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This goldfish and its steerable robot tank will destroy humanity
Mark our words. First this uni campus, then the world
RotM Students at Carnegie Mellon University have made a mobile goldfish bowl that the lucky fish can drive around by itself – and they've filmed it for posterity.
The video shows a reasonably large fishtank on wheels being “driven” around by an unusually active goldfish.
The Reddit thread – yup, it’s one of those – reveals that “the direction and speed of the robot is determined by the position of the fish relative to the middle.”
The video also gives a great demonstration of the free surface effect, which is where a liquid in a part-filled tank on a moving vehicle sloshes around, destabilising the vehicle. The fishtank is about three-quarters full.
If left unchecked, particularly in ships at sea with a compartment flooding through damage, the free surface effect can create a positive feedback loop, fatally destabilising the vehicle. Happily, that does not happen to the robot fishtank, which instead lurches around at the unwitting commands of an increasingly worried-looking goldfish.
The battery-powered robot was powered by a Raspberry Pi 1, and the source code for the whole project can be found on Github. ® | <urn:uuid:acf8105b-2ff4-4d1b-8057-a04d1a68624f> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | http://www.theregister.co.uk/2017/01/26/robot_goldfish_tank/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463612013.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20170529034049-20170529054049-00418.warc.gz | en | 0.946301 | 270 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Sometimes, we like things that are just plain weird and make very little sense in an otherwise sensible world. I have a friend who likes eating pieces of chalk, another who likes eating soil (I’m not kidding), and a third who likes the aroma of pesticide smoke. I can’t judge them too much, however, because as a child, I used to love the smell of gasoline, while some of my friends loved the smell of car exhaust fumes!
While such preferences are irrational and a bit odd, some are much more than that. For example, smelling (which in effect becomes inhaling) car exhaust gases is extremely harmful to the body. In the most extreme cases, it can kill people who are exposed to large doses.
Why is inhaling car exhaust fumes harmful to us?
Short answer: Car exhaust fumes contain certain poisonous chemicals, including carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, formaldehyde, benzene and soot, all of which can be detrimental to the human body if consistently inhaled in large quantities.
As you already know, the vast majority of vehicles need oil/gas to power its engines, allowing certain mechanical and chemical reactions to occur and run the vehicle. All that stuff that goes on under the hood of a car (primarily the combustion of the fuel) releases a mixture of gases and suspended particles, which we collectively refer to as exhaust gas.
Exhaust gases released by a bus (Photo Credit : Pixabay)
Exhaust gas accounts for the majority of an automobile’s emissions, as it is mainly released as a byproduct of the combustion of certain fuels, such as diesel, petrol, natural gas, fuel oil etc. The exhaust gas of a vehicle is removed from the vehicle and released in the environment through what is known as the exhaust pipe or propelling nozzle.
Exhaust fumes are notorious for being unhealthy both for humans and the environment, due to the presence of certain chemical substances that are all too well known for being harmful to humans. It should be noted that not all components of exhaust fumes are harmful; they also consist of non-toxic components, such as nitrogen, water vapor and carbon dioxide (although that is a greenhouse gas and a chief contributor to global warming).
In this article, we will look at some of the undesirable and toxic components of exhaust fumes one at a time:
No discussion pertaining to car fumes and its dangers can be complete without mentioning this hazardous gas. Carbon monoxide is a colorless, tasteless and odorless gas in itself, and is one of the chief culprits that make exhaust fumes hazardous to human health, as it binds to the haemoglobin in our blood, which results in suffocation.
If exposed to even a minuscule amount (0.0035%) of carbon monoxide constantly for 6-8 hours, one will start experiencing the initial symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning, which include lightheadedness, confusion, dizziness and headache. It increasingly becomes worse as the concentration of the gas in the air rises.
At the end of the spectrum of its adverse effects is death of the exposed individual in less than 3 minutes, if its concentration in air is 1.28% (12,800 ppm) or more.
Exhaust fumes contain certain hydrocarbons (compounds containing chains of hydrogen and carbon atoms), particularly benzene, which has dangerous consequences to our health both immediately and over the long term. As a well-known carcinogen (something that causes cancer), benzene is known to severely impact bone marrow, which could lead to a drop in the number of red blood cells, leading to anemia.
According to the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), benzene can cause cancer of the blood-forming organs (or leukemia) if one is exposed over a long period of time.
A colorless gas with a sharp, pungent smell, sulfur dioxide irritates the organs of the respiratory tract, including the nose and throat, causing wheezing, coughing and shortness of breath. In the long run, prolonged exposure to sulfur dioxide has been associated with asthma and other similar conditions.
Soot is that powdery stuff that makes exhaust fumes black.
That’s pretty much what soot is (on the outside, at least). More specifically, it is mass that is left behind as a result of the incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons.
The detrimental effects of soot are too many to list, but they include influenza, asthma and even cancer. Soot deals a nasty blow to the respiratory organs of people who are constantly exposed to it. It’s also associated with acute vascular dysfunction and an increased risk of coronary artery disease.
Soot hurts the environment too (as do the other chemicals listed above). In fact, soot is so bad for the environment that it accounts for over one-quarter of the total hazardous pollution in the air!
In a nutshell, it’s pretty evident that exhaust fumes, regardless of whether they come from a small car or a giant manufacturing plant, are doing some really serious damage not just to us, but to the whole environment. It’s wise, therefore, that we do our best to limit our own emissions as much as possible. And in the meantime, shake the habit of smelling the exhaust fumes of cars!
Of course, not to say there is no way to reduce emissions.
Recently, China unveils a new technology which innovation removes engine carbon deposit by the newest oxy-hydrogen generator. The new technology removes carbon deposit in auto engine with it catalysis principles and innovative uses HHO Carbon Cleaner Agent which can not only enhances the carbon clean effect in three-way catalyst and exhaust pipe but also protects the engine parts and extending the engine life as well. After decarbonizing, the car can save fuel by 15%, improve engine power by 20% and reduce emissions by 72%.
Atmospheric pollution is present all around the world. Some countries have controlled it successfully, But many countries do not pay attention to the situation of excessive emissions, where more effort and proactive measures are needed. In these circumstances, one thing that is urgently needed is an international, integrated and functional communications platform that encompasses policymaking, academic study, industrial planning and economic restructuring. | <urn:uuid:61c6b46c-40a0-4807-8dd6-e43c1988df6c> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | http://blog.carboncleaningmachine.com/the-exhaust-of-the-vehicle-has-a-fatal-hazard-to-mankind.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039741569.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20181114000002-20181114022002-00536.warc.gz | en | 0.952543 | 1,289 | 3 | 3 |
For sustainable development, any progressive nation should take into account critical issues like gender equality and women’s economic empowerment. As evident from surveys, higher female earnings greatly contribute to children’s education and family health, impacting the overall economic growth of a nation. Statistically speaking, women’s contribution to waged work jumped from 42% to 46% between 1997 and 2007. Evidently, achieving women’s economic empowerment is the key to solve issues like gender inequality and poverty and to foster inclusive economic growth as well.
Why Women’s Economic Empowerment Matters?
Women are known to contribute significantly to economics in the form of business, entrepreneurial work, or unpaid labor (sadly!). While women living in some parts of the developed countries have the role of decision maker and influencers, gender discrimination remains a debilitating social issue in many parts of the world, and those subaltern women are often alarmingly affected by poverty, discrimination, and other forms of vulnerable exploitations.
As any developing nation would agree, sustainable economic growth is unthinkable without women empowerment, and measures for gender inclusion is the driving factor of social progress and economic growth. Working women have an enormous contribution to education, health, and wellness and therefore achieving gender equality is indispensable to holistic developments.
Ways to Empower Women for Sustainable Development
As issues of women’s economic empowerment and gender equality gain momentum on the global stage, nations across the globe are implementing incredible measures to reduce thegender gap and promote economic equality. To play your part in the movement, some of the ways we can follow of achieving women’s economic empowerment for a sustainable development are discussed below:
1. Place women as leaders and give them decision making roles
Although many women are now powerful contributors to the economy of some states, gender equality is still a myth in the greater part of the world. Women have actively started participating in the tech industry, food production, natural resource management, domestic wellness, entrepreneurial work, as well as energy and climate change. But, most women still don’t have access to good job opportunities and resources to get a better-paid job. As the focus shifts towards inclusive economic structures, providing women with leadership opportunities and making them a part of decision making can go a long way in achieving women’s empowerment.
2. More Job Opportunities for Women:
Despite being significant contributors to social and financial development, women don’t have access to equal job opportunities. Equal rights programmes can invest significantly in promoting decent jobs and public policies, advocating growth and development.
3. Invest in Women’s Entrepreneurial Ideas, Emotionally and Financially:
An effective way of tackling gender inequality is entrusting women with entrepreneurial work. The state can take initiatives to train women in business skills for better job opportunities. Looking at the global developments, many developing countries are spending a percentage of annual revenues in women’s developments. By investing in women’s education and providing them with entrepreneurial opportunities, the unequal pay gap can be ruled out from the socio-economic scene, encouraging women to increase their participation in the supply chain.
4. Taking Action against Unpaid Labour Work:
One of the biggest concerns about gender inequality is women’s unpaid labor. Many marginalized groups, including rural women and domestic workers, are often deprived of economic independence and many times their labors go unnoticed by society. With empowerment policies striving to raise the incomes of women, resources can be appropriately managed to eradicate the issue. Unpaid labor is a growing concern among many developing countries, and this is primarily associated with rural and low-skilled workers. By controlling the driving factors and protecting women from violence and social abuses, women can be encouraged to explore and utilize their potential.
5. Mentoring Women Professionally and Personally:
Implementing fancy rules cannot drive away unequal pay gaps and the lack of job opportunities for women. To eliminate the problem from the grass-root levels, gender-sensitive economic policies should be deployed. To help women actualize their entrepreneurial goals and promote them as leaders, mentoring programmes should adopt a more holistic approach wherein both personal and the professional aspects are taken care of. Income-making skills are not always successful in building empowering personalities, and empowerment schemes can launch competent mentoring programmes to cater to the growing fiduciary demands.
The women empowerment programmes are investing abundantly in the welfare and empowerment of women, encouraging women to break free from their traditional roles and do away with gender stereotypes. There are various ways of achieving women’s financial empowerment and the aforementioned recommendations are only to name a few. To keep up with the changing global trends and fulfill sustainable development goals, it’s time to break barriers and explore alternative programmes for advocating equal opportunities for women and promoting financial inclusivity. | <urn:uuid:ffc35ac8-72d4-4b49-b38b-47157109c80c> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://atlascorps.org/5-ways-we-can-empower-women-globally/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057421.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20210923104706-20210923134706-00442.warc.gz | en | 0.941423 | 982 | 3.515625 | 4 |
At a ranch in Eureka, researchers are breeding a unique species of sheep well-adapted to the harsh Great Basin environment and that produces some of the finest wool in the nation. At the same time at a field in Fallon, researchers are using lasers and belowground radar to study how well sorghum grows with different levels of flood irrigation. And at a lab in Logandale, researchers just finished a study on how cactus pear can be grown as a commercial crop to fuel vehicles and feed both animals and people. These are just three of many projects happening at Experiment Station facilities across Nevada.
The Experiment Station is the research unit of the University’s College of Agriculture, Biotechnology & Natural Resources. It maintains a network of field stations throughout the state, providing researchers different environments where they can experiment on a larger scale while supporting the needs of the nearby communities.
“I think it’s really an exciting time for the Experiment Station, as our research is expanding throughout the state and our faculty are heavily engaged in projects that will serve to help our stakeholders in all areas of Nevada,” Chris Pritsos, director of the Experiment Station, said. “We’re really expanding our research capacity throughout the state. Our faculty have gone out and successfully competed for grants to support their work, and we are making significant impacts, whether it be in the area of water, agriculture production, environmental science or the cattle industry.”
Below are some of the projects occurring at the different field stations, including a few projects done in partnership with the College’s Extension unit and other organizations.
Logandale Research & Extension Center
The Experiment Station’s Logandale Research & Extension Center, located in Logandale in Clark County, was home to a recently concluded five-year study looking at cactus pear as a biofuel source and a sustainable food and forage crop. Results of the study, led by Biochemistry & Molecular Biology Professor John Cushman, show the plant may be able to provide fuel and food in places that previously haven’t been able to grow much in the way of sustainable crops. In addition, when the cactus pear is not being harvested for biofuel, then it works as a land-based carbon sink, removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and storing it in a sustainable manner. The published results were co-authored by Associate Professor and Extension Educator in Logandale Carol Bishop, postdoctoral research scholar Dhurba Neupane, and biochemistry graduate students Nicholas Alexander Niechayev and Jesse Mayer.
Among three cactus varieties researched by the University as drought-tolerant crops for biofuel, Opuntia ficus-indica produced the most fruit while using up to 80% less water than some traditional crops. Photo by John Cushman.
Additional research at the lab includes a study of 19 varieties of pomegranates – varieties that researchers believe have never been grown in southern Nevada before.
Research Center & Demonstration Orchard
Much of the Experiment Station’s research is shared between northern and southern Nevada, as the goal is to find crops that work in both the Great Basin and the Mojave Desert regions. Biochemistry Professor Grant Cramer and Associate Professor and Extension Horticulture Specialist M.L. Robinson conducted one such study at the Research Center & Demonstration Orchard in Las Vegas on hybrid grape varieties. The study, also performed at the Valley Road Field Lab located at the University’s main campus in Reno, had positive results, showing that many wine grape varieties studied work well in both northern and southern Nevada. In addition, many of the varieties grew exceptionally well without needing fertilizer, and some have been provided to local winemakers.
The Demonstration Orchard, part of the University of Nevada, Las Vegas’s Center for Urban Water Conservation in North Las Vegas, has been a cooperative effort between Extension and the University of Nevada, Las Vegas for over 25 years. The orchard has over 800 fruit trees and grapevines, vegetables and other row crops being tested for their ability to survive and produce under desert conditions. In addition, homeowners and commercial producers can attend classes or take tours at the orchard periodically throughout the year.
Gund Ranch Research & Training Center
The Experiment Station’s Gund Ranch Research & Training Center, 10,600 acres located 45 miles northeast of Austin in Elko County, is the only Experiment Station facility with a public lands grazing permit for about 90,000 acres alongside private grazing land. It maintains an active commercial cattle herd, which provides the University with insight into the same challenges and issues that other producers using public lands face.
“The ranch is treated like other commercial livestock production services, but also has the research component,” Ranch Manager and Staff Research Associate Jon Wilker said. “It has to adhere to the rules and regulations of federal grazing, which provides a unique opportunity to do research on a commercial livestock herd grazing on public lands.”
The Gund Ranch Research & Training Center maintains an active commercial cattle herd, which provides the University with insight into the same challenges and issues that other producers using public lands face. Photo by Robert Moore.
Past research includes investigating soil microbes after range fire, and studies on cheatgrass and timing of grazing to control noxious weeds. Current studies include ongoing research with grazing and heifer development, and monarch butterfly and milkweed interactions.
In addition, the Ranch is involved in the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Legacy Ranch Project. The department’s Agricultural Research Service is building a large database with information tracking the livestock production industry over the years. Data from several ranches nationwide span multiple metrics on different factors that have an impact on livestock producers, such as conception rates, weaning rates and changes in cattle prices. The Ranch has 13 years of livestock records to contribute, and continues to add more. In addition, the Ranch has a National Weather Service site on the property, so they can also provide information on how weather data is tied to these metrics.
Great Basin Research & Extension Center
In September of 2020, the Experiment Station opened the Great Basin Research & Extension Center. This 644-acre ranch in Eureka County’s Diamond Valley maintains a herd of sheep for research and funding. In addition, they plan to expand into research for crops, rangeland maintenance and other issues of local interest. The Center is operated in partnership with Extension.
New Experiment Station & Extension Facility
Rafter 7 Sheep, developed through the Experiment Station, drink water in Eureka County. Photo by Gary McCuin.Read about the Great Basin Research & Extension Center
One of the existing projects at the Center is investigating ways to help domestic sheep and wild bighorn sheep coexist by reducing the spread of Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae, which is often fatal to wild bighorns. The Nevada Department of Wildlife currently prevents the spread of the disease by prohibiting domestic grazing in rangeland spaces too close to wild herds, as wild bighorns don’t discriminate between domestic and wild when building their herd and establishing their territory.
The project, done in partnership with the Nevada Department of Wildlife, aims to breed Rafter 7 sheep, which are world-renowned for both their wool and their meat, to be resistant to the disease. The Rafter 7 breed itself was originally developed 30 years ago through Experiment Station research under the direction of the College’s Hudson Glimp, professor emeritus of animal biotechnology.
“If we can develop a genetically resistant herd, then we can reduce the harmful interactions between the [domestic and wild herds] and potentially increase the habitat range for both in Nevada and across the West.” – Gary McCuin.
Center Director Gary McCuin, who is also Extension educator in Eureka County, said there are plans to study using sheep to reduce larkspur on grazing rangeland as well, as the plant is fatal to cattle. The herd will also help fund the Center through annual sheep sales and the sale of wool products. Currently, Mountain Meadow Wool in Buffalo, Wyoming, is producing value-added wool products to sell to University alumni and through the University’s Nevada Wolf Shop, and McCuin is working with local businesses to sell the products as well.
This summer, the Center will also be one of three Experiment Stations involved in a sorghum and irrigation study. Associate Professor Robert A. Washington-Allen and Assistant Professor Manuel Alejandro Andrade-Rodriguez, both with the College’s Department of Agriculture, Veterinary & Rangeland Sciences, are adding a variable rate irrigation system to a center pivot irrigation system. The variable rate center pivot will allow the application of different watering levels to plots at the Center to study how different sorghum varieties respond to full (no water stress) and deficit (moderate and severe water stress) irrigation treatments.
“The variable rate system allows you to control individual sprinklers of a center pivot to control how much water you’re applying to different areas of the field,” Andrade-Rodriguez said. “To the best of my knowledge, this is the first time that a variable rate irrigation system will be used in Nevada.”
Since the Center is far from the other two involved stations, the team is experimenting with using internet-connected sensors to collect and transmit via Wi-Fi hourly soil moisture data that can be accessed from the Valley Road Field Lab.
Valley Road Field Lab
As part of the same study, the Valley Road Field Lab is the testing ground for precise irrigation management using a drip irrigation system. Additional team members at Valley Road include Assistant Professor Melinda Yerka, also with the Department of Agriculture, Veterinary & Rangeland Sciences, Assistant Professor and Extension Field Crop Specialist Maninder Walia, and graduate students Russell Godkin (animal and rangeland science), John Baggett (biochemistry), Anil Kunapareddy (molecular biology) and Uriel Cholula-Rivera (environmental science).
The team is using a variety of technologies for the sorghum irrigation project, including internet-connected soil moisture-sensing stations, ground-penetrating radar (GPR) and terrestrial laser scanners to measure the effects of the different irrigation methods on traits of sorghum during normal and drought conditions, including root depth, plant height and biomass. For both Valley Road and the Center, the team is also using drones.
“Use of this technology is cutting edge,” Washington-Allen said. “GPR in particular is known for forensic use to find burial grounds and excavation areas. Early on, we pioneered the use of it for mapping out the root systems for wheat and potatoes. GPR is an exciting technology for dryland agriculture, because it allows us to detect and map the root systems of crops and estimate their biomass at different times without digging them up. This is a particularly important technology for rangelands where up to 80% of the plant biomass is below ground, but we tend to focus our monitoring and research on the 20% that is aboveground.”
In addition to providing pasture space to experiment with the technology, the 27 acres at Valley Road also house three state-of-the-art research facilities, including a 29,280-square foot Greenhouse Complex, biofuels research facilities and the Valley Road fermentation lab. Additional assets include eight tunnel hoop houses, an 18-acre equestrian facility and a fully equipped maintenance engineering shop.
Other large projects at Valley Road include investigating the malting and brewing of sorghum, led by Yerka and Baggett, and studying teff for small grain production, led by Walia. Teff has been studied at the Experiment Station at least since 2006, when Extension's Professor Emeritus Jay Davison began trials that got farmers interested in the crop. Cushman, with graduate student Mitiku Mengistu (biochemistry), is studying teff’s genetics to identify which traits help the plants increase their yield while being drought resistant.
Graduate Student Mitiku Mengistu (left) and Professor John Cushman study teff to identify which traits help increase yield while being drought resistant. Photo courtesy of Nevada Silver & Blue.
With this knowledge, he is developing varieties in the Valley Road greenhouse that will be better suited for Nevada growing conditions. Both Walia and Solomon are testing these varieties in a number of these field conditions at the larger farm scale.
“Teff is more drought tolerant and nearly three times more water-efficient than more traditional crops such as alfalfa.” - Cushman.
“Farmers can get hay from teff, and teff grain is in high demand and sells for a premium price because it is high in protein, iron and amino acids and is gluten free, among other benefits,” Cushman said.
Walia is conducting additional alternative crop research as well, investigating soybeans, camelina and mung beans for various purposes, including grain production for human consumption and biofuel production, cover crops for suppressing weeds, and livestock feed.
Desert Farming Initiative
The Valley Road Field Lab is also home to the Experiment Station’s Desert Farming Initiative, which conducts research, provides hands-on learning for both undergraduate and graduate students, and donates and sells certified organic produce to the community.
One of the larger research projects is a three-year study to identify which cantaloupe and honeydew varieties are most suitable for commercial production in northern Nevada. The project is entering its first season and is being conducted in partnership with Assistant Professor of Sustainable Horticulture Felipe Barrios-Masias, Extension’s Associate Professor and Horticulture Specialist Heidi Kratsch, and Extension Horticulturist and Plant Diagnostician Wendy Hanson Mazet. Additional projects at the Initiative include an examination of summer cover crop rotation focusing on Sudan sorghum grass mix and Sunn hemp.
The Initiative also offers a Food Safety Program, which aims to prevent foodborne illnesses on farms in Nevada. The demonstration farm and five-year program provide support to local producers through its website, workshops, trainings and farm visits.
In 2020, as a result of COVID, the Initiative helped found a Food Security Coalition to address the growing demand at food pantries. The farm produced over 20 tons of vegetables, which were sold to regional food hubs, restaurants and farmers markets. With grant funding and donations, a portion of that harvest was also directed to food pantries, including the University’s Pack Provisions, while following COVID-19 procedures. The Initiative plans to do the same this year and is running a crowdfunding campaign to expand this Farm-to-Food Pantry Program.
Student employee Everett Cook sells organic produce for the Desert Farming Initiative. Photo by Charles Schembre.
“We’re providing over 90 varieties of certified organic fruits and vegetables to the community every year,” said Jill Moe, education program coordinator with the Initiative. “We also sell over 100,000 plant starts to local growers annually to jump-start the growing season.”
In addition, the Initiative offers subscription boxes with their Farm Share Program for College students, staff and faculty. Subscribers receive weekly boxes filled with seasonally grown vegetables, herbs and fruits.
Fallon Research Center
The Fallon Research Center is located in Churchill County and houses the U.S. Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service’s Great Basin Plant Materials Center. This 160-acre farm is the third station involved with the sorghum and irrigation project, with researchers testing how flood irrigation impacts sorghum at the different irrigation levels.
The station is also home to several other sorghum projects, including a new project investigating herbicide-resistant sorghum hybrids, many of which were commercialized this spring. The team will assess the varieties for how well they tolerate the herbicides when being watered using flood irrigation.
Another project is looking at how various sorghum varieties grow in different Nevada soils. Fallon has some sodium-rich soils with high salinity and alkalinity, characteristics that affect how much water is available for the plant. Yerka, Washington-Allen and Walia, along with graduate student Erin Smith (animal and rangeland science) and the Plant Materials Center’s Chris Bernau and Mat Humphrey, are using the same remote-sensing technology to look at how sorghum’s roots interact with the soil and how these interactions impact whole-plant growth and development.
“Our work is aimed to help farmers make better decisions about what to plant, about which crops grow best on their specific soils, so they can have a more sustainable operation.” - Yerka.
In addition, Walia is conducting research on chickpeas, dry beans, soybeans, teff for forage and grain production, and forage soybeans, which are crops that have garnered interest from local producers.
Juan Solomon, associate professor of Agriculture, Veterinary & Rangeland Sciences, and Barrios-Masias are beginning work with a local company to test the best growing conditions for several varieties of hemp for both fiber and seed production. Hemp production is rapidly expanding throughout the U.S. and may provide farmers with another alternative low-water crop. Initial results indicate Nevada has a climate well-suited for growing some hemp varieties.
Solomon is also studying the use of silage sorghum to provide feed for dairy operations in Nevada. Silage is what’s left after the harvested crop, such as corn, alfalfa or soybeans, is fermented and stored. Dairy operations rely on silage to feed their cattle throughout the year, and if Nevada operations cannot get silage with enough protein and energy locally, then they buy from out of state.
For producers growing alfalfa, the crop is harvested three to four times throughout the year, with the third or fourth cut being a valuable option for mixed silage. However, sorghum silage by itself has low levels of protein. Certain sorghum crops are ready to harvest when alfalfa is ready for its third cut, so when the two are mixed together, the alfalfa increases the protein in the resulting silage.
“The goal is to find alternative feed crops that use less water and fertilizer than more traditional silage crops, such as corn,” Solomon explained. “By incorporating the third-cut alfalfa into the sorghum, we boost the protein value of the silage to meet the demands of the dairy industry.”
Sorghum can be grown together with soybeans and cowpeas as well, and when the plants are ready to harvest for silage, the soybeans and cowpeas enhance the protein value.
Sorghum is being bred and studied for multiple projects, including brewing beer and feeding livestock. Photo by Maninder Walia.
Main Station Field Lab
Solomon is also growing silage sorghum at the Main Station Field Lab, more than 800 acres located in east Reno. In a separate project, he is investigating alternative methods for growing plants in grazing pastures for livestock. Traditionally, producers grow a mix of forage grasses with legumes, which are broadleaf plants that have higher nutritional value than grasses and produce nitrogen that the grasses use. The problem is cattle prefer eating the legumes before the grass, which throws off the nitrogen balance and uses up the legumes within the first two of the five years the mixture is intended to last.
Solomon is investigating using a special system approach, where the grasses and legumes are grown next to each other in a patchwork pattern, rather than mixed together. Such a pasture would allow animals to easily choose which component they want to graze, the legumes and grasses can maximize their growth without having to compete for growth resources, and it’s easier to control grass weeds in the legume patches and broadleaf weeds in the grass patches. As for the nitrogen, producers would only have to fertilize the grass in half of the pasture, rather than the whole pasture. In addition, the crops can be rotated every five or six years, moving the grass into the legume areas and the legumes into the grass areas. Preliminary results of the study show greater cattle daily weight gain with the special system compared to the traditional mixed pasture.
In another project at Main Station, Assistant Professor of Beef Cattle Production Mozart Fonseca is leading a team in researching the use of brewery waste as cattle feed. Fonseca, along with Amilton de Mello, assistant professor of meat science, analyzed the different and unique nutrient profiles from wastes collected from breweries in Reno and Carson City. They discovered that wastes from different craft brews can have different effects on the cattle meat, and they want to know if feeding specific brew waste to cattle can create “craft meat” in the same way that specific grapes can create specific wine. In addition, Fonseca and de Mello are working with Staci Emm, professor and Extension educator in Mineral County, and Bishop to evaluate the economic feasibility of using the spent grains to supplement on-farm resources and help sustain farming operations when available feed is limited. Emm and Bishop will also be establishing an advisory group for the project and are educating producers and craft brewers about the possibility of using the waste as feed.
“We are creating the environment so producers can communicate with the community,” Fonseca said. “The idea is the beer crafter sells burgers and steaks branded by their beers so we can improve overall local industry sustainability with turning waste into a grow-local product.”
Fonseca and de Mello are also investigating several different ways to help cattle producers maintain their herd and keep their production operations economically viable when food and water for livestock are limited. Examples include testing supplements to see if livestock will voluntarily drink less water, evaluating the offspring of cattle who lost weight then regained it quickly because of fluctuations in food availability due to events such as wildfires or drought, and researching if animals’ drinking behavior may affect how much and where they choose to graze.
“Many new hypotheses are being explored right now,” de Mello said. “We used to stick with what we knew, but the technology allows us to go deeper into things we were not able to do before.”
Wolf Pack Meats
Main Station is also home to the Experiment Station’s Wolf Pack Meats, one of only two meat processing plants in Nevada capable of providing U.S. Department of Agriculture-inspected harvesting services to local farmers. The facility maintains its own herd, which it uses to study ways to produce meat in greater quantities with higher quality.
Over the past year, Wolf Pack Meats, under the direction of de Mello, has been collecting data from beef brought to the facility from producers in northern Nevada and California to determine the meat’s quality and yield amount. Their goal is to identify the possible gaps producers have in their commercial production operation, then use the data collected from the Wolf Pack Meats herd to fill these gaps with information about how producers can generate more beef of higher quality from one animal.
“Most of the beef is produced using a low concentration of grains,” de Mello, said. “We know grains are responsible for increasing the fat content in the lean and improving the flavor. Our goal is to help producers improve beef quality, generate more profit and give a better experience to consumers.”
During the height of the COVID-19 pandemic, with meat processing plants around the country shutting down and making it difficult for ranchers to slaughter and process their cattle, thus creating a meat shortage nationwide, Wolf Pack Meats implemented strict regulations and remained open. According to Pritsos, Wolf Pack Meats increased its slaughter and production by more than 20% to help ranchers and increase the local meat supply.
Wolf Pack Meats Director Amilton de Mello presents students with real-world learning experiences in a functioning commercial facility. Photo taken prior to March 2020 by Robert Moore.
In addition, the facility has undergone several years of renovations and upgrades to meet commercial meat and processing standards to ensure food safety, as well as to make the facility safer for employees and better designed for teaching activities for students.
“Wolf Pack Meats has undergone a tremendous series of upgrades and renovations over the past few years with the intent to increase the safety of workers, staff and animals, provide our students with state-of-the-art equipment for training, and provide a demonstration center for stakeholders to learn about the latest in meat processing,” Pritsos said.
The most recent changes include new compressors and new holding pens using a practical design to reduce the risks posed to employees for moving animals.
Whittell Forest & Wildlife Area
The Whittell Forest & Wildlife Area is actually administered by Research & Innovation at the University at the University, but Experiment Station faculty are heavily involved in its operations. This 2,650-acre forest on the western edge of Washoe Valley in Washoe County supports experiential learning, research and creative activities by faculty and students across multiple disciplines and throughout the Nevada System of Higher Education. Many Experiment Station faculty conduct wildlife and habitat research there, and Assistant Professor Sarah Bisbing, with the department of Natural Resources & Environmental Science, serves as the area’s director and chair of the advisory committee. In addition, the area also recently saw several enhancements, including $250,000 from the Experiment Station to allow projects such as establishing a groundwater well and remote weather station, and refurbishing a rustic cabin and camp area.
Jay Dow Sr. Wetlands
The Experiment Station’s facilities also extend beyond Nevada’s borders. The Jay Dow Sr. Wetlands are located near Herlong, California, and the approximately 1,360 acres have been used for wildlife research, including the investigation of migratory waterfowl. The wetlands are currently undergoing some major renovations, including automated and remotely monitored irrigation systems, which will support both research activities and hay production on approximately 250 acres. Additionally, this site supports livestock grazing and is a valuable part of the rotational grazing system for the Experiment Station’s commercial beef herd at Main Station. | <urn:uuid:077c6777-8ee8-40b2-b75d-fa96effeb792> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://www.unr.edu/nevada-today/news/2021/experiment-station-roundup | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296945433.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20230326044821-20230326074821-00157.warc.gz | en | 0.945405 | 5,466 | 3.203125 | 3 |
This is the second edition of one of the first process-approach writing books written for lower-level students.
From Writing to Composing interweaves structured guided writing activities with freer activities that use a multi-drafting approach. This second edition has been radically transformed, but retains many of the original, lively writing activities. All the units are new, and the book has a new, two-part structure.
The first part of the book introduces different genres of writing and the key activity types of the book. The second part teaches how to write paragraphs using different modes of rhetorical organization, such as chronological organization to describe someone's daily routine, and enumeration to classify something into its different types.
Throughout the book, students build a portfolio of their writing and produce projects that they publish as wall displays, a class newspaper, or a class website. | <urn:uuid:00fb6dd5-700b-459b-bed2-9cf9c45fa940> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://www.cambridge.org/kw/cambridgeenglish/catalog/skills/writing-composing-2nd-edition | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655887046.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20200705055259-20200705085259-00231.warc.gz | en | 0.944371 | 175 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Marine biologists were shocked recently when a gray whale was spotted off the coast of Israel, in the Mediterranean Sea.
They were surprised because the mammal hasn’t been seen anywhere but in the Pacific Ocean for several hundred years.
How did the whale get there?
Some scientists theorize it got help from global warming. They say the whale made its way through the Northwest Passage, which connects the Pacific and Atlantic oceans. The Arctic route, usually locked by ice, has been melting.
Learn more about the sighting
From the Vancouver (British Columbia, Canada) Sun:
Grey whale spotted near Israel likely swam through B.C. waters
The grey whale that has stunned scientists by showing up off the coast of Israel is probably one of the whales that usually swims past Vancouver Island, migrating from the birthing lagoons in Mexico to the Bering Sea.
From Updated News.ca:
Gray whale off Israel called ‘most amazing sighting in history of whales’
The discovery of a gray whale swimming in the Mediterranean Sea off Israel has been labeled by Robert Brownell, a prominent cetacean researcher, “the most amazing sighting in the history of whales.”
Alisa Schulman-Janiger, who runs a gray whale census and behavior project in Southern California for the American Cetacean Society, said the sighting was “the equivalent “of finding a dinosaur in your backyard–it was that unbelievable.”
Video from Israel News
About gray whales, from the BBC
Whales, dolphins and porpoises, from the BBC | <urn:uuid:e5281a8f-319e-4264-9a03-601efb18d14d> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | http://www.syracuse.com/news/index.ssf/2010/05/gray_whale_spotted_off_israel.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257832939.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071032-00306-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.954731 | 329 | 3.4375 | 3 |
Natural gas is a gas consisting primarily of methane (CH4). It is found as raw natural gas in underground reservoirs, as gas associated with underground reservoirs of petroleum crude oil, as undersea methane hydrates and as coalbed methane in underground coal mines. It is an important fuel source and a major feedstock for producing ammonia, hydrogen, petrochemicals and fertilizers.
Natural gas is often informally referred to as simply gas or fuel gas, especially when compared to other energy sources such as electricity.
There are a great many different natural gas reservoirs worldwide and each of those gas deposits has a different composition. However, in general, most of them contain at least 80 to 90 volume percent of methane. Before raw natural gas extracted from those reservoirs can be used as a fuel, it must undergo extensive processing to remove almost all materials other than methane. The by-products of that processing include ethane, propane, butanes, natural gasoline consisting of pentanes plus higher molecular weight hydrocarbons (often referred to as pentanes+ ), elemental sulfur, and sometimes helium and nitrogen.
Formation of natural gas
While the origins of natural gas deposits are not known with certainty, and the different reservoirs vary in their geologic history, it is generally believed that the methane-rich gas was formed over millions of years from organic matter, usually from former marine or coastal ecosystems. Decomposed organic matter from dead plants and animals became covered in layers of mud and other sediments, and as more mud and other sediments piled on top of the organic matter, the pressure and temperature increased. The increased pressure and temperature is thought to have caused the organic matter to slowly transform into methane-rich gas and oil. Once formed, gas deposits tended to rise towards the surface of the earth through fissures and pores, until they become trapped underneath less permeable rock layers and formed gas reservoirs.
Composition of raw natural gas
Raw natural gas typically consists primarily of methane (CH4), the shortest and lightest hydrocarbon molecule. It also contains varying amounts of:
- Higher molecular weight gaseous hydrocarbons: Raw natural gas may contain a total of as much as 20 volume per cent of ethane (C2H6), propane (C3H8), normal butane (n-C4H10), isobutane (i-C4H10), pentanes and even higher molecular weight hydrocarbons. When processed and purified into finished by-products, all of these are collectively referred to as NGL (Natural Gas Liquids).
- Acid gases: carbon dioxide (CO2), hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and mercaptans such as methanethiol (CH3SH) and ethanethiol (C2H5SH).
- Other gases: nitrogen (N2) and helium (He).
- Water: water vapor and liquid water.
- Liquid hydrocarbons: perhaps some natural gas condensate, a low-boiling point mixture of liquid hydrocarbons called natural gas condensate, sometimes also called natural gasoline, casinghead gasoline or simply condensate.
- Mercury: very small amounts of mercury primarily in elemental form, but chlorides and other species are possibly present.
Measurement units and heating values
The higher heating value (HHV) of commercial, processed natural gas is about 40 MJ per normal cubic meter which, in the United States, is equivalent to about 1,015 Btu per standard cubic foot. However, those values can vary by several percent from one natural gas to another depending upon their source reservoir and upon their degree of processing.
In the United States, retail sales of processed natural gas to end users are often measured in units of therms with 1 therm being 100,000 Btu (equivalent to the higher heating value of roughly 100 standard cubic feet).
Finding and extracting natural gas
Exploration, in the oil and gas industry, is the search for underground or undersea natural gas reservoirs. Recoverable reserves of natural gas tend to occur where impermeable rocks (called caprocks) constrain the upward movement of gas through the underground soil and rocks. Geologists and geophysicists usually use seismology to find areas which have the right conditions for a gas or oil deposit. High-speed computers that help develop three-dimensional underground maps as well as satellite image technology are also widely used to search for natural gas reservoirs. The various worldwide areas having significantly large reservoirs of natural gas are referred to as gas fields and most gas fields have been given a unique name, such as the North Field in Qatar. Many gas fields are in underwater gas reservoirs and are referred to as offshore fields, such as in the North Sea, the Gulf of Mexico, the Persian Gulf and elsewhere.
After an initial exploration, wells are drilled to confirm the existence of a reservoir and its size. Once a reservoir of natural gas has been confirmed, production wells are drilled to extract the gas (see adjacent photograph). Once reached by a well, the gas comes up to the surface under its own pressure.
Over time, the gas flow rate decreases, but may be maintained by drilling reinjection wells and using gas compressors to reinject some compressed gas downward into the reservoir.
Also over time, as gas is extracted, the pressure in the underground gas reservoir declines. When it decreases to below its hydrocarbon dew point, any propane, butanes and pentanes and higher molecular weight hydrocarbons that it contains will partially condense into liquids. That formation of liquid hydrocarbons in a gas reservoir is called retrograde condensation because some of the gas condenses into a liquid under isothermal conditions instead of expanding or vaporizing when the pressure is decreased. The liquids thus formed may get trapped by depositing in the pores of the gas reservoir. One method of mitigating this problem is to reinject dried gas, free of condensate, to maintain the underground pressure and to allow re-evaporation and extraction of the condensate.
The upper adjacent photograph depicts the extent of a gas field and the many wells drilled to extract natural gas from the underground gas reservoir. The lower photograph depicts a typical gas drilling rig.
Sources of natural gas
Types of natural gas sources
- Raw natural gas that comes from petroleum crude oil wells is typically termed associated gas. This gas can exist separate from the crude oil in the underground formation, or dissolved in the crude oil.
- Raw natural gas from gas wells and from condensate wells contains little or no crude oil and is termed non-associated gas. Gas wells typically produce only raw natural gas, while condensate wells produce raw natural gas along with natural gas condensate.
Methane-rich gas can also come from methane deposits in the pores of some coal seams. Such gas is referred to as coalbed gas or coalbed methane (CBM) and it is also called sweet gas because it is relatively free of hydrogen sulfide. It consists mainly of methane with only trace quantities of ethane, nitrogen and carbon dioxide. It does not contain propane, butanes, pentanes or condensate.
Natural gas hydrate (also called clathrate hydrate, methane clathrate or methane hydrate) is a solid in which methane is trapped within the crystal structure of ice. Significant deposits of methane clathrate have been found under sediments on Earth's ocean floors and in the arctic regions. The amount of the worldwide reserves of methane clathrates is poorly known, and estimates of those reserves have decreased many orders of magnitude since it was first recognized that methane clathrates could exist in the oceans during the 1960s. Recent estimates (about 2003) range from 1 to 5 × 1015 m3 of methane. That amounts to 6 to 29 times the worldwide proven natural gas reserves of 175.4 × 1012 m3 from conventional sources as shown in Table 1. As of 2009, there is no available technology for economically extracting and exploiting methane from the hydrate reservoirs.
Natural gas reserves
The world's total proven reserves of natural gas as of 2007 amounted to 175.4 × 1012 cubic metres and the country having the largest proven reserves was Russia with 44.7 × 1012 cubic metres (see Table 1). As shown in Figure 1, Russia was also the world's largest natural gas producer in 2007.
The world's largest gas field is the offshore North Field in Qatar, estimated to have 25 × 109 cubic metres of gas in place. The second largest natural gas field is the South Pars Gas Field in Iranian waters in the Persian Gulf. Connected to Qatar's North Field, it has estimated reserves of 8 to 14 × 109 cubic metres.
Natural gas processing
There are a great many ways in which to configure the various unit processes used in the processing of raw natural gas. The schematic block flow diagram below is a generalized, typical configuration for the processing of raw natural gas from non-associated gas wells. It shows how raw natural gas is processed into sales gas pipelined to the end user markets.
The block flow diagram also shows how processing of the raw natural gas yields these byproducts:
- Natural gas condensate
- Natural gas liquids (NGL): propane, butanes and C5+ (which is the commonly used term for pentanes plus higher molecular weight hydrocarbons)
Transportation and storage
The major means of transporting large volumes of natural gas overland is by pipelines and pipelines have been established as the preferred transportation mode for overland distances of up to about 4,000 kilometres (2,500 miles).
However, transporting significant amounts of natural gas across oceans in pipelines is too expensive and using ordinary seagoing tankers is not feasible because of the very large volume of a gas compared to its liquid volume. However, natural gas can be and has been cryogenically cooled to – 161 °C (– 258 °F), condensed into liquified natural gas (LNG) and transported in large LNG tankers capable of carrying about 150,000 m3 of LNG at that temperature and at essentially atmospheric pressure. Transforming natural gas to a liquid is accompanied by a volume reduction of approximately 600 to 1. Thus, each large tanker can transport LNG which can be reconverted to 90,000,000 m3 of natural gas at atmospheric pressure when delivered at the end of its journey.
For LNG transportation by seagoing tankers, an LNG liquefaction plant is needed at the exporting end and an LNG regasification plant is needed at the receiving LNG terminal. LNG transportation by seagoing LNG tankers has been established as the preferred technology for long distance transportation across oceans.
LNG carriers can be used to transport liquefied natural gas (LNG) across oceans, while tank trucks can carry liquefied or compressed natural gas (CNG) over shorter distances. Sea transport using CNG carrier ships that are now under development may be competitive with LNG transport in specific conditions.
Compressed natural gas (CNG) is a substitute fuel for the use of gasoline, diesel fuel, or propane in automotive vehicles. CNG is natural gas that has been compressed to an absolute pressure of about 200 to 220 bar (2,900 to 3,190 psi) which results in reducing the gas volume to about 0.5% of its volume at atmospheric pressure. CNG is transported by rail or in tanker trucks overland to end-users or to distribution points such as pipelines for further transport. As of 2009, plans and designs have been developed for using seagoing CNG tankers for oversea transport in the near future and such transport is expected to be competitive to LNG oversea transport in LNG tankers.
Natural gas is often stored underground inside depleted gas reservoirs from previous gas wells, salt domes, or in storage tanks as liquefied natural gas. The gas is stored during periods of low demand and extracted during periods of higher demand.
Uses of natural gas
- Power generation
Natural gas is a major source of electricity generation through the use of gas turbines and steam turbines. Most grid peaking power plants and some off-grid engine-generators use natural gas. Particularly high efficiencies can be achieved through combining gas turbines with a steam turbine in combined cycle mode. Natural gas burns more cleanly than other fossil fuels, such as oil and coal, and produces less carbon dioxide per unit energy released. For an equivalent amount of heat, burning natural gas produces about 30% less carbon dioxide than burning fuel oil and about 45% less than burning coal. Combined cycle power generation using natural gas is thus the cleanest source of power available using fossil fuels, and this technology is widely used wherever gas can be obtained at a reasonable cost. Fuel cell technology may eventually provide cleaner options for converting natural gas into electricity, but as yet it is not price-competitive.
- Domestic use
Natural gas is supplied to homes, where it is used for such purposes as cooking in natural gas-powered ranges and/or ovens, natural gas-heated clothes dryers, heating/cooling and central heating. Home or other building heating may include boilers, furnaces, and water heaters. Compressed natural gas (CNG) is used in rural homes without connections to piped-in public utility services, or with portable grills. However, due to CNG being less economical than LPG which is liquified propane, butane or a mixture of both, LPG is the dominant source of rural gas.
- Transportation fuel
Compressed natural gas (CNG) is a cleaner alternative to other automobile fuels such as gasoline (petrol) and diesel fuel. As of December 2008, the countries with the highest number of CNG vehicles, ranked numerically, were Pakistan , Argentina, Brazil, Iran and India. The energy efficiency is generally equal to that of gasoline engines, but lower compared with modern diesel engines. Gasoline/petrol vehicles converted to run on natural gas suffer because of the low compression ratio of their engines, resulting in a cropping of delivered power while running on natural gas (10%-15%). CNG-specific engines, however, use a higher compression ratio due to this fuel's higher octane number of 120–130.
Natural gas is a major feedstock for the production of ammonia used in fertilizer production.
Natural gas is also a major feedstock for the production of hydrogen, with one common method being the steam-methane reforming (SMR) process.. Hydrogen has various applications: it is a primary feedstock for the chemical industry, a hydrogenating agent, an important commodity for oil refineries, and a fuel source in hydrogen vehicles.
Russian aircraft manufacturer Tupolev is currently running a development program to produce LNG- and hydrogen-powered aircraft. The program has been running since the mid-1970s, and seeks to develop LNG and hydrogen variants of the Tu-204 and Tu-334 passenger aircraft, and also the Tu-330 cargo aircraft.
The advantages of liquid methane as a jet engine fuel are that it has more specific energy than the standard kerosene mixes and that its low temperature can help cool the air which the engine compresses for greater volumetric efficiency, in effect replacing an intercooler. Alternatively, it can be used to lower the temperature of the exhaust.
Natural gas is used as a feedstock in the production of petrochemicals.
The use of natural gas as combustion fuel produces far less emissions of air pollutants such as sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides than does the combustion of coal or fuel oils. However, it does contribute significantly to global carbon dioxide emissions. According to the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report, in 2004 natural gas produced about 5,300 Mt/year of carbon dioxide emissions, while coal and oil produced 10,600 and 10,200 Mt/yr respectively.
In addition, any methane-rich gas such as natural gas is a greenhouse gas more potent than carbon dioxide when released into the atmosphere. It is inevitable that, in using natural gas as a combustion fuel or a petrochemical feedstock on a large scale, some of it will leak into the atmosphere. However, it is not of large concern due to the small amounts of such leakage. Carbon dioxide receives the most attention over greenhouse gases because it is in much higher concentrations.
Extraction of natural gas leads to a decrease of the pressure in an underground gas reservoir. This in turn may sometimes lead to subsidence at ground level. Subsidence can affect ecosystems and waterways as well as sewer and water supply systems. Large gas fields degrade the aesthetics of rural or wilderness areas.
Processed natural gas is colorless and essentially odorless. Since it is also very flammable, it is important that natural gas leaks be detected before a fire or explosion occurs. For that reason, very small amounts of a mercaptan such as t-butyl mercaptan, with a strongly unpleasant smell, is added to the natural gas as an odorant. Such odorants are considered non-toxic in the extremely low concentrations at which they are used. Odorizing of natural gas began in the United States after the 1937 New London School explosion in the town of New London, Texas. The buildup of gas in the school's basement went unnoticed, killing three hundred students and faculty when it ignited.
Explosions caused by natural gas leaks occur a few times each year. Individual homes, small businesses and boats are most frequently affected when an internal leak builds up gas inside the structure. Frequently, the blast will be enough to significantly damage a building but leave it standing. In such cases, the people inside tend to have minor to moderate injuries. Occasionally, the gas can collect in high enough quantities to cause a deadly explosion, disintegrating one or more buildings in the process. The gas usually dissipates readily outdoors, but can sometimes collect in dangerous quantities if weather conditions are right. However, considering the tens of millions of structures that use the fuel, the individual risk of using natural gas is very low.
Natural gas heating systems are a minor source of carbon monoxide deaths in the United States. According to the US Consumer Product Safety Commission, 56% of unintentional deaths from non-fire carbon monoxide poisoning were associated with engine-driven tools like gas-powered generators and lawn mowers. Natural gas heating systems accounted for 4% of these deaths. Improvements in natural gas furnace designs have greatly reduced CO poisoning concerns. Detectors are also available that warn of unsafe levels of carbon monoxide and/or explosive gas (methane, propane, etc.).
- Natural Gas Formation, Exploration, and Distribution From the website of the Pacific Gas and Electricity Company.
- Natural Gas From the website of the Climate Lab
- Mercury Removal from Natural Gas and Liquids UOP website page
- Air Dispersion Modeling Conversions and Formulas 1 normal cubic meter at 0 °C and 101.325 kPa absolute = 37.326 standard cubic feet at 60 °F and 14.695 psi absolute.
- Also referred to as the gross heating value (GHV)
- Also referred to as the net heating value (NHV)
- Proved reserves are those quantities of natural gas, which, by analysis of geological and engineering data, can be estimated with a high degree of confidence to be commercially recoverable from a given date forward, from known reservoirs and under current economic conditions.
- CIA World Factbook Country Comparison :: Natural gas - proved reserves
- A Global Inventory of Natural Gas Occurrence As of April, 2008. From the website of the U.S. Geological Survey
- Orders of magnitude are powers of 10. One order of magnitude is factor of 10, two orders of magnitude is a factor of 100, three orders of magnitude is a factor of 1,000, etc.
- A.V. Milkov (2004). "Global estimates of hydrate-bound gas in marine sediments: how much is really out there?". Earth-Sci Rev 66 (3-4): 183–197. DOI:10.1016/j.earscirev.2003.11.002. Research Blogging.
- Pars Special Economic Energy Zone. Pars Special Economic Energy Zone. Retrieved on 2007-07-17.
- Natural Gas Processing: The Crucial Link Between Natural Gas Production and Its Transportation to Market
- Example Gas Plant
- NaturalGas.org - Processing Natural Gas
- Natural Gas and the Environment
- Natural Gas Vehicle Statistics. International Association for Natural Gas Vehicles (2008-12-31). Retrieved on 2009-06-11.
- Clean Engine Vehicle, Measurement and Control Laboratory
- Flightglobal: Tupolev's cryogenic airliners
- New London School Explosion
- Incidents, Deaths, and In-Depth Investigations Associated with Non-Fire Carbon Monoxide from Engine-Driven Generators and Other Engine-Driven Tools | <urn:uuid:1da0c441-42e3-4726-b34a-521d6ba37016> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=Natural_gas&oldid=896518 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100583.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206031946-20231206061946-00877.warc.gz | en | 0.934342 | 4,302 | 4.15625 | 4 |
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This year marks the 30th anniversary of "What We Have Seen and Heard." Check it out to see what the Bishops were saying 30 years ago.
On September 9, 1984 the ten Black Bishops of the United States
published this document as a witness to the Black community. The Bishops
sought to explain that evangelization is both a call and a response, it
is not only preaching but witnessing. The first part of the document is
about the shared gifts rooted in the African heritage. In part two they
discussed the obstacles to evangelization that must be overcome.
Check back soon for additional information and resources.
By accepting this message, you will be leaving the website of the
United States Conference of Catholic Bishops. This link is provided
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Mary Ann Bonic knows a lot about trees.
When she was a child, she and her father studied trees. They got so good that they could recognize the type of tree just from its silhouette, without the leaves.
“I’m a tree lover,” Bonic said. “Some might say a tree hugger.”
Bonic, a second-grade teacher at Saratoga Elementary School, has been present each time Becky and Jamie Thomas from Spring Grove Nursery in Mazon have come to help second-grade classes here plant a tree.
But, since Bonic is retiring, this will be the last tree she plants with a second-grade class.
In response, the class gave her perhaps the best honor a group of 7- and 8-year-olds could give a tree lover. When they finished planting the baby oak, the class began calling it Mrs. Bonic’s Tree.
For the past 10 years, in honor of Arbor Day, the Thomases have been helping children plant trees at local schools to raise awareness of nature and encourage environmental stewardship.
“Trees are an incredible resource,” Becky Thomas says. “Kids are especially tuned into that.”
She and Jamie started the nursery in 1999.
They started teaching kids about trees when their daughter was in elementary school and they helped her class plant one.
Since then, they’ve expanded their efforts to share their love and knowledge of trees to kids at nine area schools.
“If we can share our experience with them in a positive way,” Becky said, “that will stick with them the rest of their lives.”
Before planting the new tree Wednesday morning, in advance of Arbor Day on Friday, Jamie and Becky gave the kids a quick refresher course on trees.
The kids, who already knew their stuff, were eager learners.
They learned the five important things trees do for the environment. They provide oxygen, habitat and shade (which helps save energy). Their roots absorb water -- like, for instance, the water from the torrential rains that flooded Morris last week.
And, not least of all, they’re pretty.
According to Bonic, working hands-on to plant a tree makes the lesson sink in.
“I think it makes the lessons real,” she said.
The tree they planted Wednesday was small and thin — a mere hint of the massive oak it will grow into.
“The tree is little, like you guys are right now, but it will grow every year,” Becky said. “I want you to think about all the good your tree will do for the environment during its lifetime.”
Today, she said, you guys are going to do something good for the environment.
