords: Autism Spectrum Disorders, Social Skills
Access the Review
Note: This systematic review does not discuss the effectiveness of social skills intervention for preschool children with autism, only the characteristics of the studies. This will not be helpful to a clinician but may be helpful to a researcher.
Added to Compendium: March 2012 | <urn:uuid:385fd766-d67e-4942-9f1a-dd476f24c65b> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://asha.org/Members/ebp/compendium/reviews/Social-Skills-Interventions-for-Preschoolers-with-Autism-Spectrum-Disorder--A-Description-of-Si---.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375094629.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031814-00255-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.859061 | 336 | 2.578125 | 3 |
An elephant and a pig might seem like unlikely friends, but Gerald the Elephant and his pal Piggie are best buds in this classic Mo Willems beginning reader book series.
by Meredith Bartolo Pappas
These twenty-five-plus books are geared for children ages five to eight and are just right for beginning readers, or one that is gaining more confidence in their reading fluency. But their silly humor makes them great for read-alouds too! There are lots of fantastic corresponding activities, like printables, DIY puppets, and activity pages, that can help support early reading skills, so here’s a quick look at how these books get your beginning reader laughing and learning.
Why Elephant And Piggie Are Great For Beginning Readers:
- Word Repetition
One asset of these books is that they tend to repeat words over and over, which is helpful for new readers who might be picking out words by sight. This can build confidence because once they know a word, they will feel stronger in their reading skills each time they recognize it.
- Sounding Out Words
Even though these books are great for recognizing sight words, there are ample opportunities for sounding out words in each story too. Words like “bananas” or “party” are fun words for practicing blending sounds. They also give readers a chance to figure out the word without too many context clues or distractions, which is especially beneficial for new or struggling readers. Since many of the words are repeated throughout the story, children can really get familiar with the words they have sounded out and be able to recognize them in other places.
- Learning Lessons With Humor
Some of these laugh-out-loud stories play double duty by having a more complex lesson mixed in with all the silliness. They can help children understand or identify complex feelings like jealousy all while keeping things light and easy. This can be a much more approachable way to explain complicated feelings or teach these kinds of lessons to young children, especially when you are reading them over and over, which is guaranteed to happen with these favorites!
- Story Stretchers
Keep the fun going by heading over to Mo Willems websites, Pigeon Presents and Thankorama. They are chock full of free downloads, printables, coloring pages, and more all about his popular titles, including Elephant and Piggie and the Pigeon books. Thankorama.com even has a free download for making Elephant and Piggie paper bag puppets that kids can use while reading the books or make up their own stories all about these two loveable friends.
- Costume Fun
Gerald and Piggie also make the cutest costumes and are so easy to make yourself with just paint and cardboard! They are a fantastic addition to any Halloween party or parade, Dress Up As Your Favorite Book Character Day, or World Literacy celebration.
Though the whole series comes in a bundle, you might want to have just your favorites on hand. Here is a list of the absolute best of the Elephant and Piggie books that will have your child laughing while reading.
11 Favorite Elephant And Piggie Books
We Are In A Book
A fantastically clever book that is amazing for teaching about reading! Gerald and Piggie find out that they are in a book and that they can make the reader say funny things, like “banana.” They also realize the book will come to an end, unless the reader reads it all over again! So cute and a perfect addition to any home or classroom library.
Can I Play Too?
Everyone knows that Gerald and Piggie are best of friends and always ready for a game! So when a worm wants to play with them, they have to figure out a way they can all have fun together, even if the worm can’t catch the ball without any arms. A sweet way to talk about inclusion with the typical Elephant and Piggie silliness.
I Am Invited To A Party
When Piggie gets invited to a party, she asks Gerald to be her guest because not only is he her bestie, but he knows parties! After getting ready for a fancy pool costume party, they are ready for all kinds of fun. This book is sure to get anyone excited about their next party invitation.
Let’s Go For A Drive
Each time Gerald and Piggie think they are ready to go, they realize they need one more thing. They get all the things they need, except a car! So what are Elephant and Piggie to do now? Piggie comes up with a plan to save their adventure in this super silly story with lots of word repetition.
Should I Share My Ice Cream?
On a hot summer day, there’s nothing better than an ice cream cone! Gerald gets one and is all set to enjoy it when he remembers that his best pal Piggie also loves ice cream. Should he share with her? A sweet tale about friendship and treats.
My New Friend is So Fun!
When Piggie makes a new friend, Gerald thinks he has lost his bestie. But surprise! Your best pal still loves you even when they play with new friends too because there’s room for everyone! A great tale about friendship and jealousy, especially for preschool and kindergarten-age kiddos who might be dealing with new feelings around friendships.
