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Headless Chicken Monster What is a Headless Chicken Monster?
The headless chicken monster is a deep-sea swimming sea cucumber, that looks like a decapitated chicken. It has a reddish, jelly-like semi-transparent body, where you can see its internal organs. It is also bioluminescent and can glow in the dark. The headless chicken monster is also known as the Spanish dancer, headless chicken fish, and swimming sea cucumber. Its scientific name is Enypniastes eximia which means dreamer. It is the only animal in of its species.
Headless Chicken Monster - Description What Does a Headless Chicken Monster Look Like?
The headless chicken monster has a barrel-shaped body with a roundish mouth opening with tentacles at one end and an anus at the other. It grows to between 6-25 cm in length. Adult colours range from crimson, dark red and reddish-brown. Juveniles are usually pale pink.
The most unique characteristic of the headless chicken monster is the composition of its body which is covered in a thin leathery skin and made up almost entirely of a gelatinous mass with a density slightly less than water. Because of this lighter density, there is natural buoyancy in the animal, permitting it to float just above the sea-floor. It can change the density of its gelatinous mass to vary the depth at which it floats. This lighter-than-water body allows the headless chicken monster to float effortlessly just above the sea-floor expending very little energy to move around. Other sea creatures that have a gelatinous body are the blobfish and jellyfish.
The headless chicken monster has no bones. But it does have an endoskeleton (i.e. skeleton inside the body), which lies just beneath its skin. This is made up of a very thin and simple calcium-based webbing which easily compresses to the extreme pressure of the deep sea without breaking.
The headless chicken monster has retained just enough muscle to perform the basic function of living. These include breathing which it does by pumping seawater in and out of an internal organ called a respiratory tree, opening its mouth and moving its tentacles for feeding just above the ocean floor, and moving its fins to navigate. Its low muscle mass and the limited usage of its muscles has an added benefit that it uses very little energy in movement.
The lifespan of the headless chicken monster is not know. However, given that it is a deep-sea creature, that usually have low metabolic rates, it is probably a long-living animal.
The Headless Chicken Monster is Bioluminescent The Headless Chicken Monster Glows in the Dark
The headless chicken monster is bioluminescent. That is, it can create and emit light. It does so with hundreds of specialised light-producing cells called granular cells. These cells lie just beneath its skin and are scattered throughout its body surface, feet and tentacle tips. The headless chicken monster’s luminosity is generated mechanically as a response to a stressful situation—typically an attack by a predator. A local stimulation results in a localized reaction that gradually spreads over the entire body of the animal. A broad impact results in its whole body becoming instantly luminescent and the animal shedding parts of its skin to generate a glowing cloud around it. This anti-predator behaviour may be designed to scare off a predator or to light up its surroundings to attract other visually-cued predators lurking nearby the attack its attacker, allowing the headless chicken monster to escape. The shed skin regenerates rapidly.
The headless chicken monster differs from other sea cucumbers in that it has fins. It has a Batman-like cape made up of a membrane stretched over twelve conically shaped feet (podia) on the front of its body and extending to the back where it has two paddle-like fins made up by stretching this bat-like membrane over ten more podia at the rear of its body. To swim, it unveils this cape, and rhythmical pulsates of this membrane to provide movement. This cape also acts as a sail to push it from point to point. In a panic, the headless chicken monster defecates (that is, it does an extreme poop) to lighten is bodyweight to make it more buoyant for escape. The two rear fins provide steering and stability. It can also use this Bat-cape like a parachute to slow its descent to the sea-floor.
The headless chicken monster does not walk as such. Its tube-feet are actually tentacles for feeding. To move on the sea-floor., it points itself downstream of a water current and using its cape on top of its head to push it along. The movement of tube-like feeders may also provide some assistance in movement.
The headless chicken monster's body is gelatinous (like a jellyfish). Because it has very little muscle and is mostly made up of water, It also almost tasteless. As other sea cucumbers are eaten by people, it is conceivable that if it could be easily harvested it too could be eaten by some.
Headless Chicken Monster Diet What Do Headless Chicken Monster Eat?
The headless chicken monster eats micro-organisms such as bacteria and fungi and larger invertebrates, such as crustaceans and polychaetes. It moves along the seabed using a pushing motion of its tentacles. It feeds quickly, moving food into its mouth with its tentacles before moving away from the seafloor.
Headless Chicken Monster Habitat Where do Headless Chicken Monster Live?
The headless chicken monster was found at a depths in excess of 3,000 meter below the surface, off the coast of Antarctica, about 4,000 kilometres southwest of Australia. It has also been seen in the Gulf of Mexico. Given the two widely dispersed locations where the chicken monster has been sighted so far, it is likely that it may be found worldwide. The true extent of this animal’s habitat and distribution is not known.
Headless chicken monsters are bottom dwellers, living close to the ocean floor at depths of more than 1,600 meters. This is more than 2.5 times deeper than even the most powerful submarine can go. At this depth, the water pressure is over 100 times greater than on land at sea level. Only specially designed undersea rovers can penetrate down to these depths.
No sunlight reaches these depths, and as a result, there is no vegetation of any sort. The water temperature is just above freezing (2.5 - 4 degrees Celsius).
Headless Chicken Monster Reproduction Baby Headless Chicken Monster
Like so much else about the headless chicken monster, very little is known about its reproductive habits.
Headless Chicken Monster - Predators & Threats What Kills Headless Chicken Monster?
The main predator that may be endangering the headless chicken monster is humans. Deep-sea trawlers run nets down to the depths at which the headless chicken monster lives. Unfortunately, these animals can get caught in these fishing nets. Since it is commercially worthless, it is tossed back into the sea. But by then, it is too late for the headless chicken monster. It cannot survive out of its depth and is already dead.
Because so little is known about the headless chicken monster, we do not know if it has any natural predators or threats.
Headless Chicken Monster - Conservation Status Are Headless Chicken Monster Endangered?
We do not know if the headless chicken monster is endangered as no one knows what its population numbers are.
25 Headless Chicken Monster Facts
- The headless chicken monster is a swimming sea cucumber.
- It gets its name because its body looks like a decapitated chicken.
- It is also called the Spanish dancer because it looks like a flamingo dancer when it is swimming.
- It has a Batman-like cape which it opens out to sail through with the currents.
- Its two rear fins provide steering and stability.
- It lives 4,000km southwest of Australia.
- Its worldwide distribution is uncertain.
- Its body is made of a gelatinous substance covered in a thin leathery skin.
- The headless chicken monster is bioluminescent.
- It emits light to create its own light show.
- It lights up to scare off predators.
- When stressed, it sheds parts of its skin to generate a glowing cloud around it.
- With a body density less than water, it floats effortlessly above the sea floor.
- It can adjust its buoyancy to raise or lower itself in the water.
- You can see its internal organs through its reddish semi-transparent body.
- It grows to between 6-25 cm in length.
- The headless chicken monster has no bones.
- The headless chicken monster has just enough muscle to perform the basic function of living.
- This helps it save energy in movement.
- The headless chicken monster is a bottom dweller.
- It lives close to the ocean floor, at depths in excess of 1,600 meters.
- Here, the water temperature is just above freezing.
- The headless chicken monster moves along the seabed to feed.
- It uses its tentacles to pick up food off the ocean floor.
- It eats micro-organisms, crustaceans and polychaetes.
All Rights Reserved. (Last Updated: May 23, 2023) | <urn:uuid:3a36feb9-c516-4ad1-bf50-a0f775506870> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://trishansoz.com/trishansoz/animals/headless-chicken-monster.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510498.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20230929054611-20230929084611-00888.warc.gz | en | 0.934314 | 1,965 | 2.875 | 3 |
Presentation on theme: "The Geography of Language La Geografía del Idioma La Géographie de Langue La Geografia di Lingua Die Geographie der Sprache."— Presentation transcript:
The Geography of Language La Geografía del Idioma La Géographie de Langue La Geografia di Lingua Die Geographie der Sprache
Language Overview Geographer’s Perspective on Language (Language as Foundation of Culture) Linguistic Diversity Roots of Language Key Terms Language Divisions Spatial Distribution of Key Languages
Language Defined Organized system of spoken words by which people communicate with one another with mutual comprehension (Getis, 1985). Languages subtly gradate one to another. Dialects and other regional differences may eventually lead to incomprehensibility - a new language. Migration and Isolation explain how a single language can later become two or more.
Geographer’s Perspective on Language Language is an essential element of culture, possibly the most important medium by which culture is transmitted. Languages even structure the perceptions of their speakers. Attitudes, understandings, and responses are partly determined by the words available. Languages are a hallmark of cultural diversity with distinctive regional distributions.
Language and Perception - Eskimo Words for Snow Inuit - 10 Words or more 'ice' sikko 'bare ice' tingenek 'snow (in general)' aput 'snow (like salt)’ pukak 'soft deep snow' mauja 'snowdrift' tipvigut 'soft snow' massak 'watery snow' mangokpok 'snow filled with water' massalerauvok 'soft snow' akkilokipok
West Greenlandic - 49 Words 'sea-ice' siku (in plural = drift ice) 'pack-ice/large expanses of ice in motion' sikursuit, pl. (compacted drift ice/ice field = sikut iqimaniri) 'new ice' sikuliaq/sikurlaaq (solid ice cover = nutaaq.) 'thin ice' sikuaq (in plural = thin ice floes) 'rotten (melting) ice floe' sikurluk 'iceberg' iluliaq (ilulisap itsirnga = part of iceberg below waterline) '(piece of) fresh-water ice' nilak 'lumps of ice stranded on the beach' issinnirit, pl. 'glacier' (also ice forming on objects) sirmiq (sirmirsuaq = Inland Ice) 'snow blown in (e.g. doorway)' sullarniq 'rime/hoar-frost' qaqurnak/kanirniq/kaniq 'frost (on inner surface of e.g. window)' iluq 'icy mist' pujurak/pujuq kanirnartuq 'hail' nataqqurnat 'snow (on ground)' aput (aput sisurtuq = avalanche) 'slush (on ground)' aput masannartuq 'snow in air/falling' qaniit (qanik = snowflake) 'air thick with snow' nittaalaq (nittaallat, pl. = snowflakes; nittaalaq nalliuttiqattaartuq = flurries) 'hard grains of snow' nittaalaaqqat, pl. 'feathery clumps of falling snow' qanipalaat 'new fallen snow' apirlaat 'snow crust' pukak 'snowy weather' qannirsuq/nittaatsuq 'snowstorm' pirsuq/pirsirsursuaq 'large ice floe' iluitsuq 'snowdrift' apusiniq 'ice floe' puttaaq 'hummocked ice/pressure ridges in pack ice' maniillat/ingunirit, pl. 'drifting lump of ice' kassuq (dirty lump of glacier-calved ice = anarluk) 'ice-foot (left adhering to shore)' qaannuq 'icicle' kusugaq 'opening in sea ice imarnirsaq/ammaniq (open water amidst ice = imaviaq) 'lead (navigable fissure) in sea ice' quppaq 'rotten snow/slush on sea' qinuq 'wet snow falling' imalik 'rotten ice with streams forming' aakkarniq 'snow patch (on mountain, etc.)' aputitaq 'wet snow on top of ice' putsinniq/puvvinniq 'smooth stretch of ice' manirak (stretch of snow-free ice = quasaliaq) 'lump of old ice frozen into new ice' tuaq 'new ice formed in crack in old ice' nutarniq 'bits of floating' naggutit, pl. 'hard snow' mangiggal/mangikaajaaq 'small ice floe (not large enough to stand on)' masaaraq 'ice swelling over partially frozen river, etc. from water seeping up to the surface' siirsinniq 'piled-up ice-floes frozen together' tiggunnirit 'mountain peak sticking up through inland ice' nunataq 'calved ice (from end of glacier)' uukkarnit 'edge of the (sea) ice' sinaaq Eskimo Words for Snow
Language as Element of Cultural Diversity 6000+ Languages spoken today, not including dialects 1500+ Spoken in Sub-Saharan Africa alone 400+ in New Guinea alone 100+ in Europe However, this diversity is diminishing: 2000+ Threatened or Endangered Languages
Roots of Language Spoken Languages - Origins? Evidence? - Competitive Value for Culture? Written Languages - Value for Culture? - Sumerian 3000 B.C., Mesopotamia (Iraq) - Soon also the Assyrians, Babylonians, Hittites. - Libraries established by 2500 B.C. (more than 200,000 of the tablets have been preserved. - Connection to Neolithic Revolution?
Roots of Language How to Write Down a Language?
Roots of Language Ideograms - Sumerian; Chinese; Egyptian; Japanese How to Write Down a Language?
Roots of Language How to Write Down a Language? Phonetic - Most languages, including Romance languages Symbols (letters) represent sounds, not ideas. A phonetic alphabet is the key innovation.
Endangered Languages As recently as 3,000 years ago, there were 10,000 to 15,000 languages in the world. Now: about 6000 left. Of those, 1/2 will be gone by the year 2100 and all but 500 of the rest will be endangered. More than 90 percent of the languages in existence today will be extinct or threatened in little more than a century if current trends continue.
Extinct or Endangered Languages - Cameroon (11) BIKYA BISHUO BUNG BUSUU DULI GEY LUO NAGUMI NDAI NGONG YENI ZUMAYA
Endangered Languages Why are they disappearing? Globalization Migration (Urbanization) Economic Development - Lingua Francas Media Internet (Requires Arabic Character Set) Lingua Franca - a language used for trade by two people who speak different native tongues.
Key Terms PIDGIN - a form of speech that adopts simplified grammar and limited vocabulary from a lingua franca, used for communication between speakers of two different languages. Examples include Hawaiin Pidgin and the creoles of West Africa that resulted from the slave trade. No eat da candy, Bruddah, it's pilau. Da thing wen fall on da ground.
Key Terms CREOLE - a language that results from the mixing of a colonizer’s language with an indigenous language. Often they are pidgins. a. mo pe aste sa banan b. de bin alde luk dat big tri c. a waka go a wosu d. olmaan i kas-im chek e. li pote sa bay mo f. ja fruher wir bleiben g. dis smol swain i bin go fo maket I am buying the banana they always looked for a big tree he walked home the old man is cashing a check he brought that for me Yes at first we remained this little pig went to market Can you guess which colonizing language is the base for each of the following creole examples? New Orleans’ French Quarter
Key Terms CREOLE - a language that results from the mixing of a colonizer’s language with an indigenous language. Often they are pidgins a. mo pe aste sa banan b. de bin alde luk dat big tri c. a waka go a wosu d. olmaan i kas-im chek e. li pote sa bay mo f. ja fruher wir bleiben g. dis smol swain i bin go fo maket French based Seychelles Creole English based Roper River Creole English based Saran English based Cape York Creole French based Guyanais German based Papua New Guinea Pidgin German English based Cameroon Pidgin Can you guess which colonizing language is the base for each of the following creole examples? New Orleans’ French Quarter
Key Terms DIALECT - a regional variety of a language distinguished by pronunciation, spelling, and vocabulary. Social Dialects - can denote social class and standing. Vernacular Dialects - the common, slang, speech of a region. Term Is he fair dinkum? Why I declare! Fishin’ in the crick snap peas mosquito hawk darning needle Meaning Is he real or genuine? That’s remarkable! Fishing in the creek beans eaten in the pod dragon fly dragon fly Location Australia Deep South (U.S.) Middle Atlantic States South (U.S.) South (U.S.) Northern (U.S.)
Key Terms ISOLATED LANGUAGE - a language that is not related to any other languages and thus not connected to any language families. Examples include Basque and Icelandic. Basque Spain
Language and the Environment (Linguistic Ecology) TOPONYM - a place name. These are language on the land, reflecting past inhabitants and their relation to the land. Devil’s Tower, WYBadwater, Death Valley Mt Cook, New Zealand Cook Islands, Polynesia
Spanish Words for Mountains and Hills Candelas cerrillo cerro cordillera cumbre eminencia loma mesa Montana pelado pena sierra teta “candles” - collection of needlelike hills small cero, or hill a single eminence between hill and mountain a mass of mountains highest peak in a sierra or cordillera mountainous or hilly protuberance a hill in the midst of a plain literally “table”; a flat-topped feature equivalent to English “mountain” a barren, treeless mountain a needlelike eminence an elongated mass with a serrated crest a solitary, conical mount with shape of breast Pyrenees Mountains, Spain Andes Mountains, Peru
Language Divisions Language Families Language Branches Language Groups Languages Dialects Accents
Language Divisions Language Families Language Branches Language Groups Languages Dialects Accents -- Indo-European -- Germanic -- West Germanic -- English -- Northeastern -- Boston (Pak da ka o-fa dere, pleese!)
The Geography of Language La Geografía del Idioma La Géographie de Langue La Geografia di Lingua Die Geographie der Sprache Homework/Class Exercise: List all languages in the class. Have everyone use the text and web to determine the family, branch, language, and dialect they speak. Determine where they learned it. Determine how it got to be there or evolved in place. Write the answers. Share the answers. Note: Have some of the English speakers worry about unspoken languages: Tagalog Malay Indonesian Hindi Arabic Finnish Turkish
Which languages share a common ancestor? Many Indo-European languages have common words for snow, winter, spring; for dog, horse, cow, sheep bear but not camel, lion, elephant, or tiger; for beech, oak, pine, willow, but not palm or banyan tree. Some Indo-European Shared Words
Indo-European Language Family (50% of World) Main Branches: Germanic - Dutch, German Romance - Spanish, French Baltic-Slavic - Russian Indo-Iranian - Hindu, Bengali
Indo-European Language Family - Germanic Branch West Germanic English (514 million) German (128) Dutch (21) East Germanic Danish (5) Norwegian (5) Swedish (9)
Germanic Branch - Icelandic Iceland colonized by Norwegians in AD 874. Largely unchanged because of isolation. Highly developed literary tradition. Ancient sagas can be read by modern speakers of Icelandic.
Germanic Branch - English Diffused throughout the world by hundreds of years of British colonialism. Brought to New World by British colonies in 1600s. Has become an important global lingua franca.
Development of English Germanic Tribes (Germany/Denmanrk) Jutes Angles Saxons Vikings (Norway) 9th - 11th Centuries Normans (French) Battle of Hastings, 1066 French was official language for 150 years.
Development of English - Adopted Words Germanic Tribes (Germany/Denmark) kindergarten, angst, noodle, pretzel Vikings (Norway) take, they, reindeer, window Normans (French) renaissance, mansion, village, guardian
Indo-European Language Family - Romance Branch Like English these languages have been spread by Colonialism. Spanish (425 million) Portuguese (194) - most in Brazil French (129) Italian (62) Romanian (26)
Indo-European Family - Romance Branch The Roman Empire, at its height in 2nd century A.D., extinguished many local languages. After the fall of Rome in the 5th century, communication declined and languages evolved again. Literature was all written in Latin until the 13th and 14th centuries. Dante Alighieri’s 1314 Inferno written in vulgar latin (Florentine).
Sino-Tibetan Language Family (20%) Branches: Sinitic - Mandarin (1075), Cantonese (71), Austro-Thai (77) - Thai, Hmong Tibeto-Burman - Burmese (32) Chinese languages based on 420 one syllable words with meaning infered from context and tone.
Afro-Asiatic Language Family Main Branch: Semitic Arabic(256) Language of the Koran; spread by Islamic Faith and Islamic (Ottoman) Empires Hebrew (5) Language of the old Testament (with Aramaic); completely revived from extinction in Israel, 1948.
Niger-Congo Difffusion proto-Bantu peoples originated in Cameroon- Nigeria They spread throughout southern Africa AD 1 - 1000 Bantu peoples were agriculturalists who used metal tools Khoisan peoples were hunter-gatherers and were no match for the Bantu. Pygmies adopted Bantu tongue and retreated to forest Hottentots and Bushmen retained the clicks of Khoisan languages
Language Complexity In Nigeria ethnic conflict between southern Ibos and western Yoruba led the government to move the capital to a more neutral central location (Abuja). Many other ethnic battles rage continuously. In Switzerland, four official languages, a history of peace and tolerance, and a political system that puts power in the hands of local leaders ensure peace. Nigeria has more than 200 individual languages!
Key Points Language is a fundamental element of cultural identity. Languages diverge via migration and isolation. Small languages are disappearing as a result of globalization. Languages that share a common ancestor belong to the same family. Language diversity is a source of political conflict in the world. McDonald’s, Israel | <urn:uuid:adf921d5-1502-4f58-b604-cbd2a6f52de9> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | http://slideplayer.com/slide/3915668/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125945648.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20180422193501-20180422213501-00122.warc.gz | en | 0.802974 | 3,427 | 3.953125 | 4 |
Magnesium sulfate is given to many pregnant women to treat preterm labor and preeclampsia and was recently shown to prevent cerebral palsy; however little is known about how it works. Researchers at Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine recently discovered the mechanism by which magnesium reduces the production of cytokines.
Cytokines are molecules responsible for regulating inflammation; they play a key role conditions, such as diabetes, obesity, atherosclerosis, asthma, and alcoholic liver disease and cirrhosis. Although the study related to pregnancy, inflammation is the culprit of many conditions and learning more about individual's magnesium levels may help a much broader patient population.
In a study published in The Journal of Immunology, the laboratories of Helene Bernstein, MD, PhD, and Andrea Romani, MD, PhD, reported that magnesium decreases inflammation by reducing the activity of cells' primary protein, Nuclear Factor Kappa Beta (NF-kB), and the subsequent production of cytokines. This new insight offers a promising new immunotherapeutic strategy by which a simple nutrient, known to be safe based on its extensive usage in obstetric settings, can decrease inflammation in diseases other than pregnancy, including in other sepsis, respiratory distress syndrome, asthma, atherosclerosis, diabetes and cancer. The cost of all of these diseases in the United States exceeds $200 billion annually.
"We really didn't understand how or why magnesium worked, which was frustrating for both physicians and patients. As cytokines levels at birth are the strongest predictor of cerebral palsy and are associated with preterm birth, we asked whether magnesium influences cytokine production. The concept that such a small molecule decreases inflammation is exciting and relevant to other diseases. Now that we understand how magnesium functions, we can figure out how to make it work even better," says Dr. Bernstein, associate professor of reproductive biology and molecular biology and microbiology, Case Western Reserve School of Medicine, OB/GYN at University Hospitals MacDonald Women's Hospital, and senior author of the study.
The physician-scientists are now examining how magnesium could be used therapeutically, looking at factors including dosage, timing, frequency, and delivery method. Further research is needed to pinpoint magnesium sulfate's broader applicability.
"The last decade has registered an incredible progress in understanding the basics of magnesium homeostasis both at the cellular and whole body level. Yet, a significant gap still exists when our knowledge about magnesium is compared to that of calcium, sodium, potassium, or hydrogen. As efforts continue to elucidate magnesium regulation and effects, more effective 'therapeutic approaches' will become applicable to patient health care," says Andrea Romani, MD, PhD, associate professor of physiology and biophysics, Case Western Reserve School of Medicine and first author of the study.
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Any federal labor laws regarding salary employees come from the US Department of Labor (DOL). The purpose is to regulate treatment, payment and safety of employees. State departments of labor also share the same interests, and several regulations specifically address salary employees.
A worker who earns wages per hour is entitled to overtime pay for any amount worked that exceeds 40 hours per week. Overtime pay is time and a half for wage employees, and that's generally easy to figure out. However, with salary employees, overtime is more difficult to determine. The DOL has specified that some salary employees are exempt from overtime, while others are entitled to overtime pay. The DOL specifies that exempt salary employees must meet criteria of an executive employee (manager or department head), and administrative employee (influence in matters of significance) and learned professionals (specialized knowledge). Other exempt salary employees are outside sales employees and computer professionals.
According to the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA), an employer must pay an exempt employee the full daily salary for any amount of work that the employee performs for that day. This applies even if the employee performs only a few minutes of work that day. However, the employee is open to discipline per the company policy for simply deciding to take a day off without prior arrangements.
The FLSA labor laws allow an employer to dock a salaried employee's pay under certain conditions. These include whether the employee is under a disciplinary suspension, utilizing the Family and Medical Leave Act that allows time off without pay and when the employee needs to handle personal affairs and has no vacation time or sick leave to use. Other situations where it is permissible to dock a salaried employee's pay is if she is serving on a jury, however, the employer can only dock the monetary compensation the employee received while on the jury. The same is true for temporary military leave-the employer can only dock the amount of compensation received.
Labor laws regarding lunch breaks vary from state to state and employer to employer. Employers must make their policies as clear as possible to avoid confusion over break time and payment during that time.
What is casual employment? Casual employees usually work fewer than 1,000 hours a year, and they can help businesses meet a sudden rise in demand. | <urn:uuid:5f566b82-3dca-4566-a803-d798e36d83c4> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.life123.com/career-money/business-law/employment-laws/labor-laws-regarding-salary-employees.shtml | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394011173115/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305091933-00012-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.964322 | 454 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Motorcycle Manual: Ride Within Your Abilities
Ride Within Your Abilities
Basic Vehicle Control
This manual cannot teach you how to control direction, speed or balance. That is something you can learn only through practice. But control begins with knowledge of your abilities and to ride within them, along with knowledge of the rules of the road.
To control a motorcycle well:
- Posture—Sit so you can use your arms to steer the motorcycle rather than to hold yourself up.
- Seat—Sit far enough forward so that arms are slightly bent when you hold the handle grips. When you bend your arms it permits you to press on the handlebars without having to stretch.
- Hands—Hold the handle grips firmly to keep your grip over rough surfaces. Start with your right wrist flat. This will help you keep from accidentally using too much throttle. Also, adjust the handlebars so your hands are even with or below your elbows. This permits you to use the proper muscles to steer with precision.
- Knees—Keep your knees against the gas tank to help you keep your balance as the motorcycle turns.
- Feet—Keep your feet firmly on the Foot pegs to maintain balance. Do not drag your feet. If your foot catches on something, you can be injured and it could affect your control of the motorcycle. Keep your feet near the controls so you can get to them fast . Also, do not let your toes point downward—they may get caught between the road and the foot pegs.
There is more when you change gears than a simple smooth pickup of speed.
The ability to use the gears when you downshift, turn or start on hills is important for safe motorcycle operation.
Shift down through the gears with the clutch as you slow or stop. Remain in first gear while you are stopped so that you can move out quickly if you need to.
Make certain you are riding slowly enough when you shift into a lower gear. If not, the motorcycle will lurch, and the rear wheel may skid. When you ride downhill or shift into first gear you may need to use the brakes to slow enough before you downshift safely. Work toward a smooth, even clutch release, especially when you downshift.
It is best to change gears before you enter a turn. However, sometimes a shift while in the turn is necessary. If so, a sudden change in power to the rear wheel can cause a skid.
Your motorcycle has two brakes: one each for the front and rear wheel. Use both of them at the same time. The front brake is more powerful and can provide at least three-quarters of your total power to stop. The front brake is safe to use if you use it properly. Remember:
- Use both brakes every time you slow or stop. When you use both brakes for even “normal” stops it will permit you to develop the habit or skill of using both brakes properly in an emergency. Squeeze the front brake and press down on the rear. If you grab at the front brake or jam down on the rear, you can cause the brakes to lock. This results in control problems.
- If you know the technique, you can use both brakes in a turn, although it should be done very carefully. When you lean on the motorcycle some of the traction is used for when you corner. Less traction is available for stopping. A skid can occur if you apply too much brake. Also, if you use the front brake incorrectly on a slippery surface, it can be hazardous. Use caution and squeeze the brake lever, never grab.
- Some motorcycles have integrated brake systems that link the front and rear brakes together when you apply the rear brake pedal. (Consult the owner manual for a detailed explanation on the operation and use of these systems.)
Riders often try to take curves or turns too fast. When they cannot hold the turn, they end up in another lane of traffic or off the road. Or, they overreact and brake too hard, which causes a skid and loss of control. Approach turns and curves with caution.
Use four steps for better control:
SLOW— Reduce speed before the turn. Close the throttle and, if necessary, apply both brakes.
LOOK — Look through the turn to where you want to go. Turn just your head, not your shoulders, and keep your eyes level with the horizon.
LEAN—To turn, the motorcycle must lean. To lean the motorcycle, press on the handgrip in the direction of the turn. Press left—lean left—go left. Press right—lean right—go right. Higher speeds and/or tighter turns require the motorcycle to lean more.
ROLL — Roll on the throttle through the turn to stabilize suspension. Maintain steady speed or accelerate gradually through the turn. This will help keep the motorcycle stable.
In normal turns, the rider and the motorcycle should lean together at the same angle.
In slow tight turns, lean the motorcycle only and keep your body straight.
3. When you ride, you should:
A. Turn your head and shoulders to look though turns.
B. Keep your arms straight.
C. Keep your knees away from the gas tank.
D. Turn just your head and eyes to look where you are going.
Keep Your Distance
The best protection you can have is distance—a “cushion of space”—all around your motorcycle. If someone else makes a mistake, distance permits you:
- Time to react.
- Space to maneuver.
In some ways the size of the motorcycle can work to your advantage. Each traffic lane gives a motorcycle three paths of travel, as indicated in the illustration.
Your lane position should:
- Increase your ability to see and be seen.
- Avoid others’ blind spots.
- Avoid surface hazards.
- Protect your lane from other drivers.
- Communicate your intentions.
- Avoid wind blast from other vehicles.
- Provide an escape route.
Select the appropriate path to maximize your space cushion and make yourself more easily seen by others on the road.
In general, there is no single best position for riders to be seen and to maintain a space cushion around the motorcycle. No portion of the lane need be avoided — including the center. LANE POSITION
Position yourself in the portion of the lane where you are most likely to be seen and you can maintain a space cushion around you. Change position as traffic situations change. Ride in path 2 or 3 if vehicles and other potential problems are on your left only. Remain in path 1 or 2 if hazards are on your right only. If vehicles are being operated on both sides of you, the center of the lane, path 2, is usually your best option.
The oily strip in the center portion that collects drippings from cars is usually no more than two feet wide. Unless the road is wet, the average center strip permits adequate traction to ride on safely. You can operate to the left or right of the grease strip and still be within the center portion of the traffic lane. Avoid riding on big buildups of oil and grease usually found at busy intersections or toll booths.
When You Follow Another Vehicle
“Following too closely” is a major factor in crashes that involve motorcyclists. In traffic, motorcycles need as much distance to stop as cars. Normally, a minimum of two seconds distance should be maintained behind the vehicle ahead.
To gauge your following distance:
- Pick out a marker, such as a pavement marking or lamppost, on or near the road ahead.
- When the rear bumper of the vehicle ahead passes the marker, count off the seconds: “one-thousand-one, one-thousand-two.”
- If you reach the marker before you reach “two,” you are too close. A two-second following distance leaves a minimum amount of space to stop or swerve if the driver ahead suddenly stops. It also permits a better view of potholes and other hazards in the road. A larger cushion of space is needed if your motorcycle will take longer than normal to stop. If the pavement is slippery, if you cannot see through the vehicle ahead or if traffic is heavy and someone may squeeze in front of you, open up a three-second or more distance. Keep well behind the vehicle ahead even when you are stopped. This will make it easier to get out of the way if someone bears down on you from behind. It will also give you a cushion of space if the vehicle ahead starts to back up for some reason. When behind a car, ride where the driver can see you in the rearview mirror. Riding in the center portion of the lane should put your image in the middle of the rearview mirror—where a driver is most likely to see you.
Riding at the far side of a lane may permit a driver to see you in a side view mirror. But remember that most drivers do not look at their side view mirrors nearly as often as they check the rearview mirror. If the traffic situation allows, the center portion of the lane is usually the best place for you to be seen by the drivers ahead and to prevent lane sharing by others.
When You Are Being Followed
Speeding up to lose someone who follows too closely only ends up with someone trying to tailgate you at a higher speed. A better way to handle tailgaters is to get them in front of you. When someone follows too closely, change lanes and let them pass. If you cannot do this, slow down and open up extra space ahead of you to allow room for both you and the tailgater to stop. This will also encourage them to pass. If they do not pass, you will have given yourself and the tailgater more time and space to react in case an emergency does develop ahead.
The Art of Passing and Being Passed
When you pass or are passed by another vehicle, it is not much different than with a car. However, visibility is more critical. Be sure other drivers see you, and that you see potential hazards.
- Ride in the left portion of the lane at a safe distance to increase your line of sight and make you more visible. Signal and check for oncoming traffic. Use your mirrors and turn your head to look for traffic behind.
- When safe, move into the left lane and accelerate. Select a lane position that does not crowd the car as you pass and provides space to avoid hazards in your lane.
- Ride through the blind spot as quickly as possible.
- Signal again, and complete mirror and head checks before you return to your original lane and then cancel signal.
Remember, passes must be completed within posted speed limits, and only where permitted. Know your signs and road markings!
When you are being passed from behind or by a vehicle from the opposite direction, stay in the center portion of your lane. Riding any closer to them could put you in a hazardous situation. Avoid being hit by:
- The other vehicle—A slight mistake by you or the passing driver could cause a sideswipe.
- Extended mirrors—Some drivers forget that their mirrors hang out farther than their fenders.
- Objects thrown from windows— Even if the driver knows you’re there, a passenger may not see you and might toss an object on you or the road ahead of you.
- Blasts of wind from larger vehicles—They can affect your control. You have more room for error if you are in the middle portion when hit by this blast than if you are on either side of the lane.
Do not move into the portion of the lane farthest from the passing vehicle. It might invite the other driver to cut back into your lane too early.
4. Usually, a good way to handle tailgaters is to:
A. Change lanes and let them pass.
B. Use your horn and make obscene gestures.
C. Speed up to put distance between you and the tailgater.
D. Ignore them.
When You Share a Lane
Cars and motorcycles cannot share a lane safely. Lane sharing is permitted only for two motorcycles. When you ride between rows of stopped or moving cars in the same lane, it can leave you vulnerable to the unexpected. A hand could come out of a window; a door could open; a car could turn suddenly. Discourage lane sharing by others. Keep a center-portion position whenever drivers might be tempted to squeeze by you. Drivers are most tempted to do this:
- In heavy, bumper-to-bumper traffic.
- When they want to pass you.
- When you prepare to turn at an intersection.
- When you move into an exit lane or leave a highway.
When Cars Merge
Drivers on an entrance ramp may not see you on the highway. Give them plenty of room. Change to another lane if one is open. If there is no room for a lane change, adjust speed to open up space for the driver making the merge.
Do not ride next to cars or trucks in other lanes if you do not have to. You might be in the blind spot of a car in the next lane, which could switch into your lane without warning. Cars in the next lane also block your escape if you come upon danger in your own lane. Speed up or drop back to find a place clear of traffic on both sides.
Good experienced riders remain aware of what is going on around them. They improve their riding strategy with SEE, a three-step process used to make appropriate judgments, and apply them correctly in different traffic situations:
Let's examine each of these steps.
Search aggressively ahead, to the sides and behind to avoid potential hazards even before they arise. How assertively you search, and how much time and space you have, can eliminate or reduce harm. Focus even more on finding potential escape routes in or around intersections, shopping areas and school and construction zones.
Search for factors such as:
- Traffic from the other direction may turn left in front of you.
- Traffic from the left and right.
- Traffic from behind.
- Hazardous road conditions. Be especially alert in areas with limited visibility.
Visually “busy” surroundings could hide you and your motorcycle from others.
Think about how hazards can interact to create risks for you. Anticipate potential problems and have a plan to reduce risks.
- Stationary Objects— potholes, guardrails, bridges, telephone poles and trees won’t move into your path but may influence your strategy as you ride.
- Traffic control devices— Look for traffic signals. This includes regulatory signs, warning signs, and pavement mark, to help you evaluate circumstances ahead.
- Other vehicles, pedestrians and animals—may suddenly into your path and increase the likelihood of a crash. Think about your time and space requirements in order to maintain a margin of safety. You must leave yourself time to react if an emergency arises.
Carry out your decision.
To create more space and minimize harm from any hazard:
- Communicate your presence with lights and/or horn.
- Adjust your speed by accelerating, stopping or slowing.
- Adjust your position and/or direction.
Apply the old adage "one step at a time" to handle two or more hazards. Adjust speed to permit two hazards to separate. Then deal with them one at a time as single hazards. Decision making becomes more complex with three or more hazards. Weigh consequences of each and give equal distance to the hazards.
In potential high risk areas, such as intersections, shopping areas, school and construction zones, cover the clutch and both brakes to reduce the time you need to react.
5. To reduce your reaction time, you should.
A. Ride slower than the speed limit.
B. Cover the clutch and the brakes.
C. Shift into neutral when slowing.
D. Pull in the clutch when turning.
The greatest potential for conflict between you and other traffic is at intersections. An intersection can be in the middle of an urban area or at a driveway on a residential street — anywhere traffic may cross your path of travel. Over one half of motorcycle/car crashes are caused by drivers entering a rider's right-of-way. Cars that turn left in front of you, including cars turning left from the lane to your right, and cars on side streets that pull into your lane, are the biggest dangers. Your use of SEE at intersections is critical.
There are no guarantees that others see you. Never count on "eye contact" as a sign that a driver will yield. Too often, a driver looks right at a motorcyclist and still fails to "see" him. The only eyes that you can count on are your own. If a car can enter your path, assume that it will. Good riders are always "looking for trouble" — not to get into it, but to stay out of it.
Increase your chances of being seen at intersections. Ride with your headlight on in a lane position that provides the best view of oncoming traffic. Provide a space cushion around the motorcycle that permits you to take evasive action.
As you approach the intersection, select a lane position to increase your visibility to the driver. Cover the clutch and both brakes to reduce reaction time.
Reduce your speed as you approach an intersection. After you have entered the intersection, move away from vehicles preparing to turn.
Do not radically change speed or position. The driver might think that you are preparing to turn.
If you approach a blind intersection, move to the portion of the lane that will bring you into another driver's field of vision at the earliest possible moment. In this picture, the rider has moved to the left portion of the lane — away from the parked car — so the driver on the cross street can see him as soon as possible.
When You Pass Parked Cars
When pass parked cars, stay toward the left of your lane. You can avoid problems caused by doors that may open, drivers who get out of cars or people who step out from between cars. If traffic from the other direction is present, it is usually best to remain in the centerlane position to maximize your space cushion. A bigger problem can occur if a driver does not check for traffic behind as he pulls away from the curb. Even if he does look, he may fail to see you. In either event, the driver might cut into your path. Slow down or change lanes to make room for someone who may cut in. Cars that make a sudden U-turn are the most dangerous. They may cut you off entirely and block the entire roadway and leave you with no place to go. Since you cannot tell what a driver will do, slow down and get his attention.
Sound your horn and continue with caution.
When You Park at the Roadside
Park at a 90-degree angle to the curb. Your rear wheel should touch the curb.
Remember, the key is to see as much as possible and remain visible to others while protecting your space.
If you have a stop sign or stop line, stop there first. Then edge forward and stop again, just short of where the cross-traffic lane meets your lane. From that position, lean your body forward and look around buildings, parked cars, or bushes to see if anything is coming. Just make sure your front wheel stays out of the cross lane of travel while you're looking.
In crashes with motorcyclists, drivers often say they never saw the motorcycle. From ahead or behind, a motorcycle outline is much smaller than that of a car. Also, it is hard to see an object you do not look for, and most drivers do not look for motorcycles. More likely, they will look through the skinny, two-wheeled silhouette in search of cars that may pose a problem to them.
Even if a driver does see you, you are not necessarily safe. Smaller vehicles appear farther away, and seem to be travel slower than they actually are. It is common for drivers to pull out in front of motorcyclists, as they think they have plenty of time. Too often, they are wrong. However, you can do many things to make it easier for others to recognize you and your motorcycle.
6. Making eye contact with other drivers:
A. Is a good sign they see you.
B. Is not worth the effort it takes.
C. Doesn't mean that the driver will yield.
D. Guarantees that the other driver will yield to you.
Most crashes occur in broad daylight. Wear bright colored clothes to help you be seen. Remember, your body is half of the visible surface area of the rider/motorcycle unit.
Bright orange, red, yellow or green jackets or vests are your best bets for visibility. Your helmet can do more than protect you in a crash. Brightly colored helmets can also help others see you.
Any bright color is better than drab or dark colors. Reflective, bright colored clothes (helmet and jacket or vest) is best. Reflective material on a vest and on the sides of the helmet will help drivers who come from the side spot you.
Reflective material can also be a big help for drivers from the other direction or from behind.
The best way to help others see your motorcycle is to keep the headlight on— at all times (motorcycles sold in the U.S. since 1978 have the headlights on automatically when running.) Studies show that, during the day, a motorcycle with its light on is twice as likely to be noticed. Use of the high beam during the day increases the likelihood that drivers from the other direction will see you. Use the low beam at night and in cloudy weather.
The signals on a motorcycle are similar to those on a car. They tell others what you plan to do. However, due to a rider’s added vulnerability, signals are even more important. Use them anytime you plan to change lanes or turn. Use them even when you think no one else is around. It is the car you do not see that is going to give you the most trouble. Your signal lights also make you easier to spot. That is why it is a good idea to use your turn signals even when what you plan to do is obvious.
When you enter onto a freeway, drivers who approach from behind are more likely to see your signal and make room for you.
When you turn your signal light on before each turn it reduces confusion and frustration for the traffic around you. Once you turn, make sure your signal is off or a driver may pull directly into your path, because he thinks you plan to turn again. Use your signals at every turn so drivers can react accordingly. Do not make them guess what you intend to do.
Your motorcycle brake light is usually not as noticeable as the brake lights on a car—particularly when your taillight is on. (It goes on with the headlight.) If the situation permits, flash your brake light before you slow down to help others notice you. It is especially important to flash your brake light before:
- You slow more quickly than others might expect (when you turn off a high-speed highway).
- You slow where others may not expect it (in the middle of a block or at an alley). If you are being followed closely, it is a good idea to flash your brake light before you slow. The tailgater may be watching you and not see something ahead that will make you slow down. This may discourage them from tailgating and warn them of hazards ahead they may not see.
Using Your Mirrors
While it is most important to keep track of what goes on ahead, you cannot afford to ignore situations behind. Traffic conditions change quickly. Knowledge of what is going on behind is essential for you to make a safe decision about how to handle trouble ahead. Frequent mirror checks should be part of your normal routine.
Make a special point to use your mirrors:
- When you are stopped at an intersection. Watch cars that approach from behind. If the driver is not attentive, he could be on top of you before he sees you.
- Before you change lanes. Make sure no one is about to pass you.
- Before you slow down. The driver behind may not expect you to slow, or may be unsure about where you will slow. For example, you signal a turn and the driver thinks you plan to turn at a distant intersection, rather than at a nearer driveway.
Some motorcycles have rounded (convex) mirrors. These provide a wider view of the road behind than do flat mirrors. They also make cars seem farther away than they really are. If you are not used to convex mirrors, get familiar with them. (While you are stopped, pick out a parked car in your mirror. Form a mental image of how far away it is. Then, turn around and look at it to see how close you came.) Practice with your mirrors until you become a good judge of distance. Even then, allow extra distance before you change lanes.
It is not enough to check your mirrors. Motorcycles have “blind spots” like cars. Before you change lanes, turn your head and look to the side for other vehicles. On a road with several lanes, check the far lane and the one next to you. A driver in the distant lane may head for the same space you plan to take. Frequent head checks should be your normal routine. Know the situation all around you.
Be ready to use your horn to get the attention of someone quickly. It is a good idea to give a quick beep before you pass anyone that may move into your lane. Here are some situations:
- A driver in the lane next to you is driving too closely to the vehicle ahead and may want to pass.
- A parked car has someone in the driver seat.
- Someone is in the street, riding a bicycle or on foot. In an emergency, press the horn button loud and long. Be ready to stop or swerve away from the danger. Keep in mind that a motorcycle horn is not as loud as a car horn, therefore, use it but do not rely on it. Other strategies may be appropriate along with the horn.
Riding at Night
At night it is harder for you to see and be seen. The ability to pick your headlight or taillight out of the car lights around you is not easy for other drivers.
To compensate, you should:
Reduce Your Speed—Ride even slower than you would during the day—particularly on roads you do not know well. This will increase your chances of avoiding a hazard.
Increase Distance—Distances are harder to judge at night than in daylight. Your eyes rely upon shadows and light contrasts to determine how far away an object is and how fast it is coming. These contrasts are missing or distorted under artificial lights at night. Open up a three-second distance or more when you follow. And allow more distance to pass and be passed.
Use the Car Ahead—The headlights of the car ahead can give you a better view of the road than even your high beam can. Its taillights bouncing up and down can alert you to bumps or rough pavement.
Use Your High Beam—Get all the light you can. Use your high beam whenever you are not following or meeting a car. Be visible, wear reflective materials when you ride at night.
Be Flexible About Lane Position-Change to whatever portion of the lane is best able to help you see, be seen and keep an adequate space cushion.
7. Reflective clothing should:
A. Be worn at night.
B. Be worn during the day.
C. Not be worn.
D. Be worn day and night.
No matter how careful you are, there will be times when you find yourself in a tight spot. Your chances of getting out safely depend on your ability to react quickly and properly. Often, a crash occurs because a rider is not prepared or skilled in crash-avoidance maneuvers.
Know when and how to stop or swerve, two skills critical to avoid a crash. It is not always desirable or possible to stop quickly to avoid an obstacle. Riders must also be able to swerve around an obstacle. How you determine the skill necessary for the situation is important as well. Studies show that most riders involved in crashes:
- Underbrake the front tire and overbrake the rear.