“I hope you’ll continue to do more,” she said. | <urn:uuid:6bbf1eeb-cddd-4360-bfe2-9a2ca16d457a> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | http://www.morrisherald-news.com/2013/04/25/a-living-lesson/a2al0mk/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084886979.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20180117212700-20180117232700-00632.warc.gz | en | 0.975377 | 607 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Smoking is not only linked to lung cancer and heart disease, but it also damages the state of the mouth. Smoking increases the risks of tooth loss, but more importantly, it is the main cause of throat and oral cancers. In fact, smoking sets off 75% of all cancers of the mouth.
Smoking and overall health
Here are some facts of how smoking affects someone’s health:
- Smokers have an increased risk of heart disease (including stroke, chest pain and palpitations), cancer and emphysema. In fact, emphysema is found almost exclusively in smokers, and 35% of all cancers are from smoking.
- 95% of those who die from lung cancer are smokers. Lung cancer is killing more women than breast cancer, and cervical cancer in smokers is increased 8 to 17 times because of the increased concentration of nicotine on the cervical mucus.
- No amount of smoking is free of risk. The exact amount of risk depends on how long someone has smoked and how deeply were the inhale, as well as genetic factors.
- Tobacco smoking reduces the effectiveness of medications, such as pain relievers, antidepressants, tranquilizers, sedatives, ulcer medication and insulin.
- Smoking destroys certain vitamins and creates the need for other specific nutrients.
- With every puff of cigarette a person breathes in 4,700 different chemicals.
- Smokers are 4 times more likely to have gray hair and increased hair loss.
- More than 90% of all regular smokers began using tobacco at or before age 18.
- People who smoke are more likely to have sinusitis.
Smoking and oral health
- The risk of tooth loss in smokers is twice more than in non-smokers.
- Smoking is the main cause of throat and oral cancers.
- Smoking increases periodontal disease (gum disease). In fact, according to the Journal of Periodontology, smokers are about four times more likely than people who have never smoked, to have advanced periodontal disease.
- Smoking can cause inflammation of the salivary glands.
- Smoking delays healing after tooth extraction and can lead to a temporary and painful condition known as dry socket.
- Smokers have less success with periodontal treatments and dental implants.
Besides the significant and dangerous hazards mentioned above, other factors that smokers should consider include:
- Smoking is a major source of halitosis (bad breath).
- The loss of taste and smell can be caused by smoking and chewing tobacco.
- Smoking stains teeth reducing the aesthetics of a smile.
- Tobacco use can cause black hairy tongue, which refers to growths on the tongue, making it look hairy and turning it yellow, green, brown or black.
- Smoking might produce constant plaque and tartar build up.
Recommendations for smokers
To say “stop smoking” is an easier thing said than done. Nicotine addiction can be very strong and hard to lose, that is why tobacco companies are so successful with their products. But to stop smoking is also the most effective way to eliminate all the hazards that tobacco can cause, not only to oral health, but also to increase the chances of living a long and healthy life with the people we love.
Here some tips for smokers concerning their oral health:
- Although it’s easier said than done, stop smoking or stop chewing tobacco!
- Have regular checkups with the dentist in order to verify the state of the gums and make sure no oral cancer is developing.
- Maintain a thorough oral hygiene plan by regularly brushing, flossing, using mouthwash and tongue cleaner, and by having regular professional cleanings at the dentist’s office.
- Learn how to do an oral cancer self examination:
- Check for any sores around the face, neck or mouth that do not heal within two weeks.
- Check for frequent bleeding in the mouth.
- Check for white, red or dark patches on the cheeks, palate, tongue, or under the tongue; if such lesions do not disappear after two weeks, have them checked by a dentist.
- Check for swellings, lumps or bumps on the lips, gums, or other areas in the mouth.
- Notice any numbness, pain or loss of feeling in any area of the mouth.
It is evoked that the fresh clean feeling a person feels in the mouth after brushing and flossing may restrain the urge of smoking. Ironically, these simple tips also help to prevent periodontal diseases.
- Medical News Today (www.medicalnewstoday.com).
- Health News, More Natural Health (www.healthnews.com).
- Family Gentle Dental Care (www.dentalgentlecare.com).
The information above should be used as a reference only. Any medical decision should not be taken before consulting a health care professional.
The masculine gender may have been more used in the article, but without prejudice, to make reading easier.
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- How smoking affects dental and oral health
- How to have a beautiful smile?
- Invisible orthodontics
- Oral hygiene kit for travellers
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- Sexual hormones – are women more susceptible to cavities?
- Smoking and gum disease
- Tips to overcome dental phobia and the fear of dentists | <urn:uuid:1e001f9f-1017-4744-9f27-b8a87e87b1e0> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://www.studiodentaire.com/articles/en/smoking_affects_dental_and_oral_health.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540486979.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20191206073120-20191206101120-00375.warc.gz | en | 0.921038 | 1,326 | 3.359375 | 3 |
56 BC - Tacitus was born to an equestrian family like many Latin authors of the Golden and Silver Ages, he was from the provinces, probably either northern Italy, Gallia Narbonensis, or Hispania.
- The older aristocratic families were largely destroyed during the proscriptions at the end of the Republic, and Tacitus is clear that he owes his rank to the Flavian emperors
77 BC - 78 BC - He married Julia Agricola, daughter of the famous general Agricola, little is known of their home life, save that Tacitus loved hunting and the outdoors.
- He advanced steadily through the cursus honorum, becoming praetor in 88 and a quindecemvir, a member of the priest college in charge of the Sibylline Books and the Secular games.
89 BC - 93 BC - He served in the provinces either in command of a legion or in a civilian post.
100 BC - He, along with his friend Pliny the Younger, prosecuted Marius Priscus for corruption.
112 BC - 113 BC - He held the highest civilian governorship, that of the Roman province of Asia in Western Anatolia, recorded in an inscription found at Mylasa.
116 BC - A passage in the Annals fixes as the terminus post quem of his death.
117 - Tacitus died.
Page last updated: 3:07am, 29th Jun '07 | <urn:uuid:a22cd6bc-baef-468f-b582-d4f1d0975bd8> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | http://www.s9.com/Biography/Print/Tacitus-Cornelius | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936460472.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074100-00162-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.969846 | 300 | 3.171875 | 3 |
|Birth name:||Zahir-ud-din Mohammad Babur|
|Family name:||Timur House|
|Title:||Emperor of the Mughal Empire|
|Birth:||February 14, 1483|
|Place of birth:||Andijan, Uzbekistan|
|Death:||December 26, 1530|
Zahir-ud-din Mohammad Babur (February 14, 1483 - December 26, 1530) (also spelled Baber or Babar), emperor (1526–30) and founder of the Mughal (or Moghul) dynasty of India, a descendant of the Mongol conqueror Timur (Tamerlane). In 1526 he founded the Mughal Empire and dynasty, although it was Akbar the Great who turned what was really a kingdom into an empire. Babur allegedly built the Babri Mosque in Ayodhya, on the site of a Hindu temple that marked Ram's birthplace, in 1528. In 1992 Hindu fundamentalists destroyed the mosque, setting off riots throughout the sub-continent. Although there are many examples of harmony between India's Muslims and the majority Hindu community, and later Mughal Emperors especially Akbar the Great did much to promote this, Babur's legacy has impacted negatively on community relations in India. He was without doubt a sincere Muslim but his actions were not always based on the best interpretation of the teachings of Islam. Babur’s memoirs represent a significant contribution to literature, a pioneer work of autobiography.
Zahir-ud-din Mohammad was known as Babur, derived from the common Indo-European word for "Beaver" (The notion that it comes from the Persian word Babr meaning “tiger” is erroneous; see Thackston 2002, 463).
Babur was known to be incredibly strong and physically fit. As one of his exercises, Babur would carry two men, one on each of his shoulders, then run around and climb slopes. It is also believed that Babur swam through every major river in India, sometimes even against the current.
Babur was a descendant of the famed Mongol warrior Timur. His grandfather was Timurid Empire Sultan Ulugh Beg. Babur's father, Omar Sheikh, was king of Ferghana, a district of modern Uzbekistan. Although Babur came from the Barlas tribe of Mongol origin, isolated members of the tribe had become Turks in language and manners through long residence in Turkish regions. Hence Babur, though called a Mughal (Mongol in Persian), drew most of his support from Turks, and the empire he founded was Turkish in character.
Babur, though only 12 years of age, succeeded to the throne that Omar Sheikh had once held. Babur’s uncles attempted to dislodge him from this position, but they were unsuccessful.
In 1497 Babur attacked and gained possession of the Uzbek city of Samarkand. A rebellion among Uzbek nobles robbed him of Fergana Valley, and while marching to recover it, his troops deserted him and he lost Samarkand. After some reverses, Babur regained both places. However, in 1501, his most formidable enemy, Muhammad Shaybani, Khan of the Uzbeks, defeated him in a great engagement and again he lost Samarkand.
For three years, Babur built up an army so that he could recapture his lost territories. He managed to gather sufficient troops in 1504. After crossing the snowy Hindu Kush, Babur besieged and captured the strong city of Kabul. With this dexterous move, he gained a wealthy new kingdom and re-established his fortunes.
In the following year, Babur united with Husayn Bayqarah of Herat against Muhammad Shaybani. The death of Husayn Bayqarah in 1506 put a stop to this expedition, but Babur spent a year at Herat, enjoying the pleasures of that capital.
Babur returned to Kabul from Herat just in time to quell a formidable rebellion, but two years later a revolt among some of the leading Mughals drove him from his city. Babur was compelled to escape with his very few companions. Babur soon returned to Kabul and struck the army of his opponents with such power that they returned to their allegiance to Babur and gave up the kingdom.
Muhammad Shaybani died in 1510. Babur used this opportunity to regain his ancestral Timurid Empire territories. He received considerable aid from the Persian Safavid Empire's shah Ismail I, and in 1511 made a triumphant entry into Samarkand. However, he was defeated by the Uzbeks in 1514 and returned to Kabul with great difficulty.
Babur now resigned all hopes of recovering Ferghana. Although he dreaded an invasion from the Uzbeks to the West, his attention increasingly turned to India. He had made several preliminary incursions when an opportunity presented itself for a more extended expedition in 1521. Ibrahim Lodi, sultan of the Indian Delhi Lodhi Sultanate, was detested and several of his Afghani nobles asked Babur for assistance.
Babur immediately assembled a 12,000-man army, complete with limited artillery, and marched into India. Ibrahim advanced against Babur with 100,000 soldiers and one hundred elephants. Their great battle, the First Battle of Panipat, was fought on April 21, 1526. Ibrahim Lodi was slain and had his army routed, and Babur quickly took possession of Agra.
A more formidable enemy awaited Babur. Rana Sanga of Mewar collected an enormous force of 210,000 men and attacked the invaders. Babur’s army was surrounded, tired, hot, and homesick. Babur managed to restore their courage but secretly did not believe he had a good chance of defeating Rana Sanga. Surprisingly, in the Battle of Khanua on March 16, 1527, Babur won a great victory and made himself absolute master of North India.
In the Battle of Ghaghara River, on May 6, 1529, Babur defeated Mahmud Lodi, brother of Ibrahim Lodi, crushing all remaining North Indian resistance.
Retirement and death
Babur spent the later years of his life arranging affairs and revenues of his new empire, and improving his capital, Agra.
Babur wrote his memoirs, the Baburnama, in the Turkish common language, Chagatai.
During the end of Babur’s life, his son, Humayun, became deathly ill with little chance of survival. Babur was devastated and began to constantly pray for his son. In these prayers, which he recited while circumambulating his son, Babur said that he wanted to take the disease away from Humayun, and die in his place. Strangely enough, Babur’s prayers were "answered." Babur died at the age of 48 from this disease. Humayun inherited the throne.
Babur is buried in Kabul, Afghanistan.
The controversy surrounding the building of the Babri Mosque in Ayodhia dates from 1528, when Babur allegedly destroyed the Temple marking Ram's birthplace (avatar of Vishnu, see Hinduism) in order to construct a new mosque, although the exact location of Ram's birthplace is disputed. Nonetheless, on December 6, 1992, supporters of Hindu nationalism stormed and destroyed the Babri Mosque, causing riots and throughout the subcontinent with Muslims in Bangladesh attacking Hindus. Ironically, throughout much of its existence, Hindus and Muslims had both worshipped in the Mosque, although the British constructed a partition in the 1850's to prevent clashes between the two groups. P. Carnegy wrote in 1870:
It is said that up to that time [viz. the Hindu-Muslim clashes in the 1850s] the Hindus and Mohamedans alike used to worship in the mosque-temple. Since the British rule a railing has been put up to prevent dispute, within which, in the mosque the Mohamedans pray, while outside the fence the Hindus have raised a platform on which they make their offerings. (Quoted in Narain 1993, 8-9)
Thackston (2002) takes the view that there is no real evidence that “the mythological Lord Ram, an incarnation of the great god Vishnu, was a historical personage at all,” and states that “archeologists disagree about the site” (viii). Nonetheless, religious conviction is not always derived from historical verifiable facts but may carry an authority of its own. Babur's account does relate how he ordered the destruction of idols at Urwahi in Gwalior, which were “twenty yards tall [and] stark naked, with their private parts exposed” (Thackston 2002, 415-6). Apart from the idols, which were rock-sculptures, “it was not a bad place.”
The kingdom that Babur founded developed into the largest empire in India prior to the arrival of the European powers. The Mughal Empire was to contribute much to art and learning. Among the skills that were developed was that of book engraving, “incorporating techniques from as afield as China and Byzantium” (Thackston 2002, 1). Had Babur not established the empire, the Taj Mahal may never have been built. The empire's legacy today is seen in the world's second largest Muslim community, the Muslims of India, who chose (or whose ancestors chose) to remain in India instead of migrating to Pakistan in 1947. This community has largely opted for life in a secular democracy and in a religiously pluralist society, rather than in an Islamic state. The Sufi (mystical/devotional) tradition of Islam remains popular. The bhakti (devotion) tradition, especially Vaishnavism (also developed during the Mughal period), indeed began during Babur's reign and it has been suggested that without this, “Hinduism as a living practice would not be what it is [today]” (Thackston, ix). In fact, the mosque at Ayodhia became a place of accommodation between Muslims and Hindus, making its destruction ironic, when perhaps the beliefs of the Hindus who attacked it owe something to the type of Hinduism that was made possible by Hinduism's encounter with Islam (Thackston).
Muslims living as minorities elsewhere in the world, especially in Western Diaspora, can benefit much from a careful study of how Indian Muslims understand their faith. Babur himself, unfortunately, contributed to communitarian conflict in India but his dynasty's record was often more positive. He also left us an autobiography (see Thackston 2002) in which he describes much of what he saw on his many journeys, including the beauty of the natural environment, the buildings, villages and people. Thackston calls this the first autobiography in Islamic literature: “Babur’s honest and intimate chronicle is the first autobiography in Islamic literature, written at a time when there was no historical precedent for a personal narrative.”
The text says very little about what Babur did in or near Ayodhia and makes no mention of demolishing a Temple or building a mosque (viii). This does not mean that he did not, only that he left it out of his narrative. He is reported, however, to have shown Guru Nanak, whom his army briefly held in captivity, respect, falling “at his feet with the cry…on the face of this faqir, one sees God himself” (ix). Indian historian N. S. Rajaram, however, says that any attempt to whitewash his legacy “is an exercise in juvenile fantasy.” He took jihad to the extreme, as “a total war for the annihilation of his adversaries,” and this is “how we should see him”, as “more than ordinarily ruthless” even for his time.
Thackston decribes Rajaram as a “deconstructionist of Indian ‘secular myths’ and an apologist for their destruction of the Babri Mosque.” Babur prided himself on being a ghazi, a holy warrior for Islam. For his part, Nanak denounced Babur's brutality and vandalism. Nanak was eyewitness to much other destruction: “temples as strong as thunderbolt were set on fire.” Nanak's message was one of harmony and brotherhood-sisterhood before the One God.
- Narain, Harsh. The Ayodhya Temple Mosque Dispute: Focus on Muslim Sources. Delhi: Penman Publishers, 1993. ISBN 8185504164
- Thackston, Wheeler M. (ed. and trans.). The Babur-nama. Memoirs of Babur, Prince and Emperor. New York: Oxford University Press, 2002. ISBN 0195096711
- This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain.
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The methods of mixing iron by analysis have been previously dealt with, but these mixtures must be checked by physical tests on the resulting castings. Two systems of checking are now in more or less general use throughout the United States.
A very complete system of regulating mixtures, termed by the inventor Mechanical Analysis has been devised by W. J. Keep, of Detroit, Michigan, who has had long experience in this subject. In Fig. 190,-4 shows a follow board arranged with patterns and yokes. The test bars are 1/2 inch square and 12 inches long. They are cast in green sand with their ends chilled against the faces of the cast-iron yokes, shown in the cut Three molds should be cast each heat, and the test bars allowed to cool in the molds.
The analysis is based on the fact that silicon is the most important variable chemical element in cast iron, and that shrinkage in castings is inversely proportionate to the silicon in the mixture.
Fig. 190. A - Keep's Test-Bar Pattern; B - Measuring Shrinkage.
The first test, as shown at B, Fig. 190, is to replace each bar in the same yoke in which it was cast and by means of a specially graduated taper scale to ascertain accurately the amount of shrinkage.
The shrinkage of the bars when the castings prove satisfactory, should be considered the standard for that class of work for that shop. If at any time the shrinkage is greater than the standard) increase the silicon by using more soft pig; if it is less, decrease silicon by using more scrap or cheaper iron.
The depth of chill on the castings is measured after chipping off a piece from the end of the bar.
The third test is to obtain the transverse strength of each bar. This is done on a special testing machine which gives a graphical record of the deflection and the ultimate breaking load. These dead loads will vary with different mixtures approximately from 340 to 500 pounds.
Quoting from Mr. Keep's circular:
With high shrinkage and high strength of a 1/2-inch square test bar, heavy castings will be strong but small castings may be brittle.
With low shrinkage and high strength, large castings will be weak and small castings will be strong.
With uniform shrinkage, an increase in the strength of a 1/2-inch square test bar will increase the strength of all castings proportionately.
The other form of tests was devised by a committee of the American Foundrymen's Association, and is recommended in the Proposed Standard Specifications for Gray-Iron Castings by the American Society for Testing Materials.
The test bar specified is 1 1/4 inches in diameter and 15 inches long, and is known as the arbitration bar.
The tensile test is not recommended, but, if called for, a special threaded test piece is turned down from the arbitration bar, and has a test section 0.8 inch in diameter and 1 inch between shoulders.
The transverse test is made with supports 12 inches apart.
Fig. 191 shows a sketch of the patterns for these bars. Two bars are rammed in a flask and poured on end. The small prints on the two bar patterns project into the cope and are connected by one pouring basin. A special green-sand mixture is specified for making these molds; the molds are to be baked before pouring, and the bars allowed to remain in the sand until cold.
Table IX shows the specified requirements; in this connection castings are distinguished as follows:
Unless furnace iron is specified, all gray castings are understood to be made by the cupola process.
Light castings arc those having any section less than $ inch. Heavy castings have no section less than 2 inches. Medium castings are those not included in the above.
Fig. 191. Pattern for Arbitration Bar.
Grade or Casting
Low Limit (lb. per sq. in). | <urn:uuid:a0805c05-a675-4c5d-9f7e-0d0fe35b1e20> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://chestofbooks.com/crafts/machinery/Shop-Practice-V2/Foundry-Physical-Results.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487622113.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20210625054501-20210625084501-00320.warc.gz | en | 0.934239 | 827 | 2.875 | 3 |
The Pine Processionary Caterpillar gets its name from the line they form, nose to tail, as they climb down from their candy floss winter nests in the pine trees to pupate in the ground. They can destroy the pine trees, when there are many nests in a single tree, by eating all the young pine needles. They also have severely irritating hairs that cause nasty rashes, especially if they get in your eyes or nose and can be lethal to dogs if they try and eat them. Pine Processionary Caterpillars are considered to be a big problem in parts of France and Spain, where they have enjoyed the benefits of forestry monoculture and thrived.
We noticed the nests in trees when we first got to Spain – they are called ‘procesionarias’ here. The range of comments from local people went from, no problem if you stay away from them, to call the concello immediately, to blow-torch them! We noticed a few nests in some of our trees earlier this year and decided that we needed to do something, especially with visitors coming for retreats and a curious puppy nosing around anything that moves.
“Make yourself comfortable and set your boundaries.” John Lash
Boundary setting is a big issue for the planet and for humanity, but how do you set boundaries for caterpillars? I’m sure that our electromagnetic fields interact with all other living things around us and there is an invisible conversation taking place that lets the caterpillars know that they should stay away, but we weren’t prepared to take the risk on that alone. We don’t like killing things, but we’re not going to risk our dog’s lives over a nest of caterpillars. The battle lines were drawn and the caterpillars put on notice.
We decided on a three-pronged approach:
- Kill the caterpillars
- Kill the moths
- Plant trees and shrubs they don’t like amongst the pine.
We found a special trap for the caterpillars from France called Ecopiege. It has no environmental impact on anything other than the caterpillars; it doesn’t use any poison, birds can still eat the caterpillars (tits love them apparently) and it doesn’t harm the trees. A collar around the affected trees with a earth-filled bag attached is used to catch the caterpillars when they descend to nest. They are trapped in the bag and then destroyed. Later in the summer we’ll hang a pheromone trap for the moths in the trees, to catch any moths that hatched from previous years. Their life cycle extends over two years. Studies have shown this to be 96-97% effective in ridding the area of caterpillars.
We’re also planting birch and willow around the edges of the pine trees, which are repulsive to the moths! | <urn:uuid:a1e5ee21-d6cf-43ab-9d64-0cf810cfc9c4> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | https://permaculture-alchemy.net/pine-processionary-caterpillar/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376827137.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20181215222234-20181216004234-00542.warc.gz | en | 0.958384 | 616 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Reviewing TED Talks, such as Goffman’s How we’re priming some kids for college – and other for prison, or films such as Ana DuVernay’s “13th”, as previously discussed, gives viewers a fairly holistic picture of the mass incarceration occurrence in America. These pieces portray the staggering reality of the volume of prisoners, the racist undertones propelling the movement forward, and explain why this phenomenon is a problem, rather than a solution for America’s justice system. There are many groups involved in this analysis, including police officers, politicians, judges, and the media. However, another important piece of the puzzle is the law – what impact is the law itself having on mass incarceration and where does it currently stand?
In his book, Mass Incarceration on Trial, Jonathan Simon discusses exactly that. Simon takes a look at the cases that have affected mass incarceration, and how case law should be used to break away from prison overcrowding. To make his point, the book focuses on California cases, noting that California had one of the highest rate increases in the mass incarceration discussion: “California went from having fewer than 20,000 prisoners in 1977 to …. nearly 160,000 by 2003.” Simon, Jonathan. Mass Incarceration on Trial. (2014), 18. Simon reviews pinnacle cases in recent California history to show how case law might present the path to break away from the previously politically and racially motivated push for mass incarceration.
California’s supermax prison at Pelican Bay was the subject of a California case in 1995,Madrid v. Gomez (889 F.Supp. 1146 (N.D. Cal. 1995). The Court evaluated the prison facility in the context of cruel and unusual punishment, an Eighth Amendment violation. This case unearthed evidence of mental and physical abuse towards inmates and resulted in a ruling that concluded the prison’s “violent control tactics and lack of mental health care …. Violated the Eighth Amendment.” Simon at 48. However, the court found that the imprisonment itself did not violate the Eighth Amendment. Around the same time, Coleman v. Wilson (912 F.Supp. 1282 (1995) was decided, a case brought “on behalf of all prisoners with a serious mental illness.” Simon at 74. This resulted in an order for California to create and adhere to a mental health system in the prisons.
These cases are connected to mass incarceration in that, while there are the obvious overcrowding and quantity issues, with this mass incarceration movement came a decrease in quality – the standards of living and care for inmates. The focus of Simon’s work is the Brown v. Plata California Supreme Court case in 2009. This case ordered a population-reduction in California prisons to 137% capacity in two years. Simon at 133. The opinion focused on the importance of human dignity for prisoners and called for and resulted in significant decreases in the California inmate population. This is where Simon sees hope for case law lowering mass incarceration.
Simon’s review of the case law in California is an important lens through which to view mass incarceration. However, it is far from a complete picture. This analysis, as well as the cases on which it is based, focuses on certain solutions to issues arising with mass incarceration, such as lack of medical care, overcrowding, increase in the use of violence to control inmates. Viewing mass incarceration as human rights and constitutional violations has been effective for implementing changes to combat mass incarceration. However, this analysis focuses on results of mass incarceration, rather than its causes It ignores the racist political agendas and manipulation of the media, and the war on drugs, among other factors, that lead to mass incarceration. After reviewing works such as The New Jim Crow or “13th”, one would be surprised to read an analysis of mass incarceration that mentions racism merely in passing, as Simon’s book does. The cases Simon chooses to evaluate were brought on claims of inhuman treatment of inmates and violations of their constitutional rights while incarcerated. Because of this focus, the cases themselves did not focus on the underlying causes of the increased imprisonment, but rather the inmates’ treatment after they are already imprisoned.
The subsequent realization is that California case law is battling mass incarceration in certain ways, ways that might assist in breaking free from mass incarceration as it currently stands, but it is not addressing the underlying causes. This might be due to the fact that doing so would require the actors in the justice system – officers, prosecutors, and judges – to acknowledge their implicit biases. As noted in the article Implicit Bias in the Courtroom, “explicit sexism, racism, and other forms of bias … have become less prominent and public.” However, implicit bias in every stage of the justice system ultimately affects those incarcerated and contributes to mass incarceration. As the article states, “there is simply no legitimate basis for believing that these pervasive implicit biases somehow stop operating in the halls of justice.” It might be because of this that the safest method for courts to address mass incarceration is by attacking the results, rather than the causes. | <urn:uuid:e97bb5f5-d3ac-4b45-a5af-2fd620c7baa1> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://postpostracialusa.blog/2017/04/20/race-and-law-in-the-mass-incarceration-discussion/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703519984.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20210120085204-20210120115204-00123.warc.gz | en | 0.954818 | 1,057 | 2.71875 | 3 |
One of my college history professors once claimed that the reason there is no English word that rhymes with orange is that it is one of the few words derived from Persian. He was only partly right; according to the Dictionary of Word Origins, by John Ayto, the word entered our language in the 14th century from the French, who got it from the Spanish naranj (now naranja). The Spanish word was a variation of an Arabic word, which was itself an adaptation of a Persian word. But the word's origin is in northern India, from Sanskrit.
The etymology of words, especially food words, is fascinating for what it can tell you about how a food was introduced to English (and American) palates. Of course, many food names, like foie gras and pad thai (which, according to my dictionary, first appeared in English in 1818 and 1978, respectively), enter our language unaltered from their original sources. But many more have interesting histories. I spent hours leafing through Ayto's book. (He also compiled the Glutton's Glossary, all about the origins of food words, which is on my to-read list). There's too much to cover in one post, so I'll focus on fruit words for now and turn to other foods in a future post.
Orange, the fruit, actually had an even longer journey than its name. The earliest oranges grew wild in China, and were probably cultivated as early as 2500 B.C. By the time the word entered English, orange groves had been a common feature of Spain and Portugal for centuries, having been introduced by the Moors. Christopher Columbus brought citrus seeds to North America (specifically, to Hispaniola, the island that is now Haiti and the Dominican Republic) on his second voyage, in 1493.
The peach took a similar path. According to Ayto, its original Latin name, malum persicum, meant "'Persian apple,' reflecting the fact that the peach, a native of China, first became widely known in Europe when it reached Persia on its westward journey." Like "orange," "peach" entered English in the 14th century, following a stop in Old French.
Not all fruits originated in Asia: "Plum" and "prune" both come from the Greek proumnon, via Latin. Although plums also grew in China, European varieties were discovered as early as 2,000 years ago around the Caspian Sea. "Berry" has Germanic origins, and "fruit" comes from Latin.
"Banana" has a more exotic past. It entered the language in the 16th century from a West African language, possibly Wolof, which is spoken in Senegal and Gambia. After Spanish and Portuguese explorers encountered bananas, they passed both the fruit and the name along to England.
Interestingly, "apple" originally referred to any fruit when it emerged from Old English in the 12th century (its origins are a little hazy, though it is similar to the fruit's name in other languages, including the German Apfel and the Dutch appel). According to the Online Etymology Dictionary, this may be the reason we now associate apples with the story of Adam and Eve, since the book of Genesis left the name of the "fruit of the forbidden tree" unnamed.
One of my favorite bits of trivia is about the origins of pineapple, which doesn't sound very tasty if you think about it. Before the fruit was discovered, "pineapple" referred to pine-cones, Ayto writes, "but in the mid-17th century the name was transferred to the tropical plant whose juicy yellow-fleshed fruit was held to resemble a pine-cone." Suddenly it all makes sense. | <urn:uuid:413be31d-e31b-415c-b7b5-7f85c306b489> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/the-etymology-of-food-part-i-why-nothing-rhymes-with-orange-58312006/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585025.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20211016200444-20211016230444-00282.warc.gz | en | 0.977928 | 775 | 3.21875 | 3 |
Jessica S's Enrolled Lessons
4 minFREECrafts lessonFree3 CQ
The mattress stitch is an excellent option for creating a flat, butted up seam with ease. Learn how to use it to join pieces of your crochet projects together.
4 minCrafts lesson3 CQ
Crochet Ever After introduces the benefits of the whip stitch for crochet, demonstrates how to use this nifty seam, and shows how it appears in your projects.
6 minCrafts lesson4 CQ
When it comes to combining crochet motifs together, there are many ways to make the join. In this lesson, learn all about a single crochet seam.
3 minCrafts lesson2 CQ
Need to join two crochet motifs together with a sturdy seam? The slip stitch crochet join might be your best bet! Learn how to make it in this lesson.
19 minCrafts lesson10 CQ
Learn how to join crochet triangle motifs together into strips, then combine those strips into a blanket using the single crochet join and the whip stitch.
9 minPhysics lesson5 CQ
When was the last time you had an epiphany sitting under an apple tree? In this physics lesson, learn Newton's First Law, and review the definition of force.
10 minPhysics lesson6 CQ
When you're in an elevator, can you tell you're moving? The answer to this physics question, clearly, involves forces! Learn to calculate force in newtons.
3 minPhysics lesson2 CQ
When a car and fly collide, why is the car fine while the bug is obliterated? Newton's third law of motion offers offers a clue, but the answer is surprising!
13 minFREEBiology lessonFree7 CQ
Explore light reactions, the Calvin cycle, and the equation for photosynthesis that allows plants to use carbon dioxide and energy from the sun to form glucose.
8 minBiology lesson5 CQ
This lesson teaches you more about photosynthesis and how plants take energy from the sun to generate ATP, NADPH, and oxygen through light reactions. | <urn:uuid:9745f195-2ce1-4f6b-9b5a-fc7b99bb47bc> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://curious.com/326154 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575541317967.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20191216041840-20191216065840-00129.warc.gz | en | 0.887222 | 432 | 3.1875 | 3 |
The Optimistic Child: A Proven Program to Safeguard Children Against Depression and Build Lifelong Resilience Paperback – September 17, 2007 by Martin E. P. Seligman (Author)
The epidemic of depression in America strikes 30% of all children. Now Martin E. P. Seligman, the best-selling author of Learned Optimism, and his colleagues offer parents and educators a program clinically proven to cut that risk in half. With this startling new research, parents can teach children to apply optimism skills that can curb depression, boost school performance, and improve physical health. These skills provide children with the resilience they need to approach the teenage years and adulthood with confidence. Over the last thirty years the self-esteem movement has infiltrated American homes and classrooms with the credo that supplying positive feedback, regardless of the quality of performance, will make children feel better about themselves. But in this era of raising our children to feel good, the hard truth is that they have never been more depressed. As Dr. Seligman writes in this provocative new book, “Our children are experiencing pessimism, sadness, and passivity on
From Publishers Weekly
According to noted psychologist Seligman (Learned Optimism), 30% of American children suffer from depression. Further, his studies demonstrate that “pessimistic children are at much higher risk for becoming depressed than optimistic children.” His mission here is to teach parents and other concerned adults how to instill in children a sense of optimism and personal mastery. Seligman discounts prevalent theory that children who are encouraged by others to feel good about themselves will do well. Instead, he proposes that self-esteem comes from mastering challenges, overcoming frustration and experiencing individual achievement. In clear, concise prose peppered with anecdotes, dialogues, cartoons and exercises, Seligman offers a concrete plan of action based on techniques of self-evaluation and social interaction. He describes the development of the Penn Depression Prevention Program, in which school kids are taught ways to divest themselves of pessimistic approaches and adopt optimistic ones, and adapts it to home use by parents. While a few of the exercises may seem daunting to parents, this encouraging volume moves beyond popular self-help tomes and ideology to offer hope and practical suggestions; it will be of great value to teachers as well. First serial rights to Ladies’ Home Journal and Parents magazine; author tour.
Copyright 1995 Reed Business Information, Inc. –This text refers to the Audio CD edition.
“In clear, concise prose peppered with anecdotes, dialogues, cartoons and exercises, Seligman offers a concrete plan of action based on techniques of self-evaluation and social interaction.” —Publishers Weekly –This text refers to the Audio CD edition.
About the Author
Martin E. P. Seligman, Ph.D., is a professor of psychology at the University of Pennsylvania. He is the author of several books, including Learned Optimism and Authentic Happiness. He is past president of the American Psychological Association as well as the division of clinical psychology of the American Psychological Association, and former director of clinical training in psychology at the University of Pennsylvania.
From The Washington Post
“Seligman’s recent research profoundly demonstrates that children can be taught techniques of optimistic thinking that, in effect, ‘depression-proofs’ them.” –This text refers to the Audio CD edition.
This audio-book provides useful information, as well as good examples, on how to teach optimistic thinking. However, the author lacks sufficient intonation, energy and variety of style to keep the listener engaged. E.W.S. (c)AudioFile, Portland, Maine –This text refers to the Audio CD edition.
- Paperback: 352 pages
- Publisher: Mariner Books; Reprint edition (September 17, 2007)
- Language: English
- ISBN-10: 0618918094
- ISBN-13: 978-0618918096
- Product Dimensions: 5.5 x 0.9 x 8.2 inches
- Shipping Weight: 12 ounces (View shipping rates and policies)
- Average Customer Review: 4.5 out of 5 stars See all reviews (89 customer reviews)
- Amazon Best Sellers Rank: #13,801 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)
ByAmazon Customeron April 15, 2011
Format: Paperback|Verified Purchase
I serve on the board of directors for a health and human services organization that serves the needs of children, youth, and families in crisis. Moreover, I spent six and a half years in residential child care from the ages of 11-18. Throughout my life (I am now a very young 55) I have puzzled over the question of why kids given the same opportunities, within virtually the same environment experience success or failure, normalcy or dysfunction, happiness or despair, joy or hopelessness, in such varying degrees and with what seems like complete randomness. The question is as old as time and more complicated as any multivariable predictive model that one would design to determine which infants are bound for success and happiness.
My mother was convicted of child neglect when I was ten years old, this, only months after my father had died of a heart attack. Without a better alternative and my mother’s incarceration, I became a ward of the state. Today I hold an MBA and operate a successful consulting practice. My mentors were my caregivers, teachers, coaches, and fellow orphans.
This book based upon the work of Dr. Seligman holds, I believe, a very important key to success. Hope or optimism is the thing without which one does not make an effort to change their current state. By starting early in life and teaching our children, youth, and young adults how to take charge of the negative thoughts and influences there is every reason to believe that they will be empowered to take control themselves. This book is prescriptive in how to apply the lessons learned from practical research and how to make a difference in the lives of people of all ages. Easy to read and without the need for a deep understanding of psychological jargon, any parent, mentor, or influencer of young lives can apply the lessons provided here. I have recommended that the therapists, staff, and volunteers at my organization each be provided copies. | <urn:uuid:dfef15f1-8632-4d95-ad06-4b1537e6085e> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://ihik3.com/2017/05/the-optimistic-child/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247491141.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20190219183054-20190219205054-00478.warc.gz | en | 0.944195 | 1,304 | 2.890625 | 3 |
It is difficult to imagine that in 1948 L'Oréal was a small company operating mainly in France and in a few neighbouring countries. Over a period of 35 years, L'Oréal's annual revenue rose from $ 30 million to $ 3 billion. This book shows that money and classical management techniques played a minor role in L'Oréal's growth. For François Dalle the company's success can be explained by the wide acceptance by the staff to what he calls the "spirit of L'Oréal" : this is what enabled L'Oréal to diversify its activities, spread all over Europe, Japan and America and successfully manage the hard times of the 1970s and '80s. François Dalle managed L'Oréal from 1948, at first with Eugène Schueller, then as CEO, a position he held from 1957-1985.
Each year in France, 250,000 young people come out of the education system without even a shred of a diploma. The German example and that of Japan shows that the work situation and economic performance are better when schools assure proper instruction and enterprise takes charge of paving the way to employment. François Dalle, President of l'Oréal from 1957 to 1984, and Jean Bounine, advisor to the general directors of this group, are the authors of a 1987 report on employment. | <urn:uuid:8a6ef38a-aea7-4b00-ab89-77f7603c06d1> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://en.odilejacob.fr/catalogue/by-authors/francois-dalle | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141195417.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20201128095617-20201128125617-00117.warc.gz | en | 0.951081 | 279 | 2.921875 | 3 |
A Healthy Pregnancy Lifestyle Is Having A Healthy Baby
Pregnant women finds her first three (3) months of pregnancy as the most critical period of pregnancy ; it is during this stage that babys development is very sensitive and crucial, thus the mother also experience the anguish in bearing morning sickness or nausea. As pregnant women is facing such challenges, it is very important to encompass a healthy pregnancy diet during the entire period of pregnancy. A healthy pregnancy diet will help a wealth in the development of the baby while in the womb of the mother.
In taking on a healthy pregnancy diet plan, it is imperative to be aware of what foods to be avoided throughout pregnancy. There are several factors of a healthy pregnancy diet that a pregnant individual must need to carefully consume to obtain the appropriate nutrition requirements of a healthy pregnancy. A healthy pregnancy diet may not necessarily be complex in a way to be successful. Everyone should take into account that the best healthy pregnancy diet plan is to include different variety foods, although keep cautious all other foods that could be harmful too like alcohol and caffeine. It is also harmful to the development of the baby if the mother has the habit of smoking.
It is a bright idea though, to keep active throughout pregnancy ; it will help the mother to become accustomed to her altering body shape by making the muscles stronger and tough to carry the extra weight of the baby inside her body. More so it will help her set up for the birth to strengthen the pelvic muscles, which will be in great strain all through pregnancy and until childbirth. Having a regular exercise can help pregnant woman deal with the physical and mental stress of being pregnant ; thus preparing her for the pain of childbirth.
Sustaining a well-fit level of health is the entire objective of staying healthy during pregnancy. It is a useful idea to include exercise in healthy pregnancy checklist. Exercise can help develop good atmosphere that probably affect self-image ; through this, she (pregnant woman) may find that exercising in the day help out to get a better sleep. More so, exercise makes it easier to control her weight. This benefit may continue even after pregnancy to allow easy way to get back into shape. Furthermore, pregnant women should always consider keeping a healthy pregnancy diet with a right amount of nutrients from all food groups and always have required exercises to keep her and her baby healthy and sound during and after pregnancy.
When a woman gets pregnant it is important to recognise that a healthy pregnancy begins with her body being able to bear her baby rightfully. It is necessary to provide the essential nutrients to the baby throughout the pregnancy to protect him her and letting it to grow. Certainly, it is required that pregnant woman should have a physician throughout her pregnancy to monitor her pregnancy status as well as the babys growth and development while in her womb. A healthy pregnancy is making pregnancy healthy lifestyle to have a healthy baby. healthy pregnancy diet | <urn:uuid:53478190-7939-44fb-8071-260bf2cb3049> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | http://www.babydreamers.net/pregnancy/pregnancy-tips/a-healthy-pregnancy-lifestyle-is-having-a-healthy-baby/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178364008.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20210302125936-20210302155936-00558.warc.gz | en | 0.967563 | 580 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Thomas Paine began his famous essay “Common Sense” by observing the tendency of many to confuse government and society. Sadly, this error applies not only to the 18th century, but also to all that has gone wrong in America, most particularly–though surely not exclusively–in the past century. This truth becomes inescapable in the face of the recent book by Thomas Woods and Kevin Gutzman on the death of the Constitution–and by extension, the modest differentiation between government and society which America once enjoyed.
Early on in Who Killed the Constitution?, Woods and Gutzman make the all-important distinction between the Rule of Law–the general “rules of the game” laid down at the beginning, which for us is the Constitution–and positive law, the particular proactive bills enacted by the government in pursuit of–and, unfortunately, often in violation of–the Rule of Law, the Constitution. This difference is important to note in this American republic which has become drunk with democracy and populism.
Having established what it means to have a Rule of Law, the authors intrepidly examine a number of unconstitutional decisions taken by the various branches of the Federal government. Most probably because of space limitations, not every unconstitutional decision is examined; to do this would likely require many volumes. Nevertheless, the authors make efficient use of the space they have, showing a healthy disregard for party interests and political correctness: The Espionage Act, Truman’s seizure of the steel mills, congressional earmarks, US monetary policy, military conscription, even Brown vs. Board of Education and more are revealed to be in disharmony with the Rule of Law.
Such strict constructionism is surely shocking, and perhaps troubling, to many who justly worry about equality for all men. Here it is helpful for the reader to recall Paine’s distinction between government and society: The question that Woods and Gutzman implicitly raise is not whether it’s fine for injustice to exist, but rather how we are to go about solving our problems. The answer to this is by following the Rule of Law and respecting the rights of every citizen, not by ramming through a decision enacted by State fiat or popular frenzy. This answer is not good enough for many, who often feel that the coercive exercise of power is the only way to bring about profitable change. While such exercise is satisfying when it occurs, the long term effects are more often than not deleterious. Unconstitutional interventions are often hailed as heroic measures, but how many of them have satisfied those looking for change? None. That’s because none of them have worked. We have failed to make the world “safe for democracy,” and war is still with us. So are poverty and racism. The only fruit our widespread disrespect for the Constitution has gotten us is unlimited government power, often buttressed by a Supreme Court which has arrogated to itself the right to determine the constitutionality of laws. It would seem that this should teach us not to confuse virtue with regulation.
On this last question of interpretation, it may be helpful to explore whether the current Constitutional crisis is not a symptom of a more general disease involving language. Woods and Gutzman document case after case in which the plain meaning of the Constitution is washed away or completely ignored. All this is accomplished with barely a word of protest, if any at all. If our Constitution is ever to have meaning again, the phenomenon of Newspeak must first be addressed. Indeed, as far back as 1948, Richard Weaver wrote of the pressing need to recover the “power of the word,” as he called it.
In the final chapter of _Who Killed the Constitution_, the authors raise the troubling question of whether or not written Constitutions work at all. After all, the institution whose power the Constitution is intended to limit also has a monopoly on its interpretation. Don’t look for any president to mention originalism anytime soon. I might also add the aforementioned language problem. Ultimately, the authors admit, it is up to the American people to become aware of the situation we face and to begin to demand change. This would appear to be our last best hope. I suppose the success of this idea will depend at least in part on how many Americans choose to embrace liberty (not libertinism but the responsible freedom which is the bedrock of a virtuous society–a commodity no government can produce), private property (which has been all but obliterated), and tradition (the original intent of the Founders, among other things) and eschew the frenzied looting of one sector of society by another through misuse of the law. As long as Americans desire to use positive law for their own purposes, we will not even have the ability to begin a restoration of the Constitution.
But let us not end on a down note. The recent emergence of men such as Thomas Woods and Kevin Gutzman gives lovers of liberty throughout America cause for hope. Surely this signals that a significant portion of Americans is waking up, and those who have awakened will find this book to be an indispensable addition to their shelf. As for those who have not yet joined today’s cause for liberty, this book may be just what they needed to get them on board.
1. Woods and Gutzman neglected to mention Article III, Section 2 of the U.S. Constitution, which gives Congress the prerogative to remove certain issues from the jurisdiction of the High Court–the one check we have against “judicial legislation.” This would have been a worthy addition to this book, but when the subject at hand is unconstitutional decisions in America, one is admittedly swamped with material.
Filed under: Uncategorized | | <urn:uuid:dc7fa66e-cc64-41d9-a389-90282da68ece> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | https://fragmentedobsessions.wordpress.com/2008/08/05/a-review-of-who-killed-the-constitution-by-thomas-woods-and-kevin-gutzman/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218190181.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212950-00357-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.964936 | 1,166 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Dunhuang has a spectacular area of natural scenery: the Singing Sand (Mingsha) Mountains. The mountains are pale golden sand dunes dozens of meters high, covering an area roughly 40 km (25 mi) square.
Vistors can explore the sand dunes by camel, electric car, quad bike or by foot. Riding a camel on the desert of the Singing sand Mountains is a great experience. You can enjoy the beautiful wavy shapes of the smooth yellow dunes against the deep blue sky, and imagine you are traveling the ancient Silk Road. Step off the camel and listen for the singing of the sand.
There is archery and sand sledging available on one of the dunes. Crescent Spring is a must-see sight. The contrast of the blue Crescent Lake and lush vegetation with the golden sand is quite poetic.
How the Mingsha Sand Dunes were formed and what has brought about the phenomenon of the singing sand? So far, nobody has provided a satisfactory answer. According to some Japanese experts, there are probably ancient palaces under the dunes, while the Russians deem that quartz content in the sand is the main reason. Chinese scientists have carried out a study as to the cause of the singing sand for years and they believe that it is a phenomenon of resonance.
Legend has it that this area was a flourishing mountain called Qingshi Mountain (Bluestone Mountain) in ancient times. At the foot of the mountain, beside Crescent Lake, clustered many sacred temples. Operas were shown to worship the Temple God on each temple fair. However, the deafening sounds of celebration one year annoyed the sleeping Yellow Dragon Prince in a nearby desert. The prince was cruel, cranky and powerful. He used his magical power moved a huge volume of sand dunes into this area and buried all the people underground. Those souls often cry, beat drums and hit gongs to bemoan their misfortune. This is the legend of the singing sand. | <urn:uuid:63d810c6-cd85-4a7a-bc2e-8a57dd154e3a> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://www.chinahighlights.com/dunhuang/attraction/echoing-sand-mountain.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698544097.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170904-00162-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.955322 | 401 | 2.5625 | 3 |
CitationStephen, Elizabeth Hervey; Rindfuss, Ronald R.; & Bean, Frank D. (1988). Racial Differences in Contraceptive Choice: Complexity and Implications. Demography, 25(1), 53-70.
AbstractPrevious research has failed to generate consensus about why black fertility has persistently exceeded that of whites in the United States. In an effort to shed light on this question, this article examines black/white differences in sociodemographic factors affecting contraceptive choice. Using data from the 1976 and 1982 National Surveys of Family Growth, we find a complex pattern of black/white differences. Not only does contraceptive choice vary by race, but the effects of such variables as age, marital status, and education also differ between blacks and whites. For example, compared with whites, black married women avoid coital methods, and compared with blacks, white women shift contraceptive behavior more as they change marital status. The complex nature of the racial differences in contraceptive choice are interpreted as reflecting differences in marriage patterns and trends.
Reference TypeJournal Article
Author(s)Stephen, Elizabeth Hervey
Rindfuss, Ronald R.
Bean, Frank D. | <urn:uuid:ea62499a-0dfd-4533-8271-4c520a062ef1> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://www.cpc.unc.edu/resources/publications/bib/740/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347390442.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20200526015239-20200526045239-00538.warc.gz | en | 0.864426 | 241 | 2.515625 | 3 |
This chalkboard sign can add a little charm to your classroom or make a great gift for your favorite teacher!
A) Paint the wood plaque with Chalkboard Paint. Let dry.
A) Use felt to make an apple! Create the apple shape with red felt, a stem with brown felt and a leaf with green felt.
B) Hot glue the apple pieces together.
A) Hot glue a ruler across the top of the plaque.
B) Hot glue a ruler across the bottom of the plaque.
A) Hot glue a pink eraser to the right side of the plaque. Make sure the right side of the eraser is even with the right side of the plaque. The top of the eraser should be up against the bottom of the top ruler.
A) Hot glue the felt apple to the right side of the plaque, under the pink eraser. The top of the apple can overlap the eraser.
A) Hot glue pencil top erasers to the left side of the plaque. Keep them spaced close together to create a frame border.
A) Write the teacher’s name on the plaque using a Chalkboard Marker.
Tip: If you’d like to use a computer font you can make a graphite transfer. To make a graphite transfer, print out the name at a size that is appropriate for the space allotted on the board. Once your name is printed, turn the paper over and run a pencil over the area where the letters are to create a graphite transfer. Turn the paper back over and trim close to the name for easier placement. Use a pencil to trace the outline of the name on the board. Remove the paper. Draw over pencil lines with the Chalkboard Marker. | <urn:uuid:940e3ee4-fc27-483b-9eb5-6472d55c82c6> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://dg-crafts.bohanwork.com/crafts/teachers-desk-sign/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337836.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20221006124156-20221006154156-00610.warc.gz | en | 0.824212 | 389 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Halon Decommissioning – What You Need to Know
Do you use a Halon fire suppression to keep your building safe from fires? Halon systems are commonly used to protect valuable electronics, oil and gas production facilities, military systems and other critical operations. Unfortunately, Halon has been identified as a potent ozone depleter, and production of new supplies of Halon has been banned. While removal of old Halon systems is not required, more and more businesses owners are having their fire suppression systems replaced with more environmentally friendly options. The process of Halon system removal is called “decommissioning,” and is a two-step process involving the removal of the actual equipment and then reclaiming the actual Halon agent.
Since Halon needs to be carefully handled, stored, transported and eventually reused, the process of decommissioning needs to serve multiple purposes – the old system needs to be removed from service and replaced with an alternative means of fire protection, and then the Halon from the system must be recovered so it can be cleaned and made available for use again. As Halon supplies get more and more scarce, this reclaiming and reusing of the fire suppressant will be crucial to meet future fire protection needs of critical applications.
If the process of Halon decommissioning seems complicated, it’s because of how important it is that Halon supplies are not leaked into the air. Since Halon supplies are stored under pressure, they must be handled with care. As a result, it’s important that Halon decommissioning be performed only by properly trained fire protection personnel. If the cylinder is not handled properly and the pressure is released in an uncontrolled manner, the cylinder can act as a projectile, potentially causing serious injury or death. The FSSA (Fire Suppression Systems Association) lays out specific guidelines related to Halon decommissioning:
- Only qualified and experienced fire suppression system service professionalsshould perform decommissioning activities.
- Decommissioning personnel should be thoroughly trained in safe handlingprocedures as well as proper procedures related to disabling, removing,transporting, shipping, and emptying Halon cylinders.
- All relevant procedures specified in manufacturer’s, Owner’s, Service, Operation and Maintenance manuals should be followed.
- Cylinder brackets should NOT be removed and cylinders should NOT bedisconnected from system piping, or moved or shipped, without firstdisabling the actuation devices and providing protective caps and anti-recoildevices.
Potential Risks Involved with Halon Decommissioning
Halon systems have been manufactured for over 20 years, in many different places and by many different companies. While all Halon systems have their own unique differences, they all share the same inherent risks, which should be considered during the process of Halon decommissioning:
Risks due to pressurized cylinders
Since Halon is stored under pressure, any damage to or improper handling of the cylinder, including accidental activation of the discharge mechanism, can cause it to become a projectile. This can cause serious injury or death to workers or bystanders. Common causes of accidental Halon discharge include:
- Accidental automatic firing at the releasing panel/remote
- Accidental manualactivation at the cylinder/remote
- Accidental operation of the cylinder valve
- Damage to the discharge head/neck
- High cylinder temperature above the working pressure
Risks associated with heavy objects
A fully charged Halon cylinder can weigh as much as 1,500 lbs. As a result, moving the cylinders can be complicated. Accidentally dropping or improperly lifting the cylinder can cause injury to personnel handling the equipment or accidental release of cylinder pressure.
Risks associated with Halon exposure
One of the most serious risks associated with Halon decommissioning is the risk associated with exposure to the chemical itself. Halon exposure can cause dizziness and anesthesia as well as cardiac sensitization, which can lead to irregular heart beat and, in severe cases, heart attack. At high enough concentrations, Halon exposure can be fatal.
Halon decommissioning can be complex, but it’s no problem for the fire protection professionals at Confires! If you want to replace your old Halon system with a more environmentally friendly one, such as FM-200, call today! | <urn:uuid:5c859efb-2f3e-4966-962a-f9e73a4cd684> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://www.confires.com/fire-suppression/halon/decommissioning/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224657144.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20230610062920-20230610092920-00143.warc.gz | en | 0.929613 | 888 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Strengthening municipal finance for sustainable sanitation service delivery in small towns of South Asia
Bangladesh, India and Nepal have significantly improved basic sanitation services to people who do not have access. However, the safe management of toilet waste is still in its infancy. Delivering safe and inclusive sanitation services along the whole service chain requires considerable investment. Towns must be able to raise, allocate and manage the finances needed to build the physical infrastructure, to operate and manage sanitation services in the long term, and to strengthen the capacities and institutions required to deliver inclusive sanitation services in a sustainable way. This report by Athena Infonomics and WaterAid delves into the difficulties of financing sanitation in small towns in South Asia. The study documents good practices in funding urban sanitation, using six small towns as case studies: Jhenaidah and Sakhipur in Bangladesh; Dhenkanal and Sircilla in India; and Mahalaxmi and Birtamod in Nepal. The case studies offer lessons on how other towns can improve the sustainability of their sanitation services. | <urn:uuid:2abda058-7157-45d1-a3a7-6f2b340c3228> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | http://environmentportal.in/content/471144/strengthening-municipal-finance-for-sustainable-sanitation-service-delivery-in-small-towns-of-south-asia/?page= | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711376.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20221209011720-20221209041720-00679.warc.gz | en | 0.940207 | 212 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Are you interested in home automation, robotics, or the Arduino series of microcontrollers, but don't know where to begin? Bought an Arduino and have never used it due to intimidation or maybe you just don't know what you'd do with it? This is an intro class focusing on basic Electronics, Robotics, using the Arduino controller, and hands-on circuit building and coding.