Waiting Is Not Easy
What is the surprise that Piggie has in store for Gerald? Well, he will just have to wait to find out. But for how long? Too long, it seems to Gerald! This is a silly way to illustrate the skill of waiting and gives new readers lots of chances to practice both sight words and sounding out new words.
Listen To My Trumpet
Piggie wants to use her new trumpet to serenade her pal Gerald, but is her sound actually music? This is such a cute one because it includes lots of made-up words, which can be a fun way to practice sound blending, and is a sweet story about different ways of being a good friend.
The Thank You Book
Piggie is so enthusiastic about thanking everyone, but will she forget her best pal? A lovely way to talk about gratitude and thanking others, while also learning more about reading…and maybe even writing thank you notes!
We Are In An ART-Ivity Book!
If your kids need a break from reading about Elephant and Piggie, why not do some art with them instead? This is the most fun art activity book out there, chock full of cool activities, art ideas, and more!
Can’t get enough of Elephant and Piggie? Of course, no kid can! So why not get one of the Biggie books that contain multiple stories. Biggie Biggie is a fantastic choice because it contains five classics, including two from this list: We Are In A Book and Listen To My Trumpet. But there are multiple Biggie volumes, all containing at least four stories to enjoy.
Harold and Hog Pretend For Real
If you want another version of Gerald and Piggie, try Dan Santat’s Harold and Hog! It’s such a cute and clever story of Harold, an enthusiastic elephant, and his best pal, the ever-cautious Hog. Even though they are a dynamic duo like Gerald and Piggie, can they pretend to be them? A hilarious favorite, and is part of a series called Elephant and Piggie Like Reading.
So if your beginning reader needs some laughter on their reading list, look no further than Elephant and Piggie. It’s such a great series that promotes reading skills, friendship, and fun, these early readers are sure to be on the favorites list!
About Meredith Bartolo Pappas
Meredith is a licensed teacher with almost twenty years of experience in education. Her specialties are holistic learning, early literacy, and social-emotional development. She is also a reading specialist, artist, and mom of two. She loves all things bookish, magical, and cozy. Find her at Sharing Circle Education sharingcircleeducation.com and on Instagram @sharingcircleeducation. | <urn:uuid:cd657229-1b87-401f-b377-28354d664452> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://imaginationsoup.net/why-elephant-and-piggie-great-beginning-readers/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103034877.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20220625065404-20220625095404-00717.warc.gz | en | 0.947674 | 1,711 | 3.3125 | 3 |
|Department of Public Information • News and Media Division • New York|
Note to Correspondents
Headquarters Display of Emancipation Proclamation to Highlight Activities
Marking International Day for Remembering Slavery Victims, 18-25 March
To highlight the significance of 25 March, the International Day of Remembrance of the Victims of Slavery and the Transatlantic Slave Trade, the United Nations will be hosting a week of activities beginning on Monday, 18 March, with arrival of original copies of the Emancipation Proclamation signed by Abraham Lincoln and the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. The documents will be on display in the Visitors’ Lobby until 25 March. Admission is free.
The theme of this year’s International Day, “Forever Free: Celebrating Emancipation”, pays tribute to the emancipation of slaves in nations across the world. This year is particularly important in light of many key observances in Africa, the Caribbean, Europe and Latin America, as well as the 150th anniversary of the Emancipation Proclamation in the United States.
Remembrance activities will include a briefing to non-governmental organizations on 18 March; a student conference on 19 March; a book signing on 21 March; and a cultural and culinary event on 21 March. They will all be open to accredited press. (See Note No. 6382 of 13 March for additional information.)
On 22 March, the Secretary-General will attend a concert, “Celebrating Global Emancipation”, and on 25 March, the International Day itself, he will speak at the official General Assembly commemorative event.
Every year the United Nations reminds the world about the history of slavery and the transatlantic slave trade through music, art, films, exhibitions and discussions. Throughout the commemoration week, the Organization invites civil society, students, writers, artists and the public to discuss and learn about the impact of 400 years of slavery.
How can you help commemorate the International Day of Remembrance of the Victims of Slavery and the Transatlantic Slave Trade? Join us on Twitter, @rememberslavery; Tumblr, http://rememberslavery.tumblr.com; and Facebook, http://facebook.com/rememberslavery. You don’t have to wait until 25 March to start learning about the history and legacy of slavery. Take part in the global conversation today!
For further information please contact Timothy La Rose at [email protected], or +1 212 963 0984.
