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Your child will have a choice of activities in which to participate each day. Creative art, science and discovery, early math, family living, fine motor, building blocks and sensory activities are examples of the activity centers available for your child. Because we believe that play is a child’s greatest learning experience, our approach allows children to choose from a wide range of activities set up within the classroom setting. We promote a progressive approach that encourages children’s learning through hands-on experiences and opportunities for multi-sensory exploration and discovery.
All aspects of our curriculum at Preschool of the Arts are guided by the Reggio Emilia teaching philosophy. Our unique programming includes the following:
School Readiness and Literacy Skills: We are confident that all graduates from Preschool of the Arts will be given ample opportunities to grow and gain the necessary cognitive, language and literacy skills needed for future success. Encouraging literacy and a love for reading and learning is priority. Teachers strive to spend 30 minutes daily reading to children. Once a week, children will receive 10-15 minutes of one-on-one time focusing on each child’s learning priorities.
Character Development: Character development is an essential component of our program and is part of both the written and unwritten curriculum. Teachers will extend themselves to help children understand and manage their feelings, teach friendship skills, promote cooperation and strive to create a caring classroom that values and supports every child. When parents work hand-in-hand with the staff to help their child build character development, we are assured that children will be well rounded and well equipped for kindergarten. | <urn:uuid:3d9464f6-91d4-4209-9314-414c4c64719e> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://www.naplespreschoolofthearts.com/daily-rhythm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141176049.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20201124082900-20201124112900-00511.warc.gz | en | 0.94447 | 329 | 2.625 | 3 |
Religion teaches us about absolutes, based on the concept of God; all knowing. Whether one attributes, nature to God, or not, science assumes this foundation; there is an answer, and therefore there are absolutes in nature; follow the laws of science. Philosophy is the bridge between these two sources of dogma, and tries to reason things through, to make sure the claims of absolutes in both science and religion, are not just dogma, using mass religious appeal to define their absolutes. This shows up as the claim as being beyond question, with any criticism being blaspheme; common in science forums. Absolutes are not houses of cards that have to be sheltered from any breeze. They are sturdy and can weather any storm or debate. Philosophy tries to look at the conceptual foundation and framework, to make sure these follow logic building codes and to make sure the house is not built on swamp land or floating in the air. One can build a mansion on swamp land. Everyone can then marvel at the mansion, never knowing it is about to sink. Philosophy is like a building inspector making sure certain building codes are used to make a secure house. Sometimes you can't add another floor to the house, without major foundation changes. The philosophy will inspect for this before issuing a building permit. But like in city building you can buy permits and inspectors to grandfather in old buildings. | <urn:uuid:fcac5619-16aa-458b-b9ea-2c95226abf56> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://www.sciforums.com/threads/delusions-of-grandeur-and-conspiracy-theorists-connection.145921/page-6 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187823605.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20171020010834-20171020030834-00780.warc.gz | en | 0.96242 | 283 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Activities for people with dementia based around food
The sight of fruit attractively presented on a platter, the smell of freshly brewed coffee, the crunch of toast: all these are examples of how food can stimulate our senses. For people with dementia – especially those who may be losing interest in food and participating in mealtimes – an activity that focuses on stimulating the senses could provide the key to encouraging them to eat or being able to enjoy food again. For some, an activity that encourages sharing of memories related to food may be a powerful and positive experience. For others, it may be that simply being given the job of laying the table makes them feel more involved with – and positive about – the mealtime experience.
The smell of food – such as freshly baked bread – is a powerful way of stimulating appetites and conversation.
This feature describes activities that all involve food or mealtimes in one way or another. As well as stimulating appetites, these activities are also good ways to work alongside and start conversations with people with dementia. For other ideas related to this, see the feature Activity as part of the whole day in the Keeping active and occupied section.
Dementia and its effect on interest in food
Over time a person with dementia may find that their appetite declines or food doesn’t taste quite like it did before. Sensory changes such as sight difficulties and a decline in the ability to smell and taste food can impact on the person’s ability to enjoy food and mealtimes. As a result their interest in food and eating can decline. Communication difficulties may make it hard for a person to say what they want or find difficult about mealtimes.
Supporting involvement in food preparation
Many people will have spent a lot of time over the years either preparing or working with food. Offering opportunities to continue this can help give a sense of purpose and usefulness, boosting confidence and self-esteem, as well as promoting an interest in food and mealtimes.
The extent to which someone can be involved in food preparation will depend very much on their abilities. It is important to ensure the activity is manageable and suitable for the skill of the person involved.
Some ideas to consider include:
Help to prepare a fruit salad
This is a great way of stimulating the senses and can involve a number of stages: choosing the fruit, washing the fruit, and peeling the fruit. Encourage people to smell and touch the fruit and to talk about its smell and flavour. Introduce unusual exotic fruits and talk about where the fruit comes from in the world. What fruit did the person eat when they were younger? Allow people to taste the fruit and encourage them to spoon the fruit salad into bowls for themselves and/or others.
This is a good thing to try and again can involve several stages: buttering the bread, adding sandwich fillings and placing the sandwiches on a platter or plates.
Wash and peel vegetables
Use a simple vegetable peeler to peel carrots and potatoes, for example.
Ice and decorate cupcakes, biscuits or Easter eggs
Pre-made icing is available to buy in easy-to-use squeezy tubes in a variety of colours.
Link the activity to a theme or an event such as Easter, Christmas, Halloween or bonfire night.
Cooking at home
A person with dementia living at home may still want to be involved in cooking or preparing food, even if some of their skills have declined. You can help a person to continue this activity or encourage them to participate in simple tasks such as:
- stir custard, baked beans or soup in a pan
- add extras such as jam to rice pudding
- pour gravy on to their meal
- cut bread or toast into finger pieces to dip into soup or to be served with a boiled egg.
Some people may be happy just to look on. Still, encourage interest by talking about what you’re doing, the smells and the look of the food as it is being prepared.
Involvement in mealtime tasks
Encouraging a person with dementia to be involved with the various jobs associated with putting on a meal – laying the table, for example – can help them to retain skills and also boost their confidence. Laying the table may involve putting out items such as knives and forks, place mats, condiments or folding napkins. After the meal, other tasks follow: clearing away plates and crockery, washing up, drying pots and pans, and putting them away. A person with dementia may enjoy participating in any one or all of these tasks.
Encourage people to make their own drinks or assist others to make theirs. Some simply may enjoy one aspect of this, such as putting the sugar into a cup or the teabags into a teapot.
Mealtimes as sociable events
In a group setting, host themed events where the food is specific to the event or time of year. For example, Wimbledon may be an opportunity to tempt people to eat strawberries and cream while watching a tennis match on television. Some care homes may own a Wii fit system which enables all people to take part in a virtual tennis match as participants or spectators, so the whole event has relevance and can be great fun.
Themed events based on a particular country or culture can be lots of fun. In a group setting, residents can have the chance to try foods from another resident’s or a staff member’s culture or tradition. It doesn’t have to end there – set the scene and create an atmosphere to go along with the food. For example, a Spanish night may be based around a tapas way of eating, and everyone could get dressed up in items of dress such as sombreros. Put up Spanish pictures or photographs around the dining area and if possible organise Spanish entertainment, say a Spanish guitar player! Invite families and friends to share in the meal. A relaxed sociable atmosphere can make food fun and enjoyable.