Arduino is an open-source programmable controller that can sense the environment by receiving inputs from a variety of sensors and can affect its surroundings by controlling lights, motors, and other devices. It’s perfect for any inventor, designers, hobbyists, and anyone interested in creating interactive objects or environments.The Arduino can be the brain for your next robotic, home automation, or sculpture project
Level: Beginner, Noob, "What's a Microcontroller?
Format:Learn At your own pace with hands-on building of circuits and code. Lecture/presentation portion of class will be under 15 minutes, and then you're off on your way building and controlling electronics. Assistance will be provided as needed and will include demonstration and explanation of operation as needed or requested.
What to Bring:
Class and Lab Fees:
©Content copyright 2010-2015. Buildmore Workshop, Inc. All rights reserved | <urn:uuid:ce0d2552-405d-49f8-a5ce-6fa35337648a> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | http://www.buildmoreworkshop.com/event-764407 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982938776.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823200858-00227-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.921932 | 265 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Snoring is a noise caused by patients mainly sleeping on their backs which causes the tongue and soft palate to block the airway causing a snoring sound.
When the patient snores at night and is extremely tired during the daytime there is a good chance that the patient also has sleep apnea. The most common initial medical condition that occurs with sleep apnea patients is high blood pressure and acid reflux (heartburn).
It is an obstruction in the upper airway when you stop breathing for 10 seconds or more. This causes a cessation of breath, sometimes over 30 times per hour. 85% of people that have sleep apnea are unaware they have it. Patients will wake up choking and gasping for breath when their tongue blocks the airway. This is very common in children and adults with large tonsils. When you stop breathing (sleep apnea) this cuts off the oxygen which increases blood pressure and can cause heart attack, atrial fibrillation, congestive heart failure, 5 times greater chance of cancer, strokes, dementia, Alzheimer’s, headaches, acid reflux, type 2 diabetes, impotence. 64% of all type 2 diabetics have sleep apnea. Severe Sleep Apnea patients die 10 years sooner.
Patients must undergo a sleep study at night. PSG, Polysomnogram sleep study takes place in hospitals or private sleep clinics. The technician attaches 16 wires to the patients body for the test. Most patients report that with all the noises and in a strange bed and environment it is very difficult to get a normal nights sleep.
If the diagnosis made by a Board Certified Sleep Specialist is mild to moderate sleep apnea they should be referred to a dentist to fabricate an oral appliance.
If the diagnosis is severe sleep apnea then the patient will need to try a CPAP device.
If your bed partner mentions that you are stopping breathing at night or you wake up choking sometimes, you most likely have sleep apnea. Another sign is snoring and extreme daytime fatigue. For your overall health you should make an appointment with Dr. Rondeau to get a home sleep study to obtain a diagnosis.
Please call the office at 519-455-4110 to set up a consultation appointment with Dr. Rondeau. Virtual consults can be arranged at no charge.
Patients get the device at the dental office and take it home and have the sleep study done in their own bed. Very comfortable instead of going to the hospital or sleep clinic for the extensive sleep study (PSG) when they have 16 wires attached to their body and told to get a good sleep in a strange environment. The results of the Home Sleep Study are sent to a Board Certified Sleep Specialist who reads the study and sends a report to the dentist. The sleep specialist will either recommend the custom oral appliance made by the dentist or the CPAP device.
Patient much prefer the Home Sleep Study as it is much more comfortable with this small device either on the forehead (ARES Home Sleep Study) or on their wrist (WatchPat).
ARES HOME SLEEP STUDY
A custom made mouthpiece made by your dentist with special training on treating sleep disorders.
These custom made oral appliances (custom mouthguards) can minimize or eradicate snoring completely. These appliances gently move the lower jaw and tongue forward at night to open the airway and eliminate the snoring.
CPAP means Continuous Positive Air Pressure. This CPAP device fits over the nose, or nose and mouth, and blows air up your nose all night to try and open the airway. The air originates in an air compressor attached to the hose placed either on the floor or bedside table. The failure rate for CPAP is over 70%. Many patients cannot handle the CPAP due to claustrophobia, tightness of the strap on the head and face, air leaks out into the eyes, air in stomach, marks on the face in the morning, dry mouth, dry nose, and other uncomfortable signs and symptoms.
The acceptance rate is higher in patients who have severe sleep apnea. This CPAP device is the preference for the medical profession.
If your snoring is bothering your bed partner or you are extremely tired during the daytime, you need to arrange to get a home sleep study at Dr. Rondeau’s office. For health reasons you must find out if you have life-changing sleep apnea.
Please call our London, Ontario office at 519-455-4110 to set up a consultation with Dr. Rondeau. Virtual consults can be arranged at no charge. | <urn:uuid:ab83e4b2-ea16-4e7b-b0cf-fa1efa490d6c> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.ortho-tmj.com/services/snoring-sleep-apnea/snoring-sleep-apnea-faqs/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100264.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20231201021234-20231201051234-00376.warc.gz | en | 0.927077 | 947 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Why Is My Webcam Not Running?
Webcams work like video cameras and feed images in real time to a computer. They use CMOS (complementary metal-oxide semiconductor) and CCD (charge-coupled device) lenses; they are either built-in or external. Why webcams might not run may vary with different computers; however, you can narrow down the possible causes of problems and solve them safely.
With the exception of the built-in webcams that come with several of today's laptops, most computers use external webcams. Webcams vary in design, performance and features; compatible operating systems vary as well. Some webcams are only compatible with Windows operating systems, and others are only compatible with Mac OSX systems. Others are compatible with both operating systems. Some webcams also require certain processor speeds and memory to function properly. If you're not sure if your webcam is compatible with your computer, read the product's documentation. Check your computer's specifications; make sure it meets the system requirements.
Drivers and Software
External webcams generally require drivers and software to communicate with the computer. Some webcams install the drivers automatically when you connect them to the computer, while others may require you to install them using a CD or directly from the manufacturer's website. In most cases, damaged or outdated drivers cause problems. If your webcam isn't turning on, make sure you have installed or updated the drivers properly. If you're using a newer operating system, check the webcam manufacturer's website for updated drivers that will allow your computer to detect it.
Some built-in webcams can be turned on by pressing a button on the keypad, while some external webcams have a power button. Other webcams draw power from USB ports. If your webcam isn't turning on, check that it is switched on and connected to your computer. If the USB port is the problem, connecting it to another port or disconnecting other USB devices may solve the problem. If you're using a high-tech webcam, always refer to the manual for the proper power, installation and setup instructions.
If your external webcam is still not working properly, test it on a different computer. If it functions on another computer that has the same operating system, the drivers and software may be the problem with the other computer. Occasionally, external webcams won't work properly with the presence of firewalls. Firewalls can block the communication ports the webcam uses from working with particular software. Adding the software to the firewall's exception list may solve this problem. Refer to your program's documentation if you're not sure how to do this.
Kefa Olang has been writing articles online since April 2009. He has been published in the "Celebration of Young Poets" and has an associate degree in communication and media arts from Dutchess Community College, and a bachelor's degree in broadcasting and mass communication from the State University of New York, Oswego. | <urn:uuid:f6b131cd-48d4-4ba0-8482-a1587ef85bdc> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://smallbusiness.chron.com/webcam-not-running-31307.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662517018.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20220517063528-20220517093528-00368.warc.gz | en | 0.918508 | 641 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Wednesday, October 20, 2010
A superferry in the sky?
by Larry Geller
These days Google finds hits for the search term “Superferry” outside the Hawaiian Islands.
Just for the curious, here’s an article on the latest Superferry, a UK registered ship much larger than Hawaii’s, and at least superficially of more conventional design.
The vessel, called Stena Britannica, is 240 metre long and has capacity for 1,200 passengers, 230 cars and 300 freight vehicles.
What might work in Hawaii would be a ship significantly smaller than the two Austal vessels.
Or why not give up on ships altogether—how about a blimp
Check out the IEEE Spectrum article Airships for the 21st Century, and this video. Click the thingy at the bottom center for full screen.
No, we won’t have interisland airships tomorrow or anytime soon. But on the other hand, we may not have an interisland ferry any time soon either. So for the moment, just imagine a passenger blimp from Waikiki to Lahaina, or future cargo blimps run by flexible solar panels on the top surfaces. That’s right out of the IEEE article, which explains how the new blimps work and how they are powered.
Was looking back in my files for an article from the past year about future cargo blimps. Can't find it now. I think it had a video with it and I remember thinking that it would be able to overcome the main problem that HSF had. Bottom line, moving through water at high speed costs more in fuel than moving through air at high speed and the reason is because of the greater resistance of the water. Anyway, I did find an interesting video and articles on the current state of the technology. Check 'em out:
Current Tech: http://www.popularmechanics.com/technology/aviation/airships/4242974 | <urn:uuid:a53fcd56-d90f-4577-9adf-5021e3ac35e7> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | http://www.disappearednews.com/2010/10/superferry-in-sky.html?showComment=1287637082356 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320300253.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20220117000754-20220117030754-00569.warc.gz | en | 0.908651 | 503 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Want to know some cool antioxidants facts? There is solid evidence from several studies that the antioxidants we consume when eating Five to Seven servings a day from most fruit and vegetables can help us avoid or stall most ailments caused by ill-health.
This includes slowing the ageing process, keeping energy levels high and slowing/preventing certain types of cancers and heart disease – In fact, there isn’t a lot that antioxidants aren’t good for!
Antioxidants Facts 1 – What are antioxidants and why should I care?
So you ask, why should you care? Antioxidants are all natural chemicals that help you to counter detrimental oxygen — free radicals. Free radicals happen when you are exposed to things such as pollution, x-rays, exercise, stress and ultra-violet radiation. Oxygen free radicals or R.O.S (Reactive Oxygen Species) are the cause of several lethal diseases, such as, heart disease and some types of cancer.
Antioxidants can be seen as a preventive medicine. However, it is important to realize that there are many, many different antioxidants that do different things. They all give different benefits so it’s important to consume the full variety.
Antioxidants Facts 2 – Do you know the benefits of your antioxidants?
Where do we begin??
The different antioxidants help with a whole heap of positive things – The benefits include but are not limited to :-
- Increased energy levels
- Prevent ageing and skin cell damage
- Prevent Disease (such as heart disease, diabetes etc)
- Increase memory and mental alertness
- Optimizes your metabolism which will help with weight loss
Some recent research has shown that you are less prone to heart disease and cancer by consuming a serving of 5-7 antioxidants vegetables and fruit.
This is the daily recommended guideline in many countries but the guidelines usually fail to mention the variety of antioxidants (from foods or supplements) that are required to give complete protection from free radicals.
This is completely supported by extensive studies carried out by researchers around the globe. Studies also indicate that foods and supplements high in antioxidants can also prevent age related degenerative diseases. Helpful information for anyone that is growing old..and there are many of us that are!
Antioxidants facts 3 – Where should I look for antioxidants?
You have 2 options – Foods and Supplements.
Many antioxidants can be consumed from foods such as fruits and vegetables. Most plants you devour will contain various antioxidants and vitamins such as A, C and E.
Antioxidants found in fruits and vegetables can prevent and guard against pollution, aging, the effects of radiation, cancers, and heart disease.
You can also try tea’s (especially green tea), which is rich in antioxidants called flavonoids.
However, the problem is that there are many antioxidants that come from many different foods. If you want full protection from free radicals you’ll need to ingest a variety of antioxidants.
Some antioxidant rich foods are so exotic that many of us will never gain access to these hard to reach foods! Ever heard of Mangosteen, Noni or Origanum Vulgare? Thought not! (Unless you live in one of the remote places where they originate)
This is where you can look into purchasing a reputable antioxidant supplement. If you make a purchase from a reputable company (and there are many that aren’t!), then most will give you the required amount and variety of antioxidants you need daily to see the wide range of benefits!
I hope these antioxidants facts were helpful and give you a better understanding of what antioxidants are as well as what is required for complete protection by these wonderful things.
I Recommend getting your antioxidants by eating a large variety of foods, especially fruits and vegetables. However a lot of antioxidants are found in expensive super foods. I’d always recommend a good multi-vitamin and antioxidant formula if you’re into fitness as you’ll be using way more than the average Joe!
Originally posted 2016-11-08 05:24:23. | <urn:uuid:2143897c-5714-4f79-96dd-6f4012777b50> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | https://planetsupplement.com/everything-you-wanted-to-know-about-antioxidants/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948567785.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20171215075536-20171215095536-00700.warc.gz | en | 0.93791 | 835 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Lies may come in all shapes and sizes and sometimes have a plethora of reasons behind them, from avoiding personal harm, to bluffing in a card game for gambling, or wishing to avoid hurting someone, actually to protect someone, on into actively seeking to get some form of "ill gotten" gain from someone (material, social, or emotional). The ethical nature of lying is not the subject of this article; rather, this article is about the steps taken once you've hurdled your personal moral, faith, or trust issues with lying and have made a decision to go ahead and lie.
1Make peace with your decision to lie. Good lying means you've already crossed any moral or ethical hurdles, and decided for yourself that the lie in question is now a necessity, as you plan on living your lie (you face a great divide, a sea change). A shaky liar often trips up through continuing to struggle with the morality or faith issues behind the decision to lie. Regardless of the reasons, if you lie effectively, you will need to reach a place of internal determination where the lie is adequately fortified in your own mind. At the same time, remember the following:
- Lying is despised because it has a tendency to hurt, cause disruption, and comes with major costs sometimes including loss of social or financial status. And lying violates trust at both personal and societal levels, when most of us would still like to keep striving toward being able to trust one another. Yet, it is arguable that sometimes a lie has a place, to protect a reputation, to prevent hurt to someone else, to ease tension, and so on, but it will always depend on the context and extent of the lie, as well as the legality/morality of what is being lied about.
- Some people, such as sociopaths, find lying to be a breeze. Those kinds of liars are completely self-centered, without remorse, and are unlikely to ever be considerate of another human, unless it is how to play to exploit others comfortably. For most people, lies aimed at manipulating another person will always come at great cost to you when they're uncovered.
- Some people find lying almost impossible. Whether it's because they're inflexibly ethical, have Asperger's syndrome or they've just never understood why honesty isn't always the best policy, lying is probably never going to be something that works for such a person. Such a person may tend to confess or even put their foot in things. However, believing in total honesty can sometimes lose sight of the subtleties and nuances required in relationships and situations in which you're in real danger (physical or emotional) or likely to hurt someone with the truth, so passing a general judgment on lying should be done with great care.
- Lying now and then is a personal decision. However, be realistic with yourself; using lies to avoid responsibility every time something goes wrong in your life can lead to compulsive lying and inability to tell the difference between the need for honesty and the need for safety - a state of mind that can ruin your life. Under what circumstances are you willing to risk damaging relationships, reputation, and future opportunities? Do the benefits of telling the lie outweigh the risks? People end up in jail for lying, and worse.
2Consider the probability of being detected. Before launching into your lie, ask yourself what the chances are of being caught. Only you can answer the question of how likely it is you'll be found out and the worthiness of lying about the matter. Things to consider include:
- Have I done this before and been caught out by the people I'm trying it on now? If so, they're not likely to believe me now.
- Were there witnesses? If you're going to tell your partner you weren't snogging a total stranger in the corner of a party, you're running the risk that someone your partner knows was there, too.
- Do you feel confident about revising events to make a whole new story? Consider being artful, as "The truth is a fragile thing, but a lie, well told, can live forever." -- Mark Twain, humorist.
- What are the likely reprisals if caught? Is the person likely to be forgiving or likely to feel totally betrayed? Is it a tiny lie the person can get over, or is it something that goes to the heart of trust in your relationship that, once broken, is unlikely to be mended? So, have you thought about the transforming effect of untruths, "know the truth and the truth shall set you free." -- Jesus, a teacher specializing in life changing decisions.
3Get your revision of events straight. Once you've made the decision you're going to lie, you will need to come up with your plausible alternative to the facts. As part of this, you need to figure out what you're going to say and what sorts of questions are likely to be asked, so that you can have answers to those questions already sorted out in your head.
- Think of some specific true thing (place, person, event, story) that your lie will fit into and use those details, if you are questioned. This gives you a bank of specific details to draw on so you don't have to keep making things up as you go along.
- Keep it simple. The more things you have to lie about to support your original lie, the more likely you are to be tripped up. Lying is a bit like chess – you must always be thinking a few moves ahead. Anticipate what the person you're lying to is going to ask, and be prepared with a response. Make sure you've thought about who you're lying to. What do they already know? What is acceptable or otherwise to them?
- Writing out the lie can help. The act of writing can enhance your memory of it, and also helps you to sort out the sequence.
4Use your imagination and envision the lie. In your mind, enact the lie as it "actually happened". This will create the event in your mind for you and you'll be "remembering" it when you begin to retell it to others. In a way, you are convincing yourself of the revision of reality and when you retell it, it begins to sound as you're telling the truth.
- An example of this might be, "Did I wreck the car? Well, Yes, I accidentally drove it into a wall. So, the wall wrecked the car. I just moved it!" In the immortal words of George Costanza, "It's not a lie if you believe it's true." This works well when your situation is quite ersatz.
- Alternatively, try imagining that you weren't the person. You're somebody else, a whole new person who didn't wreck the car. Pretend to be that person. Convince yourself that you're the person that didn't wreck the car.
5Practice lying in front of a mirror or video camera. Observe your facial expressions. Try making your eyes go big and letting your mouth hang open a little for an innocent or believably shocked look. Also, practice looking like you're holding back tears. When you smile, show your teeth a little and crinkle up your eyes and cheeks. This is a "sincere" smile, an ear-to-ear one that covers your whole face.
6Think about the details. Details can make a lot of difference between a believable lie and an obvious load of verbal trash. Add in extra details that help to embellish the event and make it appear more real in the retelling. For example, "I was outside Burger King having a Whopper with John and Mary" is more believable than simply "I was outside Burger King." (Naturally, if John and Mary aren't in on your lie, you'd need to fill them in to cover for you.)
- A growing problem (almost like a disease) is remembering all the details: who, what, what brand, when, where, weather, why, how and how many, and crosscurrents of what else was happening, etc. And it turns into a more tangled web of traps for yourself; especially as it may build succeeding layers of events over the days, weeks and even years later, if it mattered to anyone else...
7Do the opposite of what ordinary liars do. Entire books exist on how to spot a liar. Get hold of one, read it, and aim to do the opposite. People in the act of telling lies tend to do things in the extremes – either they try to avoid eye contact as much as possible or they never break eye contact. In a normal conversation your eyes will move and you will look away to think, but otherwise you will maintain eye contact. In all likelihood, there will always be some subtleties that a good liar spotter will notice (in the realm of criminal law enforcement, police and lie detectors are trained to detect differences in behavior, so learning what they're looking for can help you) but the average person can probably be hoodwinked with careful attention to avoiding some of the following giveaways:
- Maintain eye contact unless you never do. Liars tend to look away. Appear earnest but not too eager when looking the other person in the eye. Don't look around, but don't stare either. In a normal conversation people do avert their glance from the other person's eyes naturally.
- Relax. Don't fidget, pick at your clothing, or shuffle your feet. Again, these are signs of someone trying to deflect the conversation away.
- Keep your hands under control. When people are lying, their hands tend to head towards their faces to cover their mouths or fiddle with parts of the face or clothing. Keep your hands relaxed. Don't touch your head with your hand, or hold your palms up. Keep your palms at your side, and leave them there.
- Don't use big words unless you usually do. On the same note, if you usually speak in contractions (or don't), keep up your usual habits. Anything unusual about your language or tone will suggest something shifty is up.
- Keep the smiling to a normal minimum. Think about smarmy people who smile too much when wanting to get something from you; that kind of smiling alerts you to something being up, so avoid overdoing the smiles. Definitely don't laugh or chuckle.
- Unless you're known for stuttering, don't stutter and definitely don't get flustered. Some people blush or begin to stutter, because in some cases, the subconscious panics. Keep calm and collected.
8Bring the lie up first before you're questioned about the matter. It's better to lie to the person in advance than to have another person question you later on the same topic. If the victim discovers your misdeed before you explain yourself, they'll have time to deduce what has happened with a reasonable degree of certainty before they ever even question you, making it much harder to convince them of your innocence in the matter.
- For example: Justin's roommate Zander walks in the front door. Justin, looking up from the computer screen, is told by Zander that the dog ate his pasta, even though Zander actually did. Justin walks into the kitchen, discovers the pasta is gone and shrugs. However, if Zander never said anything, Justin would have come out of the kitchen angry and assumed Zander ate his delicious mid-morning snack, which in turn makes him angry and less receptive to anything Zander has to say in his own defense.
9Make a truthful admission. If you sense that someone else suspects you of lying, admit or make them suspect you of something small or untrue. They will take the bait and think that that is all you were lying about.
- If possible, combine your lie with the truth. Say your mom heard you talking on the phone about how drunk you got last night. She confronts you about it. Of course, you cannot completely turn around and say you didn't touch alcohol. Instead, include some of the truth while downplaying it. If you said, "What? I didn't drink!", say, "Yeah, mom, they had a bottle of scotch after work... I took like one drink and I was out. It was gross."
- Blame the outcome as the cause. Another way of twisting truth is to suggest that things were badly wrong before the big wrong happened. For example, if you've broken something, you could simply say "My goodness, I had been trying to make that darn thing work all afternoon, right down to reading all the accompanying manuals and sticking tape on it. And then all of a sudden, the wretched thing just came apart in my hands. And it hurt me too!"
- Add a small confession to your lie to reduce suspicion. For example, you have a party your parents didn't authorize while they went out of town, and tell them when they return "I'm sorry, I forgot to feed the dog last night and he ripped up the sofa when I was out". Sometimes doing this can take care of your guilty attitude.
10Play dumb. Coming off as too stupid to lie is a great defense. Lie as badly as you can about something small, but never actually admit to doing it. You will be free to lie about much bigger things and never be suspected.
- Fake memory loss. For example, if your mom asked you what you did at lunch and you had been making out with the boyfriend you weren’t supposed to have, instead of just saying "Uh ... nothing special," say something more like: "Uh, I can't remember ... stuff ... talked to some friends." This type of response sounds like what a parent expects to get from a teenager. Try looking a little confused as you feign memory loss - it'll make it more believable. On the other hand, faking amnesia of an event around a police investigator will probably only raise suspicions and anyone who isn't satisfied with "I dunno, can't remember" is probably liable to go ballistic and really drill you for answers. Rely on this approach with great caution.
11Avoid elaborate stories that involve the need for corroboration. The more people needed to back up your tale, the more likely a hole will open up as soon as one person stuffs it up or forgets their "role" in it. Equally, if something you've said can be confirmed, such as a doctor testing for temperature, checking dates and occurrences in records, checking your credit card transactions, etc., then you are going to find it difficult to wriggle out of facts that are there in black and white.
- Be very careful when pushing away the discussion from yourself to someone else. It may seem easier to lie and say that you weren't doing what the rest of the crowd was by going into great detail about what "some people in the crowd" were up to. This tactic of trying to make you appear more angelic than anyone else in the crowd can backfire very easily because all the questioner needs to do is talk to other people who were there to find out how you were behaving at the time. For example, your partner questions you about whether you drank too much the night before. You describe as much of the night as you can but lie about your own antics, talking about what everybody else got up to and say: "Yeah, last night was okay. You should have seen Harry though! He downed 6 shots and got chucked out the bar for hitting someone!" While this might work once or twice, if it's your standard tactic, it's likely to be viewed for the whitewash that it is.
12Appear indifferent. Another way to wriggle your way out of an uncomfortable situation is to act indifferent and to avoid responding defensively. Keep your voice tone steady and don't protest too much. Act like you don't care whether or not the person believes you. If you're really good at this, you can even make it seem that you're disappointed by their lack of faith in you but that you're willing to be forgiving of their lack of faith in you.
- Be very careful not to make it obvious when you try to change the subject. A person who continuously changes the subject when a topic comes up gets noticed and puts the listener on alert. Trying to be cheerful about a totally unrelated topic when a serious matter is going down unanswered can give the game away that you're "trying too hard" to divert attention from the real issue at hand. Giveaways include laughing too hard at jokes, cracking inappropriate jokes, talking about a pet topic to try and cover up the elephant in the room, and talking in a way that seems nervous, excited, or flippant.
13Follow through. One of the real reasons why lying doesn't pay and isn't a good means for getting through life is that you have to remember it, in all of its glory, possibly for the rest of your life. You cannot forget about your lie, its details, etc., and you will have to go on treating it like it actually happened. Depending on the context of the lie, staying silent about it might arouse suspicion, especially in retrospect, so you may need to keep mentioning it in conversations the way you would if it had been true. This step might be the one that gives you great pause.
14Know when not to lie. Finally but importantly, if you're going to lie, know when it's perfectly stupid to try and do so. There are many ethical and faith-based reasons for not lying, and those are within your own personal realm of struggle to deal with. There are some other realities where you're not deciding the odds or karma and where lying isn't going to help anything, let alone you. So, with this in mind, never lie under these circumstances:
- To officials (government, police, serious job interviews): Tell the truth unless you fully understand and are prepared to accept the results. In the majority of nations, lying to a police officer or in a court of law is a serious legal offense. For your own sake, be honest about criminal activity; you may find that the penalty is lessened or that your lawyer can find technical or legal loopholes if you are honest from the outset. The sooner you get a lawyer and start working on your release, the better; lying first will hold things up and can make whatever honest explanations you do make seem dodgy.
- To your doctor or lawyer: Ask them if you are speaking in the course of a professional relationship (doctor-patient or attorney-client). If they say yes, things you tell them are privileged, and they cannot reveal them even to a court or to the police. This does not hold true if your doctor/psychologist feels you may commit a serious offense, such as murder. Also, some other circumstances may change your relationship with your lawyer/doctor but don't forget that a lawyer is paid to defend you and to find "mitigating circumstances," so don't think with your reptile brain that wants to hide; use your cerebral cortex and think smart defenses instead.
- To defraud: Never lie to people to get their money, life's savings, and other valuables from them. Not only is this an illegal thing to do, it's a really low and despicable a way to behave.
- To an attacker: When you are being held at knife-point and having someone demand your wallet, your life is worth more than pretending you don't have your wallet.
- To your kids. Avoid lying to your kids about family deaths or divorce. They're going to find out sooner or later and the web of lies just makes things worse. Set a good example for them!
- To cover up for someone else: If someone else has committed a crime, let them pay for it. Otherwise, you'll pay for it by being an accessory if you know about it but don't tell.
- When dumping someone! In all honesty, when you're breaking your partner's heart, know that he/she might start analysing your reasoning. And, if they seem to be suspicious of your reason, and you're caught lying to them, you reduce a great 60-80% chance of getting your ex as a platonic friend. (This SHOULD be read by ANYONE thinking of breaking up with someone. Honestly, lying about breakup reasons just isn't cool! DON'T DO IT!).
We could really use your help!
- Don't put in too much detail. Study shows, that a tell-tale sign that someone is lying is when they give too much detail.
- Keep it simple or you will not be able to remember what you said.
- If you make the lie so complicated you get confused, you're going to get tripped up. Saying something like: "John took the book from me, then Tom took it from him then gave it to Anna who gave it back to me then you gave it to John again because he said it was his but it's mine (but it is really John's)" sounds like a muddle and smells like a lie.
- Attempting to look confused when you're told the information can come across as looking evasive or guilty. Be very careful with this emotion!
- Be aware that it's easy to slip up and say something that you'd only know if you were lying; your listener will quickly pounce on that. For example, if you said "I didn't take those oranges" when the person had simply said, "Someone stole my fruit", then saying "oranges" makes it clear that you knew at the very least what had been taken, which sort of implies you took them. Sometimes our smarts just aren't smart enough to keep up.
- Your lie needs to stay the same no matter who you talk to. Think about the gravity of that.
- Don't confuse privacy with a need to lie. If you don't want to tell people what you're doing, then, don't. Simply tell them it is none of their business in as polite a way as possible and get on with your day. Be assertive, not furtive.
- When bringing someone else into a lie, use their name if you are suggesting you know them, as you'll only get asked who the person was. If it is plausibly a homeless guy or the door-to-door salesman, then you can probably leave out names, but not when it concerns people you were supposedly hanging out or working with.
- Don't make the lie too big, like saying you have to leave class because the army wants you or saying you have a flesh-eating virus and if anyone gets too close they will die.
- Effective liars can be good people readers and can lead people to both say and think what the liar wants. For example, how is it that some people are so successful at wheedling money out of trusting souls to invest in schemes that fail dramatically? It is often because these liars are good people readers who tend to tell people what they want to hear by picking up on the clues the people asking questions give out. While it is morally reprehensible and illegal to take money from people under false pretenses, it is important to note that such "fortune tellers" tend to convince themselves that they're telling truths ("while I am not running a wealthy company right now, I will be soon") and it is this self-conviction, coupled with the gullibility and willingness of the listener to hear what they'd rather hear, that allows the lie to succeed.
- Consider writing down the lie somewhere if you're forgetful, for a refresher. Realize that doing this can leave you open to being discovered. If it's really bad, have it held by a lawyer in an envelope, to be opened on your death.
- Lying is all about what the audience senses. Body language is therefore a vital part of a successful lie. Under the stress of lying, we give off signals that a trained eye can see; but even the untrained eye is able to pick up the nuances that take normal behavior into unusual behavior. Thus, giving off confident body language can help to convince a person that you are telling "the truth." Things to bear in mind include:
- Keep an open body position. This suggests that you're comfortable with the situation.
- Keep your arms and legs uncrossed. Spread them out.
- Keep your head level and not tilted downward.
- Maintain a steady voice that doesn't increase in tone or pitch.
- Put down anything you're holding, as this creates a sense of barrier, a barrier behind which you're "hiding."
- Stay relaxed. Any stiffness present will suggest nervousness or hiding something. A realistic yawn now and then might help, but don't force it.
- Be careful if you tend to swallow a lot; liars can swallow more than usual. Perhaps have a drink to cover this tendency up.
- If you lie to go along with a lot of pressure from everyone around you who wants to believe it's true, you can come to believe it and live in denial. This can really bite you if the lie is about something real that you can't change, like whether your boss is embezzling, living in the closet about anything, whether your disabilities are real or all in your mind, covering up for an abuser who will do it again and escalate it. Denial comes in many forms and if you lie to go along with the group you can wind up believing the lie in ways that damage you and everyone else.
- Act the same like you always are. Try not to act nervous or indifferent. Try not to focus on how the lie will affect them and just say the lie as if you were telling the truth.
- Lying to get out of something you don't want to do is a form of passive aggression and shows a lack of self-esteem and ability to stand up for yourself.
- Sometimes if your lying to your mom, put a little bit of the truth in so at makes your truth a little bit more truthful about something.
- Lying can be much more effective when you don't have a reputation for lying.
- When telling a lie to a loved person or someone you admire and trust, take into consideration that sometime in the future you may feel guilty. This feeling may be permanent, and if you ever confess the truth, you may find out that it would have been better to never have lied in the first place.
- Once a few lies feel easy, a few more feel even easier. Not starting is often the best way of not falling into what is essentially a very bad habit that lets you off the hook of owning up to your own mistakes and being self-responsible.
- It is the ego that often lets the lie out of the bag, the stroking self-satisfaction at having pulled off such a good lie.
- Once a liar, always a liar is a common feeling for many. Mud sticks and is hard to remove.
- Your lie may cause you stress, guilt, or make you feel like a bad person. Keep this in mind and remember that it will always be in the back of your mind. It may weigh you down. Now decide if it is worth lying at all.
Sources and Citations
- Partial source of article, Howcast, How to lie and get away with it, http://www.howcast.com/videos/1616-How-To-Lie-and-Get-Away-With-It. Shared with permission.
In other languages:
Thanks to all authors for creating a page that has been read 996,118 times. | <urn:uuid:62fc376f-9566-4757-9476-4d03dd1b2e5f> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://www.wikihow.com/Lie | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246657588.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045737-00112-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.972653 | 5,728 | 2.53125 | 3 |
How can cities make more efficient use of street space, so more people can get where they want to go?
This graphic from the new NACTO Transit Street Design Guide provides a great visual answer. (Hat tip to Sandy Johnston for plucking it out.) It shows how the capacity of a single lane of traffic varies according to the mode of travel it’s designed for.
Dedicating street space to transit, cycling, or walking is almost always a tenacious fight, opposed by people who insist that streets are for cars. But unless cities make room for pedestrians, cyclists, and transit riders, there’s no room for them to grow beyond a certain point.
While street performance is conventionally measured based on vehicle traffic throughput and speed, measuring the number of people moved on a street — its person throughput and capacity — presents a more complete picture of how a city’s residents and visitors get around. Whether making daily commutes or discretionary trips, city residents will choose the mode that is reliable, convenient, and comfortable.
Transit has the highest capacity for moving people in a constrained space. Where a single travel lane of private vehicle traffic on an urban street might move 600 to 1,600 people per hour (assuming one to two passengers per vehicle and 600 to 800 vehicles per hour), a dedicated bus lane can carry up to 8,000 passengers per hour. A transitway lane can serve up to 25,000 people per hour per travel direction.
Of course, it usually takes more than changing a single street to fully realize these benefits. A bike lane won’t reach its potential if it’s not part of a cohesive network of safe streets for biking, and a transit lane won’t be useful to many people if it doesn’t connect them to walkable destinations.
But this graphic is a useful tool to communicate how sidewalks, bike lanes, and transitways are essential for growing cities looking to move more people on their streets without the costs and dangers inherent in widening roads.[Editor’s Note: This article has been cross-posted from Streetsblog USA. Top image courtesy NACTO.] | <urn:uuid:0d1641b1-30b9-476f-88b8-a21b97068193> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | http://brokensidewalk.com/2016/street-capacity-by-mode/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084887621.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20180118210638-20180118230638-00245.warc.gz | en | 0.923663 | 439 | 2.875 | 3 |
In the summer of 1773, 245 years ago, cultural revolution was in the air in London. It had been a year after the landmark Mansfield ruling that would begin to see slavery gradually outlawed in England. At the same time, over in Boston in the US, the American Revolution was gathering pace, with the Boston Tea Party only a few months away. With war bubbling in the background, relations between London and Boston were tense but one young girl would rise above it.
Phillis Wheatley, originally from West Africa, was taken to Boston in the US in 1761 at age seven and immediately sold into slavery. Fast forward 12 years and in 1773, 20 years old, she would find herself in London seeing her first book of poetry published with support from the Lord Mayor of London, making her the first Black African-American Poet to be published.
From Trial in Boston to Stage in London:
Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral (1773) brought her fame both in England and the American colonies. As well as an audience with the Lord Mayor of London, Phillis met with other significant members of British society. An audience with George III, who was admirer of her work, was also arranged but sadly cancelled because Phillis had to return to the US to be by the side of her dying mistress. She also received high praise from figures such as George Washington and also Voltaire who stated in a letter to a friend that Wheatley “had proved that black people could write poetry”.
Getting to this stage was no easy achievement. Many colonists found it difficult to believe that an African slave was capable of writing good quality poetry. Phillis Wheatley had to defend herself as the author of her own poetry in court in 1772 when she was examined by a group of Boston luminaries, including John Erving, Reverend Charles Chauncey, John Hancock, Thomas Hutchinson, the governor of Massachusetts, and his lieutenant governor Andrew Oliver. They eventually concluded she had written the poems ascribed to her and signed an attestation (shown here on the right). However, publishers in Boston had declined to publish her work, and the Wheatleys thought that she would have more success in London – they were right.
Selina, Countess of Huntingdon and the Earl of Dartmouth acted as patrons to help Wheatley gain publication in London in 1773. The attestation by the Boston luminaries was included in the first editions of Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral. It serves as a fascinating piece of publishing and literary history; an important inclusion to show the barrier faced and how difficult it was to get published as an African-American, a slave and, of course, a woman.
Her poem 'Hymn to the Morning' was also published in The London Magazine or Gentleman's monthly intelligencer (as it was also known) in 1773, which was introduced, as follows: "these poems display no astonishing works of genius, but when we consider them as the productions of a young, untutored African, who wrote them after six months careful study of the English language, we cannot but suppress our admiration for talents so vigorous and lively."
Phillis Wheatley’s commitment to educating herself, support from her progressive slave owners and networks in London would eventually lead to this great achievement – for herself and building foundations for rights for women and the anti-slavery movement. It wasn't until shortly after the publication of her book that Wheatley was emancipated.
Origins and Endings of a ‘Genius in Bondage’
Phillis was sold into slavery at the age of seven or eight by a local chief to a visiting trader, who took her to Boston in the British colony of Massachusetts, on 11 July 1761 on a ship called The Phillis. She was re-sold to the wealthy Boston merchant and tailor John Wheatley, who bought her as a servant for his wife Susanna. They named her Phillis after the ship that had brought her to America and was given their last name of Wheatley, a common custom for slaves.
The Wheatley family of Boston taught her to read and write and encouraged her poetry when they saw that she had talent. The Wheatleys' 18-year-old daughter, Mary, first tutored Phillis and their son Nathaniel also helped her. John Wheatley was known as a progressive throughout New England; his family gave Phillis an unprecedented education for an enslaved person or a female. By the age of 12, Phillis was reading Greek and Latin classics.
Despite being emancipated shortly after the publication of her first work in 1773, her life was not easy; two of her children died as infants, her husband (who she married in 1778) was imprisoned for debt in 1784. Shortly after, she fell into poverty and died of severe illness.
Life and Legacy
I’m sure even Phillis herself wouldn’t have believed that 12 years after she was sold into slavery at age 7 or 8, she would become a successful poet and the first Black female to be published. However, I’m sure she would have been grateful for the opportunity and platform that London gave her. One letter of Phillis Wheatley’s gives a short account of her trip to London, dated October 30 1773 and written to Obour Tanner, an African-American woman in Rhode Island, it also forms what some scholars have called ‘the first African-American women’s writing community’.
“The friends I have found there [London, England] among the nobility and gentry, their benevolent conduct towards me, the unexpected and unmerited civility and complaisance with which I was treated fills me with astonishment. I can scarcely realize it. This I humbly hope has the happy effect of lessening me in my own esteem.”
Phillis Wheatley was not someone I had heard of until I was doing some research for the exhibition Rights for Women: London’s Pioneers in their Own Words here at Senate House Library. I’m pleased to have now read a lot of her works and I hope that despite her short lived fame back in 1773 and relatively short life, her story will be continued.
Please help to ensure Phillis' legacy is continued by sharing her story on social media #RfW18 #RememberHer #LeadingWomen
Communications & Engagement, Senate House Library
Genius in Bondage – a study of the origins of African literature in English by S.E. Ogude, Ile-Ife, Nigeria: University of Ife Press, c1983.
Phillis Wheatley : biography of a genius in bondage, Vincent Carretta, Athens, Ga.: University of Georgia Press, c2011.
Phillis Wheatley and her writings by William H Robinson, New York ; London: Garland, 1984.
Daughters of Africa – An International Anthology of Words and Writings by Women of African Descent From the Ancient Egytian to the Present Edited by Margaret Busby, New York: Pantheon Books, ©1992.
The Trials of Phillis Wheatley, Henry Louis Gates, 2010
Transatlantic Feminisms in the Age of Revolutions Edited by Lisa L. Moore, Joanna Brooks & Caroline Wigginton, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012.
A to Z of Women in World History by Erika Kuhlman, New York: Facts On File, c2002. | <urn:uuid:f9203831-e289-46fe-a18f-3dd4f7b91e45> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | https://www.senatehouselibrary.ac.uk/blog/revolutionary-summer-1773-london-publishes-first-african-american-poet | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039741192.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20181113020909-20181113042909-00213.warc.gz | en | 0.981915 | 1,545 | 3.28125 | 3 |
Art forgery has an intriguing place in the world of crime. No violence, no victims and forgers are often seen as cheeky practical jokers. Who doesn’t remember Han van Meegeren, who tricked Herman Göring into buying a fake Vermeer? Also, the benefits for art criminals outweigh the risks they have to take, according to art crime expert Noah Charney, professor of art history at The American University of Rome and founding director of ARCA, the Association for Research into Crimes against Art. In his book The Art of Forgery (translated into Dutch as Kunstvervalsing by Terra Lannoo publishers), Charney highlights the complexities of forgery, from forgers to professionals to society’s perception, and investigates how the world’s most artful tricksters succeeded in deceiving the art world. “A fascinating account of avarice and hubris,” according to the Washington Post. In 360 Magazine he gives insight into the writing process of his latest book and shares tips on effective writing.
Moderator: Pieter van Os
In collaboration with: Terra Lannoo publishers | <urn:uuid:52728031-e5d0-45e7-b23b-312b9c163e58> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | https://www.john-adams.nl/noah-charney/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818686983.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20170920085844-20170920105844-00044.warc.gz | en | 0.934976 | 234 | 2.5625 | 3 |
The learning journeys are knowledge-exchange activities for stakeholders that SHAPE is developing to transnationally share the experience gained in the different Sustainable Heritage Areas in the development of ecotourism initiatives that maintain and develop cultural and natural heritage assets.
The aims of the learning journeys are:
- To gain information about the challenges and opportunities for developing sustainable ecotourism.
- To learn from the experience of the initiatives developed in other Sustainable Heritage Areas.
- Transformation and development of ecotourism in the SHAs as a result of the learning process.
The Sustainable Heritage Areas involved in SHAPE proposed plans for developing the learning journeys, identified overlapping interests, and designed a program of events in collaboration with key local stakeholders. Local stakeholders interested in the development of sustainable ecotourism were invited to attend the learning journeys.
Information about the activities developed in the learning journeys and participants’ reflections is available in the dedicated links below and in the SHAPE Newsletter Number #5.
SHAPE Learning Journeys:
- Snæfellsnes Regional Park Coastal Route. Iceland, 25-27 August 2019.
- Koitajoki Nature Triathlon in North Karelia Biosphere Reserve. Finland, 17-19 September 2019.
- Learning journey in Wester Ross Biosphere. Scotland, 12-14 October 2019.
- SHAPE Learning Journey to GSA Biosphere 15th – 18th October 2019.
How to Prepare Yourself for a Learning Journey:
- Be curious.
- Be open-minded.
- Be ready to change your opinions.
- Remember to use all your senses.
- Do not hesitate to ask questions.
- Facilitate yourself with camera, tape recorder, paper & pen, video camera or other devices you need for making notes. | <urn:uuid:ad910ba5-47af-40a0-a07b-485ff8b4c0aa> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://www.shapingecotourism.eu/learning-journeys/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107894203.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20201027140911-20201027170911-00047.warc.gz | en | 0.875709 | 368 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Fiorenza History, Family Crest & Coats of Arms
- Origins Available:
The Fiorenza family can trace its noble origins to the Italian region of Tuscany. Although people were originally known only by a single name, it became necessary for people to adapt a second name to identify themselves as populations grew and travel became more frequent. The process of adopting fixed hereditary surnames was not complete until the modern era, but the use of hereditary family names in Italy began in the 10th and 11th centuries. Italian hereditary surnames were developed according to fairly general principles and they are characterized by a profusion of derivatives coined from given names. Although the most traditional type of family name found in the region of Tuscany is the patronymic surname, which is derived from the father's given name, local surnames are also found. Local names, which are the least frequent of the major types of surnames found in Italy, are derived from a place-name where the original bearer once resided or held land. Often Italian local surnames bore the prefix "di," which signifies emigration from one place to another, but does not necessarily denote nobility.
Early Origins of the Fiorenza family
The surname Fiorenza was first found in Florence (Italian: Firenze), where the main branch of the family has its roots. Records have been found as early as 1421, when Vespasiano Fiorentini was a bookseller and biographer in the city.
Early History of the Fiorenza family
This web page shows only a small excerpt of our Fiorenza research. More information is included under the topic Early Fiorenza History in all our PDF Extended History products and printed products wherever possible.
Fiorenza Spelling Variations
Italian surnames have a surprising number of forms in comparison with other European surnames because they reflect the regional variations and the many dialects of the Italian language, each of which has its distinctive features. For example, in Northern Italy the most standard Italian surname suffix is "I", whereas in Southern Italy the most typical surname suffix is "O". Sardinian is very different from other forms of Italian and in fact, it is considered to be its own distinct language. Additionally, spelling changes frequently occurred because medieval scribes, church officials, and the bearers of names, spelled names as they sounded rather than according to any specific spelling rules. As a consequence of the major changes in the Italian language and in the local spellings of Italian surnames that occurred over the course of history, there are numerous variations for the surname Fiorenza. These spelling variations include Firenze, Fiorentino, Fiorentini, Fiorentin, Fiorentìn, Firenzuola and many more.
Early Notables of the Fiorenza family (pre 1700)
Prominent among members of the family was Andrea da Firenze (Andreas da Florentia) (died 1415), an Italian composer and organist of the late medieval era, Along with Francesco Landini and Paolo da Firenze, he was a leading representative of the Italian ars nova style of the Trecento, and was a prolific composer of secular songs, principally ballate; Niccol Fiorentino, a medallist from a family of goldsmiths, who lived in Florence around 1430; Giuliano Fiorentino was a 15th century Tuscan sculptor among whose...
Another 82 words (6 lines of text) are included under the topic Early Fiorenza Notables in all our PDF Extended History products and printed products wherever possible.
Fiorenza migration to the United States +
Amongst the settlers in North America with this distinguished name Fiorenza were
Fiorenza Settlers in United States in the 20th Century
- Angelo Fiorenza, aged 29, who settled in America from Italy, in 1900
- Antonia Fiorenza, aged 40, who landed in America from Cantonia, Italy, in 1901
- Antonio Fiorenza, aged 25, who immigrated to the United States from Policastro, in 1901
- Andrea Fiorenza, aged 50, who settled in America from Italy, in 1903
- Antonio Fiorenza, aged 28, who landed in America from Castanzaro, Italy, in 1904
- ... (More are available in all our PDF Extended History products and printed products wherever possible.)
Contemporary Notables of the name Fiorenza (post 1700) +
- Francis Schüssler Fiorenza, the Stillman Professor of Roman Catholic Theological Studies at Harvard Divinity School
- Elisabeth Schüssler Fiorenza (b. 1938), American feminist theologian
- Victoria Marie "Tori" Fiorenza (b. 1986), American beauty queen and reality television personality
- Joseph Anthony Fiorenza (b. 1931), American prelate of the Catholic Church, the seventh Bishop and the first Archbishop of Galveston-Houston
- Nicola Fiorenza (1700-1764), Italian violinist and composer
Related Stories + | <urn:uuid:744295d7-4829-49bf-9179-2f3d3f1f9ccc> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://www.houseofnames.com/fiorenza-family-crest | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439738819.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20200811180239-20200811210239-00473.warc.gz | en | 0.954984 | 1,055 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Horse ownership can be rewarding, but can also require a special level of care that other domesticated animals might not require. They have strict feeding, exercise, and grooming needs and when these aren’t taken care of, horse owners run the risk of something going wrong.
One of the most common conditions in horses is called white line disease. Let’s learn more about what white line disease is, how to treat it, and tips to prevent white line disease from plaguing your horse.
What is White Line Disease in Horses?
According to Life Data Labs, white line disease is a “hoof wall invasion of common organisms in the environment.” White line disease affects the medial, or middle, of the hoof wall and can be caused by invading or opportunistic fungus and bacteria (pathogens). While nearly any horse can get white line disease, it is often caused by mechanical, environmental, physiological or nutritional issues. It can also be caused by trauma to the hoof.
How do Horses Get White Line Disease?
As mentioned, there are many reasons why a horse might be susceptible to white line disease. Here are a few:
Trauma to the Hoof
Trauma to the hoof can cause bruising or bleeding, which can lead to broken blood vessels. These bruises are a feeding ground for harmful microbes, like those that can lead to white line disease.
A hoof wall that’s full of crevices, nail holes, or cracks can allow harmful organisms to gain access to the hoof wall. In addition, moist environments can exacerbate this problem and lead to bacterial and fungal growth.
A Diet High in Bran
Bran is a high-fiber supplement that often contains phytates, which block the absorption of calcium. Without calcium, the hoof wall can deteriorate and become weak and crumbly. Calcium serves as a “glue” for cellular adhesion, which leads to healthy hooves. Without adequate calcium levels, you run the risk of white line disease.
Vitamin A Deficiency
Lastly, both a deficiency and an excess of Vitamin A can result in weak or unhealthy hooves, which puts them at risk of a microbial invasion.
Can You Treat White Line Disease in Horses?
Luckily, you can treat white line disease in horses if it’s caught early. The most common symptoms of the disease include:
- Thickening of the white line on the solar surface of the hoof
- Abnormal percussion in areas of the hoof walls
- The hoof wall is concave opposite of the affected areas
- Hoof bulges above the affected areas
- Lameness in advanced stages
When treating white line disease in horses, first consider the potential source and address that. For example, proper nutrition and hoof hygiene is key. Always examine your horse’s hooves for anything out of the ordinary.
In addition, topical products that jumpstart healing and prevent infection are also key. These antimicrobial products can help prevent hoof cracks and other trauma. Look for all-natural products that won’t cause harm to you or your horse. For example, our hoof care product is perfect for the ongoing maintenance of your horse’s hooves.
Tips to Prevent White Line Disease
Now that we understand what white line disease is and how it can be treated in horses, let’s look at some tips to hopefully prevent the condition in the first place:
- Keep your horse’s hooves well-trimmed and balanced. Trimming their hooves regularly will help prevent tearing or cracking.
- Try to exercise your horse enough. White line disease is more common in stalled horses, or show horses who might not get enough pasture time.
- White line disease can often be a secondary complication to something else going on in the hoof. Make sure to examine your horse’s hooves regularly to avoid old nail tracks, areas of hoof wall separation, and any other concerns.
- Practice proper hoof hygiene. This includes picking your horse’s feet daily
- In overly wet conditions, take even more care of your horse and their hoof health by providing a clean, dry environment. Not only will this help prevent white line disease, but it will also help prevent other nasty conditions such as rain rot.
It’s important that we take care of our equine friends by treating their skin and hooves with the care they deserve. Not only do horses need adequate exercise, a healthy diet, and regular grooming, but they also need hoof maintenance to take care of those pretty feet. By regularly monitoring your horse’s hooves, spotting conditions early, and treating them with the right products, you can ensure that you keep your horse’s hooves in tip-top shape. | <urn:uuid:b39658e2-18d9-4936-b2d5-a0b7e49ff217> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://vetericyn.com/blog/white-line-disease-in-horses-everything-you-need-to-know/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243989018.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20210509213453-20210510003453-00340.warc.gz | en | 0.929397 | 1,001 | 3.421875 | 3 |
Excerpt from Arizoniana by Marshall Trimble, the state’s official historian.
The Southern Pacific railroad stretched its steel ribbons across Arizona in the late 1870s, reaching Tucson in March, 1880. The rail station nearest Phoenix was 35 miles to the south at Maricopa. From the beginning, local citizens began clamoring for a railroad. Despite the fact that thousands of miles of track were being laid across the nation each year, seven railroad companies were organized and went broke in a 10-year period before a line was built from Maricopa to Phoenix.
Carving a Path Across Arizona
During that time the stage line of Gilmer, Salisbury and Company ran a daily from Maricopa to Prescott, passing through Phoenix. A proposed railroad followed the same route, the old Woolsey Road, north to New River, then up through Black Canyon, hugging the Aqua Fria River most of the way before veering off to the territorial capital, nestled picturesquely in the Bradshaw Mountains. A tri-weekly stage also ran north to Prescott via Wickenburg.
In 1885, the 13th Territorial Legislature, much-maligned as the infamous Thieving Thirteenth for its political shenanigans and free spending, created an act that provided for a railroad line linking Phoenix to the Southern Pacific at Maricopa. The original railroad right-of-way was designed to go west of South Mountain and approach Phoenix from that direction. However, residents of Tempe put on so much pressure the line was changed. The Maricopa and Phoenix Railroad was chartered and the task of establishing grades and laying down track began in earnest on November 1, 1886. W. J. Murphy, famed as the entrepreneur who brought about the construction of the Arizona Canal, was the construction boss. Bridges for the Gila and Salt Rivers were to be built in San Francisco and shipped to the sites for final assembly.
Overcoming Construction Challenges and Conflicts
An argument developed between the Pima Indians, who owned part of the right-of-way, and the railroad but there was no stopping the gandy dancers and graders. They trudged into the reservation despite threats from the natives and their agent Elmer Howard. Meanwhile, in Phoenix, another marvelous marvel had occurred. On December 21, 1887, gas lights were turned on for the first time. Those smoky old coal oil lamps would soon be a thing of the past.
By January 10, the construction crews reached the Gila and work on the bridge had begun. However, the trespassing issue with the Pimas hadn’t been resolved and the Secretary of Interior suspended work and ordered the crews off the reservation. Negotiations with the natives lasted some six weeks before a settlement was reached. The Pimas were paid $60 to $85 per acre totaling $707 and work on the line was resumed.
By the end of April, the line was extended to nine miles north of the Gila. Rumors spread that the railroad would reach Phoenix by June 1. Railroad stations were being built at Tempe and Phoenix, and a grade was already being cut at the south end of the Papago Buttes. A sense of excitement was sweeping the town. Folks rode out to the banks of the Salt near Hayden’s Ferry to watch construction on the bridge. Teamsters were packing their gear and preparing to move their headquarters to some burg that was still without a railroad. Shopkeepers were pondering the cornucopia of new merchandise from eastern suppliers for their customers, and real estate developers (yes, we had ‘em then, too) were eagerly getting ready to cash in on the boom.
About that time, Murphy’s Law revealed itself. The construction crews ran out of track, causing a three-week delay. Finally, on June 19, 1887, a new Baldwin locomotive with “Phoenix” painted on its side chugged into Tempe.