* *** * | <urn:uuid:3752708c-cac8-49a2-abf6-178e22f15c03> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | http://www.un.org/press/en/2013/note6383.doc.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948513611.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20171211144705-20171211164705-00564.warc.gz | en | 0.885571 | 532 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Ever hear of Rube Goldberg who over-engineered a contraption to perform a simple task? Students gain hands-on engineering experience as they work in a small team to design and build quirky contraptions out of everyday materials to solve simple problems.
Best for kids grades 2 and higher.
Participation is free. No library card required. | <urn:uuid:43b9d69f-3de7-411c-b896-c7cd010bc34f> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | https://multcolib.org/events/engineering-simple-machines | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375094629.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031814-00065-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.923003 | 70 | 2.578125 | 3 |
The lack of representation of the LGBTQ+ community in children’s television has been prevalent throughout the years. Only recently has a handful of good representation begun to surface. When the rare occurrence of representation is given the green light to air, heavy discourse on the level of appropriateness is sure to follow. On June 18th, 2002 Nickelodeon aired a program called Nick News Special Edition: My Family Is Different. The program spotlighted children who came from gay families talking to children who came from households opposed to the concept of equal rights for gay families. When this programed reached people’s televisions, it received heavy backlash. Many believed that the program pushed a "pro-homosexual agenda" and the episode was deemed inappropriate for children to view. This was the first time that Nickelodeon has aired anything feature the LGBTQ+ community. It wasn’t until December 19th, 2014 that Nickelodeon took a second chance at representation in their programming. In the last season of The Legend of Korra, the final episode featured the lead protagonist Korra and Asami holding hands. The Legend of Korra was the first western children’s animation that featured major LGBTQ+ characters. This led to massive blowback online with the debate of “queer representation in children’s media.” Even with the massive uproar from people, LGBTQ+ representation is something that is needed in children’s cartoons. Representation of LGBTQ+ within cartoons allows for children to construct a point of reference, teach acceptance and tolerance, and even can act as a lifeline for children who fall under the umbrella term of LGBTQ+.
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Representation of the LGBTQ+ community in children’s cartoons allows for children to construct a frame of reference to a group of people who might not be prevalent in their daily lives. Kipo and the Age of Wonderbeasts was the first show ever to use a label when discussing people who like people of the same gender. The show started off by having a main female character, Kipo, and a main male character, Benson. In most children’s television shows, this is the start of a romantic subplot that would soon be explored later in the show. The show kept up that idea until an episode named, “Ratland” aired were the two characters go to a rat themed theme park together. The scene is set up with clips of them laughing together and holding prolonged eye contact as music plays behind each scene. The music suddenly turns slow as Kipo stares at Benson on top of a Ferris wheel. Kipo suddenly has a burst of confidence as she shares to Benson that she likes him. The slow music stops as Benson sputters before telling Kipo that he, “is gay.” With Benson using the word gay, it finally brings a name to something that children and young adults might have never seen or heard of before. For many young adults and children, the representation and the interaction that they have with the LGBTQ+ community can be scarce. The ability for them to see Benson, who falls under the LGBTQ+ community, and to be able to watch him live his own life can give these young adults and children relatability that some may not be able to establish from their daily life. By seeing Benson and his friends solve problems that are thrown their way in 20-minute episodes, and not just be seen as his sexual orientation, allows for any potential stereotype the watcher might have to become void. It gives the viewers a look at the perspective of other people in the world. Kipo and the Age of Wonderbeasts saw the line that shows prior had made with representation, the subtleness of romantic gestures, and completely blew past that benchmark. They gave a name that described the subtleness. The Legend of Korra is a perfect example of subtleness. The two main characters, Korra and Asami, are portrayed holding hands in the last episode and giving each other a loving look as the final season closed. It wasn’t until the final episode aired that the creators of the show confirmed the sexuality of the two characters on Tumblr and clarified their sexual orientation. Kipo gave a frame of reference for the children watching by giving Benson a label, and then later in the show giving him a boyfriend. They not only gave reference for what sexual orientation Benson was, they even showed it. This type of representation that uses labels to describe same sex relations allows for kids to know about people who are a part of the LGBTQ+ community. This type of visual representation also gives them exposure which leads to acceptance and tolerance, and it can allow for children to even put a name to what they might be feeling.