Life story and food
Find out about a person’s connection to food and mealtimes from their life experience. This is a valuable way to encourage conversations around food and stimulate interest in mealtimes. Perhaps a person remembers food rationing in wartime. Old recipe books are an excellent prompt to talking about the kind of food people would have eaten or seen prepared when they were younger. Perhaps the person has fond or unpleasant memories of school meals which in itself can draw out preferences for food and eating.
Here are some other suggestions for activities:
- Hold a fish and chip night – even eat the meal out of the paper! This can encourage people to share memories of seaside holidays in years gone by.
- Find pictures or photographs of the old-fashioned sweets in bottles, for example bull’s eyes, sherbets and pear drops. Buy a selection of old-style sweets and offer people a chance to smell and taste sweets from the past. Perhaps even arrange a trip to an old-fashioned sweet shop!
Activities and conversation based around a person’s memories and life experience can be one way that we learn more about the people we are working with, including their food preferences. If a person is struggling with a poor appetite, this sort of information may help us understand why and is crucial.
Encouraging conversation around food
Food is a great topic for conversation, either in groups or one-to-one. Some examples of conversation-starters could be:
- How do you prefer to drink your tea – from a cup or a mug? Does it have to be a china cup?
- Where did you shop for food?
- What day did you go to the market?
- What food did you buy?
- What is your favourite food or meal? Why?
- What were your favourite sweets as a child?
The smell of food – such as freshly baked bread or freshly brewed coffee – can evoke memories of the past and is a powerful way of stimulating appetites and conversation. Some examples could be ‘Wow, that coffee smells good’ or ‘The smell of freshly baked scones reminds me of my mum baking on a Saturday.’
Food and being outdoors
A trip to a local garden centre can serve two purposes: it gives the chance to enjoy the plants and greenery, as well as an opportunity to enjoy tea and cake. Getting to know the local area could involve a trip to eat out at a local pub or café. Make the most of good weather in the summertime by eating out in the garden or going to the park for a picnic. This can add another dimension to the eating experience.
Access and download additional resources
Further reading Open
Coleman, G. (2009) Alzheimer’s Society guide to catering for people with dementia, London: Alzheimer’s Society.
Crawley, H. and Hocking, E. (2011) Eating well: Supporting older people and older people with dementia, London: The Caroline Walker Trust.
Malnutrition Task Force (2013) Prevention and early intervention of malnutrition in later life: Best practice principles and implementation guide, London: MTF.
Useful links Open
The Alzheimer’s Society website has a section entitled Eating, which covers a wide range of issues to do with helping people with dementia to eat well: difficulties with eating and drinking, preparing meals, the eating environment and finger foods. The Society also produces a factsheet on Eating and drinking (511).
Eating and drinking well: supporting people living with dementia
A team from Bournemouth University has developed a 26-minute training film aimed at nurses and care home staff, based on findings from a major study in this area. A workbook to accompany the film is also available from the research team.
Eating well for older people and older people with dementia: Practical guide
This 2011 guide from the Caroline Walker Trust explains why eating good food matters for older people with dementia, suggests types and amounts of food that might be appropriate to meet nutritional needs, and includes sample menus.
Eating well for people with dementia: a guide for carers
This 24-page booklet has been produced by the Northern Health and Social Care Trust in Northern Ireland. It covers topics such as ‘Encouraging eating’, ‘Common problems with eating and drinking’, ‘Dealing with diabetes’, as well as explaining the role of occupational therapists and speech therapists in this area, and the importance of mouth and dental care.
Nutrition and dementia
This 2014 report from Alzheimer’s Disease International investigates the links between diet and dementia and looks in detail at a range of ways in which nutrition can be improved for people who live with dementia.
Prevention and early intervention of malnutrition in later life: best practice principles and implementation guide
The Malnutrition Task Force have produced a range of guides, each bearing this main title and then focusing on a particular area (such as hospitals, care homes or community). The guides each include detailed attention to the particular needs of people with dementia.
Related pages from this section Open | <urn:uuid:90c32720-0dfd-46cc-8a48-c1f13428d1bc> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | http://www.scie.org.uk/dementia/living-with-dementia/eating-well/activities-around-food.asp | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463608107.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20170525155936-20170525175936-00611.warc.gz | en | 0.954399 | 2,284 | 3.265625 | 3 |
"fully informed jury" strategy attempts to wedge the jury
process as an obstacle between oppressive law and individual freedom.
The strategy is based on the doctrine of jury nullification by which
a juror can reject the law. That is, a juror can refuse to convict
a defendant despite instructions from a judge if he believes either
that the law is unjust or that its application is unjust. In essence,
the jury renders a verdict on the law itself and not merely on the
facts of a case.
Efforts to ensure fully informed juries are underway in various
states. For example, in New Hampshire, a bill – HB 1236 – was passed
by the House on March 29th but deemed "inexpedient
to legislate" by the Senate on May 11th. The bill
would have allowed "a criminal defendant" to demand that
"the court instruct the jury of its inherent right to judge
the law and the facts in controversy and to nullify."
Jury nullification has been established in common law since 1670
when an English jury refused to convict William Penn for the crime
of preaching Quakerism. They were imprisoned for doing so. In a
legal precedent, the English high court ruled that juries must be
free to reach their own decisions without fear of punishment by
the court. In 1735, jury nullification was affirmed in America when
publisher John Peter Zenger was tried for printing "seditious
libel" without first receiving the government's approval. The
judge instructed the jury that no facts were in question since Zenger
admitted the sedition. All that remained was the legality of his
act and such "issues of law" were matters for the court
to determine. The jurors were instructed to find Zenger guilty.
Within ten minutes, they declared him not guilty.
Since then, the right and power of a jury to de facto overturn a
law has been the subject of debate and inconsistent application.
Advocates of individual rights tend to embrace jury nullification
as a key aspect of trial by jury. 19th century individualists
shared this tendency, with Lysander Spooner's treatise Trial
by Jury often considered to be the definitive word. The
first chapter of this work is entitled "The Right of Juries
to Judge the Justice of Laws."
Nevertheless, an interesting debate on trial by jury erupted in
the pages of a key 19th century individualist periodical,
Liberty (1881-1908). The debate did not revolve around the
usual controversies, such as the propriety of subpoena – the
so-called "right" of the state to coerce testimony. Instead,
it addressed the propriety of trial by jury itself and, thus, by
necessary implication, of jury nullification. The debate raised
important questions that should be considered before accepting the
strategy of fully informed juries.
Perhaps the first question is how a group of twelve people can claim
any right unless an individual has assigned it to them. Can a "collective"
right supercede individual ones? After all, it cannot be said that
the defendant has relinquished his rights due to committing an aggressive
act as this is the very finding that the jury has been convened
The 16th century classical liberal John Locke believed
that the need to protect "life, liberty, and estate" in
society led men to form government. In exchange for protection,
men willingly relinquished the right to adjudicate their own disputes – that
is, the right to try their own cases in court. Locke also posited
a form of tacit consent by which those who had not explicitly agreed
were still bound to trial by jury. As long as a man remained in
society, he consented to its jurisdiction, including its right to
adjudicate disputes. Radical individualists in 19th century
America generally demanded a more explicit transfer of authority
from the individual to any collective entity. For them, how a jury
had the right to sit in judgment on someone who objected to the
process was a quandary.