- Did not separate using brakes from a swerve or did not choose to swerve when it was appropriate.
The following information offers some good advice.
To stop quickly, apply both brakes at the same time. Do not be shy about using the front brake, but do not “grab” it, either. Squeeze the brake lever firmly and progressively. If the front wheel locks, release the front brake immediately then reapply it firmly. At the same time, press down on the rear brake. If you accidentally lock the rear brake on a good traction surface, keep it locked until you have completely stopped. Even with a locked rear wheel, you can control the motorcycle on a straightaway if it is upright and going in a straight line. Always use both brakes at the same time to stop. The front brake can provide 70 percent or more of the potential stopping power. If you must stop quickly when you turn or ride a curve, the best technique is to straighten the bike upright first and then brake. However, it may not always be possible to straighten the motorcycle and then stop. If you must brake while you lean, apply light brakes and reduce the throttle. As you slow, you can reduce your lean angle and apply more brake pressure until the motorcycle is straight and maximum brake pressure is possible.
You should “straighten” the handlebars in the last few feet of stopping, the motorcycle should then be straight up and in balance.
Swerves or Quick Turns
Sometimes you may not have enough room to stop, even if you use both brakes properly. An object might appear suddenly in your path. Or the car ahead might squeal to a stop. The only way to avoid a crash may be to turn quickly, or swerve around it. A swerve is any sudden change in direction. It can be two quick turns, or a rapid shift to the side. Apply a small amount of hand pressure to the handgrip located on the side of your intended direction of escape. This will cause the motorcycle to lean quickly. The sharper the turn(s), the more the motorcycle must lean. Keep your body upright and allow the motorcycle to lean in the direction of the turn while you keep your knees against the tank and your feet solidly on the foot rests. Let the motorcycle move underneath you. Make your escape route the target of your vision. Press on the opposite handgrip once you clear the obstacle to return you to your original direction of travel. To swerve to the left, press the left handgrip, then press the right to recover. To swerve to the right, press right, then left.
If Braking is Required, Separate it from Swerving
Brake before or after - never while swerving.
Riding a Curve
A primary cause of single-vehicle crashes is motorcyclists who run wide in a curve or turn and collide with the roadway or a fixed object. Every curve is different. Be alert to whether a curve remains constant, gradually widens, gets tighter or involves multiple turns. Ride within your skill level and posted speed limits. Your best path may not always follow the curve of the road. Change lane position as traffic, road conditions and curve of the road dictate. If no traffic is present, start at the outside of a curve to increase your line of sight and the effective radius of the turn. As you turn, move toward the inside of the curve, and as you pass the center, move to the outside to exit. Another alternative is to move to the center of your lane before you enter a curve—and stay there until you exit. This permits you to spot traffic that approaches as soon as possible. You can also adjust for traffic that crowds the center line, or debris that blocks part of your lane.
8. The best way to stop quickly is to:
A. Use the front brake only.
B. Use the rear brake first.
C. Throttle down and use the front brake.
D. Use both brakes at the same time.
How to Handle Dangerous Surfaces
Your chance of falling or being involved in a crash increases whenever you ride across:
- Uneven surfaces or obstacles.
- Slippery surfaces.
- Railroad tracks.
- Grooves and gratings.
Uneven Surfaces and Obstacles
Watch for uneven surfaces such as bumps, broken pavement, potholes or small pieces of highway trash. The best way to avoid obstacles is to slow down or go around them. If you must go over the obstacle, first, determine if it is possible. Approach it at as close to a 90° angle as possible. Look where you want to go to control your path of travel. If
you have to ride over the obstacle, you should:
- Slow down as much as possible before contact.
- Make sure the motorcycle is straight.
- Rise slightly off the seat with your weight on the foot pegs to absorb the shock with your knees and elbows, and avoid being thrown off the motorcycle.
Just before contact, roll on the throttle slightly to lighten the front end. If you ride over an object on the street, pull off the road and check your tires and rims for damage before you ride any farther.
Motorcycles handle better when ridden on surfaces that permit good traction. Surfaces that provide poor traction include:
- Wet pavement, particularly just after it starts to rain and before surface oil washes to the side of the road.
- Gravel roads, or where sand and gravel collect.
- Mud, snow, and ice.
- Lane markings, steel plates and manhole covers, especially when wet.
To ride safely on slippery surfaces:
- Reduce Speed—Slow down before you get to a slippery surface to lessen your chances of skidding. Your motorcycle needs more distance to stop. And, it is particularly important to reduce speed before you enter wet curves.
- Avoid Sudden Moves—Any sudden change in speed or direction can cause a skid. Be as smooth as possible when you speed up, shift gears, turn or brake.
- Use Both Brakes—The front brake is still effective, even on a slippery surface. Squeeze the brake lever gradually to avoid a lock of the front wheel. Remember, gentle pressure on the rear brake.
- The center of a lane can be hazardous when wet. When it starts to rain, ride in the tire tracks left by cars. Often, the left tire track will be the best position. This depends on traffic and other road conditions as well.
- Watch for oil spots when you put your foot down to stop or park. You may slip and fall.
- Dirt and gravel collect along the sides of the road—especially on curves and ramps that lead to and from highways. Be aware of what is on the edge of the road, particularly when you make sharp turns and get on or off freeways at high speeds.
- Rain dries and snow melts faster on some sections of a road than on others. Patches of ice tend to crop up in low or shaded areas and on bridges and overpasses. Wet surfaces or wet leaves are just as slippery. Ride on the least slippery portion of the lane and reduce speed. Cautious riders steer clear of roads covered with ice or snow. If you cannot avoid a slippery surface, keep your motorcycle straight up and proceed as slowly as possible. If you encounter a large surface so slippery that you must coast, or travel at a slow pace, consider letting your feet skim along the surface. If the motorcycle starts to fall, you can catch yourself. Be sure to keep off the brakes. If possible, squeeze the clutch and coast. If you attempt this maneuver at anything other than the slowest of speeds it could prove hazardous.
Railroad Tracks, Trolley Tracks and Pavement Seams
Usually it is safer to ride straight within your lane to cross tracks. Turning to take tracks head-on (at a 90° angle) can be more dangerous - your path may carry you into another lane of traffic.
For track and road seams that run parallel to your course, move far enough away from tracks, ruts, or pavement seams to cross at an angle of at least 45°. Then, make a quick, sharp turn. Edging across could catch your tires and throw you off balance.
Grooves and Gratings
Riding over rain grooves or bridge gratings may cause a motorcycle to weave. The uneasy, wandering feeling generally is not hazardous. Relax, maintain a steady speed and ride straight across. Crossing at an angle forces riders to zigzag to stay in the lane. The zigzag is far more hazardous than the wandering feeling.
9. When it starts to rain it is usually best to:
A. Ride in the center of the lane.
B. Pull off to the side until the rain stops
C. Ride in the tire tracks left by cars.
D. Increase your speed.
You can find yourself in an emergency the moment something goes wrong with your motorcycle. With any mechanical problem, take into account the road and traffic conditions you face. Here are some guidelines that can help you handle mechanical problems safely.
You will seldom hear a tire go flat. If the motorcycle starts to handle in a different manner, it may be a tire failure. This can be dangerous. You must be able to tell from the way the motorcycle reacts. If one of your tires suddenly loses air, react quickly to keep your balance. Pull off and check the tires. If the front tire goes flat, the steering will feel “heavy.” A frontwheel flat is particularly hazardous because it affects how you steer. You have to steer well to keep your balance. If the rear tire goes flat, the back of the motorcycle may jerk or sway from side to side.
If either tire goes flat while riding:
- Hold handlegrips firmly, ease off the throttle, and keep a straight course.
- If you must brake, however, gradually apply the brake of the tire that is not flat, if you are sure which one it is.
- When the motorcycle slows, edge to the side of the road, squeeze the clutch and stop.
Twist the throttle back and forth several times. If the throttle cable is stuck, this may free it. If the throttle remains stuck immediately operate the engine cut-off switch and pull in the clutch at the same time. This will remove power from the rear wheel, though engine noise may not immediately decline. Once the motorcycle is “under control,” pull off and stop.
After you have stopped, check the throttle cable carefully to find the source of the trouble. Make certain the throttle works freely before you start to ride again.
A “wobble” occurs when the front wheel and handlebars start to shake suddenly from side to side at any speed. Most wobbles can be traced to improper loading, unsuitable accessories or incorrect tire pressure. If you have a heavy load, lighten it. If you cannot, shift it. Center the weight lower and farther forward on the motorcycle. Make sure tire pressure, spring pre-load air shocks and dampers are at the settings recommended for that much weight. Make sure windshields and fairings are mounted properly. Check for poorly adjusted steering; worn steering parts; a front wheel that is bent, misaligned, or out of balance; loose wheel bearings or spokes; and swing arm bearings. If none of these are determined to be the cause, have the motorcycle checked out thoroughly by a qualified professional. Trying to “accelerate out of a wobble” will only make the motorcycle more unstable. Instead:
- Grip the handlebars firmly, but do not fight the wobble.
- Close the throttle gradually to slow down. Do not apply the brakes; this could make the wobble worse.
- Move your weight as far forward and down as possible.
- Pull off the road as soon as you can to fix the problem.
10. If your motorcycle starts to wobble:
A. Accelerate out of the wobble.
B. Use brakes gradually.
C. Grip the handlebars firmly and close the throttle gradually.
A chain that slips or breaks while you operate the motorcycle could lock the rear wheel and cause your cycle to skid. Chain slippage or breakage can be avoided by proper maintenance.
Slippage — If the chain slips when you try to speed up quickly or ride uphill, pull off the road. Check the chain and sprockets. It may help to tighten the chain . If the problem is a worn or stretched chain or worn or bent sprockets, replace the chain, the sprockets or both before riding again.
Breakage — You will notice an instant loss of power to the rear wheel. Close the throttle and brake to a stop.
When the engine “locks” or “freezes” it is usually low on oil. The moving parts of the engine cannot move smoothly against each other, and the engine overheats. The first sign may be a loss of engine power or a change in the engine sound. Squeeze the clutch lever to disengage the engine from the rear wheel. Pull off the road and stop. Check the oil. If needed, oil should be added as soon as possible or the engine will seize. When this happens, the effect is the same as a locked rear wheel. Let the engine cool before restarting.
Naturally, you should do everything you safely can to avoid a collision with an animal. If you are in traffic, however, remain in your lane. A collision with a small animal is less dangerous to you than a collision with big animal or object—like a car. Motorcycles seem to attract dogs. If you are chased, downshift and approach the animal slowly. As you approach it, accelerate away and leave the animal behind. Do not kick at an animal. Keep control of your motorcycle and look to where you want to go.
For larger animals (deer, elk, cattle) brake and prepare to stop, they are unpredictable.
11. If you are chased by a dog:
A. Kick it away.
B. Stop until the animal loses interest.
C. Swerve around the animal.
D. Approach the animal slowly, then speed up.
From time to time riders are struck by insects, cigarettes thrown from cars or pebbles kicked up by the tires of the vehicle ahead. If you are wearing face protection, it might get smeared or cracked. This makes it difficult to see. Without face protection, an object could hit you in the eye, face or mouth. Whatever happens, keep your eyes on the road and your hands on the handlebars. When safe, pull off the road and repair the damage.
How to Get Off the Road
If you need to leave the road to check the motorcycle (or just to rest for a while), be sure you:
- Check the roadside—Make sure the surface of the roadside is firm enough to ride on. If it is soft grass, loose sand, or if you are just not sure about it, slow way down before you turn onto it.
- Signal—Drivers behind might not expect you to slow down. Give a clear signal that you will slow down and change direction. Check your mirror and make a head check before you take any action.
- Pull off the road—Get as far off the road as you can. It can be very hard to spot a motorcycle by the side of the road. You do not want someone else to pull off at the same place you are.
- Park carefully—Loose and sloped shoulders can make setting the side or center stand difficult.
How to Carry Passengers and Cargo
Only experienced riders should carry passengers or large loads. The extra weight changes the way the motorcycle handles, balances, turns, speeds up and slows down. Before you take a passenger or heavy load on the street, practice away from traffic.
To carry passengers safely:
- Equip and adjust your motorcycle to carry passengers.
- Instruct the passenger before you start.
- Adjust your riding technique for the added weight.
Equipment should include:
- A proper seat — large enough to hold both of you without crowding. You should not sit any farther forward than you usually do.
- Foot rests — for the passenger. Firm footing prevents your passenger from a fall off the cycle, which could possibly pull you off too.
- Protective equipment — the same protective gear recommended for operators.
Adjust the suspension to handle the additional weight. You will probably need to add a few pounds of pressure to the tires if you carry a passenger. (Check your owner's manual for appropriate settings.) While your passenger sits on the seat with you, adjust the mirror and headlight according to the change in the motorcycle's angle.
How to Instruct Passengers
Even if your passenger is a motorcycle rider, provide complete instructions before you start. Tell your passenger to:
- Get on the motorcycle only after you have started the engine.
- Sit as far forward as possible without crowding you.
- Hold firmly to your waist, hips, or belt.
- Keep both feet on the pegs, even when stopped.
- Keep legs away from the muffler(s), chains or moving parts.
- Stay directly behind you, and lean as you lean.
- Avoid unnecessary talk or motion.
- Also, tell your passenger to tighten his or her hold when you:
- Approach surface problems.
- Are about to start from a stop.
- Warn that you will make a sudden move.
12. Passengers should:
A. Lean as you lean.
B. Hold on to the motorcycle seat.
C. Sit as far back as possible.
D. Never hold onto you.
When You Ride With Passengers
Your motorcycle will respond more slowly with a passenger on board. The heavier your passenger, the longer it will take to slow down, speed up, or turn—especially on a light motorcycle.
- Ride a little slower, especially when taking curves, corners, or bumps.
- Start slowing earlier as you approach a stop.
- Open up a larger cushion of space ahead and to the sides.
- Wait for larger gaps to cross, enter, or merge in traffic.
Warn your passenger of special conditions—when you will pull out, stop quickly, turn sharply or ride over a bump. Turn your head slightly to make yourself understood, but keep your eyes on the road ahead.
When You Carry Loads
Most motorcycles are not designed to carry much cargo. Small loads can be carried safely if positioned and fastened properly.
- Keep the Load Low—Fasten loads securely or put them in saddle bags. Piling loads against a sissy bar or frame on the back of the seat raises the motorcycle’s center of gravity and disturbs its balance.
- Keep the Load Forward—Place the load over, or in front of, the rear axle. Tank bags keep loads forward, but use caution when you load hard or sharp objects. Make sure the tank bag does not interfere with the handlebars or controls. When you put loads behind the rear axle, it can affect how the motorcycle turns and brakes. It can also cause a wobble.
- Distribute the Load Evenly—Load saddlebags with about the same weight. An uneven load can cause the motorcycle to drift to one side.
- Secure the Load—Fasten the load securely with elastic cords (bungee cords or nets). Elastic cords with more than one attachment point per side are more secure. A tight load will not catch in the wheel or chain, which can cause it to lock up and skid. Rope tends to stretch and knots come loose, which permits the load to shift or fall.
- Check the Load—Stop and check the load every so often to make sure it has not worked loose or moved.
If you ride with others, do it in a way that promotes safety and doesn't interfere with the flow of traffic.
Keep the Group Small
Small groups make it easier and safer for car drivers who need to get around them. A small number isn't separated as easily by traffic or red lights. Riders will not always be hurrying to catch up. If your group is larger than four or five riders, divide it up into two or more smaller groups.
Keep the Group Together
- Plan — The leader should look ahead for road changes and signal early so "the word gets back" in plenty of time. Start lane changes early to permit everyone to complete the change.
- Put Beginners Up Front — Place inexperienced riders just behind the leader. That way the more experienced riders can watch them from the back.
- Follow Those Behind — Let the tailender set the pace. Use your mirrors to keep an eye on the person behind. If a rider falls behind, everyone should slow down a little to stay with that rider.
- Know the Route — Make sure everyone knows the route. Then, if someone is separated they will not have to hurry to keep from getting lost or taking a wrong turn. Plan frequent stops on long rides.
Keep Your Distance
Maintain close ranks but at the same time keep a safe distance to allow each rider in the group time and space to react to hazards. A close group takes up less space on the highway, is easier to see and is less likely to be separated. However, it must be done properly.
Don’t Pair Up—Never operate directly alongside another rider. There is no place to go if you have to avoid a car or something on the road. To talk, wait until you are both stopped.
This is the best way to keep ranks close yet maintain an adequate space cushion. The leader rides in the left side of the lane, while the second rider stays one second behind in the right side of the lane.
A third rider maintains in the left position, two seconds behind the first rider. The fourth rider would keep a two-second distance behind the second rider. This formation keeps the group close and permits each rider a safe distance from others ahead, behind and to the sides.
- Passing in Formation—Riders in a staggered formation should pass one at a time.
- First, the lead rider should pull out and pass when it is safe. After he passes, the leader should return to the left position and continue at passing speed to open room for the next rider. After the first rider passes safely, the second rider should move up to the left position and watch for a safe chance to pass. After he passes, this rider should return to the right position and open up room for the next rider. Some people suggest the leader should move to the right side after he passes a vehicle. This is not a good idea. It encourages the second rider to pass and cut back in before there is a large enough space cushion in front of the passed vehicle. It is simpler and safer to wait until there is enough room ahead of the passed vehicle to allow each rider to move into the same position held before the pass.
It is best to move into a single-file formation when riding curves, turning, entering or leaving a highway.
After the first rider passes safely, the second rider should move up to the left position and watch for a safe chance to pass. After passing, this rider should return to the right position and open up room for the next rider.
13. When riding in a group, inexperienced riders should position themselves:
A. Just behind the leader.
B. In front of the group.
C. At the tail end of the group.
D. Beside the leader. | <urn:uuid:a7daa2e7-1ea7-407b-9747-6e1c44d32849> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | https://dmv.ny.gov/driver-training/motorcycle-manual-ride-within-your-abilities | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039743854.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20181117205946-20181117231946-00393.warc.gz | en | 0.937162 | 10,808 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Lat: 32.0°S, Long: 22.1°E, Diam: 84 km, Depth: 3.44 km, Rükl: 67, pre-Nectarian
(IAU Directions) ZAGUT.--The most westerly of a group of closely associated irregular walled-plains, of which Lindenau and Rabbi Levi are the other members, all evidently deformed and modified in shape by their proximity. It is about 45 miles in diameter, and is enclosed by a wall which on the S.E. attains a height of about 9,500 feet, and is much broken on the N. by a number of depressions. A large ring-plain, some 20 miles in diameter, occupies a considerable portion of the E. side of the interior; W. of which, and nearly central, there is a large bright crater, but apparently no other conspicuous details. On the S.W. side of Zagut lies an elliptical ring-plain, about 28 miles in diameter, named by Schmidt CELSIUS. The border of this is open on the N., the gap being occupied by a large crater, whose S. wall is wanting, so that the interiors of both formations are in communication.
Depth data from Kurt Fisher database
- Westfall, 2000: 3.44 km
- Viscardy, 1985: 3.2 km
- Cherrington, 1969: 2.98 km
- Satellite craters Zagut D, L and R are on the ALPO list of bright ray craters.
- Satellite crater Zagut A is on the ALPO list of banded craters
Abraham Zacuto (Abraham Ben Samuel Zagut) (ca. 1450-ca. 1510) was a Sephardi Jew astronomer, astrologer, mathematician and historian who served as Royal Astronomer in the 15th Century to King John II of Portugal.
A Portfolio of Lunar Drawings (Harold Hill), pages 196, 197. | <urn:uuid:9f231bc5-e7e8-4b96-af76-499c038684f9> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | http://the-moon.us/wiki/Zagut | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320303845.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20220122103819-20220122133819-00273.warc.gz | en | 0.884246 | 464 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Coronavirus (COVID -19)
If you have Coronavirus (Covid-19) symptoms, you should get a test. You can find information about the most common symptoms of Covid-19 at NHS Inform – these include:
- a new, continuous cough
- a fever or high temperature (37.8C or over)
- a loss of, or change in, sense of smell or taste
The Scottish Government are continually reviewing testing arrangements, for the most up-to-date guidance, check out their website here. For further information from NHS Inform around different types of tests, follow this link.
NHS Inform have also produced this really handy Self-Assessment Guide to help you determine if you require a Covid-19 test. You can also call 0800 028 2816 (open 8am – 10pm each day) for help with any questions that you have about Covid-19, including testing arrangements.
Across Scotland, there are both drive-through and walk-through testing sites, and you can find the most current list of where all of these are here.
Test and Protect
Test and Protect is the public health approach being taken in Scotland to attempt to prevent the spread of Covid-19 in the community. NHS Inform have put together information and guidance on Test and Protect, which you can find on their website.
COVID Vaccination Clinics
Dalkeith Medical Practice will not be running COVID vaccination clinics 2021/22
All groups will be offered appointments by letter, operated by Midlothian Health and Social Care Partnership
If you have queries concerning the COVID vaccine please visit NHS Inform or call the national helpline 0800 030 8013 8am-8pm | <urn:uuid:d1b4bd6c-3c20-4839-9d3a-e9a9b667d013> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://dalkeithmedical.co.uk/health-advice | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103329963.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20220627073417-20220627103417-00561.warc.gz | en | 0.93276 | 367 | 2.515625 | 3 |
On November 23, 1944, a Royal Air Force antiaircraft unit stationed outside Cortonburg, Belgium observed a B-17 Flying Fortress flying towards them. The massive U.S. Army Air Forces bomber approached at high speed with its landing gears down.
With no landing scheduled, the base personnel presumed it was an emergency landing situation and reacted accordingly. The Flying Fortress proceeded to execute that emergency landing by plowing into a nearby field.
Having just barely avoided crashing into the unit’s guns, the aircraft’s landing was so fast and uncontrolled that the propellers snapped off and both wings slapped into the earth during the descent. Three engines continued rumbling, and the base personnel awaited what would clearly be a rattled crew.
For over fifteen minutes the soldiers on the ground waited for the bomber crew’s to appear, but no one left the damaged plane. After twenty minutes of nothing, Major John V. Crisp cautiously approached the B-17.
Lacking knowledge of the aircraft, it took him a moment to find an entry hatch. Eventually finding the hatch under the fuselage, the Major opened it and entered the bomber alone. His own words best describe what he found:
We now made a thorough search and our most remarkable find in the fuselage was about a dozen parachutes neatly wrapped and ready for clipping on. This made the whereabouts of the crew even more mysterious. The Sperry bomb-sight remained in the Perspex nose, quite undamaged, with its cover neatly folded beside it. Back on the navigator’s desk was the code book giving the colours and letters of the day for identification purposes. Various fur-lined flying jackets lay in the fuselage together with a few bars of chocolate, partly consumed in some cases.
Amazingly, the B-17’s crew was nowhere in sight. Not even their dead bodies remained in the bomber. The only significant clue seemed to be the last note in the codebook: “bad flak.” Despite such a message, the only damage the bomber had sustained was from its landing. More to the point, the parachutes remained, meaning if anyone did bail out, they must have done so to certain death.
The B-17 became known as the “Phantom Fortress,” and it took some time to form an idea of what might have occurred. The bomber itself was confirmed to be from the 91st Bombardment Group. The Phantom’s last mission involved bombing oil refineries in Merseburg, Germany. During this mission, something went awry.
The crew, amazingly, were found to be alive and accounted for in Belgium. According to them, the bomb rack had developed a problem. When they veered away from the group to resolve the issue, they took enemy fire which further damaged the rack and took out one of the engines.
The crew then decided to head for England, but when it became clear the bomber wouldn’t make it, they changed course to Brussels, Belgium. Along the way they jettisoned excess weight to keep the B-17 aloft. The Phantom continued to flounder, so the crew set the craft to autopilot and bailed out.
The crew’s story did not match the evidence, as the bomber seemed to suffer none of the damage they had described. Attempts to bridge the two are reasonably plausible, though still odd.
The engines may have kicked back into working order on their own after the crew bailed. The initial investigators, lacking knowledge of aircraft and only knowing of flak damage from the exiting end, could have mistaken battle damage for crash damage.
Though plausible, neither of those theories account for the crew’s parachutes remaining on board. They also cannot explain how the bomber managed the most difficult aspect of flying: landing in something resembling a single piece. The Phantom’s unmanned crash landing was a first, and left many wondering just how it happened.
The best theory developed boiled down to coincidence. The bomber, losing altitude at the right speed and angle for a descent, happened to crash land in a way as only such a legendarily sturdy bomber could theoretically do.
Many theories and few answers surrounded the Phantom Fortress. None of them have been fully explained, and the bomber’s unmanned landing remains one of the many strange and mysterious things that have been known to occur during warfare. | <urn:uuid:ec7b9f98-9f5f-4d44-ab64-b339c550f78a> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.warhistoryonline.com/instant-articles/phantom-fortress-b-17.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510462.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20230928230810-20230929020810-00873.warc.gz | en | 0.972147 | 905 | 3.1875 | 3 |
- "Many hundreds of seasons ago, there was a great war between Ewoks and Duloks. The Duloks had come to destroy that which is most precious to our tribe: our Soul Trees. But Erpham Warrick devised this machine, which led the Ewoks to victory! The Soul Trees were saved, and the Duloks were driven into the swamps."
The First Battle of the Soul Trees was an early confrontation in the Ewok-Dulok War between the Ewoks of Bright Tree Village and the Duloks of the Dulok Swamp. During the battle, an army of Duloks attempted to cut down the Ewoks' Soul Trees with stone axes. The Ewok Erpham Warrick fought back with the Ewok battle wagon, a war machine he had constructed, and forced the invaders back to their swamps. | <urn:uuid:bbc8c979-7164-495e-8be3-be2e638088b7> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://starwars.wikia.com/wiki/First_Battle_of_the_Soul_Trees?oldid=3842750 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999642523/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060722-00004-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.966871 | 178 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Saturn’s Deep, Dark Secret
Titan, the only major body in the solar system that we haven’t gotten a good look at, is about to be outed.
MOST OF US PROBABLY FEEL THAT WE SPEND LONG, tedious intervals in the shadows awaiting brief moments of glory.
But spare a thought for the European Space Agency’s Huygens planetary probe. After a seven-year cruise through space, the 700-pound disk, stuffed with electronic instruments, will spend as little as three minutes on the surface of Titan, the largest moon of Saturn. Then it will either sink beneath a burbling methane ocean or be abandoned in frozen Titanic wastes forevermore. And that’s if everything goes well.
Yet Huygens and its ground controllers in the German suburb of Darmstadt will in those three minutes see what no one has seen before. Titan, which is larger than Mercury and almost half the size of Earth, is surrounded by a dense gaseous atmosphere that has kept its surface hidden—from the Voyager probes, which flew by in 1980 and ’81; from the Hubble Space Telescope, which measured the moon’s surface reflectivity in 1994; and from the cloud-penetrating radar of the Arecibo Observatory in Puerto Rico, which in 2001 and 2002 detected glints from Titan’s radar-reflective areas. To know the surface of Titan, scientists must send an observer to descend beneath the atmosphere. ESA’s Huygenauts don’t even know if their vessel will land on a hard surface or liquid; they figure the chances for either at 50-50.
What they do know is that Titan’s atmosphere, which Huygens will study for a whole two and a half hours before its finale on the surface, is intriguingly like Earth’s probably was four billion years ago, when fledgling organic compounds like methane first began to vary the choking miasma of nitrogen. Life as we know it cannot evolve on Titan, thanks to average temperatures of –289 degrees Fahrenheit. But the great moon is “a unique laboratory for studying the pre-biotic soup,” in the loving phrase of Jean-Pierre Lebreton, the 54-year-old French physicist who has given most of his working life to Huygens and is ESA’s top scientist on the project. “There’s a large list of hydrocarbon molecules, indicating something very strange and complex is going on in the atmosphere and on the surface,” he says. “Basic information about how life was created that is erased on Earth may be frozen for us to study on Titan.”
The Huygens project—named for Christiaan Huygens, the Dutch astronomer who in 1655 discovered Titan—is something of a pioneer back on Earth too. It is Europe’s farthest stab by far into the universe. It is also the first spacecraft of any country to attempt a landing—hairsplitters would say an “impact”—in the outer solar system.
“By the time we get the first pictures, we will have either succeeded spectacularly or failed spectacularly.” So concludes David Salt, one of two British techies minding Huygens’ so-far quiescent bank of computer monitors in a bunker-like control room in the Darmstadt basement. Either way, it will be too late to do anything about it. With Huygens 80 light-minutes from Earth (compared to nine for the Mars landers recently in the news), a round-trip radio signal, even assuming it penetrated the Titanic haze, would take longer than Huygens’ planned 150-minute plunge through the atmosphere. The little craft—all of eight feet in diameter and looking Star Wars-adorable hunkered behind a cap-like heat shield—will be alone in the impenetrable fog of strange and complex hydrocarbons.
At about 200 miles above Titan’s surface, the heat shield will brake the craft from 12,400 mph to 870 mph in less than two minutes. Sensing the reduced speed, accelerometers on board should trigger the release of the first of three parachutes, meant to slow the craft to about 12 mph so its impact with the surface will be survivable. When the first chute deploys and the shell is jettisoned, the science instruments kick in, and the distilled genius of another pint-size explorer—the European Space Agency, which figures its budget at six percent of NASA’s—goes to work.
ESA has had help. Plenty of American know-how is at work on Huygens too. For one thing, the probe is hitching a ride to Saturn on a NASA spacecraft named Cassini (after Renaissance Italian skywatcher Gian Domenico Cassini, who discovered one of the gaps in Saturn’s rings). Cassini will begin to orbit Saturn on July 1 and, sweeping by Titan with its infrared camera and radar, will upstage Huygens with the first glimpses of the moon’s surface. Six and a half months later, Cassini will drop Huygens off to visit Titan, relay (it is hoped) Huygens’ data feeds, then head off on its own four-year tour of the ringed planet.
Huygens carries a transatlantic suite of instruments. An Aerosol Collector and Pyrolyzer, built in Paris, will grab samples of Titan’s atmosphere during descent, vaporize them, and feed the results for analysis to a spectrometer constructed at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Maryland. The Italian-made Huygens Atmospheric Instrument, which senses lightning and other electrical activity in the moon’s sky, works with a Descent Imager and Spectral Radiometer (that is to say, a camera and radiation sensor), contributed by the University of Arizona.
Cassini-Huygens scientists insist that their real purpose will be fulfilled above Titan’s surface, as the instruments log chemistry, electricity, winds, and the rest of it. “The main mission is going through the atmosphere,” Lebreton says. “The rest is bonus, if we get anything back.”
But Louis Friedman, executive director of the Planetary Society, lets the cat out of the bag when he reveals what his California-based space advocacy group and the growing community of Internet space watchers want from Huygens. “If we could ever get an image from close to the surface,” he says, “that would be just awesome.”
Astronomers have argued about the surface of Titan since the 1970s when they found evidence of a thick cloud deck in its atmosphere. Data from the Voyager spacecraft in 1980 spurred the theory that Titan was all one great methane ocean, but near-infrared observations by the Hubble telescope in 1994 showed dark and light patches, indicating a mix, but not revealing what was producing the differences: Continents? Oceans? Craters? One prominent surface feature in the Hubble images is a bright area about the size of Australia. Huygen’s landing site is on the Titan equator west of the feature, in a dark area.
So if it survives its descent through the atmosphere, what might the little probe see? “Almost certainly craters,” says Jonathan I. Lunine, a Huygens scientist with the University of Arizona. “Maybe interesting and exotic landforms and erosional features.” Other scientists have suggested mountains covered in methane snow.
Lebreton says he would rather Huygens come down in a methane lake. Amid all the wizardry of sending robots to Saturn, his reason is comically simple. If the capsule hits solid ground, the impact might topple it, pointing its antenna away from Cassini and sending its transmissions into empty space. If it lands on liquid, Lebreton says, Huygens should float for five to 10 minutes, and for at least three of those precious minutes, its batteries will continue to power transmissions. In the ideal scenario—Huygens on land and upright after a fast descent—the transmission window could be as long as two hours before the mothership and its receivers disappear beneath Titan’s horizon. But Lebreton, who started working on what would become Huygens in 1984, would rather take his three minutes guaranteed.
As he approaches the spectacular climax of his career, Lebreton worries about more than Huygens tipping over. ESA is still coming to grips with the failure of another planetary lander, Beagle II, which last Christmas disappeared inexplicably during its descent to Mars. European cosmocrats are at pains now to distinguish Huygens from Beagle. The Mars craft was a shoestring adventure, they say, built for $80 million. It was built with partial funding from private U.K. companies, and its operational headquarters was at England’s Open University in Milton Keynes, north of London. Huygens, adequately funded at $400 million, was incubated and bred at ESA’s own scientific center, a sprawling campus-like complex tucked behind the North Sea dunes at Noordwijk, in the Netherlands.
Huygens ran into a serious problem all its own in February 2000, when a semi-annual systems checkup revealed that its communications with Cassini were garbled. Diagnosing the fault was relatively simple: The receiver that ESA had installed on the mothership had not been designed to cope with the extreme Doppler shift in radio frequencies that would occur after the probe separates from and transmits its data back to Cassini. Fixing it, on a spacecraft cruising around the solar system, was anything but simple.
With Cassini-Huygens well beyond repairman range, the only solution left was to attempt to reduce the Doppler shift so that the transmitted signals would fall within the receiver’s designed bandwidth. That required ESA and NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in southern California to remap much of the Saturn mission, so that Cassini would be moving past Titan on the right track to receive the data transmitted from Huygens.
The long-distance adjustments took three years, as the two mission controls modeled possible trajectories, then programmers furiously wrote software instructing the spacecraft in their new routines. Huygens will now disengage from Cassini on the mothership’s third pass by Titan after entering orbit around Saturn. That will happen this December 25, about six weeks later than originally planned. At the time of separation, both craft will be on a course to collide with the moon. The lander will coast another 2.5 million miles to do just that, but five days after the separation, Cassini will fire maneuvering thrusters—“slam on the brakes,” as deputy program manager Earl Maize puts it—to change course and orient itself so that when Huygens starts transmitting, Cassini’s high-gain antenna will be pointed toward Titan. The success of the Huygens mission depends on this maneuver.
In the meantime, Huygens will sleep until an onboard timer, set at separation, wakes up the craft’s batteries and computers as Huygens approaches Titan’s atmosphere. The batteries have enough power for the two-and-a-half-hour trip to the surface—plus an adequate reserve, in case the fall doesn’t pulverize the probe.
Huygens folk say they were compensated for the labor and stress of redesigning the mission by the Americans’ helpful attitude. “NASA’s cooperation has been magnificent,” says David Salt at Darmstadt. “JPL altered its whole four-year tour of Saturn to accommodate us. At this level it’s not just a design problem. It’s a political compromise too.”
To core Cassini-Huygens scientists, the partnership between Darmstadt and Pasadena is nearly as thrilling as the lander’s experience on Titan’s surface will be—and, they fear, as ephemeral. “We thought we would open a new era of international planetary enterprise,” says Toby Owen, a University of Hawaii astronomer who in 1980, with French colleague Daniel Gautier, championed what would eventually become Cassini-Huygens. “But it didn’t happen, and it’s a little sad that it didn’t. Now America and Europe are each planning their own missions to Mercury. Why do we need two?”
Though necessary for ambitious space missions like Cassini-Huygens, international collaborations are now jeopardized by the U.S. security climate—in particular, stepped-up enforcement of the International Technology and Arms Restrictions, or ITAR, regulations. Even as the Internet makes sharing research much simpler technically, planetary scientists fear that paranoia will squelch future global space coordination. “The fact that I had to take my clothes off and be searched on a U.S. domestic flight because of my British accent creates an unpleasant impression,” says David Southwood, the Imperial College of London physicist who is ESA’s chief scientist. “But when we’re securing a box of electronics for NASA on board the International Space Station without being allowed to know what’s in it, that really makes the working climate difficult.”
ESA depends on NASA’s cooperation for its broader ambitions. European planetary craft would be helpless, for instance, without the U.S. Deep Space Network of communication radar antennas. But the ITAR regulations are discouraging. “Cooperation with NASA is more and more difficult,” says Jean-Pierre Lebreton. “They don’t want Europe working on any subsystems which they see as on a critical path.”
The Planetary Society’s Louis Friedman believes that Cassini-Huygens could probably not have been done without international cooperation, and he worries about the new U.S. policy of going it alone. “The recently announced lunar mission and Mars sample return are all being planned domestically without international involvement,” he says, “which I think is a huge mistake.”
Space exploration has always been an odd blend of millennial vision and civil-service bureaucracy, and Cassini-Huygens has seen extremes of both during its quarter-century gestation. The visionaries who got it started were inspired, in their various countries, by Voyager, which opened the outer solar system in the early 1980s and convinced space aficionados that unmanned missions could be as much of a rush as Apollo. “I remember investigators fighting for a seat at the terminals at JPL so they could look at Voyager images on closed circuit,” recalls the University of Arizona’s Jonathan Lunine. Titan, obviously reachable yet still unseen, struck this throng of scientific imaginations as a natural focus followup.
The idea of Europe going to Saturn, David Southwood recalls, was at the time “seen as laughable” to anyone outside the visionary circle and many within. ESA had been formed only seven years before—in 1973, when John Glenn was already a U.S. senator and Yuri Gagarin was long dead—and its mission, beyond building a rocket with a French name, was unclear. Then Daniel Gautier found a resourceful ally in Wing Ip, an astronomer who lobbied for a Titan probe while at Germany’s Max Planck Institute in the early 1980s and now works at Taiwan’s National Central University. When in 1982 ESA put out an all-points-bulletin for mission proposals, Ip set to work on a Titan plan. “ESA was very flexible just then,” Ip notes. “It was a chance that didn’t happen often and might not happen again.”
Not that Ip—who was born in Macau, earned his doctorate at the University of California at San Diego, and then followed his thesis adviser to Max Planck—immediately found common language with Gautier, a Parisian who in the Voyager period was working at NASA’s Goddard center. “Daniel, being French, thought he owned Titan and no one should interfere with his plans,” Ip remembers. “But eventually he agreed to talk to me.”
Upstart ESA was raising the level of its game elsewhere too. In 1985, it showed up NASA by sending the Giotto probe to Halley’s Comet, cooperating with the Soviets and Japanese, who also sent spacecraft. The United States alone sat out the mission to Halley.
Besides the independent streak in U.S. space policy, NASA’s bureaucratic customs differ from those of ESA, most markedly in budgetary practices. The 15 nations that kick in funds to Europe’s space agency make up their collective mind slowly. The Huygens team worked for five years before its first presentation to the ESA board, and final project approval came only in 1988. But once a project is okayed, funding is locked in until the mission is finished, and that rigidity proved a lifesaver for Cassini-Huygens during decades of shifts in the U.S. Congress’ moods. ESA’s firm resolution stayed Congress’ hand in 1993-’94, when budget hawks had Cassini in their sights, Toby Owen recalls. “When we were hanging by a thread, the director general of ESA wrote to Newt Gingrich telling him Europe wouldn’t support the International Space Station if the U.S. didn’t back Cassini,” Owen relates. “Without ESA, we wouldn’t be here.”
“Here,” for the little disk of hope and dreams called Huygens, is two billion miles away and approaching Saturn, its computers to be awakened for one final diagnostic before Christmas, when it cuts its Cassini umbilical cord and hurtles into black space. For space veterans like Toby Owen and Daniel Gautier, “here” tends to be a restless orbit around the globe, anywhere there are ideas to be shared and plans to be laid for the next grand scheme—a lander for Jovian moons Europa and Ganymede, a Titan orbiter accompanied by balloons that could float and photograph just above the surface. Requests for interviews for this story found Huygens scientists perpetually somewhere else—the Arizonans in Grenoble or London, the Parisians at Goddard and JPL.
For Lebreton and the cadre of scientists who have coddled Cassini-Huygens through the years, “here” means approaching one of the watersheds of their lives, and some disquiet can be expected. François Raulin, a University of Paris professor who is Huygens’ senior chemist, speaks for the group when he is asked what happens if the mission flops. “I don’t want to think about that,” he answers flatly. What they can do from here on to avoid spectacular (if noble) failure or assure spectacular success is exactly nothing.
Charting the trajectory of a path-breaking space mission like Cassini-Huygens reveals a vivid paradox: Those who push the edges of mankind’s envelope must live by old-fashioned—certainly pre-Baby Boomer—principles of patience and dedication, soldiering on for decades in the face of technical and political obstacles, and living always with the significant chance that it won’t work—that all you will have for the best years of your life is a good, honorable try. Offsetting this insecurity, space scientists live with an old-fashioned faith: that they are part of a great venture whose ultimate success is inevitable, whether now or a generation hence. | <urn:uuid:95ec1c42-1d69-478d-9f2b-9b0159867e42> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://www.smithsonianmag.com/air-space-magazine/saturns-deep-dark-secret-5923562/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224648850.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20230602172755-20230602202755-00797.warc.gz | en | 0.946203 | 4,208 | 3.359375 | 3 |
Learn how to create your own apps/games on your way to becoming the next “appillionaire”.
This fun-filled week teaches the basics of App/Game creation for a variety of mobile (iOS (iPhone/iPad), Android, Tizen), console (Wii U), web (Facebook), and computer platforms (Mac, Windows, Linux) using the free visual development environment Construct 2 on a Windows computer.
Along the way, you will learn the fundamentals of user interface design, touch controls, graphics editing, and app/game design. Students will work on projects of their own choosing which will be presented at and judged by parents on the last day.
All participants will leave with their very own app/game they can share with the world. No previous app or game design experience is required. Mobile devices and computers will be provided to all students to use during the program. | <urn:uuid:6600815d-893e-4e95-8ec2-7bd0d772a7f3> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://outreachatimsa.com/2017/06/02/app-game-development-imsa/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141176256.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20201124111924-20201124141924-00409.warc.gz | en | 0.928433 | 184 | 2.765625 | 3 |
[youtube height=”HEIGHT” width=”WIDTH”]https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KISSamuyztY[/youtube]
[message_box title=”Bahamas National Trust Fact Sheet: Nassau Grouper” color=”yellow”]
NASSAU GROUPER: SCIENTIFIC NAME
The Nassau Grouper belongs to the Seabass family of fish. All Seabass have strong, stout bodies and large mouths. Five dark brown bands, a black saddle-like spot near the tail fin, and a dark streak running from its nose through its eye are features that distinguish the Nassau Grouper from other groupers. The dorsal fin is notched between for ward spines. The Nassau Grouper can change colour from pale to almost black to match its surroundings. It can grow to 1 to 2 feet long and can reach a maximum of 4 feet and weigh fifteen pounds or more. Nassau Groupers may live for more than 25 years. The Nassau Grouper is a valuable fisheries re source and an important part of the coral reef community. The grouper is usually found in caves, crevices and cracks of the reef. It is rarely found deeper than 90 feet. This fi sh often rests on the sea bottom, blending with its surroundings. Nassau groupers are found through out the Caribbean Sea.[space]
Nassau Groupers, like most Seabass are predators. They sit camouflaged out side the openings of caves, and wait for unsuspecting prey to swim by. They see well without much light, and often hunt at dawn and dusk when other fi sh are looking for shelter or waking up. Groupers eat many animals such as lobster, crab, octopus and shrimp.[space]
Groupers spawn around the full moon during late December or early January after the seawater has begun to cool. They gather around banks by the thousands to spawn. Around this time they change colour: black on top and white on its belly. Spawning takes place at sunset when males and females move from the shallows and into deep water. Here they rise quickly to the surface in small groups releasing eggs and milt into the open sea. Males are often seen nudging the bellies of females as both sexes swim rapidly toward the surface. Spawning continues for several days following the occurrence of the full moon. Nassau grouper eggs are clear, less than 1 millimetre in diameter and they are buoyant. After they are fertilized they are carried away from the reef by the wind and tide. Within 20 – 45 hours baby fish called larvae hatch from these tiny eggs. After a month at sea, the ocean currents return the larvae to the reef. Of the million or so eggs released by each female, less than 1% will live and grow into adults. Nassau Groupers can begin life as a female and then switch to male. Change can hap pen at any time after maturity – when they reach 10 to 24 inches long and 5 – 6 years old. Male groupers are larger and thus targeted by fishermen. This can result in a shortage of sperm. In response to heavy fi sh ing pressure resulting in limited sperm, it is possible that a female may change to a male before reproducing as a female. In some groupers, there is no sex change.[space]
There is a strong local market for the Nassau Grouper. Traditional dishes such as Boiled fish and Grouper fingers, keep the Nassau Grouper in high demand. The fishing of Groupers provides hundreds of thousands of dollars in income to fishermen around The Bahamas.[space]
Nassau grouper is eaten by barracudas, lizard fish, dolphins, sharks and other large predators of the reef community. But the predators that have the biggest impact on the grouper population are humans. People are fishing groupers before they can grow to maturity and reproduce. Sex change may also cause a problem. In undisturbed areas there are usually equal numbers of male and females. In heavily fished areas there are often three or more times more females than males. This means many eggs will not be fertilized during spawning. Other threats include, habitat destruction, coral breakage from divers, siltation from construction, runoff from logging and agriculture, dredging, sewage, oil spills and other contaminants that harm coral reefs where Nassau Groupers live.[space]
There are a number of measures that can be taken to protect and manage the Nassau grouper:
- Establish Marine parks and Reserves where the fi shing of grouper is prohibited.