Meanwhile, across the river in Phoenix plans were being made to welcome the railroad. Progress slowed as workers donned heavy buckskin mittens. The blazing summer sun made the rails too hot to handle. Work ground to a halt once again as enthusiastic locals held a boisterous, but premature, weekend fiesta.
On Monday, nobody showed up for work and new crews had to be hired. Finally, on July 3 the last of the rails was “laid in and tied down.” Captain William Hancock, the man who surveyed the original town site 17 years earlier, drove in the last spike. The long-sought dream had come true—the railroad had, at last, arrived.
The next day, July 4, brass bands played, politicians spoke, an honor guard fired a grand salute and a gala celebration was enjoyed by the throngs that came out to whoop it up. The tremendous dust storm that swept across the valley that afternoon did little to dim the optimism of the little metropolis that had finally metroped.
After the hoopla died down that day, the engineer threw the little Baldwin into reverse and backed her all the way to Maricopa. Phoenix had joined the civilized world but still lacked a round house. A second-hand turntable was installed several months later.
Citizens, Criminals Clamor for the Railroad
With the purchase of a $3 ticket, same as the stagecoach fare, Phoenicians could now make the 2-hour and 40-minute ride to Maricopa in relative comfort—a far cry from those leather-slung cradles on wheels called stage coaches.
For nearly 40 years the Maricopa and Phoenix Railroad performed its mission admirably. Perhaps the most exciting event occurred in 1910 when the train was held up by youthful Woodson brothers. Using borrowed pistols and rented horses, they robbed the passengers of some $300 then rode out into the desert towards the Mexican border. The sheriff of Maricopa County, at the time, was Carl Hayden.
Hayden quickly organized a posse and went in pursuit. He knew they wouldn’t get far in the desert on horseback, so he commandeered a large touring car at Maricopa and continued the chase. There weren’t any roads so the big car dodged cacti and negotiated the arroyos that slice across the Sonoran Desert. Hayden and his posse caught up with the desperados near Cucklebur. The searing desert heat had taken its toll on man and horse and the pair meekly surrendered. It was the first time in history a posse had pursued outlaws in an automobile.
Sheriff Hayden’s fame spread far and wide after the capture, enhancing his political fortunes. The next year he ran successfully for the single congressional seat in the new state of Arizona and the rest is, as we say, history.
End of an Era
The era of the Maricopa-Phoenix Railroad ended in 1926 when a new Southern Pacific mainline reached the capital. The event was the culmination of a long campaign. “Phoenix Must and Will Have a Mainline Railroad” was even a part of the masthead on the Arizona Gazette [later Phoenix Gazette, and now The Arizona Republic) for 20 years.
Another major event in Phoenix rail history occurred in 1895 when the Santa Fe completed its line from Ashfork, Prescott to Phoenix. Historians generally regard this as the end of the frontier period in Arizona.
When Arizona became a state in 1912 the only viable means of hauling goods and people was by rail. When the horseless carriage arrived on the scene folks began clamoring for better roads. Road races between Los Angeles and Phoenix featuring such famous drivers as cigar-chomping Barney Oldfield and Louis Chevrolet were staged to promote road construction. Despite these efforts the state had less then 300 miles of paved highway in the late 1920s.
In 1944, the Federal Highway Act provided funds for an interstate highway system. These monies were used to complete the paving of U.S. 80, the old Gila Trail across southern Arizona and Route 66, the Beale Camel Road across the northern part of the state.
Excerpt from Arizoniana by Marshall Trimble, the state’s official historian. | <urn:uuid:749d3132-eb29-4f75-8fb7-50eeabf48ee1> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://arizonaoddities.com/2011/01/origin-of-old-arizonas-railways/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422115861162.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124161101-00079-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.973946 | 1,700 | 3.203125 | 3 |
A Separate Peace Essay
A Separate Peace
It is important to confront reality, no matter how harsh it is. People will always face difficult situations, but avoiding them is often more dangerous than the situation itself. In his novel, A Separate Peace, Knowles explores what can happen when a person or even an institution tries to avoid painful circumstances. In the story, Gene, the protagonist, and his friends are students at the Devon boarding school; and the troubling issues they face are wars, the external, World War II, and the intimate conflicts that often arise between close friends.
Knowles uses the motif of the transformation of Devon, Finny, and Gene to show the importance of confronting head-on the wars within and around them. Devon boarding school shields Gene and his classmates from the hardships of World War II. Gene’s class, the “Upper Middlers,” are too young for the draft. This causes the teachers at Devon to see them as the last evidence of “the life the war was being fought to preserve” (29). The teachers are afraid to expose the boys to the terror of war and so they hide it from them.
While throughout the country, others participate in the war effort, Gene and his classmates remain apart and spend their time “calmly reading Virgil” (24). Because of this separation, the war becomes “completely unreal” (24) to the Upper Middlers. The entire world appears to be churning in the upheaval of the war, but Devon tries to remain the same, shielding the boys from its hardships. Unfortunately, when the effects of the war inevitably come to Devon, its attempts at avoidance result in a negative transformation with bitter and unintended consequences.
In its efforts to deny the war’s existence, Devon changes from idyllic and relaxed in the Summer Session to rigid and uncompromising in the Winter Session. In the summer at Devon, the boys play games on the “healthy green turf brushed with dew” to the calming sounds of “cricket noises and the bird cries of dusk” (24). Such imagery makes Devon seem like a peaceful oasis for the Upper Middlers. However, this relaxed atmosphere of the Summer Session ends with Finny’s fall from the tree at Devon River.
Jumping from the tree was an activity originally designed to prepare soldiers for war and Finny’s injury from it represents the boys’ first experience with the pain that war brings. To Devon, Finny’s fall proves that the relaxed atmosphere of the Summer Session could not protect the boys from the reality of war. As a result, Devon rejects the carefree environment of the Summer Session and changes into a strict school where “continuity is stressed” (73) in the Winter Session. This transformation proves negative as evidenced by Knowles stark change in his description of the Winter Session.
For example, while in the Summer Session the boys freely roamed the “healthy green turf” of Devon’s fields, they crowd into the dark “Butt Room” a smoking room that Gene compares to a “dirty dungeon… in the bowels of the dormitory” (88). Where once the boys played in beautiful fields, they are now confined in close, dark rooms. Gene further classifies the transformation as negative by immediately remarking that “peace [has] deserted Devon” (72) when he returns for the Winter Session. In attempting to avoid the effects of the war, Devon sacrifices its status as a haven for the boys.
When the reality that the world is at war inevitably strikes Devon, its transformation makes it less able to deal with the effects of the war. Gene compares the inexorable arrival of the war to the snow that blankets the school grounds. He calls the snowflakes “invaders” that cover the “carefully pruned shrubbery bordering the crosswalks” and likens them to the “invasion of the war on the school” (93). In making this comparison, Gene seems to show that just as Devon’s “carefully pruned shrubbery” cannot escape the snowfall, its structured atmosphere cannot escape the war.
In fact, it is that structured atmosphere that makes the war seem all the more attractive to the very boys Devon tried so desperately to protect. Representing this is the Upper Middlers’ decision to clear snow from train tracks designed to transport troops. This is their first serious contribution to the war effort and requires that they travel away from Devon, symbolizing their desire to leave their school and participate in the war effort. As they work, the boys see a train car of soldiers whom they view as “elite” in comparison to their “drab ranks” (101).
Directly after seeing the troops, all they boys can discuss is the “futility of Devon and how [they] would never have war stories to tell [their] grandchildren” (102). The boys see Devon’s strict unchanging atmosphere as inadequate amidst the upheaval of the war. As a result, the Upper Middlers slowly reject Devon, resigning from clubs, leaving the school to enlist in the war, and losing their academic vigor. They resent Devon for keeping them from the war and remain forever distant from it. Gene exhibits this distance when he describes Devon after graduating.
Gene calls Devon a “hard and shiny” (11) museum; he feels no connection to it. He finally concludes that “The more things stay the same, the more they change after all” (14). In trying to remain untouched by the war, Devon changed to a school that pushed its students to the very war it tried to avoid. Like Devon, Finny does not accept the hardships or existence of war in his life. Throughout the story, Finny embraces the glorified aspects of war, but refuses to accept its atrocities. For example, Finny wears his pink shirt to celebrate the Americans bombing of Central Europe.
However, when he realizes that the bombing killed women and children, he tells Gene that he doesn’t think the bombing took place. He does not want to believe that innocent people are often casualties of war. Eventually, Finny decides that the war cannot exist because it causes too much suffering. Similarly, Finny calls Gene his “best pal” (48) and openly displays his affection for him. However, when Gene confesses to deliberately jouncing him from the limb out of jealousy, Finny refuses to listen. He cannot accept that a friend could become an enemy. Eventually, Finny’s denial of the conflicts in his life lead to a negative transformation.
In trying to retain his rejection of the war, Finny changes from a confident, athletic leader into an embittered invalid. In the summer, Finny excels, becoming a natural leader of the boys and easily winning over teachers. Finny is also physically impressive as evidenced by Gene’s description of him playing in the Devon River. Gene says that Finny is in “exaltation,” with glowing skin and muscles “aligned in perfection” (34). In this description, Finny seems like an ideal, almost God like figure, completely in control and confident. Finny’s injury at the end of Summer Session, however, signals a dark transformation.
Gene shakes the limb Finny is standing on while about to jump off the tree at Devon River and Finny falls and breaks his leg. Because Gene deliberately jounced Finny out of a tree used to prepare the seniors for war, Finny’s fall and subsequent injury symbolizes a forced confrontation with the potential pain of World War II and the war between Gene and himself. Rather than working through the hardship and pain, Finny rejects his former status as an athlete and leader and lets his injury define him as an isolated invalid. Instead of using his athletic abilities to overcome his injury, Finny seems to remain permanently maimed.
Although his leg heals and his cast becomes so small that an “ordinary person could have managed it with hardly a limp noticeable” (157), Finny’s gait is permanantely changed. His inability to heal completely from his injury symbolizes his inability to confront and move on from the conflicts that caused it. Similarly, Finny loses his place as a leader among the Upper Middlers. When Finny returns to Devon for the Winter Session, he finds that the war dominates the Upper Middlers’ conversations. Finny does not believe the war exists and so he isolates himself and stops spending as much time with his peers.
Where once he was a natural leader, he becomes an outcast to preserve his disbelief in the war. Finny’s negative transformation makes him more vulnerable to the wars in his life. At the end of the Winter Session, Brinker conducts a mock trial and convicts Gene of his role in Finny’s injury. Finny is again forced to face the reality of Gene’s jealousy. Furthermore, during the trial, Finny speaks to Leper for the first time after his return from the army. Leper’s insanity, induced by the war, forces Finny to confront its painful implications. Because of Finny’s transformation, he is even more susceptible to these implications.
Symbolizing this are the events following the mock trial. After Brinker convicts Gene, Finny falls while trying to run away. He re-breaks his leg, reopening the wound of the summer and revisiting the pain of the wars in his life. Where before the injury only crippled Finny, this time, Finny eventually dies from it. Just as his invalid state made him more vulnerable to re-injuring his leg, Finny’s transformation in response to the war made him more vulnerable to it. Unlike Devon and Finny, Gene faces the reality of the war around him and his inner struggle with Finny.
While Gene enjoys the peaceful atmosphere of Devon in the Summer Session, he recognizes its inadequacies. Gene explains, “Perhaps I alone knew… Devon had slipped through their [the professors’] fingers during the warm over looked months” (73). Gene realizes that the Summer Session, and the realities it avoided, would be the undoing of Devon. Furthermore, while the other Upper Middlers deny the existence of the war, Gene understands it at a deep level. Gene explicitly says, “The war was and is reality for me” (32). He embraces the war instead of masking it. Similarly, Gene recognizes the inner war with Finny.
Gene knows that he deliberately jounced the limb of the tree so that Finny would fall. He repeatedly tries to confess this to Finny, openly and inwardly confronting his jealousy. Finally, when Leper goes to war and is discharged for mental instability, Gene is the only student who visits him in his home and sees him in his worst state. Gene is able to witness the shock and horror of the war. Because of his ability to face the wars around and within him, Gene undergoes a positive transformation. Gene confronts the conflicts in his life and uses them to mature from a fearful, insecure boy to a balanced and strong man.
Initially, Gene identifies the presence of fear in his life. As an adult reflecting on his childhood, Gene can see “with great clarity the fear [he] had lived in” (10). Gene is also initially in-athletic. While Finny garners many athletic awards, Gene does not often participate in sports and focuses on his studies. This makes Gene feel inferior to Finny and so he often succumbs to Finny’s desires, often at the expense of his own academic success. Gene feels inadequate and insecure in the Summer Session, but the Winter Session signals a change within him.
Before returning to Devon for the Winter Session, Gene visits Finny and confesses his guilt. After confronting his jealousy and confessing to Finny, Gene returns to Devon and becomes increasingly independent and secure. Symbolizing this is Gene’s experience in the Naguamsett River. On his first day back to Devon, Gene falls into the “ugly, saline,” (79) waters of the Nagaumasett. Incidentally, Gene calls this encounter with the filthy waters a “baptism.. on the first day of this winter session” (79). This use of the word baptism, a term associated with initiation or rebirth, seems to convey that Gene is beginning a new life.
Just as he emerges renewed from the gritty disgusting waters of the Nagaumasett, he emerges renewed from his painful, uncomfortable confrontation of his inner war with Finny. Directly following Gene’s “baptism,” Finny returns to Devon as an invalid and he and Gene’s roles reverse. Now, It is Finny who needs Gene, both physically and emotionally, to help him deal with his injury and his functioning at Devon. Gene’s sudden athletic prowess represents this role reversal. Since Finny cannot participate in sports, he trains Gene. As he excels in his training, Gene notices that Finny seems “older…. nd smaller too” (121).
He then realizes that he is actually bigger and Finny is only smaller by comparison. Gene has used the conflict in his life to leave behind his insecurities and become a strong, independent man. Gene’s transformation proves positive as it enables him to grow from the conflicts in his life. The results of the mock trial do no break Gene like the do Finny. He has already confronted his jealousy and guilt, and is secure enough to withstand the pain. Likewise, when Gene finally graduates from Devon and enlists in the army, he endures the war without losing his sanity like Leper.
Gene is able to do this because he “already fought [his] war” (204) at Devon. He learned to confront harsh realities, and therefore can overcome them. As an adult, Gene is able to return to Devon content and secure, having made his “escape from” (10) the fear that plagued his childhood. His ability to confront his wars enable him to mature through them. Devon, Finny, and Gene all transform throughout the story. However, Devon and Finny changed to avoid the war, but Gene changed to grow from it. These transformations and stark difference in their outcomes powerfully convey the importance of unflinchingly confronting wars without and within.
University/College: University of Arkansas System
Type of paper: Thesis/Dissertation Chapter
Date: 11 November 2016
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Schumpeter’s theory of development assigns paramount role to the entrepreneur and innovations introduced by him in the process of economic development. According to Schumpeter, the process of production is marked by a combination of material and immaterial productive forces. The material productive forces arise from the original factors of production, viz., land and labour, etc., while the immaterial set of productive forces are conditioned by the ‘technical facts’ and ‘facts of social organization’. The Schumpeterian production function can, therefore, be written as –
Q = ƒ [k, r, I, u, ν) …(1)
Where, Q stands for the output, k for the Schumpeterian concept of “produced means of production”, r for natural resources, l for the employed labour force. The symbol u represents the society’s fund of technical knowledge and ν represents the facts of social organization, i.e., the socio-cultural milieu within which the economy operates.
The above function shows that the rate of growth of the output depends upon the rate of growth of productive factors, the rate of growth of technology and the rate of growth of investment friendly socio-cultural environment. Schempeter held that the alterations in the supply of productive factors can only bring about gradual, continuous and slow evolution of the economic system.
On the other hand, the impact of technological and social change calls for spontaneous, discontinuous change in the channels of output flow. Thus taking into account these two types of distinct influences Schumpeter distinguished two components in the dynamic evolution of the economy – (a) the “growth component” which brings about gradual, continuous and slow evolution due to the changes in the factor availability, (b) the “development component” which brings about spontaneous and discontinuous change in the channels of output flow due to changes in the technical and social environments.
Schumpeter regarded land to be constant. The growth component will, therefore, include only the effects of changes in population and of increase in the producer goods. But Schumpeter further maintains that there does not exist any a priori relationship between the changes in population and the changes in the flow of goods and services. In other words, Schumpeter considers the population growth to be exogenously determined. Now, the increase in producer goods results from a positive rate of net savings.
The major part of savings and accumulations are attributed by Schumpeter to profits. But, according to him, the profits can arise if innovations such as new techniques of production are employed or if new product is introduced. Hence ultimately it is the change in the technical knowledge (i.e., variable u) which is responsible for any change in the stock of producer goods, i.e., the rate of capital accumulation directly depends on the rate of technical change.
Regarding the historical development, Schumpeter subscribed to Marx’s materialistic interpretation of history and he maintained that the economic state of people emerges only from the preceding total situation. However, the most important point of Schumpeter’s theory is that the expansion of output depends upon the history of technological development. In simple words, we can say, according to Schumpeter, the growth of output is geared to the rate of innovations.
No doubt, Schumpeter holds that the trend of economic growth shall be fixed by the exogenous variable of population growth, yet according to him, the process of economic development is synonymous with discontinuous technical change, i.e., innovations. The agent which brings about innovations is called by Schumpeter as entrepreneur. Thus, entrepreneur becomes the pivot of Schumpeter’s model.
Role of Entrepreneur as an Innovator:
In economic development as outlined by Schumpeter, the entrepreneur plays a key role. The credit for innovations and the outburst of economic activity goes entirely to the entrepreneur.
Innovation consists in:
(i) Introduction of anew good,
(ii) Introduction of a new method of production,
(iii) The opening of a new market,
(iv) The discovery of a new source of supply of raw materials or semi-manufactured goods, and
(v) Introduction of a new organisation in an industry.
In a world characterised by a high degree of risk and uncertainty, only businessmen of exceptional ability and daring will be able to undertake innovations and launch enterprises and exploit opportunities for profit. But these entrepreneurs are not only lured by profit but are also motivated with a desire to found a dynasty in the business world or a desire for conquests in the competitive world or have the joy of creating. Thus, in the Schumpeterian analysis, the role of the entrepreneur is a determining factor of the rate of economic growth. In his absence the growth rate is bound to be slow.
The supply of entrepreneurs depends not only on the rate of profits (which is obvious) but also on the favourable social climate. They will appear and continue only in a society which honours them, where prestige is attached to them and the social rewards or recognition they are able to earn. In short, the conditions or social values in which they have to operate must be favourable. The rate of profit is an unfailing thermometer of the favourable climate. Any tendency to squeeze profits, increase taxes, intensify welfare programmes, strengthening of the trade union movement or measures of redistribution of income will deteriorate the climate for investment and so for economic development.
Development Cycle-The Circular Flow and the Process of Creative Destruction:
Schumpeter’s starting point in the “circular flow” is a stationary equilibrium in which there is no investment, population growth is at a standstill position and there is full employment. But there are numerous opportunities in business which the entrepreneurs are quick to exploit and innovations are undertaken. The success of the original innovators attracts ‘swarmlike’ many others who follow them. Economic activity becomes more and more brisk and the boom gathers momentum with the result that prices and money incomes rise. There is then the secondary economic wave ‘imitative investment’ superimposed upon the earlier one, i.e., ‘innovational investment’.
But soon follows the process of creative destruction. The boom gives way to slump or recession. Completion of innovations brings in a large supply of goods which cannot be marketed at profitable price. There are forced bankruptcies since the banks call back loans. The repayment of bank loans accentuates deflationary forces. Business risks scare away the prospective entrepreneurs. In this unfavourable climate, the innovational activity comes to a halt. After this painful process of adjustment in which weak enterprises are liquidated, the businessmen find conditions again ripe for a further spurt of entrepreneurial activity. The economic activity is resumed at a higher equilibrium. This is how the circle of development process is completed. There is a new wave of innovations and the development cycle repeats itself.
Role of Credit:
Another new point introduced by Schumpeter in this analysis of economic development is the important role that credit plays in economic development. It is not the saving out of current income which supplies funds for investment, but the credit creation by the banking system. The classical and the neoclassical economists thought in terms of given supply of money or the supply coming forth to match the increased supply of goods and services, so that the price level is not affected. To them “money is a mere veil which tends to hide the behaviour of the basic forces at work”.
But Schumpeter makes credit creation an integral part of the development, process. In this analysis the entrepreneurs expand their business merely by borrowing from banks who will lend not because some persons have made savings and deposited in the banks. But the banks just create credit themselves to accommodate the business borrowers. This pushes up the prices. “Thus credit- creating facilities tend to free investors from the voluntary abstinence routine of the savers. Forced savings become an important means of capital accumulation.”
Two points are worth mentioning in regard to Schumpeter’s analysis of development process in a capitalist society. In the first place, the dominance of the entrepreneur or the producer limits and reduces correspondingly the sovereignty of the consumer. The producer does not passively produce the goods as dictated by consumers’ tastes and preferences. By his dynamic role, through high pressure of salesmanship, he attempts and succeeds fairly in changing even the tastes of consumers or in creating in them new wants and desires.
This again emphasises the crucial role of the entrepreneur in giving new directions and dimensions to the development process. Secondly, unlike the neoclassical economists who believed that the process of economic development was gradual and harmonious, Schumpeterian analysis brings out the uneven and disharmonious nature of economic growth. It proceeds by spurts and leaps and bounds. “The essence of development is a discontinuous disturbance of the circular flow.” This disturbance appears in the form of innovations. This arises from the fact that the world is dynamic and not static. In the static world rational calculations are possible and reasonable forecasting is feasible, but the dynamic world is full of risk and uncertainty mainly arising from the innovational activity of the entrepreneur who is able to exploit new investment horizons.
Capitalism- Its Potentialities and its Degeneration:
The classical economists were depressed by the inexorable law of diminishing returns and the irresistible growth of population. Schumpeter does not share their pessimism. He also does not believe in the inherent tendency towards a maldistribution of incomes resulting in ever-recurring severe crises as Marx did. Nor does he agree with the stagnationists that there is persistent lack of investment opportunities together with institutional rigidities making for an equilibrium at less than full employment. Schumpeter, on the other hand, has faith in the capacity of the capitalist system in attaining ever increasing levels of national output and income. He is prepared to admit, however, that there might be temporary setbacks.
Although Schumpeter has infinite faith in the potentialities of capitalism, but he also believes in a Marxian fashion that the very success of capitalism will breed the germs of its ultimate degeneration which will pave the way for socialism. In Schumpeter’s view, it is not failure of capitalism which will spell its doom, but its very success that would result in killing the goose that lays the golden egg. He thus says – “The actual and prospective performance of the capitalist system is such as to negative the idea of its break-down under the weight of economic failure, but its very success undermines the social institutions which protect it, and inevitably create conditions in which it will not be able to live and which strongly point to socialism as the heir apparent.” In other words, it is not the economic barriers but social factors which will undermine capitalism.
According to Schumpeter, the economic and social foundations of capitalism will crumble on account of:
(a) The decay of the entrepreneurial function,
(b) The destruction of the institutional framework, and
(c) The disintegration of the protecting political framework.
The entrepreneurs make their business grow so big that innovation itself becomes a routine and is in the charge of salaried persons and technological progress now becomes the province of specialists; marketing and administration become automatic. “Innovation thus degenerates into a depersonalised routine activity carried on in big business through a bureaucracy of highly trained managers.”
This is how the entrepreneurial function is rendered obsolete. The concentration of business and the growth of monopolies destroy the institution of private property and freedom of contract. Whereas ‘bigness’ contributes to more rapid economic progress, it also weakens the concepts of private property and freedom of contract. In a big business corporation, the proprietary interest is replaced by shareholders, big and small, none of whom is particularly interested in the business. The part that the proprietor used to play is now played by professional salaried managers.
The social class that used to protect capitalism also loses its political power which is captured by a new group of politicians who are ill-equipped to rule and unwilling to support the established trade and industry. They adopt policies inimical to capitalists’ interest. This is what we are witnessing in India. The common people and many politicians are now positively hostile to big business like the Birlas, Tatas and Ambanis. The intellectuals who derived freedom and power from capitalism now lead the anti-capitalist groups. The educated unemployed is another group of ‘have-nots’ against the capitalist class of ‘haves’. Labour also organises itself for fight against capital and the intellectuals supply the leadership. All these new forces lead to the gradual degeneration of capitalism and strengthen the movement towards socialism. Capitalism cannot function in this new atmosphere.
Apart from differences in emphasis, three major differences may be noted between the Classical School of Marx and the Schumpeterian analysis:
(a) Schumpeter introduces interest rate as a determinant of savings which is an important factor in economic development’,
(b) He separates the autonomous investment from the induced investment and emphasises innovations as the factor affecting autonomous investment; and
(c) He regards entrepreneurship as the vital force which shapes an economy.
Evaluation of Schumpeter’s Theory of Development:
Schumpeter has been a great ‘theorist’ whose writings contain brilliant thoughts and a deep insight into the working of an economy. However, his analysis of the entrepreneurial innovations is not applicable to modern conditions in which the act of invention and innovation is carried on not by individual entrepreneurs but by large corporations as a routine affair. It is not possible to identify entrepreneurs who introduced many actual innovations. He himself recognises the tendency towards obsolescence of the entrepreneur.
It has been pointed out by critics that what Schumpeter gives is the theory of business cycles and not an analysis of economic development. Even Schumpeter’s analysis of business cycles can be accepted only with some modifications to suit modern economic conditions. According to Shumpeter, crisis in capitalism is brought about by maladjustment caused by waves of innovations. But big businesses in modern times can absorb these waves and produce steadier and larger expansion of the total output. Further, the main cause of business cycles is fluctuations in aggregate demand as pointed out by J.M. Keynes.
The assumption that innovations are financed by borrowing from credit creation by the banks is also not very realistic. It is a well-known fact that most of the bank loans are short-term loans whereas the implementation of innovations requires long-term finances. The long-term projects are financed by retained profits or by the issue of shares and debentures by the companies concerned.
Schumpeter’s socio-economic analysis of the capitalist process is also not fully convincing. He seems to overemphasise the influence of economic factors on social culture. It is not one-way link between rationalism in economic matters and rationalism in other fields, social and political. Not many would agree that capitalism was about to crumble and socialism was round the corner.
Capitalism in countries like the U.K. and the U.S.A. which were its traditional homes too strongly established themselves to yield place to socialism. Only, we can say with him that the nature of capitalism has changed. There is no doubt that the political strata protecting the old type capitalism are weakening and the traditional entrepreneurship too is becoming obsolete, as Schumpeter said. But it does not mean that capitalism is about to collapse and socialism is coming.
On the contrary, it is socialism that collapsed in eighties of the 20th century. In both Soviet Russia and Republic of China socialism came to end and in its place free-market economy came into existence. Meier and Baldwin rightly write- “Although Schumpeter’s analysis is provocative, it seems one-sided and overemphasised. To recognise that history involves perpetual change is quite different from concluding that a socialist form of society will emerge from an equally inevitable decomposition of capitalist society.”
Relevance of Schumpeter’s Theory for Developing Countries:
The conditions obtaining in Western Europe and America after the First World War presented a capitalist system in full swing, wherein the innovator acted as the initiator and controller of economic development. Schumpeter’s observant eye got the clue to formulate a theory of development presenting a unified view of the whole economic process. Schumpeter viewed “development” as a distinct phenomenon which, he says, “is spontaneous and discontinuous change in the channels of flow, disturbance of equilibrium, which forever alters and displaces the equilibrium state previously existing.”
This springs from changes in the economic life due to endogenous factors (initiated from within) and not exogenous factors which are forced upon it. Explaining his contention further, he holds that “Should it turn out that there are no such changes arising in the economic system itself, and that the phenomenon that we call economic development is in practice simply founded upon the fact that the data change and the economy continuously adapts itself to them, then we should say that there is no economic development.” This concept wherein endogenous changes in the economy act as the sole prime mobile of development restricts the relevance of Schumpeter’s theory to the growth problems of developing economies.
Rigid and outmoded socio-economic institutions, low saving potential and laggard technology are completely incapable to generate developmental impulses from “within” in the underdeveloped countries. They have to take recourse to imported capital, technology and skill to initiate and propel their developmental wheels. For instance, India made a big stride forward in growth and it has sought foreign capital to help in its economic development. It has also gone for foreign collaboration in terms of loan, equipment, skill and technical know-how. Since factors from ‘without’ are responsible for initiating and operating development projects, they cannot, according to Schumpeter, be regarded as embodiments of India’s genuine process of economic development. This contention of Schumpeter is unsustainable and unconvincing.
It cannot be gainsaid that every such plant has generated a developmental wave in the Indian Economy. Thus, Alfred Bonne remarks, “Exclusion from Schumpeter’s definition would not make the new plant cease to be a case of development, having in view precisely those goods which are the essential objectives of development activities in economically backward countries.” In this view, therefore, Schumpeter’s theory of development is incongruent with the conditions prevailing in the developing world.
Further, Schumpeter’s preoccupation with only the endogenous factors and his insistence on development as embodying only the spontaneous and discontinuous changes makes him oblivious of the role of population growth as an economic force in the developmental process. He regarded population as exogenously determined and held that there does not exist any deterministic a priori relationship between population growth and variations in the flow of goods and services. But it is precisely the excessive population pressure that is responsible for revolutionising the methods and techniques of agricultural production in the presently overpopulated developing countries.
In fact, some of the post-Keynesian theories regard population growth as a stimulant for autonomous investment. By failing to take proper cognisance of one of the most vital phenomena operating in the presently underdeveloped economies, Schumpeter rendered his theory almost ineffectual to such countries.
Further, the existence of a business elite, i.e., the entrepreneurial class, is fundamental to Schumpeter’s theory of economic development. The carrying out of innovations and using new production functions is the prerogative of this elite group of private entrepreneurs. However, there are serious doubts about the effectiveness of this social group in the development of the developing countries. The contemporary history of economic development of these countries provides ample evidence to reveal that it is not only the private entrepreneurial class, but also the national governments that are responsible for preparing and launching programmes of industrialisation.
With the development process of these countries being rapidly imbued with the socialistic hues, their governments have increasingly assumed the role of a national entrepreneur. Not the innovations of the private entrepreneur but the “government action and mass impulses today seem to be the most characteristic motive forces of economic development.” So much so that even in the private sector of these economies the entrepreneurs cannot fulfill their functions without the active and substantial assistance from the government and semi-public bodies. Moved by such a un-Schumpeterian economic landscape in the developing countries, Prof. Gunnar Myrdal remarks that “it represents, indeed, an attempt at a complete reversal of what once happened in the now developed countries as described by the Schumpeterian model.”
In developing economies, a number of factors such as the outmoded socio-economic institutional framework, tradition-ridden investment horizon and unreliable attitude for undertaking of new ventures, have all contributed in denigrating the pivotal role assigned to the Schumpeterian entrepreneur in his functional aspects. The governments of these countries under such conditions cannot afford to remain an idle and passive spectator. It is incumbent for them to come forward and become the herald of industrialization by playing the role of a unified national entrepreneur.
Furthermore, the governments of the developing countries are committed to the rapid creation of ‘social overheads’ or what is now called infrastructure in order to fulfill the popular demand for higher standards of living. The private capital fails to come forward because of the lumpy nature of such investments and the long gestation periods involved. On the other hand, an agency like the government has sufficient means to mobilize the capital resources of the economy through various fiscal and monetary measures and by borrowing from abroad.
The very exigency of the situation in the developing economies compels their governments to shoulder the responsibility of initiating and steering the gigantic task of economic development. Thus, the Schumpeterian model of development which assigns the primary and central role to the private entrepreneur and only a secondary and passive function for the government is a misfit to the conditions obtaining in the developing countries.
Besides, the entrepreneurial innovation so pivotal to the working of Schumpeter’s model has no significance to the process of development in the developing countries. Henry C. Wallich and H.W. Singer have held that due to the demonstration effect on an international plane, the businessmen in the developing countries are prone to import and assimilate the already known technology and methods of production from the developed countries rather than undergo the risks of innovating anew (some of which in any case may prove to be abortive). Hence the development process in the developing countries is increasingly becoming a process of derived development, being based on assimilation of existing innovations made elsewhere rather than on the Schumpeterian type of indigenous innovations.
In the Schumpeterian model, by its very nature and approach, inflationary pressures are bound to operate as the development process gathers momentum. The entrepreneurs’ innovational activity being financed by the credit-creating banking system, credit-creation assumes a vital role in his model. The creation of credit leads to a rise in purchasing power of the community without a corresponding increase in production. Increased purchasing power results in an increased demand for production services and consumer goods. The increased demand coupled with the increased volume of money in circulation results in a general price rise.
But in the consumption-oriented development process of a developing economy, the inflationary tendencies are very powerful, persistent and cumulative in nature. “It is not only development and associated investment that are responsible for inflationary tendencies, but the entire social climate of demand-oriented economy.” They become a serious drag on the development process itself. Thus, the production-oriented Schumpeterian vision of development process fails to realise the hurdles like secular inflation that characterise the consumption-oriented development of the developing economies. What in fact is needed is a totally different framework of analysis and theory that is realistic to the circumstances of these economies.
However, certain aspects of Schumpeter’s model retain universality of application. Irrespective of the type of economy and its stage of development, the importance of innovations as one of the major factors in economic development remains unassailable. ‘Technological possibilities are an uncharted sea’, and in this Apollo age, we can safely assume that the developing countries can hardly afford to remain mere imitators and assimilators.
Even if mere transfer of ready-made and proven techniques of production is sought, there remains the problem of adaptation of foreign technology in the domestic economy. It calls for a certain amount of pioneering spirit and entrepreneurial skill in so far it is new to the country in which it is to be adapted. Further, the risks of transplanting such technology in underdeveloped economics would be considerable. Hence the entrepreneurs in these countries should possess at least some of the basic qualities of the Schumpeterian entrepreneur.
From the point of view of successful development in developing countries Schumpeter’s theory highlights the urgency of bringing about drastic transformation of the tradition-ridden socioeconomic institutions and reshaping of the inimical attitudes to develop a favourable climate for the growth of entrepreneurship. Adequate entrepreneurship is one of the prerequisites for sparking off a take-off stage in these countries.
Further, once the process of industrialisation sets apace in the developing countries, Schumpeter’s theory can undoubtedly throw considerable light on the problems associated with the long-run increase in productivity. It shall also provide clues to the problem of absorption of ‘surplus labour’ in gainful employment as a result of innovations. In this way Schumpeter’s theory of development can provide some valuable lessons to the countries for avoiding waste and extra hardships that are liable to attend an unplanned and uncoordinated development. | <urn:uuid:a12cb3c3-c82c-4f1e-871e-1983c65986cc> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://www.economicsdiscussion.net/economic-development/schumpeters-theory-economic-development/schumpeters-theory-of-economic-development-economics/30174 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107916776.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20201031062721-20201031092721-00063.warc.gz | en | 0.946606 | 5,334 | 3.15625 | 3 |
World's Sixth-Largest River Discovered Under the Black Sea
This color-augmented 3-D radar image shows where the undersea channel enters the Black Sea from the Bosphorus. Photo by University of Leeds via the Daily Mail
The broad and powerful Bosphorus defines Istanbul, splitting the city into two continents and solidifying its importance over centuries as a transit and trading route. Anyone who's been out on its waters knows the strength of the strait and has likely noticed the two treacherous currents flowing in opposite directions, one of which, it has recently been discovered, is strong enough to have carved out a massive undersea river -- believed to be the only one of its kind still flowing.The undersea river, up to 115 feet deep in places, carries a volume of water 10 times greater than Europe's biggest river, the Rhine, along the sea bed, "carving out channels much like a river on the land," the Telegraph reported earlier this month, noting that the river even has rapids and waterfalls.
"If found on land, scientists estimate it would be the world's sixth largest river in terms of the amount of water flowing through it," the paper wrote.
Surveyed with a Robotic Submarine
Scientists from the University of Leeds were the first to survey the channel, using a robotic submarine. They found that the dense, salty water from the Marmara Sea -- which leads out to the Aegean and Mediterranean Seas at the other end of the Bosphorus -- is flowing out of the strait and along the bottom of the Black Sea, carrying along sediment and nutrients that could be key in providing vital nutrients to remote parts of the ocean.
"Scientists have long suspected [undersea rivers] can form, after sonar scans of the sea bed have revealed meandering channels in many of the world's oceans, although none have been found before to have currents of water flowing through them," the Telegraph wrote.
"Most are believed to have formed when sea levels were much lower and the channels have been found to be up to 2,500 miles long and be several miles wide. The channel in the Black Sea, although much smaller, is the only one to be found still flowing and proves that these mysterious channels are formed by underwater rivers."
More about the Black Sea:
!F Film Festival: Black Sea Eccentric Fights for Coasts
Oil Spill in Istanbul as Cargo Ship Runs Aground
The Ups and Downs of the World's Most Isolated Sea
Black Sea Floods a Not-So-Natural Disaster
Can Turkey's Trashy Coasts Be Transformed?
Oil Spill in Black Sea Strait Could Be Region's Worst Environmental Disaster | <urn:uuid:177a4d4d-5640-4b62-a439-40319ae0e317> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://www.treehugger.com/natural-sciences/worlds-sixth-largest-river-discovered-under-the-black-sea.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246655962.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045735-00127-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.95871 | 555 | 3.546875 | 4 |
- Common abilities:
- Special abilities:
- +5 Combat Strength when besieging a District.
- Special traits:
Strategy[edit | edit source]
Although the Hypaspist wields a spear, it's not an anti-cavalry unit: it's a melee unit that functions best when adjacent to other friendly units or attacking a district. They also work very well in conjunction with Alexander's Hetairoi - the Hypaspists line up and attack enemy units to weaken them, then the Hetairoi swoop in to deal the killing blow and earn Great General points. Together, they can mop up the forces around enemy cities until the Hypaspists are in position to lay siege to them. Used in this way, a mixed force of Hypaspists and Hetairoi will prove very difficult for other civilizations to fight off in the early stages of the game.
The Hypaspist's increased support bonus means they benefit more from support, but they are not better at providing such bonuses for other units. For example, a Hypaspist and a friendly Warrior both flank an enemy unit to form a triangle; when attacked, the Hypaspist will receive a +3 Combat Strength support bonus from the Warrior but the Warrior will still receive only a +2 Combat Strength support bonus from the Hypaspist.
Civilopedia entry[edit | edit source]
Among the Greeks, a hypaspist (or “shield bearer”) was a lightly-armored soldier who possessed great flexibility on the battlefield. Philip II of Macedon turned them into legends. The Macedonian phalanx, while very nearly impregnable, was most vulnerable at its flanks and in its rear. Though the hetairoi (or “Companions”) could help protect against such attacks, their essential role as shock cavalry meant they were best used in a more offensive role.
Thus, the hypaspistai. With a solid round shield, linen armor, and a short spear, the hypaspistai could rapidly maneuver to protect against attacks from infantry or cavalry. In turn, the hetairoi would protect the hypaspistai, providing progressively flexible flanks around an exceptionally spiky and slow-turning center. Philip’s elevation of the hypaspistai stressed the importance of maintaining the phalanx, and in turn provided an elite unit for young soldiers of Macedon to aspire. His son Alexander the Great would continue Philip’s tradition. | <urn:uuid:394516d7-3841-40d1-88d9-aaeeee831363> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://civilization.fandom.com/wiki/Hypaspist_(Civ6) | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141176049.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20201124082900-20201124112900-00142.warc.gz | en | 0.936912 | 516 | 2.546875 | 3 |
This is an original research article. To cite, please use: Katrina Navickas, ‘Hull’, 2015, http://protesthistory.org.uk/places-maps/hull
Salthouse Lane was a site of political activity. Situated just north-west of the Old Harbour, it was half a mile or so outside the old and tightly packed town centre. Described in 1798 as ‘an open, airy street in which a few merchants reside’, by the 1830s, it was more developed, though still retained a respectable appearance and a proportion of Tory merchant residents.
The lane was the site of the Subscription Schoolrooms, erected 1806, which were used for multiple purposes, including a dinner in honour of Whig MP Daniel Sykes attended by 270 gentlemen in September 1830, for meetings of the Hull Auxiliary Peace Society in 1831 and of the temperance society in 1839. Salthouse Lane was the site of a Baptist Chapel, a hospital for poor women rebuilt by the Corporation in 1829, and a large house built for a wealthy merchant in the 1780s which had been bought by the Bank of England in 1829 and operated as their branch until the 1850s.
The ‘working men’s association rooms’ at the White Hart on Salthouse Lane hosted weekly meetings of the association and from mid 1839 onwards, and the Chartists used the large room for public meetings. The Chartist headquarters in Hull were half a mile south at the Royal Oak in the middle of Blackfriargate, the major thoroughfare between the Shambles and the old harbour. Again this was not an exclusively male space, as the Female Patriotic Society held their weekly meetings at the Royal Oak in late 1839.
John Tickell, The History of the Town and County of Kingston-upon-Hull (Hull, 1798), p.840. At the January 1835 election (later investigated in the parliamentary select committee for electoral corruption), 39 householders and burgesses registered at Salthouse Lane voted, the majority plumping for the sitting Tory candidate David Carruthers, a London merchant: The Poll-Book For the Borough of Kingston-upon-Hull (Hull, 1835); James Joseph Sheahan, General and Concise History and Description of the Town and Port of Kingston-upon-Hull (London, 1864), p.250.
PP 1823, Copies of All Reports … Under the Gaol Act, p.269; Hull Packet, 28 September 1830; The Herald of Peace, vol 8 (London, 1831), p. 469; NS, 23 February 1839.
PP (XLV) 1834, Accounts and Papers Relating to Corporate Offices and Charitable Funds (1834), p.291; http://www.hullwebs.co.uk/content/j-georgians/city/SalthouseLane/Salthouse_Lane-04.htm
Northern Star, 3 August, 7, 14 September 1839.
Northern Star, 3 August, 14 September 1839.
James Acland and the unstamped press
James Acland was almost a one man champion of anti-corruption first in Bristol 1829-31 and then in Hull after he had been released from prison for printing libelous material in his Bristolian unstamped paper. He continued his crusade by publishing the Hull Portfolio in 1831, and was imprisoned again for fifteen months. Upon his release, he then moved to Manchester, where he became involved in the campaign against the monopoly on the markets, and an Anti-Corn Law League lecturer.
The reform bill agitation was employed for more particular local grievances, in Hull’s case, the monopoly of the corporation over tolls and customs. Acland headed the Hull Political Union, and pushed forward a radical agenda at a meeting to consider the Lords’ rejection of the reform bill on 11 October 1831, including such resolutions as ‘that the aristocracy of this Country is no longer entitled to the estimation or respect of the people’. A moderate reform meeting was convened at the Guild Hall on 17 October following a requisition of 283 individuals, and although agreeing to the meeting the Mayor William Hall refused to take any more part in the event. Reverend Richard Sykes took the chair, and the meeting was adjourned outside due to the numbers, with the speakers mounting a stage that had been co-incidentally erected for a circus on the corner of Queen Street and Wellington Street. The Hull Packet estimated about 30,000 people in the crowd. The magistrates held a special meeting at the Guild Hall on 21 November to consider swearing in special constables in anticipation of unrest. James Acland, however, issued a ‘formal protest and declaration of the burgesses of the town and borough’ which declared that they would refuse to serve as special constables because of their opposition to the tolls collected by the Corporation. He claimed that the stall keepers of the market had received ‘wholesale attacks … by the continued multiplication of the legal proceedings’ against them for non-payment’. The protest lay for signatures at Acland’s printing shop at 38 Queen Street. The Political Union met with the mayor and magistrates on the same day about their refusal to serve as special constables, and Acland issued another circular again declaiming: ‘Do not justify the calling out of special constables by those who have eight hundred a year dependant [sic] on the Ferry Monopoly and two thousand a year on the Town Tolls’. The toll question dragged on into 1832, with the Anti-Mill Society meeting with the aldermen about their opposition to the tolls, although the bench of magistrates rejected their claims.
Though Acland’s battles in Hull seem localised, the campaign for a free press and for the ‘march of intellect’ had wider ideals covering a wider geographical area. The very title of Hobson’s The Voice of the West Riding indicated its purpose – as representative of those inhabitants who did not have a voice in the elite-controlled papers – and its scope: this was a regional enterprise, proud of its West Yorkshire identity.
The early 1830s saw other endeavours at unification of regions, organisations and class – not least in Henry Hunt’s revival of his Northern Union, and more significantly, union leader and cotton spinner John Doherty’s National Union of the Working Classes. Even if these faltered in practice, the ambitions and new goals were clearly evident. Hobson shared these pan-regional horizons, having with the other committee members of the Political Union in November 1831 issued a circular calling for a meeting of delegates at, importantly, ‘Manchester, as the centre’ in order to ‘frame general resolutions for a grand meeting all over Britain and Ireland, on the same day and hour, so that the people may come in all respects well prepared to meet their tyrants on one great and general principle’. Manchester, it seems, still held sway over the nevertheless proud Yorkshire woollen and fancy weavers.
Gareth Bush, Bristol and its Municipal Government, 1820-51 (Bristol, 1976), p.57; Patricia Hollis (ed), Pressure From Without; Scola, Feeding the Victorian City, p.165.
TNA, HO 52/15/538, The Hull Portfolio, 12 October 1831; HO 52/15/542, Codd to Melbourne, 12 October 1831.
Hull Packet, 18 October 1831.
TNA, HO 52/15/534, Printed circular, 21 November 1831; HO 52/15/536, ‘To the People of Hull’, 21 November 1831.
Hull Packet, 13 March 1832.
Poor Man’s Guardian, 5 November 1831; TNA, HO 52/15/544, printed circular, 1 November 1831. | <urn:uuid:1005800b-e8ae-4698-9e5e-cd6ce35a4491> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | http://protesthistory.org.uk/places-maps/hull | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794863689.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20180520205455-20180520225455-00011.warc.gz | en | 0.956053 | 1,678 | 2.703125 | 3 |
I use trivia all the time to help students connect to the lesson at hand. I use articles, books, stories, pictures, maps….all sorts of materials to introduce a subject, to use as a bridge to help students connect the known to the unknown, and sometimes I just use trivia for the entertainment value.
I’m on a constant search for trivia….
Are you familiar with Mental_Floss magazine?
Their website states: Mental_Floss magazine is an intelligent read, but not too intelligent. We’re the sort of intelligent that you hang out with for a while, enjoy our company, laugh a little, smile a lot and then we part ways. Great times. And you only realize how much you learned from us after a little while. Like a couple days later when you’re impressing your friends with all these intriguing facts and things you picked up from us, and they ask you how you know so much, and you think back on that great afternoon you spent with us and you smile. And then you lie and say you read a lot.
Mental_Floss is a perfect source when mining for trivia…..
Take these articles for example:
Nineteen Fun Facts About Children's Books…..Find out interesting facts such as which children’s author was on the run from the Nazis, which author was a window dresser at FAO Schwarz….and many other facts.
Everything You Would Want to Know About the History of Little Golden Books….The first titles were released in October, 1942. After only five months 1.5 million books had been sold. I see a fantastic motivation activity to use with students regarding their favorite Little Golden titles….
22 Fictional Characters Whose Names You Don't Know…..When teaching a mini-lesson regarding character use the information found in this article to your advantage. Students will be interested in the real or full names of characters such as Captain Crunch, Peppermint Patty, Barbie and many others.
Head on over to the Mental_Floss website and begin collection information you can use in the classroom. | <urn:uuid:78ef42fe-def1-4e2e-b144-5880e86372aa> | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | http://unitstogo.blogspot.com/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398462686.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205422-00295-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.934341 | 427 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Before the COVID-19 pandemic, nearly 186,000 workers in West Virginia were employed in six broad industries that are now considered the frontlines of the response. Nurses, janitors, grocery clerks, child care staff, bus and truck drivers, these are the essential workers in our state and our economy, and the current crisis has done little to change that. Instead it has shown just how vital these workers are.
However, these same workers with whom we trust with our health, our nourishment, our loved ones, and our lives are too often underpaid while working long hours. Many lack health insurance, and too many are living in poverty.
This post provides some demographic details of these essential workers, so we both can better address their needs can better appreciate the work they do every day on the frontlines of this pandemic. The data comes from a Center on Economic Policy and Research analysis of the 2014-2018 American Community Survey.
More than 66 percent of all frontline workers in West Virginia are women, including 83 percent in the social services and 78 percent in health care.
People of color are also over represented in West Virginia’s frontline industries, particularly in the building cleaning, health care, and social services industries.
Despite working in such essential industries, 8.8 percent of West Virginia’s frontline workers are living in poverty (less $26,200 for a family of four) and 25.7 percent live at or below twice the poverty line ($52,400 for a family of four). Moreover, 46 percent of workers in cleaning services, 37 percent in food and drug stores, and 36 percent in social services live in households at or below twice the poverty line.
Meanwhile, 18.5 percent of cleaning services workers, 13.2 percent of delivery and warehousing employees, and 9.8 percent of child care and social service workers do not have any health insurance. The West Virginia workers guiding us through this global pandemic and most likely to be exposed to COVID-19 would be forced to suffer serious financial hardship if infected.
With no healthcare and low wages, caring for a family can be a challenge for many frontline workers. In total, 34.1 percent have a child at home, including 36.2 percent of health care workers and 32.8 percent of grocery and drug store workers. This underlines the importance of affordable and easily accessible daycare, both during the crisis and afterwards.
Protecting and assisting these workers should be a top priority for the next steps in the state and federal response to the coronavirus crisis. While some important protections for frontline workers have been enacted, there is far more that could be done. Further policies could include:
We have a great newsletter, join below: | <urn:uuid:b3c90cd5-173d-46ea-845e-65083f708be1> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://wvpolicy.org/who-are-west-virginias-frontline-workers/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499710.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20230129080341-20230129110341-00039.warc.gz | en | 0.953731 | 561 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Throughout this module, students will use hands-on, inquiry-based explorations to investigate:
- properties of seawater.
- how ocean water circulates and how currents are formed.
- different features of the ocean floor and how the ocean floor is mapped.
- how the ocean floor got its shape.
Use the navigation on the right to explore resources that will be useful for the investigations. | <urn:uuid:be56fea6-3e12-46fa-bbfc-729cfafd8606> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://www.americangeosciences.org/education/ies/oceans | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027316555.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20190822000659-20190822022659-00004.warc.gz | en | 0.866644 | 83 | 3.9375 | 4 |
Robots will jump on the surface, rising 15 meters and hovering in the air for 15 minutes.
A pair of rover robots landed on an asteroid and began research work after a significant descent on September 21. The Japanese agency JAXA reports that this is the first study of the asteroid surface by robots moving along it. The mechanisms were deployed from the Japanese Hayabus-2 probe to Ryuga. Each of them is functioning normally and began to study the surface.
Taking advantage of the low gravity of the asteroid, the robots will jump on the surface, rising to a height of 15 m and hanging in the air for 15 minutes. This will allow to study the physical properties of the asteroid. The Japanese agency tried to implement a similar mission in 2005 on another asteroid, but faced a setback. Next month, Hayabusa-2 will deploy a “shock object” that will explode over the asteroid (shot with a 2-kilogram object) to create a small crater on the surface. In this recess, the probe plans to produce “fresh” materials that are not exposed to the effects of millennial wind and radiation. Scientists hope that this composition will allow to find answers to fundamental questions about life and the universe.
The probe will also lower the MASCOT landing gear for surface observations. Hayabusa-2 in size resembles a large refrigerator with solar panels. This is the receiver of the first asteroid explorer Hayabus, who returned from a smaller object in 2010 with dust samples. The Hayabusa-2 mission started in December 2014 and should return to Earth with samples in 2020. | <urn:uuid:79a4ff0d-86cd-43c6-a8a5-e6b19e48e8c8> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://great-spacing.com/publication/52/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986696339.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20191019141654-20191019165154-00054.warc.gz | en | 0.93182 | 326 | 3.6875 | 4 |
How emotionally intelligent is your doctor? Although answers to this question vary, it is not surprising that physicians' social skills or "EQ" are related to their job performance. After all, regardless of doctors' technical competence, their ability to deal with patients and influence their behavior will depend more on their personality and attitude than what they learned in medical school. But as James Stoller, the Institute Chair for Education at Cleveland Clinic, argued, doctors have not been traditionally selected on their social skills. In fact, given that medical training mostly rewards individual competitiveness and academic knowledge, most doctors are ill-equipped to cater to the human side of patient demands.
Fortunately, that appears to be changing. In the UK, the National Health Service - the world's fifth biggest employer with an estimated 1.7 million employees - has included leadership and collaboration as key competencies for engaging staff and improving patient satisfaction. In the US, which spends more on healthcare per capita than any other nation (despite dismal results), patient satisfaction is now critical. With the introduction of Obamacare, the quality rating of hospitals will partly depend on how satisfied patients are. Accordingly, various programs have been recently introduced to enhance EQ-related skills in doctors, including their teamwork and leadership potential.
For instance, the Centre for Creative Leadership puts doctors through an intense training program designed to boost their collaboration and leadership skills. In the past 10 years, more than 400 healthcare institutions have participated in this program. Such efforts are important because they will make doctors' career success more dependent on their leadership skills than their clinical experience. This issue is well-known in other industries. For example,
But what is the actual evidence for the importance of EQ in medical education? In a review of 485 independent studies, higher EQ was positively associated with "more compassionate and empathetic patient care" (...), "higher-scoring assessments of knowledge" (...), "and effective coping with organizational pressures and leadership" (p. 762). Moreover, EQ was also related to improved teamwork and doctor– patient communication, leading the authors to conclude that educating and selecting doctors on EQ should improve both medical education and healthcare performance. It is noteworthy that although well-designed EQ-training programs do work, it is often more effective to focus on selection than development. In other words, when selection fails, you end up spending a great deal of time and money on training and development.