In 1889, Liberty ran a series of articles by Victor Yarros
collectively entitled "Free Political Institutions: Their Nature,
Essence, and Maintenance." The series was advertised as "an
abridgement and rearrangement" of Trial by Jury. Spooner's
work had not addressed how juries acquired the right to try a case
in any detail. But Yarros considered this issue to be so important
that he repositioned text from Spooner's concluding chapter.
Yarros' version began with a statement of what Spooner called "free
theory of government is that it is formed by the voluntary contract
of the people individually with each other." From here, Spooner
had contended that certain laws or conditions were so obviously
beneficial that all members of society would explicitly agree to
them. Spooner considered trial by jury to be one of these overwhelmingly
The debate in Liberty refuted Spooner's assumption. At least
some people would not consent to trial by jury. Adolph Herben declared
that he preferred trial by experts rather than by laymen who would
be ignorant of technical matters that might be crucial to his case.
He deemed it absurd to hang a person on the "mere opinion of
twelve ordinary men." Spooner had anticipated the objection
from "ignorance." He argued that juries should not be
granted power on the basis of their wisdom, but because they were
not as vulnerable to corruption as judge and other officials.
In another Liberty article, however, Steven T. Byington argued
that juries would be corrupt, at least, in the form of being biased.
He quoted from an editorial run by the Times of Natal –
a newspaper from an English speaking country in which racism made
"trial by jury" for black defendants a mockery. Judgments
simply could not be obtained against whites who committed crimes
against blacks. Byington claimed that in the presence of such prejudices,
"trial by jury" became an instrument of injustice. The
prejudice did not even need to be widespread to have a disastrous
impact on the integrity of the jury system. "If only ten per
cent of the people were of this sort, more than sixty-four per cent
of the juries would include one or more of these men to prevent
a conviction. In order that there should be an even chance of twelve
men taken at random being unanimously willing to judge according
to certain principles, it is necessary that there be not so many
as six per cent of the population who reject those principles."
Byington further objected to jury nullification due to "the
need for certainty." He referred to laws "where it has
been reasonably said that certainty is sometimes more important
than justice." For example, publishers might well prefer a
clear and consistently enforced standard of obscenity by which they
could predict the legality of an article rather than rely upon the
unpredictable decision of twelve men.
Perhaps the most interesting of Byington's objections was a practical
one. He maintained that courts in a free society would arise in
a free society would be unlikely to adopt the jury system because
it was clumsy and expensive. Any free market court system that used
juries might well operate at a distinct disadvantage by having to
charge considerably more than its competitors. Thus, the modern
form of a voluntary court – arbitration – does not include
a jury. Byington speculated on how justice would be provided in
a "society where things are done on a business basis."
He wrote, "[D]efensive associations will have their judges,
and their treaties as to the method of arbitration when two associations
are on opposite sides of a case, and these tribunals of one or three
professional judges will settle all cases where some one does not
distinctly demand a jury. I suppose a case will almost never come
before a jury except on appeal…"
Byington contended that trial by jury was a response to government
and not a free market phenomenon. A court system that evolved within
a "society where things are done on a business basis"
would be arranged differently. In a free market evolution, the disadvantages
of trial by jury would loom large: its expense, the unpredictability
of its verdicts, the problem of dissenting defendants, the widespread
tendency toward prejudice… For Byington, trial jury was not a
"right" but a "wrong."
Trial by jury presents interesting problems for those who champion
individual rights. In one particular instance, a jury may be an
effective weapon against oppressive government. In another, it may
be a vehicle for unjust prejudices. In both cases, it is necessary
to explain how juries derive the right to judge those who object
to the process. How does a collective entity rightfully acquire
such power over a dissenting individual?
McElroy is author of The | <urn:uuid:9b2ba76e-a4a3-436e-942d-42a7ceb03da8> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://www.lewrockwell.com/2000/06/wendy-mcelroy/trial-by-jury-a-source-of-freedom-or-a-bad-idea/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510274581.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011754-00051-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.965112 | 1,898 | 3.640625 | 4 |
1. Where were E.B. White's parents born?
2. In what musical instrument did White's father specialize?
3. What type of background did White's mother have?
4. What was White's grandfather well known for?
5. How many children did White's parents have?
6. Who was White's favorite sibling?
7. How does White describe himself as a child?
8. How many musical instruments did White learn to play?
9. After marrying a Wall Street broker, what example of alliteration did White's sister's name become?
10. What state did White and his family travel to in August?
This section contains 4,498 words
(approx. 15 pages at 300 words per page) | <urn:uuid:f9f06f57-209c-445a-97c3-fbab175d9566> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://www.bookrags.com/lessonplan/letters-of-e-b-white/shortanswer.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422121899763.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124175139-00129-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.979123 | 158 | 3.203125 | 3 |
Cities across Nepal—and in the developing world—produce more waste than ever before, due to a spike in population and a surge in new economic activity and urbanization. Properly disposing and managing solid waste has thus become urgent for city municipalities.
As a result, landscapes and public spaces in Nepal’s urban centers are deteriorating. Less than half of the 700,000 tons of waste generated in Nepal’s cities each year is collected. Most waste is dumped without any regulation or oversight and several municipalities do not have a designated disposal site, leading to haphazard disposal of waste—often next to a river—further aggrevating the problem.
With urbanization rising, the costs of inaction are piling up and compromising people’s health and the environment. In most cases, the poor suffer the most from the resulting negative economic, environmental, and human health impacts. | <urn:uuid:1828644d-d9ae-40ea-8ae7-64d6833d5062> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | http://blogs.worldbank.org/endpovertyinsouthasia/taxonomy/term/11779 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676590559.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20180719051224-20180719071224-00464.warc.gz | en | 0.936954 | 183 | 3.5 | 4 |
Quinn, Anthony: 1915–2001: Actor , Artist, Writer
Anthony Quinn: 1915–2001: Actor , artist, writer
Anthony Quinn's robust portrayals of such characters as Zorba the Greek and the fierce Bedouin leader in Lawrence of Arabia (1962) made him larger than life to millions. Appearing in more than two hundred films during a career that spanned six decades, his image was defined by his charismatic performance as the lusty peasant Alexis Zorba in Zorba the Greek (1964), a role that seemed to reflect the sum and substance of his off-screen persona as someone proud, virile and passionate.
Early on the Mexican Irish actor was typecast as a Native American, a Latin villain, a Mafia don, and a Mexican bandito in mostly B-movies, but he resisted characterization. His successful stage performance of Stanley Kowalski in Tenessee Williams' A Streetcar Named Desire led to more challenging roles, such as the hot-tempered brother of Mexican revolutionary leader Emiliano Zapata in Viva Zapata! (1952) and the artist Paul Gauguin in Lust for Life (1956), winning Academy Awards for both performances.
Quinn also resisted being categorized as an actor. He considered running for governor of California, but was discouraged by labor leader Cesar Chavez, who told him he was more valuable as an actor than in politics.
He dedicated much of his time later in life to honing his artistic abilities, becoming an accomplished painter and sculptor, and designing houses in Italy and California.