- Establish a minimum harvestable size limit and enforce the minimum legal size for a grouper which is 3 pounds.
- Protect spawning aggregation sites – because of fishing at these sites, groupers are susceptible to overfishing.
- Develop alternative fishing strategies: encourage fishermen to catch other species of fish.
- Support the Closed Season for Grouper during the designated dates (December – February).
For a downloadable PDF version of the fact sheet, visit the Bahamas National Trust’s website. The Bahamas National Trust Co-hosts Caribbean Shark Conservation Symposium: Expanded regional shark protections discussed during meeting | <urn:uuid:2e1da953-3fc9-445a-96e9-f0c510e60fbd> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://staging.epicdiving.com/nassau-grouper/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573172.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818063910-20220818093910-00039.warc.gz | en | 0.928774 | 1,128 | 3.21875 | 3 |
The Mercedes-Benz Museum, designed by Dutch architectural design studio UNStudio, is more than just a modern exhibition space featuring over 150 vehicles. What makes it especially unique is that it houses the world's strongest artificial tornado. The showcasing venue itself is built similar to the Guggenheim with a central atrium that is viewable from the spiraling levels of the space that surrounds it. The man-made air vortex is located in this spacious central clearing, reaching from the ground floor up to the ceiling of the structure.
The tornado simulation, though an attraction in its own right, was initially created as a safety precaution in case of a fire. The whirling air system is intended to expel smoke emissions from within the building. It is said to take about 7 minutes for the 144 jets that line the interior walls to get 28 tons of smoke to whirl into a 112-foot-high tornado and escape through vents in the roof. While the establishment doesn't wish to have to use the safety measures, it has proven to be an audience attraction in Stuttgart, Germany.
Check out the video, below, to see the artificial tornado in motion. | <urn:uuid:41d74243-e1e7-4113-8929-1656c4ee1a1b> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://mymodernmet.com/unstudio-mercedes-benz-museum-tornado | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510179.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20230926075508-20230926105508-00084.warc.gz | en | 0.963949 | 234 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Bowland & Pendle
Bowland & Pendle - Introduction
The Forest of Bowland is a western outlier of the Pennines. Physically quite separate from the main range it comes closest to meeting other high ground in the limestone area of the southern Yorkshire Dales. While there are pockets of limestone to be found on the Bowland moors the underlying rock, as with so much of the Pennines, is millstone grit (gritstone). While lacking the exciting gritstone features of the Dark Peak area of the Peak District there are modest outcrops to be found especially on Clougha Pike, Ward's Stone and Wolfhole Crag.
Bowland & Pendle Gallery: Click on the photos below to enlarge.
Apart from the north eastern corner that lies in North Yorkshire most of Bowland lies in Lancashire. This was not always the case and prior to the 1974 boundary changes much of the area lay in the old West Riding of Yorkshire. The historical county boundary was once marked by the Grey Stone of Trough sat at the summit of the well know Trough of Bowland road, the only modern road that cross the area from east to west.
Recent Walks in Bowland & Pendle
|25/10/14 - Clougha Pike||21/04/14 - Hodder Bank Fell||05/10/13 - Beacon Fell|
Bowland became a royal hunting ground in 1332 and it is this that gives the Forest of Bowland its name rather than any great concentration of woodland. At one time deer, boar and wolves would have been hunted here. Today much of the moorland is managed for grouse shooting and occasionally one comes across a well made shooter's track along with its attendent grouse butts.
In 1964 much of the area was designated as part of the newly formed Forest of Bowland Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. About 13% of the AONB has also been designated a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) for its important areas of heather moorland and blanket bog.
The AONB also includes Pendle Hill and its immediate environs which are separated from the Bowland fells by the wide Ribble Valley. Pendle Hill itself is one of the most easily recognisable Pennine hills and is famous for its links with the notorious Pendle witches. Pendle Hill dominates the local landscape in a way matched by few other hills in northern England. Excluded from the AONB but worth a visit is Weets Hill above Barnoldswick.
While Bowland cannot offer the limestone delights of the Dales, the gritstone edges of the Peak or the altitude of any of the higher Pennine summits it does offer some wonderfully remote, if sometimes rough, walking for the adventurous. The fact that it lacks the glamour of Peak District, Dales or Lake District is something of an advantage as it is rare to see many walkers away from some of the more accessible summits such as Parlick. Bowland is a place I feel a great deal of affection for and is somewhere that I look forward to continue exploring in the future. | <urn:uuid:f81a6c8b-a26f-4818-beb7-b17065123afa> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://www.mypennines.co.uk/bowland-and-pendle/index.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1430457655609.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20150501052055-00095-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.953899 | 648 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Study Shows 15% Wells Have Methane
A new study found a number of upstate wells already have explosive levels of methane gas even if they're not near a drilling site.
December 18, 2013
New York (WENY) - Opponents of drilling in New York are worried about the risks of contaminating the drinking water in the state. A new study found a number of upstate wells already have explosive levels of methane gas even if they're not near a drilling site.
A new federal study released Tuesday from the U.S. Geological Survey found that 15 percent of groundwater samples from 66 household wells across south-central New York contained naturally occurring methane at levels high enough to require monitoring.
None of the water wells are within a mile of existing or abandoned natural gas wells. Methane is an odorless, colorless gas that can be explosive in high concentration. The levels in four of the wells were so high that water coming out of a tap could potentially be lit with a match, or be an explosive risk.
The study area included about 1,800 square miles in parts of Broome, Tioga, Chemung, Chenango and Delaware counties. | <urn:uuid:fe09fbe9-2bda-4f0b-8721-06d4783de4c2> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://www.weny.com/regional-news/regional-news/new-study-shows-15-percent-of-wells-have-methane-121813 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500834258.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021354-00196-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.949839 | 239 | 2.75 | 3 |
For courses in Photography
The most comprehensive, up-to-date resource for today's photography students
Photography helps students learn how to make photographs, how to control photographic processes, and how different photographers employ them for their own creative purposes. As with each edition of this hallmark text, authors Barbara London, Jim Stone, and John Upton provide comprehensive yet practical coverage of both the traditional practice of photography and the now-dominant contemporary digital techniques. Integrating material on chemical and digital processes throughout, the Twelfth Edition offers fully up-to-date coverage of digital techniques, equipment, and workflow. | <urn:uuid:d2e149ce-9990-45d8-8990-9f69830d14b5> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://www.ecampus.com/photography-12e-12th-london-upton/bk/9780134482026 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501170651.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104610-00357-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.911549 | 121 | 2.78125 | 3 |
On April, 15th, 1895 the first Niagara Generator, which bore Tesla’s name and patent numbers, was tested . It ran at full speed, 250 revolutions per minute, and proved quite satisfactory.
This Niagara Falls, N.Y. power plant went into operation on August 25, 1895. The Adams Power buildings would see extended building expansion and equipment added continuously for the next 7 years. The current and still remaining Adams Transformer House building was designed by the architectural firm of McKim, Mead and White, who also designed other important architecture such as the Brooklyn Museum in New York City and the National Museum of American History in Washington, D.C. This massive project used locally quarried limestone from nearby Queenston, Ontario, Canada. The Cataract Construction Company and architectural firm made the decision to employed mostly tradesman and stonemasons from Italy who could provide the expert craftsmanship for the beautiful architectural designs of Mr. Stanford White. The power generator and transformer houses were built near the upper Niagara River. Powerhouse One was designed for twenty-one generating units. A channel brought water from the river to the generators, which then passed into a 7000-ft tunnel, the earth’s gravity moving the water downward beneath the city, eventually making its way to the lower Niagara River below the falls and ending near the present-day site of the Rainbow Bridge. This 16 million brick tunnel measured 18-ft by 21-ft and required over 3 years to build.
The Adams Power Plant at start had three generators producing 5,000 horsepower each, or 2,200 volts. The plant operated by Nikola Tesla’s ideas and designs for large generators that produced enough AC (alternating current) to enable the electric current to travel twenty-two miles from the Niagara Falls area to the city of Buffalo, New York. Much of the power was relayed through a building in the village of North Tonawanda, N.Y. called Power House No. 4, that acted as a terminal for the Buffalo and Niagara Electric Train Company. In the following year, on November 16, 1896, the power plant’s energy was powering electric lights 400 miles away in New York City. By 1905, it was producing and providing one-tenth of the United States’ electrical power.
The “Niagara Falls Power Company” triggered the development and the industrialization of city of Niagara Falls. The original Westinghouse generators remained in operation until 1961. The Adam’s Transformer House is the only surviving building of the original Edward Dean Adams Power Plant. In 1998 a local business person, Mr. Peter Fontanarosa, purchased the building. He and his family have diligently taken on the task of care taker for the past 17 years. We are forever thankful for his insight and hard work in maintaining this national and historic building for the future.
Power Point Presentation by Daniel Davis
Download is 62 megabytes, it could take 20-30 seconds of time !
A Brief History of the Edward Dean Adams Power Plant
By Paul Gromosiak (Illustrations by Dan Davis)
The Day They Turned The Falls On:
The Invention Of The Universal Electrical Power System | <urn:uuid:b49049a2-69b3-4323-b1e7-73e34e06c1b6> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | http://www.teslaniagara.org/resources/the-adams-power-plant/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891814857.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20180223213947-20180223233947-00340.warc.gz | en | 0.94881 | 654 | 3.5 | 4 |
Functional disconnection is the disintegrated function in the brain in the absence of anatomical damage, in distinction to physical disconnection of the cerebral hemispheres by surgical resection, trauma or lesion. The concept was first coined by Leisman; and Sroka, Solsi, and Bornstein Applications have included alexia without agraphiadyslexia,persistent vegetative state and minimally conscious state as well as autistic spectrum disorders.
Functional disconnection is not a medically recognized condition.
Witelson reported in 1977 that developmental dyslexia may be associated with (i) bi-hemisphere representation of spatial functions, in contrast to the unitary right hemisphere control of these functions observed in normal individuals. The bilateral neural involvement in spatial processing may interfere with the left hemisphere's processing of its own specialized functions and result in deficient linguistic, sequential cognitive processing and in overuse of the spatial, holistic cognitive mode, reflecting a functional disconnection syndrome in these individuals confirmed by Leisman in the 1980s and in the 2000s.
The concept of functional disconnection developed further with Stachowiak and Poeck in 1976. who reported on a case in 1976 of a 67-yr-old male with hemianopia resulting from a cerebrovascular accident resulting in pure alexia and a color naming deficit that he suggested was due to a functional disconnection mechanism. He noted that the underlying disconnection mechanism is improved by the facilitating effect of unblocking methods (in the tactile, somesthetic, auditory, and visual systems), so that pathways other than the one impaired by the brain lesion are used.
Friston in 1998 presented a mechanistic account of how dysfunctional integration among neuronal systems arises, based on the central role played by synaptic plasticity in shaping the connections. He hypothesized that the pathophysiology of schizophrenia is expressed at the level of modulation of associative changes in synaptic efficacy; specifically the modulation of plasticity in those brain systems responsible for emotional learning and emotional memory in the postnatal period. This modulation is mediated by ascending neurotransmitter systems that: (i) have been implicated in schizophrenia; and (ii) are known to be involved in consolidating synaptic connections during learning. The pathophysiology results in a disruption of the reinforcement of adaptive behavior consistent with the disintegrative aspects of the disorder. Kim and colleagues in 2003 further described the disconnection hypothesis in schizophrenia as the result of a prefrontal-parietal lobe functional disconnection, particularly prefrontal dissociation and abnormal prefrontal-parietal interaction during working memory processing.
The concept of functional disconnection developed still further when it was applied to the understanding of the nature of autistic spectrum disorder. Geschwind and Levitt in 2007 suggested a model of the symptoms of autism in which higher-order association areas of the brain that normally connect to the frontal lobe are partially disconnected during development explaining the heterogeneity of autism etiology. The autism group at Cambridge University provided evidence that the functional connectivity of medial temporal lobe structures specifically is abnormal in people with Asperger’s syndrome at least during fearful face processing. Melillo and Leisman have similarly concluded that a functional disconnection syndrome is a basis for explaining the symptoms of autistic spectrum disorder.
- ^Leisman G. (1972). Neurological organisation of the brain damaged physically handicapped child. Manchester, UK: Unpublished thesis, University of Manchester.
- ^Leisman G. (1976). Basic visual processes and learning disability. Springfield. IL: Charles C. Thomas. pp. 124–187. ISBN 978-0-398-03454-2.
- ^ abSroka H, Solsi P, Bornstein B (1973). "Alexia without agraphia with complete recovery". Confinia Neurologica. 35 (3): 167–176. doi:10.1159/000102840. PMID 4541303.
- ^ abLeisman G, Ashkenazi A (1980). "Aetiological factors in dyslexia: IV. Cerebral hemispheres are functionally equivalent". International Journal of Neuroscience. 11 (3): 157–164. doi:10.3109/00207458009147581. PMID 7440087.
- ^Leisman G, Koch P (2009). "Networks of conscious experience: computational neuroscience in understanding life, death, and consciousness". Reviews in the Neurosciences. 20 (3–4): 151–176. doi:10.1515/revneuro.2009.20.3-4.151. PMID 20157986.
- ^Melillo R, Leisman G (2009). "Autistic spectrum disorders as functional disconnection syndrome". Reviews in the Neurosciences. 20 (2): 111–131. doi:10.1515/revneuro.2009.20.2.111. PMID 19774789.
- ^Guy Boulton (November 14, 2010). "Doctors skeptical of center's claims". Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. Retrieved November 24, 2014.
- ^Witelson SF (1977). "Developmental dyslexia: two right hemispheres and none left". Science. 195 (4275): 309–311. doi:10.1126/science.831280. PMID 831280.
- ^Leisman G (2002). "Coherence of hemispheric function in developmental dyslexia". Brain and Cognition. 48 (2–3): 157–164. doi:10.1006/brcg.2001.1394. PMID 12030482.
- ^StachowiakF-J, Poeck K. (1976). "Functional disconnection in pure alexia and color naming deficit demonstrated by facilitation methods". Brain and Language. 3 (1): 135–143. doi:10.1016/0093-934X(76)90010-9. PMID 1268693.
- ^Friston KJ (1998). "The disconnection hypothesis". Schizophrenia Research. 30 (2): 115–125. doi:10.1016/s0920-9964(97)00140-0. PMID 9549774.
- ^Kim JJ, Kwon JS, Park HJ, Youn T, Kang DH, Kim MS, Lee DS, Lee MC (2003). "Functional disconnection between the prefrontal and parietal cortices during working memory processing in schizophrenia: A[15(O)]H2O PET study". American Journal of Psychiatry. 160 (5): 919–923. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.160.5.919. PMID 12727696.
- ^Geschwind DH, Levitt P (2007). "Autism spectrum disorders: developmental disconnection syndromes". Current Opinion in Neurobiology. 17 (1): 103–111. doi:10.1016/j.conb.2007.01.009. PMID 17275283.
- ^Welchew DE, Ashwin C, Berkouk K, Salvador R, Suckling J, Baron-Cohen S, Bullmore E (2005). "Functional disconnectivity of the medial temporal lobe in Asperger's syndrome". Biological Psychiatry. 57 (9): 991–998. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.01.028. PMID 15860339.
- ^Melillo R, Leisman G (2009). Neurobehavioral disorders of childhood: An evoloutionary perspective. New York, NY: Springer. ISBN 978-1-4419-1232-9.
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Ferrarelli F., Tononi G. The thalamic reticular nucleus and schizophrenia. Schizophr. Bull. 2011;37:306–315. | <urn:uuid:8b6b58eb-42a0-4ce3-bad2-cc702aa3d0ed> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | http://qfxono.webz.cz/359-friston-disconnection-hypothesis-statement.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267860041.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20180618031628-20180618051628-00623.warc.gz | en | 0.667143 | 3,640 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Rare Case of aHUS Found in Man with Lipoprotein Glomerulopathy
Researchers have reported a rare case of atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS) in a 21-year-old Swiss-Indonesian man with lipoprotein glomerulopathy (LPG), an inherited kidney disease associated with fat accumulation in the organ’s small blood vessels.
The findings suggest that the later development of aHUS, which also affects the kidney’s small blood vessels, may have accelerated the patient’s kidney function decline.
The study, “Case Report: Lipoprotein Glomerulopathy Complicated by Atypical Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome,” was published in the journal Frontiers in Medicine.
aHUS is a rare disease characterized by the formation of blood clots in small blood vessels, particularly those in the kidneys, which may result in red blood cell destruction, low platelet counts, and kidney failure.
The condition is caused by the abnormal activation of the alternative pathway of the complement system, a set of more than 30 blood proteins that contribute to the body’s natural immune defenses. An estimated 60% of patients carry aHUS-predisposing mutations in complement system genes.
LPG is a rare inherited kidney disease caused by mutations in the APOE gene. This gene provides instructions for making apolipoprotein E, a protein involved in the transport of cholesterol and other fatty molecules in the blood and the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord).
LPG is characterized by the formation of fat-associated clots due to the deposition of fatty molecules in severely dilated small blood vessels in the kidney, leading to increased proteins in the urine (proteinuria) with or without an abnormal fatty molecule profile, and ultimately to kidney failure. High blood pressure is also a common symptom.
To date, 200 cases of LPG have been reported worldwide, most involving Asian patients.
Researchers in Switzerland have now documented the case of a 21-year-old Swiss-Indonesian man who developed aHUS seven years after his LPG diagnosis.
At the age of 14, the patient was found to have high blood pressure during a school-based examination, and further tests showed he also had proteinuria and high cholesterol. This prompted a kidney biopsy, which established an LPG diagnosis through the detection of fat-related clots in dilated small blood vessels.
The only history of kidney disease in his family was his grandfather in Indonesia, who received a kidney transplant at the age of about 60 years.
Genetic testing revealed the presence of a known disease-causing APOE mutation mostly described in China. “As the Chinese are the most significant ethnic minority of foreign origin in Indonesia, it can be speculated that our patient’s ancestors originate from China,” the researchers wrote.
No signs that would have suggested aHUS were detected at this point.
The boy started standard treatment to reduce blood pressure and fatty molecules in the blood. Since he emigrated to Indonesia soon after his LPG diagnosis, medical follow-up was lost.
Seven years later, the patient, 21 and back in Switzerland, was admitted to a nephrology clinic, complaining of fatigue, upper abdomen pain, and dizziness. Examination showed he had high blood pressure, but a normal fatty molecule profile, even though he was no longer on fat-lowering therapy.
“This suggests that the severe [proteinuria] at the initial presentation contributed to the altered [fatty molecule] profile,” the researchers wrote.
Further tests indicated end-stage kidney disease, progressive low platelet counts, red blood cell destruction, and overactivation of the complement system. Genetic analysis of complement system genes revealed the presence of a mutation in the CFHR1 gene, which is known to increase the risk of aHUS.
The man started dialysis shortly after his first emergency consultation in the clinic and was listed for a kidney transplant. His aHUS treatment plan included Alexion’s Soliris (eculizumab) in the first months after transplant, with monitoring of its effects on complement system activation.
While researchers do not know what triggered the patient’s aHUS and to what extent it accelerated his kidney function decline, they noted that a lab result from Indonesia showed the patient had low platelet counts two months before returning to Switzerland.
“This indicates that aHUS may have contributed to the [kidney] damage over a prolonged period,” the researchers wrote.
They also noted that additional factors, such as high blood pressure, and other unknown risk factors, “must have contributed to this patient’s disease course.” | <urn:uuid:2c5fa43f-0466-46bb-9b68-0332a5876fad> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://ahusnews.com/2021/06/30/rare-ahus-found-young-man-with-lipoprotein-glomerulopathy-case-report/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585516.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20211022145907-20211022175907-00681.warc.gz | en | 0.960872 | 982 | 2.53125 | 3 |
The most common use of the modern-day umbrella (ie as rain-defense) wasn’t documented until the 17th century. At the time, umbrellas were considered a bourgeois women’s product. Found in European countries like Italy, France, and England - theumbrella canopies of the 1600s were made of silk, but still retained the signature canopy shape.
The actual origins of the umbrella, however, start much earlier - and not as a rainwear accessory. The parasol - used as a form of portable shade - has been documented in places likeancient China, Rome, Greece, Egypt, the Middle East, and India since the 4th century B.C. These ancient forms of UV-protection were similar in shape to modern-day umbrellas but built from naturally-occurring materials like feathers, bones, leaves, or leather.
Even then, the parasol (or sunshade) was considered a women’s product and primarily used by the upper-class. In fact, members of royalty, the clergy, or government were often painted with these same parasols.At this point in time, the umbrella was an accessory turned status symbol - similar to a Rolex watch today. Some kings would even go as far as to bestow use of these early-umbrellas to their favorite subjects.
Fast forward to the mid-1800s and the umbrella had lost some of its luxury appeals - becoming more of a common accessory for the everyday woman. However, it wasn’t untilEnglishman Jonas Hanway constructed - and carried - his own rain umbrella onto the streets of London in 1750 that everyday men started to notice. As it happens to many innovators - Einstein, Tesla, Musk, Jobs - Hanway was ridiculed at first, but he persevered and continued to carry a rain umbrella with him everywhere he went. By the late 1700s and early 1800s, the umbrella had become a staple rainwear accessory for both men and women. The name “Hanway” had even evolved to become synonymous with the rain umbrella itself, at the time.
Since then, the materials used to create umbrellas have continued to evolve, but the original canopy shape remains the same. Whalebones became wood, then steel, aluminum, and now carbon-fiber to construct the frame and ribs. Modern-day nylon fabrics have replaced leaves, feathers, and silks as a lighter, sleeker, and more durable alternative.
At Hedgehog Umbrella, we take the traditional canopy design from the 4th century B.C. and combine it with 21st-century automotive-inspired technology to create the most compact, reliable, and weatherproof umbrella today.
If you’d like to learn a little more about us (and our story) - keep reading!
To guarantee lifetime durability, we had to reinvent the traditional steel-rib structureinvented by Samuel Fox in 1852. Dual-carbon fiber ribs fused by ballistic-grade polycarbonate joints deliver the strongest strength-to-weight ratio ever recorded on an umbrella. Grounded by a stainless steel shaft, this frame architecture is what makes Hedgehog Umbrella the miniature “incredible hulk of the umbrella universe” (at least according to Huffington Post).
Inspired by the 21st-century automotive industry, we developed an Umbrella Rib Suspension System (WindFlex) able to seamlessly integrate the traditional 4th century B.C. design. At high winds, this Suspension System increases flexibility to the canopy structure while maintaining the strength of the canopy shape. This flexibility prevents the canopy from flipping inside out - period. Hedgehog Umbrella is the first and only umbrella with a wind-resistant suspension system.
Comments will be approved before showing up. | <urn:uuid:768eaedb-1877-409c-9a40-de190d7801e1> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://hedgehogumbrella.com/blogs/feed/who-invented-the-rain-umbrella | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243989756.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20210518063944-20210518093944-00386.warc.gz | en | 0.965126 | 782 | 3.203125 | 3 |
Something New to Consider: Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI), Progesterone, Vitamin K & Vitamin D Deficiency (*Inadequacy)
Vitamin D Inadequacy is common in patients after TBI and is associated with impaired cognitive function and severe depressive symptoms. It is estimated that up to 70% of the US population are inadequate in vitamin D and 40% in vitamin K. Vitamin D inadequacies are associated with significant impairment in cognitive performance after a concussion.
Vitamin D deficiency is endemic in the adolescent, adult, and elderly populations in the United States and has been associated with inflammatory, autoimmune, cardiovascular, neuromuscular, and neurodegenerative diseases as well as cancer. Population based studies have suggested that vitamin D deficiency in the elderly is indeed associated with an increased prevalence of brain injury, Parkinson’s disease, dementia, Alzheimer’s disease and stroke. You probably know that vitamin D is important in maintaining your bones, but its role in brain injury has only recently been appreciated. We are finding out that vitamin D receptors exist all throughout the brain, spinal cord, amygdala, hypothalamus, cerebellum and just about everywhere else. These technical names aren’t important just realize that vitamin D affects just about every part of your nervous system.
Systemic disease and the elderly
If you suffer a brain injury and have systemic issues such as cardiovascular disease, atherosclerosis, hypertension, diabetes, kidney disease, or cancer, the damage will be worse than if you didn’t have those diseases. And if you have a vitamin D deficiency on top of that, then this is even worse yet.
Vitamin D3 and K2
Vitamin K is another fat-soluble vitamin that works to regulate calcium and make sure it goes in the right places. Vitamin K should be taken along with vitamin D as these 2 vitamins really work together.
Both vitamin D3 and K2 have been shown to help with brain injury. Vitamin D and K should really be thought of as one vitamin since they work together. Vitamin D, without adequate amounts of vitamin K, can cause abnormal calcium metabolism and even calcifications which is why I recommend a vitamin D / K2 blend. Ideally, your levels of both vitamins would be optimized before the concussion. The reason vitamin K is so important in brain injury is that an inadequacy of vitamin K is thought to decrease intracellular glutathione. Glutathione is an antioxidant and important in decreasing the acute stress after a concussion.
It should always be remembered that most of the vitamin D we get actually comes from sun exposure. So what’s the difference between getting the right amount of sunlight and taking a vitamin D tablet? In most cases with about 15-30 minutes of mid-day sun exposure (without sunscreen), you can get significant amounts of vitamin D. You’re not still getting the vitamin K2, but you’re getting the vitamin D. Vitamin K comes from greens and fermented soybeans like natto and miso. Small amount of vitamin K2 can be found in liver and egg yolks. Check with your doctor, but consider taking increased doses of vitamin D and K2 during the time of a brain injury.
Vitamin D and Progesterone
A big surprise to may be that the female hormone, progesterone has shown to be very effective in treating the effects of traumatic brain injury (in both men and women), especially when given along with adequate amounts of vitamin D. Most people do not think about taking progesterone after they’ve had a concussion.
Progesterone is exciting in that it is one of the few agents to demonstrate significant reductions in mortality following TBI in human patients in preliminary trials. There are huge studies going on right now testing the effects of progesterone and TBI in the battlefield.
Numerous studies have been done using progesterone and vitamin D for TBI treatment. However, most of them were conducted in animals but human studies are ongoing. A recent study showed that giving progesterone and vitamin D around the time of a severe concussion were found to improve the recovery rate. Progesterone and vitamin D need to be taken together, and I would argue that vitamin K needs to included here as well.
Vitamin D is a steroid and has functional attributes similar to progesterone. Both are cheap, easy to administer and readily available. The combination of progesterone and Vitamin D could lead to improved neuronal and cellular repair and recovery after injury.
It is important to note that progesterone can be taken orally in a micronized form that enhances solubility in aqueous solutions and absorption in the gastrointestinal tract. But in some studies it appears that its positive effects in TBI are achieved only via intravenous administration and at therapeutic doses
Studies have shown that progesterone decreases the acute inflammatory response after a brain injury. It also decreases the levels of inflammatory markers such as IL – 6, TNF – alpha, and others. Progesterone also reduces cell death, improves brain blood barrier integrity, reduces cerebral edema and improves functional activity. These are all good in decreasing that acute inflammation after a brain injury.
It can be argued that progesterone works as a neuroprotective agent because, many of the processes involved in brain repair are similar to growth and organizational processes occurring in early life. Certainly debatable, but the research seems to supporting this idea.
Recent research has suggested that vitamin D supplementation and the prevention of vitamin D deficiency may serve valuable roles in the treatment of TBI and may represents an important and necessary neuroprotective treatment for TBI. And taking progesterone along with vitamin D is even more effective.
And it does not matter if you are male or female, taking progesterone may be a good thing to do if you have a brain injury. I would recommend however to use progesterone under the guidance of a doctor who can prescribe sensible doses and monitor the effects.
*note the word Inadequacy is used in the context that the amount of vitamin D is low in the body, but not enough to cause disease or pathology. An actual deficiency is a state where a vitamin is so low that overt disease is apparent, such as rickets or in the case of vitamin C, scurvy. | <urn:uuid:bdef4892-90db-4374-907b-c624c0bcf013> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://docedwardsfitness.com/concussion-blog-post-10-progesterone-vitamins-d-and-k2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141195656.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20201128125557-20201128155557-00086.warc.gz | en | 0.947059 | 1,296 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Definition of Hip pain
Hip pain: Hip pain is the sensation of discomfort in or around the hip joint, where the upper end (head) of the thigh bone (femur) fits into the socket of the hip bone. Hip pain has a number of causes, most of which are related to degeneration, injury, or inflammation of the muscles, bones, joints, and tendons located in the hip area. Common causes of hip pain include arthritis, bursitis, bone fracture, muscle spasms, and strains. Hip pain can also result from disorders causing pain radiating from the spine and back, such as sciatica and herniated discs. A theory of hip pain that turns into arthritis of the hip is femoral acetabular impingement disorder. The condition is theorized to cause hip pain in early stages of arthritis.
Last Editorial Review: 9/20/2012 | <urn:uuid:eb0de79f-a6dd-4ad2-8d3e-4e3561d885cb> | CC-MAIN-2015-32 | http://www.rxlist.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=54790 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042988718.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002308-00239-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.924103 | 184 | 3.484375 | 3 |
This chapter explores trends, causes and consequences of nonmarital and teen fertility in the United States and in selected European countries. First, we describe some key factors, including changes in economic institutions and family planning technologies, that likely contribute to the large changes in patterns of marriage and fertility observed in developed countries in recent decades. Secondly, we observe that substantial empirical hurdles to credibly estimating the impacts of nonmarital and teen fertility on adults' and children's outcomes remain, though recent evidence suggests more modest impacts than early evidence. Finally, we explore new directions in this research area, arguing that the conventional comparison between nonmarital and marital births should be revised to more adequately incorporate the rapidly growing number of births to cohabiting partners. Additional directions include continuing analysis of the dynamic impacts of the Great Recession and an integration of biological considerations into the economic analysis of fertility.
cohabitation contraception family economics teen fertility nonmarital fertility Great Recession genetics | <urn:uuid:dfe77b4e-54a7-4909-bcbd-a36eef36030b> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | https://www.econstor.eu/handle/10419/170817 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583512504.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20181020034552-20181020060052-00180.warc.gz | en | 0.917245 | 189 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Fish, out of water. Photo by las – initially.
- Tradition! Cultural transmission means that different chimpanzee troupes use different food-gathering tools.
- Reality’s liberal bias persists. A formerly climate-skeptical physicist checks the data himself, and confirms that Earth is getting warmer.
- Legless flopping is phylogenetically conserved. Mosquito fish, which routinely leave the water to evade predators, aren’t much better at moving around on land than fish that don’t jump onto shore.
- Leave it to Nobel Prize winners. Two Nobel Prizes were hidden from the Nazis by dissolving them in acid—then later reconstituted and recast.
- This is why I don’t read HuffPo. On Huffington Post, a “holistic podiatrist” is qualified to tell you that vaccines and scientifically tested medicine don’t work.
- Do it for the fun, not the fame and fortune. A hard-nosed consideration of the costs and benefits of blogging, for a scientist.
- Looks like a good read. A new book traces the origins of HIV in humans, back as far as 1921.
And now, video of one gecko saving another from an attacking snake. | <urn:uuid:9a1a6372-c075-4c83-9015-7bf83de5d238> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://denimandtweed.jbyoder.org/2011/10/science-online-fish-out-of-water-edition/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057580.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20210924201616-20210924231616-00178.warc.gz | en | 0.916601 | 266 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Almonds are very nutritional drupe fruit. It is considered nuts, but technically it is a seed of the tree because unlike nuts ,they are covered by flesh on the outer layer, and the seed (almond) is inside it, which makes it drupe fruit. From ancient times almonds are used by humans.
Remember when your mother or grandmother would give you a handful of almonds in the morning or keep them soaked in water for the night and in the morning give them to you. She would tell you how it will help you to study and remember what you read and write. It can help people to improve their memory. It has many other benefits. So let’s check the almond’s benefits and side effects.
1)Rich source of Vitamins and Minerals :
Almonds are rich in vitamins which are essential for the well being of our body. It contains vitamin A, vitamin B, vitamin E, Beta Carotene, and Lutein. It also contains minerals like magnesium, selenium, calcium, iron, potassium, copper, zinc, phosphorus, niacin, and manganese. All these vitamins and minerals help to maintain our health.
Almonds are rich in vitamin E. Eating 15-25 almonds will give you 36% of the daily requirement of vitamin E, which will nourish your skin and make it soft and give it a glow and have a whitening effect. It also contains antioxidants in an abundant amount. Vitamin E and antioxidants can fight various diseases. Eating it will moisturize your skin and also delay aging. These are benefits of this dry fruit for the skin.
Also Read: Benefits of Pomegranate
Almonds can help you lose weight. It contains a high amount of monosaturated fatty acids, which do not build up fat in our body. These fats will satisfy your hunger and will stop you from overeating. The amount of saturated fatty acids is very low, which further ads an advantage for people who wants to lose weight. You can add this dry fruit in your diet plan as a snack, which will give you an easy way to lose some weight.
Almonds are suitable for the heart because they are naturally rich in monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids, which can control and reduce cholesterol levels in the blood. It will prevent the formation of plaque in arteries and veins and keep them in good condition. It will reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease and protects against stroke and heart attack. People who have a weak heart and suffering from heart problems can eat 15-20 almonds daily. It will help them to reduce the risk of heart problems.
5)Boosts Immune system:
Almonds can enhance the immune system because it contains antioxidants and vitamin E, which fights and protect our body from the harmful bad cells and free radicals. A healthy immune system will give you a fit and healthy body. Daily eating handful of this dry fruit will strengthen your immune system.
Almonds are abundant in phosphorus, magnesium, and calcium. All of these are essential for the bones. Phosphorus strengthens our bones and makes them stronger. It can even prevent and treat osteoporosis. Also, the magnesium and calcium in almonds can improve the health of the musculoskeletal system. Giving almonds to your kids will help the growth of bones, and they will have a healthy body. People who are suffering from bone loss can also eat it but in moderation.
Also Read: Benefits of Green Tea
Side Effects of almonds:
All things have two sides to them, good and bad. We know that this dry fruit is good for health but overeating it can cause some side effects.
You might get poisoned by overeating almonds because it contains potassium cyanide, which is a toxic compound. Therefore pay attention to your kids and don’t let them overeat cause it can cause severe problems in kids.
2)Can cause health issues:
Overeating almonds can cause diarrhea, palpitations, headaches, weakness, nausea, vomiting, which are mild side effects and unconsciousness, slow pulse, shortness of breath. These are severe side effects that may lead to death. | <urn:uuid:5109a82c-89d0-4603-9b85-2a70e6d4f4b2> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://lifemag.in/6-health-benefits-of-almonds/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875145981.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20200224193815-20200224223815-00539.warc.gz | en | 0.941432 | 854 | 2.671875 | 3 |
At a meeting held at Langley Field on January 16 (attended by Drs. Dryden and Silverstein), it was decided to negotiate with McDonnell to design the capsule so that it can be fitted with either a beryllium heat sink or an ablation heat shield. It was further decided that McDonnell should supply a specified number (of the order of eight) ablation shields and a specified number (of the order of six) beryllium heat sinks. It is anticipated that flights with both types of heat protection will be made . . . . In case of a recovery on land, the capsule with a beryllium heat sink will require cooling; this is accomplished by circulating air either between the heat sink and the pressure vessel, or by ventilating the pressure vessel after impact.17Regarding the escape system, McDonnell's proposal had carefully weighed the relative merits of STG's pylon, or tower, type of tractor rocket with the alternative idea, which used three sets of dual-pod pusher rockets, similar to JATO bottles, along either side of three fins at the base of the capsule. McDonnell chose the latter system for its design proposal, but the STG idea prevailed through the contract negotiations, because the Redstone was calculated to become aerodynamically unstable with the pod-type escape system, and the Atlas would likely be damaged by jettisoning the pod fins.18 The escape system for an aborted launch was intimately interrelated with the problems of the heatshield and of the normal, or nominal, landing plans. By mid-March Robert F. Thompson's detailed proposals for a water landing helped clarify the nature of the test programs to be conducted.
While McDonnell agreed to design the capsule so that it could be fitted alternatively with either a beryllium heat sink or an ablation heatshield, the prime contractor farmed the fabrication of these elements to three subcontractors: Brush Beryllium Company of Cleveland was to forge six heat-sink heatshields; General Electric Company and Cincinnati Testing and Research Laboratory (CTL) were to fabricate 12 ablation shields. The Space Task Group relied on Andre J. Meyer, Jr., to monitor this critical and sensitive problem, the solution to which would constitute the foremost technological secret in the specifications for the manned capsule.
Meyer, one of the original STG members from Lewis in Cleveland, had been commuting to Langley for 10 months. He soon discovered a bottleneck in the industrial availability of beryllium. Only two suppliers were found in this country; only one of these, Brush, had as yet successfully forged ingots of acceptable purity. But ablation technology was equally primitive, so plans had to be made on dual tracks. Meyer had had much experience with laminated plastics for aircraft structures. He had previously learned, in consultations with the Cincinnati Testing Laboratory, how to design a "shingle layup" for fabrication of an ablation heatshield. While collecting all available information on both the ablative plastic and the beryllium industries, Meyer listened to the Big Joe project engineers, Aleck C. Bond and Edison M. Fields. They argued for ablation, specifically for a fiber glass-phenolic material, as the primary heat protection for the astronaut. Before moving to Virginia in February, Meyer consulted on weekends with Brush Beryllium in Cleveland, watching its pioneering progress in forging ever larger spherical sections of the exotic metal, which is closely akin to the precious gem emerald. But Meyer, along with Bond and Fields, grew more skeptical of the elegant theoretical deductions that supported the case for beryllium. Mercury would have a shallow angle of entry and consequently a long heat duration and high total heat; they worried about the possibility that any heat sink might "pressure cook" the occupant of the capsule. So Meyer, using CTL's shingle concept, perfected his designs for an ablative shield.19
There was something basically appealing about the less tidy ablation principle, something related to a basic principle in physics, where the heat necessary to change the state (from solid to liquid to gas) of a material is vastly greater than the heat absorbed by that material in raising its temperature by degrees. Meyer became convinced by March that beryllium would be twice as expensive and only half as safe. Consequently, Meyer and Fields concentrated their efforts on proving their well-grounded intuition that ablation technology could be brought to a workable state before the Big Joe shot in early summer.20
While lively technical discussions over ablation versus heat sink continued through the spring, the fact that Mercury officials had committed Big Joe to the proof-testing of an ablative shield also rather effectively squelched any further attempts at scientific comparisons. Whereas in January Paul E. Purser recorded that "we will procure both ablation and beryllium shields . . . and neither will be 'backup,' they will be 'alternates,' " by the end of April technological difficulties in manufacturing the prototype ablation shields became so acute as to monopolize the attention of cognizant STG engineers.21
Glennan and Silverstein in Headquarters therefore directed continuation of the heat sink development as insurance, while STG gradually consigned the alternative beryllium shield to the role of substitute even before the fiber glass phenolic shield had proved its worth. By mid-year of 1959, apparently only the Brush Beryllium Company still felt confident that the metallic heat sponge was a viable alternative to the glass heat vaporizer in protecting the man in space from the fate of a meteor. The complicated glass-cloth fabricating and curing problems for the ablation shield were mostly conquered by July. John H. Winter, the heatshield project coordinator at the Cincinnati Testing Laboratory, delivered his first ablation shield to NASA in Cleveland on June 22 under heavy guard.22
The critical question of whether to jettison the heatshield was active early in 1959. If the shield were a heat sink, it would be so hot by the time it reached the lower atmosphere that to retain it after the main parachute had deployed would be hazardous to the pilot. Also in case of a dry landing such a hot sponge could easily start a prairie or forest fire. On the other hand, a detachable shield would add complexity to the system and increase the risk of its loss before performing its reentry job. In one of the early airdrops a jettisoned shield actually went into "a falling leaf pattern after detachment. It glided back and collided with the capsule, presenting an obvious potential hazard for the pilot in his vehicle late in the reentry cycle."23 This incident prompted the decision that the heatshield would be retained, although it might very well be lowered in the final moments of the flight if it could help attenuate impact. The memory of this early collision after jettisoning continued to haunt STG engineers until they rejected the beryllium heat-sink shield altogether.
Although the heatshield problem was highly debatable at the inception of the project, there was consolation in the fact that at least two major development areas were virtually complete. The two items considered frozen at the end of January 1959 were the external configuration of the capsule, except for the antenna section, and the form-fitting couch in which the astronaut would be able to endure a force of 20 g or more, if it should come to that.24 The Space Task Group was pleased to have something as accomplished fact when so many other areas were still full of uncertainties.
To George Low's ninth weekly status report for Administrator Glennan on STG's progress and plans for Project Mercury was appended a tabular flight test schedule that summarized the program and mission planning as envisioned in mid-March 1959. Five Little Joe flights, eight Redstone, two Jupiter, ten Atlas flights, and two balloon ascents were scheduled, the categories overlapping each other from July 1959 through January 1961. The first manned ballistic suborbital flight was designated Mercury-Redstone flight No. 3, or simply "MR-3," to be launched about April 26, 1960. And the first manned orbital flight, designated Mercury-Atlas No. 7, or "MA-7," was targeted for September 1, 1960. After that, STG hoped to fly several more, progressively longer orbital missions, leading finally to 18 orbits or a full day for man in space. Although merely a possible flight test plan, this schedule set a superhuman pace and formed the basis for NASA's earliest expectations.25
17 Low, "Status Report No. 5," Jan. 20, 1959. Cf. Low, "Status Report No. 3," Dec. 27, 1958.
18 "Status Report No. 5"; Manned Satellite Proposal, Vol. II: Technical Proposal, 10.
19 Andre J. Meyer, Jr., interview, Houston, Feb. 24, 1964, and comments, Sept. 1, 1965; Ms., Meyer for Project Mercury Technical History Program, "Mercury Heat Shield History," June 1963, regards the beryllium alternative as only a secondary solution from the beginning.
20 Edison M. Fields, interview, Houston, June 18, 1964; Aleck C. Bond, interview, Houston, March 13, 1964.
21 Purser, log for Gilruth, Jan. 14, 1959. Cf. "Specifications for Manned Spacecraft Capsule." Memos, Fields to Chief, Flight Systems Div., "Visit to B. F. Goodrich Concerning Ablation Heat Shield for HS-24," April 20, 1959; and "Visit to C.T.L. Concerning Ablation Heat Shields for HS-24," April 21, 1959. General Electric Co. (Missile and Space Vehicle Dept., Philadelphia) had found it necessary to subcontract the large-scale development of its design process to the B. F. Goodrich Co., Akron. Big Joe flew a Goodrich heatshield.
22 "Specification for Ablation Heat Shield," STG Specification No. S-19-B, April 28, 1959, a five-page revision by Fields of Specification No. S-19A, March 2, 1959. See also "Beryllium in Project Mercury," brochure, Brush Beryllium Co., undated [about June 1959]. For the techniques of ablation shield manufacture, see "Development of Reinforced Plastic Materials and Fabrication Procedures for Reentry Protection Shield for Capsule, Project Mercury," Cincinnati Testing and Research Laboratory, Reports Nos. 1 and 2 (final), May 1 and July 1, 1959.
23 "How Mercury Capsule Design Evolved," Aviation Week, LXX (Sept. 21, 1959), 57.
24 "Project Mercury Status Report No. 1 for Period Ending Jan. 31, 1959," STG/Langley Research Center, 2, 26. See also Ms. paper, Marvin S. Hochberg, "Design and Fabrication of the Project Mercury Astronaut Couch," an undated and unnumbered McDonnell Aircraft Corp. report received by STG June 20, 1963.
25 Low, "Status Report No. 9 - Project Mercury," March 21, 1959, 6. On this chart MA-1 stood for the flight that later became known as Big Joe. Hence all flights in the Atlas series dropped in numerical sequence; MA-7 became MA-6, but remained the first planned manned orbital flight. | <urn:uuid:1874e509-4ccb-4642-b7a4-6f69580c4015> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/SP-4201/ch6-4.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454702018134.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205195338-00051-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.953961 | 2,351 | 3.0625 | 3 |
“Outernet” is a bold project that could revolutionize the way we connect to the Internet. According to its founders, this service will use space technologies and it will provide free Internet access for everyone on the planet. Yes, you read it correctly: for everyone on the planet.
The project involves the use of small satellites that will orbit the entire planet that will send and receive data from ground stations, just like a router. The Outernet Project will offer unlimited connectivity for free, and it will be very easy to access. Also, the service will be optimized for both fast speed and long distances.
The small satellites that will be used for the projects are called CubeSats and they will be launched at the beginning of 2015. The transfer of information will be performed using the datacasting, a technology that involves the use of radio waves for a wider broadcast. Using these methods, the company will provide Internet access to all the devices equipped with a WiFi module: laptops, computers, smartphones, tablets, smart watches, smart sticks.