By having LGBTQ+ representation, it allows for children to become more accepting and tolerant of people who fall under that category. When Benson from Kipo and the Age of Wonderbeasts came out as gay, and later showed him liking and developing a crush on a boy named Troy, it not only gave name to his sexual orientation, but it also showed it. By having such a loveable, happy-go-lucky personality, and supportive character be gay, it gives excellent representation of the LGBTQ+ community and allows for children to have exposure to the community. Another show that gave excellent exposure was Steven Universe. The creator of the show, Rebecca Sugar, wanted to give representation to young children because she knew how important of a role it played into creating acceptance and tolerance. Like Kipo and the Age of Wonderbeasts, Steven Universe was the first ever cartoon that showed a lesbian proposal and first ever lesbian marriage. They showed a wedding between two of the main characters. With Kipo and the Age of Wonderbeasts and Steven Universe both going against the grain and teaching children the value of acceptance and tolerance, it allows for the erasure of negative stereotypes that the young viewers might have. The United States is a melting pot of different cultures, values, and morals. However, even with the diversity that is within the states, there are still heavily underrepresented groups in today’s media. With the inclusion of LGBTQ+ characters in kid’s television, it can allow for the young adults and children to learn tolerance and acceptance. Kid’s media is the perfect place for realistic representation to occur- it allows for a well-rounded visual to be placed in their mind. This would mitigate any harmful stereotypes that could possibly have been there prior. When future heterosexual adults and young children are exposed to someone who isn’t like them, it doesn’t give them a knee jerk reaction to immediately cut them off. This can all be avoided because of one of their favorite childhood shows has given solid representation. It allows for children to be given good, realistic picture of people who fall under the LGBTQ+ community.
Representation of the LGBTQ+ community even can act as a lifeline for children who fall under the umbrella term of LGBTQ+. With Benson coming out in Kipo and the Age of Wonderbeasts it can make growing up as a part of the LGBTQ+ community a little easier.Growing up can be a difficult task that can be even harder without being able resonate with the people around them. Even at a relatively young age, children and young adults can know who they like. Children, young adults, parents, and even their friends might fall under the umbrella term that is LGBTQ+. Having a character like Benson that you can lean on and that can mirror the young adult or child’s life can be a savior for them. It’s a difficult task for children to put into words what they need or what isn’t okay, and that is where it can be a massive help for them to be able to turn on the television and see a character like Benson that they deeply resonate with go through their daily life and live out their truth. Even a show that doesn’t use labels to describe the characters can be an insanely good tool for children to find relatability. The Owl House created by Diana Terrace “…is an animated fantasy-comedy series that follows Luz, a self-assured teenage girl who accidentally stumbles upon a portal to a magical world where she befriends a rebellious witch, Eda, and an adorably tiny warrior, King” (The Owl House). The main character in this show is Luz, who is Disney’s first ever bisexual character. It hasn’t been explicitly announced in the show, other than subtle gestures that would hint towards the character’s sexuality, but Terrace confirmed the sexuality of the main character and plans to have a coming out scene. Another one of the characters, Amity, has also been confirmed as a lesbian and is the main love interest to Luz. The Owl House has a wide representation of sexualities. It allows for anyone who might identity as bisexual or lesbian to find a connection between the two characters. The wide variety of sexualities in this show allows for young adults and children to hopefully find a character that mirrors their own life and helps them develop a positive self-view.
A counter argument that could be made about why representation of the LGBTQ+ community could be found from comments on the review page for The Owl House. A comment made by Arianna Kendrick explains, “This show is a kids show. Why'd they have to put bi charecter in the storyline. Im lucky my 7 yr old did not see the last episode. absiloutly disgusting. Absolutely ruined her favorite show. A friggin kid show why would they put that in there ?” The fact that it is a kid’s show is the perfect reason that the representation should be there. Many children and young adults know at a young age, or have an inkling, of who they like. It is good for them to be able to find someone relatable. By arguing that it is not a topic appropriate for children is a double standard. If it were a straight relationship, it would be okay. But since it is a homosexual relationship it isn’t fit for a kid’s television show? The comment is based in a rudimentary mindset. If the author of the comment had seen representation on the screen when they were younger, they would have had exposure to it which would have made them more tolerant and accepting towards people who fall under the LGBTQ+ community. It would have mitigated any harmful stereotypes that the commentor would have had instilled in them as a child. It would allow future straight adults and young children to be more understanding of those who are not like them. This can all be avoided because of one of their favorite childhood shows has given solid representation.