Escaped the Mexican Revolution
Anthony Rudolph Oaxaca Quinn was born in Chihuahua, Mexico to Francisco Quinn of Irish-Mexican descent and Manuella Oaxaca of Mexican and Cherokee ancestry. His father was fighting in the Mexican Revolution with Pancho Villa's forces at the time of his birth until the family fled to El Paso, Texas to escape federal troops. The family, which had grown with the birth of Quinn's sister Stella, eventually moved to California where they worked as farm laborers, earning ten cents an hour picking fruit. After settling in East Los Angeles when Quinn was six, Frank found work at the Lincoln Park Zoo and then as a laborer at the burgeoning film studios. He was killed in a car accident when Quinn was just nine.
His father's death forced Quinn to support his mother with odd jobs, including shining shoes, digging ditches, and driving a taxi. He also worked as a professional boxer, racking up sixteen consecutive victories until he was knocked out in his seventeenth fight and gave up the sport for good. After taking up the saxophone and forming a small orchestra, he joined a band with the Foursquare Gospel Church of the evangelist Aimee Semple McPherson and did some preaching in Los Angeles' Mexican neighborhoods. During this time, Quinn was teaching himself literature, music and painting, and taking courses in art and architecture. After winning an architectural drawing contest, he met Frank Lloyd Wright, who advised him to get medical help to improve his speech impediment. His speech actually deteriorated after the surgery, so he sought the help of former actress Katherine Hamil to improve his stammer though acting lessons.
At a Glance . . .
Born Antonio Rudolph Oaxaca Quinn on April 21, 1915, in Chihuahua, Mexico; died on June 3, 2001 in Boston; son of Francisco Quinn and Manuella Oaxaca; married Katherine De Mille (divorced 1965); married Iolanda Addolori (divorced 1997); married Kathy Benvin; children: Christopher (died 1941), Christina, Catalina, Duncan and Valentina by De Mille; Francesco, Daniele and Lorenzo by Addolori; Antonia and Ryan by Benvin; Alex and Sean by an unnamed German woman; and an unnamed son by an unnamed French woman.
Career: Actor. Made more than 200 films during a career that spanned 60 years. Other major film credits include The Guns of Navarone (1961), La Strada (1954), Wild Is the Wind (1957), Hunchback of Notre Dame (1956), The Last Train From Gun Hill (1959) and Requiem for a Heavyweight (1962).
Awards: Best Supporting Actor, Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, 1953, 1957; Best Actor, National Board of Review, 1964; Cecil B. DeMille Award, Golden Globes, 1987; Golden Camera Award, 1995.
Debuted on Stage and Screen
In 1936 Quinn debuted on stage in Mae West's play Clean Beds, playing a role originally written for John Barrymore. The legendary actor made a surprise appearance on opening night, complimenting twenty-one-year-old Quinn on his performance. Over the years, Barrymore would become a friend and mentor. "Many people remember Jack Barrymore as either a wit or a drunk, but what impressed me was his courage of conviction," Quinn told the Los Angeles Times. "He used to tell me that you can only be as right as you dare to be wrong. That you must be willing to take chances to achieve superiority in your craft. He gave me his armor from 'Richard III.' He was like a retiring matador, who gives his sword to the most promising newcomer he knows."
That same year, Quinn signed on with Paramount and made his film debut as a convict in Parole!. This would lead to a string of movies in which he appeared in the "ethnic" roles, including the Cheyenne chief in Cecil B. DeMille's The Plainsman (1936), starring Gary Cooper. It wasn't long before Quinn married DeMille's daughter Katherine, whom he met during the filming. Their first son, Christopher, drowned in 1941 after falling into a fishpond on the estate of W.C. Fields. They would go on to have four more children: Christina, born in 1941; Catalina in 1942; Duncan in 1945; and Valentina in 1952.
Quinn appeared in a number of B-movies between 1936 and 1947, including: King of Alcatraz (1938), King of Chinatown, (1939) and Island of Lost Men (1939), but he felt constrained by Hollywood. "I was the bad guy's bad guy," he told the Guardian."Irarely made it to the final reel without being dispatched by a gun or knife or a length of twine, typically administered by a rival hood." He moved to New York City and made his debut on Broadway in 1947 in Gentleman From Athens, following it with a successful two-year run in Elia Kazan's production of A Streetcar Named Desire, replacing Marlon Brando, who had gone into films.
Part of the reason Quinn moved to New York in 1947 was due to the U.S. House Un-American Activities Committee investigating him along with other big names in Hollywood. Quinn was always a political man, sometimes taking stances considered radical at the time. He got involved in the 1942 "Sleepy Lagoon" trial, helping 22 Mexican youths from Los Angeles appeal a gang-related murder conviction. "Probably it's the Irish in me that makes me speak out," he told the Los Angeles Times. "But there are about 800 boys in my profession who have a political ideal and want to express it. How can an actor be real in his work if he hasn't some convictions regarding the problems in the world around him?"
Offered More Rewarding Roles
Quinn's multi-ethnic heritage had an acute effect on his sense of identity, which directly influenced his decision to become an actor and the various ethnic roles he played. "Those were rough times, right from the beginning," he said as he recalled his childhood in a 1981 interview with the Los Angeles Times. "With a name like Quinn, I wasn't totally accepted by the Mexican community in those days, and as a Mexican I wasn't accepted as an American. So as a kid I just decided, well, 'A plague on both your houses. I'll just become a world citizen.' So that's what I did. Acting is my nationality." Still, he was proud to portray Mexicans and Native American's in his films, seeing it as an opportunity to educate the audience. "I fought early to go beyond the stereotypes and demand Mexicans and Indians be treated with dignity in films."
After years of viewing his ethnicity as a disadvantage, Quinn began to realize its benefits. He returned to film in Robert Rosen's The Brave Bulls (1951). "The supporting cast was entirely Mexican, and I was thrilled to be in such company," he told the Guardian. "After so many years as the token Latin on the set, I found tremendous security in numbers. For the first time, I belonged." But it was his performance of the great Mexican revolutionary Emiliano Zapata in Viva Zapata! (1952) that won him fame and his first Academy Award.
Quinn spent much of his time in Italy, where he worked with several acclaimed Italian filmmakers, including Dino De Laurentiis, Carlo Ponti, and Giuseppe Amato. It was his next film, Federico Fellini's La Strada (1954), in which he played dim-witted circus strongman Zampano, that forever changed his career and demonstrated his capacity to play a leading role. He won his second Oscar in 1955 for his portrayal of Paul Gauguin in Vincente Minnelli's Lust for Life and was nominated again for his performance in Wild is the Wind (1957), with Anna Magnani. He even tried his hand at directing, taking over for his father-in-law when DeMille became ill during the making of The Buccaneer (1958). However, under Quinn's direction, the film would become more of a pirate epic than the intimate, political drama it was intended to be. It would also be his last stab at filmmaking.
Quinn's acting career reached its peak in the early sixties when he appeared on Broadway as Henry II, starred opposite Lawrence Olivier in Jean Anouilh's Becket, and starred with Margaret Leighton in Francois Billetdoux's Tchin Tchin. He had simultaneous box-office success with the WWII drama The Guns of Navarone (1961), in which he played a Greek colonel, and with David Lean's WWII epic Lawrence of Arabia (1962). This was followed by another acclaimed performance, and one of his personal favorites, as an over-the-hill prizefighter in Requiem For a Heavyweight (1962).