The “Outernet” has another purpose: to provide a safe and secure service for each user that’s connected to the network . Also, the founders promise a censorship-free environment.
image source: Outernet.is | <urn:uuid:a980cc71-7568-49a5-a885-67f68fca819a> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://scinotions.com/2014/03/28/outernet-project-free-internet-for-everyone/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030335573.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20221001070422-20221001100422-00250.warc.gz | en | 0.91116 | 266 | 2.71875 | 3 |
It took a lot of work but you finally made it to college. What comes next? Getting up to speed can be rough going when first getting there. The following article will help you to prepare for your college experience.
Begin preparing for college your junior year. Most students wait until their senior year before getting serious about college. Instead, use your junior year to tour different colleges, learn about the scholarships available and begin applying for the colleges of your choice. Using this technique will help you accomplish everything in plenty of time.
Set realistic goals when you schedule you work and classes. Don’t set yourself up for failure by taking early morning classes that you already know you will never make it to. Maintain awareness of your natural rhythms and try to build a schedule around them.
Student’s discounts are one of the best perks of college, especially if you need to save money. Check with your student resource center or ask an adviser for a list of perks. Many local restaurants, movie theaters and bookstores offer generous discounts when you present a student ID. This allows you to save money and show school pride.
Learn to budget. No matter where you get your money as a college student, you need to make sure your money lasts as long as you need it. Make a list of your expenses and think of how you can cut corners so that you can do what you need to do without going broke.
Once you know what your major is, get to know the professionals in that department. They will be able to advise you and give you valuable information in how to meet your desires. Their experience will prove invaluable as you continue. Furthermore, if you have any problems, they will be able to help you.
Do not crack under the stress of selecting or declaring a major right away. Some professors might try and draw you into their department early on, as the more students they have the more job security they have. Never rush major decisions, and do what is right for you, not anyone else.
If you are having difficulty in college, begin a study group. A study group will offer many choices, including one on one time and group time. If you do not want to begin your own study group, there are many study groups available on most colleges. To find one, ask your classmates and professors.
Do not let anyone, including yourself, pressure you into rushing your declaration or choice of major. At most colleges and universities, you are going to spend at least two years doing general education classes regardless. Use these to explore various avenues and fields of interest to winnow down to what really fascinates you.
College is an amazing time in a student’s life. You worked diligently to get this far, so you have to make sure you keep at it to get what you want out of it. This article has advice you need. Start to really enjoy your college experience and start your life! | <urn:uuid:afc68af7-f9dd-44d2-83cf-b3e082caeaa4> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://speakloadwithattitude.com/learn-everything-you-need-to-know-about-college/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496671245.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20191122065327-20191122093327-00116.warc.gz | en | 0.965173 | 593 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Honoring and celebrating Mother’s day traces as far back in recorded history as the ancient Egyptians. The Egyptian goddess Isis was considered the patron saint of women and children. She was revered among the Egyptians who held an annual festival in her honor. Of all of the ancient Egyptian deities, her legend has survived the centuries and even crossed into other cultures.
The Romans held a place for her in their temple and would have three-day festivals. Most of the festival’s dancers musicians and singers were all females. The Roman festival of Isis was celebrated to mark the beginning of winter or before an important battle.
The ancient Greeks used to honor Mother’s every spring for three days. The Greeks would hold a festival filled with games, parades, food, and entertainment. The festival is dedicated to the Mother goddess Rhea. In Greek mythology, Rhea was a Titan, the mother of many Greek gods including Zeus. Legend has it that Rhea’s husband Chronos was fearful of a prophecy that told of him being overthrown by one of his sons. So whenever Rhea would give birth to a boy, Chronos would swallow the baby.
When Zeus was born, Rhea hid him away in a cave and tricked Kronos into swallowing a stone she had wrapped in clothes. Eventually, Zeus returned to defeat his father and force him to vomit forth his brothers who gratefully made Zeus their leader and joined him in revolt against the Titans. His mother goddess Rhea name means “flow and ease”. As the wife of Kronos, she represents the eternal flow of time and generations. Every dawn of the ancient festival day, honey cakes and flowers were shared. This became a tradition that spread throughout Asia Minor, all the way to the Romans.
The Romans tried to unsuccessfully introduce their own goddess, Cybele, to the Greeks. Cybele was also known as Magna Mater or the Great Mother. The Roman celebration of Magna Mater took place between March 15th and March 22nd, around the same time as the Greek Festival of Rhea.
Later in Europe, an early incarnation of a holiday to honor motherhood started in the Christian Church. This day would be referred to as Mothering Day or Mothering Sunday. This became a day when the whole family could gather together.
By the 1920s, the custom of Mothering Sunday had spread to Ireland and other parts of Europe. When the first English settlers came to America, the Mothering Day tradition was left behind. There are different explanations for this happening – one reason being the harsh conditions the early settlers faced which left little time for celebrations. Another reason was the Puritans that fled England to America wanted to practice more conservatively and ignored the more secular holidays.
The first North American Mother’s Day probably started with‘s Mother’s Day Proclamation in 1870. She was troubled by the death and destruction of the Civil War. She called on mothers to come together in protest of what she saw as senseless killing. Sons killing the sons of other mothers. Howe proposed converting July 4th to Mother’s Day to dedicate to the nation’s anniversary of peace.
Instead, this new Mother’s holiday was designated on June 2nd. In 1873, women’s groups across North America observed this new Mother’s holiday, but most of these groups died out when House funding dried up. However, the seed was planted and on May 9th, 1905, a woman named Anna Jarvis began campaigning for an official day to honor mothers, after her own mother had passed away.
was inspired by her mother’s life work and petitioned the church where her mother taught Sunday School to hold a Mother’s Day celebration. On may 10th of 1908, the official Mother’s Day celebration took place at two churches – one in Grafton, West Virginia and the other in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The West Virginia event drew over 400 and Anna Jarvis arranged for white carnations to be given to every mother in attendance. Anna Jarvis quit working and devoted herself full-time to the creation of Mother’s Day.
After endless petitions, she finally convinced the World Sunday School Organization to back her and in 1912 West Virginia became the first state to officially recognize Mother’s Day.
Two years later Woodrow Wilson signed it into national observance. From that point on, the second Sunday in May would be Mother’s Day.
Nowadays, Mother’s Day is widely celebrated worldwide, on which occasion families and friends gather together, complimenting each other. In this article,proposes some of the most inspiring Mother’s Day quotes if you want to surprise your loved one with a special wish. | <urn:uuid:5415b87d-2aad-473b-8cb0-7648acee0b2c> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://www.jasminedirectory.com/blog/brief-history-mothers-day-america/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662529538.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20220519141152-20220519171152-00401.warc.gz | en | 0.978469 | 977 | 3.703125 | 4 |
Getting our children moving means we have to move ourselves!
As parents we are all concerned about whether our kids will gain the right attitude towards health. Being fit and healthy invariably mean a happier life after all. Stop worrying about it. The way to achieve a healthy aptitude is not by nagging your kids; it means changing our own attitudes and teaching them by example. Yes, nobody said raising children was easy!
Stress, obesity and other health problems are becoming too common, even in children. It is important to get our children get used to a healthier regime where exercise, healthy eating and keeping fit is a priority. If we start them off young with the right kind of attitude, they have a fighting chance of keeping it going throughout their lives. It is always better to prevent problems related to bad health than going for the cure, right?
Benefits of Physical Activity
Apart from the obvious health benefits, the other benefits that our children get from engaging in physical activities are noteworthy.
All kids, especially when they are toddlers, go through a phase when they insist that everything is ‘theirs’. Sharing, cooperating with others, waiting for their turn, teaches them patience and teamwork which are important part of being in any family, work or city unit. These social skills could potentially reduce the amount of unnecessary bullying, violence and aggressive behavior- far more important than any lesson in French, math or history.
Involvement in regular physical activity helps build certain skills such as hand to eye co-ordination, body balance and strength. I know of a friendof mine whose family never encouraged any kind of sport or outdoor activity. As a result, the child was always self-conscious and nervous about trying out anything new out of the fear of judgment and reaction from others. If we want our children to be confident individuals, we should involve with them and show them that we can do the same.
All children like to hang out with kids their age – either for some casual talk or in an organized game or something. Activities with physical exertion give them a chance to socialize and make friends.
Case in study, my two-year-old! He waits anxiously for the evening so that he can go to the park and be with all the other kids.
Another important benefit that physical activity has is that it brings the family unit closer together. Even though a lot of parents work part time or don’t work in the early years of their children’s lives, they are not really able to spend quality time with them. Setting aside regular time to get out of the house and do something with our children ensures we are giving them quality time with us and strengthens the family unit.
Raised energy and better sleep
Regular physical activity helps blood circulation going, increases lung capacity with all fresh air coming in and brings on sleep more easily, not only for children (especially those who are difficult sleepers) but for us parents too as we get the evenings to ourselves! Regular exercises on our own daily routines help as it wouldn’t hurt to get our own circulation going and clearing out our lungs as well. Exercise brings on ‘good fatigue’ which helps us sleep better.
Image Courtesy: docakilah.wordpress.com
What can you do?
It is a fact that children look up to their parents. For they are not only genetically inclined to behave like us but also hero- worship us, wanting to do everything we do as that is the route they perceive to be the best. In fact, studies have shown that until children turn two, they actually think they are us!
So knowing this, it is easy to understand how our language, action and behavior influence those of our children’s and puts the added pressure on us of having to do the right thing in order to ensure that they do.
My husband comes back tired from work everyday to sink down on the couch and watch TV which I had sympathy and understanding for before we had our son. But now, when I see how my son runs to his father as soon as he walks in the door to say ‘Papa what should we watch on TV?’ I get genuinely worried.
There are two things I don’t like about this picture; the first being that my husband is dismissing the family rule of a certain amount of TV time in a day, or maybe because it is easier and secondly, that my son thinks bonding with his father as watching TV with him. This neither allows them to have much conversation, nor does it encourage my son to hold any importance for physical activity.
After talking to a few other parents, I have found out that this situation is a common phenomenon. To change the attitude of our children and get them moving, we as parents have to take the initiative ourselves and here we look at how we can start off the process.
Start getting physical yourself
If you don’t have a regular physical activity you spend time doing everyday then now is the time to start. Whether it is taking up a sport, going to the gym, walking in the local park or swimming in the closest pool you have access to, any kind of exercise to get your adrenaline going is highly recommended. Your kids will see you doing this and not only learn the importance of physical activity first hand but might join in as well!
Join your children in active play
When we take a look at the activities we engage in with our children, we need to reassess them and focus less on the watching TV and having them tag along with us and do more action oriented things like taking them to a park and tossing a ball or Frisbee around with them. Having them walk the dog with us enables us to engage in some together activity while giving them a sense of responsibility.
I know a group of mothers who get together once a fortnight and organize excursions to museums, parks and other places outside their local areas. That’s a great way help kids explore and be adventurous!
Encourage a bit of housework and gardening
Children love to do housework from when they are very young. Makes them feel responsible and all grown-up maybe! As parents, we can encourage them to continue this, as it teaches them responsibility and gets them moving. Gardening is another great way to get children be active and breathe in some fresh air.
Teach them how to swim / bike: Do it with them
Teaching children how to ride their bikes or swim are great ways to get the adrenaline going. And if we get ourselves involved in it, we may find ourselves with a regular bit of daily exercise and bonus of bonding with our kids at the same time.
Support your child’s choice in sport
We may not always agree with what our kids do but it is important to support and encourage their choices. Going to watch them play the sport and )for them to succeed, boosts their confidence and encourages them to continue with their active effort.
Help kids think of active alternatives
Every child walks around saying ‘I’m bored’ at times. Although it is not a good idea to spoon feed suggestions to them, we can always guide them to active options. Whenever my son asks to watch TV, I try and suggest other options like going outside to the garden, throwing a ball around the house (which is not always a great option for your breakables!!) or even help out with some chore or the other. Anything is better than making him a couch potato!
Have regular time caps on sedentary activities
In today’s day and age there are so many sit-still indoor activities that have taken over like the TV, video games, computer games and the Internet. Our children just don’t feel the need to go out of the house to play or engage in any activity. One should ensure their child to go out to the park every evening or some time.
The competition these days got a major role in keeping children indoors and stuck to their desks because most children have extra after-school tutorials to keep up and have little time or energy left to do anything else.
The truth is that there are many excuses we can all make about not exercising – I hear myself say it all the time ‘oh I have to do this or that or the other’. What I am beginning to understand is that not only does this hour or so a day set aside ‘my time’ which is hard to get but also ensures I lead an overall healthier life with a better appetite, a more regular sleep cycle and a better shot at living life.
So make sure you make an effort to go out there and get off the couch, for you can be sure your child will do the same someday! | <urn:uuid:cadf9ea2-d705-4f9e-9a03-4ac5aa185ec8> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://gurgaonmoms.com/raising-fit-kids/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500904.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20230208191211-20230208221211-00139.warc.gz | en | 0.968274 | 1,806 | 2.796875 | 3 |
With the Heritage Studies 2 educational materials from BJU Press, you will introduce your child to fundamental concepts related to geography, economics, and culture, within the context of American history during the Colonial period. The student text is written on a second-grade level and presents history within a biblical worldview. It includes numerous photographs and illustrations to help aid understanding and asks questions that are designed to help develop critical thinking skills. The Heritage Studies 2 text also includes fun activities designed to reinforce the concepts being presented. You can complete the course in one semester or stretch it out over an entire year by spacing out the lessons. | <urn:uuid:ca8e1211-f04e-4d48-91fd-73e62a6b9aa8> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://www.bjupress.com/product/256172 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934805881.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20171119234824-20171120014824-00151.warc.gz | en | 0.933621 | 121 | 3.4375 | 3 |
Things to know about Corona Virus
The war against Covid-19 is going throughout the world. Let’s not panic. Hundreds of thousands of people have been infected of Covid-19. Thousands of people are dead. The world is in a lock-down situation.So here you will get all things to know about corona virus.
Emmanuel Macron, the French President stated that “we are at war against an invisible enemy and we must all be together in this fight”.
Sylvia Browne has already predicted in her 2008 book called End of Days Predictions and Prophecies About the End of the World referring to the 2019-2020 coronavirus.
She claimed: “In around 2020 a severe pneumonia like illness will spread throughout the world, attacking the lungs and the bronchial tubes and resisting all known treatments. Almost more baffling than the illness it will be the fact that it will suddenly vanish as quickly it arrived, attack again ten years later, and then disappear completely”.
What is Coronavirus?
According to the World Health Organization (WHO) corona virus is a pandemic. It’s infectious. It is a novel virus. Corona virus is known as COVID-19. Corona is a Latin word meaning “crown” or “halo”.
It is transferred from human to human when someone sneezes, coughs or comes into close contacts. The person experiences cold, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East Respiratory syndrome (MERS).
It attacks mostly elderly people and those who have medical problems like cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, respiratory problem and other complications. The latter body cannot fight with the virus as their immune system has become weak.
Corona virus came into existence on 31st December 2019. It originated in China from a state called Wuhan.It came from bats. The virus has a similarity of 96% to a bat corona virus.The world is in lock-down situation today.
For the moment there is no vaccine or treatment for this virus. People must not go in curfew, mass gathering and restrict themselves from travelling. Prevention is better than cure.
Symptoms – Things to know about Corona Virus
- Having problem in breathing
- Running nose
- Sore Throat
Tracking COVID-19 In Human
Day 1 to 3 (Beginning of Symptoms)
- The virus starts with the upper respiratory symptoms after incubation period. (Incubation is the period when you are in a vulnerable position because the virus is not visible and waiting when first symptom will appear)
- On the first day you will get fever.
- Coughing and sore throat will appear on 3 days.
Day 4 to 8 (In the Lungs)
- The virus reaches the lungs between 3 to 4 days.
- On 4to 9 days one’s may experience breathing problem.
- On day 8 to 15 it can lead to lungs’ inflammation which can cause acute respiratory disease.
Day 9 to 15 (In the Blood)
- The infection moves in the blood.
- Life threatening complication arises namely sepsis by the end of fist week.
Note: The 3 weeks are normally considered as crucial moments. Covid-19 lasts for about 21 days in people who are either dying or have been discharged.
Test for Covid-19
It does not include any blood test. But instead throat swab or nasal swab is done to detect the virus. Sample is being extracted and then tested. If the result is positive then the person is kept in quarantine time to avoid others from being contaminated.
DO’s and DON’T’s
DO’s (Things to know about Corona Virus)
- While sneezing or coughing always cover the nose and mouth with tissue paper of handkerchief.
- After use always throw used tissue paper in dustbin.
- Wash your hands with soap and water or use hand sanitizer frequently.
- Avoid mass gathering or curfew.
- A distance of 2 meter must be kept from people having flu.
- Drink lots of water.
- If you are sick visit a doctor by wearing a mask or cover your mouse and nose with clothes and wear gloves.
- You must not touch your eyes, mouth or nose with your hands.
- Keep aged people, women who are pregnant and children away from patient.
- Whenever you steeped outside wear mask with glove.
- Always keep hand sanitizer with you. You can use it any time you come into contacts with others.
- If you are sick then stay at home.
DONT’s (Things to know about Corona Virus)
- Avoid touching eyes, nose or mouth without washing your hand.
- Avoid hugging, shaking hand or kissing.
- Avoid spitting in public places.
- Do not take medicines without the opinion of doctor. Any such carelessness can put your life in danger.
- Avoid touching surfaces or objects like door gates, railing, lift buttons, and so on with your hand.
- Avoid paying cash at tolls, petrol pumps, parking lots. Use digital payment modes to avoid contact.
- Avoid eating raw foods/ meats and also animal organs.
- Avoid travelling but instead do self- isolation for 14 days.
Important things to know about Corona Virus
How COVI-19 stays on surfaces
The virus can stay on various surfaces and for different durations.
- Aerosols – up to 3 hours
- Copper – Up to 4 hours
- Cardboard – Up to 24 hours
- Plastics – Up to 2 to 3 days
- Stainless Steel – Up to 2 to 3 days.
How to wash hands
Let’s stay safe and alert to overcome coronavirus.
- Apply enough soap so that it covers all the surfaces of your hands.
- Rub both palms together.
- Scrub back of each hands, between fingers and under nails for 20 seconds.
- Rinse hands with running water.
- You must dry your hands using a clean cloth or single-use towel.
Regularly wash your hands before eating; after blowing your nose, coughing or sneezing and going to the bathroom.
If you are working with public then wash on an hourly basis.
Attention: Long finger nails, artificial nails and chipped nail polish have been shown to have risk of infections.
Hand Sanitizer recipe
You can make your own hand sanitizer with the following ingredients:
- ¼ cup of aloe vera gel,
- 2/4 white alcohol (60% Isopropyl alcohol)
- 10 drops of coconut oil
- Pump bottle
Mix all the ingredients in a bowl. Mix it well until it turns into gel. Pour it in the pump bottle and it is ready to use. Don’t forget to put a label in the bottle.
Cars/ Two-wheeler cleaning protocol
Whenever you are steeping out you must always keep your car and the two-wheelers safe.
- Avoid employing local car cleaner but instead you must clean it by yourself. Keep your car away from the crowd.
- Disinfect all the places you touch very often especially the doors, handles, car’s seats, steering wheel, gear, the AC buttons, and other parts of the car.
- It is very important to clean AC vents with disinfectant because the virus remains in air for hours. It suggested to clean filters on a daily basis.
- Two-wheelers are more exposed to virus so if you have two-wheelers, then you need to clean it on a regular basis.
Celebrities tested positive for Corona Virus (Covid-19)
List of some celebrities who have been tested positive:
Indian celebrity ‘Baby Doll’ singer Kanika Kapoor was admitted to hospital because she contains coronavirus symptoms. The latter is in a state of isolation.
The French basketball player has been tested positive for coronavirus. He is in quarantine. Rudy Gobert twitted “loss of smell and taste is definitely one of the symptoms, haven’t been able to smell anything for the last 4 days.”
The actress, television presenter and model Linda Lusardia and her husband Sam Kane have been hospitalized because of covid-19. Their health is stable but still very sick. They have been kept in isolation.
Born in 26 March 1982, Mikeal Arteta has been tested positive for covid-19. Mikel Arteta who is the head coach of Arsenal was in a state of self-isolation. He is talking with his colleagues from home. He is recovering from this condition.
Tom Hanks and Rita Wilson
The Hollywood couple who married in 1988 was tested positive for corona virus. They were quarantine and were talking with each other only one day at a time. Hanks and his wife have returned to a normal state of health and are in Australia.
Born on 09 January 1951 Michel Barnier, French politician, has been tested positive for COVID 19. He serves the European Commission’s Head of Task Force for Relations with United Kingdom.
Prince Albert II
The prince of Monaco has been testes positive with this virus.He was born in 14 March 1958. He is the head of princely house of Grimaldi. He quarantined himself from his home and has been doing online work. Prince Albert II is the first monarch who was infected with the virus.
Conclusion – Things to know about Corona virus
Corona virus has proved that everything around us is temporary. Things our lives resolved around, work, gym, malls, movies, society have all gone for a toss as we are learning to live without them. It has taught us that in the end, it is your own home and family that keeps you safe. Recently people do their work from home in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, and four times as many people working from home than before the pandemic as well as many companies that don’t drug test before recruiting now. So check safety tips for coronavirus now.
Thank you !! For more informative updates, Stay tuned with us !!
Also Check : | <urn:uuid:f78b50b6-3668-4236-83c6-11bd4596488b> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://infoseekershub.com/things-to-know-about-corona-virus/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780058263.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20210927030035-20210927060035-00050.warc.gz | en | 0.948964 | 2,139 | 2.59375 | 3 |
While dry conditions reduce winter wheat production this year, multiple years of drought have forced many cattle producers to cull their herds. Nationally, the U.S. cattle herd currently stands at 96 million head, making it the smallest since 1952.
Now that seems like a textbook case for higher prices, but there’s a limit to how much consumers will pay and plenty of competition from other sources of protein. Per capita beef consumption has declined for at least two decades. And slumping demand has resulted in a 10 percent decline in futures prices this year – despite historically tight supplies.
Colorado has the seventh-largest cattle herd in America and with annual cash receipts of more than $3 billion, the industry accounts for nearly 50 percent of the state’s agricultural sales. But, as David Miller discovered this spring, persistent drought is weighing heavily on Rocky Mountain Ranchers.
Tim Canterbury runs a cow/calf operation in the high country near Howard, Colorado. Canterbury, along with his son Ryan, run about 300 cows and their calves on the family ranch situated along the Sangre de Christo Mountain range.
Normally, the cattle would be eating meadow grasses, but the drought gripping Colorado for the past two years has reduced new growth. As the arid conditions drag into a third year, Canterbury is digging into his reserve of hay that his son and brother Bill harvested last season. In a good year, the trio would roll-up nearly 1,500 bales but the extreme lack of moisture cut that number to just 300.
Tim Canterbury, Canterbury Ranch: “Everybody else is in the same boat and trying to figure out how to survive. So we’ve had to make some really, really drastic management choices, not that we wanted to, but because of necessity we just had too. So I guess the trigger point was last fall. We didn’t have the hay, had to purchase hay.”
While the 5th generation rancher and his son each manage separate herds they were faced with the same problem of high feed costs and lack of moisture. The issue forced the Canterbury’s to sell off nearly half of their stock, culling at least 280 head between both ranchers.
While an easy fix might be waiting for things to pencil-out and buy back animals there is a catch. The cattle the Canterbury’s need for replacements must be bred for high altitude. Animals without the right genetic makeup run the risk of suffering from bovine high mountain disease, more commonly known as “brisket disease.” At heights of over 3,000 feet, fluid can form around a cow’s heart, potentially killing the animal. That concern is foremost in their minds when they select replacement cattle because a good share of the 35,000 acres of pasture the Canterburys either rent or own is at 7,500 feet above sea level.
Tim Canterbury, Canterbury Ranch: “We can’t just go down to the market and buy cows and replace cows. It’s a little tougher out here, and you have to have that, be able to find those high altitude cattle or hold back heifers and come back. When you’ve sold, 45 percent or 50 percent of your cow herd it’s going to to hurt and it is definitely going to take us time to get back.”
Last year, Canterbury realized he might be forced to sell-off some cattle. Insufficient meadow grass, a smaller than normal hay crop and reduced grazing days on Bureau of Land Management meadows made it clear changes would have to be made. The issue has forced family members to think about taking off-ranch jobs for the first time in many years.
Ryan Canterbury, Canterbury Ranch: “Due to the drought I had to get a second job and some days a third. I work in the construction business now. Bought a building, a lot of excavation work, things of that nature because I just don't have the amount of cows, I've had to sell a lot of cows in this drought.”
Last fall, the Canterbury’s sold some of their cattle. They received $70 per hundredweight for the best animals but many sold for $60 per hundred, a price lower than what the senior Canterbury felt the animals were worth. Either way, the decision was clear cut.
Tim Canterbury, Canterbury Ranch: “I guess we’ve got to start looking at the balance sheet. Obviously, as you know, my son has had to take an outside job and I’ll tell you what, I’m right on the brink of it. You know, you get under 100 head of mother cows and it gets really tough to pay the bills. The bills for this ranch that normally has 300 mother cows on it are the same, it doesn’t matter whether there’s 300 mother cows or 100 mother cows, the bills are the same.”
The slump in the cattle market has impacted ranchers in all phases of beef production, including those who breed top genetics in to replacement cattle. Mitch Rohr is the Chief Operating Officer for the Spruce Mountain Ranch in Larkspur, Colorado.
Mitch Rohr, Spruce Mountain Ranch: “We’re not experiencing a drop in price. In fact, in 2012, our average price per animal sold was higher than we’ve ever had. However, we didn’t sell as many. So people are very limited, the cow calf ranchers, farmers, they’re limited on their production because of the cost, the high hay cost, the high grain cost and no pasture. And it’s hard to look a year down the road or two years down the road and say, ‘ We need to survive this, we really need to work through how we do this so we can capitalize on this market down the road.”
Spruce Mountain’s primary business is selling registered Black Angus replacement cattle to cow-calf operations. Along with choosing blue-ribbon traits, Rohr keeps a close eye on the habits of beef consumers.
Mitch Rohr, Spruce Mountain Ranch: “What I'm seeing being around a metro area is we're seeing a lot of families still go out to eat, still order steak, beef, hamburgers, what have you. We're just not seeing them quite as often. Maybe they used to go out two or three times a week, now they're going out once a week. They will spend a little more that ‘one-time’, based upon our surveys, and the data that we've been able to compile. However, when you go back to the beginning of the beef chain, what I'd consider the seed stock producer, that affects us indirectly so we have to kind of watch those forecasted markets and say, okay, how do we improve what we do, less input costs but still achieve that output and create that revenue for our operation.”
Spruce Mountain started its Angus operations six years ago. Much of the herd is raised at the East Ranch, near Kiowa, Colorado about 45 minutes from the home office. For several years, forage needs for the 1,000 head of cattle were handled within an hour of the 16,000 acre operation. Now Rohr is forced to travel more than 10 times that distance to find hay.
Mitch Rohr, Spruce Mountain Ranch: “The past couple of years we've seen the prices go up, not so much that you can't find the hay and not so much that the price of the hay is so high tat you can't afford it, it's the fuel cost, it's the trucking. We have to reach farther out. Instead of going 50 or 60 miles to help bring in some supplemental hay resources we have to go out 500, 600 miles.”
Rohr is concerned about the future and is working hard to avoid reducing numbers in a herd that he has invested time, hard work and tons of feed.
Mitch Rohr, Spruce Mountain Ranch: “...nobody likes a quitter. So I'd say right now we're not even looking down that road. We've got to stay positive. There's a lot of people that look from the outside in whether it be from a metro area, whether it be from a rural area, they look in and they want leaders and we're trying to step up to that point and also help equip others with our genetics to be in the forefront of that.
Rohr and Canterbury remain optimistic and both men are conscious of the legacy they will leave behind.
Tim Canterbury, Canterbury Ranch: “You know, this ranch has always been my life. Born and raised here. It's what I love to do. It was opportunity, you know, for me and I want to pass that opportunity to my sons. I have two sons ... And I'm not saying that they have to stay on this ranch but I'm saying I want to give them the opportunity to make their own decision whether this is what they want to do or not.”
For Market to Market, I’m David Miller. | <urn:uuid:9bc70975-49c4-42bc-92c8-6a22d5ac7a9b> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://www.iptv.org/mtom/story.cfm/feature/10549/mtom_20130607_3841_feature | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657118950.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011158-00329-ip-10-196-40-205.us-west-1.compute.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.97044 | 1,904 | 2.765625 | 3 |
(warning: this rather lengthy piece may contain personal opinions and has little to do with small-angle scattering. There is a nice bit about graphics, though.)
In the wake of the global public panic following the reporting around the nuclear reactor struggles (as opposed to the expected >15 kilopeople deaths in Myagi prefecture due to the tsunami alone), perhaps it is time for us to consider what we can learn from the way the media and the educated dealt with these developments. For us, it can be used to gain insight into how to communicate with journalists, and we can come up with ideas about what we (the (educated) public) could do better in this situation.
In summary, the following events happened in rapid succession: After the initial strike of an earthquake with its epicenter off the coast of north-east Japan, a tsunami struck the coast of north-east Japan (but fortunately not entering Tokyo Bay), wiping out some villages along the coastline and causing the large majority of the casualties of the event. Trains went missing and an airport was flooded (mind you, they have an enormous density of airports in Japan so this was not too surprising). Efforts are currently ongoing to retrieve the people marooned, and to reestablish supply-lines of food, water and electricity.
Focusing on the reactors, during the earthquake all reactors in affected areas started emergency shutdown procedures, stopping the main fission reaction right away and started cooling down of the reactors. Given that the reactors are of the second generation type, active cooling is required (new generation 3 reactors do not need circulation pumps but can cool by convection instead). Several power plants shut down properly after this event (albeit with some minor issues in some). However, at the Fukushima Daiichi plant (consisting of 6 reactors, three of which were already shut down at the time of the quake), the tsunami which arrived minutes later wiped out the power generators and the external power supply lines. This left only the batteries intact. With the batteries, 8 hours of cooling was achieved, which was not sufficient time to reestablish electrical supply. After failure of the battery power, the reactor temperatures of the previously active reactors started increasing due to residual activity in the fuel rods. At a much slower pace, the temperatures in the fuel storage pools also increased. After some time, efforts started to cool down the reactors and to release the formed steam (as the pressures in the reactors increased upon steam formation). Hydrogen formed by oxidation of the zirconium fuel-rod cladding with steam was released as well, causing explosions in some reactor buildings. After several days of hard work by the plant engineers, the situation is stabilizing with the arrival of power and cooling water from fire engines. A good summary per reactor is provided on a daily basis by the Kyodo news agency (f. ex. Sunday evening, 20th of March). Due to the release of steam and the cooling efforts, some radioactivity in the form of light isotopes (as of iodine and cesium) was released into the surroundings and found in f.ex. foodstuffs. For more detail, check out the Wikipedia page.
The foreign media action during this entire situation was abominable. The Japanese agencies mostly provided “matter-of-fact” updates and regurgitations of press releases from the government and the power organizations (which may also not be perfect, as they have been accused of putting a too positive spin on the news as well). Good sources of Japanese news for English readers are Kyodo, NHK, and to a lesser degree, Asahi Shimbun (updating quite infrequently with old information). Many foreign news sites reported bad and/or sensationalist excerpts instead, fanning the flames of fear and causing people half a globe away to start buying potassium iodine pills and closing down power plants. A compilation of erroneous post-quake reporting can be found here. Opinion pieces on the media behaviour can also be found here, here, here and here, and more generally about their response to the earthquake and tsunami here.
Now, sensibility is returning to some of the stories run by the media. This may be due to the limited public attention span, lack of exciting news and sensational quotes, the skew of news reporting skewing in another direction, or the journalists becoming more well-read on the topic, but I think it may also have to do with the emerging availability of good graphics. There have now been several good graphs to show how the different levels of radiation stack up, f.ex. those here and here. The NY Times also has a good graph showing the progression of detected radiation over time. The BBC has a limited graphical explanation of the course of events. Cooling down of the spent fuel storage pools is shown here, albeit with a superfluous dimension thrown in for no good reason. However, graphs have also been used to instill fear, such as the ones here, here and here (although I cannot understand the graphs in this last one). With these graphs, some perspective can be attained about the scope of the events, but one must be wary of sensationalist graphics popping up as well.
So what can be learned from this? Well, one message is that in such an event, generating graphics about the situation has to be one of the top priorities to all who can. Besides these, voicing a moderate opinion in the face of the extremists has to be considered, as the voice of reason is rarely heard. Now most of us do not have a degree in nuclear physics, reactor design or suchlike, but we can nevertheless offer an educated view to the situation, if we take the time to read the reports and distill the facts from them. While this is risky (Carl Sagan is mildly criticized for speaking outside of his expertise by Ben Goldacre, when he warned of nuclear winters, for example), it is also one of the only ways of educating the general public about science in general. We are hindered in that the public may also not be so interested in science anymore as they were a few decades ago, and this is also a task where academics should come in.
We are “burdened” with the task of promoting science to prevent the rise of pseudoscientific quacks who like to pretend science is difficult and unintelligible save for a very few stuffy people (nutritionists, homeopaths, alternative healers, astrologers, etc. see Goldacre’s book). On top of that, good educators of the public like Carl Sagan and Feynman, who could make academic topics understood by the public have unfortunately passed away, leaving only a few (Richard Dawkins, James Randi) who are getting rather long in the teeth. We need to make science cool once again (because if we do not, the public will not learn anything), and break down science to its basic tenets in order to show that it really is simple what we do (it is the details which is where the years of study come in). That is our homework. If we succeed we gain the prize of having a much more sensationalist-weary public, much less prone to mass panic in the face of a radioactive sneeze.
So, in summary, the public panic is fueled by the media, but also stems from the ignorance of the public and the media on the topic and science in general (the media, however, could employ scientifically trained staff to filter the sensation out). Graphics may be used as part of the solution to educate the public and add perspective, but unless the public is also educated on science, the good graphic may be offset by another sensationalist one. It is up to the academics to interact more with the public to increase scientific understanding. | <urn:uuid:331da900-e346-4f42-b4d6-abe63383d462> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://lookingatnothing.com/index.php/archives/390 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107884755.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20201024194049-20201024224049-00052.warc.gz | en | 0.966998 | 1,578 | 3.046875 | 3 |
New research reveals that acupuncture prevents brain cell loss in memory areas of the brain. The new laboratory findings also show that acupuncture improves cognition. The researchers note that these findings suggest that acupuncture is a potential treatment for cognitive impairment disorders and Alzheimer’s disease.
The new laboratory findings show that acupuncture prevents neuron loss in the hippocampus, an area of the brain responsible for memory and spatial navigation. The hippocampus is one of the first regions of the brain that suffers damage in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Using the Morris water maze test, the middle-aged mice used in the study who received acupuncture showed significantly less cognitive deficits. The combination of improved maze test results combined with greater preservation of brain neurons prompted the researchers to suggest that acupuncture may help human subjects suffering from cognitive disorders. The researchers note, “These results suggest that reducing neuron loss in the hippocampus by acupuncture is a potential therapeutic approach for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and cognitive impairment diseases.” This study comes at a time when a recent human MRI imaging study demonstrates that needling acupuncture points Liv3 (Taichong) and LI4 (Hegu) successfully activate regions of the cerebrum responsible for memory and cognition in Alzheimer’s patients and those with mild cognitive impairments.
About the Healthcare Medicine Institute: HealthCMi provides online acupuncture CEU credit to licensed acupuncturists and publishes current events related to acupuncture, herbal medicine and important innovations in healthcare technology.
Acupunct Med doi:10.1136/acupmed-2012-010180. Acupuncture improves cognitive deficits and increases neuron density of the hippocampus in middle-aged SAMP8 mice. Guomin Li, Xuezhu Zhang, Haiyan Cheng, Xuemei Shang, Hui Xie, Xin Zhang, Jianchun Yu, Jingxian Han.
Wang Z, Nie B, Li D, Zhao Z, Han Y, et al. (2012) Effect of Acupuncture in Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer Disease: A Functional MRI Study. PLoS ONE 7(8): e42730. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0042730 | <urn:uuid:4780b6da-d9c4-4c62-8326-1b7858525ebe> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | http://www.healthcmi.com/Acupuncture-Continuing-Education-News/617-acupunctureceusmemorybraincells | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738659512.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173739-00255-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.834374 | 439 | 2.796875 | 3 |
The purpose of the food in the grocery store is grown to sell not to nourish.
70% of the American diet is made up of processed food that has minimal nutritional content, although high in calories and sugars.
95% of all processed food contains potentially dangerous genetically modified organisms (GMO’s). It’s not a wonder as to why we are such a sick society.
The 3 Most Prevalent Dietary Based Illnesses
- Heart disease
If diet causes, then diet can cure or prevent. This means these diseases can be treated with the food we grow.
Growing your own food ensures that you know and control all of the inputs. This provides a much healthier food source than today’s store alternatives.
The meat quality of chickens, rabbits, ducks, pigs, goats, sheep and cattle is much better. The natural diet, the sunlight and fresh air, the absence of antibiotics steroids and chemicals in our food make it’s a much healthier source.
When you harvest produce from your aquaponics system (or your backyard) you are getting food at its most nutritious point.
Produce begins to lose its nutritional content instantly upon harvest. Today’s grocers produce travels an average of 1500 miles from field to plate and has lost much of its nutrition.
Becoming food independent using natural and sustainable methods not only provides your family the calories it requires to live but it is also provides them the nutrition to thrive. We must learn to support and nourish our immune system. A healthy immune system can keep these chronic diseases at bay.
An aquaponics system is the foundation of the food and health your body’s needs. Plus it is a fun and easy to operate system that bonuses fish as a byproduct. | <urn:uuid:e3a6c364-d5b1-4925-a5d7-0e64ccba2017> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | http://perpetualfood.com/2018/10/13/dietary-based-illnesses/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627998084.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20190616082703-20190616104703-00202.warc.gz | en | 0.947015 | 363 | 2.78125 | 3 |
|Name: _________________________||Period: ___________________|
This quiz consists of 5 multiple choice and 5 short answer questions through Chapter 16.
Multiple Choice Questions
1. As an adult, in what city does Harriet live?
(b) New York City.
(c) Washington D.C.
2. In what city of Texas does the old gringo stop before he travels to Mexico?
(a) El Paso.
3. How does the old gringo say goodbye to Harriet before leaving for Zacatecas?
(a) He does not say goodbye.
(b) He kisses her.
(c) He hugs her.
(d) He shakes her hand.
4. Who states that the old gringo is probably a man of honor?
(b) The Colonel.
(c) General Arroyo.
(d) La Garduña.
5. When do the Mexican people take siesta?
(a) Before bed.
(b) After lunch.
(c) After dinner.
(d) After breakfast.
Short Answer Questions
1. Which of the following states was NOT at least partially owned by the family that originally owned the train car General Arroyo is sleeping in?
2. What does the old gringo regularly dream of?
3. What is Harriet's nationality?
4. What does Mr. Delaney do for a living?
5. In what type of Mexican climate did Harriet live?
This section contains 188 words
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Types of Data
should be a planned, purposeful process.
Before you gather the data, you must determine what
questions you are trying to answer. In other words,
what do you need to know to help your students achieve?
Then, you can proceed to collect the data that are relevant
to the question at hand.
Four general categories of data are available in schools.
Data -- enrollment, attendance, grade level, student discipline, ethnicity, gender, family background, language proficiency, etc.
Data -- standardized test results, grade point averages, classroom quizzes, student portfolios, etc.
Data -- attitudes of students, parents, or community members, usually collected by questionnaires, surveys, interviews, or observations
Data -- school programs, curricular initiatives, instructional strategies, classroom practices, etc.
Each of these data types can provide valuable information
for instructional decisions. | <urn:uuid:6502da6d-6ce2-437b-9586-a21b9e39947d> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://fcit.usf.edu/data/collect/collectinga.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207929803.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113209-00287-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.837017 | 184 | 3.796875 | 4 |
Without a doubt, the internet has opened countless doors for disenfranchised or underrepresented communities — especially women, people of color, rural communities, and the LGBTQ community. However, in recent years, a darker side of the digital revolution has emerged as online data and privacy concerns have become a pervasive part of the national conversation regarding the future of the internet.
Security breach after security breach has exposed tens of millions of consumers’ personal information, leaving many rightfully skeptical about their online safety. Federal policymakers must come together to strengthen our internet privacy protections — to ensure not only that we are protected but online competition remains vibrant and continues to drive a strong economy.
For women in particular, the internet has been an incredibly empowering force, spurring new economic, employment, and educational opportunities; facilitating the formation and growth of online communities that provide support for victims of domestic violence and sexual abuse; as well as supporting and advancing creative expression and collaboration. However, with respect to our safety and privacy, women also face a disproportionate number of threats when we go online.
Unfortunately, far too many social media sites and other internet platforms have become places where online abuse and harassment of women has been allowed to proliferate for too long. This, on top of the potential to have our online privacy exposed, has become an issue that can no longer be ignored.
Past federal efforts to solve this problem have been too limited in scope and have never fully addressed the matter of online privacy and data security. In most of these cases, the regulatory approaches being taken would only apply to a small fraction of the internet ecosystem — for example, by applying online privacy rules only to internet service providers, but leaving out internet companies like Facebook, Amazon, or Google.
Given the unprecedented access these online titans have over our personally identifiable information, federal online privacy laws should apply to these companies as well. Consumers deserve one set of privacy rules that not only ensures their rights and privacy remain protected, but also provides consistency across the spectrum internet players.
In absence of federal guidance, many states have begun to implement their own online privacy and data security rules. While this may seem like a positive, proactive development, it is the entirely wrong approach for something as ubiquitous as the internet. Our online data flows seamlessly across the internet ecosystem — which itself is not bound by state borders. A patchwork of state privacy regulations will not effectively address this issue; it will only create confusion and make it more difficult for consumers to benefit from new internet services and applications.
What we need is for Congress to coalesce around federal legislation that codifies a uniform, consistent set of regulations that protect online privacy for consumers. Such rules — applied evenly and equally across the internet — will give all users, and women in particular, a greater sense of security and confidence in their online safety.
Everyone deserves the right to feel safe and secure when they go online, no matter who they are, where they live, or what information they are sharing. The sooner Congress puts pen to paper and passes federal legislation to provide a set of internet privacy rules, the safer we will all be online. While this would undoubtedly help protect women, it is an issue that affects every American. It is well past time for Congress to act.
Amy Hinojosa is President and CEO of MANA, A National Latina Organization. | <urn:uuid:aa2b77b5-789c-4e75-8123-d50f79717da9> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://medium.com/@ahinojosa/strengthening-online-privacy-vital-for-women-3d9a46b9e455 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370505359.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20200401003422-20200401033422-00013.warc.gz | en | 0.946491 | 673 | 2.515625 | 3 |
There are many people who want to learn programming languages and speak the same language as computers. Especially after the prejudices against artificial intelligence technologies were broken down, everyone, big and small, started to say hello to this new world. Many parents even considered the availability of coding education when choosing a school. But children can also learn coding on their phones or tablets. What are the coding practices that teach children coding, perhaps to take the first steps towards becoming the software developer of the future? 5 applications that children can learn coding, on our news…
In today’s world, it is aimed to gain competencies such as creativity, science, mathematics, problem-solving in digital environment, by coding. Many mobile applications have been developed worldwide especially for children to learn coding. Here are 5 mobile applications that allow children to learn coding:
5 mobile applications that allow children to learn coding
Code.org is an application that allows students to learn coding by closely examining computer science in schools. Coding lessons consist of educational videos with increasing levels of difficulty. Also, characters can be created on subjects that concern sports, science, culture, and art.
2- Blockly Games
The Blockly Games application contains different types of content for children to learn with fun. Coding game; puzzle, training pool, pond, bird, labyrinth, movie, and many more. The game is primarily intended to be instructive and fun. Children are able to write code if they can complete the missing information.
Kodable is a preferred coding application in primary schools in more than 200 countries around the world. In the application, which is similar to Google Classroom, teachers open virtual classrooms. By uploading students’ homework to this class, they are able to follow the ones who do their homework.
Scratch contains educational apps for children of different age groups. It aims to enable children to interact with their friends by coding animations, stories, cartoons, and games. It is claimed that especially the children are aware of the projects created by others thanks to the application that improves their creativity.
Are there any other coding practices that you know about children? You can share it in the comment section.
Also You Can Get Benefit From This News!
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- “What is Linkedin Learning?” click here to read the news
If you are interested in this article and you want to share it, you can use the social media buttons at the end of the article. | <urn:uuid:c2591c6e-79d7-49ba-869e-404e6c922c08> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://en.moblobi.com/mobile/5-mobile-applications-that-teach-kids-coding/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057622.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20210925112158-20210925142158-00262.warc.gz | en | 0.955224 | 540 | 3.703125 | 4 |
A 73-year-old Chinese woman has died from the H10N8 strain of flu that was previously only detected in birds, again raising concerns about viruses that mutate and infecting humans.
Although the strain is only known to have infected two people so far, health experts say it’s raised several red flags.
“We should always be worried when viruses cross the species barrier from birds or animals to humans, as it is very unlikely that we will have prior immunity to protect us,” Jeremy Farrar, director of Wellcome Trust and an expert on flu, told Reuters.
Chinese scientists who analyzed the virus wrote in the journal The Lancet that the H10N8 virus seems to be a genetic reassortment of known strains of bird flu viruses. It has evolved “some genetic characteristics that may allow it to replicate efficiently in humans,” according to Yuelong Shu of the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention in Beijing.