Since EQ is mostly dependent on people's personality, personality assessments are particularly effective for hiring and promoting higher-EQ physicians. For example, a review of prospective studies on medical selection and training where initial scores on personality were used to predict subsequent medical performance and work-related stress, found that higher sociability, self-awareness, and conscientiousness were all linked to better individual and organizational outcomes in the future. Of particular relevance is the link between these attributes and patient satisfaction. For example, several studies indicate that physician communication skills, warmth and friendliness, as well as the tendency to take into account patients’ concerns and expectations, all increase patient satisfaction. In line, the Mayo Clinic has long been selecting and promoting doctors with a strong team spirit, tact, and service orientation, and regarding highly driven individualistic performers as "misfits". Furthermore, several leading US medical and surgical programs, such as the NYU Langone Hospital for Joint Diseases, Rush University Medical Center, Thomas Jefferson, Cleveland Clinic and UCLA, are now using personality assessments for selection and training in their residency programs. A leading proponent for this approach, Joseph Zuckerman, a prominent clinician and the department chair of Orthopaedic Surgery at NYU Langone, stated that interpersonal skills and professionalism are now vital to the success of physicians and should be a central consideration in the selection and training of residents.
In what is arguably the most compelling case study for paying attention to soft skills in healthcare management, Kaiser Permanente, a large care provider with over 160,000 employees and more than 9 million health plans, completely transformed its poorly-performing Colorado operations in the 1990s by replacing its executive medical director. When the new director, Jack Cochran, took over, he made clinical leadership an explicit item in the agenda and re-defined the role of physicians as “healers, leaders, and partners”. In just five years, Colorado became Kaiser’s top-performing branch on quality of care, as well as one of the highest quality health institutions in the US. Patient satisfaction rocketed, staff turnover plummeted, and, importantly for those who worry only about ROI, net income increased from zero to $87 million. Clearly, then, it does pay off to pay attention to soft skills and EQ.
I am a business psychologist interested in talent analytics, leadership assessment, and the human side of AI. I am the Chief Talent Scientist at ManpowerGroup and a Professor of Business Psychology at University College London (UCL) and Columbia University. I am also the co-...MORE | <urn:uuid:048bdb75-f2ca-4e9b-8158-eb26f8497aca> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | https://www.forbes.com/sites/tomaspremuzic/2014/10/26/social-skills-leadership-in-healthcare-the-case-for-boosting-doctors-eq/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376823318.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20181210055518-20181210081018-00098.warc.gz | en | 0.964115 | 1,009 | 2.515625 | 3 |
The wisdom of the ages. Philosopher Peter Koestenbaum, introduced in earlier sections, stated his life’s work has been to make philosophy accessible to others. To do so he defined the four essential dimensions of human existence—Vision, Courage, Reality, Ethics—and described how they act as strategies, individually and in combination, to achieve successful outcomes. As stated in the opening introduction, the interrelationship of the four leadership dimensions is shown by Peter in his mental model, the Leadership Diamond©,
Describing the Leadership Diamond©
Consider the diamond as a flexible membrane that represents the leadership mind. At rest it has a relaxed diamond shape:
When the leadership mind is active, its strategic forces thrust outward causing the diamond to stretch to new dimensions (hence the image curvature as shown below). These forces are applied in equal strength to achieve the optimum strategic balance.
Throughout this presentation the following image is displayed visually showing the interrelationship of the four leadership strategies. Below each diamond image are brief statements appropriate to the situation at hand. This example displays Peter’s summary of each leadership dimension.
The Leadership Diamond©
Vision: to see the larger perspective
Courage: to act with sustained initiative
Reality: to have no illusions
Ethics: to serve based on principled standards
This mental model is brilliant in its simplicity and in the manner in which the individual strategies are combined to strengthen and complement one another.
In Flight, the Leadership Diamond©
When climbing into the cockpit operational issues come to the forefront. The pilot’s challenge is in the next few hours, minutes and seconds. Achieving near-term objectives is the primary mission at hand. Imagination and thoughtful action are necessary and personal leadership during flight operations is an essential proficiency.
The diamond’s strategic forces may be described as follows:
Vision: Anticipation—the pilot’s concepts of the flight ahead adapt to new information as it is received. Before and during flight the pilot forms mental images of the actions to be taken, and these images sharpen as flight parameters, terminal and enroute weather, departure and arrival conditions, etc. are obtained. The cockpit leader’s mind and senses are tuned to what lies ahead.
Courage: Confidence—challenge and sense of adventure tend to attract determined, self-assured people to flying. The cockpit leader commits to achieving mission success while demonstrating self-confidence and the ability to deal with uncertainty.
Reality: Awareness—the cockpit leader respects the aviation environment and is aware of the situations that may affect the flight, knows both aircraft and personal capabilities/limitations and continually seeks new information by interacting with others, through training/experience and by self-learning.
Ethics: Character—the cockpit leader acts with integrity based on embodied principles, shares aviation knowledge freely, and has a highly developed sense of duty to colleagues, the aviation industry and the public being served.
In Flight, the Leadership Diamond©
This diamond model provides a summary view of cockpit leadership in operational flight settings. Specific Leadership Diamond© applications are or will be employed to present and describe a wide range of flight-related situations and topics.
The Diamond’s Leadership Dimensions
The following series of posts in this section providee representative descriptions and examples of the outward cardinal forces—Vision, Courage, Reality, Ethics—that stretch the leadership mind in real time. Many characteristics are universal while others are specific to operational requirements, aircraft type and other variables.
Potential applications include every aspect of flight, includung:
Aeromedical and HF issues, Conflict resolution, CFIT and terrain avoidance, SHELL model, SMS issues, Judgment, Decision making, Airmanship, CRM, Team management, Fuel management, Situation awareness, Pilot attributes, Subscriber suggestions.
Prelude to Cockpit Leadership
Aviation Safety Proceedings
In the spring of 1993 the Seventh International Symposium on Aviation Psychology was held at The Ohio State University. Three of the presenters were from the Boston Massachusetts area, Captain Bob Mudge, representing his company Cockpit Management Resources, Inc., Norm Komich , representing Flight Safety International and myself , representing the Massachusetts Aeronautics Commission. We presented individual papers related to aviation human factors, pilot training, cockpit management and leadership.
Interestingly, we did not know one another prior to this symposium. However, over the years we became and remained good friends and stayed in regular contact.
This website presentation would not be possible without the contributions of these fine aviation professionals. Each shared his knowledge and insights with enthusiasm and good humor.
Sadly, in recent years, both Norm and Bob have flown their last flights. Each made enormous contributions to the aviation community.
Their comments in the following posts and elsewhere are written in the present tense to acknowledge their wisdom will always be with us.
Captain Bob Mudge flew with Northeast Airlines, a company acquired by Delta Airlines in the 1960s, Bob authored a book, Adventures of a Yellowbird, documenting the unusual history of his original airline. A training captain with Delta, Bob retired and founded Cockpit Resource Management, Inc. In this capacity he developed the Quantum Management System (QMS), a pioneering CRM training program.
Bob believed in teaching a cockpit management system and believed that many CRM programs were “too subjective.” QMS is well accepted, notably in corporate aviation.
Norm Komich was a Search and Rescue helicopter pilot in Viet Nam and received the Distinguished Flying Cross. After serving as an airline First Officer, a position that gave birth to many anecdotal stories, he flew as Captain. He served both nationally and regionally on ALPA safety committees.
Norm was a natural teacher, and always had pertinent stories, humorous and practical, to make sure his points were understood. He connducted a number of CRM related workshops, including one for NASA test pilots.
It was my good fortune to spend hours with Bob in his home basement office dicscussing aviation safety. He shared, I absorbed. Norm and I became good friends and fellow Daedalians. We conducted workshops and made presentations together. Norm and Bob touched many lives in aviation and beyond and are indeed missed.
/s/ Bob Jenney | <urn:uuid:87b9a634-3ccc-4bcc-b609-ee60f04a91a1> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://aviation.org/introduction/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473347.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20240220211055-20240221001055-00429.warc.gz | en | 0.951619 | 1,286 | 3.09375 | 3 |
The two-liquid diffusion process in a transparent container can be observed based on the laser beam deflection through it. A digital camera is connected to a computer to take laser beam traces on the screen and processing in the form of several image filtering procedures and algorithms to develop the digital value of the laser beam coordinates captured on the screen. Extracting image data into numerical data for the next calculation process must represent the image curve approaching the original curve when the numerical data is plotted. Some algorithms based on the OpenCV programming language was constructed, such as grayscale and applied Canny Edge Detection show significant laser beam traces and specified coordinate values. Canny Edge Detection produces sharper image data and more precise numerical data compared to previous experiments using grayscale, eroded and dilution image processing algorithms. For comprehensive observation, the character of this system is discussed with reference to the Sodium Chloride solution as an observation object. The result of the diffusivity in this experiment was 1.386 × 10-5 cm2s. It was found in a good agreement within an error bar to a reference, indicating the system is running well. | <urn:uuid:10601b1d-b1d7-4d93-905f-0166e6f53ccf> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://scholar.ui.ac.id/en/publications/gray-scale-and-edge-detecting-method-to-extract-raw-data-in-the-d | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573744.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819161440-20220819191440-00005.warc.gz | en | 0.913271 | 226 | 2.703125 | 3 |
In Bohemia, at least as early as the early 15ᵗʰ century – at least as late as the early 19ᵗʰ century, a possible unit of land area applied to land used for growing hops. Frank Gareis notes the occurrence of this unit in a book of about 1405, and in Saxony in 1815. The magnitude of the unit is unknown.
In German, “Rainen” means to fix the boundaries between fields, and a “Rain” is a ridge or bank separating fields. In a description of a group of fields, it might be easily possible to confuse an account of topography or a count of fields with a unit of land area (for example, does “this hop garden contains 4 Rainen” mean it contains four ridges, or four units of land area)? More information on instances of this word is needed.
1. Frank Gareis. www.genealogienetz.de/reg/SUD/bmasse.html D. Selig, editor. 28 February 2003.
Copyright © 2002 Sizes, Inc. All rights reserved.
Last revised: 15 April 2003. | <urn:uuid:22df92b2-f828-40cd-9aae-7b805b548446> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.sizes.com/units/rain.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511386.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20231004152134-20231004182134-00488.warc.gz | en | 0.910185 | 245 | 3.1875 | 3 |
Cats have a practically year-round breeding season. Once a male cat attains sexual maturity, it will always be ready to mate. Female cats would go through periodic heat cycles but as these animals are polyestrus, they would appear as if they are almost always in heat. Female cats in heat would be receptive to the attention of any male cat. In a multi-cat household where the cats are not allowed t go out, the cats would look no further for a potential sexual mate. The cats would mate with the other pet cats. Does this mean that cats coming from the same litter would mate? Yes, in any man made environment, closely related cats – brother and sister or parent and offspring would mate. Unlike humans, cats are not restricted by taboos about incest.
Cats make wonderful pets. To a cat lover, one pet would not be enough. As what commonly happens, a pet parent would get two cats from the same litter – a male and a female cat. The pets would grow…become sexually mature. When the time to mate comes, these two pets would not look elsewhere for a sexual partner especially if they are indoor pets. The brother and sister cats would be drawn together by the urge to mate. Although the breeding is unplanned, owners that have the capability to care for the litter would eagerly await for the kittens’ delivery date. The mating between brother and sister or between genetically related parents is called inbreeding. Inbreeding is commonly practiced by pedigree breeders for the purpose of enhancing the physical capabilities of the breed. In cats, breeders would generally practice inbreeding to enhance the aesthetic traits of the breed unlike in dogs where the ideal behavior and the physical abilities of the dog are enhanced. This is done by concentrating positive genes. However, inbreeding can concentrate negative genes as well. Mating between brother and sister cats would double up the good genes but the genetic defects the sibling have will be doubled up as well. If the siblings only have negative genes, genetic defect would occur in the litter as no good genes would recompense for the negative genes.
Mating between brother and sister can result to improved physical traits. But there would always be a possibility that the inbreeding can result to physical deformities as in the case of Persian cats that were purposely bred to have flat faces. The desired appearance was achieved but the negative effects are weeping eyes and breathing problems. Other cats that have resulted from the mating of siblings suffer from joint problems and other physical deformities. Mating between closely related cats would pass ideal physical traits to the offspring but it would also result to genetically inherited health concerns as the gene pool would be more limited. As both parents would have the recessive genes it is highly probable for the litter to have genetic defects such as physical deformities and health concerns that would result to shorter life span of the kittens. Mating between closely related parents commonly result to smaller litter. Another negative effect of inbreeding is weaker immune system of the litter. The cat would have shorter life span as they would easily succumb to common feline diseases.
Breeders would intentionally practice inbreeding. Cat owners aware of the risk of inbreeding should make sure that the brother and sister pets are prevented from reproducing. Preventing the closely confined cats from mating would be next to impossible. If there are no breeding plans, it would be a wise idea to have the pets neutered. | <urn:uuid:db39676e-2afe-4827-a536-036f25b590ba> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | http://www.careyscats.com/qa/do-brother-and-sister-cats-mate/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982938776.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823200858-00219-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.973913 | 691 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Step back in time at the Churchill War Rooms
The Churchill War Rooms, a war museum in King Charles Street, London, is one of the Imperial War Museum’s five sites. The museum comprises a wartime underground bunker, which accommodated a British government command centre during WWII. It also shelters Cabinet War Rooms and the Churchill Museum, which explores the life of Winston Churchill. If twentieth-century history interests you, the museum is the place to visit. Purchase Churchill War Rooms tickets to immerse yourself in the past and explore this historically significant site.
Walk the corridors where history was made
Charles Key (MP) refuted the idea of opening the Churchill War Rooms for public viewing post-war. He considered it unrealistic to allow the general public into an office of confidential work. However, on 4th April 1984, Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher opened the Rooms to the public.
With Churchill War Rooms tickets, visitors can walk the corridors stretching underneath Westminster. These rooms and corridors protected Churchill and his cabinet from the German bombings. Navigate through them and hear stories about those who worked, slept and lived in the War Rooms. See where Churchill met his War Cabinet and catch a glimpse of what life felt like throughout the intense days and nights of WWII.
Dive into the core of Britain’s war efforts at the Churchill War Rooms and learn what life was like as the Museum takes you through a timeline of the Second World War. Interactive displays, exhibitions and artefacts offer in-depth knowledge about this period in history.
Tour the tunnels to see where the government strategised the Allied Route to Victory in the War Rooms. You can also enter the Map Room, standing preserved in time ever since the lights were turned off in 1945. The Transatlantic Telephone Room also features on the tour route. It was concealed as a private toilet but was originally the place where Churchill secretly communicated with the President of the US.
Learn the story of Churchill’s life and legacy
After touring the war rooms, visitors can explore the Churchill Museum and learn the legacy of the then Prime Minister. Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill was also a writer, an army officer, a salesman and, in later life, a painter. He became the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom twice – from 1940 to 1945 and from 1951 to 1955.
The Museum uses modern technology to explain Churchill’s role in winning the war. The interactive exhibition gives the opportunity to relive the past and listen to extracts from his most influential speeches.
With Churchill War Rooms tickets, you get a first-hand experience of this famous British attraction. Such in-depth knowledge and insight are rarely available in physical form and can only be accessed by visiting the War Rooms. It typically takes ninety minutes to complete the tour, but you can easily spend a few hours exploring the Museum. So, if you’re a history buff, bring your friends along and discover more about this fascinating period of history.
- Explore the historic wartime bunker
- Discover the stories hidden beneath the streets of Westminster and learn about the lives of the staff working there during the Second World War
- Learn the story of Winston Churchill's 90-year life from childhood till his death
- Admission to the Churchill War Rooms and Museum
9.30am to 6:00 PM, last admission 5:00 PM.
July – August: 9.30 AM to 7:00 PM, last admission 5.45pm.
Closed 24, 25 & 26 December.
How to get there
The closest London Underground stations are St James’s Park and Westminster.
Getting your tickets
You will receive your tickets via email shortly after booking. Please print them out and present them at the ticket office.
Tickets cannot be cancelled, amended or rescheduled. | <urn:uuid:4cde937e-d34d-4bab-8de3-46b563ee3bac> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://tickets.co.uk/tickets/churchill-war-rooms-tickets/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027330962.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20190826022215-20190826044215-00115.warc.gz | en | 0.93905 | 771 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Why You Should Be Paying Attention to Choline
October 25, 2013
This little-known nutrient plays a vital role in our diets. Find out why you might need more of it.
What is choline?
Classified as a B vitamin, choline is an essential nutrient that ideally should be consumed -- the liver alone simply can’t synthesize enough to meet the human body’s needs. Research conducted by NHANES in 2004 revealed that less than 10% of the population had adequate intake of choline.
Why do I need it?
Choline plays a role in just about every bodily function. It has been shown to protect the liver from fat and cholesterol build-up while also assisting in proper muscle and nerve functions. It is particularly important during pregnancy as it can help reduce the rate of neural tube diseases, as well as brain and spinal defects in infants.
Meeting the proper amount of choline in one’s diet can help:
- Prevent memory loss related to aging
- Delay muscle fatigue after a workout
- Lower cholesterol levels
- Decrease swelling and inflammation
Where can I get it?
The daily requirement for choline is 425- 550 mg/day for adults. Examples of foods that are particularly high in choline include:
- Beef liver (3oz) – 418mg
- Whole large egg – 112mg
- Ground beef (3oz)– 90mg
- Cod (3oz) – 70mg
Foods that are rich in choline such as eggs, liver and red meats are known to raise your cholesterol level but -- when consumed in moderation -- they can be an excellent source of important nutrients. Choline can also be found in vegetarian-friendly sources such as soybeans, peanut butter, broccoli and Brussels sprouts, but the amount of choline per serving is much lower than from animal sources. For this reason, vegetarians are thought to be at greater risk of choline deficiency as they are at a higher risk of vitamin B12 deficiency, which can interfere with the synthesis of choline in the liver.
Low choline intake has also been linked to high blood pressure, high cholesterol levels, nervous system disorders and fatty liver diseases. High alcohol consumption, high sugar intake and nicotine have also been shown to contribute to choline deficiency. The upper intake level for choline is 3.5 grams/day for adults (overly high doses have been associated with vomiting, increased salivation and increased sweating).
Is there enough choline in your diet? Let us know about your favorite sources in the comments section below:
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October 16, 2018 by Doreen Garelick, Dietetic Intern
Our intern Doreen attended a food waste summit for restaurants and compiled these tips to help food service operators redirect food waste from landfills.
September 26, 2018 by Doreen Garelick, Dietetic Intern
Ever notice headlines about rapid weightloss? Dietetic Intern Doreen Garelick looks deeper into a recent eye-catching headline to see if there's any truth behind it. | <urn:uuid:8b04ce8d-a935-4062-b959-b448d1eb5688> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | http://specertified.com/blog/view/why-you-should-be-paying-attention-to-choline | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046150067.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20210723210216-20210724000216-00194.warc.gz | en | 0.944106 | 642 | 3.109375 | 3 |
Due to the fires burning in Australia, I’ve been thinking about animals indigenous to that island. So I did a little research about kangaroos.
Before I give you any of that information, I want you to think about something. We’ve all seen kangaroos in person or on television. And in history, the indigenous peoples of Australia hunted kangaroos for their meat, fur, and skins. But what would the first first Europeans have thought of these odd (to them) animals?
Just imagine. Kangaroos have a head like a deer, but they stand upright. They jump and hop more than they walk. They have that huge tail. And that second head that looked to be sticking out of the belly? The stories they told when they returned home probably sounded like mermaid stories. Not really believable.
So here are some interesting things to know about kangaroos.
- They are herbivores.
- The are good swimmers and if threatened may head to the water. And if pursued, they may hold their pursuer under water to drown them.
- Gestation is short, about 30-36 days. Babies are hairless and only about the size of a lima bean at birth.
- Their lifespan is only about 6 years in the wild and up to 20 years in captivity.
- They can be over 6 feet tall and weigh up to 200 pounds.
- Kangaroo meat is a good source of low-fat protein.
- They have a thing called embryonic diapause, which means (in the simplest possible terms) they can have an embryo which is dormant and not implanted into the uterus until they are ready for another pregnancy. I’ve never heard about this and have to admit that I am a little weirded out by the whole idea.
- They can run about 40 miles per hour over short distances.
If you are interested in donating to help the human victims, firefighters, or wildlife victims of the fires in Australia, there are plenty of options available. This one, WIRES, was recommended to me for wildlife such as kangaroos. | <urn:uuid:af400dec-4769-4993-8f02-8f46e3765284> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://www.historicalresearchupdate.com/stories/kangaroos/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038862159.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20210418224306-20210419014306-00223.warc.gz | en | 0.961747 | 445 | 3.25 | 3 |
As you very well know, our growing season on the prairies is short and sweet. Get a head start on mother nature by sowing certain seeds indoors in March!
Getting started is easy, begin by gathering your materials. Vermiculite or a soilless mix and a nice dark location will give your seeds a good foundation to germinate in. Once you have your materials, place your seed in enough material to completely cover the seed and keep the soil slightly moist.
Once the seed cracks open it needs to be on a sunny location or under full-spectrum lights in order to grow and survive. Once the seedlings have their first true leaves, carefully transplant them into separate cells.
Below are a few ideas of which flower seeds you can start earlier in the month uncovered, or covered, and which to start later. Herbs can be sown anytime in March and if the plant gets too big or spindly, just trim it back and use.
March first week:
Seeds that should be sowed the first week of March that requires no covering: Ageratum, Alyssum, Portulaca, Celery, Cucamelon and Strawberries.
Seeds that should be covered lightly either with vermiculite or soil: Balsam
Seeds that requires darkness for germination and needs to be covered completely: Pansy, Salvia and Viola
Mid to end of March
Seeds that should be sowed the first week of March that requires no covering: Impatiens, Lobelia, Petunia and Lettuce
Seeds that should be covered lightly either with vermiculite or soil: Celosia, Coleus, Dianthus, Gazania, Phlox, Snapdragon, Sweet William and Verbena
Seeds that requires darkness for germination and needs to be covered completely: Marigold, Eggplant, Broccoli, Brussel Sprout, Cabbage, Cauliflower, Kale, Kohlrabi, Peppers, Onions and Tomato.
Getting a head start on your garden will give you the best yields. If you have any gardening related questions or want to share ideas for future topics, send an email to [email protected] | <urn:uuid:37c2a27b-10f1-4c84-8644-a6db57a2bbd5> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | https://www.floralacres.ca/post/what-to-seed-for-spring | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195526153.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20190719074137-20190719100137-00315.warc.gz | en | 0.928038 | 464 | 3.046875 | 3 |
I am having a hard time finding info. There is plenty out there on merging rice fields with crawdads. It seems that when rice fields are drained it works with the cycle of crawdads. They burrough holes, have babies, then come out when fall rains create the pond again (or filled for rice production)
My question is a pond that stays a pond. Can i assume they move to the banks and burrough there?
As far as catching them (harvest), i dont need to drain it. Just put some traps in.
With the new pond installed i thought i would give it a try. I have vegetation and minnows established. Plenty of frogs and tadpoles came on their own. I won't ad any predator fish if it works.
Another pond should be built next year. If this draining thing is needed i can add a drain to the next one. I cannot imagine this being the case though.
I'm going to be watching this thread with interest, although I don't have any knowledge to share. All I know is my observation of the burrowing (terrestrial) crayfish that we have around here, and they are, apparently, not the same species as the ones that like to live in ponds and streams. The burrowing crayfish dig a hole down to the water table, where they excavate a living chamber, and then they make a living eating underground organisms, like a mole does. The only time I ever actually see these "land lobsters" is when we've had flooding rains for days, and there's overland sheet flow across my yard. They seem to come up on the surface then (maybe because it's a very wet environment?) and crawl around in the flooded grass.
I wonder whether the aquatic ones ever have a reason to come out if you don't flood their burrows? I assume that unlike the land ones, they must make their living catching stuff in the aquatic environment, and if they're out there swimming around in the pond, they ought to be trappable. Sorry, just speculating here, I don't actually know anything useful.
I don't raise them on purpose but we catch them in the fishing lake we go to. They are about 3 feet deep where we fish for them and they have holes burroughed there. So, they should be fine in a pond that is always a pond.
I'm reasonably sure no draining is necessary. I've caught & seen many living in streams & rivers that don't drain. Don't know anything about raising them but I can verify that they can reanimate after being on ice for at least a couple hours. Had an unplanned round up at a BBQ once. Was hilarious.
Argue for your limitations and they are yours forever.
I second that no draining is needed. In fact they may grow faster if water temps alow them to keep foraging when their is no draining. They go dormant for the dry, or cold times of the year. So if you can minimize that dormancy it should equate to faster growth. Many aquaculture growers just use traps to harvest, and never drain their ponds.
Many aquaculture growers just use traps to harvest, and never drain their ponds.
The trapping seemed easy enough. Sepp holzer drains his pond to harvest if i understand correctly. But i think he grows them in the sediment pond before the main pond. It has a monk pipe so he can drain it. Mine is the same setup minus the monk pipe. Next year's pond build will probably include a monk pipe/shallower depth/ and whatever else makes it crawdad and harvest friendly. Just need to see if this is the parh i want to take.
But i am thinking just add them in the pond(s). Start trapping next year and see what happens.
Pond is not aerated. In the commercial industry the rice fields are harvested and crawdads are added. Their feed comes from the rice stubble. This is an efficient use of the 2 products. They live off the waste.
They eat plants, aquatic plants, stuff that dies and sink to the bottom, and any live minnow they get lucky enough to claw. I am hoping i have enough diversity estsblished to do nothing.
Floating duckweed can double every couple of days and they eat it. The seeding we did after pond completion has a lot of sorghum and millet. Both are seeding. Rain will wash the seeds into the pond. I am keeping all grazers out this year to hopefully self seed for next year. Tadpoles are in the water weed. I have another pond that is full of minnows. I can use an umbrella net and put 100 in a day if needed in just a few minutes.
I'm interested in the source too. Never thought about raising crawdads before. Sounds like a great plan though. I have okra & sassafras for making gumbo. I prefer shrimp gumbo but shrimp here is marginal at best. Mud bugs will work just fine!
Argue for your limitations and they are yours forever.
15 pounds was ruffly $100 delivered. Its overnighted live for a crawfish boil.
More info, each female lays 200 to 400 eggs. Not sure what the hatch rate is but that is a huge number. With 100 crawdads and assuming half are females and 100 hatch that is 10,000 crawdads.
Sometimes the answer is nothing
posted 1 year ago
Is it possible to do seasonal tilapia farming, with floating pens? That may be another way to create byproducts to increase production. Another option is a small flock of ducks, that will drop their fertalizer in the water, to increase fertility in the pond. Of course both options need planning to create balance for maintaining good water quality.
I have no interest in tilapia. In a normal year, cows are rotated through there. Cow patties make it to the pond. I have kept them out because the topsoil was decimated in the pond construction and am getting it reestablished. I also get egrets on a daily basis walking the shallows and probably pooping. Zach put a fish habitat in the pond (stumps chained to a concrete culvert). He left a branch sticking up out of the water. I often see a song bird perched on that branch. Poop is happening.
There is plenty i could do but i think everything is set up for a natural environment they can thrive in. I will make adjustments as needed. With 3 ponds i can play around and restock crawdads, minnows, and vegetation from one to another.
Ducks will probably get killed by predators. Making a floating hutch to protect them would be way down on my list. I get asked that question a lot.
On aeration i have never needed it in a pond, but in this new pond Zach Weiss made a sediment pond. Surface water goes into it. When it fills up it flows over a bed of rocks maybe 50ft long. It is super aerated from churning on the rocks when it enters the pond.
I spent a large portion of last night reading and watching about crayfish. One guy with a natural pond feeds them boiled potatoes, dried peas, and fish that he catches. It must have been Europe as the fish was "roach".
The not good part was that most shipped crawdad is put in a brine solution to "purge" them prior to cooking. I think this clears their digestive tract. I am not sure if this effects their longevity. Shippers just need them alive for a few days. I need them to thrive and reproduce.
They should be here in a few hours. I am tempted to cook some depending on the quantity i get. I have had them in dishes where the flavor is diluted. I am curious how they taste on their own compared to lobster or shrimp.
A bit off tangent, but I was wondering to what degree those in Canada and the US near rivers and lakes have observed a general, anecdotal decline in crayfish numbers. I've notice a rather sharp deficit of these in our northern Minnesota river as compared to our first years here about 30 years ago. Among the normal concerns for drastic changes in aquatic life in our region are agricultural runoff, fungal plagues, and/or flooding cycles, which might possibly disrupt the breeding cycles. Anyone else notice reduced crayfish number in their area?
Hi Wayne. Zach and Ben must've dug your pond right before they dug mine. I've done some light googlin and there aren't quite a whole ton of folks doing natural and organic crawfish just yet, although I've heard whispers of it catching on. I'm committed to figuring it out. Last night's youtube hole led me to this here video. There's mention of rice for constantly-flooded land (and a variety called ecrivisse in particular) and sorghum for ephemerally-wet land. I have forever wet ponds, so rice may be an option. The video says that right about now is the time to plant rice because it's just about too late in the growing season for it to go all the way to grain. I have to decide soon.
LSU has an Austin alumni group. They hold their boil early May. I think that you'd be set up real nicely if you could break into the market with them. By the time their May boil comes around each year, they've probably had several hundred pounds shipped into town.
I gather that you initially seeded with some Native American Seed mix(es), as did I. If you are interested in figuring out the rest of it, let's put our heads together.
Ben, thanks for posting. Based on your location, YES, they did go from me to you. They told me the ruff location of where they were going and a day didnt go by without me telling Ben S about the skeeters they would be encountering at your place. Lol
If you'd like to give a small tour I would love to see your project. I would do the same if you are ever in my area. He starts another one about 10 miles from me in November. I am "all in" with the work he does. I may be his biggest fan.
As far as crawdads, its becoming huge in my area. Fundraisers, local restaurants. I even see crawdad cookers almost as mainstream as turkey friers. HEB sells live crawdads while in season. The fact that they are shipped live makes me think a person would have an advantage to local sales. I don't know that my path will be selling them. This pond is probably too small for that. 2 more ponds are coming (2020 and 2021). Call this an experiment for the possibility of designing another one for this purpose.
As soon as I step off the beaten path and into the woods, mosquitoes make a mosquito-colored whiteout like a bloodsucking blizzard. They were so bad last week that I sprayed deet in my mouth and nose. I don't recommend it.
The grand tour is not possible outside of the December-March window. That's when mosquitoes are down and snakes are groggy. I would gladly give you the "here's what we did in phase 1" tour now. It's quite nice and breezy after the sun goes behind the trees. We can walk the whole soggy paradise any ol wintertime you're in the neighborhood.
I hope to take you up on it. Im in port lavaca once a month in winter. Could be a decent jump off spot for a day trip. Just need houston to go away or figure a rout around it. I think its between our 2 places.
I found my first crawdad hole. Or "I think" I found my first crawdad hole.
I bought rice for grins and threw it in the pond. Will see if it sprouts. The interwebs implied that brown rice would sprout. Brown rice still has the hull. I also put some in a moist paper towel as a control. See if it sprouts.
Reading on how it is planted, broadcasting into the water was one mentioned. I will be interested in seeing if it works over the next couple of weeks.
I spread out rice but it did not sprout. It cost $3 so no big deal.
The big worry is raccoons. The edge of pond is full of tracks all the way around. I wonder if the crawdads come out of water, or come to edge at night. I wonder if its "all you can eat crawdad" special for them. I am not finding much info about crawdad travel patterns. I have not seen carcasses like pinchers so maybe it is not happening.
I think raccoons and birds are going to be your biggest problem but raccoon is tasty .
been wanting to do this for the longest but keep seeing turtles and birds at my pond daily not sure if i can compete with them on catching.
let us know how it does. thanks for posting.
we don't have a problem with lack of water we have a problem with mismanagement
beavers the original permies farmers
If there is no one around to smell you ,do you really stink!
I found this video when I was researching setting up a crawfish aquaponics system. It is mainly aimed a large aquaculture farms, but provides a lot of info on crawfish and raising them. I have not setup a system yet, but this video is a good resource.... just need to adapt the info for smaller production.
Location: Lake Whatcom and the Acme Valley Washington State
posted 9 months ago
We have a small pond on a hillside that has crawdads in it. Blue claws.
The big lake below has large ones as do all the local creeks.
While diving in the lake I have seen some very large one close to 1 ft, not many but definately they can get big here in the cold.
A few decades ago commercial licenses were still offered for the harvesting of wild crawdads in this lake.
I believe this animal to be a good bottom feeder for a heathy environment... and tasty too!
It seemed to be a flop but i jumped the gun. Zach Weiss had said spend a year getting plants established before adding fish, etc. When i called to inquire about crawdads and found out that was the last week they were shipping, i went for it.
I ordered 10 pounds of rice seed. Its coming tomorrow. If i can get it established i will try it again
When I was around 17 or 18 I raised crawdads in a tank, I just fed them fish food or meat scraps. They aren't stupid they remember you, I'd walk up to the tank and they would all come towards me with their claws up. When I would throw the food in the tank they'd grab it with their claws an shove it in their mouths! I kept them in about 3 inches of water. I've caught them all my life, mostly in creeks and rivers. In fact they are in the creek out behind my house. The ones in the creeks rarely dig holes out onto the bank. However the crawdads. I've caught and seen in lakes and ponds dig in the bank.
As for catching them I'd just build a few traps, wire works good; You can trap them same as crabs. I have never considered farming them but I am interested to see how it turns out.
Be Content. And work for more time, not money. Money is inconsequential.
We have two main types of freshwater crayfish here: Yabbies on the east coast, Marron on the west coast.
There's not a lot of mammal competition since most are herbivore marsupials - a lovely native animal erroneously called a 'Water Rat' will take them, but mostly in the wild.
The biggest predators other than birds are eels. Eels are known to travel kilometres from a creek through wet grass just to get to a dam or pond to eat the crays.
Commercial operators net sloping concrete ponds to prevent these types of predation. (The sloping ponds have a drain hole at the end so as the water slowly recedes the crays follow it down, making harvesting a lot easier.)
Home farmers also use nets - one eel can wipe out a whole dam in a day!
'Every time I learn something new, it pushes some old stuff out of my brain.'
I didn't aerate the tank, I only put a couple inches of water in the tank. Back then I thought that crawdads could breath air and water so I didn't worry about it. I changed the water if it started to get murky. I kept crawdads for over a year like that I think.
Be Content. And work for more time, not money. Money is inconsequential. | <urn:uuid:decd1fdc-2c4d-4dc4-a65d-ae36232c8ad0> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://www.permies.com/t/117714/Info-raising-crawdads | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107874026.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20201020162922-20201020192922-00671.warc.gz | en | 0.972714 | 3,540 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Composting for Beginners
Composting for Beginners
Composting is a way of making your own fertilizer and mulch from stuff you were going to throw out anyway. It is a natural process that turns garbage into nutrient-rich soil. Composting happens in nature all the time. It is the process of air and water mixing with dead plant matter to make a hospitable environment for microbes which break it all down.
The basics: a compost bin or heap must be at least three cubic feet in order to work. Anything smaller will not generate the heat needed to break down the organic material. Your compost needs to be turned and mixed at minimum every three days in order to mix the microbes into every part of your heap.
You can buy composting bins at hardware stores or you can build your own. (A bin is not absolutely necessary – you can use haybales or bricks built up in a square to house your heap, or nothing at all.) You will also need a pitch fork, which is the handiest tool to turn, break up and stir your compost.
Good materials for your compost heap include: Grass cuttings, non-woody garden prunings, leaves, flower and vegetable remains; vegetable peelings and leaves, fruit peelings and cores, cooked table scraps, tea leaves, coffee grounds, egg shells, stale bread, paper and cardboard, sawdust and wood shavings, animal manure, woodfire ash, seaweed. Do not use: Branches, roots (unless chipped). Pine needles, cypress clippings, rose cuttings and other garden wastes with thorns, weed seeds, bulbs and runners, garden wastes recently sprayed with pesticides, meat and dairy scraps, toilet waste, used paper tissues, diseased animal carcasses and plant material, treated pine sawdust and shavings, metals, glass, plastics.
All materials you use will need to be chopped or cut up into as small pieces as possible. Spread the chopped materials in layers 3 to 5 inches thick. Start with a layer of brown (dry materials) then add a layer of green (wet, nitrogen-rich materials). Atop each brown-green section, add an inch or two of manure or garden soil. Boost nutrients by adding a shovelful of wood ash, rock phosphate, lime, granite dust, blood meal, bone meal or greensand to each completed section. Moisten each layer of the pile as you go, using a gentle spray.
Your compost is ready to use when it’s dark in color, has a rich, earthy scent and the original material isn’t distinguishable, having decomposed. It can be used as a top dressing on the soil during the growing season, added in around the bases of plants, where irrigation and soil animals will slowly incorporate it into the soil. On lawns, sprinkle sifted compost as a top dressing in the spring to improve the soil for better grass growth. It is also fine to top-dress houseplants occasionally with small handfuls of finished compost. Compost can also be left on the surface as a mulch around landscape and garden plants. | <urn:uuid:b8de60dd-127e-4cf9-b911-bdeeaf5d0eaa> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | https://www.northshorerealestate.com/blog/composting-for-beginners/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627998291.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20190616182800-20190616204800-00308.warc.gz | en | 0.93362 | 650 | 3.703125 | 4 |
Articles on Shifting Sands
Female Circumcision (FGM): A civilising mission?
This prescient piece analysed why Female Circumcision/Female Genital Mutilation had been resurrected as an issue in the West in 1994 and asked ‘What gives Western feminists and international agencies the right to demand a ban on female circumcision in the third world?’ The answers are illuminating.
A civilising mission?
Female genital mutilation, sometimes known as female circumcision, a practice common in someAfrican and Arab countries, is suddenly in the spotlight and under fire in the West.
The first international conference on female genital mutilation, Change Without Denigration, organised by the London Black Women’s Health Action Project this summer, was just one recent event where the issue has been under scrutiny.
It was on the agenda at the United Nations population conference in Cairo in September, and was a focus of debate at an international conference of obstetricians and gynaecologists attended by 10,000 health professionals in the same month. Concern about the practice has been reflected in various articles in the women’s pages of national papers and those women’s magazines that aspire to a social conscience.
Opposition to FGM has united organisations as diverse as the National Union of Students and the Roman Catholic church. Students at Sheffield University this year elected black American author Alice Walker to replace Nelson Mandela as the honourary president of the union, in recognition of her opposition to the practice.
Meanwhile, at a recent Vatican synod on African women, delegates called for the practice to be strongly condemned by the church. FGM, it seems, is an issue on which bishops and students see eye to eye, and against which black minority groups and the Murdoch press can unite in condemnation.
It is not difficult to see why so many people can be outraged by FGM. Those who campaign against it attack the practice as brutal, a violation of human rights and the dignity of women. On the face of it, it is hard to disagree, especially when confronted with lurid descriptions of what FGM involves.
FGM covers a number of different practices. Sunna circumcision, the least invasive procedure, involves cutting away part of the prepuce, or hood of the clitoris, and sometimes the tip itself.
Excision is more drastic and involves the removal of the entire clitoris as well as the labia minor (inner vaginal lips) and the cutting back of the labia majora (outer vaginal lips). The most severe form of FGM is infibulation, where following the excision, the labia minora and major and the remaining sides of the vulva are stitched or stuck together until they heal leaving just a tiny hole for the flow of menstrual blood.
Opponents of the practice emphasise that while the procedure is sometimes carried out in modern hospitals, many societies still resort to primitive methods, cutting women with knives, scissors, razor blades and sometimes glass. Anaesthetics and antiseptics are seldom available, and deaths from shock, septicaemia and infections are common. The World Health Organisation (WHO) estimates that each year more than two million girls endure FGM at puberty, and that worldwide there are between 85m and 115m women who have been subjected to FGM.
All of this no doubt seems alien and cruel to Western sensibilities. But, it’s worth asking, what’s new? Why should a traditional practice such as FGM, which has been going on for centuries, suddenly become such a burning issue today?
When the United Nations first raised the issue of FGM back in 1958, it invited the WHO to undertake a study of the practice. But the WHO rejected the request on the grounds that ‘the ritual operations in question are based on social and cultural backgrounds, the study of which is outside the competence of the World Health Organisation’. Yet today, the WHO has no such compunction about judging the ‘social and cultural’ practices of third world societies. Its latest information pack states that the international community cannot ‘remain passive in the name of some bland version of multiculturalism’.
What has changed? After all, nobody is arguing that FGM is on the increase. If anything, it seems very likely that as traditional communities have become fragmented, fewer women are circumcised today than in the 1950s when nobody wanted to know about FGM.
It is also certain that a greater majority of those whose families still continue the tradition have access to modern medical care, so making FGM somewhat less of a risk to women’s health than it was in the past.
There is nothing intrinsic to the practice of FGM which can explain why it has become a major international issue almost overnight. The current furore about the practice seems to make sense only if it is set in the wider context of relations between the West and the third world today. In particular, it fits neatly into the renewed campaign of demonisation aimed against Africa and its peoples (see F Furedi, ‘At the heart of Rwanda’s darkness‘, Living Marxism, September 1994).
FGM has been taken up by bodies like the UN because it provides one more stick with which to beat the third world for its barbarism, and so allow the West to bask in a sense of its own moral superiority. The fact that feminists and other prominent Western liberals are prepared to give that stick a politically correct point makes it an even better weapon for the Western authorities in the nineties.
To get a sense of what’s really behind the anti-FGM campaign, you only have to look at the way the issue has been taken up by the media. Accounts of FGM are peppered with allegations about African and Asian doctors who can be paid to do the operations on the sly in private Harley Street clinics–the implication being that respectable white, British doctors would never perform unnecessary procedures for cash.
There are stories of Asian families who drag their daughters ‘back home’ for the operation when they reach puberty. In the USA, at a time when the Clinton administration is sending back Cuban and Haitian refugees, a Nigerian woman, Lydia Oluloro, has become a cause celbre by winning the suspension of her deportation on the grounds that her two American-born daughters would be forced to undergo FGM in Nigeria. Apparently the horrors of US-trained death squads in Haiti or starvation thanks to a US embargo in Cuba pale into insignificance compared to the evil practices of black Africa.
By reinforcing notions of a clash between third world barbarism and civilised Western values, the FGM issue is providing another excuse for outside intervention in the affairs of African and Asian peoples.
In America, the National Organisation of Women has argued that congress must ‘strongly oppose the granting of “most favoured nation status” to any country where FC/FGM is practised, and whose government is not actively engaged in opposing, outlawing and eliminating FC/FGM’.
No doubt the Washington feminist lobby applauded the recent decision by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) to make combating FGM a condition of its loan to Burkina Faso. But while it might make Hillary Clinton’s friends feel good about doing their bit for women around the world, the implications of the anti-FGM campaign are nothing for people in the third world to cheer about.
All aid to Somalia, a country where female circumcision is widely practised, would be in question if the link between FGM and financial support were systematically pursued. As Rakiya Omaar, Somali co-director of Africa Rights has said, ‘Somalis cannot comprehend the focus on this issue when their entire country has fallen apart’.
You can understand their lack of comprehension (especially when the collapse of their country had been facilitated by the bloody military intervention of the USA and UN–the same bodies now chastising Somalis about FGM).
The idea that women in the third world, whose first priority is often one of basic survival, should be obsessed with the same concerns as Western liberals in Washington and London is bizarre. Even the WHO is forced to concede that women in the third world are ‘frequently faced with issues of their own and their families’ survival and may not see FGM as an immediate priority’.
The concern with FGM in the third world has a domestic spin-off for the authorities here, too, as a means of criminalising and cracking down on immigrant communities. The UK-based Minority Rights Group International, which has consultative status with the UN Economic and Social Council, argues that there is a need for ‘clear and unambiguous legislation’ to incorporate FGM into the ‘framework of protecting children from abuse’. FGM is already illegal in Britain under the Prohibition Act of 1985 which provides that anyone found practising or aiding the procedure can be imprisoned for up to five years. The police have stated their commitment to bring prosecutions under the act, and worked with the anti-FGM campaign Forward to nail a Harley Street doctor exposed for FGM by the Sunday Times.
Forward has also declared its intention to work with local authorities in ‘child-protection intervention’ in immigrant families. Community Care magazine, in an article highlighting how local authority social services departments are already targeting the practice, recently reassured us that Lambeth Social Services Department is to employ a team of social workers with the specific brief of determining which young African, Asian and Middle Eastern girls are at risk of FGM, so as to place them on the Child Protection Register.
Somali health workers have objected to being besieged by social workers asking, ‘Do you know anyone who has taken their child to Somalia for the operation?’. The prospect of an army of doctors and social workers, backed up by the police, trawling through minority communities demanding to inspect their children for signs of genital mutilation, or interrogating parents over intimate family details and travel plans, looks like an exercise in degrading entire communities. Yet under the cover of a campaign against FGM, it can be presented as an exercise in saving some girls from degradation.
That is why the current obsession with FGM is such a convenient way for the authorities to justify intruding into the lives of immigrant communities here, and the affairs of third world peoples abroad. Even those who would generally defend the right of Africans to live free from Western dictates will balk at any notion of upholding their right to circumcise females.
It is worth remembering, however, that many African women have demanded the right to continue their traditional practices. As one woman argued, in the face of feminist outrage, at a recent women’s conference in London, ‘You have the right to ask a doctor to put silicon bags in your breasts, why should I not have the right to ask for him to alter my body in the way that I find acceptable?’.
This reaction is only incomprehensible to people who are unfamiliar with the values of the societies where female circumcision is practised. Circumcision cannot be ended without challenging the meaning of youth, adulthood, cleanliness, health and illness in the societies concerned.
Those who advocate from afar that the UN or IMF should impose a ban under threat of punitive action are simply indifferent to the destructive consequences of their campaign.
The current campaign against female circumcision carries on the paternalistic tradition of Western intervention in this field. Back in the thirties, British missionaries mobilised the colonial state in East Africa to curb the practice. In Kenya, the Kikuyu people resisted this intrusion into their cultural affairs–indeed the nationalist movement had its origins in the resistance to the attempts of missionaries to ban female circumcision. The central question raised by Kikuyu nationalists 60 years ago retains its relevance for the discussion of FGM today: who has the right to determine what cultural practices are acceptable or not in African societies? The attempt to determine it from the West might now be couched in the empowering language of feminism rather than the sermons of missionaries, but that does not alter the fact that it is using coercion to impose an outside agenda on the people of the third world.
It is one thing for African women to demand the ending of female circumcision. Only they are entitled to decide on this matter. It is quite another thing when Western feminists and international do-gooders decide to make moral judgements about societies they do not comprehend and for which they demonstrate nothing but contempt.
Such campaigns invariably turn into another excuse for condemning Africa, and legitimising more forceful foreign interventions in the lives of the peoples of the South. If we are serious about helping to achieve emancipation for women in the third world, opposing all such interventions is a good start.
Author: Sandy Deegan
Reproduced from Living Marxism Taboos, issue 72, October 1994.
About the Author - Guest Author
Offers of relevant material for publication (unpaid) will be considered with interest.
Articles: Grouped by Tag
Recent Tweets by @ShiftingSandFGC
@FayeKirklandGP Hoping to see lots more of your work soon
@FGMCentre Children are probably more at risk from zealous campaigners than from the mythical ‘cutting season’.
I don't buy that there's need for a new walk-in #FGMclinic @WhippsCrossHosp. No more than I do for the other new one in Cardiff. Virtue signalling trumps NHS financial constraints @WelshAssembly_ @NHSEngland guardian-series.co.uk/news/16… | <urn:uuid:d64f83a6-435d-4e9a-93cd-c68fe287eb86> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | https://www.shiftingsands.org.uk/2476-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267864482.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20180622123642-20180622143642-00128.warc.gz | en | 0.958736 | 2,795 | 2.5625 | 3 |
BY Anthony f. Greene, PhD, Doctoral faculty
Clinical psychology, fielding graduate university
As a Black man and a psychologist, I thought it might be healthy for me to express my reflections on Black Psychology during Black History Month. While many of us laugh at the idea of Black History Month because we celebrate Black ALL YEAR LONG, we might also wonder why Black Psychology is something we have to seek out in the Association of Black Psychologists, or as a special topic in multicultural psychology. What is Black Psychology, after all? Is it applying the traditional psychological measures, constructs, and theories to Black people? Some would think so when they see a projective test revised to have a white, black and brown version. Or is it the study of theories by and about Black people? This definition is closer to the truth, though not exactly.
Baldwin (Kambon) defines it as such: “African (Black) Psychology: a system of knowledge (philosophy, definitions, concepts, models, procedures, and practice) concerning the nature of the social universe from the perspectives of African cosmology. Black psychology is nothing more or less than the uncovering, articulation, operationalization, and application of the principles of the African reality structure relative to psychological phenomena.”
Clearly, the central content of African-centered psychology is the recognition and explication of the manifestations of core foundations of “African reality.” These include principles based in the tenets of Ma’at, the ancient Egyptian goddess of truth, justice, harmony, and balance. They also include promotion of the principles of the Nguzo Saba, such as self-determination and cooperative economics. These core foundations also include the crucial expose’ by psychologists like Na’im Akbar of the pathologizing of Black people by judging them by Eurocentric standards, and providing an alternative nosology for understanding our mental health. Theories such as Linda James Myers’ Optimal Theory, which emerged from trying to understand what kind of mindset maintains White Supremist views and identifying non-western worldviews that could better reflect Black ideals. Optimal psychology emphasizes the interconnectedness of all living people and things, and the important role that one’s culture and spiritual nature can have in creating healthy mindsets. These are just a few that come to my mind when I think about Black Psychology.
So as I reflect on Black Psychology during Black History Month as a Black Psychologist, I feel very proud of what I am. I am immersed in non-Black psychology by virtue of service to the PWI’s and majority of non-Black individuals among whom I live and work. But just like I live Black History month all year, I live Black Psychology every day. I may use the language of the theories that I was taught in my non-Black education, but I also have a strong awareness of the core foundations of the “African reality” operating visibly in my world. I value the Association of Black Psychologists, the Journal of Black Psychology, and other spaces where Black Psychology is welcome. In connection and in service to all, Happy Black History Month!
About the Author
Anthony F. Greene, PhD, (aka AGee) is a Clinical and Health Psychologist and is a faculty member in the Clinical Psychology doctoral program of Fielding Graduate University. He is licensed as a psychologist in Florida and received his doctorate in Clinical & Health Psychology from the University of South Florida in 1988. After obtaining his bachelor’s degree at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in 1977, he received his Master of Arts in Physical Education from the University of Florida in 1979. Dr. Greene has published works in multicultural psychology and health psychology and is very active in local and professional organizations with a community service and social justice emphasis. His service to the Fielding Graduate University has included being a past Chair of the Senate Leadership Committee and as a Faculty Trustee on the Board of Trustees. His clinical and research interests include spirituality and health, youth violence prevention, multicultural competence, eco-psychology and mentoring. He has been an artist all of his life, and loves drawing, painting and other creative endeavors. He is a fun-loving person and is obsessed with all things green. | <urn:uuid:810fb1f3-f29f-43b7-9aa6-5ec3f898d761> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://www.fielding.edu/what-is-black-psychology/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320301063.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20220118213028-20220119003028-00534.warc.gz | en | 0.953544 | 872 | 2.90625 | 3 |
A reasoned assessment of the Pullman porters’ role in black America.
The Pullman porter’s life, reporter/biographer Tye (Home Lands, 2001, etc.) suggests, was “a capsule of space and time where all the rules of racial engagement came into succinct and, at times, painful focus.” He goes on to document the nearly limitless humiliation porters underwent every day—so much so, he writes, that they learned to don a mask at work that could be removed when their shift was done, to maintain their dignity by assuming a countenance that was not their own. Exposed to virulent racism in “one of the most thoroughly segregated workplaces in America,” they became critical sparks in the civil-rights movement. On the other hand, porters led a more cosmopolitan and (relatively) privileged life than most African-Americans, especially during the early years of the Pullman coach. They drew salaries and they traveled, garnering news and ideas from the four corners of the country, serving as agents of change within their communities as they brought home everything from jazz to seditious ideas. Their union, the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, was a unique and powerful institution. On the complex issue of identity, the author lets the porters speak for themselves about the contrast between their status within their neighborhoods as worldly, respected men and their subordinate position at work: “It was degrading to have to ingratiate themselves to win tips, they say, and more degrading not to get any . . . the line between selling oneself and maximizing tips—that is, between slavery and economic freedom—was very thin.”
They may have been invisible men to their patrons, but Tye makes the case for the porters as revolutionary elements within black society. (40 b&w halftones, not seen) | <urn:uuid:b00ddf63-b400-4bfd-833b-47bd79a4122b> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/larry-tye/rising-from-the-rails/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886112539.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20170822181825-20170822201825-00697.warc.gz | en | 0.974766 | 385 | 3.109375 | 3 |
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Indefinite article 2
Grammar - information and contents
This exercise explores the presence or absence of the indefinite article in a sentence. Read the sentences and decide if there should be an article or not. In each space write "a"
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“The Jargon Spectrum”
Your use of language can help or hinder your leadership. Specialized terminology – such as “jargon, buzzwords and corporate-speak” – suggests an absence of sharp, thoughtful planning or speech writing and can undermine your effectiveness. In fact, the business world uses jargon so often that it hampers real leadership. Many executives find such slang irksome, but can’t stop using it. They believe people take them more seriously if they use high-sounding, insider argot.
Consider the benefits and hazards of jargon by visualizing it on a spectrum. On the “useful” side of the spectrum, you’ll find “shorthand jargon, shared-identity jargon” and “assumption-driven jargon.” On the “damaging” end of the spectrum, speakers might use “obfuscation jargon, inflation jargon” and “lack-of-clarity jargon.”
When Jargon Helps
Every industry and profession has its own terminology that can generate useful jargon. Using shared-identity jargon with people who understand it can foster a sense of belonging. You could build rapport with a fellow insider by using this jargon judiciously. Within an organization, certain specialized terms add up to a common language, a sense of what the organization aspires to and a shared culture.