He went on to play what became his signature role—the ouzo-drinking and bouzouki-dancing peasant in Michael Cacoyannis's Zorba the Greek (1964), for which he earned another Oscar nomination. He would reprise the role on Broadway nearly twenty years later in what would become one of the most lucrative revivals in history, grossing $48 million over four years. He never found a part of the same caliber despite a busy career that produced such films as A High Wind in Jamaica (1965) and The Secret of Santa Vittoria (1969).
Quinn and DeMille's marriage ended in 1965 after he conceived a child with Iolanda Addolori, a wardrobe assistant on the set of Barabbas (1962). The marriage had lasted nearly thirty years, but Quinn had never been a faithful husband. He admitted to affairs with some of Hollywood's most glamorous women, including Carole Lombard, Rita Hayworth, Ingrid Bergman, and Maureen O'Hara. He married Addolori in 1966 when she was pregnant with their third child.
Focused on Other Talents
His success in acting allowed Quinn to exploit his artistic talents later in life, when he concentrated on painting, sculpting, and designing jewelry. He was known for cubist and pot-impressionist oils, showing his work at major international exhibitions, although he admitted to "stealing" from the masters. In an interview with the San Francisco Chronicle, he quoted Picasso: "A poor man borrows, a rich artist steals. I steal, of course." Nevertheless, he added, "I'm much more honest in my painting than I am as an actor. You can't do 240 films and do your best in each one." Quinn penned his memoirs, The Original Sin: A Self Portrait in 1972.
Quinn never stopped acting, but he slowed down quite a bit after 1975. "The parts dried up as I reached my sixtieth birthday, loosely coinciding with my growing disinclination to pursue them," he said to The Guardian. "Indeed, I could not see the point in playing old men on screen and I rejected the role for myself." However, he continued to make movies throughout the 1970s, appearing in such films as The Greek Tycoon (1978) and The Children of Sanchez (1978). Turning to television, he played Greek shipping magnate Aristotle Onassis in the 1988 movie Onassis: The Richest Man in the World and the tireless fisherman in Ernest Hemingway's The Old Man and the Sea (1990).
Quinn's second marriage lasted 31 years, but he was never a faithful husband. He had three children with two other women and carried on affairs with many more, including Ingrid Bergman's daughter Pia Lindstrom and the French actress Dominique Sanda. He and Addolori divorced in 1997 after he fathered two more children with his former secretary, Kathy Benvin, who was 50 years his junior. Their daughter, Antonia, was born in 1993 and a son, Ryan, was born in 1996.
Still active into his eighties, Quinn worked with Kevin Costner in Revenge (1990), director Spike Lee in Jungle Fever (1991) and Keanu Reeves in A Walk in the Clouds (1995). In 1995 he published One Man Tango, a second memoir in which he did some soul-searching and confessed to his womanizing ways. The title refers to a comment made by Orson Welles: "Tony, you're a one-man tango." He was working on the film Avenging Angelo with Sylvester Stallone at the time of his death from respiratory failure.
A Streetcar Named Desire.
Gentlman from Athens.
The Plainsman, 1937.
King of Alcatraz, 1938.
King of Chinatown, 1939.
Islands of Lost Men, 1939.
The Brave Bulls, 1951.
Viva Zapata, 1952.
La Strada, 1954.
Lust for Life, 1956.
Wild Is the Wind, 1957.
(as director) The Buccaneer, 1958.
Guns of Navarone, 1961.
Requiem for a Heavyweight, 1962.
Lawrence of Arabia, 1962.
Zorba the Greek, 1964.
High Wind in Jamaica, (1965.
The Secret of Santa Vittoria, 1969.
Deaf Smith and Johnny Ears, 1973.
The Children of Sanchez, 1978.
The Greek Tycoon, 1978.
Jungle Fever, 1991.
A Walk in the Clouds, 1995.
Avenging Angelo, 2002.
Onassis: The Richest Man in the World. The Old Man and the Sea.
The Original Sin: A Self Portrait, 1972.
(with Michael Paisner) One Man Tango, 1995.
The Guardian (London), June 5, 2001.
Independent (London), June 5, 2001. B2.
Los Angeles Times, June 4, 2001. A1.
San Francisco Chronicle, June 5, 2001. B2.
The Scotsman, June 5, 2001. P. 14.
The Washington Post, June 4, 2001. B6.
Contemporary Authors Online, Gale, 2002.
—Kelly M. Cross
"Quinn, Anthony: 1915–2001: Actor , Artist, Writer." Contemporary Hispanic Biography. . Encyclopedia.com. 28 May. 2017 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>.
"Quinn, Anthony: 1915–2001: Actor , Artist, Writer." Contemporary Hispanic Biography. . Encyclopedia.com. (May 28, 2017). http://www.encyclopedia.com/education/news-wires-white-papers-and-books/quinn-anthony-1915-2001-actor-artist-writer
"Quinn, Anthony: 1915–2001: Actor , Artist, Writer." Contemporary Hispanic Biography. . Retrieved May 28, 2017 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/education/news-wires-white-papers-and-books/quinn-anthony-1915-2001-actor-artist-writer
Nationality: American. Born: Anthony Rudolph Oaxaca Quinn in Chihuahua, Mexico, 21 April 1915 (some sources give 1916); became U.S. citizen, 1947. Education: Attended public school in Los Angeles, California. Family: Married 1) Katherine DeMille, 1937 (divorced 1965), sons: Christopher (deceased), Duncan, daughters: Christina, Kathleen, Valentina; 2) Iolanda Addolori, 1965 (separated 1995), sons: Francesco, Daniele, Lorenzo; child with Kathy Benvin. Career: Worked as cement mixer, ditchdigger, boxer, fruit picker, taxi driver; also with Federal Theater Project; 1936—stage debut in Clean Beds; film debut in Parole; then contract with Paramount, 1936–40; 1947—Broadway debut in The Gentleman from Athens; 1958—directed the film The Buccaneer; 1962—on stage in Tchin-Tchin; 1971–72—in TV series The Man and the City; 1977—in mini-series Jesus of Nazareth; 1983—in musical version of the film, Zorba! on Broadway; 1988—in TV mini-series The Richest Man inthe World: The Story of Aristotle Onassis. Awards: Best Supporting Actor Academy Award, for Viva Zapata!, 1952; Best Supporting Actor Academy Award, for Lust for Life, 1956. Agent: Johnnie Planco, William Morris Agency, 1350 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10019, U.S.A.