The woman who died was treated with antibiotics and antivirals, but developed multiple organ failure.
Health officials also worry that it’s not a singular case. The second infection shows that the virus is continuing to circulate, said Mingbin Liu from Nanchang City Center for Disease Control and Prevention.
The good news? So far, the virus does not seem to spread from human-to-human. | <urn:uuid:d336e0dd-b161-44b7-8a69-faf7c3ed7aef> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.seeker.com/first-death-from-new-bird-flu-reported-1768283185.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719784.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00502-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.969494 | 282 | 2.65625 | 3 |
What are Open Educational Resources (OER)?
Open Educational Resources are educational materials and resources offered freely and openly for anyone to use and under some licenses to re-mix, improve, and redistribute. Open Educational Resources include:
OER is a relatively new movement in education; educators and learners as well as learning institutions are driving its development. OER provides an alternative to the rising costs of education. OER provides an opportunity to try new ways of teaching and learning, many of which are more collaborative and participatory. Some educators are using OER as a way to get students more involved, using the OER process as a way to collaborate with them on content creation. This process brings students into a larger context of learning and sharing knowledge beyond the four walls of their classroom. Flexibility is a key concept in OER. Materials can be adapted for your specific needs. Because these materials can be searched by a wide variety of criteria, you can quickly find what you specifically need.
The library is interested in finding ways of helping assist faculty in exploring open access materials and other resources that may help offset the need for textbooks in courses – we can answer questions on finding materials in the library collection or on the web.
Linda Kaufmann 413-662-5325
Pamela Contakos 413-662-5542 | <urn:uuid:1a70b2b0-572f-43e5-b7eb-8373585a24c4> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | http://library.mcla.edu/oer | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891813608.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20180221103712-20180221123712-00676.warc.gz | en | 0.951618 | 271 | 3.84375 | 4 |
A few people at the MozCamp were interested in Weave’s use of cryptography to protect the user’s data and privacy. Although the specs for the Weave server are available, it may take someone new a while to wrap their head around the whole scheme. I’m going to attempt explaining what crypto operations we do and why we do it in this blog post.
First, let’s get some basic definitions out of the way. Symmetric cryptography means you have one key that can perform both encryption and decryption, and they are complementary operations. For Weave, we use AES with a 256 bit key, and we use it in a mode that requires an ‘initialization vector’ for every decryption. Asymmetric cryptography means there’s a pair of keys (usually called ‘public’ and ‘private’ keys). A piece of text “encrypted” by one key can only be “decrypted” by the other key. Here, we use RSA with a 2048 bit private key.
So, when a user first signs up for Weave using the wizard on their computer, we generate a (random) pair of public and private keys. Next, we use the user’s passphrase to create a symmetric key. This is done using a pretty standard algorithm known as PBKDF2 (short for “Password Key Derivation Function”). The PBKDF2 algorithm requires a ‘salt’ value which is also stored on the server. Now that we have a symmetric key, we use it to encrypt the user’s private key and upload it along with the public key to the server. Note that the passphrase is never sent to the server, so if the user’s password ever gets compromised all the attacker can get is their encrypted private key, which really isn’t of much use (especially given that the key is 2048 bits long).
Whenever a particular “engine” is to be synchronized (an engine could be Tabs, Bookmarks, History etc.) we generate a random symmetric key for that engine. This key is then encrypted using the user’s public key (now, one can only retrieve the original symmetric key with the corresponding private key) and uploaded as being associated with a particular engine. All entries (the ‘ciphertext’ property in a “Weave Basic Object”) in that engine are encrypted with the symmetric key that was generated for it.
To make things clear, let’s enumerate the steps we would take to decrypt a single tab object for user ‘foo’:
Find the user’s cluster by making a GET request to
https://services.mozilla.com/user/1/foo/node/weave. It returns
Fetch the user’s encrypted private key and public key from
https://sj-weave06.services.mozilla.com/0.5/foo/storage/keys/pubkeyrespectively. The user’s password is required to access these JSON objects.
Ask the user for their passphrase and generate a 256 bit symmetric key from it using PBKDF2 and the ‘salt’ found in the privkey object.
Use the generated symmetric key and the initialization vector found in the ‘iv’ property of the privkey object to decrypt the user’s private key.
Fetch the user’s encrypted tab objects from
Fetch the corresponding symmetric key (the URL is also listed in the “encryption” property of every WBO), in this case
Decrypt the symmetric key with the user’s private key.
Use the decrypted symmetric key to decrypt any WBO from the tabs collection with the initialization vector found in the ‘bulkIV’ property of the tabs symmetric key WBO.
A word about the formats in which the keys are actually stored in. All values are Base64. For symmetric keys, the key is stored as-is. For asymmetric keys, I wish we used a standard format like PKCS#12, but we don’t. It’s still ASN.1 though, in some format NSS exports private keys in. You need to do a bit of ASN.1 parsing to figure out the values you’re interested in.
Finally, a quick note about why we do all this. Sharing is now reasonably easy, if you want to share your bookmarks with someone, you just need to encrypt the corresponding symmetric key with their public key and they’re good to go. Also, each WBO has it’s own ‘encryption’ property so this can be as granular as needed. Secondly, the passphrase is never stored anywhere (except possibly on the user’s computer) so the server never sees anything other than encrypted blobs of Base64’ed text. Along with making HTTPS mandatory, we think this is a pretty secure way of protecting the user’s data.
If you have other encryption schemes that might fit into Weave’s use cases please let us know! (We’ve already been looking at interesting developments in this area such as Tahoe). I’d also love to hear from you if you have any questions on our current cryptography scheme. We’re constantly trying to improve the security and efficiency of our system so these details are only valid until we change our scheme :-)
Now, go write that third-party Weave client, you have no excuse not to! | <urn:uuid:a0e5ffe7-d1ac-441f-a81e-29a529a02e3b> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | http://www.kix.in/2009/10/11/how-does-weave-use-cryptography/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936461266.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074101-00312-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.905748 | 1,185 | 3.28125 | 3 |
Gout is a type of arthritis that arises when there is too much uric acid in your body. But what causes this and how can Gout be treated?
In the past, gout has been believed to be caused by eating too much red meat and seafood, and consuming too much alcohol. Thus, the treatment for the gout was to eliminate food that contained higher amounts of purine. This eliminated many types of food and limited the food that one could still eat.
However, recent studies have shown that not all foods that contain purine cause gout. These studies have also shown that there are certain foods that help manage the uric acid levels in the body, and in doing so, preventing or treating gout.
The Gout Diet
The goal will be to maintain the correct levels of chemicals in the body to ensure all levels are in balance, as well as maintaining a good, healthy body weight.
- Weight loss: Losing weight helps lower the body’s uric acid levels even before a low-purine diet has been followed.
Need to lose weight? Balance your pH levels…
- Complex carbs: To help lower uric acid levels, you must eat more complex carbohydrates (fruits, vegetables, whole grains) and less refined carbohydrates ( candy, cake, white bread)
- Water: Staying hydrated helps lower the chances of gout. Try to drink at least 8 glasses of water each day (Excluding other fluids such as cold drinks or coffee)
- Fats: Eat less saturated fats (red meats, fatty poultry and high-fat dairy products).
- Proteins: Eat less meat and fish proteins, (100 to 170 grams per day), and more low-fat or fat-free dairy products.
Recommendations for specific foods or supplements:
- High-purine vegetables: Studies have shown that it is not harmful to add fruits and vegetables that are high in purine to your diet. High purine vegetables include: asparagus, peas, mushrooms and cauliflower.
- Organ and glandular meats: Avoid meats such as liver and kidney. These contain high purine levels which worsen the affect of gout.
- Selected seafood: Steer clear of the following types of seafood: anchovies, herring, sardines, mussels, scallops, trout, haddock, mackerel and tuna.
- Alcohol: Alcohol consumption increases uric acid levels in your body. Beer, red wine and certain distilled liquors are the main suspects in gout attacks.
- Vitamin C: Vitamin C may help lower uric acid levels in the body.
- Coffee: Although some people believe that coffee causes gout, studies have shown that normal caffeinated coffee may in fact help lower the risk of gout.
- Cherries: Studies show that eating cherries can likely reduced risk of gout attacks.
- Manna PH Balance: The Manna PH Balance supplement helps excrete excess uric acid from the body to help relief gout symptoms and to help prevent future gout attacks. | <urn:uuid:76bda476-5a07-4db2-abf7-da161f7a70d1> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.mannaplus.co.za/causes-of-gout-and-effective-treatment/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988717959.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183837-00508-ip-10-142-188-19.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.936838 | 637 | 2.859375 | 3 |
1570s, "affinity between certain things," from French sympathie (16c.) and directly from Late Latin sympathia "community of feeling, sympathy," from Greek sympatheia "fellow-feeling, community of feeling," from sympathes "having a fellow feeling, affected by like feelings," from assimilated form of syn- "together" (see syn-) + pathos "feeling" (from PIE root *kwent(h)- "to suffer").
In English, almost a magical notion at first; used in reference to medicines that heal wounds when applied to a cloth stained with blood from the wound. Meaning "conformity of feelings" is from 1590s; sense of "fellow feeling, compassion" is first attested c. 1600. An Old English loan-translation of sympathy was efensargung. | <urn:uuid:08a2ec49-daf7-451f-a876-4bd4f2ec2758> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://www.etymonline.com/word/sympathy | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038061562.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20210411055903-20210411085903-00083.warc.gz | en | 0.954692 | 177 | 3.28125 | 3 |
Update (Feb. 23): Four days after Pope Francis visited Chiapas, local officials agreed to restore water and electricity to 27 Protestant families. Two years ago, the utilities were turned off when the families refused to participate in or donate money to Catholic celebrations.
The agreement brokered with authorities “includes respect for beliefs, as well as the obligations of villagers, as long as these do not include participation in or contributions to religious festivals,” a local advocate told Christian Solidarity Worldwide.
But in another Chiapas village, Catholic officials refused last week to allow an elderly Protestant man to be buried there. The man was part of 12 Protestant families who were expelled from the village for their faith in 2012, and have been living in a homeless shelter in nearby San Cristóbal de las Casas. The city is where Francis led Mass and denounced Mexico’s treatment of its indigenous peoples.
John L. Allen Jr., associate editor of Crux, called the pope’s silence on Catholic persecution of Protestants “a striking omission.”
“Particularly with a pope who has spoken multiple times about how anti-Christian persecution is creating an ‘ecumenism of blood,’ evangelicals were hoping that he would make a point of denouncing that persecution when it comes from elements of his own flock,” he wrote in his analysis of Francis’s Mexico trip.
During Pope Francis’s tour of Mexico this week, he visited the southern state of Chiapas in an attempt to bolster sliding Catholic numbers in the indigenous region.
Of the 90 percent of Mexican adults who were raised as Catholic, 81 percent are still Catholic, according to the Pew Research Center. In Chiapas, just 58 percent are Catholic, according to the 2010 census.
All across Latin America, Catholics are losing converts to Protestants, according to Pew’s tally of record low levels of Catholicism across 19 countries and territories. At the same time, the region’s Protestant minority has grown steadily for the past 40 years.
Chiapas borders Guatemala, where half the population is Catholic and 41 percent are Protestant, according to Pew. Numbers are similar in nearby Honduras (46% Catholic, 41% Protestant) and El Salvador (50% Catholic, 36% Protestant). (The Chiapas-Guatemala border is the frontline of a battle to prevent the illegal immigration of Central Americans to the United States.)
The Roman Catholicism practiced in southern Mexico is combined with indigenous religions. The resulting practice made the Catholic hierarchy so uncomfortable that in 2002, the Vatican under Pope John Paul II asked the diocese in Chiapas to stop ordaining deacons.
Francis, who restarted the ordinations in 2014, took a strong stand for the indigenous Catholics this week.
“Today’s world, ravaged as it is by a throwaway culture, needs you!” he told them, denouncing the “systemic and organized way your people have been misunderstood and excluded from society.”
He didn’t address the persecution that indigenous Catholics have leveled against Protestants in Chiapas.
In what Christian Solidarity Worldwide (CSW) calls “a marginalized community within a larger marginalized community,” Chiapas Protestants have been banished fromtheir homes and land. Sometimes after having their utilities cut off. Sometimes after threats of lynching. The day before Francis’s visit, one evangelical church wasbroken into and burned down.
The expulsions and occasional physical violence have largely been ignored by the state and federal government. While the Mexican constitution guarantees the freedom of religion, that right often conflicts with the Law of Uses and Customs, which grants local and regional autonomy in parts of the country with large indigenous populations like Chiapas. The laws are meant to preserve their culture.
“Typically in such cases, the local authorities proclaim their village or municipality to be exclusive to one particular religion, prohibit the entry of members of other faiths, make participation in activities related to the ‘official’ religion compulsory, and attempt to force inhabitants who practice other faiths to convert to the declared ‘official’ religion,” a 2015 CSW report stated.
Chiapas, which has the largest number of religious freedom violations in the country, has 30 unresolved cases of displaced Protestant families.
“Serious violations of religious freedom targeting religious minorities have occurred on a widespread basis in Chiapas and Hidalgo since the 1970s,” the CSW report said. “Almost 40 years on, it is impossible to justify the government’s failure to address the issue in any comprehensive way. Instead, expulsions continue, religious tensions continue to be exploited for political and economic interests, and social instability continues to grow.”
CT has covered the growing pressure US officials and religious freedom advocates are placing on Mexico to stop Protestant persecution, the steady swing of Latin Americans away from Catholicism and into Protestantism, and what those Protestants actually believe and practice. | <urn:uuid:39b31ee3-eefc-415b-9a54-3800a4bb750d> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | http://crcbermuda.com/temp/misc/crcb-blog/2016/03/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178361849.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20210301030155-20210301060155-00385.warc.gz | en | 0.951848 | 1,029 | 2.53125 | 3 |
A new way to visually layout your Origami prototypes with freeform drawing tools text editing and visual components. Learn how to make easy origami with these simple instructions.
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Oru in Japanese means to fold and Kami in Japanese means Paper so it translates as To fold paper.
Origami website. There are lots of origami models that are easy and fun to fold. Origami is simply the art of folding paper. We have a lot of easy origami models for you to choose from.
It may look a little different from what you typically think of as origami – rather than folding paper in a set of sequential steps this simulation attempts to fold every crease simultaneously. Design animate and prototype. These origami instructions and diagrams were written to be as easy to follow as possible.
The web-site of paperfolding designer authorpublisher and presenter David Mitchell. The best site to fold origami. Our website is the place to find diagrams to fold from shop for origami books paper and downloadable diagrams and find events from our calendar such as our fantastic Conventions that bring folders together from all over the world.
ORIGAMI SIMULATOR This app allows you to simulate how any origami crease pattern will fold. Even if youre a complete paper folding beginner you should be able to fold most of whats here. There are lots of figures that are easy and fun to make.
For those who are unfamiliar with origami it is the art of folding paper into a sculpture without. Join us and you receive our print magazine. Over The Door 3 Tier White Hanging Organization Rack by Supermoon.
Many origami models also have videos you can watch. Fold classics such as origami crane and lily and other popular origami. I recommend using origami paper if you want them to turn out nice but regular paper will do fine for simple diagrams.
Just click on the link to see the diagram instructions or download a printable pdf. Wooden Inserts for RPR and RB Series Six Pack 1 review. Our simple step by step guides are easy to.
Lang The Science of Art. Also you can learn about talented origami artists there and if you wish to meet other people who are also interested in origami you can then check the. The most popular and famous origami web site on the planet.
The beauty is in the simple folds. The world of mathematics might seem far removed from the world of art but mathematics both describes and enables the creation of beautiful forms. All of the origami instructions on this website are easy to understand.
Buy best quality tissues in India by Origami a wide range of products includes Face tissue toilet paper rolls facial cotton pads party napkins and kitchen essentials. Whether you are a dedicated origami folder or you need to find a handmade gift idea craft to sell in your stores or gift boxes for presents this is a great free resource. Origami ExpandableAdjusting Sliding Drawers 2-Pack 16 reviews.
Click here to learn more about the origins of origami. Just follow the step by step guide and youll be able to fold something in little time. Origami Instructions and Diagrams.
Follow our photo instructions step by step. Website by TASON web works. When you think of origami you automatically think of some complex paper structure that is difficult to fold but it doesnt have to be that way.
Paper Kawaii has many 400 origami and paper craft tutorials to offer. Try Japanese traditional paper crafts. Simply click on a model to view the diagrams.
Its harder to design easy models than it is to design complex ones. Find an origami group near you or read our online magazine for more diagrams and great articles. Below youll find instructions for 120 easy to fold origami models.
And by the way its all free and there is a printable PDF version of every diagram on the site so feel free to share them with your friends. And for kids it has so many benefits socially and for the developing mind but I just love it because you get to make cool stuff – with only a sheet of paper. Paper-folding is a wonderful hobby and a wonderful group activity.
Download Origami Studio Watch Tutorial. Some of the most beautiful origami are the simple models. No annoying diagrams here.
Origami doesnt have to be difficult and frustrating.
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20 Quick Origami Tutorials Full Punch Origami Tutorial Origami Totoro | <urn:uuid:01540822-57d1-4129-9023-c0892d4acc21> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://origami.photobrunobernard.com/origami-instruction/origami-website/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296945248.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20230324051147-20230324081147-00565.warc.gz | en | 0.814492 | 1,305 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Hello first graders! I know you’ve been learning about what a scientist is, and I’m thrilled to be able to introduce you to different scientists throughout this school year. Our first scientist is named Terry McGlynn. I hope you will enjoy reading my interview with him, and if you have any questions be sure to leave him a comment!
Erin: What type of scientist are you?
Terry: I’m an ecologist, and I work mostly on ants in tropical rainforests. That means that I am trying to figure out how differences in the environment might affect ants, and also how the ants can cause differences in the environment. Depending on the situation, I might say that I’m a tropical biologist, an entomologist, or a myrmecologist which is a special term for someone who studies ants.
Erin: It takes a long time (or at least a lot of school) to become a scientist. What is one of your favorite memories from school, or things that you learned in school?
Terry: When I was in elementary school, an education team from NASA visited. This was in the early days of the space shuttle program. They brought a ceramic heat tile like the ones used on the shuttle. A volunteer was brought up on stage to hold the tile from one side, while the educators used a blowtorch to warm the other side of the tile.
Terry: Another amazing thing I remember from when I was a kid was the La Brea Tar Pits, which have fossils from the Pleistocene when people coexisted with creatures like giant ground sloths, mastodons, dire wolves and giant jaguars. There is a great exhibit at the tar pits, which is still there, with a whole wall filled with the skulls of dire wolves retrieved from tar pit excavations. They appear all so similar but like all organisms have slight variations. This display in a single glance tells the story of evolution, the history of life, the events that brought wolves to the tar pits, and the importance of museum collections and the people who put them together.
Terry: One more memory – when I was in college what I loved most about studying science were the field trips, up to the mountains, out into the desert, and on a research ship in the ocean. I got to learn all about plants, animals and the natural world from people who were so excited about life and were a great inspiration to me.
Erin: Where do you work and what do you do on a typical day at work?
Terry: I am a professor at California State University Dominquez Hills, which is in Los Angeles. Every day I spend some time on the computer writing, communicating with students and searching for information. Some days I teach, and some days I also work with elementary and secondary science teachers so that we can all become better scientists and better teachers. I often meet with my students who are doing research to keep up with their progress and advise them, and when I’m really lucky I get to go into the lab and sort through our research samples of ants. It is a little hard to describe a “typical” day!
Terry: For about one month per year, I also work in a Costa Rican rainforest with my students from my lab, where we are working long days to run our experiments and collect data and samples to analyze when we get back home.
Erin: Why did you decide to become a scientist?
Terry: I became a scientist because I was excited about all of the questions that don’t have any answer. I saw that the whole world is an unsolved puzzle, but with no picture on the top of the box. When I was in college, I thought I was going to become a doctor. In my last year of college, I realized that I wanted to be a field biologist instead of a doctor, right in the middle of a medical school interview. Looking back, I have no idea why I even went down that path, especially when I was most excited about classes in evolutionary biology, biogeography, insect biology and conservation biology.
Erin: What is your favorite thing about your job?
Terry: The people! I’ve been incredibly fortunate to be able to work with so many wonderful students over the years, many who have become good friends of mine. I have been able to bring a lot of students to conduct research in the rainforest, at La Selva Biological Station in Costa Rica. It’s wonderful to see how the experience in a diverse rainforest, combined with immersion in a community of field biologists, can be a transformative experience. The other scientists I work with – both at my university and my collaborators from around the world – are really fun and interesting. I also really enjoy being able to travel to many kinds of places, for research and attending conferences. But I have to admit that some of the most exciting moments have happened when I’ve been working at the computer analyzing data. Once in a long while, suddenly while looking at the computer screen I learn a new and surprising fact in need of further explanation. Those thrilling moments often propel my research into new directions and provide me fuel for working long hours on new experiments.
Erin: What is something you’ve found about either being a scientist or the subject you study that most people don’t know?
Terry: Most people don’t know that all worker ants are females!
Erin: What are some of the things you like to do for fun?
Terry: Science is fun! While studying ants is my job, I also do it for fun. I enjoy other things too, of course. I love hanging out with my family, spending time outdoors, camping, reading fiction, and I spend plenty of time in museums, including some volunteering.
What do you think first graders? Do you have any questions for Terry about ants, the rainforest, or being a scientist? | <urn:uuid:d908bd77-9e16-4ba8-a300-462b8ef62654> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://erinpodolak.com/2013/scientist-month-october-2013-terry-mcglynn/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806438.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20171121223707-20171122003707-00280.warc.gz | en | 0.971846 | 1,232 | 3.046875 | 3 |
A rare case of the Zika virus being transmitted through sex, not a mosquito bite, has been reported in the US. A patient infected in Dallas, Texas, is likely to have been infected by sexual contact.
The person had not travelled to infected areas but their partner had returned from Venezuela.
Zika is carried by mosquitoes and has been linked to thousands of babies being born with underdeveloped brains.
It is spreading through the Americas and the World Health Organization (WHO) has declared the disease linked to the virus a global public health emergency. | <urn:uuid:8f5cb06d-4bb6-4cd7-a39f-80757f115575> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | https://viralcocktail.com/zika-outbreak-zika-virus-can-be-transmitted-through-sex-not-a-mosquito-bite/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583509996.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20181016030831-20181016052331-00543.warc.gz | en | 0.987085 | 110 | 2.65625 | 3 |
November 11, 2020 | Chloe Jang
“Those who tell the stories, rule the world.” – Hopi Proverb
When starting our memoir unit, I read that line of wisdom with our 4th grade readers and writers. Thinking about the meaning of those words, Courageous discussed how there is power in the ability to tell a story.
We have been reading memoirs like Knucklehead, Knots in My Yo-Yo String and Marshfield Dreams, to learn how these authors tell their own stories with details and to observe the characters’ actions that show who they are.
We have also begun brainstorming to write our own memoirs.
4th graders will choose a memory of their own to zoom in a small moment and tell their story. They will focus on adding in specific actions to show not tell who the characters are and juicy details to make their story interesting.
What stories will they choose to tell? Ask your child to share! I can’t wait to read as well. | <urn:uuid:0c431742-99b7-4214-9874-d04745b8f9cb> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://mustardseedschool.org/teachers_blog/those-who-tell-the-stories-rule-the-world/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243988753.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20210506083716-20210506113716-00416.warc.gz | en | 0.964375 | 211 | 3.453125 | 3 |
The most prominent characteristics of this butterfly are the large silver, more or less rectangular spots on the underside of the hindwings. Those are a distinctive feature of this species. The Queen of Spain fritillary is part of the brightly coloured group of the Nymphalidae, also called "four-footed butterflies".
Did you know?
The Queen of Spain fritillary is a characteristic species of arable land, stubble fields and nutrient-poor grasslands. If the larval foodplants are present (different species of violets), he can also be observed in urbanised areas. The grown butterfly himself is not very picky and feeds on a multitude of flowers. The Queen of Spain fritillary is a migratory species and is able to travel over large distances. | <urn:uuid:b76ca29f-fdc0-496d-8314-fa22cde44225> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://data.mnhn.lu/en/taxa/ap/issoria-lathonia | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875145960.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20200224132646-20200224162646-00195.warc.gz | en | 0.947693 | 160 | 3.21875 | 3 |
Frequently Asked Questions
*Questions and answers are frequently added. If you have questions, please email us at [email protected]*
WHAT IS EMBRITTLEMENT?
Embrittlement is the loss of strength, ductility and resistance to cracking. In nuclear reactors, there are steel containers called reactor pressure vessels that hold nuclear fuel when the reactor is operating. Overtime, the particles (neutrons) hit that steel and that steel becomes weaker. However, some reactor pressure vessels were made with copper which is even more prone to embrittlement. This leads to embrittled reactors being more at risk of pressurized thermal shock related accidents.
Information on “Aging Nuclear Power Plants focusing in particular on irradiation embrittlement of pressure vessels Nuke Info Tokyo No. 148” available here.
WHAT IS THE NRC AND HOW ARE THEY INVOLVED?
NRC stands for Nuclear Regulatory Commission.
“The U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) was created as an independent agency by Congress in 1974 to ensure the safe use of radioactive materials for beneficial civilian purposes while protecting people and the environment. The NRC regulates commercial nuclear power plants and other uses of nuclear materials, such as in nuclear medicine, through licensing, inspection and enforcement of its requirements.” (Source)
The NRC is headed by five Commissioners appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate for five-year terms. One of them is designated by the President to be the Chairman and official spokesperson of the Commission.
WHAT IS A POWER PURCHASE AGREEMENT?
"A Power Purchase Agreement (PPA) is an arrangement in which a third-party developer installs, owns, and operates an energy system on a customer’s property. The customer then purchases the system's electric output for a predetermined period." (Source)
HOW MUCH ELECTRICITY DOES POINT BEACH PRODUCE?
After an uprate in the early 2010s, the reactors now produce about 1,263.5 megawatts of electricity.
WHAT IS A WPDES PERMIT?
“The DNR regulates the discharge of pollutants to waters of the state through the Wisconsin Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (WPDES) program. Wastewater permits contain all the monitoring requirements, special reports and compliance schedules appropriate to the facility in question. Permits are issued for a five-year term.” (Source)
Point Beach’s current permit expires in June 2021; however, their current permit will be administratively continued due to delays at DNR. NextEra did submit their application for the next permit on time. As of May 19, 2021, DNR staff were working on the water quality based effluent limits memo for the new permit. The next steps are finishing the next permit draft, an internal review, and a fact checking review from the facility.
WHAT ARE THE DETAILS ON THE WATER USE BY POINT BEACH?
The intake in Lake Michigan is located 1,750 feet offshore in approximately 22 feet of water. The intake area has a 16 speaker acoustic deterrent system. There are 8 screens located at the intake. The intake is designed to take in a maximum of 1,108 million gallons of water per day (MGD). In the winter, Point Beach intakes an average of 697 MGD and in the summer the average is 1104 MGD.
Through the intake process aquatic life is still trapped and killed, despite the speaker system and sequence of screens. NextEra reported that the average total annual foregone fishery yield because of Point Beach is estimated at 7,406 kg. In 2017, 32,477 shellfish were collected.
According to NextEra, “A total of 15 ichthyoplankton taxa/life stage groups were encountered in the 2017 entrainment samples, with the most abundant being Rainbow Smelt (41.7% of the total), followed by Burbot (26.4%), Alewife (11.1 %), and Round Goby (8.3%). About 3% were unidentified fish eggs and 7% were unidentified larvae.” (page 1-17, 99)
According to NextEra, “PBNP calculates and reports its daily heat load based on measured cooling water flow and average daily increase in cooling water temperature. Compliance with the Plant's heat load limit of 8,273 million British thermal units per hour is based on a weekly average of the heat load calculation.” (page 109)
The 2019 average amount of noncontact cooling water discharged into Lake Michigan is 913.6 MGD. The water discharged is used for any of the following activities: Condenser Cooling, Water Screen Backwash, Fire Protection, Misc., Equipment Cooling, Steam Generator Slowdown, Primary Coolant Letdown, Reverse Osmosis, Neutralizing Tank. The discharge locations are located about 60 feet offshore.
WHAT IS THE ECONOMIC SITUATION FOR RATEPAYERS BECAUSE OF POINT BEACH?
Dr. Cooper, Senior Fellow for Economic Analysis at the Institute for Energy and the Environment at Vermont Law School, and Director of Research at the Consumer Federation of America, said, "The Point Beach purchased power agreement (PPA) is totally uneconomic. The cumulative excess cost imposed on ratepayers is almost $5 billion for the period ending in 2030, which works out to over $3,000 per electricity customer, or $300 per year. With $5 billion and the remaining time before the early-2030s expirations of the current Point Beach 1 and 2 licenses, the net expected power generation from the plant during that period could be completely obviated by construction of renewables and implementation of efficiency.
Point Beach would cost ratepayers over twice as much as a least cost, low carbon, low pollution approach. The PPA for Point Beach imposes enormous excess costs on ratepayers and is unconscionable. By 2030 and 2033, but for the PPA, efficiency and renewable energy sources could have expanded and displaced this myopic baseload power plant. By 2030, Point Beach Units 1 and 2 will be completely redundant and obsolescent." | <urn:uuid:0ebf78e5-8783-420e-a9a0-758a0520d0dd> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://www.closepointbeachnuclear.org/faq | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662539131.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20220521143241-20220521173241-00159.warc.gz | en | 0.939817 | 1,285 | 2.65625 | 3 |
How to Write an Abstract for a Research Paper
Need to create a research paper or dissertation abstract, but from the name of the task, you’re baffled by the trickiness of this head-scratcher? Don’t stress early. Read our free article to get your hands on the background information and writing tips that will show you the alternative to get over this intimidating procedure and uncover how to write an abstract. Follow the commendable path of least resistance and get your piece made without a snag.
What Is the Abstract?
The abstract provides a short theoretical framework, major findings, targets, and summations of your writing. The abstract serves to help readers grasp what you are bringing up without reading the entire paper.
Every abstract must accomplish the same objective, three styles exist that you might be asked to use:
Let’s get an idea of what each of them represents.
A descriptive type reveals main points on the aim, methods, relevance of the original document, with no mention of the consequences and summations. The aim of an informative abstract is to provide a stand-alone synopsis of the main content, along with the results. A critical one is not much favored in academics, but it won’t harm you if you read a few sentences about this abstract type. Just like descriptive and informative abstracts, the critical one also takes care of the main argument points, goals, etc. But it contains a section of an overview or critique of the methods, outcomes, or research channels too.
Depending on the style, a good abstract may contain different elements. Here are a few things you can be asked to attach to your sample:
- research issue and goals
- key results or arguments
Always verify the formatting requirements with your supervisor before commencing the writing process. The teacher can ask you to make it either in APA style (American Psychological Association) or MLA style (Modern Language Association).
How to Write an Abstract — Quick Tips
You won’t skip writing this part if you’re going to work on a thesis, research paper, dissertation. You’ll also need to submit it along with the article to the academic journal or Google Scholar.
As you don’t want to spend a lot of time on it, here are our tips that will assist you in coping with this task much faster and easier.
Write it only after your paper is ready
The fact this section follows the title page shouldn’t mislead you to take care of it first. An abstract should state what you’ve managed to bring up, and you’ll come to an awareness of that only when you complete the paper. Even if you have a plan and rely on your productive study skills, save writing this part of the piece for last.
Begin writing only when you know requirements
We’ve already explained the types, formatting styles, outlines for this kind of writing. So ahead of writing from the name of the task, you’d better talk with your teacher or professor for clear instructions. The more you are informed, the less editing or re-writing you’ll have to do.
Compose the abstract sticking to the logical structure
- Your goal
Why is your research critical? Why should anyone read your work in full?
What problem do you put forward in your work? What is your main argument or thesis?
What methods were used to reach your goals?
What have you discovered during your working process? Have you confirmed your hypothesis?
How does your info add to what’s already known about the matter? How can your results be used in other works?
Make up a topic, like a video game addiction, and fill in your framework. Then format it, so it has an introduction, body, and conclusion. It needs to mirror the design of the essay. This is simple but effective.
Write your first draft
Your abstract is an encapsulation, not paraphrased or taken from your work or any other research source. Attempt to create the sample using different wording or phrases. When you’re figuring out how to write an abstract, mind that it needs to be short but informative. Avoid fillers and get straight to the point. Every line needs to communicate a clear main point. Don’t use jargon that can be misinterpreted by general readers.
To grab the readers’ attention, you should provide specific facts. You can add dates, statistics results, or any other figures that are pertinent. But give only those facts that have been used in your work.
Polish till it’s perfect
Editing is a natural part of writing. While checking for the first time, proofread the written text for errors, and ensure the formatting style is adhered to. Then pay special attention to the content. As this part needs to be a brief overview of the work, double-check if it achieves a clear sum up of the paper. Also, find out if you adhered to the symbol limit. If no guidelines for the count were provided, the abstract shouldn’t exceed one page that was double-spaced.
No matter what style you are using, APA format or some other one, utilize these important tips, and you’ll complete your task pretty fast. | <urn:uuid:771fbc89-2e2a-4c6a-82b6-88caa2dd0fbd> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://buy-essay-services.com/blog/how-to-how-to-write-an-abstract | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347392057.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20200527013445-20200527043445-00262.warc.gz | en | 0.913055 | 1,090 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Up next in Pet Rabbit Guide (8 videos)
So fluffy, so adorable, and so much responsibility! Learn how to care for pet bunnies and rabbits with these Howcast videos. Advice includes how to teach kids to behave with a rabbit; how to get two rabbits to become friends; how to give medication to your rabbit; how to train your rabbit to use a litter box; what to feed a rabbit; and more.
You Will Need
- An eyedropper or medicine syringe
- A towel
- A chair, stool, or bench to sit on
- A tiny bunny treat, like a raisin or piece of apple
- A small quantity of mashed banana or applesauce
Measure out medicine
Have the correct measured dose of medicine ready in an eyedropper or medicine syringe.
Prepare after-medication treat
Stash an after-medication treat, like a raisin or a small piece of apple, in a convenient spot so you can get to it as soon as you’re done.
Arrange your seat
Arrange your chair, bench, or stool in the place you plan to dose Bun-bun.
Pick up rabbit
Pick up the bunny as calmly as you can, speaking soothingly while you do. Wrap her tightly in the towel—think 'bunny burrito'—so that she can’t get her legs free to kick or scramble around.
Take a seat
Take a seat, both of you! Sit down on the chair, stool, or bench with the bunny held firmly on your lap.
Hold rabbit firmly
Tucking the rabbit firmly under one arm, hold her against your body. If you’re right-handed, use your left arm. If you’re left-handed, use your right arm.
Grip rabbit’s head
With the hand that’s holding the bunny, grip her head. Use your thumb to pry her lips open. Keep holding her against your body so she won’t be able to back away from the medicine.
Insert eyedropper or syringe in rabbit’s mouth
Still, gripping the bunny’s head and holding open her lips, use your other hand to slide the filled eyedropper or syringe into her mouth. Always slide it in from the side, where a rabbit’s teeth won’t get in the way.
Squirt the medicine as far back into the bunny’s throat as you can. Hold her mouth closed for a few seconds.
Show the rabbit her treat before you place her carefully on the floor and remove the towel. If she’s too mad to stick around, leave the treat on the floor—she’ll come back for it.
It would be great if rabbits knew you were doing this all for their own good, but take heart. The treatments will soon be over, and after a few days your bunny won’t remember what you put her through. | <urn:uuid:66dab0c4-aee5-441f-8d6a-4b327c301980> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://www.howcast.com/videos/190878-How-to-Give-Medication-to-a-Rabbit | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414637903893.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20141030025823-00119-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.904699 | 625 | 2.5625 | 3 |
But in other ways, they’re practically opposites. In fact, they don’t share any cognitive functions. In MBTI personality theory, one letter can make a big difference.
Not sure if you’re an INFJ or INFP? It’s a common dilemma. Here’s how to tell these two very similar personalities apart.
INFJ vs. INFP: Cognitive Functions
Let’s start with the cognitive functions, as most MBTI practitioners agree that looking to them is the best way to determine personality type. According to the official Myers & Briggs Foundation website, cognitive functions are attitudes “that can be expressed in either the inner world or the outer world.” Even though the INFJ and INFP only differ by one letter, they have completely opposite cognitive functions.
In order from most dominant to least dominant, the INFJ’s cognitive functions are:
- Introverted Intuition (Ni)
- Extroverted Feeling (Fe)
- Introverted Thinking (Ti)
- Extroverted Sensing (Se)
The INFP’s cognitive functions are:
- Introverted Feeling (Fi)
- Extroverted Intuition (Ne)
- Introverted Sensing (Si)
- Extroverted Thinking (Te)
Keep these cognitive functions in mind as we explore some of the key differences between these two personality types. And remember that personality type is not meant to be a box that limits you but rather a tool to help you grow. If you don’t see yourself represented exactly in these descriptions, that’s okay.
INFJ vs. INFP: 4 Differences
Here are four ways that INFJs and INFPs think and act differently.
1. Analytical vs. artistic
INFJs see the world mainly through the lens of their Introverted Intuition, which is a perceiving function. Perceiving functions are open and exploratory in nature. The opposite of a perceiving function is a judging function, which is all about reaching conclusions and implementing plans.
Although INFJs are considered a “judging” personality (i.e. the “J” at the end of their four-letter initialism), they actually lead with a perceiving function. This perceiving function is introverted, so it’s mostly hidden from others. Their second function, Extroverted Feeling, is a judging function that is expressed outwardly.
INFPs are the opposite. They lead with a judging function, Introverted Feeling. Their second function, Extroverted Intuition, is a perceiving function that is expressed outwardly.
As a result, INFJs appear more structured, rigid, and analytical, whereas INFPs appear more open, spontaneous, and artistic.
That’s because INFJs are “extroverting” their structured side whereas INFPs are “extroverting” their open side.
It also means that inwardly INFJs feel more artistic than they appear. INFPs, on the other hand, inwardly feel more analytical than they appear.
2. Aware of others’ feelings vs. aware of their own
Because the INFJ’s feeling function is extroverted, they naturally tune into other people’s moods and emotions. Because of this superpower, INFJs tend to have high levels of empathy, and it’s no surprise that many of them pursue careers in therapy, social work, and counseling.
INFPs, on the other hand, naturally tune into their own feelings because their feeling function is introverted. Masters of emotion, they understand the human condition perhaps better than any other personality type. This superpower is often reflected in their art, writing, or other creative pursuits.
This isn’t to say that INFPs can’t empathize with others. On the contrary, INFPs can easily imagine what others are going through. They often have a deep sense of concern for others, especially those who are hurting. And like INFJs, they may struggle with people-pleasing.
Basically, if you feel that you march to the beat of your own drum, you’re likely an INFP. But if you’ve always been very aware of other people’s emotions — and you feel responsible for them and sometimes even overwhelmed by them — you’re more likely an INFJ.
3. Seeking insight vs. exploring the human condition
The analytical INFJ is driven to seek insight. Their favorite topics to read (and write) about tend to be psychology, personal growth, spirituality, current events, and fictional stories that reveal human nature. The philosophers Nietzsche and Schopenhauer were probably INFJs.
This fits with the INFJ’s tendency to observe, notice patterns, and make deductions. According to A.J. Drenth of Personality Junkie, INFJs often operate as social analysts or prophets. They interpret what they see and urge social or moral change when necessary.
INFPs are more interested in exploring the human condition — the hardships, joys, and emotions behind the human experience. Writers Virginia Woolfe and Albert Camus are thought to have been INFPs.
Still confused? Take my INFP friend and me, an INFJ, as an example. I enjoy reading fiction that has a strong plot and a message or takeaway at the end. My INFP friend, on the other hand, cares less about the drum beat of plot and instead enjoys spending time with characters and getting inside their heads.
4. Outer control vs. inner control
Outwardly, INFJs tend to come across as organized and put together. As judgers, they’re generally orderly and on time, and they appreciate having a general plan for things.
However, they may not feel “together.” Again, because their dominant Introverted Intuition is a perceiving function, their internal landscape is actually more perceiver-like. Internally, INFJs are more open, flexible, and exploratory than they appear.
For INFPs, it’s the opposite. Outwardly, they appear flexible and willing to go with the flow. They care less about deadlines, schedules, plans, and keeping things neat and tidy. Inwardly, they’re more judger-like, that is, more rigid and structured.
There’s a saying in the MBTI world that if you find yourself thinking, “I’m not as put-together as I seem,” you might be an IJ personality type. But if you find yourself thinking, “I’m much more together than I appear,” you might be an IP.
Still Not Sure?
The best way to discover your personality type is to take a reliable personality assessment and to learn more about the cognitive functions. We recommend this free personality assessment from Personality Hacker.
You Might Like
- 21 Signs That You’re an INFJ, the Rarest Personality Type
- 19 Signs That You’re an INFP, the Most Idealistic Personality Type
- What Is the INFJ Door Slam, and Why Do INFJs Do It?
- 7 Difficult Things About Being an INFP
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This article contains affiliate links. We only recommend products we truly believe in. | <urn:uuid:13d0957e-1016-44bf-ab6a-1ff327e156e8> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | https://introvertdear.com/news/infj-or-infp-ways-different/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195527396.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20190721225759-20190722011759-00326.warc.gz | en | 0.935854 | 1,561 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Modeling friction stir welding of Al 2024-T3 [abstract]
Metadata[+] Show full item record
Friction stir welding (FSW) is a modification of the traditional friction welding. It is a process patented by The Welding Institute in Cambridge, England in 1991. It is a mechanical process whereby solid-state welding is performed using heat generated from the friction of a rotating tool. Two plates of metal are butted together and held in place against a backing material using a clamping system. The rotating tool is then slowly plunged with a downward force into the weld joint. It remains stationary for a few seconds while enough heat is generated due to friction that the welded material will begin to flow around the tool. Once this point is reached, the tool is traversed along the joint forming the weld behind the tool as it moves along. The main benefits of friction stir welding come from the fact that the melting temperature of the work piece is not reached during the weld. The mechanical properties of welded metals are retained and even improved when the correct welding parameters are utilized—an area of valuable research as FSW is a relatively new process. By varying the downward plunge force, the depth of the penetration of the tool, the rotation speed of the tool, and the linear velocity at which the tool traverses the joint in the welding process, the optimum mechanical properties of the resulting weld can be obtained. This research is concerned with modeling the temperature distribution in the work piece materials during the weld using analytical methods, based on fluid dynamics method. (GAMBIT/FLUENT). A model of the work piece and tool is created and the calculated amount of heat generated by the friction of the tool is applied to this model. It is important to understand the temperature distribution of the welding process because it directly determines the resulting mechanical properties of the weld. This temperature distribution model is compared to actual experimental data and will help to determine the optimum weld parameters. | <urn:uuid:42f7014d-aa1e-4875-a9b5-c90e8d810e7d> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | https://mospace.umsystem.edu/xmlui/handle/10355/1825 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128321426.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20170627134151-20170627154151-00066.warc.gz | en | 0.92249 | 395 | 3.234375 | 3 |
A Physical Therapist will serve their patients in helping them to relieve pain, improve their mobility, and help to prevent any permanent physical damage that may cause disability.
Patients of a Physical Therapy may include people who suffer from severe back pain, shoulder pain, fractures, heart disease, arthritis, and head injuries, to name a few. Sometimes, the work of a physical therapist can be physically demanding as they may have to help move patients and help them make certain body movements during therapy. Besides helping move their patients, in Physical Therapy a therapist may also have to move around heavy equipment sometimes.
Physical Therapy have access to their patients medical histories and will examine them so that they can test their patients strength and muscle performance, range of motion, balance, posture and so on. For instance, if a patient has a rotary cuff injury, they will have a hard time raising their arm straight up. The physical Therapy will continually test that patient to see if improvements are made as treatment goes on. Their goal here is to get their patient to raise their arm without pain and to reach that point, the Physical Therapy will have to develop a strategy and a plan to get the healthy outcome that he/she and the patient desire.
To treat patients, the Physical Therapist may have their patients do exercises for them, especially for those who may have problems with certain body movements that most healthy people usually take for granted. The Physical Therapist will try as hard as they can to get their patient to get all normal range of motions back and increase flexibility as much as possible. The patients will need these normal range of motions to get by in everyday life whether at home or at their job, the Physical Therapy has a goal to see that it is achieved.
Aid products that you may see a Physical Therapist use are things such as hot packs or cold compresses. These are used to help relieve pain that a person may be experiencing. Other gadgets that a Physical Therapist use are electrical stimulation and ultrasounds, whatever it takes to relieve the pain from their patients and make them feel better. Massages are done my Physical Therapist to ease pain, massages also help to improve circulation of the patients.
Physical Therapy jobs include teaching your patients how to keep healthy and strong when they go home to fully exert their recovery, exercising may be part of the plan. They may teach the patient how to use crutches, wheelchairs, and other things.