While LGBTQ+ representation in kid’s media has only just begun to surface, the positive effects are far reaching. The representation of the LGBTQ+ community has many positive outcomes, it teaches children and young adults a point of reference, tolerance and acceptance, and can even be their lifeline. However, representation still has a long way to go. There has only been representation of people who like the same gender, but there hasn’t been representation of people who are transgender. The representation that is presented is a good start but is nowhere close to what it needs to be.
pride_site. “6 Reasons It's Important to Have LGBT Characters on Children's TV Shows.” Gay Pride - LGBT & Queer Voices, PRIDE.com, 24 May 2017, www.pride.com/tv/2017/5/24/6-reasons-its-important-have-lgbt-characters-childrens-tv-shows.
Sechrist, Radford, director. Kipo and the Age of Wonderbeasts. Netflix, 14 Jan. 2020, www.netflix.com/search?q=kipo&jbv=80221553.
Terrace, Dana. “The Owl House .” Disney, 2020.
Konietzko , Bryan, and Michael Dante DiMartino. “The Legend of Korra.” Nickelodeon, 2012.
Sugar, Rebecca. “Steven Universe.” Cartoon Network, 2013.
Kendrick , Arianna. Google, Google, www.google.com/search?rlz=1C1CHBF_enUS857US857%2Cthe+owl+house+reviews.
“LGBT Children's Television Programming.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 11 Dec. 2020, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_children's_television_programming.
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Austrian composer and singingteacher, famous in his day, who was the son of an artist. Was born at Vienna, and studied at the Paris Conservatory with Halevy and Berton, and first appeared in England about 1850. In 1844 Schimon produced an opera called Stradella, in Florence, and f in 1858 Flotow produced his comic opera, List urn List, at Schwerin. After that he seems to have devoted himself almost wholly to teaching. He was professor of singing at Leipsic from 1874 to 1877 and also taught at the Munich Royal Music School. In 1872 he married the vocalist, Anna Regan, who was many years his junior. For a time he was connected with Her Majesty's Theatre in London and with the Italian Opera in Paris. Schimon wrote, besides the operas mentioned, songs in many languages; a violin sonata; string quartet; music for the piano; and edited many vocal works by Italian masters. | <urn:uuid:c10d5b6c-b01e-40aa-a862-3429a1fd1909> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://grandemusica.net/musical-biographies-s-2/schimon-adolf | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917121000.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031201-00233-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.989985 | 204 | 2.515625 | 3 |
January 2nd is National Cream Puff Day!
Here are today’s five food finds about cream puffs:
The cream puff is also know as “profiterole.”
While the origin is obscure, the cream puff was introduced in France by Caterina de Medici, the wife of Henry II of France.
The “cream puff” first appeared on US restaurant menus since 1851.
The world’s largest cream puff weighed 125.5 pounds.
The Wisconsin State Fair is known for producing cream puffs since 1924.
Today’s Food History
- 1923 Secretary of the U.S. Dept of Interior, Albert Fall, resigns due to public outrage over the Teapot Dome scandal.
- 1975 Working with Canadian zoologist Freud Urquhart, amateur naturalist Kenneth C. Brugger discovered the winter home of the Monarch butterfly in the mountains of central Mexico. The refuge he found was only about 200 square meters and contained about 20 million butterflies.
- 1983 ‘Maneater’ by Daryl Hall & John Oates is #1 on the charts.
- 1990 Campbell’s Soup introduces Cream of Broccoli soup. It becomes their most successful new soup in 55 years.
- 2005 H. David Dalquist, the creator of the aluminum Bundt Pan in 1950, died in Minnesota at the age of 86.
Categories: Food Holidays, January Food Holidays, Uncategorized
Tagged: National Cream Puff Day
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Chances are, you don’t know much about tapirs. Don’t feel bad; neither do scientists. Even though tapirs are the largest land mammals in South America, known as “gardeners of the forest” for their habit of eating (and dispersing) large quantities of fruit and seeds, little is known about these solitary, mostly nocturnal creatures. TED Fellow and conservationist Patricia Medici (TED Talk: The coolest animal you know nothing about … and how we can save it) is on a mission to change that, through her work with a Brazilian non-governmental organization called the Instituto de Pesquisas Ecológicas (IPÊ) and the IUCN/SSC Tapir Specialist Group. Here she shares photos of the lowland tapir, and explains why these elusive creatures provide far more than just your day’s “awww, cute!” moment.
The stripy camouflage of the baby tapir
Tapirs have a gestation period of 13 months. After giving birth, mothers hide their offspring for almost a month in thickly forested areas, often using a thorny bush called the caraguatá as a hiding spot. The calves’ spotted, stripy coat (which they grow out of) further camouflages them from predators such as jaguars and pumas. Calves won’t stay small for long; during their first two years of life, they grow at an astonishing rate, gaining two to three kilograms each week. Photo: Liana John.