Films as Actor:
Parole (Landers) (as Browning); Sworn Enemy (Marin) (as gangster); Night Waitress (Landers) (as hood); The Plainsman (Cecil B. DeMille) (as Cheyenne Indian); The Milky Way (McCarey) (as extra)
Swing High, Swing Low (Leisen) (as the Don); Waikiki Wedding (Tuttle) (as Kimo); The Last Train from Madrid(Hogan) (as Capt. Ricardo Alvarez); Partners in Crime(Murphy) (as Nicholas Mazaney); Daughter of Shanghai(Florey) (as Harry Morgan)
The Buccaneer (Cecil B. DeMille) (as Beluche); Dangerous to Know (Florey) (as Nicholas Keisnoff); Tip-Off Girls(Louis King) (as Marty); Hunted Men (Louis King) (as Legs); Bulldog Drummond in Africa (Louis King) (as Deane Fordline); King of Alcatraz (Florey) (as Lou Gadney)
King of Chinatown (Grinde) (as Mike Gordon); Union Pacific(Cecil B. DeMille) (as Jack Cordray); Island of Lost Men(Neumann) (as Chang Tai); Television Spy (Dmytryk)(as Forbes)
Emergency Squad (Dmytryk) (as Nick Buller); Road to Singapore (Schertzinger) (as Caesar); Parole Fixer (Florey)(as Francis Bradmore); The Ghost Breakers (George Mar-shall) (as Ramon); City for Conquest (Litvak) (as MurrayBruno); Texas Rangers Ride Again (Hogan) (as Joe Yuma)
Blood and Sand (Mamoulian) (as Manolo de Palma); Knockout (Clemens) (as Trego); Thieves Fall Out (Wright) (as Chic Collins); They Died with Their Boots On (Walsh) (as Crazy Horse); The Perfect Snob (McCarey) (as AlexMorens); Bullets for O'Hara (William K. Howard) (as Tony Van Dyne)
Larceny, Inc. (Lloyd Bacon) (as Leo Dexter); Road to Morocco(David Butler) (as Mullay Kasim); The Black Swan (Henry King) (as Wogan); The Ox-Bow Incident (Wellman) (as the Mexican)
Guadalcanal Diary (Seiler)
Buffalo Bill (Wellman) (as Yellow Hand); Roger Touhy, Gangster (The Last Gangster) (Florey) (as George Car-roll); Ladies of Washington (Louis King) (as Michael Romanescue); Irish Eyes Are Smiling (Ratoff) (as Al Jackson)
Where Do We Go from Here? (Ratoff) (as Indian Chief);China Sky (Enright) (as Chen Ta); Back to Bataan (Dmytryk)(as Capt. Andres Bonifacio)
California (Farrow) (as Don Louis Rivera y Hernandez)
Sinbad the Sailor (Wallace) (as Emir); The Imperfect Lady(Lewis Allen) (as Jose Martinez); Black Gold (Karlson) (as Charley Eagle); Tycoon (Wallace) (as Enrique Vargas)
The Brave Bulls (Rossen) (as Raul Fuentes); Mask of the Avenger (Karlson) (as Giovanni Larocca); High Treason(Boulting)
Viva Zapata! (Kazan) (title role); The Brigand (Karlson) (as Carlos Delargo); The World in His Arms (Walsh) (as Portugee); Against All Flags (Sherman) (as Roc Brasiliano)
City beneath the Sea (Boetticher) (as Tony Bartlett); Seminole(Boetticher) (as Osceola); Ride Vaquero! (Farrow) (as José Esqueda); East of Sumatra (Boetticher) (as Kiang); Blowing Wild (Fregonese) (as Ward Conway); Cavalleria Rusticana (Fatal Desire) (Gallone) (as Alfio); Donne Proibite(Angels of Darkness; Forbidden Women) (Amato) (as Francesco Caserto)
Ulisse (Ulysses) (Camerini) (as Antinous); La strada (Fellini)(as Zampano); The Long Wait (Saville) (as Johnny McBride);Attila flagello di dio (Attila; Attila the Hun) (Francisci)(title role)
The Magnificent Matador (Boetticher) (as Luis Santos); The Naked Street (Shane) (as Phil Regal); Seven Cities of Gold(Webb) (as Capt. Gaspar de Portola)
Lust for Life (Minnelli) (as Paul Gauguin); Man from Del Rio(Horner) (as Dave Robles); The Wild Party (Horner) (as Big Tom Kupfen); Notre Dame de Paris (The Hunchback of Notre Dame) (Delannoy) (as Quasimodo)
The River's Edge (Dwan) (as Ben Cameron); The Ride Back(Miner) (as Bob Kallen); Wild Is the Wind (Cukor) (as Gino)
Hot Spell (Daniel Mann) (as Jack Duval)
The Black Orchid (Ritt) (as Frank Valentine); Warlock(Dmytryk) (as Tom Morgan); Last Train from Gun Hill(John Sturges) (as Craig Beldon)
Heller in Pink Tights (Cukor) (as Tom Healy); Portrait in Black (Gordon) (as Dr. David Rivera); The Savage Innocents (Ombre Bianche) (Nicholas Ray) (as Inok)
The Guns of Navarone (J. Lee Thompson) (as Col. Andrea Stavros)
Barabbas (Fleischer) (title role); Requiem for a Heavyweight(Nelson) (as Mountain Rivera); Lawrence of Arabia (Lean)(as Auda Abu Tayi)
Behold a Pale Horse (Zinnemann) (as Capt. Vinolas); Der Besuch (The Visit) (Wicki) (as Serge Miller); Zorba the Greek (Cacoyannis) (title role)
La Fabuleuse Aventure de Marco Polo (Marco the Magnificent) (de la Patellière and Noel Howard) (as Kublai Khan);A High Wind in Jamaica (MacKendrick) (as Juan Chavez)
Lost Command (Not for Honor and Glory) (Robson) (as Lt.Col. Pierre Raspeguy)
La 25e Heure (La Vingt-cinquième Heure; The 25th Hour)(Verneuil) (as Johann Moritz); The Happening (Silverstein)(as Roc Delmonico); The Rover (L'Avventuriero) (Terence Young) (as Peyrol)
Guns for San Sebastian (Verneuil) (as Leon Alastray); The Shoes of the Fisherman (Anderson) (as Kiril Lakota); The Magus (Guy Green) (as Maurice Conchis)
The Secret of Santa Vittoria (Kramer) (as Stalo Bambolini); A Dream of Kings (Daniel Mann) (as Matsverkas)
A Walk in the Spring Rain (Guy Green) (as Will Cade); R.P.M.(Kramer) (as Paco); Flap (The Last Warrior) (Reed) (as Flapping Eagle); King: A Filmed Record . . . Montgomery to Memphis (Lumet and Joseph L. Mankiewicz—doc)
The City (Petrie—for TV) (as Thomas Jefferson Alcala);Arroza (Boetticher) (as narrator)
Across 110th Street (Shear) (as Capt. Frank Mattelli, + exec pr); The Voice of La Raza (Greaves) (as narrator)
Deaf Smith and Johnny Ears (Cavara) (as Erastus "Deaf"Smith); The Don Is Dead (Fleischer) (title role)
The Marseilles Contract (The Destructors) (Parris) (as Steve Ventura)
L'eredità Ferramonti (The Inheritance) (Bolognini) (as Gregorio Ferramonti); Bluff (High Rollers); The Message(Mohammad, Messenger of God) (Akkad) (as Hazma);Tigers Don't Cry (Collinson)
The Greek Tycoon (J. Lee Thompson) (as Theo Tomasis);Caravans (Fargo) (as Zulfigar); The Children of Sanchez(Bartlett)
The Passage (J. Lee Thompson) (as the Basque)
High Risk (Raffill) (as Mariano); Lion of the Desert (Omar Mukhtar) (Akkad—produced in in 1979) (as Omar Mukhtar);The Con Artists (Corbucci) (as Bang); The Salamander(Zinner) (as Bruno Manzini)
Regina (Roma) (Prate)
Valentina (Betancor) (as Mosen Joaquin)
Ingrid (Feldman); The Last Days of Pompeii (Hunt—for TV)
Isola del tesoro (Dawson)
A Man of Passion (Pasion de hombre) (Loma); Actor(Angelucci)
Ghosts Can't Do It (Derek); A Star for Two (Kaufman);Revenge (Tony Scott) (as Tiburon Mendez); The Old Man and the Sea (Storke—for TV) (as Santiago)
Only the Lonely (Columbus) (as Nick); Jungle Fever (SpikeLee) (as Lou Carbone); Mobsters (Karbeinidoff) (as DonMasseria)
Last Action Hero (McTiernan) (as Tony Vivaldi)
Somebody to Love (Rockwell) (as Emilio); Hercules in the Underworld (Bill L. Norton—for TV) (as Zeus); Hercules in the Maze of the Minotaur (Bender—for TV) (as Zeus);Hercules and the Lost Kingdom (Cokliss—for TV) (as Zeus); Hercules and the Circle of Fire (Doug Lefler—for TV) (as Zeus); Hercules and the Amazon Women (Bill L.Norton—for TV) (as Zeus); This Can't Be Love (Harvey—for TV) (as Michael Reyman)
A Walk in the Clouds (Arrau) (as Don Pedro Aragon)
Il Sindaco (Ugo Fabrizio Giordani); Gotti (Harmon—for TV)(as Neil Dellacroce)
Ringside (Norman Mailer); Camino Santiago (mini for TV);Oriundi (Bernstein) (as Giuseppe Padovani)
Film as Director:
By QUINN: books—
The Original Sin, a Self-Portrait (autobiography), New York, 1972.