Physical Therapy jobs include lots of follow up with their patients. When a patient is sent home they will have to visit their Physical Therapist from time to time so that progress can be examined. When necessary, modification of treatment will be ordered. For this reason, physical therapy work closely with physicians, social workers, speech language pathologist, occupational therapist, educators, nurses, as well as other professionals to help patients recover. | <urn:uuid:955e61c5-8d8d-4ca9-b681-286b360dfa5c> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | http://travelogueartisticmind.blogspot.com/2012/11/what-are-tasks-of-physical-therapist.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125947421.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20180424221730-20180425001730-00177.warc.gz | en | 0.965942 | 578 | 2.796875 | 3 |
- David Kedode
- 5 Comments
- Tags: Christmas, December 25th, Falsehood, Paganism
WHERE did we get Christmas? From the Bible, or paganism?
Stop and think a moment! Very few have ever reflected on why they believe what they do, why they follow the customs they do, or from where those customs came. We were born into a world filled with customs. We grew up accepting them without question. But by nature we do tend to follow the crowd, whether right or wrong. Sheep follow others to the slaughter. Humans ought to check up where they are going.
How, when did Christmas originate?
Does Christmas really celebrate the birthday of Christ? Was Jesus born on December 25th?
Did the original apostles, who knew Jesus personally and were taught by Him, celebrate His birthday on December 25th? Did they celebrate it at all?
If Christmas is the chief of the Christian holidays, why do so many non-Christians observe it? Do you know?
Why do people exchange presents with family members, friends, relatives at Christmas time? Was it because the wise men presented gifts to the Christ-child? The answer may surprise you.
Most people have “supposed” a lot of things about Christmas that are not true. But let’s quit “supposing” and get the facts!
Jesus was probably not born in December: The Catholic Encyclopedia admits “there is no month in the year to which respectable authorities have not assigned Christ’s birth.” There are, however, a number of reasons to suggest that Jesus was probably not born in December.
Firstly, Luke 2:8 states that on the night of Jesus’ birth “there were in the same country shepherds abiding in the field, keeping watch over their flock by night.” Many scholars agree that this would have been unlikely in December, as shepherds would have been keeping their flock under cover during the cold winter months.
Secondly, it is written in the Bible that Joseph and Mary travelled to Bethlehem to register in a Roman census (Luke 2:1-4). However, such censuses were not taken in winter when temperatures often dropped below freezing and roads were in poor condition.
Since it appears unlikely that Jesus was born on December 25th, it raises the logical question of why Christmas is celebrated on this date. The answer points back to pagan celebrations which occurred around the winter solstice. Two celebrations in particular took place around December 25 – Saturnalia and the birthday of the sun god, Mithra. The Saturnalia festival began on December 17th and later expanded with festivities through to December 25th. It paid tribute to Saturn, the agricultural god of sowing and husbandry, and was associated with the renewal of light and the coming of the new year. The holiday was celebrated with a sacrifice in the Temple of Saturn, followed by a public banquet and private gift-giving, continual partying, and a carnival atmosphere.
Followers of the cult of Mithras (Mithra), which became popular among the military in the Roman Empire from the 1st to 4th centuries AD, are believed to have celebrated his birthday on December 25th, which was the most holy day of the year for many Romans. The worship of the sun god, Mithra (proto-Indo-Iranian ‘Mitra’), has its origin in Persia, from around the 6th century BC, and was later adapted into ancient Greece as ‘Mithras’. The most popular hypothesis is that Roman soldiers encountered this religion during military excursions to Persia.
While it is widely accepted that the Mithraic New Year and the birthday of Mithras on December 25 were celebrated as part of the Roman Natalis Invicti festival, some scholars have argued that the Natalis Invicti was a general festival of the sun, and was not specific to the Mysteries of Mithras. Nevertheless, it is clear that December 25 was an important day for the Romans and it revolved around a celebration of the sun.
When King Constantine converted to Christianity in the fourth century, he had quite a challenge ahead of him with regard to converting an empire full of pagans. It was therefore decided to celebrate the birth of Jesus on a date that was already sacred according to pagan traditions. So as a compromise with paganism and in an attempt to give the pagan holidays Christian significance, it was simply decided that the birthday of the Sun God would also be the birthday of the Son of God. The Catholic Encyclopedia quotes an early Christian as saying, “O, how wonderfully acted Providence that on that day on which that Sun was born…. Christ should be born.”
Iran Chamber Society_ Religion in Iran_ Mithraism, it’s Influence on Christianity
Your article helped me a lot, thanks for the information. I also like your blog theme, can you tell me how you did it?
I agree with your point of view, your article has given me a lot of help and benefited me a lot. Thanks. Hope you continue to write such excellent articles. | <urn:uuid:c1355134-36ab-4af7-b466-fb22c5be5062> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | http://davidkedode.com/where-did-we-get-christmas-from-the-bible-or-paganism/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296949181.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20230330101355-20230330131355-00227.warc.gz | en | 0.980595 | 1,087 | 2.921875 | 3 |
This tutorial will help you to get started with Spacy Python library for NLP by covering installation, developing a hello world program and its use cases.
Natural Language Processing
Natural Language Processing (NLP) is a discipline of Artifical Intelligence that bridges the communication gap between humans and computers(machines). This discipline deals with tools, algorithms and libraries that enables computers to extract information from human languages.
NLP employs various machine and deep learning algorithms to tag different part of speech like nouns, verbs, conjuctions etc in sentences.
While NLP could have many use cases, here are some of popular cases -
- Virtual Assistant Building such as Apple Siri, Google Home, Amazon Alexa etc
- Topic Modelling - Finding out trending topics from text and visualize that using word cloud
- Web Search
SpaCy Library and Features
SpaCy is one of NLP Libraries for Python that provides better accuracy and execution times. It comes with following features -
- Support for multiple languages such as English, German, Spanish, Portuguese, French, Italian, Dutch etc.
- Tagger for annotating part of speech tags on documents
- Dependency parser for annotating syntactic dependencies on documents
- Entity Recognizer for annotating named entities on documents
- Tokenizer for segmenting text into words, punctuations marks etc.
- Lemmatizer for assigning base forms of words. E.g. lemma for verb doing is do
- Matcher and Phrase Matcher for rule based pattern matching
SpaCy Data Structures
SpaCy comes with following primitive data structures or data containers -
- Doc: It is container of all types of annotations that we get on our text after NLP analysis.
- Token: It represents a single token such as word, punctuation, verb etc.
- Span: It is nothing but a slice from Doc and hence can also be called subset of tokens along with their annotations.
- Vocab: It is a storage class providing access to vocabulary and other common data shared across a language such as StringStore (a container to store string with their hash ids) and Lexeme (defines type of a word) objects.
In order to install SpaCy, it is recommended to leverage virtual environments as it also involves adding trained models to Python library path which may require root access.
So here are the commands that you will need to run in order to install SpaCy in virtual environment in a project spacy-demo:
# Go to the directory where you want to create the project mkdir spacy-demo # Create virtual env in directory named venv virtualenv venv #Activate venv source ./venv/bin/activate # Install SpaCy pip install spacy # Download model of your language. Below example does it for English en python -m spacy download en
SpaCy Hello World Program
Now its time to write a hello world type program using SpaCy. In this program, we will run NLP analysis on following text -
The US and China's escalation of trade tariffs is expected to hit growth in both countries in 2019, when the boost from President Trump's sweeping tax cuts will also start to wane. Mr Obstfeld said the world would become a "poorer and more dangerous place" unless world leaders worked together to raise living standards, improve education and reduce inequality.
And here is the program that analyzes above sentences -
# import SpaCy module import spacy # load English language model nlp = spacy.load('en') # Text needs to be in unicode string doc = nlp(u'The US and China\'s escalation of trade tariffs is expected to hit growth in both countries in 2019' u', when the boost from President Trump\'s sweeping tax cuts will also start to wane. ' u'' u'Mr Obstfeld said the world would become a "poorer and more dangerous place" unless world leaders worked together ' u'to raise living standards, improve education and reduce inequality.') print "\n\nSentences in the analysed text..." for sentence_span in doc.sents: print sentence_span print "\n\nNoun chunks in the analysed text..." # Noun chunks are helpful where many tokens together make a composite noun for noun_chunk in doc.noun_chunks: print noun_chunk print "\n\nName entities in the analysed text..." print "%-15s %-15s" % ("Entity Name", "Entity Label") print "-----------------------------" for entity in doc.ents: print "%-15s %-15s" % (entity, entity.label_) print "\n\nTokens and their POS tags in the analysed text..." print "%-15s %-15s %-15s %-15s" % ("Token", "Token POS Tag", "Token Lemma", "Token Dependency") print "-----------------------------------------------------------------" for token in doc: print "%-15s %-15s %-15s %-15s" % (token, token.pos_, token.lemma_, token.dep_)
Here is the output of above program on my machine -
Sentences in the analysed text... The US and China's escalation of trade tariffs is expected to hit growth in both countries in 2019, when the boost from President Trump's sweeping tax cuts will also start to wane. Mr Obstfeld said the world would become a "poorer and more dangerous place" unless world leaders worked together to raise living standards, improve education and reduce inequality. Noun chunks in the analysed text... The US China's escalation trade tariffs growth both countries the boost President Trump's sweeping tax cuts Mr Obstfeld the world a "poorer and more dangerous place world leaders living standards education inequality Name entities in the analysed text... Entity Name Entity Label ----------------------------- US GPE China GPE 2019 DATE Trump PERSON Obstfeld PERSON Tokens and their POS tags in the analysed text... Token Token POS Tag Token Lemma Token Dependency ----------------------------------------------------------------- The DET the det US PROPN us nsubjpass and CCONJ and cc China PROPN china poss 's PART 's case escalation NOUN escalation conj of ADP of prep trade NOUN trade compound tariffs NOUN tariff pobj is VERB be auxpass expected VERB expect ROOT to PART to aux hit VERB hit xcomp growth NOUN growth dobj in ADP in prep both DET both det countries NOUN country pobj in ADP in prep 2019 NUM 2019 pobj , PUNCT , punct when ADV when advmod the DET the det boost NOUN boost nsubj from ADP from prep President PROPN president compound Trump PROPN trump poss 's PART 's case sweeping ADJ sweeping amod tax NOUN tax compound cuts NOUN cut pobj will VERB will aux also ADV also advmod start VERB start relcl to ADP to aux wane NOUN wane xcomp . PUNCT . punct Mr PROPN mr compound Obstfeld PROPN obstfeld nsubj said VERB say ROOT the DET the det world NOUN world nsubj would VERB would aux become VERB become ccomp a DET a det " PUNCT " punct poorer ADJ poor amod and CCONJ and cc more ADV more advmod dangerous ADJ dangerous conj place NOUN place attr " PUNCT " punct unless ADP unless mark world NOUN world compound leaders NOUN leader nsubj worked VERB work advcl together ADV together advmod to PART to aux raise VERB raise advcl living NOUN living compound standards NOUN standard dobj , PUNCT , punct improve VERB improve conj education NOUN education dobj and CCONJ and cc reduce VERB reduce conj inequality NOUN inequality dobj . PUNCT . punct
Thank you for reading through the tutorial. In case of any feedback/questions/concerns, you can communicate same to us through your comments and we shall get back to you as soon as possible. | <urn:uuid:ef9874d3-c575-41e9-bfe7-fa45858388ee> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | http://allprogrammingtutorials.com/tutorials/getting-started-with-nlp-spacy-python-library | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583509690.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20181015184452-20181015205952-00064.warc.gz | en | 0.856717 | 1,673 | 2.8125 | 3 |
UV-A LED light module, UVA LED module 3W led UV-A 395-400 nm, UV-A PCB board
Input Voltage: DC 5V not need extra driver best for USB power
Output Power: 3W
Beam Angle: 110±5 Degrees
395-400nm UV-A LED chip
Blacklight blue UVA 395NM led light
These are the type of ‘glow-in-the-dark’ light bulbs that most would associate with ultraviolet light. The wavelengths that these UV lamps emit are between 370–400nm, right on the border of visible light. Typical uses include:
Detecting forged bank notes
Carpet cleaning (to detect stains)
UV nail lamps
BLB light bulbs are covered by a very dark blue or purple filter, and give off a purplish glow. Fluorescent tubes – either straight or turned into more compact shapes, like the example pictured – are the most common type but there are other lamp varieties available.
When using BLB lamps with UV varnishes or paints, check the manufacturer’s guidelines on the correct lighting needed to activate their product.
While BLB light bulbs are not hazardous to your health in the same way that germicidal UVC light bulbs are, they should always be handled with care. Wear gloves when handling them to avoid contaminating the light bulb, and ensure they are disposed of safely. Avoid long exposure where possible. | <urn:uuid:29134dac-a29a-47dd-84ae-df12f3253cb5> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://www.ledlightbulb.net/uv-led-light-uv-a-uvb-uv-c/uv-a-led-module-3w-led-uv-a-395-400-nm-usb-5v-uv-a-pcb-board | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320303884.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20220122194730-20220122224730-00004.warc.gz | en | 0.876584 | 321 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Arthur Pardee, professor emeritus of biological chemistry and molecular
pharmacology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School
is a very high-powered conference. The people here are some of the
best people in the field. This meeting harks back to the origins
of all of the important work in molecular biology. The pioneers,
the people who made all of this work possible, are here. In science,
you have to build one thing on top of another, and many of the people
at this conference laid the foundation for everything that's followed."
What Dr. Pardee didn't say is that he is one of those pioneers.
He invented a technique that allows scientists to identify and study
the small number of genes that distinguish one cell from another.
Sydney Brenner, who won the Nobel prize in Physiology or Medicine
in 2002, reminisced during the opening session about research in
the early fifties and the impact of the double helix discovery.
(To watch our Webcast conversation with Dr. Brenner, click
"In those days we were on crutches. Not only were we on crutches,
our hands were tied behind our backs. . . . I belong to that old-fashioned
class that likes to do things with their hands tied behind their
backs. . . . I saw the model [Watson and Crick's original 3-D model
of DNA] on April 16, 1953. . . . What gripped me was not the model
itself but the implications of it, the biological significance of
what it would do. That is what we have been dealing with all these
Walter Gilbert, who won the Nobel prize in Chemistry in 1980, summarized
the accomplishments of the last century and speculated on future
directions and questions for basic research. (To watch our
Webcast conversation with Dr. Gilbert, click
On the discovery
of the double helix:
"The important thing is not the structure but that it gave
us a way to understand how the information is copied."
On the future work to be done:
"The basic science will be done by people comparing the genes
between different organisms."
On what the next decade will bring:
"DNA databases will transform criminology."
"All human protein-to-protein interactions will be identified
but not understood."
"Evolutionary comparisons will become ever more important."
On the deeper problems in genetics research:
• The causes of disease and modification of disease processes
• The control of growth of organs
• The origin of life and the RNA* world
• The nature of memory and thought
*RNA, or ribonucleic acid, is chemically similar to a single strand
RNA serves as the messenger between DNA and the cytoplasm in the
where proteins are made. Understanding the relationship between
the messenger RNA and ribosomes, the protein factories in the cytoplasm,
will be a key to understanding how life evolved.
Portin, professor of genetics, University of Turku, Finland
"I'm very excited to be here celebrating the fiftieth anniversary
of the discovery of the structure of DNA. I have a poster here describing
the early history of the DNA theory of inheritance. I teach theoretical
biology and its history, so it's been very interesting to listen
to the historical perspectives of DNA, especially to Sydney Brenner
telling us about when he first saw the Watson and Crick model. He
was among the first to really realize the importance of the Watson
and Crick model, to see its biological implications."
the soul in that blastocyst and tell me how it got there!"
Dr. James Watson, chatting informally over lunch with Exploratorium
staffers on the challenge of doing science in the face of religious | <urn:uuid:68b6ea01-d344-4aba-bb86-2834d652147e> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.exploratorium.edu/origins/coldspring/people/dispatch/three.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999655040/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060735-00082-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.92687 | 804 | 2.75 | 3 |
Over the centuries Paul of Tarsus has been a controversial figure, and that will remain the same after this book. Armstrong vividly paints the communities Paul visited, each with its own cultural characteristics. This is the strongest point of this book, along with the differences she convincingly shows between Ephesians and Colossians on the one hand and the authentic Pauline letters on the other.
But in general Armstrong gives a superficial overview of Pauline scholarship, avoiding the most controversial subjects. She keeps silent about the Jesus-Paul problem, that is the fact that Paul, who in the traditional chronology was active shortly after Jesus’ death, does not mention even once the human being Jesus, his home region Galilee, his disciples, his teachings or his spectacular deeds. There are also numerous links between Paul and the Essenes, and if I am not mistaken the Essenes are not mentioned at all. In my opinion Armstrong also underemphasizes Paul’s main objective to unite Jews and non-Jews in a broad anti-Roman politicoreligious coalition.
Anyone who has some familiarity with the origins of Christianity will know that Josephus’s Testimonium and Tacitus’s description of the persecution of Christians under Nero are highly problematic fragments. I understand that Armstrong tries to vulgarize Pauline scholarship, but presenting Josephus and Tacitus as proof for Jesus’ crucifixion without mentioning the highly problematic status of these two texts is below any scholarly standard. | <urn:uuid:5b4ad3ea-a459-4b29-8b66-3610b0ce9e01> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | http://www.waroriginsofchristianity.com/blog/armstrong-k-st-paul-the-apostle-we-love-to-hate | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251671078.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125071430-20200125100430-00018.warc.gz | en | 0.955138 | 302 | 2.6875 | 3 |
The most famous case of mummification is in ancient Egypt, but that was a process that took much time. In several cases there is such a thing as accidental mummification. An example of this accidental mummification are the “Greenland Mummies.” In 1972 a group of a six month old baby, a two year old boy, and six women were found in a shallow cave, and three women found in a second grave that dated back to 1475 c.e. It seemed to be meant as a mass family grave because after their DNA was studied it was found that all, except one, were related (it is theorized the one that did not have DNA in common was family by marriage). All of who was buried were dead before placed there, that is everyone but the six month old baby (image below), who "was found to have Down’s Syndrome and may have been left out to die of exposure because of his condition," also his mother had died earlier, so there was no one to watch over him. These bodies were mummified naturally by two factors. First was the temperature, which was sub-zero, and second were the winds. When there is wind in sub-zero temperatures it is a dry, dehydrating wind (image below). So, in a sense, the six month baby was mummified alive. In my blog about human soap (http://anthropologicalconcepts.weebly.com/blog/-human-soap), I described how bog bodies are formed. They are another example of accidental mummification.
But what happened to all of our evolutionary ancestors that they were able to be fossilized? They could have drowned and their body deposited in the water bed covered by sediment (this one is ideal), they could have suffocated on ash during a volcanic eruption, or just buried (there is evidence that pre-historic hominids buried their dead). That said, most of the dead we have buried through the ages probably have begun to fossilize (the caskets rot away leaving the body, or what is left of it, to the earth).Yet, even though mummification and fossilization look completely different in the outcome, they are in the end, fossilized.
Please feel free to comment on what you thought of the blog, or other physical anthropological subjects you would like me to cover. | <urn:uuid:f9a50320-d465-453d-99fc-1c2098739510> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://anthropologicalconcepts.weebly.com/blog/mummification-vs-fossilization | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934809229.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20171125013040-20171125033040-00592.warc.gz | en | 0.992015 | 488 | 3.296875 | 3 |
Leadership has had a different effect on everyone throughout their lives which has affected most people’s beliefs on what a true leader is. Some people feel that a leader is someone who always takes charge and changes situations and decisions to please only themselves. This belief follows traditional business operations where there is a clear hierarchy of power. Whereas, others see a leader as someone who is simply an assistant who helps to channel the organisation’s desires.
Whatever way you think, with the intense global competition currently trending in today’s world, there is a demand for innovation and demographic changes which are bound to bring dramatic changes in the long-term among organisational leaders. As a result of this, the roles of traditional leaders are also beginning to experience change.
With these changes in leadership, organisations are now taking effective action to our thoughts and understanding on leaders. True leaders are now not always in control of the organisation. By this, they are still high in the hierarchy of power, but they do not have as much control as they perhaps once had. Leaders now take part a lot more in the invitation of the organisations structural skills. Leaders and employees also assume responsibilities together in their dedicated area of expertise. A true leader is no longer characterised by any barriers or hierarchy within an organisation.
Factors that encourage change and affects leaderships:
There are a handful of ways in how both internal and external changes arise. These changes are also known to affect leaders and managers within organisations. Three of the main factors are:
This factor is all about openness and democracy. But in the same way, political changes affect leaders, leaders can have an effect on political change. Leadership will continue to be affected by this as long as the public continues to expect transparency from public and private sectors.
Leaders begin to work more positively, especially when it comes to decision making as they have to consider employee satisfaction. Here, political changes can also change the way power is shared within an organisation.
On both an international and a local scale, competition has increased significantly in business. This is mainly down to the quick developments in advance technology and the percentage of organisations struggling for survival.
Many are forced to rethink their business plan and strategies just to make things work again. Leaders are also more focused on working alongside higher management, which would have never been heard of a few years ago. Organisations now all aim towards a single, primary goal in order to boost the efficiency and quality of the workforce, while enhancing productivity.
This final factor leads to a higher level of diversity as there is now a demand for leaders to diversify prior to decision making. Leaders now need to take into consideration religion, culture, education, various levels of acceptance and understanding and numbers other factors before making any decisions.
For major changes within organisations, it is key to consider and manage people different from yourself. Some consider managing diversity as one of the biggest challenges that cause organisational change as it affects leaders in a profound manner.
Nonetheless, it is obvious that changes in the organisation most certainly do affect leaders in countless ways! | <urn:uuid:002ee946-90e9-4b23-b9cc-4fed071c1c62> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | https://pajoof.com/change-impact-leadership/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267860570.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20180618144750-20180618164750-00545.warc.gz | en | 0.964655 | 623 | 3.125 | 3 |
(1842 - 1922)
Thaddeus Mortimer Fowler was active/lived in Illinois. Thaddeus Fowler is known for birds-eye town views, lithographer.
Biography Thaddeus Fowler
Likely the most prolific of the dozens of bird's-eye view artists who crisscrossed the country during the latter three decades of the nineteenth century, Thaddeus Fowler worked for about fifty years, which resulted in hundreds of images of small-town America. He did at least seventeen views of different Texas cities in 1890 and 1891, and also created almost 250 views of Pennsylvania between 1872 and 1922. Fowler continued to draw and promote his views even into 1922, the year of his death.
Born in 1842, Fowler had photography training and served in the Civil War from 1861 to 1863, but was dischared because of wounds received at the Battle of Bull Run. He then joined the photography business of his uncle in Madison, Wisconsin, and fr
... Displaying 750 of 2214 characters. | <urn:uuid:af13a20f-242b-4524-87ab-94c5d23b73eb> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://www.askart.com/artist/Thaddeus_Mortimer_Fowler/107531/Thaddeus_Mortimer_Fowler.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1430448950892.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20150501025550-00033-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.981981 | 209 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Scope and Importance:
From the beginning of the epidemic, almost 75 million people have been infected with the HIV virus and about 36 million people have died of HIV. Globally, 35.3 million [32.2–38.8 million] people were living with HIV at the end of 2012. An estimated 0.8% of adults aged 15–49 years worldwide are living with HIV, although the burden of the epidemic continues to vary considerably between countries and regions. Sub-Saharan Africa remains most severely affected, with nearly 1 in every 20 adults living with HIV and accounting for 71% of the people living with HIV worldwide.
Since the height of the epidemic in the mid-1980s, the annual number of new HIV infections in the United States has been reduced by more than two-thirds, from roughly 130,000 to 50,000 annually. Atlanta finds itself the number five ranked city when it comes to new diagnoses of HIV — a statistic that is rooted in HIV testing not being offered in places where most people get access to health care. Grady Hospital is the only emergency department in Atlanta that offers an HIV test to every patient regardless of why they are in need of care. Various universities and research institutes like EMORY university, CDC Atlanta etc performs various research based on HIV/AIDS.
Awareness and knowledge on HIV/AIDS, STDs and STIs
Viral, Bacterial, Fungal and Protozoan STDs
Understanding and identifying HIV: HIV Related Infections, Co-Infections and Cancers
Primary HIV Infection Transmission and Eradication Issues
Global Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS, STDs, and STIs
HIV research and therapy
Social Strategies for HIV and STDs Prevention
AIDS stigma and discrimination
Lived experience of HIV
Emerging Technologies towards HIV/AIDS
Why to attend??
STD-AIDS-2015 could be an exceptional event that brings along a novel and International mixture of giant and medium HIV/AIDS analysis, leading universities and HIV/AIDS analysis establishments creating the conference an ideal platform to share expertise, foster collaborations across trade and world, and assess rising technologies across the world. World-renowned speakers, the most recent techniques, tactics, and the newest updates in HIV fields are hallmarks of this conference.
HIV/AIDS in USA
- USA stands at 8th rank in people living with HIV
- 1.2 million People are living with HIV in the USA.
- 50,000 new HIV infections per year
- 50 states in USA use antiretroviral therapy for decline in AIDS incidence.
- Around 150 HIV clinics in USA. HIV/AIDS in Georgia
- Infection rates are high in Georgia and metro Atlanta
- Georgia ranked 4th in the number of new AIDS cases, 7th in cumulative AIDS cases and 8th in the number of persons living with AIDS in 50 states
- Atlanta show more than 26,000 people living with HIV/AIDS, and more than 9,500 of these (37%) have diagnosed AIDS cases
Fig 1: International Statistics on People living with HIV AIDS
Noble Prizes on HIV/AIDS
- Howard M. Temin: Reverse transcriptase that translates RNA into DNA: (1975)
- David Baltimore: RNA viruses can transfer their information to DNA (1975)
- Françoise Barré-Sinoussi (2008): HIV structure
- Luc Antoine Montagnier (2008): HIV structure
Great survivors of HIV/AIDS
Australian entertainer; played the role of himself in the musical Frames coming out
American MTV actor, AIDS activist, and pastry chef.
American HIV specialist physician, immunologist, and HIV/AIDS advocate; co-founder of the Robert James Frascino AIDS Foundation.
Strategies: Fig 2: Members Associated to HIV/AIDS
HIV/AIDS Hospitals and clinics in Georgia
- The Grady Health System Infectious Disease Program
- AID Atlanta's Health Services Clinic
Around 70 Clinics in and around Georgia at Orlando, north carolina, Illinious etc which are listed below in a graphical representation:
Fig 3: Review on Hospitals and Medical Centers doing HIV research in USA(74)
Fig 3: Explains the statistics showing New York (7) and Chicago(6) having highest number of HIV/AIDS hospitals and medical centers in USA
Important Associations in USA working on HIV
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
- NIH(National institute of allergy and infectious diseases)
- Noida having 40 associations of HIV
Fig 4: Associations on HIV/AIDS in USA
Companies working on HIV medication
America’s biopharmaceutical research companies are currently developing 44 innovative medicines and vaccines.
- ViiV Healthcare & generic
- Bristol-Myers Squibb & generic
- Gilead Sciences & generic
- Abbott & generic
MARKET ESTIMATES AND FORECASTS, 2010-2016 ($ MILLIONS)
- Global HIV/AIDS market, including branded products and generics, was valued at $11.3 billion in 2010.
- $11.8 billion in 2011 and increase at a 4.6% compound annual growth rate (CAGR) over the 2011-2016 forecast period to reach $14.1 billion in 2016.
- Branded products to treat HIV/AIDS were worth nearly $10.7 billion in 2010 and should reach $11 billion in 2011. This sector is expected to reach $13.2 billion in 2016, a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 4.6%.
Fig 5: HIV branded products and generics market value (2010-2016)
Fig 6: Products to treat HIV 2010- 2016 (Global)
Funding allotted on HIV/AIDS
- The Global Fund began with a dream: a dream of creating a “war chest” of funding that would support the fight against AID. Today that dream is a reality. Programs supported by the Global Fund in more than 140 countries, as of mid-2014, have 6.6 million people on antiretroviral therapy for AIDS.
- 12,958 donor-funded projects every year
World Health Organization (WHO) HIV/AIDS treatment guidelines; WHO Prequalification Programme (WHO Prequal) and United States (US) Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approvals; and procurement policies of the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria (GFATM), US President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) and UNITAID.
- stavudine-based regimen ($88/person/year)
- zidovudine- ($154-260/person/year)
- tenofovir-based ($244-465/person/year) regimens.
Fig 7: Global funds allocations for 2014-2016
Fig 8: Cumulative Signed Funding Table(2002-2013) | <urn:uuid:1b41dcf2-0d6e-44a7-a4aa-31c151071f98> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | http://www.conferenceseries.com/std-aids-hiv-infection-drug-treatment-hiv-testing.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738660746.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173740-00250-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.891133 | 1,438 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Hydraulic fracturing or fracking is a controversial but increasingly common drilling method. Although proponents say it its both an effective and lucrative way to extract oil and gas from the Earth, the technique has been banned in certain states and countries over concerns about its environmental impacts.
Acceptance of the practice depends on region, and public opinion—and public understanding—of the issue varies. Uncertainty still surrounds this relatively new production practice. While workers in the oil and gas industry may know a lot about the process, the general public is much less certain.
With this view of fracking as an emerging production technology, Dr. Erik Bucy, Regents Professor of Strategic Communication in Texas Tech's College of Media & Communication, and Dr. Amber McCord, an assistant professor of practice in the College's Department of Professional Communication, set out to study how people process images of hydraulic fracturing and the information that images of the process convey.
“Among other reasons, this study was motivated by a desire to understand public opinion about hydraulic fracturing, or fracking, and specifically the role that visual framing plays in shaping views of the process,” Bucy said. “We expected one's level of support—whether for, against, or undecided—would act as an important perceptual filter.”
Bucy said most media studies about energy or the environment focus primarily on textual analysis of news coverage surrounding the topic while disregarding the images. The power of visuals in media coverage of politics is a primary focus of Bucy's research. For this project, Bucy and McCord wanted to focus on the themes and responses that visual portrayals of fracking evoke and how images on their own can impact impressions people have about this topic.
To conduct this study, the researchers conducted a study that involved showing 250 participants an assortment of different types of images of fracking from national news outlets around the country. Bucy said this research produced more than 1,700 responses to the 40 images they had in their sample. In the analysis stage, McCord combed through the open-ended responses to find common themes.
The researchers grouped the images into different themes. The most prevalent themes to emerge in the analysis were environmental destruction, economic competitiveness, and human health. Less prevalent themes included image ambiguity, uncertainty, and idealized democracy.
Issue agreement was found to shape perceptions, such that supporters were more likely to offer comments about jobs and energy independence than opponents, and opponents were more likely to raise concerns about environmental destruction and human health, Bucy said.
A key takeaway from this research pertains to how news organizations select and use images of controversial issues in their news stories, McCord said. According to this research, people bring preexisting attitudes to the image interpretation process and may be skeptical of or misconstrue what an image is attempting to portray.
“Images do matter,” McCord said. “But when it comes to interpretation, preexisting attitudes are going to filter that information in a particular way. So really understanding, as a news organization, when we broadcast or publish visual depictions of charged issues to our audiences, the meaning that viewers assign to that information is going to vary significantly.” | <urn:uuid:38ab4eb0-a5c6-41c3-ade3-72d70bf6b725> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | https://www.depts.ttu.edu/comc/about/news/posts/2018/09/research-bucy-mccord-fracking-comm.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195525483.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20190718001934-20190718023934-00469.warc.gz | en | 0.954692 | 649 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Total cholesterol; Lipid test; Cholesterol test
A cholesterol test measures the amount of cholesterol and triglycerides in serum (part of the blood).
How the test is performed
Blood is drawn from a vein, usually from the inside of the elbow or the back of the hand. The puncture site is cleaned with antiseptic, and an elastic band or blood pressure cuff is placed around the upper arm to apply pressure and restrict blood flow through the vein. This causes veins to fill with blood.
A needle is inserted into the vein, and the blood is collected in an air-tight vial or a syringe. During the procedure, the band is removed to restore circulation and prevent bruising. Once the blood has been collected, the needle is removed, and the puncture site is covered to stop any bleeding.
Note that veins and arteries vary in size from one patient to another and from one side of the body to the other. Obtaining a blood sample from some people may be more difficult than from others.
In infants or young children:
The area is cleansed with antiseptic and punctured with a sharp needle or a lancet. The blood may be collected in a pipette (small glass tube), on a slide, onto a test strip, or into a small container. Cotton or a bandage may be applied to the puncture site if there is any continued bleeding.
How to prepare for the test
To get accurate results, you should fast for 9 to 12 hours before the test. The health care provider may advise you to stop taking drugs that can affect the test. (See “Special considerations.”) You may drink water during the fast, but other beverages such as coffee, tea, or soda may affect results.
For infants and children:
The preparation you can provide for this test depends on your child’s age and previous experiences. For specific information regarding how you can prepare your child, see the following topics:
- infant test or procedure preparation (birth to 1 year)
- toddler test or procedure preparation (1 to 3 years)
- preschooler test or procedure preparation (3 to 6 years)
- schoolage test or procedure preparation (6 to 12 years)
- adolescent test or procedure preparation (12 to 18 years)
How the test will feel
When the needle is inserted to draw blood, some people feel moderate pain, while others feel only a prick or stinging sensation. Afterward, there may be some throbbing.
Why the test is performed
This test is often performed to evaluate risks for heart disease.
Cholesterol is an important normal body constituent, used in the structure of cell membranes, synthesis of bile acids, and synthesis of steroid hormones. Since cholesterol is water insoluble, most serum (the noncellular portion of blood) cholesterol is carried by lipoproteins (chylomicrons, VLDL, LDL, and HDL).
The term “LDL” usually refers to LDL-cholesterol and “HDL” means HDL-cholesterol. The term “cholesterol” usually means total cholesterol (VLDL + LDL + HDL). However, total cholesterol measurements are not used as much these days to determine risk for heart disease.
Chylomicrons are lipoproteins that are present shortly after a meal but disappear within about 2 hours in “normal” individuals.
Triglycerides are another component commonly measured in a lipid or cholesterol test. Triglycerides are compounds used by the body to move fatty acids (formed when fats or oils are consumed) through the blood. These fatty acids may be used by the body for energy or stored (as fat) for later use.
Excess cholesterol in the blood has been correlated with cardiovascular disease. High triglycerides are now associated with heart disease as well. LDL is sometimes referred to as “bad” cholesterol, because elevated levels of LDL correlate most directly with coronary heart disease.
HDL is sometimes referred to as “good” cholesterol since high levels of HDL reduce risk for coronary heart disease. This is because one of the main functions of HDL is to take excess cholesterol to the liver for excretion in the bile. In fact, a high HDL (defined below) will take away one risk factor you may have for coronary disease.
In 2001, guidelines from the National Cholesterol Education Panel recommended that all lipid tests be performed after fasting and should measure all four cholesterol components: total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, and triglycerides.
The total cholesterol measurement, as with all lipid measurements taken at all laboratories, will be listed as milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL). In most cases, the higher your total cholesterol, the higher your risk for heart disease. A value of less than 200 mg/dL is desirable, placing you at less risk for heart disease. Levels over 240 mg/dL may put you at almost twice the risk of heart disease as someone with a level less than 200 mg/dL.
High LDL cholesterol levels may be the best predictor of risk of heart disease. If you have known heart disease, peripheral vascular disease (blockages in the blood vessels of the extremities), or diabetes, your LDL cholesterol should be below 100 mg/dL. If you have 2 or more heart-disease risk factors (smoking, high blood pressure, low HDL, a family history of heart disease, are a man over 45 or woman over 55), your LDL should be below 130 mg/dL. If you have none or 1 of the risk factors listed, your LDL cholesterol should be below 160.
HDL cholesterol levels more than or equal to 60 mg/dL will take away the increased risk from one risk factor and decrease your risk of heart disease. Levels below 40 mg/dL add a risk factor.
Triglyceride levels are also becoming an important predictor of risk for heart disease. Even if you have low LDL and high HDL cholesterol, high triglyceride levels may put you at risk. Normal triglyceride levels are less than 150 mg/dL and can be incorrectly elevated if a 9-12 hour fast was not completed.
It is important to discuss your results with your doctor to determine the best therapy given your risk factors and lifestyle.
What abnormal results mean
High LDL, low HDL, and or high triglyceride levels may put you at increased risk for heart disease. By depositing in blood vessels, including the coronary arteries, these components may cause blockages (atherosclerosis) leading to a heart attack or cell death in legs or toes, requiring amputation.
Elevated cholesterol levels may be caused by:
- biliary cirrhosis
- familial hyperlipidemias
- high-cholesterol diet
- nephrotic syndrome
- uncontrolled diabetes
Low cholesterol levels may be caused by:
- liver disease
- malabsorption (inadequate absorption of nutrients from the intestinal tract)
- pernicious anemia
Additional conditions under which the test may be performed:
- arteriosclerosis of the extremities
- familial dysbetalipoproteinemia
- familial hypercholesterolemia
- hypothyroidism; primary
- hypothyroidism; secondary
- Type 1 or Type 2 diabetes
- primary biliary cirrhosis
What the risks are
- excessive bleeding
- fainting or feeling light-headed
- hematoma (blood accumulating under the skin)
- infection (a slight risk any time the skin is broken)
- multiple punctures to locate veins
Pregnancy is usually associated with elevated cholesterol.
Removal of the ovaries may increase cholesterol levels.
Drugs that may increase cholesterol measurements include ACTH, anabolic steroids, beta-adrenergic blocking agents, corticosteroids, epinephrine, oral contraceptives, phenytoin, sulfonamides, thiazide diuretics, and Vitamin D.
Drugs that may decrease cholesterol measurements include allopurinol, androgens, captopril, chlorpropamide, clofibrate, colchicine, colestipol, erythromycin, isoniazid, lovastatin, MAO inhibitors, neomycin, niacin, and nitrates.
by Levon Ter-Markosyan, D.M.D.
All ArmMed Media material is provided for information only and is neither advice nor a substitute for proper medical care. Consult a qualified healthcare professional who understands your particular history for individual concerns. | <urn:uuid:e8cd7e6e-30d9-48ea-a5fc-09e4c58d62fc> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | http://www.health.am/encyclopedia/more/lipoprotein_test/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247505838.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20190221152543-20190221174543-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.892375 | 1,766 | 3.828125 | 4 |
Understanding Economic Indicators: How to Interpret and Use Them to Make Trading Decisions
Types of Economic Indicators
- Leading Indicators: These indicators provide information about the state of the economy before it is manifested in other indicators. Examples include stock market data, building permits, and the money supply.
- Lagging Indicators: These indicators confirm the state of the economy after it is evident from other indicators. Examples include unemployment rate, corporate profits, and consumer debt.
- Coincident Indicators: These indicators provide real-time or near-time information about the state of the economy. Examples include retail sales figures, industrial production data, and personal income figures.
How to Interpret Economic Indicators
- Focus on the trends: Analyzing the trends can provide valuable insights into the direction of the economy.
- Compare the data: Comparing the current data with previous periods can help identify any significant changes in the state of the economy.
- Look for relationships: Identifying relationships between different economic indicators can provide insights into the direction of the economy.
- Assess the credibility: Always assess the credibility of the source providing the data.
How to Use Economic Indicators in Trading Decisions
- Track economic indicators regularly and keep a record of their trends.
- Understand how different indicators affect the market and the securities you are trading.
- Focus on leading indicators to anticipate future market trends.
- Use economic indicators in conjunction with other forms of analysis, such as technical analysis and fundamental analysis.
- Stay up-to-date with the latest economic news and announcements. | <urn:uuid:6307b9c7-5b31-4c2b-8daa-89ae6ee19835> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://thedailytradingnews.com/understanding-economic-indicators-how-to-interpret-and-use-them-to-make-trading-decisions-7/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474641.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20240225171204-20240225201204-00317.warc.gz | en | 0.868534 | 323 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Numbers Their Meaning and Magic 1912
An introduction to numerology. Contents: Introduction and forward; Numerical value of the letters; The Quaballah of Pythagoras; How to prophesy by numbers, with examples; Arithmetical divination; Good and evil days; Other Quaballahs; Colors, metals, and gems in harmony with the numbers; Conclusion.
What people are saying - Write a review
We haven't found any reviews in the usual places. | <urn:uuid:ebf7fe5c-d01e-4620-a2a6-f92f3cd52d41> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | http://books.google.com.ng/books?id=LhrYIZergjAC&pg=PA93&lpg=PA93&dq=english+quaballah&source=bl&ots=5zqE_6CekW&sig=g77SgfHpHHBZhc-fGfQn83fkeDQ&hl=en&ei=nGf-TL3dAoeShAf5yMm0Cw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBgQ6AEwAA | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936463287.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074103-00269-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.848581 | 99 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Each year on January 16th, people across the nation recognize National Nothing Day. The observance was created as a day to provide Americans with one National Day when they can just sit without celebrating, observing or honoring anything.
Nothing Day has been commemorated since 1973. The day is literally about doing nothing at all, placing it in a similar vein to other such surreal non-occasions as an Un-Birthday or Buy Nothing Day. There is absolutely no purpose or intended structure for this pointless celebration.
History of Nothing Day
The day was first proposed by the late American newspaper columnist Harold Coffin. Nothing Day was founded with the intent of eventual self-destruction, through satirically reigning in what Coffin considered a glut of recently established, useless commemorative days. Coffin’s Nothing Organization was simultaneously formed in order to raise awareness. Fittingly, the organization has not yet held a single meeting. The continued official celebrations stand testament to Coffin’s ultimate failure.
As it is all about expending no effort on celebrating absolutely nothing, Nothing Day can also be about celebrating life itself. The only limits on how the day is spent are the imagination and bank balance of the participant.
The day also raises some very interesting questions on a philosophical level. Can something worthwhile truly spring from nothing? Depending on your perspective, Coffin could either have been a latter-day David Hume or a quotable newspaper columnist slightly too clever for his own good.
The Realist Society (RSC) which adopts a philosophical view called “realism,” hit back against Nothing Day with “There Has Always Been Something Day” or THABS Day. The organization argues that if there ever were truly nothing, there would never have been something. And, hence, no ability to celebrate Nothing Day in the first place!
Interestingly, Coffin’s idea wasn’t anything new. Back in 1956, the Associated Press released a story about how then Mayor of Birmingham, Alabama, James W. Morgan, wanted to celebrate Nothing Week. The piece appeared in a variety of newspapers who hailed it as an interesting concept.
One thing is for sure – the modern world isn’t kind to those of us who want to do nothing. People expect us to play the game, work hard, and strive in all aspects of our lives. The notion of just sitting around for a day and deliberately not doing anything seems a little alien.
The average person works more than thirty hours per week, and that doesn’t include all the non-paid work that they have to do. Cramming everything in and getting it all done, therefore, is an issue for some of us.
Fundamentally, Nothing Day is an act of rebellion. What started as a tongue-in-cheek commentary on all of the new days of the year, soon turned into something more than that. Coffin’s creation was a cynical ploy to raise awareness of an issue he was interested in – the chronic raising of awareness. But it soon morphed out of his control.
Nothing Day is now an opportunity for people to take a bit of time out, just once per year. Our society demands constant activity, so putting your feet up for twenty-four hours is, bizarrely, an act of rebellion. We’re told we should use every hour available to us. But the modern Nothing Day is a license to slow down for a bit and take stock. | <urn:uuid:5a410a26-f26e-4cce-ae80-898e65e4620a> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://socialmediaeventscalendar.com/event/nothing-day/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703564029.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20210125030118-20210125060118-00614.warc.gz | en | 0.963056 | 706 | 2.828125 | 3 |
May, 14, 2020
Did you know that nearly all tobacco usage begins before an individual’s 18th birthday? For decades, underage smoking and second hand smoke has been a major health threat among children and teens. According to Medline Plus, nearly 25 percent of high school students are smokers, and an additional 8 percent use smokeless tobacco products, such as snuff and dip. And with increase in vaping products and the lack of knowledge in teens about such products, the numbers which was slowly decreasing, has significantly increased. Today, 21% of all high school students use e-cigarettes.
In July 1992, Congress enacted the SYNAR Amendment, named after the Oklahoma Congressman Mike SYNAR. This act required states to implement and enforce legislative laws with the goal of barring tobacco products to those under 18. It also requires random, spontaneous checks be performed and an annual printed report produced explaining how the checks were performed and the outcomes of those visits. Last year, legislation was revised and raised the age limit to 21, based on data from the National Academy of Medicine stating this could save more than 223,000 lives and reduce lunch cancer deaths by 50,000 annually.
Louisiana has already seen a dramatic reduction of tobacco access to those under the age of 21. The rates of underage youth who purchased tobacco products from retailers has decreased by more than 25% and the rates of retailers in violation has decreased more than 32% overall. There has also been a major decrease in the number of underage smokers.
In 2015, the Northeast Delta Human Services Authority (NEDHSA) and Goodwill Industries of North Louisiana (GINLA) formed a partnership to help address the issues with underage tobacco use in North Louisiana, as well as to perform the required compliance checks.
From July 1, 2018, to June 30, 2019, more than 400 stops at retailers, such as drug stores, supermarkets, gas stations and franchise discount stores, were attempted or made in the 12 parishes of Northeast Louisiana. Goodwill Industries contracted with several youth who attempted to purchase a variety of tobacco products including cigars, cigarettes and smokeless tobacco products, such as e-vaper or chewing tobacco. Of these stops, only 5 were willing to sell tobacco products to underage youth.
Although there is no dedicated federal source of funding in implementing the SYNAR requirements, the partnership between NEDHSA and GINLA has been able to provide the data to the state to demonstrate the overall success in reducing youth access to tobacco products, and prevent youth tobacco use.