The mother/baby tapir bond
Tapir calves stay close to their mothers when they’re first born, and mothers are fiercely protective of their young. (Tapir dads don’t stay in the picture, says Medici.) After about six months, the age of the calf shown here, young tapirs start to explore their surroundings on their own, and at a year and a half, they head off on their own, though exactly where they go after their leave their mothers is still unknown. Finding out where they go — and why — is central to Medici’s research, and it may help suggest new ways to protect tapirs. Photo: Daniel Zupanc.
Tapirs as living fossils
The first recognizable tapir ancestor roamed the earth nearly 50 million years ago, while the tapir we know today is believed to have appeared some time between 5 and 25 million years ago, earning it another nickname: “the living fossil.” Nonetheless, it’s been listed as an endangered species since 1970. Today, the animals are threatened by poachers, who hunt them for their meat and skins, habitat fragmentation and the pollution that’s rampant in quickly industrializing Brazil. “Tapirs are beautiful animals that have been around for such a long time,” Medici says. “We do not want to be responsible for their extinction.” Photo: Daniel Zupanc.
At home on land and in the water
Tapirs love to spend time in the water, and they are even known to fall asleep while submerged. Because they can grow to be so large, sometimes reaching weights of nearly 400 kg, and because of the sweltering heat in South and Central America, they use water to keep cool. And while their diets mainly consist of fruit and berries, they do sometimes snack on aquatic plants. Photo: Daniel Zupanc.
A probing proboscis
One of the most distinctive features of the tapir is its proboscis, or snout. Highly flexible, it’s used to grab food such as leaves, berries and fruit. A tapir with a raised proboscis, like the one pictured here, is either trying to smell something or is showing its teeth as a sign of aggression. Photo: Daniel Zupanc.
Blind as a tapir
Tapirs have very poor eyesight, and they often develop cataracts due to excessive exposure to sunlight. What they lack in eyesight they make up for in smell and hearing, both of which are exceptional. “Often we can see them before they see us,” Medici says. “But they can smell us before we see them.” Photo: Patricia Medici.
A keystone species
Tapirs help shape and maintain biological diversity in the areas they inhabit, which can include forests, grasslands, floodplains and even high altitude environments. Because of the large amount of fruit and seeds they eat and distribute across vast distances, they contribute significantly to plant life and, as a consequence, play a key role in important ecological processes. “If tapirs go extinct, forests will be very different, less diverse, and, most certainly, less productive,” Medici says. Photo: Jason Woolgar.
Tracking tapirs has always been difficult — they’re predominantly nocturnal, and they grow too quickly to use traditional tracking collars without causing them harm. Using new, expandable tracking collars, Medici and her colleagues are gaining a better understanding of the extension of tapirs’ home ranges. With this data, they discovered that while tapirs are solitary, their home ranges overlap, meaning they aren’t territorial. Tracking data also helps researchers keep an eye on pregnant females and gain a better understanding of threats to tapirs’ survival. This, in turn, helps them develop conservation strategies to maintain adequate habitat for them. Photo: Patricia Medici. | <urn:uuid:3c22a704-c4bc-4562-94e3-0d7103615542> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | https://ideas.ted.com/gallery-meet-the-tapir-south-americas-cutest-prehistoric-animal/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627998607.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20190618043259-20190618065259-00090.warc.gz | en | 0.952862 | 1,138 | 3.71875 | 4 |
Every year on the 22nd of March, the world celebrates World Water Day (WWD). The United Nations created World Water Day to remind us of the vital importance of water resources in our lives. Water is at the core of sustainable development and is critical for human survival. It affects all aspects of society, from socio-economic development, energy and food production, to developing healthy ecosystems. Water is also at the heart of climate change adaptation, serving as the crucial link between the society and the environment.
This year is especially important as 2018 marks the beginning of The International Decade for Action: Water for Sustainable Development. This decade is about accelerating efforts to deal with water-related challenges. These challenges include limited access to safe and sanitary water, increased pressure on water resources and ecosystems, and the exacerbated risk of droughts and floods.
Nature-Based Solutions – What is green and grey infrastructure?
This year’s theme, Nature for Water, explores how to use nature to overcome the water challenges of the 21st century. The UN recommends an increased focus on ‘green’ infrastructure to harmonize it with ‘grey’ infrastructure wherever possible.
Traditionally, increasing investment in the conventionally built or “grey” infrastructure was the most common response to water management challenges. This can include water-treatment plants, dams and levees and the expansion of sewage networks. Fortunately, more spatial planners, engineers and decision-makers are identifying and implementing cost-effective, long-term and environmentally friendly infrastructure solutions. Thus, increasing the global interest in green infrastructure solutions.