Making sure people understand your terms is particularly important if you use assumption-driven jargon – where you presume the other person understands and you want to facilitate communication, not impede it. You might use shorthand jargon in the same way. For instance, if you say “EPS” rather than “earnings per share,” you will speed communication with people who understand the acronym or block communication with people who don’t know the code.
When Jargon Hinders
Many professionals make the mistake of believing that the people in their audience understand the same things they understand. This is the “curse of knowledge,” described by linguist and psychologist Steven Pinker in The Sense of Style as “difficulty in imagining what it is like for someone else not to know something that you know.”
Sometimes executives use insider terms because the words sound grand, and yet their audience finds their argot incomprehensible. Executives use overblown language or inflation jargon to appear intelligent and knowledgeable. They use lack-of-clarity jargon when they don’t know precisely what they want to say or because they think speaking in opaque terms masks their lack of preparation. When listeners hear this kind of language, they switch off.
People and organizations use harmful obfuscation jargon to disguise their meaning and “baffle” their listeners. For instance, executives might use the term “layoff,” rather than saying that they plan to fire people. They blur their language to muffle the emotional impact of their actions, yet they risk alienating their audience.
“Adopt the Leader’s Mind-Set”
Executives tend to overestimate the benefits of jargon. When that happens, their communication can confuse people instead of being clear and inspiring. Their lack of clarity wastes a potent opportunity to get others to accept their message and act on it. Managers can learn a different approach. Study the “language of leadership” to energize and motivate your audience. Jettison the gobbledygook, and learn from national leaders like Winston Churchill, John F. Kennedy and a host of other inspiring speakers. You can also emulate corporate leaders like Warren Buffet and the late Steve Jobs.
You probably have come across many definitions of a leader. If you synthesize them, you arrive at the simple concept that “a leader is someone who inspires others to act.” Effective leaders use language to communicate their thoughts and motivate others. By choosing their words with care, they touch their audience members’ feelings and affect their actions. If you want to motivate and inspire people, adopt a leader’s mind-set. Start by conceptualizing your inspirational vision. Think it out clearly and phrase it in words people can understand. You must believe in your vision. “When you speak from a place of conviction, your language becomes personal, authentic and powerful.” Your goal isn’t to impart data, but to move people’s emotions.
To reach people with the truth, you may have to upset them. You could be in a position that demands telling employees that changing circumstances could threaten their company or their livelihoods. When Steve Jobs came back to lead Apple again in 1997, he “had the courage to say that the company had to stop pursuing most of its products and focus instead on four offerings.”
When you have a leader’s mind-set, you use the language of leadership all the time and not just when you speak before a large audience. As you prepare to address any forum, think about what your audience stands to gain or lose from what you say. If you see your speech from the point of view of your audience members, you will be more likely to use language they understand. You could find adopting that perspective challenging, but it will help you reach your listeners’ “hearts” so they will want to follow you.
“Script Yourself as a Leader”
Like actors who rehearse their “lines,” leaders have to work on their scripts. Think about what you want to convey. Use your script to organize your thoughts so you can share your ideas effectively. If your speech is planned for a future event, you have time to prepare. But even at an impromptu meeting, to sound like a leader, you still must think through what you want to say before you begin. Outstanding speakers work at their speeches. Martin Luther King Jr. was still working on his “I Have a Dream” speech on the day he delivered it.
To clarify what you want to say, use the “Leader’s Script,” a useful template that covers the primary facets of a speech or presentation. The three most important elements are “the subject, the message and the call to action.”
Begin by defining a “clear subject” to set boundaries in your audience members’ minds delineating what you’re going to cover. Next, decide how you will convey your message, the most important element in the Leader’s Script. Choose an overall theme so your listeners can focus. If you pepper your message with too many ideas, you risk losing their attention. Present a “positive” and “engaging” concept that you believe in and can convey sincerely.
Using the language of leadership, end your talk by declaring a call to action. Show leadership by explaining what you want your audience members to do and how you want them to do it. Consider the words you use as a way of achieving your goal of becoming a leader who inspires. Mastering the three main elements of the Leader’s Script makes it clear to your listeners that you’ve prepared yourself to lead. You don’t have to stick rigidly to the script. Tailor your presentations to meet the needs of each specific audience.
Some people prepare their talks meticulously, but when they begin speaking, they put people to sleep. They fail to embrace an important facet of the language of leadership: It is audience-centric. You must know your audience and understand what motivates them in order to reach them. Mentally divide your audience into three groups. The first consists of those you seek to convince. The people in the second group already buy your argument. Members of the last group are those whom you have little chance of influencing. Aim your communication at the first group.
Listen to your audience. For instance, don’t prepare for a meeting based only on what you want to say. Prepare sufficiently to be able to tailor your message to be even more effective after you hear what others say. Being flexible lets you try to understand what your audience members already believe, to sense their emotional state and then to speak to it. That knowledge gives you the ability to present your arguments more persuasively. Use words that show you’ve listened.
“Jargon-Free” and Sincere
Using jargon and clichés can generate uncertainty among your audience members. Trying to figure out what you mean by the insider vocabulary you’re using can tire people and cause them to tune out. That’s why great leaders value clarity. Yet, you may need guts to stop using jargon; refraining from your industry’s argot could call for going against the grain. Nonetheless, strip the buzzwords from your communications. Replace them with words that convey what you want to say. After you remove most of the jargon from your speech patterns, certain terms might stick and prove difficult to remove. If you decide to leave these words in, make sure your audience understands them or explain them.
Speakers often make the mistake of playing to what they think the audience wants to hear and using language that reflects an assumed role. This seldom works. Listeners can tell when something is not quite right – and if they can’t tell right away, they figure it out later. That undermines future encounters. Choose words that reflect what you truly believe. Listen to the words you use in everyday life and put them to work in professional encounters.
Include first-person pronouns to show you believe in what you’re saying. “Using personal language – ‘I,’ ‘we,’ ‘us,’ ‘you,’ and so forth – results in a stronger human connection between you and your listeners.” When you don’t know something, admit it. Revealing your weaknesses makes you more convincing. People distrust those who act as if they know everything.
Dare to Use “Passionate” Language
The words you muster must have passion because you want to move your listeners to action. Leaders must not only persuade their listeners to support an idea, they also must guide them to feel a certain way about that idea. The people in your audience will gauge your emotional commitment to your argument as you try to persuade them to support it.
Most people feel diffident about mustering their passion for public display. They fear they could look like “hucksters,” selling something their audience members may not need. Set that fear aside. Leaders have to play to the audience, much like actors. Decide what you want your audience to do and to believe; then determine how your listeners feel so you can move them to action. If you can use emotion well, you have a potent tool for advancing your goals and message.
Motivating People Requires Clarity and Hope
To motivate your audience, clarify your beliefs as you prepare your speech. This will make you more sure of yourself and of what you want to say. It also will help you select language that shows the depth of your beliefs. That language will give your audience the incentive to accept and act on your message. Motivating people requires creating a hopeful vision of the future. To win your audience, use positive language. If you have bad news, balance it with something optimistic.
Calibrate Your Speech to Fit Your Audience’s Needs and Culture
People today deal with far too much information. If you can figure out exactly what you want to say, you can omit anything superfluous. Concentrate on making sure your audience understands your message. Remove anything that gets in the way, like needless introductions and cumbersome descriptions. Use language that’s appropriate to the occasion and the audience. Different organizations and companies have different cultures. Some pride themselves on keeping things casual. Others seek a more formal atmosphere. Pay attention so you speak appropriately.
Leaders do not need impressive titles or a certain number of employees. Great leadership inspires others to act. No matter what your role or level of seniority, if you can communicate skillfully, that ability gives you the strongest opportunity to lead. | <urn:uuid:09dcdb18-f491-4056-846f-b9a7869aad9a> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://leadx.org/elibrary/leading-through-language-by-bart-egnal/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947476180.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20240303011622-20240303041622-00284.warc.gz | en | 0.948357 | 2,513 | 2.546875 | 3 |
In contrast with China's plans for high-speed rail, which call for a massive $1T USD project that dwarfs plans in the United States, China's electric vehicle (EV) hopes fall far short compared to its U.S. peers.I. China -- the Perfect Home for EVs, But Little ProgressChina seems like the perfect place for EVs – it has hundreds of millions of people living in dense urban areas with short commutes. But thus far the nation has lagged in the development of EV technology.The country has finally unveiled a decisive plan to turn the corner with EV deployment. Dubbed the New Energy Vehicle Development plan, it aims to spend $15B USD between now and 2020 to push EVs and hybrid electric vehicles on the streets of China.That expense still falls short of $25B USD that the U.S. has spent on EVs, and the $10B extra the Obama administration has called for to be spent over the next several years.The goals of China's plan are scaled down as well. Obama hopes to have 1 million plug-in hybrid and battery electric vehicles (PHEV and BEV) on the street by 2015 (the 2016 model year), while China only hopes to have 500,000. China also estimates it will have 1 million hybrids -- which would still be far less than the 1.89 million hybrids that are currently on U.S. streets. The discrepancy between these figures becomes even greater when you consider China has a population of 1.33 billion people, over four times the U.S. population of 307 million people. China, whose people make far less per capita than U.S. citizens, has a slightly lower per-capita vehicle purchase rate. In 2010 U.S. citizens bought around 10 million vehicles [source], versus around 18 million in China.By 2020 China hopes to have 5 million EVs (PHEVs and BEVs) deployed.II. What's in a Mandate? Similarities and Differences Between U.S. and Chinese PlansIn many ways the U.S. and Chinese EV investments are similar despite differences of scale. In both cases a heavy chunk of the money went directly to research. In China's case half of the funds -- $7.5B USD -- would go towards R&D. The rest of the money from China's plan would be employed towards buyer tax credits (similar to those in the U.S.) and towards building charger stations. The Chinese tax credits may be even greater than those offered in the U.S. According to those familiar with China's plan, it would include large-scale pilot projects, which would hand out over $15,000 USD to EV buyers in target regions.China wants to build 36,000 charging stations in the capital city of Beijing in the next three years and pilot-scale projects in 25 other major Chinese cities. That's slightly more ambitious than Obama's proposed 20,000 charging stations by 2015.China's proposal is also unique in a couple of other ways. While more limited than the U.S. plan in some regards, the Chinese plan enjoys nearly unanimous support from Chinese lawmakers, where as the U.S. government remains divided on the topic of EVs (with Democrats largely supporting research spending/incentives on EVs and Republicans mostly opposing such expenses).Additionally the Chinese plan would deny U.S., Japanese, European, and South Korean automakers/battery companies the ability to get government funding or tax credits. By contrast the U.S. government has handed out tax credits to foreign automakers like Nissan Motor Company, Ltd. (7201) and Mitsubishi Corp. (8058) for their EVs and battery research and development grants to Compact Power, Inc., a Michigan-based subsidiary of South Korean chemical giant LG Chem, Ltd. (051910)China hopes that by giving local players a decisive edge, it will foster two to three strong battery production/design firms, and three to five electric vehicle manufacturers.The nation has a decisive advantage over its western peers in resources. It controls 97 percent of the world's rare earth metal supply. EVs and hybrids use significantly more rare earth metals (such as neodymium) than standard automobiles. While China has pumped up prices of rare earth metals amid increasing foreign demand, it hopes to turn around and offer these resources to local manufacturers at dirt-cheap prices.Other rare compounds like lithium are also heavily controlled and/or produced by China, furthering this edge.Oliver Hazimeh, a partner at PRTM, a Waltham, Mass.-based consulting firm that recently did a study on China's EV push for World Bank states in a Detroit News interview, "Where they're ahead is at the political commitment level. The Chinese government is very strongly behind electrification, and they also have the raw materials."Michael Dunne, president of Hong Kong investment advisory firm Dunne & Co. comments that the Chinese government's plan has little to do with helping the government, and far more to handing energy control to the Chinese government. States Mr. Dunne, "It's 90 percent about energy security, and less than 10 percent about the environment."III. Companies Step up to the Plate, but Quality, Government Issues LoomChina has several rising stars in the EV industry, including some fresh faces. Among those is BYD, Ltd., subsidiary of BYD Comp. (1233). BYD made a splash at the 2011 North American International Auto Show (NAIAS) in January and hopes to sell EVs in North America and Europe sometime next year. Some are skeptical of BYD's capabilities -- while the company has delivered 40 operational BYD e6 taxi prototypes to the city of Shenzhen, the mass-produced international model is two years late.Great Wall Motor Co., Ltd. (2333) China's largest SUV maker plans to release an electric model of its popular "Great Wall" SUV. Beijing Automotive Industry Holding Comp. Ltd. (BAIC), a state-owned automaker who recently purchased the intellectual property of GM subsidiary Saab, is planning an EV of its own, dubbed BAIC C30 (not to be confused with the similarly named Volvo). BAIC only will produce 3,500 EVs this year, but hopes to be pumping out 150,000 yearly by 2015. Jianghuai Automobile Comp., another state run player based in Heifei, hopes to be pumping out 100,000 EVs by 2015.And the Riich subsidiary of another gov't owned company -- Cherry Automobile -- is planning to release a compact dubbed the M1-EV. Riich has already released an EV dubbed the S18, which has seen limited sales in China.Fears about corruption and quality control issues are looming, though, much like with China's high-speed rail project. These concerns are particularly troublesome among the government-owned automakers. Zotye Holding Group (ZHG), another government owned carmaker was embarrassed when a car in its electric taxi test fleet caught fire in the city of Hangzhou. Hu Jiangyi, deputy sales director of State Grid Corp. who operates the company, states, "The incident caused huge damage to us."ZHG Chairman, Wu Jianzhong promises that his company will install monitoring systems to watch for similar incidents in the future.There's another major elephant in the room when it comes to China's EV plans -- China's oil subsidies. In recent years the nation's payments to oil companies to keep gas cheap have exceed even the substantial tax breaks handed out by the U.S. government. In the U.S. gas is currently well over $4 USD/gallon on average, while Chinese drivers enjoy a sweet price of $2.60 USD/gallon.Thus while China would like to convince its people to buy EVs, it may find that its own meddling with oil prices is derailing those hopes. In that regard Chinese automakers may find that their most lucrative market is not in China, but overseas, in the U.S. | <urn:uuid:787d839f-298e-460f-8e11-7dd9ae2a70b8> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://www.dailytech.com/article.aspx?newsid=21575&commentid=678832&threshhold=1&red=4926 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917125881.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031205-00556-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958186 | 1,631 | 2.515625 | 3 |
By Donella Meadows
–November 9, 1989–
McDonald’s, like all fast-food purveyors, is one of the great garbage producers of the world. McDonald’s is also working as hard at reducing its contribution to the garbage problem as any company I know. It’s coming up with all sorts of bright ideas. Some of them are really bright. Some are smokescreens and diversions.
There’s a handy rule by which to tell the difference. It goes: REDUCE, RE-USE, RECYCLE, DISPOSE in that order. It’s better to recycle trash than to throw it away, better to re-use a bottle or bag directly than to recycle it, and best of all to reduce garbage by not generating it in the first place.
By that rule McDonald’s scheme to build on-site incinerators — being tested now at some Midwest locations — gets bad marks, though it has some good points. Trash burned to ash makes less weight and volume to haul to a landfill. It’s a help to city budgets and to McDonald’s own hauling costs. The only problem, from McDonald’s point of view, is that incinerators generate opposition from neighbors, though the company is doing a careful job of monitoring both stack gases and ash for harmful residues.
From an environmental point of view the problem is that incineration is still DISPOSAL. It eases the landfill a bit, but it does nothing to reduce the flow of materials from forest, paper mill, mine, oil well, and chemical plant, generating pollution every step of the way.
A better idea is McDonald’s new plastics recycling program. RECYCLING burger boxes and hot-drink cups is preferable to DISPOSING of them. But in this case the recycling is not real and not destined to last. The fastfoodware will not be cycled back to fastfoodware (which would reduce demand for new materials all along the line). It will be made into yo-yos and flowerpots, the market for which will be glutted very soon, given McDonald’s turnout of 8500 polystyrene-packaged hamburgers every MINUTE. Worse, the recycling program is likely (and is intended) to derail the laws popping up everywhere that ban the use of plastic fast food containers. Banning is a crude, intrusive, anti-market, but effective solution. It is REDUCTION — at the top of the preference list, much preferable to halfhearted recycling.
There are some good waste REDUCTION programs going on under the Golden Arches, for which McDonald’s is not getting the credit it is due. The company has come up with a dozen ways to cut its materials use behind the scenes. These advances have not been publicized. I wouldn’t have known about them, if a restaurant manager had not shared with me a recent issue of Restaurant Business magazine. For instance:
The company used to ship orange juice to its restaurants in ready-to-serve containers. Now it ships frozen concentrate, which reduces orange juice packaging by 75 percent — four million pounds less garbage a year.
French fries used to come 36 pounds to the case. Now 39 pounds are packed in the same case, reducing the need for cases by two million pounds per year.
Soft drinks were shipped as syrup in cardboard containers. The local restaurants added the water and the fizz. Now the syrup is delivered by trucks that pump it directly into receiving tanks at the restaurants. No packaging is needed at all. Savings: 68 million pounds of carboard per year.
McDonald’s has been whittling away at the thickness of its polystyrene burger containers, straws, and cold drink lids, reducing them on average by 12 percent. That adds up to one million pounds less plastic in 1988.
The company is also promoting recycling in the way most needed — not by generating more recycled stuff, but by becoming a market for it. It uses recycled paper in its napkins and paper bags and recycled cardboard in its Happy Meals boxes.
These moves get an environmental AAA rating. They also point out what a difference a huge company can make, when it gets innovative about environmental responsibility.
McDonald’s gets some credit, but so do the customers who put on the pressure that generated these changes. That means you and me — and our work is not done. If we want to continue the progress up the scale from disposal to reduction, here are some things we can do.
Congratulate McDonald’s for its behind-the-scenes garbage reduction. Participate in its recycling program, but keep pushing for plastics bans — those bans have done more than anything else to get the attention of industry. They should be implemented until industry comes up with a credible scheme of waste reduction to equal them.
Check out Burger King, where they pack burgers in cardboard (cardboard is by no means environmentally pure, but it’s better than oil-derived, hazardous-waste-generating polystyrene). Take along your own coffee cup — Burger King still uses polystyrene there. Better, go to a restaurant where they serve burgers unpackaged and on real, rewashable plates. Best of all, cook your burger at home — and buy the beef from a local producer who did not ravage a rainforest or pump a feedlot cow full of chemicals to produce it.
Every step toward environmental responsibility is welcome and should be celebrated. And we need to keep our eyes not only on how far we have come, but how far we have to go.
Copyright Sustainability Institute 1989 | <urn:uuid:e5e61f2a-74e9-4767-9d27-bb605f95987b> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://donellameadows.org/archives/bad-and-good-environmental-marks-for-mcdonalds/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988718311.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183838-00439-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.95249 | 1,178 | 2.515625 | 3 |
The Mississippi River spilled over its banks in Arkansas and Tennessee on May 12, 2011, as the International Space Station passed overhead. This astronaut photograph shows muddy water sitting on floodplains around Tomato, Arkansas, as well as extensive flooding to the north.
Flood waters around Tomato appear confined by an embankment in the west. The embankment extends southward from a bend in the Mississippi. West of the embankment lies a patchwork of agricultural fields. East of the river lies an expanse of dark green forest, the Anderson-Tully State Wildlife Management Area.
Astronaut photograph ISS027-E-27019 was acquired on May 12, 2011, with a Nikon D2Xs digital camera using a 400 mm lens, and is provided by the ISS Crew Earth Observations experiment and Image Science & Analysis Laboratory, Johnson Space Center. The image was taken by the Expedition 27 crew. The image in this article has been cropped and enhanced to improve contrast. Lens artifacts have been removed. The International Space Station Program supports the laboratory as part of the ISS National Lab to help astronauts take pictures of Earth that will be of the greatest value to scientists and the public, and to make those images freely available on the Internet. Additional images taken by astronauts and cosmonauts can be viewed at the NASA/JSC Gateway to Astronaut Photography of Earth. Caption by Michon Scott, based on material from the International Space Station photo gallery.
- ISS - Digital Camera | <urn:uuid:723ea2a3-e211-40f1-bd38-e09f6f78ee42> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/NaturalHazards/view.php?id=50628 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719215.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00377-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.916611 | 300 | 3.015625 | 3 |
One way to encourage folks to do so is to point out the two creation stories are not easily reconciled. I say not easily reconciled because you can certainly add new facts to the stories to bring them in line with each other. Here's an example I came up with: the first creation story is how everything was created, then the second story is how a specific couple of people were created. Now, that's not what the Bible says, in fact it is probably contradicted by the Gen. 2:4, but it is a third creation story that incorporates all of the facts from the other two. Adding new facts doesn't seem very "literal."
Recently, I've focused on the different images of God in the first and second story. I prefer this to arguing over details, because talking about details encourages bright people to try and figure out a way to make both stories fit. Focusing on the tone, turns ones attention to the transcendent nature of God recounted in Gen. 1, and the eminent/God with us nature of God in Gen. 2.
But, here's another shot at it. The first creation story and the flood story assume the cosmology of the Hebrew people of the era. Here is a picture.And here are some words in support of this vision.
When God created the world (that's the transcendent of the first creation story) he split the water into two parts to create the dome pictured above.
And God said, "Let there be an expanse between the waters to separate water from water." So God made the expanse and separated the water under the expanse from the water above it. And it was so. God called the expanse "sky." And there was evening, and there was morning—the second day.Gen. 1. After the Great Flood was over, God shut of the sources of water and allowed the world to dry out.
But God remembered Noah and all the wild animals and the livestock that were with him in the ark, and he sent a wind over the earth, and the waters receded. Now the springs of the deep and the floodgates of the heavens had been closed, and the rain had stopped falling from the sky.Gen. 8. The point is that these stories assume a cosmology that we must reject. It doesn't matter because the point of the stories is not to convey a cosmology. But continue to argue that there is anything about these stories that relates to the questions astrophysicists ask is a big mistake. That is, it will interfere with the seeker's efforts to find the great truth they hold. | <urn:uuid:2fbc2646-2322-42d6-8d73-00ee03ac9ecf> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | http://propheticprogress.blogspot.com/2008/10/cosmology-of-ancient-hebrews.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948522205.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20171213065419-20171213085419-00358.warc.gz | en | 0.971962 | 536 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Established in 1915, Taipei Zoo has been reputed as the largest zoo in Asia covering an area of 165 hectares. The zoo is designed and built according to the original living environment of various animals, in order to help animals escape from the shackles of cages and get more spaces for their free activities, which can help tourists to know more and better of those animals. It consists of 8 outdoor exhibition areas, 6 indoor exhibition halls and 5 instructional spaces of environmental education. Surrounded by secondary forests, the zoo is a characteristic ecological relaxation area integrating natural landscape. Taipei zoo contains a variety of areas, including Taiwan local animal area, African faunal area, desert animal area, Australian faunal area, butterfly park, gibbon island area, waterfowl area, Asian hylaea area, indoor nocturnal animal hall, polar animal hall, penguin hall, koala bear hall, insect hall, aquarium, children’s playground, picnic area and other exhibition halls. At present, there are about 30 varieties of animals, including some precious and rare ones.
Taiwan Local Animal Area
Taiwan Local Animal Area displays Taiwan’s native animals as well s their habitat, which imitates the ecological environment of their original living environment. The well-known animals in the area include sika deer, Taiwan black bear, Taiwan macaque, Taiwan wild boar, Pallas's Squirrel, otter, Taiwan Serow, crested serpent eagle and clounded leopard.
Asian Hylaea Area
Completed in 1998, Asian Hylaes Area is built imitating the ecological landscape of hylaea in Southeast Asia., which is the first zoology showground integrating rainforest landscape and living animals. The famous animals include crocodiles, orangutans, gibbons, Malayan Tapir, estuarine crocodile, python and leopard.
Desert Animal Area
With flickering Palms, the area imitates the desert environment of Middle East, including animals such as dromedary, Bactrian camel and addax.
Australian Faunal Region
Australian Faunal Region demonstrates particular ecological environment and animals of Australia, such as the Eastern Gray Kangaroo which exist only in Australia and the second and third largest cursorial birds, namely emu and cassowary. Besides, you can see 6 varieties of kangaroos and eucalyptus only grown in Australia.
African Faunal Region
African Faunal Region imitates the ecological environment of African grasslands. It demonstrates the inhabitation situation of wild animals in East Asia, via tree shades and bush fallow close to pools. The area mainly demonstrates those middle and large-size animals, and some of which are ranked in the list of CITES. Those endangered rare and precious animals under international trade control include African elephants, zebras, hippos, giraffes, rhinos and chimpanzees.
Temperate Zone Faunal Region
Temperate Zone Faunal Region mainly demonstrates animals inhabited in temperate grassland and forests, including Platts Mustang, bison, elk, brown bear, Asiatic black bear, mountain lion, Lin drag, beavers, otters, raccoons and red pandas. Among those, Mongolian wild horse, bison and elk have disappeared in the wild.
Located in the southeast of the zoo, the bird area demonstrates over 140 varieties of birds, including flamingo and ostrich. Covering an area of 4 hectares, the area consists of precious bird area, crane area, parrot area, ecologic area and water bird area.
Amphibious Reptiles Hall
Amphibious Reptiles Hall consists of wet land, tropical rain forest, temperate forest and desert, which demonstrate amphibious reptiles via various ecological systems. Besides imitating the habitats, there is also image-text education and specimen commentary with the theme of evolution, morphology, structure, habitat environment behavior and diversity. The hall attaches much importance to book reservation of local species, and some special exhibitions themed by Taiwan are also held.
Nocturnal Animal Hall
Opened to the public in 1989, Nocturnal Animal Hall creates dark night by controlling light, providing tourists an area for observing and appreciating the life of nocturnal animals. Nocturnal Animal Hall consists of two storeys. On the first storey, there are owls, eothenomys, coypus, kinkajou, raccoons and other small primates and small felids. On the second storey, there are mainly cartilaginous fishes, bony fish, reptilia, birds and marsupial.
New Special Exhibition Hall
Built in 2008, the new special exhibition hall is a multifunctional exhibition hall, used for exhibiting the world’s rare and precious animals. It consists of three storeys. On the first storey, there are three outdoor exhibition areas and multi-media rooms, where giant pandas named Tuan Tuan and Yuan Yuan from Sichuan are located. The service center is on the second storey, and the third storey is an international conference hall which can accommodate 250 persons. | <urn:uuid:3ba39e2d-b75c-4f63-b018-96fad6361e3e> | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | http://www.chinatravel.com/taiwan-attraction/taipei-zoo/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398451744.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205411-00173-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.912496 | 1,063 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Your cycling fallacy is…
“We shouldn’t provide for cycling, as it disadvantages people with physical disabilities”
Evidence from the Netherlands (and increasingly from the UK, where new infrastructure has been built) shows that high quality cycling infrastructure is often shared with wheelchairs, mobility scooters and other assistive modes of transport. Cycling infrastructure works for all these types of mobility aids.
And in general, cycling infrastructure should go hand-in-hand with other improvements to the physical environment too – like smooth, continuous footways across side roads, for example.
There are cycles available for almost every type of disability – it’s actually an inclusive mode of transport that will often act as a mobility aid for people who find walking difficult, people who can’t walk far and even those who cannot walk at all.
So in fact the truth is the opposite of the myth – cycling actually gives people with physical disabilities more transport options and independence, not less. | <urn:uuid:2e0060da-b5b6-49be-81c8-f96b29dfcfc0> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | https://camdencyclists.org.uk/2016/08/provision-disadvantages-people-with-physical-disabilities-cycling-fallacies/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257647146.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20180319194922-20180319214922-00582.warc.gz | en | 0.937584 | 199 | 2.8125 | 3 |
There's no magical food to keep your heart healthy, but there are a lot of foods that can help—including these foods that help lower your cholesterol. In addition to cutting back on foods that can raise total cholesterol and getting enough exercise, make sure to eat more of these foods that improve your cholesterol profile by raising "good" HDL and/or lowering "bad" LDL cholesterol. These foods include some old standbys, such as oatmeal and fruit, plus a few surprising foods that can help lower cholesterol to reduce your risk of heart attack and stroke.
According to a study published in November 2015 in the journal Nature, a diet high in carbohydrates — like added sugar, white bread, cookies, and cakes — reduces HDL cholesterol levels, increasing the risk for metabolic disorders. Refined carbohydrates found in foods labeled “low-fat” make these just as bad as full-fat foods because the fat is often replaced with carbohydrates from added sugar and other starches.
Pasta and heart health together in one sentence seems to be an oxymoron, however with one small tweak spaghetti can become a cholesterol-busting meal. Instead of opting for white, refined noodles, choose the less-processed, vitamin-enriched counterpart: whole grain pasta. Barilla makes one that has 7 grams of fiber per serving, and — what’s more — none of the stress-fighting B-vitamins have been removed. A B vitamin known as niacin has been found to decrease LDL levels and increase HDL when taken in doses above your vitamin requirement, according to a guide to lowering your cholesterol by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
First, a quick explainer: Cholesterol is a waxy substance that travels through your bloodstream, but not all of it is bad. HDL cholesterol (a.k.a. "good" cholesterol) actually sweeps away LDL cholesterol, or the "bad" kind. A high LDL level puts you at risk for heart attacks and strokes because it can clog arteries with plaque, a condition called atherosclerosis. A blood test can determine whether you have high cholesterol, and your doctor may recommend exercise or medication in addition to a healthier diet.
Hayek T, Chajek-Shaul T, Walsh A, Agellon LB, Moulin P, Tall AR, Breslow JL. An interaction between the human cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) and apolipoprotein A-I genes in transgenic mice results in a profound CETP-mediated depression of high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. J Clin Invest. 1992 Aug;90(2):505–510. [PMC free article] [PubMed]
Could one of your current prescriptions be a cause of your low HDL levels? Possibly! Medications such as anabolic steroids, beta blockers, benzodiazepines and progestins can depress HDL levels. If you take any of these medications, I suggest talking to your doctor and considering if there is anything you can do that could take the place of your current prescription.
As defined by the US National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines, an HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) level of 60 mg/dL or greater is a negative (protective) risk factor. On the other hand, a high-risk HDL-C level is described as being below 40 mg/dL. Randomized, controlled clinical trials have demonstrated that interventions to raise HDL-C levels are associated with reduced CHD events. A prospective analysis by Mora et al investigated the link between cholesterol and cardiovascular events in women and found that the baseline HDL-C level was consistently and inversely associated with incident coronary and coronary vascular disease events across a range of LDL-C values.
HDL levels below 40 mg/dL are associated with an increased risk of CAD, even in people whose total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol levels are normal. HDL levels between 40 and 60 mg/dL are considered "normal," and do not very much affect the risk of CAD one way or the other. However, HDL levels greater than 60 mg/dL are actually associated with a reduced risk of heart disease.
Heart-healthy eating. A heart-healthy eating plan limits the amount of saturated and trans fats that you eat. It recommends that you eat and drink only enough calories to stay at a healthy weight and avoid weight gain. It encourages you to choose a variety of nutritious foods, including fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean meats. Examples of eating plans that can lower your cholesterol include the Therapeutic Lifestyle Changes diet and the DASH eating plan.
3. Beans. Beans are especially rich in soluble fiber. They also take awhile for the body to digest, meaning you feel full for longer after a meal. That's one reason beans are a useful food for folks trying to lose weight. With so many choices — from navy and kidney beans to lentils, garbanzos, black-eyed peas, and beyond — and so many ways to prepare them, beans are a very versatile food.
Plasma HDL is a small, spherical, dense lipid-protein complex that is half lipid and half protein. The lipid component consists of phospholipids, free cholesterol, cholesteryl esters, and triglycerides. The protein component includes apo A-I (molecular weight, 28,000) and apo A-II (molecular weight, 17,000). Other minor, but important, proteins are apo E and apo C, including apo C-I, apo C-II, and apo C-III.
Sugar and spice and everything nice… except for the fact that recent data has shown that added sugar is not so nice for our cardiovascular health or waistlines. In fact, a study published in Circulation found that people with the highest consumption of added sugars show significantly lower HDL levels. To cut back on your added sugar intake and increase HDL levels, consider replacing sugar with dates when you’re making baked goods like homemade granola bars, cookies, and cakes. It’s one way to slice total added sugars in half and will also give your sweet treat extra fiber, vitamins, and minerals.
A: Before I answer that question, why bother to increase HDL cholesterol at all? Many studies have found that people with low levels of HDL are at increased risk for heart attacks, strokes, and other complications of arteries diseased by atherosclerosis: that's why we call HDL the "good" cholesterol. Given that, you'd think that raising HDL levels would reduce a person's risk for atherosclerosis. Unfortunately, despite a lot of research, we don't yet know if that's true, nor how best to raise HDL levels.
George T Griffing, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Association for the Advancement of Science, International Society for Clinical Densitometry, Southern Society for Clinical Investigation, American College of Medical Practice Executives, American Association for Physician Leadership, American College of Physicians, American Diabetes Association, American Federation for Medical Research, American Heart Association, Central Society for Clinical and Translational Research, Endocrine Society
If you don’t already know your HDL level, you can find out from blood work that includes a lipid profile. This profile tells you your overall total cholesterol as well as its individual parts, including HDL and LDL. There are no obvious signs or symptoms of high LDL cholesterol and low HDL cholesterol so it’s very important to maintain a healthy lifestyle and get your cholesterol checked regularly!
The National Cholesterol Education Program recommends you take in 2 grams of plant sterols and stanols each day. The FDA allows an approved health claim on phytosterols stating, "Foods containing at least 0.65 gram per serving of vegetable oil plant sterol esters, eaten twice a day with meals for a daily total intake of at least 1.3 grams, as part of a diet low in saturated fat and cholesterol, may reduce the risk of heart disease."
Although your cholesterol levels are partially determined by your genetics, these tips above can help you increase your HDL levels naturally! Also, don’t forget to visit your doctor every few years to have your cholesterol checked and have a blood panel conducted. Your doctor can use this information to treat any early conditions you may have. After all, high cholesterol levels don’t show any symptoms!
Swap extra-virgin olive oil for all your other oils and fats when cooking at low temperatures, since extra-virgin olive oil breaks down at high temperatures. Use the oil in salad dressings, sauces, and to flavor foods once they’re cooked. Sprinkle chopped olives on salads or add them to soups, like in this Sicilian fish soup. Just be sure to use extra-virgin olive oil in moderation, since it’s high in calories.
You've probably heard that fried foods of all kinds, hydrogenated oils, and full-fat dairy products are cholesterol bombs that are best avoided (and not just by those watching their cholesterol levels). The American Heart Association recommends that everyone restrict these foods, as they contain trans and saturated fats, the "bad" kind that raises LDL cholesterol and leads to plaque buildup in the arteries. | <urn:uuid:a2db1fd6-1549-4590-b48c-47d1b2ef6f9d> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | https://onebetteryou.com/cholesterol/how-does-porridge-lower-cholesterol.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195527907.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20190722092824-20190722114824-00313.warc.gz | en | 0.938695 | 1,913 | 2.75 | 3 |
Technical or scientific reports describe the progress or results of scientific or technical research and development. They are often done by Federal government agencies or they may be funded or sponsored by government agencies but prepared by research institutions, universities, think tanks, or other governmental or non-governmental agencies. Publication and dissemination of technical reports has never been centrally coordinated; therefore, they can be particularly difficult to identify and locate.
Technical reports usually appear as part of a numbered series from the issuing agency. These numbers are important and are often the easiest way to find a specific report or document. Each agency has its own numbering system, however technical report number systems follow some common forms.
Many bibliographic references will include report numbers. The report numbers may take different forms. Examples might follow these formats:
CONF (followed by numbers….)
DOE, NASA and the Department of Defense are top sponsors and EPA is another important agency with substantial technical report work. A number of U.S. Government sponsors now make technical reports available full text online. | <urn:uuid:d3018569-9f78-498e-961f-704dffaead4f> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | http://libguides.alfred.edu/c.php?g=461825&p=3157404 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794867140.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20180525160652-20180525180652-00455.warc.gz | en | 0.925151 | 209 | 3.34375 | 3 |
American Flags around Pinehurst.
Proudly Made in America!
The American flag is a solid symbol of American identification and national pride. Also known as Old Glory, the U.S. flag has a vibrant history and also has undergone numerous adjustments starting from the very first main flag of 1777.
Today the U.S. flag consists of thirteen straight stripes, seven red alternating with 6 white stripes. The stripes stand for the initial 13 colonies; the stars represent the 50 states of the country. The colors of the flag are symbolic also: red represents strength and also valor, white symbolizes purity and also virtue and also blue stands for vigilance, willpower and also justice. The reason the Continental Congress originally picked the red, white, and also blue colors was not made clear in the resolution taking on the flag. Chroniclers believe it was possibly a color option based upon the British Union Jack, which had previously flown over the colonies.
With time, some have actually associated somewhat various definitions to the three shades, as an example, the color red signifying the bloodshed spilled to maintain our liberty, yet the significance of the initial significance has actually been relatively consistent since 1782.
Exactly how did the American flag turn into exactly what it is today?
It is a lot greater than the 3 colors or a “decor”. Think of the places around the world that the American flag has actually flown, consider the change it has undergone throughout the decades on American territory. It is really humbling to consider all that was given as well as compromised to make sure that the American flag could fly freely throughout this nation.
The flag that began with just 13 stars expanded to 50 with the addition of states to the Union. The number of stars on the flag progressively rose to its existing number today in which a new star would certainly be added to the blue field on the 4th of July after the date of each new state’s admission.
The number of alternating horizontal red as well as white stripes has actually remained at thirteen except from 1795 to 1818 when fifteen stripes appeared on the flag to note the admission of Kentucky as well as Vermont to the Union. In 1818, it was decided that adding a stripe to the flag for each brand-new state would certainly no longer take place as it will make the flag appear crowded as well as it would certainly make the flag unwieldy. It was agreed then that the flag would certainly return to including just thirteen stripes to stand for the original colonies.
The American flag is a sign not only of strength, valiance, pureness, virtue, vigilance, perseverance and justice; it is an icon of freedom. Freedom that has been combatted so hard for over the years. Liberty that has actually cost this nation as well as the families within a lot, but it is still a beacon to those desiring they had the freedom that the nation has.
Folding the American flag.
Traditional flag etiquette prescribes that before an American flag is stored or raised, its handlers need to two times fold it in half lengthwise; after that (from the other end opposite heaven field) make a triangular fold, continuously fold it in a triangular patter til the other end is reached. This makes a triangular “pillow” of the flag with only heaven starred field showing outside, and it takes thirteen folds to produce: two lengthwise folds and eleven triangular ones.
The flag isn’t really folded up in this way due to the fact that each of the folds has a special symbolic meaning; the flag is folded this way because it offers a dignified ceremonial touch that differentiates folding a flag from folding an ordinary object such as a bedsheet, as well as since it results an aesthetically pleasing, easy-to-handle shape. This thirteen-fold procedure was a typical practice long prior to the production of a ceremonial assignation of “indicating” to each of the actions.
A fancy flag folding ceremony incorporating these definitions has actually from then on been designed for unique celebrations such as Memorial Day and also Veterans Day. These associations are “real” in the feeling that they imply something to the people that take part in the event, yet they are not the reason that a flag is folded in the traditional thirteen-step way.
This is America and also its icon is the American Flag. This respectable icon has been shot at, set fire to, spit upon as well as stepped on, and yet she rises over and over. Even though lots of Americans near Massachusetts state happily fly the flag outside their homes and businesses each day, it is fitting that we, as a country, have actually alloted one certain day each year to honor our flag and also to keep in mind that it stands for the ideals and also values that we need to strive to uphold. May God honor America and those who defend her.
Pinehurst ZIP codes we serve: 01866 | <urn:uuid:53a945da-6b5d-4bbc-a860-e8df49538066> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | http://americanflaginfo.com/american-flags-sale-pinehurst-ma-01866.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257647692.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20180321195830-20180321215830-00544.warc.gz | en | 0.971383 | 1,007 | 2.625 | 3 |
Offered by Joseph M. Smith, M.D. at Premier Pediatrics
Many teens and young adults suffer from acne. This is due to hormonal changes that increase oil production in the skin leading to blockage of hair follicles. In research studies, food has not been found to have a major influence on acne, although some individuals might be more sensitive to certain foods.
There are several types of acne including blackheads, skin colored comedones, red inflammatory acne, and nodulocystic acne. Nodulocystic acne can lead to permanent scarring without treatment. Acne can be present on the face, chest, shoulders, and back.
Keeping the skin clean can be helpful. It is not possible to “scrub acne away”. In fact, scrubbing the skin can make acne more inflamed. Gentle application of soap to absorb the oil followed by gentle rinsing of the skin is best.
Despite these measures, some people will need medical treatment for their acne. Your child’s pediatrician is equipped to treat all forms of acne except for nodulocystic acne which can be treated by a dermatologist. Your pediatrician can help diagnose the type of acne and recommend the most appropriate treatment. Improvement in acne is usually seen within 4-6 weeks of starting treatment and it is often necessary to continue treatment for 1-2 years to prevent further outbreaks. Most acne treatments can make a person much more sensitive to the sun, so it is critical to use sunscreen.
Have concerns about acne?
Schedule today for an evaluation!
Click here to view Premier Pediatrics on The Brighton Buzz Business Directory | <urn:uuid:c2e5bbfd-c790-45c3-b2a7-d273cd6cb169> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://thebrightonbuzz.com/acne-make-go-away | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806586.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20171122122605-20171122142605-00024.warc.gz | en | 0.940399 | 334 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Thailand is a linguistically diverse country with more than 62 officially recognized groups. The official or national language is Central Thai or Siamese. People in the region also speak Lao, which is Laos’ official language. The origins of both of these languages can be traced back to the Tai-Kadai family, which had its roots in China.
Central Thai is native to Central, Eastern, and Southwestern Thailand, which includes the Bangkok Metropolitan Region. Thai is a tonal and analytic language with around 20-36 million native speakers and 44 million second-language speakers.
Thai Writing System
The Thai language utilizes the abugida script which was popular in South Asian languages. Ramkhamhaeng the Great created this script, and it has been in use since 1283. Abugida descended from the Proto-Sinaitic alphabet, and you can see distinct influences of Phoenician, Aramaic, Brahmi, Tamil-Brahmi, Pallava, and old Khmer in the writing.
This writing system has 44 consonants that represent 21 sounds, divided into three classes: middle, high, and low. Thai has 21 vowels that can be used on their own but are often used in combination with consonants to create different sounds. Many of these vowels are borrowed from Sanskrit and show up in Sanskrit loanwords. The vowels are placed above, below, to the right or left of the consonant (similar to many Southeast Asian and Indian scripts.)
Thai is a tonal language where the tone can change a word’s meaning. Vowels usually symbolize these words. However, they can also be described through the class of the initial consonant, vowel length, closing consonant, and tone marks. These tone marks are ‘mai ek’, ‘mai tho’, ‘mai tri’, and ‘mai chattawa.’
Though Thailand uses Hindu-Arabic numerals like most of the world, the Thai script has numerical decimal digits. Thais also use their script to write Sanskrit and Pali, as both are featured prominently in their religious texts.
Thai is an analytic language with a Subject – Verb – Object order, similar to English. However, unlike English, the language isn’t focused on the subject, so it is possible to omit it and have it make complete sense when saying something. Thai pronouns are gender-based and also showcase the relative status of both the speaker as well as the audience. Many words can be used as adjectives and adverbs without adding suffixes such as ‘ly’ or ‘ing’ to the root word. In Thai sentence order, adverbs and adjectives are placed after the word they modify.
Verbs don’t change based on tense, gender, mood, quantity, or voice. There are tense-markers, present before or after the verb to help readers. Nouns are uninflected, have no gender, and require no articles. There are no singular or plural forms, and some nouns are reduplicated to become collective nouns. For example, ‘dek’ means child as well as children, while ‘dek dek’ means a group of children.
Pronouns aren’t used in casual conversations. But when used, they are in honorific registers, which means the pronouns change based on a person’s social status, their relationship with the speaker, as well as the social setting. Specific pronouns are used while referring to royalty, nobility, and the clergy.
Particles are placed at the end of the sentence to indicate different expressions like mood, request, question, etc. Thai speakers use these five particles, like how English speakers use intonation.
Several dialects have developed over the centuries, and they vary based on regional differences and other such influences. Here’s a look at the different forms of Thai spoken today:
- Eastern Central Plains – The dialects spoken in the Eastern Central Plains include Ayutthaya, Eastern, Thonburi, and Vientiane Central Thai.
- Western Central Plains – Suphanburi, Kanchanaburi, and Rayong dialects are spoken in Suphan Buri, Sing Buri, Kanchanaburi, and Rayong Province.
- Capital Core Thai – Krung Thep and Chonburi are spoken in the Core area while Nangrong, Hatyai, Bandon, and Betong are spoken in the Enclave Area.
- Upper Central Thai – People in the Upper Central Thai region speak New Sukhothai, Phitsanulok, and Pak Nam Pho.
- Southwestern Thai – People in Southwestern Thai speak Ratchaburi and Prippri dialects.
- Khorat Thai – The Khorat Thai people have a distinctive dialect of their own.
Thai also has several related languages that have descended from the same language family. Many of them are mutually intelligible, so if you understand Thai, you might be able to understand them as well. Based on the social context, Thai also has five distinct registers (forms of language):
- Street or Common Thai
- Elegant or Formal Thai
- Religious Thai
- Rhetorical Thai
- Royal Thai
Most people can speak and understand all of these forms, but Street Thai is commonly used in casual conversations and day-to-day communication.
The Thai language has a fascinating history and can be a worthwhile addition to your language skills. Exposure to native speakers will help you grasp the tones, registers, and inflections better. | <urn:uuid:ad3e4cb0-0408-4f11-af22-3421d88b9ecc> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://linguavirtua.com/an-introduction-to-the-thai-language | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572033.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814113403-20220814143403-00023.warc.gz | en | 0.946065 | 1,191 | 3.5 | 4 |
Exercises to reduce pain due to spondylitis
Spondylitis, the musculoskeletal disorder is an age-related problem. When it is left untreated for a long period, it can turn your life agonizing. If you are diagnosed with ankylosing spondylitis, then it is time to change your lifestyle, particularly by incorporating necessary changes in your eating habits, in order to tackle the musculoskeletal disorder. Read on about spondylitis treatment and lead a healthier and easier life:
Regular exercise: The primary cause of spondylitis is the lack of physical exercise. With regular exercise, one can make one’s muscles more flexible. Exercise helps reduce stiffness and muscular pain as well. This increases the efficacy of your spondylitis treatment plan manifold.
Few simple exercises for spondylitis treatment
• Rotate the head clockwise and anti-clockwise 2-3 times a day. For starters, begin with a 5-minute exercise routine and gradually increase the duration to 20 minutes. In the same way, nodding the neck from one side to the other side will also provide some relief from pain.
• Rotate your arms clockwise and anti-clockwise for a couple of times a day. This will maintain an optimum circulation of blood and will aid in reducing stiffness that mostly occurs due to lack of physical exercise.
• Exercises like brisk walking and regular swimming five times a week also prove to be hugely beneficial in reducing pain arising from spondylitis.
• Regular cycling also helps in keeping the body fit and flexible. Initially, one may find it tiring, but once the body gets accustomed to the routine, one finds cycling and other exercises rejuvenating and soothing.
It is recommended to consult a doctor before starting any exercise regimen. If pain worsens after commencing regular exercise, remember to consult a physician immediately.
Epsom salt bath
If you are wondering how bathing with Epsom salt can prove to be useful in treating spondylitis, then here is the answer. Epsom salt is rich in magnesium that regulates the PH- level of the body and reduces stiffness, inflammation, and pain. People suffering from illnesses in the kidney, heart or those who have diabetes should consult the doctor before using Epsom salt.
There are no proven medicines to help treat the musculoskeletal disorder and the natural techniques mentioned here are effective and safe in fighting spondylitis. | <urn:uuid:4240962a-dbcf-43e1-836e-3f3a4b09eb20> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://howdywellness.com/exercises-to-reduce-pain-due-to-spondylitis/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296944452.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20230322211955-20230323001955-00330.warc.gz | en | 0.91494 | 510 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Sound Terms & DefinitionsWhat is a Hz?
Hertz (Hz) simply means once per second. In audio terms, it is used to measure the frequency of a sound to characterize its pitch. A 100 Hz sound wave is a signal that repeats 100 times per second. Humans can normally hear sound between 20 Hz and 20,000 Hz.What is a dB?
While the decibel (dB) can be used to measure the ratio between any 2 quantities, for the purpose of this site it is the measure of the ratio between two sound levels. The Decibel is a logarithmic scale that has no units. Usually loudness is measured in decibels because we perceive different levels of sound in a logarithmic scale. For example: the perceived increase from 50 dB to 60 dB is about the same as the increase from 90 dB to 95 dB. To standardize, dB are commonly specified in SPL (Sound Pressure Level). Here are some common SPL levels.
|194||Theoretical limit for a sound wave at 1 atmosphere environmental pressure|
|180||Rocket engine at 30 meters|
|171||Current SPL record for a IASCA Competition|
|120||Threshold of pain|
|80||Vacuum cleaner at 1 m|
|50||Quiet restaurant inside|
|0||Threshold of human hearing|
- It takes an amplifier twice the power to produce an increase of +3 dB.
- It usually takes about 2-3 dB for a human to perceive a difference in a sound level.
- It takes +10 dB for a human to perceive a doubling of the sound level.
An Octave is the difference between one musical note and another that has half or double the frequency. Ex: 1500 Hz and 3000 Hz are one octave apart. There are 9 octaves, with the first (Octave 0) being 32.7-61.7 Hz and the last (Octave 8) at 8372-15804 Hz. Since human hearing is 20-20,000 Hz, these octaves do not represent the full range of perceived sound. A good car or professional equalizer will have 31 bands from 20 - 20,000 (20 doubled 10 times is 20,480), with each band being 1/3 of an octave.What are these terms used to describe speakers?
- Airy: Spacious. Open. Instruments sound like they are surrounded by a large reflective space full of air. Good reproduction of high-frequency reflections. High-frequency response extends to 15 or 20 kHz.
- Bassy: Emphasized low frequencies below about 200 Hz.
- Blanketed: Weak highs, as if a blanket were put over the speakers.
- Bloated: Excessive mid-bass around 250 Hz. Poorly damped low frequencies, low-frequency resonances. See tubby.
- Blurred: Poor transient response. Vague stereo imaging, not focused.
- Boomy: Excessive bass around 125 Hz. Poorly damped low frequencies or low-frequency resonances.
- Boxy: Having resonances as if the music were enclosed in a box. Sometimes an emphasis around 250 to 500 Hz.
- Breathy: Audible breath sounds in woodwinds and reeds such as flute or sax. Good response in the upper-mids or highs.
- Bright: High-frequency emphasis. Harmonics are strong relative to fundamentals.
- Chesty: The vocalist sounds like their chest is too big. A bump in the low-frequency response around 125 to 250 Hz.
- Clear: See Transparent.
- Colored: Having timbres that are not true to life. Non-flat response, peaks or dips.
- Crisp: Extended high-frequency response, especially with cymbals.
- Dark: Opposite of bright. Weak high frequencies.
- Delicate: High frequencies extending to 15 or 20 kHz without peaks.
- Depth: A sense of distance (near to far) of different instruments.
- Detailed: Easy to hear tiny details in the music; articulate. Adequate high-frequency response, sharp transient response.
- Dull: See dark.
- Edgy: Too much high frequencies. Trebly. Harmonics are too strong relative to the fundamentals. Distorted, having unwanted harmonics that add an edge or raspiness.
- Fat: See Full and Warm. Or, spatially diffuse - a sound is panned to one channel, delayed, and then the delayed sound is panned to the other channel. Or, slightly distorted with analog tape distortion or tube distortion.
- Full: Strong fundamentals relative to harmonics. Good low-frequency response, not necessarily extended, but with adequate level around 100 to 300 Hz. Male voices are full around 125 Hz; female voices and violins are full around 250 Hz; sax is full around 250 to 400 Hz. Opposite of thin.
- Gentle: Opposite of edgy. The harmonics - highs and upper mids - are not exaggerated, or may even be weak.
- Grainy: The music sounds like it is segmented into little grains, rather than flowing in one continuous piece. Not liquid or fluid. Suffering from harmonic or I.M. distortion. Some early A/D converters sounded grainy, as do current ones of inferior design. Powdery is finer than grainy.
- Grungy: Lots of harmonic or I.M. distortion.
- Hard: Too much upper midrange, usually around 3 kHz. Or, good transient response, as if the sound is hitting you hard.
- Harsh: Too much upper midrange. Peaks in the frequency response between 2 and 6 kHz. Or, excessive phase shift in a digital recorder's lowpass filter.
- Honky: Like cupping your hands around your mouth. A bump in the response around 500 to 700 Hz.
- Mellow: Reduced high frequencies, not edgy.
- Muddy: Not clear. Weak harmonics, smeared time response, I.M. distortion.
- Muffled: Sounds like it is covered with a blanket. Weak highs or weak upper mids.
- Nasal: Honky, a bump in the response around 600 Hz.
- Piercing: Strident, hard on the ears, screechy. Having sharp, narrow peaks in the response around 3 to 10 kHz.
- Presence: A sense that the instrument in present in the listening room. Synonyms are edge, punch, detail, closeness and clarity. Adequate or emphasized response around 5 kHz for most instruments, or around 2 to 5 kHz for kick drum and bass.
- Puffy: A bump in the response around 500 Hz.
- Punchy: Good reproduction of dynamics. Good transient response, with strong impact. Sometimes a bump around 5 kHz or 200 Hz.
- Rich: See Full. Also, having euphonic distortion made of even-order harmonics.
- Round: High-frequency rolloff or dip. Not edgy.