Goodwill Industries is proud to spotlight National Prevention Week and partner with NEDHSA in implementing comprehensive strategies to reduce usage of tobacco products. Without the SYNAR program and the random merchant inspections conducted throughout all of North Louisiana, we know that many more youth would have access to these products and the numbers would be even higher. If you are interested in learning more about how to quit, the SYNAR program or how you can get involved, please contact the Northeast Delta Human Services Authority at 318-362-3270. | <urn:uuid:7a455e86-623a-4064-bab8-16c2eb473475> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://goodwillnla.org/newsroom-2020/national-prevention-week-may-10-may-16-2020/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100381.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20231202073445-20231202103445-00131.warc.gz | en | 0.969279 | 622 | 3.203125 | 3 |
Signs and symptoms of Down syndrome is fairly easy to detect especially since there are specific physical characteristics of the disorder. But what if there is also a diagnosis of autism?
Studies show that 5 to 39% of children with Down syndrome are also on the autism spectrum. There are overlaps in some of the symptoms which delays the signs and symptoms of autism. This observation is slowly growing and informing parents and educators to observe for specific signs and symptoms.
It is possible that educators and therapist may be the first to notice that children with Down syndrome also display characteristics that are similar to autism.
Why is it important?
According to authors Margaret Froehlke and Robin Zaborek from the book, When Down Syndrome and Autism Intersect, The education approach in both Down syndrome and autism will be different than for children with a single diagnosis of Down syndrome including accommodations and writing the IEP. Teaching strategies will also differ. Teaching a student with Down syndrome who require tactile demonstrations, simple directions, and immediate feedback will now require concrete language, social stories, the use of few choices and the use of concrete language.
The importance of getting the diagnosis
Most often children with Down syndrome are treated for the characteristics of having Down syndrome which overlooks giving children the appropriate treatment for Autism such as social skills and sensory issues. A child or young adult with both diagnosis will likely experience aggressive behaviors, meltdowns, and show signs of regression during their early development. The following are signs and symptoms to look for in your child, or student:
Fascination with lights
Staring at ceiling fans
History of regression
Signs of overlap include:
As the student gets older, there may be ongoing issues with sensory disorders and transitions leading to meltdowns
June 20th mark the first day of summer. In many places with Covid-19 still looming around, summer fun may be limited but still there is always an opportunity to create sensory activities. the following links below are some suggestions. Some of the links show ways to create sensory bins using different themes. Enjoy and stay safe.
It seems like every category of bedding is getting an upgrade these days, whether it’s in the form of memory foam mattresses or custom pillows.
Chances are you’ve heard friends or family discussing these new product types, or maybe even saw someone receive one as a gift this past holiday season. But while weighted blankets have exploded in popularity in recent years, this innovative product isn’t necessarily new — it’s long been used in the special needs community, helping individuals on the autism spectrum, among others. Still, it wasn’t until companies like Gravity Blanket brought their flagship designs to the broader public that people began thinking of it not as a niche medical device, but a general sleep aid for the wider community.
Want to learn what all the hype is about? Here’s everything you need to know about weighted blankets, from their many benefits to how you can find one that perfectly complements your style of sleeping. Click here to read the rest of the story.
A day at the Dollywood Family Amusement Park is filled with enough sights, sounds and colors to overstimulate anyone — especially those with autism.
That’s why Dollywood safety manager Judy Toth, who noticed an influx of families with children on the spectrum at the Tennessee park, decided to take action to help make their trip all the more memorable.
The result? A first-of-its-kind calming room that serves as a refuge of sorts for families seeking a break from the non-stop hustle and bustle of the 150-acre theme park.
“[It’s] sensory overload when you come to a theme park,” Toth tells PEOPLE. “And I couldn’t quite grasp at the beginning, you know, why are they coming? Knowing that something could potentially trigger their child. But realistically, it was just that they want their child to do what any other child does.”
The calming room first opened in the spring of 2016 after Toth observed that families with children on the spectrum were having to either end their trip early or slip someplace quieter, like a bathroom or a first-aid tent. Click here to read the rest of the story
I want you to imagine that you are a kid once again, maybe ten or eleven years old. You are sitting down in the evening with your family for dinner. The table is set, and your parents bring out what will be tonight’s entree: a cut of cold, raw chicken breast. It’s slimy pink mass slides onto the plate in front of you, and soon after your whole family is chowing down on the raw cuts of meat. You can’t stand to even watch anyone else eat the raw chicken, let alone fathom yourself choking it down. Yet, despite the very real disgust and aversion you feel towards the raw chicken breast, somehow it’s you who are strange for not wanting to eat it. Maybe you’re called “picky” or told that you simply need to and just learn to enjoy raw chicken like everyone else. Maybe you go hungry every night at dinner because the only thing being served are items as aversive as the cuts of raw chicken. Click here to read the rest of the story. | <urn:uuid:91330182-d525-432b-8137-d45edfd1442f> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://specialneedsresourceblog.com/tag/sensory/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964363418.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20211207201422-20211207231422-00093.warc.gz | en | 0.956517 | 1,131 | 3.34375 | 3 |
Open Access and Scholarly Communications: Busting OA Myths
On this page
Reusing your own published work
Myth #1: Faculty can freely use their own published content in courses they teach.
- This is often not true. If you transferred your copyright to the publisher at the time of publication, as most authors do, the publisher may restrict your right to re-use the content in teaching and publication.
- Publish in an Open Access publication so that everyone immediately and always has free access to your work
- Publish in a journal that allows you to retain the rights you need to re-use your own work in teaching and publication
- Negotiate the specific rights that you need at the time of publication.
Open Access journals have lower quality articles
Myth #2: Articles in Open Access journals are not peer-reviewed, are of lower quality, and are the equivalent of self-publication.
- Scholarly Open Access journals follow peer-review procedures similar to other scholarly journals.
- There are many high quality Open Access journals. PLoS Biology's impact factor of 12.5 ranks it as #1 in 86 in the Journal Citation Report's biology category. BMC Biology, impact factor 5.2, is ranked #8.
- There is some scholarly debate over whether Open Access increases citation counts. There is also ongoing debate over whether citation counts should be the only measure of research impact.
- It is now possible to measure article views and downloads. Davis (2008) found that Open Access articles were accessed more frequently than traditionally published articles in the same journals.
- PLoS recently added article level metrics (article usage and citation counts) for each article to increase the transparency of impact measures.
- Judge the quality of Open Access journals and articles the same way you would any other, by reading the content.
- Consider the impact of Open Access articles' demonstrated increased usage when you choose where to publish.
Open Access is just cost shifting
Myth #3: Open Access is just a way for libraries to save money by shifting the cost of scholarly publications to authors and funding agencies.
- The price to purchase scholarly publications increased well beyond inflation for more than a decade. Library budgets are stressed, but librarians do not promote Open Access as a solution to a budget crisis. They promote Open Access as a new publication model that fosters increased access to research information.
- Provide increased institutional funding to support and explore the impact of Open Access publishing.
- Support other models that increase access to scholarly publications such as institutional and subject repositories.
Open Access and Public Access are the same thing
Myth #4: Open Access and Public Access accomplish the same goal by making information freely available.
- Only Open Access makes information freely available at the time of publication.
- Public Access, as implemented through PubMed Central and mandated by the NIH Public Access Policy, allows publishers to prevent open access to articles for up to one year.
- Public Access, as envisioned by the Federal Research Public Access Act (FRPAA), will allow publishers to prevent open access to articles for up to six months.
- Publish in Open Access journals to provide immediate free access to your work for everyone.
- Comply with the NIH Public Access Policy on all articles published since April 2008 that were derived from NIH funding by depositing in PubMed Central to provide open access to the author manuscript after the embargo period as set by the publisher.
- Lobby for FRPPA and encourage legislators to keep the publisher's embargo period as short as possible.
Open Access does not work as an economic model
Myth #5: Open Access does not work as an economic / business model for scholarly publishing.
- Open Access does seem to be working as a business model for a number of important science-techincal-medical journal publishers, for example, BioMed Central, Hindawi and PLoS.
- It is important to remember that Open Access journals do not have one business model, for example they do not all charge author fees. The Journal of the Medical Library Association is an example of an Open Access journal with no author fees.
- Recent research by Houghton (see link below) found that the author pays model would provide a net benefit over time.
- More professional association and society publishers should study the options and impacts of moving their journals to an Open Access model. | <urn:uuid:bfb64a1b-ff6a-4cfe-9a5b-bd271107f377> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | http://guides.lib.unc.edu/c.php?g=8368&p=744570 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936463444.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074103-00321-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.923197 | 894 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Aortic dissection is a serious condition in which there is a tear in the wall of the major artery carrying blood out of the heart (aorta). As the tear extends along the wall of the aorta, blood can flow in between the layers of the blood vessel wall (dissection). This can lead to aortic rupture or decreased blood flow (ischemia) to organs.
When it leaves the heart, the aorta first moves up through the chest towards the head (the ascending aorta). It then bends or arches, and finally moves down through the chest and abdomen (the descending aorta).
Aortic dissection most often happens because of a tear or damage to the inner wall of the aorta. This very often occurs in the chest (thoracic) part of the artery, but it may also occur in the abdominal aorta.
When a tear occurs, it creates 2 channels:
- One in which blood continues to travel
- Another where blood stays still
If the channel with non-traveling blood gets bigger, it can push on other branches of the aorta. This can narrow the other branches and reduce blood flow through them.
An aortic dissection may also cause abnormal widening or ballooning of the aorta (aneurysm).
The exact cause is unknown, but more common risks include:
- Blunt trauma to the chest, such as hitting the steering wheel of a car during an accident
- High blood pressure
Other risk factors and conditions linked to aortic dissection include:
- Bicuspid aortic valve
- Coarctation (narrowing) of the aorta
- Connective tissue disorders (such as Marfan syndrome and Ehlers-Danlos syndrome) and rare genetic disorders
- Heart surgery or procedures
- Swelling of the blood vessels due to conditions such as arteritis and syphilis
Aortic dissection occurs in about 2 out of every 10,000 people. It can affect anyone, but is most often seen in men ages 40 to 70.
In most cases, the symptoms begin suddenly, and include severe chest pain. The pain may feel like a heart attack.
- Pain can be described as sharp, stabbing, tearing, or ripping.
- It is felt below the chest bone, and then moves under the shoulder blades or to the back.
- Pain can move to the shoulder, neck, arm, jaw, abdomen, or hips.
- The pain changes position, often moving to the arms and legs as the aortic dissection gets worse.
Symptoms are caused by a decrease of blood flowing to the rest of the body, and can include:
- Anxiety and a feeling of doom
- Fainting or dizziness
- Heavy sweating (clammy skin)
- Nausea and vomiting
- Pale skin (pallor)
- Rapid, weak pulse
- Shortness of breath and trouble breathing when lying flat (orthopnea)
Other symptoms may include:
- Pain in the abdomen
- Stroke symptoms
- Swallowing difficulties from pressure on the esophagus
Exams and Tests
The health care provider will take your family history and listen to your heart, lungs, and abdomen with a stethoscope. The exam may find:
- A "blowing" murmur over the aorta, heart murmur, or other abnormal sound
- A difference in blood pressure between the right and left arms, or between the arms and legs
- Low blood pressure
- Signs resembling a heart attack
- Signs of shock, but with normal blood pressure
Aortic dissection or aortic aneurysm may be seen on:
- Aortic angiography
- Chest x-ray
- Chest MRI
- CT scan of chest with dye
- Doppler ultrasonography (occasionally performed)
- Transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE)
Blood work to rule out a heart attack is needed.
Aortic dissection is a life-threatening condition and needs to be treated right away.
- Dissections that occur in the part of the aorta that is leaving the heart (ascending) are treated with surgery.
- Dissections that occur in other parts of the aorta (descending) may be managed with surgery or medicines.
Two techniques may be used for surgery:
- Standard, open surgery. This requires a surgical incision that is made in the chest or abdomen.
- Endovascular aortic repair. This surgery is done without any major surgical incisions.
Drugs that lower blood pressure may be prescribed. These drugs may be given through a vein (intravenously). Beta-blockers are the first drugs of choice. Strong pain relievers are very often needed.
If the aortic valve is damaged, valve replacement is needed. If the heart arteries are involved, a coronary bypass is also performed.
Aortic dissection is life threatening. The condition can be managed with surgery if it is done before the aorta ruptures. Less than one half of people with a ruptured aorta survive.
Those who survive will need lifelong, aggressive treatment of high blood pressure. They will need to be followed up with CT scans every few months to monitor the aorta.
Aortic dissection may decrease or stop the blood flow to many different parts of the body. This may result in short-term or long-term problems, or damage to the:
- Intestines or bowels
When to Contact a Medical Professional
If you have symptoms of an aortic dissection or severe chest pain, call 911 or your local emergency number, or go to the emergency room as quickly as possible.
Many cases of aortic dissection cannot be prevented.
Things you can do to reduce your risk include:
- Treating and controlling hardening of the arteries (atherosclerosis)
- Keeping high blood pressure under control, especially if you are at risk for dissection
- Taking safety precautions to prevent injuries that can cause dissections
- If you have been diagnosed with Marfan or Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, making sure you regularly follow-up with your provider
Aortic aneurysm - dissecting; Chest pain - aortic dissection; Thoracic aortic aneurysm - dissection
Braverman AC, Schermerhorn M. Diseases of the aorta. In: Zipes DP, Libby P, Bonow RO, Mann, DL, Tomaselli GF, Braunwald E, eds. Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine. 11th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2019:chap 63.
Conrad MF, Cambria RP. Aortic dissection: epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and medical and surgical management. In: Sidawy AN, Perler BA, eds. Rutherford's Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy. 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2019:chap 81.
Lederle FA. Diseases of the aorta. In: Goldman L, Schafer AI, eds. Goldman-Cecil Medicine. 26th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 69.
Review Date 6/16/2020
Updated by: Deepak Sudheendra, MD, RPVI, FSIR, Director of DVT & Complex Venous Disease Program, Assistant Professor of Interventional Radiology & Surgery at the University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, with an expertise in Vascular Interventional Radiology & Surgical Critical Care, Philadelphia, PA. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team. | <urn:uuid:da9409bb-3b6f-4ef5-a82e-81d167ff9e6b> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000181.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107889173.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20201025125131-20201025155131-00113.warc.gz | en | 0.884696 | 1,677 | 3.875 | 4 |
Recruitment, Conscription and Conscientious Objectors
‘There was a general belief that thousands of ‘slackers - 650,000 was the figure usually given - were somehow evading their country’s call. In the autumn of 1915 the question of conscription broke into a blaze. Some Unionist ministers threatened to resign unless it were adopted…Asquith produced an ingenious evasion. Lord Derby, though an advocate of conscription was set to organise a scheme by which men of military age ‘attested’ their willingness to serve when called upon…Two and a half million men attested.’A J Taylor Engish History 1914-1945.A system of local tribunals was set up through which men could appeal against conscription on the grounds that they were doing essential war work, or were indispensable to either their work or their family, or on the grounds of conscience.More than 17,000 men refused to fight in the First World War on grounds of conscience, some of them from Shipley and district. Follow these links to read some of the stories of how men were persuaded to fight and those who refused on grounds of conscience.
RecruitmentUsing patriotism and shame to persuade men to fight
TribunalsLocal appeals against call-up
ConscienceStories of men who refused to serve and those arguing for peace
ConscriptionArguments about whether men should be forced to serve | <urn:uuid:f3563bad-948b-48d3-9bd7-30c4581cf653> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | http://www.shipleyww1.org.uk/recruit%20etc%20base.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891812259.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20180218192636-20180218212636-00398.warc.gz | en | 0.976965 | 291 | 2.8125 | 3 |
We Are Open – Safety is Our Top Priority!
We’ve reopened in accordance with CDC, O.S.H.A., and State Dental Board guidelines to responsibly resume seeing our patients for regular dental appointments and treatment. We want to assure you of the measures we take to maintain a clean and safe environment so you can continue to receive needed dental care without fear or concern.
Posted on: June 12, 2013
What are the long-term risks of gum disease?
Everyone wants pearly white teeth, but for those affected by gum disease, this wish is hard to see come to fruition. That's because gum disease, which affects nearly half of all people over the age of 30, according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, can impact the strength and quality of one's chompers.
If left untreated, gum disease – also known as periodontal disease – can result in substantial health issues and make individuals more susceptible to a range of conditions, including cancer of the kidney, pancreas and blood.
What is gum disease?
No matter what age you are, gum disease can strike and create significant issues that impact your oral health for years to come. While this condition is prevalent in the U.S., many people may be uncertain about what the symptoms actually are, or whether they actually have it!
Gingivitis is the most mild form of gum disease, according to the American Academy of Periodontology. Characterized by red and swollen gums, those who have been affected by this ailment may notice that their gums bleed after being scrubbed with a toothbrush, as well as from other forms of stimulation.
Typically, gingivitis is not a painful condition and can be reversed with help from local dentists. With pain free dentistry, you can tackle this problem before it progresses to something more serious, like periodontal disease.
When gingivitis is left untreated, it can worsen over time and impact the integrity of your gums in a serious way. Periodontal disease occurs when plaque from your teeth recedes and begins to grow underneath the gum line. This, in turn, can irritate your gums and cause them to become inflamed.
The toxins present in plaque are especially annoying on gums, and can trigger a chronic inflammatory response, the AAP reported, that can cause the tissues and bones that hold teeth up to begin to deteriorate. Gums can also become separated from teeth during this process, forming little pockets that become breeding grounds for bacteria.
The long-term risks of periodontal disease
While periodontal disease can be disastrous for your long-term oral wellness, the fact is, you may not realize you're affected with an advanced stage of this condition. You may notice that your teeth have become loose, or that your gums are redder than normal, but in many cases, those are the only signs you may observe.
This scary fact underscores the importance of always scheduling annual check-ups with a family dentist, especially in cases where you may be impacted by more serious forms of periodontal disease, including aggressive periodontitis, chronic periodontitis, or necrotizing periodontal disease, according to the AAP.
But in addition, periodontal disease can signal the development of other serious medical conditions.
"Our immune system that produces inflammation is like a well-functioning army," Greg Fauth, D.D.S., told the Chicago Tribune. "When it becomes necessary for the army to go in too many directions, fighting too many battles, the army's ability to effectively control each insult is compromised and disease will occur in the weakest link in an individual's body. Periodontal disease is one of the inflammation points that will compromise the immune system."
As a result of the impact that periodontal disease can have on overarching health, people with type 2 diabetes or other chronic conditions are at greater risk for being impacted by the ailment.
And according to the CDC, some people may already be more vulnerable to periodontal disease than others. A recent report noted that men are more likely to be affected by periodontal disease than women, and those who smoke are also at greater risk for suffering from the condition. Men with periodontal disease were also 49 percent as apt to develop kidney cancer and 54 percent more likely to develop pancreatic cancer, the source reported.
Treatments for gum disease
If you've been diagnosed with gum disease, a cosmetic dentist can offer you a variety of tips for how to treat the condition. This can be important, since your oral hygiene has the potential to impact other areas of your life, including your checkbook.
A recent study by United Concordia and Highmark has revealed that individuals who seek treatment for gum disease may actually lower their annual medical costs for other significant conditions, like heart or cerebrovascular disease.
"Once again, our study findings highlight the important role good oral health plays in overall health," said James Bramson, D.D.S., chief dental officer for United Concordia. "Treating chronic health conditions like heart disease and stroke comes with a very high health care cost; dental disease is preventable or treatable at a much lower cost and the beneficial effects through reduced health care costs are significant."
These findings highlight the importance of being proactive about teeth and gum care, since doing so could improve your overall health in the future. | <urn:uuid:56f113ae-0785-4325-bdbe-af11ed2fd2b9> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://www.flintfamilydentist.com/blog/what-are-the-long-term-risks-of-gum-disease-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439735885.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20200804220455-20200805010455-00313.warc.gz | en | 0.955464 | 1,121 | 2.75 | 3 |
For this reason, when evaluating totally different populations, the information should be adjusted to account for the age differences between the populations. The adjusted data, referred to as “age-adjusted charges,” are used where attainable in addressing the ROE human disease and conditions question. Age-adjusted charges are weighted sums of age-specific charges and calculated using commonplace inhabitants components.
Some environmental contaminant exposures are recognized threat elements for certain types of cancers. It is clear that the earlier labelling of persistent ailments as “ailments of affluence” is more and more a misnomer, as they emerge each in poorer countries and in the poorer population groups in richer countries. This shift within the pattern of disease is going down at an accelerating price; furthermore, it is occurring at a sooner fee in growing nations than it did within the industrialized areas of the world half a century ago . This speedy rate of change, along with the increasing burden of illness, is creating a major public health menace which calls for immediate and efficient action. Diet and vitamin are essential elements within the promotion and maintenance of fine health throughout the complete life course.
Well, there are a selection of major well being benefits, and certainly one of them is stopping disease. Disease reporting and surveillance are essential capabilities to watch the status of the general public’s well being.
But nowadays 80 per cent of premature heart attacks and strokes are preventable. The most typical signs of stroke is numbness to the face, arm,or leg and usually affects one side of the body.
Hypothyroidism signs and signs in an older person Some people over age 60 have few, if any, symptoms of an underactive thyroid gland (hypothyroidism), whereas others experience the same signs youthful individuals do. Bone density scans for osteoporosis Several technologies can assess bone density, however the commonest is called twin energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA).
Department of Health and Human Services that works with companions throughout the United States to ensure public well being—via health promotion; prevention of disease, harm, and incapacity; and preparedness for brand new health threats. There are many forms of this illness, and different factors can set off the irritation. Exercise-induced bronchial asthma, for instance, causes airway constriction throughout bodily exercise, while occupational bronchial asthma is brought on from inhaling fumes or harmful gases on the job.
Often missed, oral health is one of the most necessary points for the elderly. The CDC’s Division of Oral Health discovered that about 25 % of adults over the age of 65 not have their natural enamel. Problems similar to cavities and tooth decay can lead to issue maintaining a healthy diet, low self-esteem, and other health conditions. Oral well being points associated with older adults are dry mouth, gum disease and mouth most cancers. These conditions could be managed or prevented by making common dental check-ups. | <urn:uuid:8ad78009-80d0-43ea-9026-6ef306dc3b0b> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | http://www.starprogram.net/diseases-conditions-a-z-index-2.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243991659.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20210516013713-20210516043713-00598.warc.gz | en | 0.945682 | 603 | 2.703125 | 3 |
[ccache] Possible vulnerability induced by the use of MD4?
raphael.marinier at gmail.com
Tue Jul 21 14:19:09 MDT 2009
I was wondering why ccache uses MD4 (which is cryptographically
insecure) to decide whether a file should be recompiled.
It seems that an attacker could take advantage of that to introduce a
vulnerability in the binaries of a software compiled using ccache.
Namely, an attacker could do the following:
- find two source files A and B such that:
* the MD4 hashes of A and B are the same (published attacks to MD4
don't allow to do that directly, but since MD4 is deeply broken, it is
reasonable to think that it is possible)
* A introduces a vulnerability in the software, whereas B seems
secure (and looks like A)
- make sure A is committed in the repository of the software, and make
sure those who distribute the binaries compile the software with
- replace A by B, apparently correcting the vulnerability. Now, when
people recompile the software using ccache, the vulnerable source is
not recompiled and may be distributed... (Thus the vulnerability in
the software is corrected, whereas it is still present in the
More information about the ccache | <urn:uuid:e9e4a90e-a2e0-4f03-85e7-31eb21423874> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | https://lists.samba.org/archive/ccache/2009q3/000441.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583514030.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20181021140037-20181021161537-00113.warc.gz | en | 0.919679 | 276 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Vehicle Recovery System Flew To An Altitude Of Just Under 20 Feet, Hovered For A Brief Period
SpaceX’s Grasshopper – a 10-story vertical takeoff and landing (VTVL) vehicle -- rose nearly two stories off the ground in an 8-second duration test hop conducted on November 1. The rocket rose 17.7 feet, hovered, and touched back down safely on the pad at SpaceX’s rocket development facility in McGregor, Texas.
The Grasshopper program is a critical step toward achieving SpaceX’s goal of developing fully and rapidly reusable rockets. With Grasshopper, SpaceX engineers are testing the technology that would allow a launched rocket to land intact, rather than burning up upon reentry to Earth’s atmosphere.
Grasshopper consists of a Falcon 9 rocket first stage, Merlin 1D engine, four steel landing legs with hydraulic dampers, and a steel support structure.
The first test of the Grasshopper was conducted in September. The rocket is designed to be part of a larger spacecraft system that is completely reusable. The system would allow SpaceX to recover the Falcon 9 heavy launch vehicle after a flight with a soft landing on legs rather than falling into the ocean.
In that first test, the vehicle rose about six feet above the ground. SpaceX hopes to soon execute a hover test at approximately 100 feet of altitude.
SpaceX is conducting the tests in three phases, with the first being these low-altitude short-duration flights. According to a draft FAA Environmental Impact Assessment published in 2011, in Phase 2, there would be slightly less propellant loaded, a different thrust profile, and the maximum altitude would be increased to 670 feet, still below Class E Airspace. The mission duration during Phase 2 is again approximately 45 seconds.
The goal of Phase 3 is to verify the Grasshopper RLV’s ability to perform a VTVL mission at higher altitudes and higher ascent speeds and descent speeds. To achieve this, the maximum mission altitude would be increased from 670 feet incrementally up to 11,500 feet. The altitude test sequence likely would be 1,200 feet; 2,500 feet; 5,000 feet; 7,500 feet; and 11,500 feet. The maximum test duration would be approximately 160 seconds. The Grasshopper RLV would land back on the launch pad.
(Image provided by SpaceX) | <urn:uuid:a3a735d6-d45a-4805-aef0-56495cdbd1ca> | CC-MAIN-2015-40 | http://www.aero-news.net/bannertransfer.cfm?do=main.textpost&id=85163d2f-1447-481d-86f1-2bb7e2616b8c | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443736678861.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001215758-00044-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.933394 | 494 | 2.921875 | 3 |
How To Calculate Tds On Salary
- Determine (the amount or number of something) mathematically
- Determine by reasoning, experience, or common sense; reckon or judge
- judge to be probable
- Include as an essential element in one’s plans
- account: keep an account of
- make a mathematical calculation or computation
- A how-to or a how to is an informal, often short, description of how to accomplish some specific task. A how-to is usually meant to help non-experts, may leave out details that are only important to experts, and may also be greatly simplified from an overall discussion of the topic.
- Practical advice on a particular subject; that gives advice or instruction on a particular topic
- (How To’s) Multi-Speed Animations
- (salaried) compensated: receiving or eligible for compensation; “salaried workers”; “a stipendiary magistrate”
- (salaried) receiving a salary; “salaried members of the staff”
- A fixed regular payment, typically paid on a monthly or biweekly basis but often expressed as an annual sum, made by an employer to an employee, esp. a professional or white-collar worker
- wage: something that remunerates; “wages were paid by check”; “he wasted his pay on drink”; “they saved a quarter of all their earnings”
- A Teachta Dala , often TD in English, is a member of Dail Eireann, the lower house of the Oireachtas (the Irish Parliament). It is the equivalent of terms such as “Member of Parliament” (MP) or “deputy” used in other states.
- (.td) .td is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Chad (Tchad).
- (TD (mascot)) T.D. is the official mascot of the National Football League’s Miami Dolphins franchise. The Miami Dolphins official website jokingly states that T.D. was signed on April 18, 1997 by former Dolphins head coach Jimmy Johnson as a free agent.
Clearly it is some sort of calculating machine but despite considerable pressing and twiddling I’ve not figured out how to work it.
I’m posting this here in case a visitor here can tell me more about it. Where, when was it made? How do I work it? | <urn:uuid:7b9c2aa6-d843-4500-a4de-c378e0fb37f9> | CC-MAIN-2016-22 | https://howtocalculatetdsonsalaryrfs.wordpress.com/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464049274756.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524002114-00079-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.951854 | 527 | 3.09375 | 3 |
By how many degrees would the average temperature of the Earth rise if carbon dioxide levels doubled? Scientists have been pursuing an accurate estimate of this figure since the late 19th century—it’s the “holy grail of climate science,” writes Justin Gillis in The New York Times. Most experts believe that this “climate sensitivity” figure lies somewhere just above five degrees Fahrenheit.
That may not sound like a particularly scary number to many people — after all, we experience temperature variations of 20 or 30 degrees in a single day. But as an average for the entire planet, five degrees is a huge number.
The ocean, covering 70 percent of the surface, helps bring down the average, but the warming is expected to be higher over land, causing weather extremes like heat waves and torrential rains. And the poles will warm even more, so that the increase in the Arctic could exceed 10 or 15 degrees Fahrenheit. That could cause substantial melting of the polar ice sheets, ultimately flooding the world’s major coastal cities.
Some recent studies, though, have proposed estimates below four degrees, stirring climate change skeptics and making some wonder if the future might look better than expected. But the well-regarded climate scientist James Annan warns against dismissing the threat of global warming. Gillis concludes:
Even if climate sensitivity turns out to be on the low end of the range, total emissions may wind up being so excessive as to drive the earth toward dangerous temperature increases.
So if the recent science stands up to critical examination, it could indeed turn into a ray of hope — but only if it is then followed by a broad new push to get the combustion of fossil fuels under control.
Alternatively, we might be able to put excessive carbon dioxide into storage. | <urn:uuid:3a7ca428-e0f9-41ad-8841-7ee908a1ac33> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/next/earth/scientists-take-global-warmings-temperature/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257651465.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20180324225928-20180325005928-00595.warc.gz | en | 0.914435 | 361 | 3.859375 | 4 |
1540-7993/13/$31.00 © 2013 IEEE
Published by the IEEE Computer Society
Security and Privacy in Health IT
For hundreds of years, physicians have recognized the importance of maintaining health information privacy and security. Healthcare providers who swear the Hippocratic oath promise to keep what they learn about patients’ health “secret.” When patients fear that the trust they place in providers to keep this oath might be violated, they sometimes resort to potentially dangerous health behaviors such as refusing to reveal important information, avoiding tests, or avoiding care altogether. 1 , 2
As we move toward a healthcare system that embraces IT because of the opportunities it affords for increasing quality of care and decreasing costs, how do we ensure that patients are guaranteed the privacy they require? The benefits of health IT include improvements in the collection, processing, and interpretation of health data; coordination of care; and even increased patient engagement with projects such as the Blue Button initiative that give patients access to their health data. However, all these benefits depend on patients’ willingness to share health information, which in turn depends on their perception of health IT privacy and security. How do we ensure that patients maintain the same confidence in the privacy of their health information as health IT continues to expand?
Fortunately, researchers from a variety of disciplines have been working to understand health IT's unique security and privacy issues. They study validation methods to improve the accuracy of records, encryption techniques to conceal information in transit, anonymization to permit distribution of health data without revealing identities, and access control policies to enforce who sees what. They build technologies for interoperability to enable record exchange between healthcare providers, create visualizations to improve interpretation of records, invent mobile technologies to transmit data from personal devices and sensors, use data mining and searching to deduce information from large medical databases, and design user interfaces that can bring urgent information to the foreground for patients and providers alike.
The articles we selected for this special issue touch on many of these topics, including
▪ privacy-enhanced decision support methods that present doctors with the most relevant details of an emergency medical situation while preserving patient privacy (Mark Chignell and his colleagues’ “Nonconfidential Patient Types in Emergency Clinical Decision Support”);
▪ the tension between vendor confidentiality, anonymity in medical records, and the data needed for epidemiology (Michael Lesk's “Electronic Medical Records: Confidentiality, Care, and Epidemiology”);
▪ multidisciplinary, workshop-based approaches to securing information technology in healthcare (Denise Anthony and her colleagues’ “Securing Information Technology in Healthcare”);
▪ reputation systems using mobile devices to allow patients safe remote interaction with their medical records (Ginés Dólera Tormo and his colleagues’ “Identity Management: In Privacy We Trust. Bridging the Trust Gap in eHealth Environments”); and
▪ how the design of electronic health record systems affects patient privacy, the physician-patient relationship, and who should control patient information (Deborah C. Peel and Deven McGraw's Point/Counterpoint discussion).
This special issue represents only some of the most exciting areas of research on protecting privacy and strengthening the security of patients’ health information in an electronic and interconnected healthcare system. Because this topic is inherently multidisciplinary, drawing from medicine, computer science, law, policy, and human factors, it was impossible to cover all the areas we wished to. We trust readers will find the articles in this issue a valuable introduction to an ever-growing area of research.
We look forward to seeing new research and technologies that both protect health information security and privacy and lead to better health.
is an assistant professor of human-centered computing at Clemson University. Contact her at [email protected].
is a professor of library and information science at Rutgers University. Contact him at [email protected]. | <urn:uuid:c857325d-0499-42b4-850a-9861927641a7> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.computer.org/csdl/mags/sp/2013/06/msp2013060010.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999678977/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060758-00044-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.919509 | 808 | 2.71875 | 3 |
List entry Summary
This monument is scheduled under the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979 as amended as it appears to the Secretary of State to be of national importance. This entry is a copy, the original is held by the Department for Culture, Media and Sport.
Name: Building crop mark, possibly 'Corbier Hall'
List entry Number: 1004188
The monument may lie within the boundary of more than one authority.
National Park: Not applicable to this List entry.
Grade: Not applicable to this List entry.
Date first scheduled: 14-Mar-1977
Date of most recent amendment: Not applicable to this List entry.
Legacy System Information
The contents of this record have been generated from a legacy data system.
Legacy System: RSM - OCN
UID: KE 309
This list entry does not comprise part of an Asset Grouping. Asset Groupings are not part of the official record but are added later for information.
List entry Description
Summary of Monument
Corbier Hall located 250m SSW of Court Farm.
Reasons for Designation
Around 6,000 moated sites are known in England. They consist of wide ditches, often or seasonally water-filled, partly or completely enclosing one or more islands of dry ground on which stood domestic or religious buildings. In some cases the islands were used for horticulture. The majority of moated sites served as prestigious aristocratic and seigneurial residences with the provision of a moat intended as a status symbol rather than a practical military defence. The peak period during which moated sites were built was between about 1250 and 1350 and by far the greatest concentration lies in central and eastern parts of England. However, moated sites were built throughout the medieval period, are widely scattered throughout England and exhibit a high level of diversity in their forms and sizes. They form a significant class of medieval monument and are important for the understanding of the distribution of wealth and status in the countryside. Many examples provide conditions favourable to the survival of organic remains.
Despite some disturbance in the past, Corbier Hall survives well with buried remains visible as crop marks on aerial photographs. The site has only been partially excavated and holds potential for further archaeological investigation. It will contain below-ground archaeological and environmental information relating to the construction, layout and occupation of the manor house and to the landscape in which it was constructed.
This record has been generated from an "old county number" (OCN) scheduling record. These are monuments that were not reviewed under the Monuments Protection Programme and are some of our oldest designation records.
The monument includes a medieval house and moated site, known as Corbier Hall, surviving as buried remains. It is situated on gently sloping ground near Honeyhills Wood at the foot of the North Downs. Partial excavation has revealed stone foundations and a cellar, as well the likely remains of a surrounding moat. The medieval house has also been recorded as a crop mark on aerial photographs indicating a rectangular building, approximately 30m long by 15m wide, orientated WNW to ESE. There appears to be a central ‘partition’ running the length of the building. Attached at a right-angle to the west side of the south wall is another possible rectangular building, approximately 21m long by 12m wide. The remains of the moat surrounding the medieval house are also evident as a broad crop mark on aerial photographs.
Corbier Hall is thought to have been built in the late 14th century during the reign of Richard II (1377-1399). It was partially excavated in 1862 when stone foundations and a cellar were uncovered. An archaeological evaluation to the south of the site in 1996 uncovered a broad ditch considered to be the remains of the moat. The site was also recorded as part of the Royal Commission on the Historical Monuments of England (RCHME) Kent Mapping Project carried out in 1986-7. This produced 1:10,000 scale depictions of crop marks identified on oblique and vertical aerial photographs taken across Kent. A rectangular building with a central ‘partition’, closely resembling that recorded from aerial photographs, is marked as ‘Ancient Ruins’ on OS Maps (1:2500) published in 1885, 1897 and 1908.
- Other Reference - Description: Kent HER TQ 85 NW 1. NMR TQ 85 NW 1. PastScape 417914
- Website Reference - Author: Oxford Archaeological Unit - Title: 'Thurnham Roman Villa And Land South Of Corbier Hall, Thurnham, Kent ARC THM 96. Archaeological Evaluation 1997 - Date: 22nd April 2010 - URL: http://ads.ahds.ac.uk/catalogue/adsdata/ctrl_2003/thm96/pdf/arc_thm96_report.pdf
National Grid Reference: TQ 80161 57073
© Crown Copyright and database right 2014. All rights reserved. Ordnance Survey Licence number 100024900.
© British Crown and SeaZone Solutions Limited 2014. All rights reserved. Licence number 102006.006.
The above map is for quick reference purposes only and may not be to scale. For a copy of the full scale map, please see the attached PDF - 1004188.pdf - The pdf will be generated from our live systems and may take a few minutes to download depending on how busy our servers are. We apologise for this delay.
This copy shows the entry on 22-Aug-2014 at 10:40:08. | <urn:uuid:bfb0bd8d-a0d5-4674-acae-2192803d27fd> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://list.english-heritage.org.uk/resultsingle.aspx?uid=1004188 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500824562.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021344-00387-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.949523 | 1,155 | 2.625 | 3 |
Upon entering the greenhouses where many of our plants are nutured, I was amazed to see the essence of the tropical climate in vivid vibrant hues. Hundreds of bold colored bromeliads created a festive spirit that shone bright on this hot summer day. Many of you have probably seen a bromeliad out and about. Hotels and conference centers use them in their decor. But what you probably didn’t know is that the pineapple is actually a bromeliad, making it the most well known variety.
These tropical beauties bloom in vibrant hues of red, orange, yellow, pink and burgundy. The flower itself is spiky looking and protrudes high above the lush green foliage. What makes them so special and desirable is the “Decorative Life.” Many bromeliads will last weeks to months in flower. I always have a few bromeliads blooming about my home. They are so easy and require little maintenance. I am a believer in the beauty of the bromeliad.
A little background info for you – They are native to Tropical America. Besides the pineapple, common plant relatives include the Christmas cactus and Spanish moss. Yes, the same moss that is seen growing on trees in many parts of the world including many parts of southern and western US.
Want to bring the beauty of a bromeliad into your home or anothers? Calyx Flowers offer the Summer Bromeliad Garden. To learn more about them, The Bromeliad Society International is a good source for information on these tropical plants. Enjoy your summer day! | <urn:uuid:1f8033a7-6696-44c4-bb78-6544f4f42799> | CC-MAIN-2015-40 | http://blog.calyxflowers.com/tag/bromeliad-society-international/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443737867468.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001221747-00123-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.947708 | 329 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Team member Dr Helen McGregor from the Research School of Earth Sciences at The Australian National University said the change in El Nino patterns could have a major impact on Australia's weather. "During an El Nino event warm waters to the north of Australia move eastward, taking their rainfall with them," she said. "This changes the pattern of Australia's rainfall and droughts significantly."
El Ninos occurs irregularly every two to seven years and have often coincided with severe droughts in Queensland and New South Wales. The current conditions show that a weak El Nin
o has brought warmer and drier conditions to Australia for late 2014.
The team focused on regional differences in sea temperatures that generate the circulating winds known as the Walker Circulation, which drive the trade winds that bring moisture across the Pacific Ocean to the north of Australia.
The island from which the corals were sampled, Butaritari, was chosen for its location at one end of the Walker Circulation....
A causeway on Butaritari, shot by , Wikimedia Commons, under the Creative Commons 2.5 license | <urn:uuid:191a14d2-ee0f-4043-9082-902881228aab> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://carbon-based-ghg.blogspot.com/2014/11/ocean-primed-for-more-el-nino.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501171176.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104611-00614-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.954746 | 223 | 3.25 | 3 |
A Free hand: enfranchising the education of deaf children
T.J. Publishers, 1992 - Education - 204 pages
Based on the proceedings of a 1990 symposium on the educational uses of ASL, A Free Hand presents papers by prominent educators, researchers and linguists on the changing role of American Sign Language in the classroom.
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Working Toward Change A Program and a Study
What Do We Know and When Did We Know It
Toward Effective Classroom Use of ASL
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academic achievement acquire adolescents American Annals American Sign Language ASL and English bilingual approach Bilingual Education Act bilingual programs bilingual/bicultural CHAIRMAN O'ROURKE classroom codes on English cognitive contact signing Cued Speech curriculum deaf adults deaf child deaf children Deaf community Deaf culture deaf education deaf students deaf teachers educa education of deaf education programs effective English signing environment evaluation experience fingerspelling Fischgrund Gallaudet University goals guage happen hearing impaired hearing parents input interaction involved issues kids KUNTZE language acquisition language development language learning learn ASL learners linguistic literacy mainstreaming manual communication Manually Coded English minority modality Moores mothers native language opportunities oral perceptually preschool Press problem proficiency programs for deaf question Quigley reading residential school Schlesinger second language signed English situation social speech strategies Supalla talk teaching English thing tion tional Total Communication | <urn:uuid:d1471c46-375a-4a36-a64d-1db6e715044f> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | https://books.google.com/books/about/A_Free_hand.html?id=aY0oAAAAYAAJ&hl=en | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501171936.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104611-00018-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.831799 | 301 | 3.046875 | 3 |
SUSSEX COUNTY, NJ – Not all teenagers make it through middle school and high school in time to graduate with their class. The free Skylands Alternative High School program at Project Self-Sufficiency is designed for teens and young adults who are no longer enrolled in school, or those who have graduated from high school but who may be struggling with literacy. The Skylands Alternative High School program helps guide participants through GED testing, job training, and placement at a work site, in college or the military. Once a participant is accepted into the program, they can expect to undergo a battery of assessment testing followed by help with attaining their GED, life skills training, pre-employment training, and other remedial education efforts. Childcare, lunch and limited transportation assistance is available to all participants. Upon completion of their education, participants will be placed in internships, followed by placement in paid employment, college or the military. Follow up support will be provided by Project Self-Sufficiency staff to ensure that the new employees are faring well in their new positions.
Eighteen-year-old Kristle Licata chose to enroll in the Skylands Alternative High School program after relocating to Newton from Florida. An injury from her stint as a cheerleader coupled with family issues led her to drop out of her Florida high school during her junior year. She is currently preparing to take the GED test and is appreciative of the small class sizes at the Skylands Alternative High School program. “The one-on-one attention you get here makes this program so much better than a class of thirty kids in high school. This environment is very homey and you get the attention you need,” explains Kristle. “They explain things and you don’t have that weird feeling that the other kids will make fun of you if you ask a question.”
Approximately 7% of high school students will drop out of school before reaching the 12th grade, according to the U.S. Department of Education. Students from low-income families are almost twice as likely (13.8%) to drop out of high school as their higher-income peers. There are many significant reasons teens drop out of high school before graduating, ranging from peer pressure to lack of parental support to failure to address special needs. A feeling of boredom or lack of engagement at school is another common problem. While the reasons for dropping out are varied, it is predictable that those without a high school diploma will fare worse economically than their peers. Without a diploma, they will have a difficult time finding meaningful work. High school drop outs will earn less, have poor health, live in poverty and have children at an early age, many of whom will also grow up to be high school drop outs, according to EduGuide, a non-profit organization that works with schools and other non-profit groups.
As part of her participation in the program, Kristle obtained on-the-job experience working at a local business, filing, handling invoices, taking orders and filling stock. “I like to interact with people,” noted Kristle who admits to feeling shy at times. “Getting out there and being able to talk to other people is good for my future.” Once she has her GED in hand, Kristle is determined to pursue her education with the goal of becoming a make-up artist in the theatre.
Eligibility guidelines for the Skylands Alternative High School program are strict. Participants must be local residents between the ages of 16 – 21, who fall below the federal poverty guidelines. Male participants are required to register with the Selective Service System in order to qualify.
Project Self-Sufficiency is a private non-profit community-based organization dedicated to improving the lives of low-income families residing in northwestern New Jersey. The agency’s mission is to provide a broad spectrum of holistic, respectful, and comprehensive services enabling low-income single parents, teen parents, two-parent families, and displaced homemakers to improve their lives and the lives of their children through the achievement of personal and economic self-sufficiency and family stability. Since 1986 Project Self-Sufficiency has served more than 20,000 families, including over 30,000 children.
For assistance in applying for the Skylands Alternative High School program, or to find out more about the other programs and services available at Project Self-Sufficiency, call 973-940-3500 or visit www.projectselfsufficiency.org. | <urn:uuid:52308015-0999-47b8-9013-b760d79146a3> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | http://insidescene.com/2015/03/alternative-high-school-program-puts-teens-on-the-path-to-success/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400219691.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20200924163714-20200924193714-00054.warc.gz | en | 0.966495 | 930 | 2.671875 | 3 |
The bomb was a two to three ton device made of ammonium nitrate fertilizer mixed with combustible fuel oil. It was placed inside of a rented Ryder truck, which was then parked in front of the north side of the building. The blast destroyed one-third of the building from roof to ground, leaving a crater eight feet deep, and 30 feet wide. The building housed several federal offices including the Drug Enforcement Agency, the Bureau of Alcohol Tobacco and Firearms, U.S. Customs Service, U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, Veterans Administration, Social Security Administration and several others. There was also a day-care center located within the building. In all, 169 people were killed and several hundred were injured, some severely.