Green infrastructure includes investment measures to protect, restore, and maintain natural landscapes. For example, reforestation, restoration of riverbanks, wetlands, natural landscapes, and other activities that contribute to protecting and/or restoring ecosystem functions. For more information on Green Infrastructure click here.
Individual Action: Collective Impact
GAP Ireland firmly believes that individual action can have a collective impact. Currently, 2.1 billion people live without safe access to water, affecting their health, education, and livelihoods. Furthermore, it is estimated that by 2050, the world’s population will grow by about 2 billion people; increasing the global water demand by up to 30%. Sustainable Development Goal 6 ensures that everyone has access to safe water. To achieve this, governments, businesses and actively committed citizens need to be involved in its implementation.
This World Water Day why not commit to saving water? Register your Water Explorer team here. | <urn:uuid:4edb40fd-762e-48c0-b7c3-8ee5e345ea9f> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://globalactionplan.ie/events/world-water-day-2018/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107889173.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20201025125131-20201025155131-00121.warc.gz | en | 0.923782 | 509 | 3.5625 | 4 |
Cod egg survival stays high with limited warming, but plummets when the temperature rises a few degrees Celsius in their current spawning grounds.
Polar bears and coral reefs are obvious victims of climate change. But a warming world will also challenge many other animals. For example, cod. The fish play a critical role in marine ecosystems and human economies. Climate change could devastate Atlantic and polar cod.
A team of scientists wanted to find out how rising sea temperatures and ocean acidification might affect these fish populations.
“We went out with our research vessel into the Barents Sea, and caught Atlantic cod and polar cod, and brought them back alive into a research facility in Northern Norway.” Flemming Dahlke, a marine biologist at the Alfred Wegener Institute in Germany.
“And in this facility, we raised the eggs and larvae under different temperature and ocean acidification, mimicking the conditions expected for the next decades to come.”
The researchers placed the eggs and larvae in various carbon dioxide concentrations, as well as three different temperature scenarios: one, the “business as usual” scenario, where humans continue to emit greenhouse gases as current rates and ocean waters increase 3 to 4 degrees Celsius. They also tested an intermediate scenario of a 2-degree Celsius rise, and a “best-case” scenario, where water temperatures rise only 1 degree. They then recorded egg survival rates and larval development.
“The results were pretty clear. We found that with ocean acidification, the eggs become more sensitive to temperature extremes. So this means that their thermal tolerance range narrows. And that we found for both species. And we also found that they use more energy to regulate against the stress of temperature and ocean acidification.”
The study is in the journal Science Advances. [Flemming T. Dahlke et al., Northern cod species face spawning habitat losses if global warming exceeds 1.5 °C]
“And when we used these data and combined them with the climate projections, we find that with the worst-case scenario there will be a decrease in egg survival chances of about 50 percent in many of the important spawning areas of those species.”
Although these populations might be able to adapt by shifting their spawning grounds northward.
“The question is if the species will find also suitable feeding conditions in those alternative spawning areas. So it could be that the temperature is right, but they won’t find enough food up in the north.”
Big changes in cod populations will likely have ripple effects: cod are food for many other animals, like birds and seals. And countries like Norway depend on the income that cod fisheries haul in. But the new research also offers a bit of good news.
“On the positive side, we find that in the scenario where we successfully limit global warming to 1.5 degrees, both species would be able to successfully reproduce in those areas where they spawn currently.”
[The above text is a transcript of this podcast.] | <urn:uuid:d1eec4a5-ccc5-4072-b62e-1ba25247fbc4> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | https://www.scientificamerican.com/podcast/episode/cod-could-cope-with-constrained-climate-change/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514573098.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20190917161045-20190917183045-00457.warc.gz | en | 0.93393 | 625 | 3.75 | 4 |
Book entitled 'Life's Work As It Is; or, The Emigrant's Home in Australia. By A Colonist', written by Emma Etta Neville, and published by Sampson Low, Son & Marston, London, 1867. Emma Etta Neville appears to have lived in South Australia for several years and her stated aim is to dispel the myths about Australia and present it as a settled, civilised country, vast and full of working people and opportunities.
The novel follows the concurrent emigrant stories of various people, from their decisions to leave England, departure, journey, arrival and their settlement, which takes up the majority of the novel. The final chapter and Appendix looks at 'Practical Hints to Emigrants' and information about facilities, wages and immigration regulations. Emma later publlished another Australian novel 'Colymbia' in London in 1873.
Wood engraved frontispiece, original cloth, lettered and deocrated in black and gilt. All edges gilt.