- Sibilant: "Essy" Exaggerated "s" and "sh" sounds in singing, caused by a rise in the response around 6 to 10 kHz.
- Sizzly: See Sibilant. Also, too much highs on cymbals.
- Smeared: Lacking detail. Poor transient response, too much leakage between microphones. Poorly focused images.
- Smooth: Easy on the ears, not harsh. Flat frequency response, especially in the midrange. Lack of peaks and dips in the response.
- Spacious: Conveying a sense of space, ambiance, or room around the instruments. Stereo reverb. Early reflections.
- Steely: Emphasized upper mids around 3 to 6 kHz. Peaky, nonflat high-frequency response. See Harsh, Edgy.
- Strident: See Harsh, Edgy.
- Sweet: Not strident or piercing. Delicate. Flat high-frequency response, low distortion. Lack of peaks in the response. Highs are extended to 15 or 20 kHz, but they are not bumped up. Often used when referring to cymbals, percussion, strings, and sibilant sounds.
- Telephone-like: See Tinny.
- Thin: Fundamentals are weak relative to harmonics.
- Tight: Good low-frequency transient response and detail.
- Tinny: Narrowband, weak lows, peaky mids. The music sounds like it is coming through a telephone or tin can.
- Transparent: Easy to hear into the music, detailed, clear, not muddy. Wide flat frequency response, sharp time response, very low distortion and noise.
- Tubby: Having low-frequency resonances as if you're singing in a bathtub. See bloated.
- Veiled: Like a silk veil is over the speakers. Slight noise or distortion or slightly weak high frequencies. Not transparent.
- Warm: Good bass, adequate low frequencies, adequate fundamentals relative to harmonics. Not thin. Also excessive bass or midbass. Also, pleasantly spacious, with adequate reverberation at low frequencies. Also see Rich, Round. Warm highs means sweet highs.
- Weighty: Good low-frequency response below about 50 Hz. Suggesting an object of great weight or power, like a diesel locomotive. | <urn:uuid:037b9667-9677-4c0d-a59e-4b454ff95a05> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.diyaudioandvideo.com/Guide/SoundAndSpeakerTermsAndDefinitions/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560285315.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095125-00115-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.887911 | 1,961 | 4.15625 | 4 |
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. . Designed by Frederick Cumberland using Norman and Romanesque Revival styles University College's was completed in 1859 The University of Toronto (U of T) has embraced dramatic design and monumentalism and its prominent location at the centre of the city has given its structures a wide impact Built up over almost two centuries the university's buildings cover a wide range of styles the Collegiate Gothic style was embraced for many of the earliest buildings such as Hart House Trinity College and Burwash Hall but there are also examples of almost all the Victorian revival styles on campus in recent decades the university has built examples of modernism such as McLennan Physical Laboratories; brutalism such as Robarts Library; and postmodernism such as the graduate house by Pritzker Architecture Prize winner Thom Mayne Sir Norman Foster designed the University of Toronto's Leslie L Dan Pharmacy Building which is home to the largest pharmacy faculty in Canada it was completed in 2006 The other two major universities York and Ryerson Universities have largely been built in more recent years and have fewer architectural monuments Ryerson was long mostly hidden within the downtown streetscape with the Brutalist library podium and Jorgensen Hall complex being one half block east of Yonge Street but since the 1990s an unprecedented building project has greatly expanded the campus and made it much more visible York like many of the universities that largely came into being in the 1950s and 1960s has mostly eschewed monumentalism in pursuit of less dramatic but more egalitarian architecture particularly Brutalist architecture such as the Scott Library The Ontario College of Art and Design for many years confined to a series of comparatively unprepossessing buildings in the western part of downtown was transformed in 2004 by the addition of the Will Alsop's Sharp Centre of Design it consists of a black and white speckled box suspended four storeys off the ground and supported by a series of multi-coloured pillars at different angles Museums. Toronto Ontario Canada Business directory 1901 2,182,947 +3.2%. ; . . .
. . The Ryerson Faculty of Engineering and Architectural Science (formerly Faculty of Engineering Architecture & Science) is one of Canada's largest engineering faculties with over 4,000 undergraduate students enrolled in 9 bachelor's degree programs (19 when including options/specializations) and over 500 graduate students in 15 master's and 5 doctoral degree programs. Ryerson's Aerospace Computational Laboratory is a node for the High Performance Computational Virtual Laboratory for the Greater Toronto Area the HPCVL is an interuniversity high-speed computation network which acts as a virtual supercomputer providing the intensive computation power needed in the solution of complex problems in engineering and other disciplines Ryerson University's Department of Architectural Science is housed in a building at 325 Church Street designed by the prominent Canadian architect Ronald Thom (Ryersonian) it offers a program in architecture accredited by the Canadian Architectural Certification Board at the bachelor level (B.Arch.) and the master's level (M.Arch.) The Centre for Computing and Engineering opened in September 2004 and is a state-of-the-art science technology and research facility spanning almost an entire city block in downtown Toronto the building was renamed the George Vari Engineering and Computing Centre in November 2005 Ryerson researchers in the engineering and science disciplines have earned prestigious Premier's Research Excellence Awards (PREA) Canada Research Chairs NSERC Industrial Research Chair a biomedical engineering program started at Ryerson in fall 2008 is the first such program in Canada The faculty hosts the Centre for Urban Energy CUE is co-sponsored by Hydro One Ontario Power Authority and Toronto Hydro the centre focuses on energy research and urban energy challenges Faculty of Science, School of Image Arts 7.1.3 Desjardins Canal. 11 Forward Jon Bakero (on loan to Phoenix Rising) Spain 9.3.7 CONCACAF Champions League Golden Boot 2 Topography. First Nations fishing camps were established around the waterways of Toronto as early as 1,000 BCE by 500 CE up to 500 people lived along each of the three major rivers of Toronto (Don Humber and Rouge River). Early on First Nations communities had developed trails and water routes in the Toronto area These led from northern and western Canada to the Gulf of Mexico One trail known as the "Toronto Passage" followed the Humber River northward as an important overland shortcut between Lake Ontario and the upper Great Lakes A map of the region with Ganatsekwyagon and other areas highlighted along the Rouge Trail c 1673 Teiaiagon is shown west Ganatsekwyagon New crops including corn sunflowers and tobacco were introduced into the area from the south around 600 CE the introduction of these crops saw large societal shifts in the area; including a change in diet and the formation of semi-permanent villages in order to farm these crops. Inhabitants of these semi-permanent villages moved out during parts of the year to hunt fish and gather other goods to supplement their farming The earliest Iroquoian settlement in Toronto occurred around 900 CE. Iroquoian villages during this period were located on high fortified grounds with access to wetlands and waterways to facilitate hunting fishing trade and military operations. Iroquoian villages typically lasted a period of 10 to 20 years before its inhabitants relocated to a new site Several Huron villages dating back to the 1200s have been excavated in Toronto including a Huron ossuary in Scarborough From the 1300s to the 1500s the Iroquoian inhabitants of the area migrated north of Toronto joining the developing Huron confederacy. During this period the Huron confederacy used Toronto as a hinterland for hunting with the Toronto Passage continuing to see use as a north-south route Although Europeans did not visit Southern Ontario in the 16th century European goods had begun to make its way into the region as early as the late-1500s. During the 17th century nearly half of Southern Ontario's First Nations population was wiped out from as a result of the transmission of communicable diseases between Europeans and First Nations groups the population loss along with the desire to secure furs for trade saw the Iroquois Confederacy to the south defeat the Huron inhabitants of the area. Although some Huron refugees fled the area the majority were absorbed and eventually integrated into the Iroquois. After the Iroquois secured the Toronto area several Iroquois settlement of the north shore of Lake Ontario were established the Seneca (one of the five Iroquois nations) established two settlements in present day Toronto Teiaiagon near the Humber River and Ganatsekwyagon near the Rouge River the two communities provided the Iroquois control of the north-south passage in Toronto. Roman Catholic missionaries visited the two settlements in the 1660s and 1670s. However by 1687 the two settlements were abandoned by the Seneca In the 17th century the area was a crucial point for travel with the Humber and Rouge River providing a shortcut to the upper Great Lakes These routes were known as the Toronto Passage The Mississaugas arrived in the late 17th century driving out the occupying Iroquois and settling along the Lake Ontario shore including the Port Credit area Early European settlement.
Car accidents happen, Accidents with your legal representation should not. Contact our trusted team of experts for a free case evaluation. | <urn:uuid:d9930e00-f904-46b0-b55a-6e5a986e7602> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://directorytorontoontario.com/111599-jt-legal-group-2 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618039563095.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20210422221531-20210423011531-00050.warc.gz | en | 0.961545 | 1,488 | 2.515625 | 3 |
The shaper is one of the most versatile and important devices used in production and maintenance centers. It is an important production machine along with milling and lathe machines. The primary role of this tool is to produce surfaces that are at different planes. The equipment contains powerful motor that develops the rotary motion. This motion is the changed to reciprocating movement . The reciprocating feed is then connected to the cutting tool such that the cutter moves forward and backwards. During the forward stroke, the specially shaped cutter makes an incision along the workspaces but does not cut on the backstroke. Vertical feed is provided automatically so that the groove made by the cutter continuously deepens to the required depth. During the backward stroke, the vertical position of the cutter changes so that it removes some material during next cycle. The vertical feed and cutting speed are adjusted to match the type of metal, depth of cut and type of operation.
Use of shaping machine in gear manufacturing
Gears are an important constituent in vehicles, machines and other parts. The main types include: bevel, spur, helical and worm gears. The main methods used to manufacture different types of gears include: hobbing, milling, shaping, broaching and grinding. This shaping process has been used for a long time to manufacture them. The blank or a round work piece is mounted on the equipment table. The tool resembling the tooth to be cut is mounted on the tool clamp on the device. The reciprocating motion of the tool forms a single tooth on the round work piece. Once completed, the blank is rotated using an indexing head. The indexing head is set such that it accurately rotates the blank to a position where the next tooth will be formed. This process is used in manufacturing both internal and external components. Shaping machine and broaching are very much similar and are used on very large work pieces that require extra force to manufacture.
For manufacturing plants that require high production runs, cutting of one piece at a time is not convenient. In this case, pinion shaped cutters are used. They are mounted on the shaper while the blank is clamped on the equipment table. As the cutter moves forward and backwards, the whole gear is formed in a single operation. In addition, this equipment is also widely used to form keyhole, slots and internal splines that fasten pulleys on the shaft.
Use in pulley manufacture
Pulleys are used in many industries to transfer rotary motion between different components. The increase or decrease speed depending on the ratio of the diameter of the driver and driven wheels. The shaper is used to produce internal slots and keyways which are used to assemble the pulley wheel on the shaft. The slot is made on the internal radius of the pulley using this device. Therefore, the shaper plays a fundamental role in the development of rotary components.
Research and development has led to the availability of many new and better products across many industries throughout the world. This has resulted in designing and producing a vast range of innovative machinery including tool room units for the local and global market. Hence, a broad variety of tools are now produced in order to fulfill the growing needs of various manufacturing industries.
Today there are several tool room equipment manufacturers in India and abroad. Each tool is built to perform a particular function and different models with specific characteristic are readily available at reasonable rates. Although all the producers supply good products; there are always certain distinctive features, even in the same type of equipments, manufactured by different producers.
Hence, choosing the right tool room device is definitely the key to control the overall costs. It helps to minimize input and maximize output; mainly in terms of expenditure, quality and quantity. First of all one should select a reliable and reputed tool manufacturer. The selected machine must have various salient features such as: user-friendly design, robust structure, higher dimensional accuracy, noise less, low maintenance, economical components etc.
Other essential characteristics include: top grade materials, highly secure, flexible, perfect timing, simple to operate, rust free, precise settings, corrosion resistant, longer working life, higher cutting capacity, vibration free, globally adaptable, highly tolerant, better surface, faster setup time, lesser wear and tear, standard parameters, higher tool life, uniform output, better finishing, consistent speed, fully tested, highly efficient, constantly updated, higher throughput, good quality spares, durable parts etc.
Some of the most versatile and widely used tools include the milling, bandsaw, grinding, shaping and slotting machine.
Milling machines are utilized for easy and complicated cutting, shaping and drilling operations. There are two categories of milling equipments such as horizontal milling and vertical milling. These are available in three models; namely manually operated milling equipment, mechanically automated milling and digitally automated CNC milling.
Bandsaw machines are utilized for cutting long metallic or wooden pieces into various irregular or curved shapes. It has a horizontal metal band and a blade. Basically two types are available such as horizontal bandsaw and double column bandsaw.
The grinding device is a tool used to grind the workpiece into different shapes and sizes, using an abrasive wheel. It involves precisely chipping the metal to finish the rough metal surfaces into smooth objects. Both manual and hydraulic grinders are easily available.
Shaping machines are utilized in several industries to shape straight and flat metal surfaces made from steel, aluminum, ferrous and non-ferrous metals; into various curved or angular shapes. A slotting unit is a tool used for shaping or cutting materials and for making slots in objects made from wood, metal etc.
Hence, the chosen tool room machine must be versatile, safe and efficient in order to control costs and achieve optimum value for money.
Working principle of shaping machine
Among the range of workshop machineries available a shaping machine stays very useful to shape the surface of metal, wood or steel surfaces to a desired shape or dimension. It is quiet easy to obtain good finishing in the surfaces of the instrument. Some of the popular predetermined shapes that can be acquired through shaping machines are flat surface, shoulders, and different types of grooves. it come in different sizes hence; it is easy to choose it for workshop based on the requirement of dimensions and sizes.
The significances and applications of shaping equipment
it is used for different applications in shaping, hence, it is considered as significant workshop equipment. The cutting is processed with a special single edged accessory where to and fro strokes help in cutting the desired dimension and shape. It is found to be useful in removing scaling from metals like cast iron, where a steel shaping device can be preferred to get smooth surface in the cast iron material. Long and heavy parts can also be cut into desired shapes by heavy duty. Similarly, a wood and metal shaping machine are also available for cutting wood and various metals respectively. For obtaining precise cutting, and quality smooth surface it will stay excellent workshop equipment.
Components of shaping device
The tools for a shaping machine differ according to the applications such as cutting, surfacing, etc. The selection of tools has to be determined in terms of the type of work piece that need to be shaped. Every component has specific function to perform in the machining process. Some of the important components that are installed with equipment are
- Tool feed handle-Which carries the cutting tool to the machining material
- Ram-helps the cutting tool to more to and fro
- Vice- It is the part that hold the machining material strongly
- Clutch Handle-Helps in starting the ram to function
Tips to select appropriate equipment for shaping requirements
Since, shaping requirements vary for different materials such as wood, metal and steel the cutting tools also has to be selected based on the thickness and volume of the machining material. For example, a straight or bent of swan-necked tool can be used for cutting in different angles and shank forms. Similarly for shouldering, grooving and hooking purposes specific tools are available. Thus investing on a shaping device brings multi-benefits for machining process. Read more about the shaping machine.
Some important suggestions to maintain the efficiency of Shaping Machines
Selecting the right kind of cutting tool is an excellent way to maintain the efficiency of the machining process. For example, it is possible to normalize the slotting tools with respect to the predetermined shape and dimension. In order to maintain proper function of the shaping device for a long run, it is better to keep the cutting edge properly sharpened. This will also save cost of cutting and shaping processes. In addition selecting the type of power source is also important, for example a v belt driven shaping are relatively less efficient than gear driven.
Investing on shaping equipment for workshop can be made more economical by choosing the right tools with respect to the desired machining process. This will also increase the efficiency of working with machineries.
The Increasing Industrial Demand for Different Shapes
Shaping of materials stays a prime requirement in the metal industry as every process is done in accordance with the expectations from different industries. Metals such as steel, cast iron, aluminium, etc are applied in majority of industries either in the form of raw materials or as supporting components of industrial activities. Automobile and aviation sectors, industrial construction and manufacturing units are some of the leading sectors they exclusively depend on metals as raw materials. However, these raw materials are not applied in the original form, every material is shaped or cut or drilled or sheared in different ways and in a range of dimensions as per the production requisites. Precision is the next important feature that is followed while shape the metals. In earlier days manual assistance was considered a major driving factor for shaping as simple machinery was considered only as a supporting tool. In recent days with the advent of computer technology innovative equipments are designed which with fabricating of metals are done in a convenient and precise way.
The Nuances of Machining Over Flat Surfaces
Metals work pieces are produced in different thicknesses and lengths. The compatibility of cutting operation with that of work piece material is considered more important. Particularly while handling flat surfaces, the point of obtaining accuracy stays mandatory. Tools that support working on flat surfaces such as the shaping apparatus has all the features of metal seminal functionality. It works effectively for machining flat surfaces over a range of planes. Flat surfaces are machined with equipment in various ways with the help of single point cutting component. Machining can be done over a different flat surfaces such as horizontal, vertical and inclined planes. Shapes such as steps, slot pockets, Vee-block are some of the illustrations of flat surface machining possible. These are considered as exclusive tools which can be obtained through customization requests made to manufacturer
Shaping Device-A Real Innovative Invention to Obtain Different Shapes with Single Tool
- Crank type shaper equipments work with single point cutting component that works with long stroke application.
- Heavy duty shaping device is an innovative made in machine design which can be relied upon for higher performance
- Geared and hydraulic devices work in terms of rack teeth and hydraulic oil power respectively.
- Selecting the right tool header can bring effective results on machining.
- It is possible to purchase various tool heads for shaping and hence, with investment made in single equipment the investors can bring out multiple machining solutions.
Flat surface machining is not a less important workshop activity. A shaping apparatus is the one of the very few workshop components that can manage machining activities with multiple tooling options. Investors can find reliable and accurate shaping apparatuses with the provision of tooling options in India as there are many leading manufacturers in India who can deliver machines based on the industrial designs.
Nowadays, several types of workshop machine tools are manufactured in many countries around the globe. These tools are commonly used for different purposes in a wide range of industrial segments such as woodworking, automobile, electrical, construction, etc.
This infograph give you information about the most important machine tools for any workshop including milling, grinding, shaping, bandsaw, hacksaw machine. For the best equipment at the competitive price, visit – http://www.bhavyamachinetools.com/
Types of Workshop Machinery – Milling, Grinding, Shaping Machines
Machine play a very important role in a workshop where metal working or woodworking tasks are performed. They enable speed process in the workshops and enhance the accuracy and efficiency of the processes. With tools the bulk wood and metal processing requirements in workshop can be met with ease. Today various kinds of equipment are available in the market. By installing these, various tasks like cutting, shaping, drilling etc which are to be carried out on harder wood and metal surfaces can be easily accomplished.
The workshop machines are a bit different from industrial. Industrial are configured to handle heavy duty applications in robust industrial environments where as workshop are usually designed with intermediate specifications and cannot handle such larger workloads as in industries. Workshop unit are usually compact multitasking which can be stored in smaller space. These are usually lesser in price than the industrial.
This article is a brief description on various kinds of tools used in metal and wood working workshops.
Milling Machine for Workshop
A milling machine is often misunderstood as a lathe work. It is different from a lathe. In a lathe the material is moved in order to achieve the desired shaping or cutting whereas, cutting tool moves at a high speed for the same. A milling machine is the best tool for cutting metals to the customized dimensions and shapes especially if the parts are to be cut or shaped to rectangular or uneven dimensions. Two types of milling devices are employed in workshops manual and CNC milling. CNC are computer controlled which automatically perform the process according to set computer specifications where as in manual devices the process is done manually and therefore takes time for completion.
Tasks like roughing or finishing of surfaces, finishing internal cylinders or bores, sharpening the cutting tools, removing rough projections from castings, cleaning, polishing, and buffing surfaces all are achieved through grinding equipments. Visit at http://www.bhavyamachinetools.com/spm-a-heavy-machine/tool-a-cutter-grinding.html these tasks are carried out by use of a grinding abrasive wheel which moves abrasive particles which when contact the work piece act as tiny cutting tools which cut chips from the work piece to give it desired shape.
Shaping machine is a popular form unit used in workshops. It is used for cutting curves, angles and various shapes from the work piece. It comes in different sizes, specifications and tooling and can be used for various metal or wood cutting requirements. As compared to lathe or milling, shaping are much affordable and are best tools for shaping flat metal or wood surfaces.
Apart from these various other kinds of tools like saws, drills, chisels, routers, planers, shapers etc are employed in workshops for efficient processing. All these machine tools come in different specifications and can be selected as per specific requirements for needs in a workshop. For those looking to buy tools for workshop, We can offer the best quality, reliable units at cost effective pricing.
The most important tools required in any workshop, nowadays are described below.
The milling machine is used for milling, cutting, shaping, carving, planing, contouring, drilling, stamping, and die-sinking a variety of solid materials. The work piece is positioned, to cut and shape the metal object on its tip, and from all the sides. There are two kinds of milling tools; depending on the direction of the main spindle; namely the vertical milling and the horizontal milling. They are further classified as manually operated milling, mechanically automated milling and electronically controlled CNC milling. Milling machines are designed to perform simple and complex machining operations.
The grinding machine is utilized for grinding a metal workpiece into required shapes and sizes; with the help of an abrasive wheel. The abrasive wheel perfectly chips the rough metal surfaces into smooth metal objects. Grinding is basically a finishing process that produces workpieces with minimum surface roughness and maximum surface smoothness. Normally grinders remove very less metal; however some grinding operations involve rapid removal of large quantities of metal. Both manual grinding and hydraulic grinding deliver highly precise workpieces.
A shaping machine is used to cut small or large work pieces made from wood, steel, aluminum, ferrous and non-ferrous metals etc. into various shapes, angles, and curves. This shaper is smaller than a planer, and has a cutting movement like a lathe. The single point cutter has a linear motion and usually moves over the stationary work piece, instead of the work piece moving under the cutter. Both conventional and modern metal shaping tools are widely utilized to quickly and easily shape flat and straight metal surfaces.
A slotting machine is another essential tool that is widely used for shaping or cutting a variety of wooden and metal objects. It is also known as a slotter or a vertical shaper. They are commonly utilized for making slots on the heads of metal screws and bolts, wooden screws, etc.
The bandsaw machine is utilized for cutting long pieces of wood or metal into a variety of odd or curved shapes. It consists of a long horizontal metal band and a blade with sharp teeth on one side to cut the work piece. The band moves on two wheels that rotate in the same plane, in order to precisely cut different types of objects. These are mostly used for woodworking, metalworking; and for cutting different materials into straight, asymmetrical and curved shapes. The horizontal bandsaw and the double column bandsaw are the two kinds of bandsaws.
A hacksaw machine is also a vital tool that is used for cutting wood, metal, plastic and numerous other materials. It has a fine-tooth saw with a blade that is held under tension by a screw or other mechanism. The blade is made from high grade steel and its thickness depends on the material to be cut. Some hacksaw also have a coolant pump to avoid the saw blade from overheating.
Today, several types of machines, equipments and tools are invented in order to automate numerous industrial activities; such as cutting, drilling, milling, threading, shaping etc. A small or large work piece made from wood, metal etc. can be used to create the required product using a shaping tools. It is basically utilized to shape straight and flat metal surfaces.
It helps to cut and form aluminum, steel, ferrous and non-ferrous metals into different shapes, curves, and angles. A variety of shaping equipments with different specifications are available nowadays. Metal shaping equipments vary from inexpensive hand tools to latest devices that save both time and effort. Hence choosing a highly efficient shaping machine will primarily depend on the exact requirements of the user, their budget and quality of the selected one.
All industries apply a wide range of hand and/or power tool room to shape sharp sheets of metal into usable materials. Soft metals like copper, or hard metals such as steel, require the appropriate equipments to transform sheet metal into the final product; without damaging or denting the work piece. The various metal cutting and shaping tools that help to transform raw metals into usable objects with accurate and customized shapes; are as follows:
A versatile lathe is a tool that turns metal materials to shave away the exterior part and form the desired shape. A metal stock is mounted on a lathe that spins the material like a potter’s wheel. The turning work piece is pressed against a sharp cutting tool to create a precisely shaped material.
A milling machine is another metal cutting that has the ability to carry out a variety of tasks; that includes cutting, carving, stamping, milling and shaping. Milling are normally large, floor mounted units. A metal stock is placed on the milling table, to cut and shape the object. Programmable and automated, CNC milling deliver highly accurate shapes.
A machine press refers to several multi-purpose metal cutting tools. They are primarily used to cut and deform metals by pressing the work piece in between two heavy plates. The machine can cut, bend, stamp and shape metal sheets into different forms; depending on the shape of the pressing plates. A typical press may be bench or floor mounted; and is usually powered by pneumatic force or electricity.
A metal working plane or planer shaves thin and exact strips of metal away from the surface of a work piece. It can cut flat surfaces, and create long slots, channels and grooves through a metal work piece. Metal working planes are generally large, floor mounted. Here the metal stock is placed on the machine’s stationary table and passed through a cutting attachment with an adjustable arm to produce the required shape.
Moreover, before selecting the right shaping machine assure; that it is manufactured using high quality cast iron for higher efficiency and stability. Also ensure that it is sturdy, safe and durable;corrosion resistant, energy efficient and cost-effective.
A tool room basically refers to a room in an industrial unit where special machinery is used, in order to manufacture or repair the various tools and components that are necessary to produce the final product. A tool room also stores and distributes a wide range of other tools or parts, required by other departments of a production unit. Nowadays, several types of very useful tool room are designed and manufactured for a broad range of applications in electrical, woodworking, construction, automotive and other heavy industries.
A tool room device is used for milling, grinding, shaping, slotting and cutting; a variety of items made from wood, metal and other substances. The highly useful tool room machines include the milling, hacksaw, bandsaw, grinding, shaping and slotting.
It is a tool, used for machining solid materials. There are mainly two types based on the direction of the main spindle; such as horizontal milling and vertical milling. These highly precise machines are available in various dimensions. It also move the work piece radially against the rotating milling cutter, in order to cut objects both on its tip and on all the sides. Manual, mechanical, and CNC milling device are manufactured to automate various operations like cutting, planning, drilling, contouring and die-sinking.
It is a tool that uses a blade made from a long metallic band with teeth on one edge to cut various work pieces. The band normally rides on two wheels rotating in the same plane, to ensure perfect cutting. Bandsaws are applied in woodworking, metalworking and cutting various materials into straight, irregular and curved shapes.
It is a tool used for grinding objects of various shapes and sizes, using an abrasive wheel as the cutting tool. Each grain of abrasive on the wheel’s surface cuts a small chip from the work piece. Grinding is used to very accurately finish work pieces; that need high surface quality and low surface roughness. It is mostly a finishing operation and removes comparatively very little metal. However, there are certain grinding applications in which lots of metal is removed quickly.
It is a tool that has a relatively linear motion between the work piece and a single-point cutting tool. It has cutting movement like a lathe, except that it is linear instead of helical. A shaper is smaller than a planer, and has a cutter which moves above a stationary work piece, instead of the work piece moving completely under the cutter.
It is used for making slots in various objects. This tool is used for shaping or cutting materials made from wood, metal etc. It is basically a vertical shaper, used for making slots on the heads of wooden screws, metal screws, bolts etc. Many types of slotting machines are now available in the market which can ease the job of shaping and cutting materials.
In industries, workshop is termed as a place, room or a building containing machines, required to manufacture or repair products. The equipments in a workshop can be wood working, sheet metal, automobile and garage, food processing, printing, welding etc., which can ultimately help in manufacturing products in the industries. Thus, a workshop is the most important part of a manufacturing unit are a necessity in every industry. So, there are constant innovations experienced in the workshop equipments. In ancient times, metal cutting and metal fabrication was done manually, which was very much time consuming and inaccurate. The machines like shaping, lathe etc., give excellent results as far as cutting, shaping, drilling and finishing metals is concerned. If you are not getting accurate results from the device you have in your workshop as per your requirements, then you should try to know that are as per the latest technologies and are specialized for the job you need to complete or not. If not, then you better go through the below mentioned details of different workshop equipments which are necessary to be installed in every workshop involved in sheet metal cutting and fabrication.
It is used when a metal sheet is to be given a specific shape. It removes unwanted part from the metals so that a new shape can be given. In it, the metal is rotated against the tool which trims down the material into a particular shape. On an initial stage, when a lathe was invented, it was used manually but now there have been much technological advancement brought to a lathe which has resulted to availability of different types of lathe like light duty lathe machine, medium duty lathe, heavy duty lathe, extra heavy duty lathe etc. So, now you have a wide choice of a lathe depending on the job you need to accomplish in your workshop.
It is a special kind of metal shaping unit used to remove unwanted material from metal sheet to give a particular shape to an object. There are two types of it, horizontal milling and vertical milling machines, further classified into plain milling and universal milling which can be either manually operated or digitally operated also known as CNC milling. You can also buy different combinations in all the different milling equipment which are known as all geared universal milling, all geared vertical milling etc., having different features and specifications.
It is a versatile tool which can cut metals in different curves, angles and shapes. It is used when it needs to cut large amount of metal from the workspace comparing to milling unit. It is widely used in many industries nowadays because of its capacity of working accurately with speed and simplicity in using it. It is used to cut flat metal surfaces like steel, aluminium, ferrous and non-ferrous metals without corrosion.
It used to slot metal and wood materials is known as slotting machine. With the help of this, slots on heads of metal screws or wood screws, bolts, components used in automobiles can be done. These are widely used in industries like automation, electrical, furniture, construction etc. This is specially designed for quick and accurate metal productions and so it is well known for its low maintenance, accurate production and durability while it is quite easy in operating also.
If you are planning to buy this for your workshop, ensure that you buy from a reputed tools supplier like http://www.bhavyamachinetools.com, offering robust workshop equipments and also prompt after sale services which can easily help you to increase your production and lower your production costs.
Improvement of processes in a workshop and automation doesn’t need to be an expensive affair. It needs to be a smarter choice of tool room machines required in a workshop. Various industrial applications require rigid material like wood and metal to be cut, shaped and grinded on a regular basis. These are exactly used for those processes. A workshop needs to provide properly shaped metals to the industries so that they can further manufacture the products of high quality. Proper use in a workshop enables accurate and quick output which becomes very much necessary for all the industries. Basically, there are some important tool room which are necessary to have in a workshop as given below:-
Milling Machine – It can perform versatile operations ranging from simple tasks like slot and keyway cutting, planning, drilling to complex tasks like contouring, dies sinking etc.
Grinding Machine – It also known as grinders are used to grind metals and other materials in a workshop. A grinder is very useful in a metal workshop as it helps in making metal chips from sheet metals which are used in many applications.
Shaping Machine – As the name suggests, It is used to shape metals in a workshop by removing unwanted material from the flat metal surface. It is used when large amount of metal is to be cut to form a specific shape.
Slotting Machine – It is used to make slots needed on the screw heads, bolts, wood screws and other industrial components. The most common use is in manufacturing process of automobiles, electrical components, furniture etc.
Bandsaw Machine – These are used to cut long bars in irregular shapes, straight cuts or curved shapes. This provides maximum accuracy with minimum wastage.
Hacksaw Machine – These are used to cut metals with high efficiency speed and accuracy. These are used where high pressure is required, whereas mechanical and semi-hydraulic hacksaw are used wherever low pressure is required.
How to Select Tool Room Machines for a Workshop?
Each and every workshop is different and needs to complete different types of processes. Similarly, each and every tool room unit also has different uses. If a workshop works on majority of metal grinding projects, then it may require grinding equipment and if it is working on majority of metal cutting projects, then it may require a hacksaw equipment installed. If your workshop requires completing versatile projects involving cutting and drilling both, then a milling device would be just perfect. Thus, the choice of tool room devices to be installed in your workshop depends on the majority of the projects you are handling. Many times it happens that a particular tool room is over occupied and another tool room unit is staying idle for hours altogether. This can increase the production costs of the workshop and reduce the profits. So, it is very much important to judge the kind of projects you are going to handle in your workshop in future and select tool room machines accordingly.
Buying Tool Room Machines
Buying tool room equipments for your workshop can be a crucial decision and needs to be taken carefully. If you fail to buy quality tool room devices, you may end up paying more on maintenance costs which can have an adverse effect to your returns on investment. If you need to cut down on your maintenance costs, never buy used tool room equipments, instead always go for new tool room provided by reliable manufacturer of tool room like Bhavya Machine Tools which is an ISO 9001:2008 certified company.
Higher production requirements of the industries are compelling the industrialists to update their manufacturing equipment with latest technology which gives higher and also faster production rates. Team at Bhavya have very well understood this requirement of industrialists of the new era and therefore are constantly striving hard to offer efficient models of tools which can give efficient production while helping them to meet their bulk production requirements in lesser time with less labor. The customized tools offered by Bhavya are flawlessly designed taking into consideration the parameters which work best for their clients to meet their custom requirements depending on their infrastructure and production needs at their industries.
The modern industrialists want machineries for reliable, safe, easy and durable operations. As the cost of labor is going up, they now require equipment with more automatic features so that their production requirements can be met with lesser efforts and labor required. The managers at Bhavya work to satisfy this requirement of the modern industrialists. They thrive to provide tools which can operate automatically with lesser labor or efforts required while giving the users convenience of use with higher production rates. One such example of the latest technology offered by Bhavya is a V belt driven shaping machine offered by it. This is a high-end tool designed for best resistance to corrosion with a superior grade and well ribbed cast iron material built structure. It is a multitasking developed for cutting steel, aluminum, ferrous and non-ferrous metals in different curves, angles and shapes. This energy efficient machine tool can be easily installed, operated and maintained by the industrialists at lesser operating and maintenance costs.
Various other examples of high-end machineries offered by the firm include CNC lathe, drilling cum milling, the modern tool room, C-type power press, capstan lathe, tool & cutter grinding and many other forms of equipment which are successfully being used in industries across the country. For further details visit http://www.bhavyamachinetools.com.
About Bhavya Machine Tools
Bhavya Machine Tools is an ISO 9001:2008 certified tools manufacturing company in India. The company specializes in supplying lathe, drilling, V belt driven shaping, shearing, pillar and C type power press and machines for tool room, construction, metal and wood working industries. For further details please contact us at +91-79-4024 2800, +91 – 79 – 3007 4560 or visit our office located at
A-601, 6th Floor, Sapath-4, Opp. Karnavati Club,
S.G. Highway Road, Satellite,
Machine tools are widely used tool room machineries across the industries. As an industry leader in manufacturing machine tools in various sizes and standard materials for rough & tough usage. There is a high demand of tool room, lathe, drill, sheet metal, wood working and press brakes from us. These tools are very much useful in steel, metal, wood, automobile and rubber industries for various functions of cutting, shaping, banding and smoothing effects on metals, woods and other solid materials.
Tool & Cutter Grinding is a part of heavy SPM machinery is used for cutting and grinding the tools and metal sheets to sharpen the edge. We offer the versatile and durable cutter & grinder for easy and accurate functions. The cutter diameter for grinding is maximum 250mm with max. Distance between centers is 300mm. This is very high quality tools for prompt cutting and grinding execution of tools and sheet metal tools. The most important feature are sturdy made from quality raw materials give stable and vibration free operation experience. It is used for bulk production, the size and designs are standard based on the applications. These are heavy duty operational equipment for long duration. For further details about the grinding machine – visit: http://www.bhavyamachinetools.com/spm-a-heavy-machine/tool-a-cutter-grinding.html
We offer other exclusive machine tools – slotting machine used in automotive, furniture, construction and electrical industries. The main function is to shape or cut the materials, to make slots on the screw heads, wood screws, bolts and other industrial components. The incorporated advanced technology have made the slotting more special tools available in different strokes ranging from 10 to 150mm and 10 to 250mm.
Another important product deputed by Bhavya Machine tools is shaping machine. The name of this machine is same as it is used in shaping metals and materials for straight and flat metal surfaces. This machine can be effectively applied on various metals like cutting steel, aluminium, ferrous and non-ferrous metals in variety of curves, angles and shapes.
About Bhavya Machine Tools
We are leading tools manufacturer in India offering diverse models of workshop, sheet metal, wood working, automobile & garage, plastic & printing, welding, food processing, sheet bending, shaping, lathe, automatic CNC milling, press brake, power press machines etc. For more details visit http://www.bhavyamachinetools.com or contact at
A-601, 6th Floor, Sapath-4, Opp. Karnavati Club,
S.G. Highway Road, Satellite,
Phone: +91-79-4024 2800, +91 – 79 – 3007 4560
Tool room is the room where the tools are kept for storage, prepare, repairing and machining. The space area can be varied based on the types of the tool room machines and applications. It may include high end electro-mechanical equipments for different applications like grinding, milling, shaping, slotting of metals. In lower scale, it can be defined as a small room to store all tools for servicing and repairing before giving it to the workers for operation. It consisting the big racks, shelves, cupboards and workbench to store and repair the tools. Thus it can have the facilities to design, manufacture and repair the custom requirements.
Types of Tool room Machines
There are various types manufactured by the tools manufacturing companies. Some of them are available with standard technical specifications as well can be manufactured as per industry specific application requirements. Major metalworking equipments are included in the types of tool room equipments. The widely used are Grinding, milling, shaping, slotting, bandsaw and hacksaw devices.
Grinding Machine – It is categorized further in manual surface grinder, hydraulic cylindrical grinder and centerless grinder. Grinding of metals and other materials are carried out by these devices with manual or hydraulic pressure. These are widely used in various industrial applications including engineering, automobiles and electrical.
Milling Machines – These are used to shape the metals and solid materials as per the defined or custom specifications. It is executed manually or automatically based on the types of milling devices that are manual milling, mechanical milling and digital CNC milling for automatic execution.
Shaping Machine – V Belt shaping with wide industrial acceptance to cut metals in curvature shape or angularly. The strength is high to work on ferrous and non-ferrous metals.
Slotting Machine – Metal & wood slotting is the prime requirements to cut and shape the metal slots on the head of metal and wood to create screws, bolts, wood screws and automobile custom parts. It with variation from slow to fast execution depends on the types in the market.
Bandsaw Machine – It is specialized for irregular cutting and curving of the metal shapes with precision accuracy. Based on technical features, various bandsaw devices from horizontal to double column are used in industrial applications.
Hacksaw Machine – It is used in wide range of industries for long time. The metal cutting efficiency of hacksaw unit is unbeatable with high accuracy and precision gathered with hydraulic hacksaw. Mechanical and semi hydraulic are also applied in applications where it needs low pressure.
Tool room setup is the process to setup precision equipments as per the custom prototype machining for the operation, repairing and production. Setting up it required highly efficient and skilled execution with plan out the application installations for current and future requirements of tool room machineries.
Grinding machine is one of the important tools for industrial usage. It is also referred as Grinder. It has two abrasive wheels for grinding the work piece. Grinder can be used to cut and grinding the work piece or metal piece through power controlled abrasive wheels that can be run on desired speed for better grinding. These abrasive wheels are used as a cutter that has a rough surface cuts small chips from the work piece and makes the metal piece surface area smoother with accurate cutting. Thus it removes material from the work piece by the abrasion method. This process generates heat which needs to be cooled for easy operation. Inbuilt coolant cools down the generated heat during the grinding process. Grinder cuts the metal with high quality and accuracy to give the best precision work. There are various types of grinding machines are available in the market for different industrial grinding needs. Belt grinder is used for debarring and grinding of metals and materials with coated abrasives. Bench grinder with different grain sized wheels are used for roughing and finishing of shaping tool bits and used for manual operation. Tool & cutter grinding are used for different industrial tools and cutter to grind and shape with precision accuracy. CNC controlled surface grinder are used manually for grinding the metal or other work pieces. Jig grinding machine is used to finish jigs, dies and fixtures. It is used in the process of manufacturing high quality precision gear.
Shaping Machine – It is used to cut flat metal surface. It is used when it needs to cut large amount of metal from the workspace compare to milling. Back and forth movements of top cutter through rotating wheels cut the measured amount of metal surface portion and carefully bolted down. The mechanism of the device is simple and widely used in major industries now days; though there are more technological advanced featured machines are available. Shaping is mechanical tool used to cut and shape metals like steel, aluminium etc.
Milling Machine – Cutting of solid metals is quite easy and accurate with milling machine. There are two types of classical segmented millings are used in industries. Horizontal milling and vertical milling. Sizes of these are vary as per the cutting requirements of metal from small, bench mounted and big room size milling machine. There is a movement of workspace radially passing through the rotating cutter of the milling machine that cut and smooth the surface of sides and tips. The speed of this cutting tool is controlled by electric panel. There are various types of variants available as per the industrial needs.
Metal shaping and sizing is a big industries which needs heavy machine tools to differently shaping a cutting of the metals. Handling with tools are totally mechanical works with electrical integration. In this process metal work piece is carved by the industrial machine tools as per the required shape and size to be performed by unique types of tools specialized in cutting and shaping the metal as per the needs. In this article, it is discussed about very few useful metal types of machinery used in various industries frequently on daily basis to prepare the metal work pieces in new forms.
Slotting Machine: Slotting and shaping are the functionality of this machine. Solid metal parts are cut through mounted cutting tool with movable table parts to move the metal part back and forth to slot at various angles. It is widely used in industrial manufacturing of T-slotted metal, grooves and metal curved parts.
Shaping Machine: Easy and efficient shaping of the metal piece is carried out by this tool. Metal shaping with precision work is done through It. For more details of technical specification and applications, you can log on the website www.bhavyamachinetools.com Continue reading
Types of Machines Used for Shaping and Cutting Metals
The use of metal has become essential in many industries like automobiles, construction, electrical, furniture etc. Thus, there are many equipments used for shaping and cutting metals for the faster production. The need of robust and efficient machines is always there in various industries so that there is fast production at minimum costs. In different industries there are various requirements in terms of cutting and shaping metals. There are different types available to suit the different requirements, as given below:-
It is used in many industries as it is used to shape straight and flat metal surfaces as well as for cutting various metals like steel, aluminium ferrous and non-ferrous metals to form different angles, shapes and curves.
Power press is a tool which is used to bend, cut, press in order to form metals into different shapes and sizes. Power press is one type of sheet metal and is used in various industry segments as it is extremely versatile unit used for metals.
Slotting like a shaping machine is a type of tool room equipment used to shape and cut metal and wood materials. It can make slots on heads of metal screws, wooden screws, bolts and other automobile components. Perfect slotting has been achieved out of the slotting machine because it incorporates advanced technology.
It is used to accurately shape different metals and solid materials. It is being used in tool rooms in various industries for cutting and shaping metals. Milling are basically diversified into two forms, horizontal milling and vertical milling. Further, it has been classified into manually operated milling, mechanical automated milling and CNC milling. All these milling machines can cut, drill and shape metals to be used in different applications.
Press brake is a machine which is used to bend metal sheets and plates to form them in different sizes and shapes. The press brake is advantageous in terms of speed and accuracy. The metals bend by press brake are used in various industrial applications and manufacturing automobiles, home appliances etc.
The above mentioned are only some of the machines used for metal cutting, shaping and bending.
Forms of Metal Forming Machinery – Shaping Machine, Slotting Machine, Milling Machine, Lathe Machine
Different kinds of metal working machineries are used to form the metals into required shapes and sizes. These include the metal shaping machines, metal cutting machines, the slotting machines, milling machines and lathe machines.
The metal shapers and cutters are the basic forms of machineries used in industries for metal fabrication tasks. Both of them are employed to give the metals desired forms or shapes. The metal piece is brought to a specified geometry by removing excess material from it using various kinds of tooling with these machines. The final product obtained from these metal shaping and cutting machines are the finished parts that meet size and shape specifications of the user.
One of the widely employed forms of metal cutting and shaping machinery is slotting machine. A slotting machine is used to slot and shape the metals. It can make slots on hard-to-cut metal parts like heads of blank machine screws, wood screws, bolts, automobile components etc. The operation employed in these slotting machines is carried out using a mounted cutting tool in conjunction with a movable table that moves metal back and forth to create the different shapes. The tasks like the creation of grooves, T-slots, dovetails, and curved surfaces on the metals can be easily and efficiently be carried out on slotting machines.
On the other hand the shaping machine is good when machining flat metal surfaces is the purpose. Especially when a large amount of metal has to be removed for shaping machines are really very efficient. The milling machine is just one of the forms of metal shaping machinery that is used when complex metal shaping tasks with much accuracy are needed to be carried out. The milling machine is comparatively much expensive and better for the tasks where shaping can be achieved by removing smaller amounts of metal.
CNC Lathe Machine
Producing cylindrical or axis identical parts is yet one of the most common requirement in industries like power plants, steel rolling mills, tool rooms, ship building, repairing shops, paper mills, workshops, textile, oil, mining industries etc. To meet this requirement often CNC lathe machines are used. These lathe machines turn the metal work piece producing a cylindrical or axis-symmetrical surface by employing cutting, or deformation tools. The headstock, the carriage, and the tailstock are the three main components of these metal forming machineries that are used to produce an object which has rotational symmetry about an axis of rotation. The headstock secures the work piece, tailstock holds the cutting tool to be used to cut the metal and the carriage moves the cutting tool around the rotating work piece, gradually shaving the material from the work piece to give it the desired shape. In the recent times CNC lathe machines have been developed which are advanced and automated forms of the traditional lathe machineries. These are computer controlled machines which are designed to automate most of the metal forming tasks which were earlier performed by the user himself for metal fabrication.
Slotting Machine for Sheet Metal Industry
It is used to shape and cut metal, wood and other hard materials. It is a heavy duty machine with robust design and high speed equipment used in metal industries. Slot making applications are handled in factories like to make slots on heads of bland screws, bolts, wood screws and other automobile parts. It is one of the important tools in the sheet metal industries as well in electrical, furniture and construction industries.
Shaping Machine for Shaping the Metal Surfaces
It is used to shape metal surfaces with straight and/or flat surface. Various metals like steel, ferrous/non-ferrous metal parts, aluminium are used with this machine for casting in different curves, angles and shapes. Continue reading
Tool Room Machines – Slotting Machine, Shaping Machine, Milling Machine
Tool room is a space for making tools. In a broader sense it can be defined as facility where the tools and machining equipment are made, stored, and repaired on a work site. Usually these tool rooms can be found in metalworking facilities where quite often there is need for production of custom tools and equipment. That are used in these tool rooms are often referred by special category called tool room machines.
Machines in the category of tool room equipments are usually those that are well suited to the low volume production applications of tool room departments. Some of the widely used kinds of tool room equipment are slotting, shaping, milling, tool & cutter grinding, bandsaw and hacksaw machine. Let us now have a detailed look on slotting, shaping and milling used in tool rooms. Continue reading | <urn:uuid:3af95828-dc0d-429e-a540-1f50127e4b03> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://machinetools.bhavyamachinetools.com/category/shaping-machine/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243989756.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20210518063944-20210518093944-00237.warc.gz | en | 0.93751 | 10,082 | 3.28125 | 3 |
Color theory is an area of study pertaining to artistic color. It sets up groups of colors that are frequently used in art to create certain effects and harmony, and it is mostly based on the color wheel, a device originally invented by Sir Isaac Newton. Today the color wheel is usually presented as follows.
Primary colors are the three colors that cannot be derived from any other colors, yet can be mixed to form every color: red, blue, and yellow. They are spaced 120 degrees apart on the color wheel.
Secondary colors are the three colors that cam be created by mixing two primary colors: purple, green, and orange. They are spaced 120 degrees apart on the wheel.
Tertiary colors are colors the colors between the secondary and primary colors. There are six in all, categorized in to two sets of three, in each the colors equally spaced at 120 degrees. One set consists of red-orange, yellow-green, blue-purple, and the other consists of orange-yellow, green-blue, and red-purple.
Complementary colors are colors that are opposite each other on the color wheel. They create an effect of contrast and harmony. An example is blue and orange.
Split complementary colors are three colors chosen in the following manner: the first color is chosen at random, and the other two are the colors on either side of its complement. An example is red, blue-green, and yellow green.
Analogous colors are four or five colors adjacent to each other on the color wheel.
A triad is a group of three colors spaced 120 degrees apart, such as green, purple, and orange.
Chromatic gray is gray, created not by mixing black and white but by mixing two complements (i.e. red and green.) It appears to be a less dull gray than the one created by mixing black and white.
Pastel colors refer to the colors of the color wheel mixed with white. They usually are of medium intensity.
Jewel colors refer to the colors of the color wheel mixed with black. They usually are of high intensity.
Earth colors refer to the colors of the color wheel mixed with brown. They usually are of low intensity | <urn:uuid:32de22b5-40fe-43a0-977b-93637494b47a> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://www.conservapedia.com/Color_theory | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501170286.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104610-00047-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.962533 | 453 | 4 | 4 |
SINGAPORE - Singapore's conservation efforts received the stamp of approval from top primate expert Jane Goodall, who said these are steps in the right direction.
But despite the rising awareness of environmental issues in the country, more can be done to reduce the conflict between humans and animals, she added.
For instance, she said people must stop feeding the long-tailed macaques that are found in many parts of the island. Doing so introduces them to human food, and drives them to harass humans and enter their homes in search of food.
Dr Goodall said if people left them alone for two or three years, and no one was feeding them, young monkeys would stop associating humans with food.
She said: "They will not even think that it's important to go and raid a house, and they won't know the taste of human food."
That way, there would be no need to resort to culling, she added.
"It's good that there still are monkeys here, so we have to use our brains to find ways to live in harmony with them," she said. "But we can't live in harmony with animals if we're killing them. I mean, culling is murder."
She added that the monkeys "have their own emotions... they feel fear and pain", so there is a need to find other ways to deal with them.
For instance, she saw grizzly bears in an Alaskan national park that have never eaten human food. The bears ignored people, even if they strayed to within 5m of the bears.
Dr Goodall said something similar could happen in Singapore.
She also applauded innovative steps like the wildlife connector, Eco-Link@BKE.
Eco-Link@BKE links the Bukit Timah Nature Reserve with the Central Catchment Nature Reserve, allowing animals to cross over.
Dr Goodall is a British primatologist and a leading expert on chimpanzees. She is in town to mark the 10th anniversary of the Jane Goodall Institute (Singapore), which is named after her. The institute aims to raise awareness of issues like conservation, animal welfare and the environment.
Dr Goodall, speaking to reporters at Hotel Fort Canning on Monday (Aug 7), said she did not have a detailed understanding of Singapore's conservation efforts but she knew that the awareness of environmental issues in the country has grown since the institute was set up.
Flanked by the institute's president Tay Kae Fong and vice-president Andie Ang, Dr Goodall said educating young people was key to creating a love for nature, which would in turn help people understand what they should do when they encounter wild animals.
Dr Goodall, who is here on a three-day visit, met Minister in the Prime Minister's Office and Second Minister for National Development Desmond Lee on Sunday (Aug6).
On Tuesday (Aug 8), her last day here, about 600 students and teachers are expected at take part in a conference that she will host. | <urn:uuid:e942d7c9-89a4-447a-8a4b-c3b9dec50a2a> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/singapores-conservation-efforts-get-thumbs-up-from-top-primate-expert-jane-goodall | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934805708.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20171119172232-20171119192232-00142.warc.gz | en | 0.972935 | 617 | 2.671875 | 3 |
18 Jan What Are Pantone Colors? (PMS Colors)
In the printing industry, you will often times hear ink colors referred to as either PMS Colors or Pantone Colors. So a common question we are often asked is, “What is a PMS Color?” PMS stands for Pantone Matching System and it is a system developed by Pantone LLC which allows for the precise mixture of ink colors. For the most part, it is a printing industry standard which makes printing precise colors possible. All total, there are 1,114 solid Pantone colors on coated, uncoated, and matte stock. It, of course, is not practical to have each of the 1,1114 ink colors on hand at all times; therefore, this color matching and mixing system allows for printers to mix very specific colors on demand. One think to keep in mind is that PMS colors do NOT apply to full color imprints, since that printed process uses the CMYK system or Process Printing. Process color printing only uses four colors to produce millions of shades of colors. C=Cyan, M=Magenta, Y=Yellow, K=Black. White is used from the paper (or product) source. If white must be printed on a design and the paper or product is not already white, it has to be printed as a spot color such as screen printing or pad printing.
PMS colors are given numerical values to identify the specific color. Some PMS color only differ by a shade or two while some differ drastically. One thing to keep in mind is that when looking at a PMS Color Chart online, your monitor color settings are very likely different than the computer monitor from your printer. If you need to match an exact color with no exceptions, using an official printed Pantone color guide is the only way to ensure an exact match. However, for most printed items, you will get close enough from viewing an online color chart. On the right, you will see an example of part of the PMS color chart to show you an example of the different color shades from one PMS color to the next.
Below is the link to the whole PMS color chart to download in a .PDF form for reference.
Please note that all PMS colors can’t necessarily be printed on all promotional products and remember there will likely be a little difference in the color shade from one computer monitor to the next. For most screen printed items, there are predetermined stock PMS colors used which are already mixed and ready to use form printing. Mixing custom PMS colors is a premium service because it does take some time to do; therefore, there an additional PMS Match charge is often assessed to smaller orders. | <urn:uuid:aa11b2a6-eaaf-4742-b24e-38be693ac81a> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://promotionalproductsblog.net/2012/01/18/what-are-pantone-colors-pms-colors/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510358.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20230928031105-20230928061105-00741.warc.gz | en | 0.934056 | 558 | 2.65625 | 3 |
A note that is strong yet always growing. Popularised by Andy Matuschak and are well described on his blog. Name derived from trees that are green all year, similarly Evergreen Notes are always in season.
Principles of an evergreen note:
- Have titles like APIs. I have Advice for writing better note titles.
- They are always Atomic notes - they describe a single idea or have a single named purpose.
- Concept oriented, usually.
- Densely linked to and from other notes.
- Prefer associative ontologies to hierarchical taxonomies Associative ontologies enable more growth than hierarchies
- Written for the writer. Notes should disregard the public.