One Man Tango, with Daniel Paisner, New York, 1995.
By QUINN: articles—
"The Loving World of Anthony Quinn," interview with Mary Simons, in Look (New York), 1 April 1969.
"Competing with Myself," interview in Films and Filming (London), February 1970.
Interview by Veronica Webb, in Interview (New York), May 1991.
"The Number It Takes to Tango," interview with Alex Witchel, in New York Times, 6 July 1995.
On QUINN: books—
Marill, Alvin H., The Films of Anthony Quinn, Secaucus, New Jersey, 1975.
Ball, Gregor, Anthony Quinn: seine Filme, sein Leben, Munich, 1985.
Amdur, Melissa, Anthony Quinn, New York, 1993.
On QUINN: articles—
Current Biography 1957, New York, 1957.
Johnson, Ian, "Anthony Quinn," in Films and Filming (London), February 1962.
Marill, Alvin H., "Anthony Quinn," in Films in Review (New York), October 1968.
Denby, David, "High on Anthony Quinn," in Premiere (New York), September 1992.
Nielsen, Ray, "Anthony Quinn," in Classic Images (Muscatine), August 1993.
Williamson, K., "The Mighty Quinn," in Boxoffice (Chicago), January 1995.
* * *
Pounding on his beefy chest and rolling his exotic eyes, Anthony Quinn is easily disparaged as an all-purpose Ethnic, but his vibrant approach to acting can be riveting. In the 1990s, in smaller doses, as in the macho shenanigans of Last Action Hero, the formulaic but diverting comedy of Only the Lonely, and especially the swooning lyricism of A Walk in the Clouds, Quinn seems looser and less pointedly vociferous. Maybe time has purified him of some of that much talked-about Life Force, that so memorably defined the spirit of Zorba the Greek. That was before it degenerated into meaninglessness when applied across the board to all the international characterizations that nipped at Zorba's heels. In his post-1964 heyday, Quinn was as overexposed as the cast of television's Friends are today.
Born in poverty in Mexico, Anthony Quinn served a long contractual apprenticeship in the movies as lummox-in-loincloth or scourge-with-scimitar. If menace of a foreign extraction was required, casting agents made a beeline to Tony. But small monotonous parts were as galling to Quinn as being dismissed as Cecil B. DeMille's son-in-law. Graduating from leads in B movies, Quinn remained the same stone-faced heavy in A pictures; the performance in Viva Zapata! that won him his first Oscar hardly seemed more challenging than dozens of scenery-chewing turns that preceded it.
Instead of turning his frustration at being typecast inward, Quinn started thesping his heart out more and more; the Quinn style was born—earthy, hearty, and above all, voluble. You could outfight Quinn but never outshout him. Several savvy breaks from the Hollywood rut paid off by building (maybe overbuilding) Quinn's confidence. After donning the Brando T-shirt as a replacement Stanley Kowalski, he also shared glory with Olivier himself as they switched lead roles in Becket, and then his career rose phoenixlike out of a past-his-prime graveyard with Fellini's La strada. Taken seriously by Hollywood thanks to his art-house circuit success as the brutal strongman, Zampano, Quinn snagged a second supporting Oscar for Lust for Life and then began stamping all his roles with the same lust for overacting.
Whether certain directors could handle him with more authority or whether he simply responded to simpatico material, Quinn got delightfully high on his own ego-puffery in Cukor's colorful Heller in Pink Tights, presented a memorably noncondescending portrayal of an Eskimo in Ray's The Savage Innocents, then shadow-boxed beautifully with despair in Requiem for a Heavyweight, a much subtler and affecting portrait of brute force than his La strada stint. Throughout the 1950s and early 1960s, whether top-billed as he gave us Barabbas or cameoed in Lawrence of Arabia, Quinn broke no new ground until the soulmate role of Zorba the Greek liberated him. After 1964, however, Tony the Quinn became Zorba the Greek, and it is difficult to rebut the prevailing wisdom that dubbed him a one-man UN. He could play Italian, Native American, Greek, or Basque—just go round the globe; Quinn acted there. This was thesping by way of Berlitz. Still, if there were many occasions when you wished he had moved on from Esperanto-translated populism, there was no denying this peacock actor's energy. If every performer seeks to improve upon reality, then Quinn is the Great Embellisher. Refusing to play in sotto voce, the man is a one-tenor opera. The feverish, life-forced quality of his performances (good and bad) sing out with the overabundant grace notes of a man whose love of acting is boundless.
"Quinn, Anthony." International Dictionary of Films and Filmmakers. . Encyclopedia.com. (May 28, 2017). http://www.encyclopedia.com/movies/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/quinn-anthony
"Quinn, Anthony." International Dictionary of Films and Filmmakers. . Retrieved May 28, 2017 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/movies/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/quinn-anthony
Anthony Quinn (born 1915) aspired to be an architect and later a merchant seaman before a detour through Hollywood brought him movie stardom. He appeared in over 100 motion pictures and won two Academy Awards.
Star of stage and screen, Anthony Quinn, made his first movie in 1936. By 1999, he had 148 movies to his credit. For years he played small parts in Hollywood, locked into stereotyped roles as convicts and gangsters. In 1947, a brief appearance on Broadway led to a major stage role with a minor touring company. By 1952, he had secured the role that would win for him an Academy Award, as Eufemio Zapata in the film Viva Zapata! With an Oscar to his credit Quinn caught the attention of the international film industry. By the mid-1950s he was a favorite of Italian filmmakers, from Dino De Laurentis to Federico Fellini. In 1964, he won more fans as the aging Alexis Zorba in the movie version of the hit musical, Zorba the Greek. Quinn proved himself further as a talented painter and sculptor. A showing of his artwork brought in two million dollars in 1982.