The design aspects of the Alfred P. Murrah building were not particularly remarkable. Its cast-poured concrete and glass structure can be seen replicated in many downtowns across the country. To prevent overheating by the sun, architects had shielded the south half of the building with overhangs and placed much of the building's infrastructure, like stairwells and elevators on that side. This design type probably saved the lives of most people who were on the south side of the building at the time of the blast. However, to create an aesthetic entrance, four support columns were exposed at the front entrance, running the full height of the first and second floors and creating an atrium at street level. When the blast hit, it knocked out three of these columns. As the second and third floors gave way, higher floors tore away from the structure and fell on top of one another creating a domino effect.
Several buildings surrounding the Alfred P. Murrah building sustained damage also. The Oklahoma Water Resources and the Journal Records Buildings directly across the street sustained heavy damage to windows and offices. Parts of the federal building were actually blown into the face of these office buildings. The YMCA was also badly damaged from the blast as well as the First United Methodist Church, which suffered severe structural damage. The Federal Courthouse located directly behind the blast face of the Alfred P. Murrah building had several windows blown out.
For the first week following the blast, an entire eight-block radius was closed to the general public. Since it was considered a crime scene, security was very tight in this area. This made it difficult for recovery teams to try and assess the damages that awaited them. The offices of Kerr McGee and Conoco were in this secured zone.
Soon after the bomb was detonated, around the country, city after city, people wondered if it could happen in their town. Bomb scares ranged from Boston, New York, Washington and Nashville making residents feel jittery and vulnerable.
Less than 48 hours after the blast, FBI agents, with the help of state and local authorities, had apprehended and charged the first suspect in the bombing. Timothy James McVeigh was already in police custody when evidence pointed to his involvement with the blast. The search for the second suspect is intensifying as the days pass since the blast. The government is offering a $2 million reward leading to his arrest and conviction.
What was a shock to the majority of people was that these were two caucasian American's from the Midwest.
These actual suspects were very different from preliminary beliefs that there was some sort of Middle-Eastern involvement in the bombing. The initial belief that a Middle-Eastern group was responsible was probably a response from the World Trade Center bombing on February 26, 1993, where six people were killed and more than 1,000 were injured. Four Middle-Eastern men were convicted in that incident and a fifth is awaiting trial.
As the story behind Tim McVeigh's background unfolded, attention was drawn to his involvement with militant militia groups that have a great deal of animosity towards the U.S. Government. Militia groups have existed since the Revolutionary War. However, many Americans are unfamiliar with groups of this nature and their particular beliefs or ideals.
In response to the bombing, politicians are pushing for strict regulations of ammonium nitrate, a very common fertilizer. In Europe, where people have suffered far more terrorist bombings than the United States; they have been better protected from easily accessible fertilizer-based bombs like the ones used in Oklahoma City and the World Trade Center bombings. Ammonium nitrate has been tightly regulated in Western Europe since 1980 and is sold only for use as an explosive to people with special permits. In the U.S., by contrast, six million tons of ammonium nitrate are produced annually for fertilizer and sold openly in major farming communities. If it becomes highly regulated, it could drastically affect the agriculture industry in this country.
Robert Arnold, Kevin Kraff, Patti Fitzgerald and Janette Ballman of DRJ contributed to this report.
This article adapted from V8#3 | <urn:uuid:febb144a-49dc-43aa-be93-a97fe851bb68> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | http://www.drj.com/drj-world-archives/terrorism/special-report-oklahoma-city.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454702032759.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205195352-00240-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.982725 | 983 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Written by Shamar A. Bibbins
Director of National Partnerships, Green For All
As a college sophomore in the mid 1990’s, I eagerly accepted a field-study assignment with a local environmental organization where I helped execute public engagement efforts around New York State’s newly established recycling laws in public housing projects. As anyone who has ever done community outreach will tell you, there is always a swinging pendulum of public response, from great appreciation to deep agitation. However, it was the response of a young mother, not much older than myself, that changed the trajectory of my studies and eventually my career.
I wasn’t even a minute into my pre-scripted message on the importance of recycling, when the young woman looked me square in the eyes, clearly agitated, and said, “Look, are you kidding me? I don’t have time to sort my trash. I’m trying to figure out how to feed my baby.” Her words pierced me. It was my “Aha” moment. From that moment forward, I focused my work, as an environmental studies major, not only on the necessary science, but also on the social and economic impacts that environmental injustices have on our communities.
African Americans, Native Americans and other communities of color have significantly higher rates of asthma, respiratory problems and other chronic diseases, not because of their lifestyles or because of genetics, as some would have you believe, but because of their zip codes. Sixty-eight percent of African Americans live within 30 miles of a coal plant, and millions of African Americans live in “food deserts,” with little or no access to healthy food. Our communities are hit first and worst by the affects of climate change and are the last to recover.
The environment is our issue and should be at or near the top of our political agenda. Our folks are on the front line - disproportionally affected by environmental threats. We should not only be a part of the national conversation around effective solutions that benefit our families and communities, but should also be a part of the economic opportunities that arise as green industries and technologies develop and grow. This is the green economy.
The NAACP’s summit, “Bridging the Gap: Connecting Black Communities to the Green Economy” being held on April 15th in advance of the Good Jobs, Green Jobs Conference in Washington, D.C., is an important convening that will focus on solutions that help build access to the green economy and address the unique needs of our communities. The day-long event will include strategy sessions on policy and advocacy, grassroots organizing, youth mobilization and opportunities in the green economy for entrepreneuers and small businesses. There will also be career pipeline expo, featuring representatives from government agencies, private sector companies, and non-profit organizations to discuss career and business contracting opportunities.
Our best solutions to expanding the green economy — from forming climate resilience plans to investing in infrastructure and clean energy— are also our best tools for creating job opportunities and pathways out of poverty for people of color and low-income communities on the front lines. I hope you join us for this exciting event.
Check out the NAACP’s blog series on the summit: Framing A Green Economy Based on Social Justice Connecting Black Communities with America’s Infrastructure Redemption & Second Chances: Eliminating Employment Barriers for Previously Incarcerated Individuals | <urn:uuid:1c6914a5-0cf3-4f1f-96c6-433a9b89e21b> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.greenforall.org/why_the_green_economy_should_be_a_priority_for_people_of_color | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279657.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00146-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.95242 | 701 | 2.53125 | 3 |
The mood created at the beginning of "The Raven" is one of mystery and sadness with undertones of horror. Poe accomplishes this through the Gothic setting, characterization, and poetic sound devices. The poem tells a story, and this stanza serves as the exposition and inciting incident, enticing the reader in.
Poe creates a Gothic setting through descriptions such as "midnight dreary," "quaint and curious volume of forgotten lore," and "chamber door." The mysterious sounds and the mental state of the narrator add to the vaguely scary feeling of the scene.
The characterization of the narrator creates a mood of mystery and sadness. Readers wonder why he is sitting up late alone at night and what he might be pondering. He is obviously tired, but he won't go to bed. This suggests he is deeply troubled. He is "weak and weary," and he mutters to himself at the unexpected noises. Many people will relate to hearing unusual noises when they are up late at night alone. The "tapping" and "rapping" noises he hears are quiet, adding to the subdued tone of mystery.
Poe develops the setting and characterization while using multiple poetic sound devices that cause the feelings of sadness, mystery, and horror to build. First, the predominant rhythm is trochaic--a two-beat measure with the stress on the first syllable: DAH-duh, DAH-duh, DAH-duh, DAH-duh. This is a trudging, somber, even funereal rhythm that weighs down the entire poem, reinforcing its feelings of sadness and depression. The onomatopoeia of the words "rapping" and "tapping" creates mystery and allows readers to imagine the sounds. The assonance of the repeated long /o/ sound in words like "over," "lore," "door," "only," and "more" creates a plaintive moaning sound that further enhances the sadness, mystery, and fear.
Poe, a master storyteller and brilliant poet, sets the mood of sadness, mystery, and fear from the beginning of "The Raven" by his use of a Gothic setting, characterization, and poetic sound devices. | <urn:uuid:e96cd6c5-9da4-49d9-9932-719561480ebf> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://www.enotes.com/homework-help/how-author-create-mood-opening-stanza-raven-311508 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499899.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20230201013650-20230201043650-00346.warc.gz | en | 0.954469 | 456 | 3.578125 | 4 |
We often hear that epiphytes plants live on the air and it really seems like this, because they don’t nearly need soil to develop. They grow on trunks taking advantage of his height in search of the source of energy much wanted in tropical forests: the sun. In this article we describe epiphytes adaptations and the most common epiphytic groups of these amazing plants.
The epiphytes live on other plants without parasitize them or damaging any of its organs or functions. Epiphytes take advantage of other plants structures as physical support to grow into the shaded forest canopy, using the trunks and branches of older trees to reach more height and catch the sunlight. Epiphytes never touch the ground; they are adapted to live on the air!
They have amazing adaptations as a result of this habit, such as:
• The ability to capture water and nutrients from the air, the rain and the small amount of soil or organic debris that may remain in the trees trunk where they root.
• Their roots are much more adapted to anchor to the trunks that to absorve water and nutrients.
• Frequently, they develop structures to accumulate moisture.
Although epiphyte plants depend on its host to obtain their nutrients, sometimes they grow so much that overload their host and end up killing their support. This is the case of some Ficus (Moraceae), called “strangler fig” that develop aerial roots around other trees without letting them grow.
Thanks to the epiphytes contribution we can say that tropical rain forest is organized in a vertical gradient along the trees trunks, where we find organism diversity organized according to their distance to the ground. Epiphytes are largely responsible for the extremely rich biodiversity that makes tropical rainforests the most complex ecosystems on Earth. Besides providing different layers of vegetation along height, epiphytes provide shelter and nutrients to different insects and amphibians; who use water stored in the epiphytes leaves as a shelter or nest in the refuge generated in the middle of the trunk.
Epiphytes are found mostly in tropical rainforests, where dozens epiphytes have recorded on a single tree. However, in temperate climates or even deserts we can also found drought tolerant epiphytic species.
Currently, approximately 25,000 species are epiphytes. Most common and known epiphytes are Bromeliaceae and Orchidaceae families and ferns. Epiphytism has appeared several times throughout evolution and we found examples in other tropical spermatophytes (plants with seed and trunk) like Ericaceae, Gesneriaceae, Melastomataceae, Moraceae and Piperaceae and also in seedless plants (lichens, mosses and liver) of temperate climates.
Orchids have the highest number of epiphytic in the world, with 20 tropical epiphytic genera. The genus with much epiphytes species number are Bulbophyllum (1800) and Dendrobium (1200). The genus of epiphytic orchids Phalaenopsis (60 species) is cultivated worldwide because of its beauty. In fact, many plants used in interior gardening are epiphytes because they have few nutrients and water requirements.
Among orchids, we wanted to highlight a species known for a different reason: the vanilla (Vanilla planifolia), native to Mexico and Central America, where it was consumed with cocoa. It was imported to Reunion island and Madagascar (currently first world producers) by the Spaniards when they discovered their amazing flavor. The vanilla crops imitate their naturally grow on trees, and vanilla plants are not grown on ground, but on logs. The part of the vanilla plant that is consumed is the still immature fruit, after a curing process.
Orchids have one of the most complex pollination systems throughout the plant world, with several cases of monospecific coevolution systems linked to insects and hummingbirds. Vanilla is another example, as it is only pollinated by Mexican native bees and hummingbirds, so pollination does not occur naturally in the cultivation areas and it must be done by hand. Normally, women and children still practice this handmade technique pollinating each vanilla flower to get its precious fruit. In fact, vanilla is the world’s most expensive crop, by weight.
Bromeliaceae includes more than 3,000 neotropical species, most of them epiphytic. The most species rich genera are Tillandsia (450), Pitcairnia (250), Vriesia (200), Aechmea (150) and Puya (150). The leaves of bromeliads grow in rosette facilitating the accumulation of water. The cultivation of bromeliads has been prohibited in Brazil (where we found 43% of Bromeliaceae native species) by ignorance, because it was thought that this water favored the reproduction of Aedes aegypti, mosquito transmitter of Zika, dengue and chikungunya virus. Actually, bromeliads have secondary compounds that prevent the proliferation of this mosquito eggs and larvae while the water inside the leaves creates a micro-habitat that accumulates nutrients that feed other insects, amphibians and native birds that can help fighting it. Bromeliaceae flowers have bright colors and are accompanied by showy bracts also attracting the attention of pollinators, especially hummingbirds and bats. Many bromeliads are used as ornamental plants, especially Tillandsia and Guzmania.
Epiphytes from temperate climates
One of the most incredible epiphytic ferns is the staghorn fern (Platycerium bifurcatum), widely used as an ornamental plant. The staghorn fern is native to Australia but is found in all tropical areas used for gardening. This fern develops two leaf shapes: the first kind is kidney-shaped and does not produce spores; its function is to anchor to the trunk. These leaves eventually acquire a brown coloration and form a base from which the second kind of leaves grow; which are fertile and therefore produce spores. The fertile leaves are long and bifurcated and can grow up to 90 cm long. The spores of this fern are produced at the leaves apex that gain a velvet appearance.
At temperate forests, the most common epiphytes are lichens. Among lichens, we want to highlight Usnea or old’s men beard. It is a cosmopolitan genus growing on conifers and deciduous trees. This grayish fruticose lichen grow as curtain shape hanging from trees. Curiously, there is a species of epiphytic bromeliads that reminds Usnea because they share this particular growth form. Its called Spanish moss (Tillandsia usneoides) but is neither a moss or lichen, but a bromeliad with very small leaves growing chained to the ground. Nor is Spanish but lives in America.
The epiphytes are still little known because climbing techniques in tropical rainforest have only been developed recently so we still known a little about compared with carnivorous or parasitic plants. Many are still to discover!
Benzing, D.H. 1990. Vascular Epiphytes: General Biology and Related Biota. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Smith N., Mori S. A., Henderson, A., Stevenson D. W. & Heald, S. V. 2004. Flowering Plants of the Neotropics. New Jersey, USA: The New York Botanical Garden, Princeton university press. | <urn:uuid:710b35ca-a966-4fff-bcd1-5331be3953e1> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | https://allyouneedisbiology.wordpress.com/2016/10/06/epiphytes-plants/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676591140.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20180719144851-20180719164851-00374.warc.gz | en | 0.940061 | 1,592 | 4.1875 | 4 |
Redirecting financial flows towards efficient, clean and inclusive economic activities in Asia Pacific and away from polluting, resources intensive activities is crucial to the region’s future sustainable growth and prosperity, finds a new report by the UN Environment Programme (UNEP).
As home to over half of the world’s people, but much less than half of its natural resources, achieving inclusive, sustainable economic prosperity in the Asia-Pacific region depends on the health of the environment. Yet stocks of natural capital – including non-renewable resources, forests, agricultural land and fisheries – are in decline across the region, and have dwindled by between third and a half in most countries of the region over the past five years.
In order to close the gaps in basic services and infrastructure and to protect the environment, enhance energy efficiency and respond to climate change, the Asia-Pacific region needs an annual investment of US $2.5 trillion, less than a third of US $8.4 trillion saved by the region’s citizens in 2012 alone, says the report entitled, “Aligning the Financial Systems in the Asia Pacific Region to Sustainable Development”.
The region’s developing financial and capital markets provide a unique opportunity for innovative financial and capital market policies, regulations and standards that can align private capital flows to the financing needs of sustainable development.
“Financial systems based on sustainability criteria can enhance the efficiency, effectiveness and resilience with which financial and capital markets channel these resources, delivering both returns to savers and the investment needed for economic growth and transformation.”
The report and other research by UNEP’s Inquiry into the Design of a Sustainable Financial System find that in the Asia-Pacific region, there is substantial innovation towards a sustainable development based financial system.
New green disclosure requirements are being adopted across banking and capital markets. Green credit guidelines are being introduced by banking regulators. Sustainability indexes and benchmarks are becoming established in securities markets, and credit rating agencies are beginning to incorporate climate risk into their solvency analyses. Innovations in micro-finance, including mobile-money, are also closing the gaps in access to finance.
Countries such as China, Indonesia and Japan are also demonstrating leadership in taking systematic approaches to developing and embedding green finance principles across the financial system.
The Asia Pacific region has a long history of policy-directed lending and investing, which could be aligned with sustainable development goals. Regional governments have in particular established ‘priority sector lending’ as a key policy tool to improve access to credit for underserved sectors, particularly SMEs and agriculture. India, for example, requires 40 percent of all bank loans to be made in priority sectors, which include agriculture, small and medium enterprises, and export-oriented industries. Malaysia and Vietnam mandate interest rate discounts for loans in priority sectors.
Mr Steiner said putting sustainable development at the heart of financial and capital markets does not represent an ‘additional’ performance measure for Asia-Pacific’s financial markets. “Quite the contrary, it improves the availability of material information, enhances the all-important task of risk-pricing and advances the efficiency of credit and capital allocation,” he said.
The recommendations in the report will be discussed by Ministers and high level representatives from over 35 countries gathered for the First Forum of Ministers and Environment Authorities of Asia Pacific 19 and 20 May 1015 in Bangkok.
UNEP’s Inquiry into the Design of a Sustainable Financial System was set up to explore what could potentially be one of the most important changes in the international economic landscape – the reshaping of the global financial system, such that it plays a productive and emphatic role in financing sustainable development.
The work of the Inquiry in over 15 countries, so far, reveals the need to speed the transition to an inclusive sustainable economy, which requires the channeling of trillions of dollars annually into green investment and many more trillions away from pollutant and natural resource intensive investment.
Key findings from the Report:
While recognizing the diversity of the region, the report has identified potential innovations and actions worth consideration by countries in Asia Pacific including:
- Sustainable banking and ‘green credit’ risk management and reporting;
- Policy-directed lending and investing blending commercial and policy objectives;
- Green bonds issuance and green infrastructure and enterprise development;
“Sustainable” stock exchanges with social and environmental performance indexes, benchmarks and tracker funds;
- Lender and investor environmental liability to encourage environmental due diligence and risk management;
- Monetary policy to incentivize longer-term investment in productive infrastructure and enterprises;
- Environmental stress testing at the financial enterprise and macro prudential levels;
- Enhanced sustainability oversight for cross boarder investment.
- To download the report, visit: http://www.unep.org/inquiry/Portals/50215/Documents/Unep-Inquiry_Asia_Finance_Final.pdf
- The UNEP Inquiry is a two-year international initiative examining how central banks, financial regulators and other policy and rule-makers can contribute to aligning financial markets to the needs of the green economy. It was launched by the UNEP Executive Director Achim Steiner in January 2014. www.unep.org/inquiry
For more information, please contact:
Mahenau Agha, Head of Outreach (Geneva), +4179-105-3614, [email protected]
Satwant Kaur, Regional Information Officer, Asia Pacific, UNEP (Bangkok), +662 288 2127, [email protected] | <urn:uuid:474f5ce2-05b7-4fe6-8138-49aad92c8610> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://www.eco-business.com/press-releases/report-calls-alignment-financial-markets-green-economy-sustainable-growth-needs/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806388.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20171121132158-20171121152158-00443.warc.gz | en | 0.91703 | 1,157 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Osteoarthritis Dissecans of the Knee
A Patient’s Guide to Osteochondritis Dissecans of the Knee
Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) is a problem that affects the knee, mostly at the end of the big bone of the thigh (the femur). A joint surface damaged by OCD doesn’t heal naturally. Even with surgery, OCD usually leads to future joint problems, including degenerative arthritis and osteoarthritis.
This guide will help you understand
What part of the knee is affected?
OCD mostly affects the femoral condyles of the knee. The femoral condyle is the rounded end of the lower thighbone, or femur. Each knee has two femoral condyles, referred to as themedial femoral condyle (on the inside of the knee) and the lateral femoral condyle (on the outside). Like most joint surfaces, the femoral condyles are covered in articular cartilage. Articular cartilage is a smooth, rubbery covering that allows the bones of a joint to slide smoothly against one another.
The problem occurs where the cartilage of the knee attaches to the bone underneath. The area of bone just under the cartilage surface is injured, leading to damage to the blood vessels of the bone. Without blood flow, the area of damaged bone actually dies. This area of dead bone can be seen on an X-ray and is sometimes referred to as the osteochondritis lesion.
The lesions usually occur in the part of the joint that holds most of the body’s weight. This means that the problem area is under constant stress and doesn’t get time to heal. It also means that the lesions cause pain and problems when walking and putting weight on the knee. It is more common for the lesions to occur on the medial femoral condyle, because the inside of the knee bears more weight.
How does the condition develop?
Juvenile Osteochondritis DissecansChildren as young as nine or ten can develop this condition. But the disease behaves much differently in children and for this reason is given a separate name, juvenile osteochondritis dissecans (JOCD), meaning osteochondritis dissecans of children.
OCD and JOCD cause the same kind of damage to the knee, but they are separate diseases. In the child who is still growing, the problem is much more likely to heal itself. In the adult, the bones are not growing. For this reason, the treatment and prognosis of OCD and JOCD can be very different.
Many doctors think that JOCD is caused by repeated stress to the bone. Most young people with JOCD have been involved in competitive sports since they were very young. A heavy schedule of training and competing can stress the femur in a way that leads to JOCD. In some cases, other muscle or bone problems can cause extra stress and contribute to JOCD.
Osteochondritis DissecansSometimes JOCD is not treated or does not heal completely. When this happens, JOCD develops into OCD. OCD can occur any time from early adulthood on, but most patients are adults under age 50. The cases of OCD that are first diagnosed in early adulthood probably began as JOCD. When a person gets OCD later in life, it is probably a brand new problem.
Doctors aren’t sure what causes OCD. There is less of a link between strenuous, repetitive use and OCD. Many people who develop OCD don’t have any particular risk factors.
Because OCD leads to damage to the surface of the joint, the condition can lead to problems with bone degeneration and osteoarthritis. The damage to the joint surface affects the way that the joint works. Like a machine that is out of balance, over time this imbalance can lead to abnormal wear and tear on the joint. This is one cause of degenerative arthritis and osteoarthritis.
What do OCD and JOCD feel like?
OCD and JOCD cause the same symptoms. The symptoms start out mild and grow worse with time. Both problems usually start with a mild aching pain. Moving the knee becomes painful, and it may be swollen and sore to the touch. Eventually, there is too much pain to put full weight on that knee. These symptoms are fairly common in athletes. They are similar to the symptoms of sprains, strains, and other knee problems.
As the condition becomes worse, the area of bone that is affected may collapse, causing a notch to form in the smooth joint surface. The cartilage over this dead section of bone (the lesion) may become damaged. This can cause a snapping or catching feeling as the knee joint moves across the notched area. In some cases the dead area of bone may actually become detached from the rest of the femur, forming what is called a loose body. This loose body may float around inside of the knee joint. The knee may catch or lock when it is moved if the loose body gets in the way.
How do doctors identify this problem?
Your doctor will ask many questions about your medical history. You will be asked about your current symptoms and about other knee or joint problems you have had in the past. Your doctor will then examine the painful knee by feeling it and moving it. You may be asked to walk, move, or stretch your knee. This may hurt, but it is important that your doctor knows exactly where and when your knee hurts.
Your doctor will probably order an X-ray of your knee. Most OCD lesions will show up on an X-ray of the knee. If not, your doctor may suggest a bone scan.
A bone scan involves injecting a special type of dye into the blood stream and then taking pictures of the bones with a special camera. This camera is similar to a Geiger counter and can pick up very small amounts of radiation. The dye that is injected is a very weak radioactive chemical. It attaches itself to areas of bone that are undergoing rapid changes, such as a healing fracture. A bone scan is the best way to see the lesions in the very early stages.
Your doctor may want to do other imaging tests, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The MRI machine uses magnetic waves rather than X-rays to show the soft tissues of the body. With this machine, doctors are able to create pictures that look like slices of the knee and see the anatomy, and any injuries, very clearly. These tests may help determine the extent of damage from OCD and JOCD, and they also help rule out other problems.
How do doctors treat the condition?
Many cases of JOCD can be completely healed with careful treatment. OCD will probably never completely heal, but it can be treated. There are two methods of treating JOCD: nonsurgical treatment to help the lesions heal, and surgery. Surgery is usually the only effective treatment for OCD.
Nonsurgical treatments help in about half the cases of JOCD. The goal is to help the lesions heal before growth stops in the thighbone. Even if imaging tests show that growth has already stopped, it is usually worth trying nonsurgical treatments. When these treatments work, the knee seems as good as new, and the JOCD doesn’t seem to lead to arthritis.
Nonsurgical treatment of JOCD can take from 10 to 18 months. During that time, it is crucial to stop doing everything that causes pain to the knee. This means stopping exercise and sports. It may require using crutches or wearing a cast for a couple of months when symptoms are present. As knee symptoms ease, exercises can be started that don’t involve placing weight through your foot. The exercises should be done carefully and should not cause any pain. Patients often work with physical therapists to develop an exercise program.
Your doctor may want to see what is happening in the knee and may suggest additional tests if your symptoms change. This may include new X-rays, MRI scan or a bone scan if your symptoms warrant additional testing. Even in JOCD, surgery may eventually be required. When the lesion has become so bad that it detaches totally or partially from the bone, nonsurgical treatment will not work. Even with the treatment, some patients continue to have symptoms or their bone scans show signs that the damage is getting worse.
Some patients who are too near the end of bone growth may not benefit with nonsurgical treatment. When these problems develop, your surgeon may suggest surgery.
If the lesion becomes totally or partially detached, surgery is needed to remove the loose body or to fix it in place. Your surgeon will need to gather lots of information about your knee and your problem before surgery.
This may require additional bone scans, X-rays, or MRIs. Your surgeon may also use anarthroscope, a tiny camera inserted into the knee to look at your knee before doing surgery to fix the problem. These tests are important because your surgeon needs to know the exact location and the size of the lesion to determine what kind of surgery will work best.
Arthroscopic MethodIn some cases, your surgeon will be able to use the arthroscope to do the surgery. If the arthroscope can be used, the procedure requires smaller incisions than for an open surgery. This may reduce the time needed before the knee can be moved and exercised.
Open MethodOpen surgery is needed when your surgeon can’t get a picture of the entire lesion, when it is unclear how the fragment would best fit into the bone, or when it would be too difficult to replace the fragment using the arthroscope. Open surgery usually requires larger incisions than arthroscopic surgery to allow the surgeon to see into the knee and perform the operation.
Fragment RepairIf the loose bone fragment is in a weight-bearing area of your bone, your surgeon will try to reattach it if at all possible. Your surgeon may use tiny metal pins or screws to hold the fragment in place. This sometimes proves difficult. The damaged fragment often doesn’t fit perfectly into the bone anymore. And the bone around the fragment has often changed in ways that mean your surgeon will need to rebuild it.
Allograft TransplantIn rare cases, the lesion must be removed from a weight-bearing area. Your surgeon may try to fill in the hole using an allograft. An allograft is an actual transplant of bone and cartilage from a donor into your knee. The bone is usually obtained from a bone and tissue bank.
In this case, bone material is transplanted into the hole left in the bone. Allografts have risks, including graft rejection and infection. But they can be very successful in returning function to the knee.
Osteochondral AutograftAn autograft is a procedure for grafting tissue from the patient’s own body. The place where the graft is taken is called the donor site. In this case, surgeons graft a small amount of bone (osteo) and cartilage (chondral) from the donor site to put into the lesion. Usually, the donor site for this procedure is on the joint surface of the injured knee. Surgeons are careful to take the graft from a spot that won’t cause a lot of problems, usually on the top and outside border of the knee cartilage. Even then, people sometimes end up with problems around the donor site. Surgeons have gotten good results with this surgery, but it is challenging to contour the graft to be just the same shape as the covering of the joint.
Autologous Chondrocyte ImplantationA new technology called autologous chondrocyte implantation is currently being developed. It involves using cartilage cells (chondrocytes) to help regenerate articular cartilage. This technology looks promising for treating JOCD and OCD but is still very much experimental.
What should I expect after treatment?
The goal of nonsurgical rehabilitation is to help you learn ways to protect the injured area of cartilage while improving knee motion and strength. You may be advised to avoid heavy sport or work activities for up to eight weeks. Doing exercises in a pool can help you stay limber and fit while protecting the knee during this period.
Your doctor may have you work with a physical therapist for four to six weeks. Range-of-motion and stretching exercises are used to improve knee motion. Your therapist may issue shock-absorbing shoe insoles to reduce impact and protect your knee joint. You will also be shown strengthening exercises for the hip and knee to help steady the knee and give it additional protection from shock and stress.
If you have surgery, your surgeon may have you use a continuous passive motion (CPM) machine after surgery to help the knee begin to move and to alleviate joint stiffness.
With the exception of arthroscopic removal of a loose body, patients are instructed to avoid putting too much weight on their foot when standing or walking for up to six weeks. This gives the area time to heal. Weight bearing is usually restricted for up to four months after transplant procedures.
Patients are strongly advised to follow the recommendations about how much weight is safe. They may require a walker or pair of crutches for up to six weeks to avoid putting too much pressure on the joint when they are up and about.
Many surgeons will have their patients take part in formal physical therapy after knee surgery for osteochondritis lesions. The first few physical therapy treatments are designed to help control the pain and swelling from the surgery. Physical therapists will also work with patients to make sure they are only putting a safe amount of weight on the affected leg.
Exercises are chosen to help improve knee motion and to get the muscles toned and active again. At first, emphasis is placed on exercising the knee in positions and movements that don’t strain the healing part of the cartilage. As the program evolves, more challenging exercises are chosen to safely advance the knee’s strength and function.
Ideally, patients will be able to resume their previous lifestyle activities. Some patients may be encouraged to modify their activity choices, especially if an allograft was used.
The therapist’s goal is to help you keep your pain under control, ensure safe weight bearing, and improve your strength and range of motion. When you are well under way, regular visits to your therapist’s office will end. The therapist will continue to be a resource, but you will be in charge of doing your exercises as part of an ongoing home program.
*Disclaimer:*The information contained herein is compiled from a variety of sources. It may not be complete or timely. It does not cover all diseases, physical conditions, ailments or treatments. The information should NOT be used in place of visit with your healthcare provider, nor should you disregard the advice of your health care provider because of any information you read in this topic.
|All content provided by eORTHOPOD® is a registered trademark of Medical Multimedia Group, L.L.C.. Content is the sole property of Medical Multimedia Group, LLC and used herein by permission.| | <urn:uuid:fc088b71-39a9-48a8-ac5d-059e38a4fcff> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://jamesseedsmd.com/osteoarthritis-dissecans-of-the-knee/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296948817.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20230328073515-20230328103515-00498.warc.gz | en | 0.941886 | 3,193 | 3.40625 | 3 |
As part of our learning about Shakespeare, the children have been analysing Shakespearean language. During the lesson they have discovered lots of new vocabulary and used this to good effect to insult each other! Have a watch of the following video and see if you can work out what they are saying to each other - they've been most offensive!!
A word of warning... if your child says you are 'nice', they may not be being as complimentary as you imagine!
Each week we will update our blog with activities, pictures and comments on what we have been learning! | <urn:uuid:d52fe0f4-7f1b-40c7-b359-ebbee8c65097> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://www.rushmerehallprimaryschool.com/year-6-blog/4s-are-most-insulting | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103661137.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20220630031950-20220630061950-00705.warc.gz | en | 0.961278 | 140 | 2.90625 | 3 |
High blood pressure or hypertension is a condition in which a person's blood pressure is above the normal rate, systolic blood pressure reaches 140 mmHg or higher and diastolic blood pressure reached a value of 90 mmHg or higher than that.
Hypertension can occur in men and women and the risk of developing hypertension is increasing at the age of 50 years and over.
Why Keep Checking Blood Pressure.
Nearly 90 percent of cases the actual cause of hypertension is unknown, most hypertension no symptoms (asistomatis). This is why it is important to perform regular blood tests.
Only high blood pressure hypertension diagnosis using tensimeter accurate results can be obtained.
Suspected causes of hypertension are:
1. The use of drugs such as group kortikosterid (cortison)
2. and some hormone drugs continuously can increase a person's blood pressure.
3. In addition, smoking is also one of the causes of high blood pressure increased because tobacco contains nicotine.
4. Alcoholic beverages was also one of the factors that can lead to high blood pressure.
Patterns of unhealthy lifestyle can make a person at risk for high blood pressure. To overcome this, one can implement a healthy lifestyle by quitting smoking, exercising regularly and eating a healthy set.
Increase consumption of vegetables may also prevent an attack of hypertension.
How to Avoid the Risk of Hypertension Natural.
1. Maintaining a normal weight.
2. Chocolate consumption.
3. Someone who become physically active (exercise) is one of the most important steps that can be done to prevent hypertension or high blood pressure. It also helps the risk of heart disease.
4. Hypertensive patients are usually advised to walk every day for at least 30 minutes, so do these activities in order to avoid the risk of hypertension.
5. In the morning and evening, for 5 minutes breathing deeply and slowly waste. It can lower renin, an enzyme in the kidneys that can increase blood pressure.
6. Increase consumption of vegetables that contain Potasuium.
Walking and exercise can help the heart to use oxygen efficiently so that the heart is not working too hard to pump blood. Try to breathe slowly, not wheezing and more organized every day.
In addition to treating respiratory, hypertensive patients are encouraged to consume a half ounces of dark chocolate every day. Because according to the study, with small amounts of chocolate can lower blood pressure significantly. Besides chocolate, consume foods that contain lots of potassium can also lower high blood pressure.
Try to consume 2000 to 4000 mg of potassium per day.
Foods that contain potassium include: | <urn:uuid:7ea80171-5249-4a25-bcb4-703e77d3772f> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | http://iym-health.blogspot.com/2012/10/preventing-hypertension-naturally.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738661449.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173741-00002-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.916504 | 545 | 3.109375 | 3 |
|Library of Congress, US-Mexican War|
Researching Your Mexican War Soldier
Where to Research for Mexican War and Civil War Medical Records
- Carded Medical Records of Volunteer Soldiers in the Mexican and Civil Wars, compiled 1846 – 1865. The Mexican War records for each organization follow those of the Civil War. These records are arranged alphabetically by surname. Here is the NARA reference: ARC Identifier 655646 / MLR Number PI-17 534 Series from Record Group 94: Records of the Adjutant General's Office (AGO), 1762 - 1984
- Indexes to Field Records of Hospitals, compiled 1821 - 1912ARC Identifier 655733 / MLR Number PI-17 544BSeries from Record Group 94: Records of the Adjutant General's Office, 1762 - 1984 This series also contains references to the series "Reports and Correspondence, 1861 - 1888" (ARC Identifier 655752), "Surgeons' Reports on Medical Operations in Various Commands, 1861-1865" (ARC Identifier 655739), "Reports on Surgical and Medical Cases, 1860-1879" (ARC Identifier 655743), and "Lists of Casualties in Various Engagements, 1860-1889" (ARC Identifier 655746).
The Military Resource: Mexican War, 1846-1848 on the NARA website reminds us to check for letters of officers and the National Cemeteries.
As this war was fought on Mexico soil, 750 soldiers of this war were interred at the US National Cemetery in Mexico City. However, less than 10 of these burials have been identified. Visit the Burial Listing at the American Battle Monuments Commission website.
African Americans Also Served
Visit: Invisible Men: Blacks in the US Army in the Mexican War. African Americans also served on Naval Ships.
Accurate, accessible answers | <urn:uuid:5b5266ce-c665-4dd1-a3cd-477ea5cda460> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://blog.a3genealogy.com/2013/03/researching-mexican-war-records.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609526102.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005206-00373-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.889307 | 395 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Air Quality Planning in Idaho
Under the authority of the federal Clean Air Act (CAA), EPA has developed and promulgated health-based air quality standards that limit the maximum levels of certain pollutants in outdoor air. Idaho has adopted most of these standards into the state Rules for the Control of Air Pollution in Idaho (IDAPA 58.01.01) and has been delegated authority to issue air quality permits and enforce air quality regulations in the state. States that have been delegated this authority are authorized to develop plans demonstrating how they will achieve, maintain, and enforce the standards. Jointly, the state rules and these plans are known as state implementation plans (SIPs).
What is a SIP?
A SIP is the framework for each state's program to protect the air. It is not a single plan, but the accumulated record of a number of air pollution documents showing what the state has done, is doing, or plans to do to ensure compliance with federal National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) for criteria pollutants. Criteria pollutants are certain pollutants—carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, ozone, nitrogen oxides, lead, and particulate matter—that are known to be hazardous to human health.
States must involve the public, through hearings and opportunities to comment, in developing SIPs. The plans are subject to approval by EPA, which provides for some consistency among different state programs and ensures that each state program complies with the requirements of the CAA and EPA rules.
What's in a SIP?
The contents of a SIP can be considered in two broad categories:
- State air quality rules and programs to attain and maintain the NAAQS, including the new source review program, a program to prevent state emergency episodes, and visibility protection.
- Site- or area-specific plans and documents. The CAA requires that state SIPs delineate areas in the state where the air does not meet the standards set by EPA. These are known as nonattainment areas and the SIP must outline what the state is doing to address these problems and include compliance schedules to attain the NAAQS.
What's in Idaho's SIP?
Idaho's original SIP was submitted in 1980 and, because it is a living document, has undergone multiple revisions over the years, including the following:
- The state's Rules for the Control of Air Pollution in Idaho, which outline the procedures DEQ follows to monitor and control air emissions
- Site-specific nonattainment area plans for various areas including northern Ada County, Pinehurst, Sandpoint, and Pocatello
- Facility permits limiting air emissions
Section 110(a)(2)(D)(i) of the federal CAA, known as the good neighbor provision, requires states to demonstrate to EPA that emissions from one state do not adversely affect another state. Specifically, the CAA prohibits any source or other type of emissions activity within the state from emitting any air pollutant in amounts which will:
(I) contribute significantly to nonattainment in, or interfere with
maintenance by, any other state with respect to any ... national
primary or secondary air quality standard, or
(II) iterfere with measures required to be included in the applicable implementation plan for any other state ... to prevent significant deterioration of air quality or to protect visibility.
DEQ has evaluated its SIP and has determined that it meets the requirements of the CAA.
Emissions from motor vehicles are among several major sources of air pollution, particularly in urban areas. As a consequence, the impact of transportation on air quality must be considered in planning to protect public health from the impacts of air pollution and to meet long-term transportation needs. Control strategies may include such items as emission limits on permitted facilities, open burning bans, and in the case of vehicle emissions, a motor vehicle emissions budget that place a cap on future allowable vehicle emissions within the nonattainment area.
Metropolitan planning organizations are responsible for preparing long-range transportation plans that project road projects needed to meet transportation needs over a 20-year period. Those projects that are scheduled to be built within 3 to 5 years are included in a Transportation Improvement Program (TIP), which includes a process for approving and funding the projects.
The conformity process is the important link between air quality improvement and transportation planning. To conform, an area's long-range transportation plan and TIP must ensure that the estimated emissions from the projects will not exceed the emissions limits prescribed in the SIP's motor vehicle emissions budget. Failure to limit emissions within the SIP budget means federally funded highway and transit projects cannot move forward to the construction phase.
Federally funded transportation projects also must show that they will not cause or contribute to new or additional violations at the individual project level. | <urn:uuid:6629986c-0606-4f12-9f97-015262b5d97e> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.deq.idaho.gov/air-quality/planning/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594209.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119035851-20200119063851-00392.warc.gz | en | 0.940022 | 986 | 2.90625 | 3 |
James M. King, Ph.D.
Wilcox Environmental Engineering, Inc.
December 7th, 2021
Hexavalent chromium shot into the public consciousness in 1993 when Erin Brockovich began campaigning against Pacific Gas & Electric, which had used hexavalent chromium compounds as a rust inhibitor at a natural gas compressor station until 1966. Over time, hexavalent chromium contaminated the groundwater supply of the southern California town of Hinkley and plagued the town’s residents with a bevy of chronic health problems. Brockovich was instrumental in building the case against PG&E, which was settled in 1996. The plight of Hinkley was captured in the 2001 film “Erin Brockovich” starring Julia Roberts, which continued to keep hexavalent chromium in the public eye. Since then, hexavalent chromium, also known variously as hex chrome, chromium 6, chromium (VI), Cr6+, or Cr(VI), has stayed in the spotlight as a nasty player when it comes to human health.
Cr(VI), one chemical state of the natural metallic element chromium, is appearing more frequently as a contaminant at Wilcox project sites. Trivalent chromium, or Cr(III), and Cr(VI) are the two most common forms, and they behave quite differently. Cr(III), fortunately the more abundant form in nature, has low toxicity, aqueous solubility, and mobility in the environment. Cr(VI), on the other hand, is toxic, highly soluble, and much more mobile
Cr(VI) compounds are used in a wide range of industrial applications – for example, in electroplating, stainless steel production, protective metal coatings, leather tanning, dye and paint production, and wood preservation. Not surprisingly, most common exposures tend to be occupational, though the case of Hinkley, California, is an alarming example of residential exposure. Exposure to Cr(VI) can occur by inhaling it, ingesting it in food or water, and by direct skin contact. Cr(VI) is listed as a known human carcinogen, and its compounds have been shown to cause lung cancer in humans when inhaled, particularly among workers who were exposed to Cr(VI) in workplace air. Other adverse health effects include nasal and sinus cancers, kidney and liver damage, nasal and skin irritation and ulceration, and eye irritation and damage.
Screening levels published by the Indiana Department of Environmental Management highlight the stark differences in toxicity between Cr(VI) and total chromium, which is typically comprised mostly of Cr(III). The Residential Groundwater Direct Contact screening level for total chromium is 100 µg/L (or parts per billion), whereas the same screening level for Cr(VI) is 0.35 µg/L, 285 times lower. Because of its inhalation risk, residential and commercial indoor-air screening levels for Cr(VI) are among the lowest of any metal, including 2,600 times lower than for residential exposure to vapor from elemental mercury. Total chromium, on the other hand, has no indoor-air screening levels. The residential, commercial, and excavation soil direct contact screening levels exhibit similar contrasts between Cr(VI) and total chromium and Cr(III) as insoluble salts. Differentiating them further, the Cr(VI) screening levels are for carcinogenic (cancer-causing) endpoints, whereas the screening levels for total chromium are for non-carcinogenic endpoints.
Adding to its mischievousness, Cr(VI)’s chemical properties make it tricky to characterize during environmental investigations. Cr(VI) is sensitive to changes in its environment that can transform it to Cr(III) in environmental samples, necessitating a bit more involved groundwater sampling protocols in the field. As noted earlier, Cr(VI) is very soluble and does not significantly interact with soil matrices, traits that give it high mobility in the subsurface. In fact, the distribution (adsorption) coefficient (Kd) of Cr(VI), expressed in L/Kg, is only 1/100,000 that of Cr(III) for the most common pH ranges. These characteristics allow Cr(VI) to readily leach from surface soil into groundwater and then move at essentially the same velocity as the groundwater with little chemical interaction with organic carbon in the aquifer matrix that would slow it down (chemical retardation). Consequently, it’s common to find Cr(VI) at greater down-gradient distances than other contaminants released from the same source.
Fortunately, Cr(VI)’s proclivity for transformation also facilitates its remediation. Cr(VI) in groundwater can be readily reduced to Cr(III) using many of the same methods that rely on electron-donating compounds that create reducing conditions for in-situ chemical reduction (ISCR) and enhanced reductive dechlorination (ERD) at sites contaminated by chlorinated solvents. Under reducing conditions, Cr(VI) reacts with other subsurface minerals to form less toxic, insoluble, and immobile Cr(III) hydroxide precipitates. The precipitates are stable, solid, and integrated with the soil matrix, so they generally stay put – no need to remove them. Under naturally reducing subsurface conditions, Cr(VI) can also be chemically or biologically attenuated.
From all appearances, Cr(VI) will continue to emerge more often as a primary and secondary contaminant at environmental investigation and remediation sites. Our extensive experience with Cr(VI) and with remediation methods that rely on establishing reducing conditions in the subsurface has positioned Wilcox to provide a full range of high-value services to clients affected by Cr(VI) in soil and groundwater. | <urn:uuid:3120cd59-e471-4e25-9f9a-7b5f7589d62f> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://www.wilcoxenv.com/the-hex-of-hexavalent-chromium/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103331729.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20220627103810-20220627133810-00188.warc.gz | en | 0.946593 | 1,196 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Learn how to figure out and play a song by ear
In this course I will go through a step by step process of how I learned how to play the "Hello" by Adele
This course is a continuation of "How to Play any Song by Ear - The Basics" and "Chords and Harmony"
Discover how to find a melody by ear
Discover how to find chords by ear
This course is a taken from a section of my course "Play Music by Ear- From Beginner to Fluency"
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Tell us more about yourself to access the latest learning options, curated just for you. | <urn:uuid:b65e6e83-92b9-4bcf-869f-fcf68dda3c22> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://lore.online/course/song-discovery-hello-01143a844a | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585025.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20211016200444-20211016230444-00539.warc.gz | en | 0.94483 | 168 | 2.625 | 3 |
Subsets and Splits