These principles mean Evergreen notes are a safe place to develop wild ideas
In my opinion, Evergreen Notes are one of the most important artefacts people today should learn how to write. Most people don't write much at all, or write things that are non-atomic, with awful titles, and never cover interesting concepts.
are similar to marginalia in that they are one's own thoughts
but different in that it cannot connect with other thoughts
similar to memorisation in that they're connected to other thoughts, but different in that recorded in a form others can read
can cause idea formation!
can result from article capture
reminds me of commonplace book
Can too many links be a form of clutter? | <urn:uuid:d6e02ee2-8824-40ad-96e1-3860a0073089> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://hung.su/concepts/evergreen-note/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296945218.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20230323225049-20230324015049-00710.warc.gz | en | 0.946126 | 300 | 2.625 | 3 |
For more than 10 years, we have been supplying learning materials to the majority of Australia’s high school, TAFE, university and other English language centers. The materials are based on topical news and current affairs reports from the ABC’s Behind The News (BTN) TV show and The World Today radio programme and include listening, speaking and vocabulary exercises suitable for low to high intermediate level students.
To learn more the resources, you can download a sample below or create a free 4 week trial account.
BTN Print Materials
BTN is a half-hour news and current affairs TV show which screens weekly during school term and can be streamed on demand from the BTN website. There are 5 reports which are presented in a way to make news and current affairs more interesting and accessible for a younger audience.
For each episode, Grabaword.com produces 2 worksheets which are most suitable for pre-int to Intermediate level learners. The Whole Episode worksheet provides discussion questions and listening comprehension tasks for each story. The Feature Story worksheet focuses on one story from the program and contains supplementary vocabulary activities.
Download Whole Episode worksheet sample Download Feature Story worksheet sample
TWT Print Materials
TWT is a radio program broadcast each weekday around the country and can also be streamed on demand from the TWT website. The program covers a wide range of local and international current affairs stories with an in depth analysis of interesting issues.
Each week during the school term, we create a worksheet based on one report which is carefully selected for its language content and topicality of issues. It includes discussion and listening comprehension questions along with vocabulary extension activities which are suitable for intermediate to high-intermediate level learners.
Download TWT worksheet sample
We also publish online activities based on the same BTN and TWT reports. This gives teachers the flexibility to use the print materials in class and / or make them available for students to complete online.
Download online sample | <urn:uuid:573e7206-6c9f-4c52-8771-2a56734526bc> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | http://www.grabaword.com/sample-materials/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057158.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20210921041059-20210921071059-00609.warc.gz | en | 0.933706 | 403 | 2.859375 | 3 |
What is hypothyroidism?
Hypothyroidism, also referred to as underactive thyroid, or low thyroid, is a common endocrine disorder whereby the thyroid gland fails to produce enough thyroid hormone to regulate many important processes, including metabolism. This hormonal deficit slows the body down, affecting appetite, body temperature, energy level, cognitive function, and reproductive cycles (in women of childbearing age).
Many types of hypothyroidism exist, but Hashimoto’s thyroiditis is the most common thyroid disorder, when the body’s own immune system attacks the thyroid gland by mistake.
Signs and Symptoms of Hypothyroidism
- Slow pulse
- Hoarse voice
- Slower speech
- Goiter, due to swollen thyroid gland
- Sensitivity to cold
- Weight gain
- Shortness of breath
- Chest tightness
- Aching joints
- Need for more sleep
- Fingers and toes cold
- Dry, scaly, thick, or coarse hair
- Thinning hair
- Outside third of eyebrows thinning
- Numbness in fingers or hands
- Confusion, memory difficulties
- Menstrual irregularities
In children, possible symptoms may include:
Delayed growth, delayed teething, and slow mental development
Who gets hypothyroidism and why?
Women are five to eight times more likely to get hypothyroidism than men, as well as individuals over the age of 50.
The number one cause of hypothyroidism is iodine deficiency worldwide. In developed countries such as the U.S. however, iodine is plentiful in the diet and not considered a major contributing factor to the disease. Instead, thyroiditis, or swelling and inflammation indicating damage to cells within the thyroid gland may be caused from:
- Immune system attacks on the thyroid gland
- Viral infections, such as cold and respiratory infections
Other reasons for hypothyroid may be:
- Pregnancy or postpartum thyroiditis
- Medications, including lithium and amiodarone
- Congenital defects
- Radiation treatments for cancer to areas surrounding the neck or brain
- Surgical removal of part or all of the thyroid gland
- Sheehan syndrome, (heavy bleeding during pregnancy/childbirth) destroys pituitary gland
- Tumor on the pituitary gland or pituitary surgery
What methods are used to treat hypothyroidism?
The standard form of treatment for hypothyroidism is daily oral administration of levothyroxine (LT4). This is the generic form of “Synthroid”, “Levothroid”, “Tirosint”, “Unithroid”, “Levoxyl”, and “Novothyrox”. Levothyroxine is a synthetic hormone that may take up to six weeks (for the full effect of the drug) to be felt.
Although hypothyroidism cannot be cured, it can be controlled, as long as replacement thyroid hormone, (T4) is taken regularly for the remainder of an individual’s life. In certain cases of extreme life-threatening hypothyroidism, as with severe myxedema, patients must be admitted for in-patient hospital treatment. Synthetic thyroid is identical to that of natural thyroxine produced by the thyroid gland.
Self-check for Hypothyroidism
Before discussing signs and symptoms of hypothyroidism with your healthcare provider, there are a few things you can do at home to check for underactive thyroid.
- Place a pencil vertically at the outside corner of your eye. If your eyebrow does not extend naturally beyond the pencil tip over the eye, then you may have hair loss due to hypothyroidism.
- Before getting out of bed in the morning, and with minimal movement, take your axillary (under the armpit) temperature for 5 consecutive days. If the average is not greater than 97 degrees Fahrenheit AND you are experiencing some of the symptoms listed above, you may be suffering from hypothyroidism.
- Check elbows, knees and (for women) under the breasts, for dry, or flakey skin that has a doughy consistency. If skin cannot be treated with a skin moisturizer, this could be a sign of hypothyroidism.
Although more than half of an estimated 20 million Americans with hypothyroidism never seek treatment, symptoms can become life threatening. Hypothyroidism can lead to higher than normal bad cholesterol, increasing the risk of stroke or heart attack. It can also cause pericardial effusion, or fluid build-up around the heart, making it more difficult for the heart to pump blood. Another rare, but serious condition referred to as, “myxedema” occurs when metabolism slows to the point that an individual falls into a coma. The key to avoiding more serious complications from hypothyroidism is early detection through blood tests and thyroid screenings.
1A, 2013 (1997) Hypothyroidism. Available at: http://umm.edu/health/medical/altmed/condition/hypothyroidism (Accessed: 6 March 2017).
2Association, A.T. (2017) ‘General information/press room – American thyroid association’, Available at: http://www.thyroid.org/media-main/about-hypothyroidism/ (Accessed: 6 March 2017).
4Foundation, T.C.C. (1995) Thyroid disease: Hypothyroidism & Hyperthyroidism. Available at: http://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/thyroid-disease (Accessed: 6 March 2017).
5Hypothyroidism (2017) Available at: https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000353.htm (Accessed: 6 March 2017).
6Jonklaas, J., Bianco, A.C., Bauer, A.J., Burman, K.D., Cappola, A.R., Celi, F.S., Cooper, D.S., Kim, B.W., Peeters, R.P., Rosenthal, S.M. and Sawka, A.M. (2014) ‘Guidelines for the treatment of hypothyroidism: Prepared by the American thyroid association task force on thyroid hormone replacement’, 24(12).
7KHoff (2017) ‘Hypothyroidism – American thyroid association’, 28 January. Available at: http://www.thyroid.org/hypothyroidism/ (Accessed: 6 March 2017). | <urn:uuid:9f99e315-1947-4f21-8760-f51799684ad1> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | https://www.hrt.org/hypothyroidism-self-check-treatment/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125937074.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20180419223925-20180420003925-00220.warc.gz | en | 0.891781 | 1,393 | 3.5625 | 4 |
Being overweight can put you at increased risk of heart disease, type 2 diabetes and some cancers. Obesity is one of the major health problems confronting people today in the UK and, unfortunately, it is on the increase.
Even losing a small amount of weight can make a big difference to your overall health and wellbeing. For example it can:
- Increase your energy levels
- Help you to move about more easily
- Reduce breathlessness
- Reduce joint pain
- Lower blood pressure and cholesterol
- Reduce the risk of diabetes and heart disease
Glycaemic index (GI)
Low GI foods cause minimal increase in blood sugar levels and doctors and nutritionists recognise that when you eat foods that have low GI the carbohydrates in the food are absorbed by your body at a relatively slow rate. This means that your feelings of hunger and food cravings can be reduced. Reducing the desire to eat to excess means you can have better control of your eating - and therefore your weight.
The high GI of some foods you may eat - such as fruit, bread, cereal or chocolate - means the carbohydrates they contain are absorbed by your body at a faster rate than that which occurs with low GI foods. But adding low GI foods to your meal can reduce your subsequent hunger cravings.
Lipotrim weight management foods have been specially formulated so that they provide you with a unique combination of high soluble fibre/low GI foods to help reduce your hunger pangs while providing the full range of nutrients your body needs for a normal, active life.
The average person uses little more than one Calorie a minute. When you think that a single biscuit can provide enough energy to power the body for well over an hour and a bar of chocolate, at around 300 calories, will normally sustain our energy needs for about five hours it’s very easy to eat more than your body actually needs.
Weight management requires control of your eating over a long period of time. Without control, weight gain is usually inevitable.
The hunger drive is perhaps the single most powerful biological instinct we have and the reason why weight gain is such a problem is that most people underestimate the strength of the drive to get food when food is restricted.
Losing weight is very similar to treating an addiction because, in effect, our bodies can act as if they are addicted to food.
The Lipotrim Weight Management Programme can give you the results you want, but you need to follow the programme strictly, and put aside any dieting preconceptions you may have from previous attempts to lose weight. | <urn:uuid:23b71e8a-8626-4a7f-a4d5-2a226cedf8a1> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | https://www.dialachemist.com/blog/obesity-weight-gain/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676591596.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20180720115631-20180720135631-00223.warc.gz | en | 0.957841 | 520 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Geodesic domes have numerous advantages over rectilinear or contemporary building structures. These include affordability, sustainability, ease of assembly and disassembly, resistance to natural calamities and energy efficiency. Whereas most of these advantages are fairly straightforward, most people grapple when trying to understand energy efficiency of a geodesic dome. In this article, we shall explore energy efficiency in geodesic domes.
Geodesic domes are semi-spherical or spherical structures which contain a series of triangular elements interlocked together. These triangular elements are formed by the interlocking of great circles known as geodesics. The structural integrity if geodesic domes is linked to the triangles which distribute stress evenly throughout the entire structure. This results in a self supporting structure that encloses the maximum amount of space with the minimum amount of materials.
Geodesic domes are structures with the highest ratio of enclosed are to external surface area. This means that exposure to heat in summer and to cold in winter is decreased. As a result, they require less energy to warm in winter and less energy to cool in summer. The concavity inside a geodesic dome helps the air inside to flow easily throughout the entire structure with the aid of return air channels. This also helps to spread the heat or cold when need be without spending inordinate sums of money. What's more, it even feels lighter in the sun like a hot air balloon! With geodesic domes, you get to live in an expansive area without spending a lot of money on energy.
The thought of heating up easily like a hot air balloon can be misunderstood to mean that the temperature changes inside geodesic domes are erratic. Larger geodesic domes would therefore be exposed to even more fickle changes in temperature since the effects in geodesic structures increase with size. That is not the case. While temperature changes can be self regulated by channels of air ducts, better regulation is often accorded by proper heating and cooling equipment. Therefore, the temperature inside a geodesic dome is entirely under the control of the occupant(s).
Millions of dollars are spent every year on energy that is lost as heat. This is partly because of the designs of contemporary structures which allow for significant cumulative heat loss. Geodesic domes on the other hand are built with extremely tight envelopes coupled with magnesium oxide which boasts of impressive insulating properties. As a result, heat loss is very negligible in geodesic domes. Heavy wind flows also contribute to heat loss in contemporary structures. The aerodynamics that characterize geodesic domes ensure that wind flow smoothly around them without encountering roof or truss structures which would cause turbulence and hence heat loss.
Geodesic domes promise 50% more energy efficiency compared to contemporary buildings. In fact, underground concrete geodesic domes promise up to 70% energy efficiency. Geodesic domes are cheap and easy to use and at the same time put less strain on earth's natural resources. | <urn:uuid:37a90475-45aa-43a1-9590-63f14a4110a0> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | http://www.sustainabledomes.com.au/flex/exploring-energy-efficiency-in-geodesic-domes/27/1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578527866.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20190419181127-20190419203127-00439.warc.gz | en | 0.93664 | 614 | 3.78125 | 4 |
George Herbert, a parishioner in 1600’s England, was a contemporary of John Donne, one of the most famous poets of the period. He experimented with emblem, also known as shape or form poetry, and within the confines of the shape his poetry develops new poetry and comes alive. The poem shown on the left, “Easter Wings”, is one such poem
In this poem Herbert uses shape masterfully. The longer lines represent joy or abundance, and as the line gets smaller the theme becomes more negative. He discusses how God had granted man all that he needed, but man let it waste away. As he expresses this idea, the size of line wastes away. He discusses sorrow and decay in the first “wing”of each stanza.
The first “wing” of each stanza represents man’s inability to function or thrive without God, but the theme changes with the line “with thee” in both stanzas as a bridge to the second “wing”. Herbert shows his reliance on God in order to blossom or thrive. This idea is illustrated in the shape itself, because the lines get longer as he discusses the freedom and victory he feels in God.
Herbert’s poetry, whether or not the reader believes in what he discusses, has impact. The shape of the poetry, coupled with the meaning of each line, demonstrates Herbert’s veritable poetic skill. | <urn:uuid:32e406bb-5868-4e02-b7df-a4dff338393e> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | http://www.examiner.com/article/george-herbert-s-emblem-poetry | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936463122.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074103-00111-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.96021 | 301 | 3.96875 | 4 |
On Thursday, all classes took part in UK Parliament week. We started the day with an assembly looking at the structure of Parliament and how it began. Then, throughout the day, each class took part in an activity. Maple Class looked at the importance of being able to vote, whilst the other classes each had a debate about a topic they decided on. It was great to see the children be so enthusiastic and have more of an understanding about how their country is run.
‘I enjoyed learning about the parties and then splitting between Labour and Conservative for our election!’ – Francesca, Year 6
‘Parliament is made of two houses – the House of Commons and the House of Lords!’- Max, Year 1
‘It was really fun to debate and vote for who our teacher should be!’ – Freddie, Year 2
Impact & Knowledge Gained
All children now have a greater understanding of how laws are created and the structure of Parliament. They were able to link the British Values to the topics they debated and can now understand why a democratic Parliament is important. They learnt about the role of the Monarch as part of this and how a Prime Minister is elected. | <urn:uuid:d98ee0b6-9946-43f4-897b-4ce390407010> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://hartfieldschool.co.uk/parliament-week/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046155529.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20210805095314-20210805125314-00353.warc.gz | en | 0.982905 | 244 | 3.3125 | 3 |
Wi-Fi in Schools Nov 2011 Dr Andrew Goldsworthy
Most of the damage done by digital telecommunications is not due to heating but by the electrical effect their pulsating signals have on living tissues, which occurs at much lower energy levels.
The human body can act as an antenna and the signals make electric currents flow through it in time with the pulsations. It is this that does the bulk of the damage by destabilising the delicate membranes that surround each cell and also divide it into internal compartment such as mitochondria (the energy factories of the cell) and the lysosomes (the cell’s recycling factories).
All of these membranes are just two molecules thick and have a similar basic structure. They are liquid crystals, made largely of negatively charged molecules (which repel one another) stabilised by divalent positive ions (mostly calcium) that sit in between them by mutual attraction and hold them together like mortar holds together the bricks in a wall.
It was first shown by Bawin et. al. in the 1970s that weak amplitude modulated radio waves, where the strength of the signal rises and falls at low frequencies, could remove some of this calcium from brain cell membranes. This destabilises them and make them more likely to leak. The low frequency pulsations of Wi-Fi and mobile phone signals can be expected to behave in much the same way. – This is important in the brain because the normal function of brain cells depends on the controlled passage of specific ions through their membranes. When these membranes leak, ions flow through them in a relatively uncontrolled way, which results in brain hyperactivity and may cause attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in some people. When this occurs in the brain of a foetus or very young child it prevents normal brain development, which may result in autism (see http://mcs-america.org/june2011pg2345.pdf ) . Wi-Fi should therefore be considered as an impediment rather than an aid to learning and may be particularly hazardous for pregnant teachers.
Effects on the peripheral nervous system are equally damaging since hyperactivity here causes false sensations such as pain, heat, cold, and pins and needles in some people (i.e. symptoms of electromagnetic hypersensitivity). Hyperactivity in the cells of the inner ear can cause tinnitus and affect the sense of balance causing dizziness and symptoms of motion sickness, including nausea. Pupils showing any of these symptoms should be treated with sympathy and the Wi-Fi switched off.
Many other effects on health can be attributed to membrane leakage, including damage to DNA due to the release of reactive oxygen species (ROS) from mitochondria, and digestive enzymes from lysosomes. Such DNA damage can cause a loss of fertility and an increased risk of getting cancer.
Membrane leakage can also open the blood-brain barrier, leading to Alzheimer’s disease and early dementia. There are similar barriers protecting all of our body surfaces from foreign chemicals. Damage to these can cause or exacerbate a variety of illnesses, including asthma, multiple allergies and autoimmune disorders such as multiple sclerosis. More on these, including references, can be found at http://www.hese-project.org/hese-uk/en/papers/cell_phone_and_cell.pdf
Fortunately, because of genetic variability, not everyone will suffer the same symptoms and many may suffer none at all but, for the sake of those that do suffer, Wi-Fi is not a good idea in schools or anywhere else for that matter.Leave a reply → | <urn:uuid:5fab65c9-fec3-4386-932a-5af27117a27d> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://www.emfacts.com/2011/11/dr-andrew-goldsworthy-on-wi-fi-in-schools/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496664437.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20191111191704-20191111215704-00029.warc.gz | en | 0.946023 | 729 | 3.203125 | 3 |
“Grand policies” are based on philosophical foundation of political regimes, and they are related with strategic problems of political system. Because of philosophical nature and strategic level of grand policies, it is recommended that they have not to be numerous. In Iranian political system, official structure of policy making procedure begins by the Expediency Council. This council, according to the constitution, is mandated by the Supreme Leader of the Islamic Republic of Iran. This article basically aims to analyze policy making tasks of different levels of Iranian political system, and argue that, because of its constitutional nature, the Expediency Council has to reduce its numerous policies, maximum to 15 grand policies, whereas they are actually more than 50 grand policies. | <urn:uuid:1360b9fa-9216-4ee1-b80f-4b66450cae3f> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://jpq.ut.ac.ir/article_21185.html?lang=en | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710902.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20221202114800-20221202144800-00594.warc.gz | en | 0.94968 | 150 | 2.546875 | 3 |
We need to promote development that does not destroy our environment.Wangari Maathai, Nobel Peace Prize Laureate
About Ecological Handprints
We are living in an era that Dutch chemist Paul Crutzen has labeled the “Anthropocene” — a new geologic epoch defined by our own massive impact on the planet. The path of the Anthropocene has been paved in large part by resource-intensive, fossil fuel-dominated, and highly polluting patterns of consumption. It has risen steeply and rapidly from the time of the industrial revolution to the present day, at least for those in highly developed economies. Today, however, this old path — based on false assumptions of cheap energy and unlimited nature — ultimately leads us all to a dead end of greater human suffering and conflict, along with further weakening and depletion of the natural systems that support all life on the planet.
Now we face the daunting task of successfully navigating the rest of the Anthropocene. The journey will require a fresh perspective, with a high level of innovation, commitment and creativity. In the days ahead, as billions continue struggling to meet basic human needs, we must look beyond merely lowering our Ecological Footprint to create a richer, deeper, and more relevant paradigm that brings people not only closer to the planet, but also closer to each other.
The Ecological Footprint has justifiably emerged as a premier measure of humanity’s demand on nature and a leading indicator in the field of sustainability. Nevertheless, the Footprint is a limited accounting tool. It only quantifies our impact on natural systems and natural capital. It is not designed to encompass or measure our related impact on human development or humanitarian issues such as poverty, human rights, and social justice. In other words, while the concept of Ecological Footprints is a key piece of the equation, it’s missing an important component – the human touch.
Ecological Handprints expands upon the Ecological Footprint by linking together the interrelated goals of sustaining the biological integrity of the planet and ensuring sustenance for those in need. The interrelationship between these two goals is crucial, but is often overlooked when we focus on solving one issue or the other.
As we seek creative responses to a more complex and compromised planetary village, Ecological Handprints represent a nexus-based approach to problem solving in the challenging days ahead — an approach built on a wide range of innovative efforts that improve human well-being while also having a low-footprint.
Ecological Handprints Resources
In addition to our social media pages (KEEP IN TOUCH links at the bottom), here are some outstanding resources (programs and publications) in support of Ecological Handprints.
Sustainable Development Goals Good Practices (First Edition, December 2020) The publication presents 16 SDG Good Practices from across the globe, received in response to the first open call for good practices, success stories and lessons learned in SDG implementation, promoted by UN DESA between 2018 and 2019.
Sorted by geographical region, this publication describes the diverse examples in detail, featuring updates and reflections on the impact and adaptations to the COVID-19 pandemic and showcasing results and impact.
Sustainable Energy for All Sustainable Energy for All (SEforALL) is an international organization that works in partnership with the United Nations and leaders in government, the private sector, financial institutions, civil society and philanthropies to drive faster action towards the achievement of Sustainable Development Goal 7 (SDG7).
Project Drawdown Project Drawdown is a nonprofit organization that seeks to help the world reach “Drawdown”— the future point in time when levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere stop climbing and start to steadily decline. They conduct assessments of climate solutions and publish a table of solutions.
UNDP-UNEP Poverty-Environment Initiative The Poverty-Environment Initiative (PEI) of the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) and the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) is a global program supporting country-led efforts to put pro-poor, pro-environment objectives into the heart of government by mainstreaming poverty-environment objectives into national development and sub-national development planning, from policymaking to budgeting, implementation and monitoring.
The Equator Initiative This initiative of the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) brings together a wide range of governmental and non-governmental organizations to advance local sustainable development solutions for people, nature and resilient communities. The Initiative seeks to recognize the success of local and indigenous initiatives, create platforms to share knowledge and good practice, inform policy to foster an enabling environment for local and indigenous community action, and develop the capacity of local and indigenous initiatives to scale-up their impact. Their annual award winners (10 each year) always include wonderful examples of Ecological Handprints. They also maintain a powerful case study database.
Power for All Power for All is a collective of public and private organizations dedicated to delivering universal energy access before 2030. They advance renewable, decentralized electrification solutions to support cost-effective and sustainable approaches to universal energy access.
Ashoka Changemakers Ashoka, innovators for the public, has established programs in over 60 countries and supports the work of nearly 3000 Fellows. Ashoka is founded on the premise that the most effective way to promote positive social change is to invest in social entrepreneurs with innovative solutions that are sustainable and replicable, both nationally and globally.
International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) IISD is a Canadian-based, international public policy research institute for sustainable development. IISD has chosen to focus on topics that are ripe for transformation—where a shift in policy has the potential to snowball and, before too long, to change the nature of the game. They translate research insight into practical, realistic and cost-effective policy options.
Centre for Science and Environment Based in New Delhi and one of India’s leading NGOs, this group has a long-standing tradition of focusing on ecological, low-cost means for increasing human well-being. The Centre offers a range of valuable publications as well as services in the five program areas of communication, research, education and training, digital and print knowledge portal, and pollution monitoring.
Echoing Green In support of the social entrepreneur movement, Echoing Green has provided more than 500 emerging social entrepreneurs working in more than forty countries with over $30 million in start-up funding, customized support services, and access to their global network of champions. After completion of their Fellowship, Echoing Green-funded organizations raise, on average, thirty-seven times their Echoing Green seed investment and two out of three reach sustainability. | <urn:uuid:64b1587a-8e74-4af1-893c-935f6284a1af> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://ecologicalhandprints.org/about/ecological-handprints/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296948858.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20230328104523-20230328134523-00131.warc.gz | en | 0.921891 | 1,354 | 3.0625 | 3 |
In what ways did agricultural life in the South create conditions that did not mesh with the ideals of American life?
6 Answers | Add Yours
This depends to a great extent on when in history you are asking about. Overall, the most likely answer comes from the time in the late 1800s, in my opinion. During this time, agricultural life in the South was not congruent with our ideals. Specifically, it was not congruent with the ideal of equality and independence.
During this time, there was a lot of sharecropping going on in the South. We did not have small farmers working their own land and being independent. Instead, we had sharecroppers and such who were exploited by big landowners. This is very much opposed to American ideals.
I assume you mean the Old South and slavery. I would make a different argument than the one your question seems to suppose.
The Declaration of Independence was written by a southern planter, Thomas Jefferson.
The U.S. Constitution of 1787 was proposed by a southern planter, James Madison, and worked into the form that was presented to the states for debate and adoption, by mercantilists, lawyers, capitalists, and argiculturists. The last were from both North and South.
Slavery existed before the Declaration or the Constitution.
As time passed, it was the North that became different, not the South. The North became more industrialized. Industrial workers moved from being independent craftsmen to being machine tenders, dependent upon big men for wages.
Northern opposition to slavery was (except for a small number of individuals) not because of the restriction on liberty. Northern industrial workers were no more free at the time than the southern slaves; numerous commentators said so, including Horace Greeley. Northern opposition to slavery was because of it being a source of wealth to southern planters and politicians whom northern industrialists and politicians battled in the halls of government in Washington, DC. Northerners wanted tarrifs, internal improvements, government subsidies to their railroads, and empire. Southerners opposed them. The northerners' hope was to destroy southern political power by destroying slavery.
So, it was not an ideal of American life that was in contention there, though it made good propaganda to say so.
A book that you should examine is "North over South: Northern Nationalism and American Identity in the Antebellum Era" by Susan-Mary Grant (2000).
Those are interesting point geosc, I had never really thought of it in that context. However it does make sense that the South was the one living the American Dream, so to speak and the northerners were changing the idea of The American Dream.
Jefferson envisioned an American agricultural utopia when he helped found the country, and the South was the antithesis of that idea as, just like Europe, the vast majority of the land was owned by a few very wealthy people, while the poor were their servants, slaves and tenant farmers. The South, in other words, did not represent the opportunity that America became known for. It did not necessarily matter how hard you worked or what your talent was, the American Dream was simply not as possible in that region, culture and economy.
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Join a community of thousands of dedicated teachers and students.Join eNotes | <urn:uuid:0517506f-cab3-4ac0-abb7-ff502b213a99> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://www.enotes.com/homework-help/what-ways-did-agricultural-life-south-create-395809 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802778085.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075258-00105-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.985111 | 688 | 3.5625 | 4 |
Hog-peanut is a native annual twining vine growing up to 60 inches long on slender light green to reddish stems. Tendrils are absent; the stem twines in a left to right orientation. Stems have either appressed white hair or spreading light brown hair (as in an example shown here).
Leaves are alternate, on long stalks and divided into 3 leaflets, each of which is ovate with smooth margins. Each side leaflet has a short stalk; the terminal leaflet, with a much longer stalk, is also the largest leaflet. At the base of the main leaf stalk is a pair of small grooved stipules. Upper leaflet surface is green to dark green, the underside lighter with fine hair.
The inflorescence is a cluster rising from the leaf axils, consisting of up to 15 5-parted tubular flowers of the pea type. The cluster elongates as the first flowers start to open.
Flowers are of two types: Those that form an open flower on the upper stem are called "chasmogamous" and those that never open at ground level are called "cleistogamous." Both types are bisexual (perfect) and set seed. The 1/2 inch long chasmogamous flowers have 5 petals, white to lavender in color. One petal forms the upright banner (which folds backward), 2 form lateral wings and 2 form a keel, which curves upward between the two laterals. The calyx tube is usually also white or very light green and is formed of 4 fused sepals with 4 pointed teeth on the upper edge. There are 10 stamens in 2 groups; one group of 9 with fused filaments and one singly. There is a single pistil with style. Style and stamens are visible in the mouth of the corolla, the keel petals do not hide them as in some Pea family species. Usually only the banner petal and the two laterals pick up a tint of color, the keel remaining white. Each flower has a short stalk, subtended by small oval bracts. The cleistogamous self-fertile flowers are produced on stolons along the ground. These are without petals and inconspicuous.
Seeds: Fertile stem flowers from the vine produce a flat oblong pod like a garden pea, pointed at the ends, containing 1 to 4 (usually 3) seeds. These are black, shaped like a bean, have a small curved beak and are not edible. The cleistogamous flowers produce a fuzzy brown tough skinned, pear-shaped fruit containing one bean-like seed, that buries itself just below ground level. These are edible. Seed from the upper pods disperse by the dry pod twisting to open. These are scattered a bit from the plant.
Varieties: Two varieties are known, both of which are found in Minnesota: var. bracteata, called "American Hog Peanut" and var comosa, called "Lowland Hog Peanut." The main differences is that comosa has spreading stem hair rather than appressed hair, the leaflets are larger and the flowers show more color.
Habitat: Hog peanut grows in moist soils in woods, meadows and prairies in full sun to partial shade. Other vegetation is helpful to support the vine. It is a nitrogen fixing legume. Propagation is from the scattered upper stem seeds and from the buried seed pods.
Names: The genus, Amphicarpaea, is from two Greek words referring to two kinds of seed (the upper pods and the ground level pod). Amphi meaning 'both' and karpos meaning 'fruit'. The species, bracteata, Latin for 'bracted', refers to having 'bracts' like the small oval bracts subtending each flower. As to the common name, Hog-peanut, the fruits of the self-fertile flowers mature just at or below the ground level or under a mulch if the area is mulched. These provide a good protein source for hogs and other rooters.
The author names for the plant classification are: First to classify in 1753 was '(L.)' which refers to Carl Linnaeus (1707-1778), Swedish botanist and the developer of the binomial nomenclature of modern taxonomy. He established two species - Glycine bracteata and Glycine comosa. His work was amended by ‘Fernald’ which is for Merritt Lyndon Fernald (1873-1950) American botanist, Harvard Professor, scholar of taxonomy, author of over 850 papers, editor of the 7th & 8th editions of Gray’s Manual of Botany. Fernald assigned the plants to Amphicarpaea bracteata and separated the two species into the current varieties in 1933 and 1937 respectively.
Comparisons: Similar species to this are Groundnut, Apios americana, which has 5-part leaves; Trailing Wild Bean, Strophostyles helvola, which has 3-part leaves also, but much more pointed, pink flowers, and the seed pod is a long bean-like pod.
Above: A typical flower cluster and leaf. Note how the banner petal curls backward at the edges.
Below: Flowers of Hog-peanut occur in clusters rising from the leaf axils. Each flower has a short stalk subtended by oval bracts.
Below: The banner petal's edges turn backward, exposing the stamens and the style. Note the pointed teeth on the calyx tube.
Below: 9 of the 10 stamens have fused filaments for most of their length. Anthers are deep yellow at pollen maturity.
Below: 1st photo - Each flower is subtended by a small oval bract. 2nd photo - The leaf stalk ends with a pair of grooved stipules.
Below: 1st photo - The vines are usually a reddish-brown with tawny colored hair. Hair can be white and appressed to the stem also - this is a difference between varieties. 2nd photo - The above ground flowers produce a garden pea-like pod that turns to brown at maturity.
Below: 1st photo - The 3-part leaflet, note the longer stalk on the terminal leaflet. 2nd photo The pods contain 1 to 4 (usually 3) bean-like flattened seeds. Pods have a hairy edge.
Below: The underground tubers of Hog Peanut. Photo ©Merle R. Black, Wisconsin Flora.
Notes: Hog-peanut is indigenous to the original Garden area. Eloise Butler catalogued it on May 25, 1907. It was present at the time of Martha Crone's 1951 Garden census and probably was there when the upland was added to the Garden in 1944. Hog-peanut is found in North America from the Great Plains eastward to the coast. Within Minnesota it is widespread with only about 10 counties not reporting it - most of those in the South Central part of the state. The DNR county census report does not list the varieties separately. This is the only species of the genus Amphicarpaea found in Minnesota.
Uses: Hog-peanut is useful as a nitrogen fixing ground cover. It will climb to a height of about 3 feet and cover most of what it climbs over. As a food source there are a number of references to native use, particularly in the central states area. The tough skin of the subterranean 'peanut' was removed by boiling during which it would crack, or by rubbing after the pod had been soaked in warm water. (Ref. #6).
References: Plant characteristics are generally from sources 1A, 32, W2, W3, W7 & W8 plus others as specifically applied. Distribution principally from W1, W2 and 28C. Planting history generally from 1, 4 & 4a. Other sources by specific reference. See Reference List for details.
Identification booklet for most of the flowering forbs and small flowering shrubs of the Eloise Butler Wildflower Garden. Details Here.
Friends of the Wild Flower Garden, Inc. Text and photos are by G. D. Bebeau unless otherwise credited. "www.friendsofthewildflowergarden.org" | <urn:uuid:bdf39135-e880-46c0-888e-caf3901daabd> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://friendsofeloisebutler.org/pages/plants/hogpeanut.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178364027.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20210302160319-20210302190319-00002.warc.gz | en | 0.938421 | 1,740 | 2.625 | 3 |
For week by week description of requirements, assignments, and exams, refer to the Course Outline at the following link:
In-depth analyses of common-practice repertoire through multiple techniques. This course focuses on developing skills in the analysis of both the written score and also music as performed. Students will examine principles of form and style and, using a range of analytical techniques, come to a deeper understanding of tonal music.
Required Text and Materials
You will need one comprehensive college-level music theory textbook. We will not cover most of the basics that you learned in undergraduate music theory, so self-review may be necessary. You will be encouraged to work independently to fill in any gaps you may have in music theory knowledge and skills. Here are some good textbooks to choose from if you don't have one. You do not have to have the latest revised version of any of of these. If you used a different text in undergraduate study, it will probably be fine. Email me if you are not sure.
|Benjamin, Thomas, Michael Horvit, and Robert Nelson. Techniques and Materials of Tonal Music: From the Common Practice Period to the Twentieth Century, Thomson-Wadsworth. |
Benward, Bruce, and Marilyn Saker. Music in Theory and Practice, McGraw-Hill.
Clendinning, Jane Piper, and Elizabeth West Marvin. The Musician's Guide to Theory and Analysis. W. W. Norton.
Kostka, Stefan, and Dorothy Payne. Tonal Harmony, McGraw-Hill.
Merryman, Marjorie. The Music Theory Handbook, Schirmer.
Ottman, Robert W. Advanced Harmony: Theory and Practice, 5th ed. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Straus, Joseph N. Elements of Music, 2nd ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Turek, Ralph. The Elements of Music: Concepts and Applications, McGraw-Hill.
Computer with high speed internet connection (see Online Help Page link below for proper configuration)
Access to Microsoft Word and a notation program (Finale or Sibelius)
Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 6th Edition (Your final project analysis will need to be formatted in APA style)
Intended Student Learning Outcomes:
At the conclusion of the course, the student will be able to:
A. Knowledge Outcomes:
B. Skill Outcomes:
describe the different systems used in the analysis of tonal music
define the performance implications of analysis outcomes
C. Value Outcomes:
perform useful analysis from musical performance and written score
associate the structure, style elements, and compositional components of a piece with the corresponding composer and era
prepare a formal, multidimensional analysis of an assigned work
gain stylistic and historical perspective of specific pieces based upon analytical results
develop and synthesize their own ideas about musical works
have a richer understanding of music's basic elements and aesthetic qualities
Online lecture material
Weekly graded assignments
Weekly assignments based upon the lecture and reading material
Final analysis project of extended work
40% Discussion Posts
20% Final project
Attendance Policy: This is an online class. Students are expected to check in online regularly for announcements and to keep up with discussions. Recommendation is to check in daily. Assignments and discussions will have weekly deadlines.
Students With Disabilities Policy
If you are a student with a documented disability wanting to request accommodations for this course, please contact Trina Geye, Director of Student Disability Services, at [email protected] , 254.968.9400, or Math 201. For more information, please view page 85 of the catalog or visit www.tarleton.edu/~sds
Cheating, plagiarism (submitting another person's materials or ideas as one's own), or doing work for another person who will receive academic credit are all impermissible. This includes the use of unauthorized books, notebooks, or other sources in order to secure or give help during an examination; the unauthorized copying of examinations, assignments, reports, or term papers; or the presentation of unacknowledged material as if it were the student's own work. Any student caught cheating will receive a grade of "F" for the class. Further disciplinary action may be taken beyond the Department of Fine Arts . This decision will be mine in consultation with the department head. Cheating is serious business and the penalties for engaging in this sort of activity will be severe. Consult the following link for further information on academic conduct as specified in your student handbook: http://www.tarleton.edu/catalog/academic-information/academic-honesty.html
One of the biggest frustrations in an online course can be the technology required to make it happen. Don't hesitate to contact the technology resource personnel at Tarleton. They are there to help you. The CII (Center for Instructional Innovation) number is 254/968-1960. Here is a webpage with several links to help you. Please access this page and take the opportunity to configure your computer before the semester begins.
Online Help Page
Created and maintained by Vicky V. Johnson | <urn:uuid:8e28b702-eb11-4726-bdbc-211fdd8dc783> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://www.tarleton.edu/Faculty/boucher/AnalyticalTechniquesSyllabus.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609526252.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005206-00589-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.889954 | 1,086 | 3.3125 | 3 |
In task 1 of the General Training Writing, you will have to write a short letter using informal or semi-formal style. As suggested, you should spend 20 minutes on this task.
In this task, you are given a problem or situation which requires a written response in letter format. What you are expected to do is:
ü Respond to task
ü Show familiarity with letter style
ü Use appropriate and accurate language.
For more information about how your writing is assessed follow this link
Here, you have some two samples of Task 1 of the General Training Writing:
How to deal with Task 1 (GM)
Task prompt analysis
Firstly, you need to know how to analyze the task prompt; this is perhaps the most important part as it tells you what you have to do in your letter. Let’s take a look at the following sample:
As you can see, I have underlined some key words in this task prompt; notice that by doing this, I have identified who I should write to, therefore, I have also recognize:
ü the style of the letter I need to produce;
ü the language I may use and the appropriate opening and closing of the letter;
ü the verb tenses I need to use.
The style of the letter and language to use: in this case, you have to write a letter to a friend; this means that the style can be semi- formal and the language can be more relaxed and friendly than in a formal letter (friendly does not mean rude).
Opening and ending of the letter: the way you start and close your letter will depend on the style of the letter I am required to write. Here -because the prompt calls for a semi-formal letter- you may start asking your friend some personal questions such as how is your family? How is your life these days? Or you could apologise for not writing as much as you wish (this is very common between friends). For your ending, also, you need to find the proper closing phrase for a semi-formal letter; in this case, you could use Kind regards, Best wishes, With love.
Verb tenses: the three bullet points are telling you what information to include; in other words, this information will be the body of your letter. Here, you need to pay attention to the verb tense of the sentences:
• say how you felt when you received the present: you need to use past tense in order to say how you felt when you received the present.
• describe what you like about it: here, you need to talk about what you like about the present which means you need to use present tense.
• explain how you will use the present: last but not least, you need to mention the future use of the present which means you need to use ‘going’ or ‘will’ structure.
It is very important to have clear the structure of your letter, in other words, you need to know how to organize your ideas into *sections. If you are able to do this, I am sure this will have a positive impact on the clarity of your writing.
*a section may contain one or more paragraphs
Carrying on with the example, you may organize your letter in 3 sections:
Section I: Letter opening
Section II: Letter body
Section III: Letter closing
Let’s have a look at the following sample answer and see how this IELTS candidate has organized his letter:
Comments: this candidate has started with an informal greeting –suitable for a semi-formal letter. He also has covered and expanded the three bullet points with good and very well linked ideas. Verb tenses and grammar in general are fine. He also has closed his letter with a friendly message and an appropriate good-bye phrase. The word count is perfect (within the advised word count 150-165). I would expect Band 7 -7.5 for this letter.
N.B. this letter has been graded by an IELTS teacher no by an IELTS examiner.
POINTS TO REMEMBER | <urn:uuid:7ba89cc4-6054-46e6-b4ab-f3cdefe44c03> | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | http://ieltssos.blogspot.com/2011/05/ielts-writing-task-1-general-training.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440645310876.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827031510-00228-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958228 | 845 | 3.34375 | 3 |
Accounting – 9706
Conventionally, Accounting is described in multiple ways such as “A process to record, classify, measure and communicate economic activities”. It is also called the language of business. The prime objective is to provide useful information to decision makers. Accounting is not only essential for organizations but every individual either self-employed or employed uses accounting irrespective of its academic knowledge. Accounting helps in maintaining financial records and then preparation of financial statements which are used by stakeholders to make decisions. Accounting plays a vital role in tax determination & collection. Countries with better Accounting systems have better tax collection.
AS & A level Accounting (9706) is intended to:
- develop an understanding of how to plan, budget , and manage financial resources.
- apply , analyse and evaluate accounting policies and practices critically
- develop understanding of how to use accounting information to make viable business decisions
- provide a solid foundation for further study
The City School provides appropriate teaching time and resources recommended by Cambridge and adjusts it to meet the requirements of students. The course is completed well before the exams ensuing ample time is available to revisit important areas.
The City school uses the best available teaching technology in classrooms such as multimedia which improves teacher-student interaction and improves learning.
The City School ensures strictly supervised use of other technologies such as WhatsApp, Google classroom, Edmodo etc to make academic process interesting, interactive and virtually 24/7 connection to improve student’s performance.
Cambridge recommends prior knowledge of O level Accounting to join AS & A level Accounting. However, The City School has designed its programme in such a way that students without prior knowledge are also well prepared to perform well in examinations.
The City School starts its academic session in August and conducts Mock exams at the end of March, providing more teaching time than majority of other schools. This always results in commendable performance of our students in Cambridge examinations in the form of regional, national and worldwide distinctions.
Accounting is one of those subjects which requires a lot of teacher support. The City School ensures very advantageous teacher to student ratio so that teachers are able to check written work and give support to every student, providing quality feedback promptly.
The City School has designed its program to develop learners who are:
Confident in working with information and ideas – their own and those of others
Responsible for themselves, responsive to and respectful of others
Reflective as learners, developing their ability to learn
Innovative and equipped for new and future challenges
Engaged intellectually and social ready to make a difference
The study of Cambridge International AS & A Level Accounting allows learners to take the first step towards a career in accountancy and business. With a good understanding of the subject, students can progress to a degree in a related field such as accounting, Finance, Auditing, Banking and Business Management etc. or go on to study for the professional qualifications such as ACCA , CA , CPA , CFA , ICW etc. of one of the major accounting bodies.
Every year thousands of learners with Cambridge International AS & A Levels gain places at leading universities worldwide. Cambridge International AS & A Levels are accepted and valued by top universities around the world including the UK, US (including Ivy League universities), European nations, Australia, Canada and New Zealand.
AS & A level Accounting is a comprehensive course providing adequate knowledge & exposure so that students going abroad can use work alongside their higher studies.
A Level Gulberg Campus Lahore, Bahawalpur Campus, Chenab Campus Faisalabad, DHA Campus Lahore, Gujranwala Campus, Multan Campus, Ravi Campus Lahore, Sahiwal Campus, Sargodha Campus, Sialkot Campus
Capital Campus, Islamabad, E-11 Campus, Islamabad, Rawal Campus, Rawalpindi, Peshawar Campus
PAF Chapter, Gulshan A Level, North Nazimabad A Level, Darakhshan A Level, Jinnah Campus Hyderabad, Quetta Campus | <urn:uuid:518da4c1-311e-4de1-b822-187179546115> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://thecityschool.edu.pk/a-level-at-the-city-school/accounting-9706/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320305266.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20220127133107-20220127163107-00719.warc.gz | en | 0.928673 | 838 | 2.71875 | 3 |
On this day 100 years ago the world was learning of one of history's biggest tragedies at sea: the sinking of the Titanic.
The massive ship left Southampton, England bound for New York and hit an iceberg at 11:40 p.m. on the evening of April 14, 1912. It sank less than three hours later.
A cruise retracing Titanic's doomed voyage reached its destination Sunday morning. The "Azamara Journey" sailed to the site where the Titanic went down, approximately 375 miles south of the coast of Newfoundland, Canada. Those on board held a memorial for the disaster victims.
In the District, dozens paid their own respects to the victims of the disaster at the Titanic Memorial along the Southwest waterfront. A band played a compilation of songs that were heard on the ship while the waterfront's promenade was lined with luminaries, each bearing the name of a person or crew member who died in the sinking.
Meanwhile, James Delgado, the director of maritime heritage at the National Oceanic and Atmosphere Administration (NOAA) says forensic evidence indicates signs of human remains at the shipwreck site.
Delgado said Saturday that one 2004 photograph shows a coat and boots in the mud on the ocean floor. He says the way the items are "laid out'' makes a "compelling case'' that it is where "someone has come to rest.''
Delgado released the full image this week to coincide with the disaster's centenary. It was previously seen in a cropped version. The photo was taken during a NOAA expedition.
The Newseum on Pennsylvania Avenue will commemorate 100 years since the Titanic tragedy by hosting a special called "Inside Media." The program features scientists who have played key roles in the study and preservation of the Titanic. That program begins at 2:30 p.m. Sunday.
Also at the Newseum, you can see how the media chronicled the tragic event. An exhibit outside displays images from 28 newspapers from 1912. Those papers will be featured through Friday. | <urn:uuid:7344e247-98a1-429d-80d7-d84c4571dafe> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://www.nbcwashington.com/news/local/Remembering-the-Titanic-Disaster-100-Years-Later-147489665.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128321309.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20170627101436-20170627121436-00383.warc.gz | en | 0.969244 | 411 | 3.546875 | 4 |
Universal screening for autism improves the lives of kids with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and other developmental disorders. This practice needs to continue uninterrupted, despite a statement the United States Preventative Services Task Force made recently in JAMA. Established in 1984, USPSTF is an independent, volunteer-run panel of national experts who make recommendations that affect the health of Americans with conditions treated by different fields of medicine.
Recently, the group evaluated published, peer-review studies to determine whether there was enough evidence to bless this practice. In August 2015, USPSTF released its preliminary recommendation, which was actually no recommendation at all. Instead, USPSTF stated that there was "insufficient evidence" to endorse screening for all children, meaning the practice got an "I" rating. The factor that weighed the most heavily on this decision was the lack of a randomized control trial that could reveal whether screening improved outcomes.
Here's how such a study would work: Researchers would select a group of kids, at random, from a group and refer them for screening. The same researchers would also randomly select another group of toddlers from this same group and make sure they were not screened. Then, all kids would be tracked for a number of years to determine the effect of screening on longer term outcome. Given that the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) already endorses screening for autism spectrum disorder at 18 and 24 months, such a study would be unethical. But even if this unethical design could be implemented, scientists would have to then follow these children for up to seven years to determine their outcomes. This would be a very expensive endeavor, and evidence just shy of this type of study has already shown that when it comes to intervention for autism, the earlier the better. [Checkup at Age 1 Could Catch Early Autism Signs]
Since the task force realized that this type of study would be infeasible in the United States, the group — quite absurdly — recommended conducting it outside the United States, where there are no pesky complications of professional societies and existing practice guidelines.
Between August of last year, when the draft recommendations were made, and Tuesday of last week, when the final recommendations were published, the task force held a mandatory public comment period. During that time, many advocacy groups, including the Autism Science Foundation and Autism Speaks, wrote letters disagreeing with the "I" rating.
In addition, dozens, if not hundreds, of researchers, scientists and public health advocates commented.
Many were of the strong opinion that while the penultimate randomized clinical trial was not completed, there was sufficient indirect evidence to demonstrate the benefits of screening all children for autism. Rigorously designed studies have shown the benefits of such screening for children many years after the treatment ends. While the task force acknowledges that there is enough evidence to support screening when a parent or health care provider has a concern, the group said it feels that such criteria do not apply to all children.
There are at least three problems with conducting screening only when there is some existing concern:
First, the task force acknowledges that the tools used to screen for ASD, like the Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers (M-CHAT), work. These tools identify autism early. Even for those children who screen as positive for autism and then don't receive a diagnosis, M-CHAT still identifies areas of behavioral concern where early intervention can be helpful.
Second, most screening tools ask questions that elicit careful and directed consideration about behaviors seen, or not seen, during children's various developmental periods. In this situation, the screening questions are meant to identify issues in toddlers that may not be apparent to caregivers, especially first-time parents.
Third, Hispanic and African-american children are diagnosed later or less often than Caucasian children. This racial disparity in when the children are first seen for a developmental evaluation emerges for children as young as 4 years of age. Universal screening picks up on all children, without discriminating against parents based upon race, cultural beliefs, education, or access to information on childhood developmental milestones or areas for concern.
The task force acknowledges the indirect evidence showing that screening does lead to better outcomes. However, the group said it does not feel the evidence is sufficiently compelling. That opinion is not shared by most in the research and scientific community, based on the evidence presented in several communications (both written and verbal) to the task force. Multiple studies, including a randomized clinical trial, have demonstrated the benefits of early intervention for autism for many people with the condition. While the criteria for what is considered adequate indirect evidence may have prevented the task force from using existing research findings, the evidence is there, and early intervention results in almost amazing outcomes for many, though not all, individuals with ASD.
In reality, USPSTF's lack of a recommendation should be of no concern to practicing health care workers. Waiting for parent or clinician concern for a referral deprives many children of access to early intervention programs and is harmful to children with ASD who have yet to be fully identified for referral to early intervention. [Do Girls Have 'Protection' from Autism? (Op-Ed)]
The statement published in JAMA last week should not prevent individual health care providers from providing the best care for their patients and screening all children despite the signs they show in an office visit or the interpretation of symptoms identified by parents.
The USPSTF call for research is meaningless, because the organization has no influence over U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH) funding, and the NIH is working with a limited budget available for a vast array of needs in the autism community. Thankfully, due to the provisions of insurance mandates, the USPSTF statement should not affect reimbursement for screening. The scientific and public health communities have moved past the question of whether all children should be screened, now focusing on better implementation of procedures and use of technologies to make sure clinics are utilizing proper screening protocols.
Most importantly, the AAP, the professional organization that provides guidance to thousands of pediatricians nationwide, has remained steadfast in its commitment to the health and well-being of all children by reinforcing its recommendations of autism screening at 18 and 24 months of age.
What do parents need to know? Come prepared to your next well-child visit. Consider using the M-CHAT, a validated developmental screening tool for toddlers between 16 and 30 months of age. Developed and validated by autism expert Diana Robins at Drexel University in Philadelphia and her colleagues, it can help identify children who may benefit from a more thorough evaluation.
There are also excellent video resources available online for parents to see what the early signs and symptoms of autism look like, and even compare and contrast those symptoms with typical developmental behaviors. The newly introduced Autism Navigator, developed with autism expert Amy Wetherby at Florida State University, is a wonderful visual resource that is free to families. It's also being piloted in communities with different racial, ethnic and socioeconomic backgrounds.
Our organization and many others hope that health care providers in all communities choose not to give the task force recommendations any weight, and instead flat out disregard them. What matters is that pediatricians, health care providers and, importantly, parents understand that screening in all children is the essential first step toward improving outcomes in children who are ultimately diagnosed with autism.
Follow all of the Expert Voices issues and debates — and become part of the discussion — on Facebook, Twitter and Google+. The views expressed are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the publisher. This version of the article was originally published on Live Science. | <urn:uuid:c71fda14-4be5-4861-9c5a-2cd63a74d856> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.livescience.com/53831-why-all-kids-need-autism-screening.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250591763.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118023429-20200118051429-00549.warc.gz | en | 0.959858 | 1,541 | 3.109375 | 3 |
There are numerous operating systems out there like Windows,
macOS, Linux and the list goes on. Out of all of these, which one is the best? The answer is quite simple; it is Linux. Now you must be wondering why. Here are all the reasons that make Linux the best operating system.
1. Linux is open source and free
Almost all of the distributions of Linux are open source and free. Since it is open-source it means that you can actually see what is going on with the system and if you don’t like anything you can simply change it. Furthermore, you can also add features that you want easily. In addition, the fact that is also free makes the OS even better.
2. Linux can work on low-end computers
Generally, Linux distributions do not have high hardware requirements. Therefore it is the best operating system for really old PCs as well.
These are a list of LOW END Computers you can buy:
- lenovo ThinkCentre Premium High Performance M91P Desktop Computer
- Dell Optiplex PC – Intel C2D E7500
- Lenovo ThinkCentre M93p Gaming
- Mini PC,Ketiee5 Intel core i5 Processor 4M
3. Great for developers
Linux supports a lot of languages that is ideal for programmers. Furthermore, most of the text editors and IDEs available on Linux are free and open source. That means more customization and you also save money.
4. More frequent software updates
Linux OS get more frequent updates than others. These updates are also fast to download. However, the update system of some Linux distributions is not good and sometimes you have to download the whole OS instead of just the update.
Perhaps the main reason why people prefer Linux over other operating systems is the extent to which you can customize it.
Linux is more stable and reliable especially when you compare it with Windows.
7. Privacy and Security
Normally Linux distributions do not collect your data. Even if they do, they don’t collect as much as Windows and macOS. Moreover, if they collect data you can easily trace what kind of data is collected and preventing it is also much easier than other OS.
As for security, there are less security threats on Linux. However, because of this low possibility of security breach people often leave their computers vulnerable and this might result in a breach.
These are the reasons that make Linux the best operating system. Although it is not that user-friendly and easy to learn to use like other OS but once you learn and get used to it you would find difficult to leave it. | <urn:uuid:f1aa867d-a5cf-4967-b7cc-d69793c5c9c9> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://www.reblusoft.com/the-best-operating-system-linux/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662526009.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20220519074217-20220519104217-00193.warc.gz | en | 0.94071 | 555 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Subsets and Splits