Numerous guides and novels relating to migrating to Australia and the settler experiences there were written during the 19th century. They are often from the perspective of one who has already made the journey and lived in Australia, aiming to provide knowledge for the prospective emigrant back in England. Some were purely novels, others purely guides. This book is both.
The vendor has been able to identify the otherwise anonymous author through having handled another copy of this book which was inscribed 'with the love of the authoress Etta Neville'.
Front cover: LIFE'S/WORK/AS IT IS.
Type of item
125 mm (Width), 17 mm (Depth), 180 mm (Height)
Exhibition Collection Management
180 mm (Length), 125 mm (Width), 17 mm (Height) | <urn:uuid:53f7451d-72ce-44ab-b216-942c9b8d24a7> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | http://collections.museumvictoria.com.au/items/244947 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257825124.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071025-00244-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.949708 | 367 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Let $n = |w|$ and $m = |\Sigma|$, where $w$ is the input string and $\Sigma$ is the input alphabet. There are $n - k + 1$ substrings of $w$ of length $k$, and $m^k$ strings over $\Sigma$ of length $k$. If $n - k + 1 < m^k$ then, by the pigeonhole principle, there must be a string over $\Sigma$ of length $k$ that is not a substring of $w$.
There are on the order of $m^i$ strings of length less than $i$ over $\Sigma$. Determining whether an arbitrary string is a substring of $w$ can be done in time $n$. Thus we have, at most, $nm^i$ work to do, where $i = k + 1$ in the worst case. We can extrapolate from the inequality that $n < m^k$, so $k > \log_m n$; so $k = 1 + \log_m n$ always works. Note: if we can rule out $k = 1$, we can go even further and let $k = \log_m n$.
Taken altogether, this means that the total amount of work that the naïve method (enumerate strings in lexicographic order, and check the input for each string over $\Sigma^*$ until you find one that's missing) would never do more than $O(n^2m^2)$ (*fixed an algebraic mistake; had $O(n^3m)$ previously, but should have been $O(n^2m^2)$) work in the worst case, although this bound may not be tight. Note that if we rule out $k = 1$ and take $k = \log_m n$, we lose an $n$ and get $O(n^2m)$. | <urn:uuid:7f621f2b-6f67-4ea9-8de8-a66dc84d959a> | CC-MAIN-2016-22 | http://cs.stackexchange.com/questions/21896/algorithm-request-shortest-non-existing-substring-over-given-alphabet | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464051113990.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524005153-00146-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.853287 | 418 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Warning Signs of Heart Disease You Shouldn’t Ignore
Heart disease is one of the leading causes of death in the United States. It can be difficult to detect, as many of its symptoms are silent.
That’s why it’s important to be aware of the warning signs and seek medical attention if you experience any of them.
Here are sneaky signs that could signal heart disease.
- Chest Pain or Discomfort – Chest pain or discomfort is a common symptom of heart disease and can range from mild to severe. It typically presents as pressure, tightness, squeezing, or burning in the chest. If you experience any type of chest pain, seek medical attention immediately.
- Shortness of Breath – Difficulty breathing is another common sign of heart disease and can manifest in different ways. You may feel like you're short on air even when you're not exerting yourself physically, or your breathing may become labored with activity even if it was not an issue previously.
- Fatigue – Feeling tired for no apparent reason can indicate something is wrong with your cardiovascular system. If you find yourself becoming unusually exhausted after physical activities that used to be no problem for you, it's best to get checked out by a doctor right away.
- Unexplained Weight Loss – Sudden weight loss without changes in diet or exercise habits may be a sign that something is wrong with your body's systems and should not be ignored. Severe weight loss could mean something serious is present and needs to be treated right away.
- Swollen Feet/Ankles – Swelling in the feet and ankles could be a sign that your heart isn't pumping blood efficiently enough throughout your body and fluid is pooling up instead. This symptom should always warrant a trip to the doctor as soon as possible because it could mean there’s an underlying issue occurring inside your body that needs immediate medical attention.
Although these signs do not necessarily mean you have heart disease, they should not be taken lightly. If any combination of these warning signs occur together, please consult with your health care provider immediately for further evaluation. Early detection can help treat the condition before it gets too severe, so don’t hesitate to get checked out if anything concerning arises. | <urn:uuid:779bea66-296d-480d-aff8-6d34225aea26> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.guthrie.org/blog/warning-signs-heart-disease-you-shouldnt-ignore | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100972.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209202131-20231209232131-00255.warc.gz | en | 0.947766 | 457 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Subsets and Splits