Anthony Quinn was born Antonio Rudolph Oaxaca Quinn, the son of freedom fighters in the Mexican revolution. Quinn's father, Francesco Quinn, was the son of an Irish railroad worker, raised in Mexico after the death of his own father. Her family abandoned Quinn's mother, Manuela Oaxaca, almost at birth. She and Francesco Quinn met in Chihuahua, Mexico and married soon afterward, on board a train filled with rebel troops bound for Durango. Quinn was conceived virtually in the field of battle. When the sergeant learned of Oaxaca's pregnancy, he shipped her by train back to Chihuahua where she gave birth to Quinn on April 21, 1915. Quinn's father returned from the war and rejoined his family in El Paso, Texas when Quinn was approximately two years old. His paternal grandmother, Dona Sabina, lived with the family in a small tin-roofed hut. She and her grandson developed a close bond. Within a year of his father's homecoming, Quinn's younger sister, Stella, was born.
Quinn's parents worked together building the railroads in Texas, until his father was injured and could no longer continue the work. He moved his family to San Jose, California, to work in the fields as migrant farm hands. For several years the Quinns lived as nomads, traveling throughout California in search of farm work. The family eventually settled in the southern part of the state to work in the citrus fields.
Quinn's father moved his family to East Los Angeles, where he found work at the Lincoln Park Zoo and later as a laborer at the new movie studios. On January 10, 1926, when Quinn was 10 years old, a car accident took his father's life. He went to work as a water boy on a construction crew on the Los Angeles River, and accepted other odd jobs in an effort to help support his family. When his widowed mother became romantically involved with a man named Frank Bowles, Quinn became irate and moved out of her home. He brought his sister and grandmother along with him, and left high school to support them.
Architecture Led to Acting
Quinn was a talented artist and, prior to quitting high school, had entered an architectural drawing contest. He won the first prize, which included an appraisal of his work by the noted architect, Frank Lloyd Wright. Quinn's poor diction annoyed Wright who recommended tongue surgery to facilitate his speech. Ironically, Quinn's speech deteriorated further after the operation. He sought the assistance of a former actress, Katherine Hamil, to help him learn to speak clearly, in the hopes of earning an apprenticeship with Wright. Hamil's students, for the most part, aspired to acting. They performed plays, and Quinn participated in those productions on several occasions. He joined an acting troupe called the Gateway Players, and was offered a role in a Mae West stage production. He made his professional debut in a play called Clean Beds, and later accepted a minor part as a prison inmate in a film called Parole!
Quinn stood six-feet-two and weighed 182 pounds— an impressive stance for a would-be actor. Yet his career was slow to unfold. He became discouraged and drifted across the American Southwest for a time. In 1936, he joined a fishing junket bound for the Orient out of Ensenada in Baja, California, but detoured back to Hollywood shortly before departure, in response to an advertised casting call for a Hollywood film. The movie was called The Plainsman and starred Gary Cooper under the direction of Cecil B. De Mille. To achieve realism, De Mille sought a Native American actor to play the part of a Cheyenne warrior. Quinn represented himself as a full-blooded Cheyenne and feigned an inability to speak English in an effort to secure the role. His initial performance displeased De Mille who would have replaced the aspiring actor had it not been for Cooper's remark, "He seems like a nice kid, give him a break," according to Quinn's memoir. De Mille allowed Quinn to play the part, which led to a long-term contract with Paramount Studios.
Quinn appeared in Swing High, Swing Low with Carole Lombard, followed by director Frank Tuttle's Waikiki Wedding. Soon after came a role in The Buccaneer with Frederic March, followed by a string of grade "B" motion pictures, including King of Alcatraz, King of Chinatown, Island of Lost Men, and Dangerous to Know. By 1940, Quinn was a veteran of 20 Hollywood films. From 1940 until 1949 he added 29 movies to his credit. Although he was glad for the work, he felt stereotyped because of his swarthy complexion. Repeatedly he was assigned to play gangsters and thugs, and on occasion he portrayed a Native American warrior or chief. He worked largely with J. Carrol Nash, Lloyd Nolan, Robert Preston, and Anna May Wong. A breakthrough occurred when Quinn received an offer to play a matador in the 20th Century-Fox production Blood and Sand with Rita Hayworth and Tyrone Power. In Quinn's next film, They Died with Their Boots on, Quinn played the role of Crazy Horse against Errol Flynn's General George Armstrong Custer.
Quinn's road to stardom took many detours. He secured a role as the male lead in Black Gold in 1947 but abandoned Hollywood soon afterward when advised by Darryl Zanuck that he was under investigation along with other Hollywood stars, by the U.S. House Un-American Activities Committee as a suspected Communist sympathizer. Quinn soon departed for New York City and established himself as a stage actor on Broadway. His first play, The Gentleman from Athens by Emmet Lavery, failed after six performances but led to a promising offer. Elia Kazan offered Quinn the role of Stanley Kowalski in Tennessee Williams's Streetcar Named Desire for two years on tour. After the road show, Quinn co-starred with Marlon Brando in Kazan's 1952 film about the Mexican Revolution, Viva Zapata! Quinn played the part of Eufemio Zapata, brother of Emiliano Zapata. Critics applauded the movie. On March 19, 1953, Quinn received the Best Supporting Actor award from the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences.
Soon Quinn was in Rome, where he worked with several renowned Italian film directors. He worked with Dino De Laurentis and Carlo Ponti in the Kirk Douglas film, Ulysses. He appeared in Giuseppe Amato's Donne Proibite (Angels of Darkness) with Linda Darnell, and then starred as Attila the Hun with Sophia Loren, in the De-Laurentis/Ponti production, Attila. . Quinn was in high demand. During the filming of Attila he worked simultaneously on Federico Fellini's La Strada, a 1956 release that secured Quinn's stature as an international star.
Quinn returned to the United States and starred in the 20th Century Fox release of The Magnificent Matador, again with Maureen O'Hara. He spent much of 1955 in filming the life of Paul Gauguin in Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer's Lust for Life, by director Vincente Minelli. The Gauguin role won him a second Academy Award in 1957. Quinn re-appeared on Broadway in 1956 in Becket as King Henry II against Sir Lawrence Olivier's Thomas Becket. Quinn starred next as Quasimodo in the Hunchback of Notre Dame in 1957 with Gina Lollabrigida as Esmeralda. Again on Broadway in 1962, he appeared with Margaret Leighton in Tchin-Tchin. That same year he co-starred with Peter O'Toole, Omar Sharif, and Alec Guinness in Lawrence of Arabia. The twoand-one-half hour epic won seven academy awards and was re-released in 1989. In 1968, as Kiril Lakota in The Shoes of the Fisherman, Quinn adeptly created the role of the first Russian Pope of the Catholic Church.
Quinn played the starring role of Alexis Zorba in the hit musical Zorba the Greek in 1964. The character became Quinn's signature role. He reprised the role of Zorba on tour in 1983. Also in 1983 he appeared as a priest who mentors a young boy, in the Spanish language film, Valentina. His 1991 film credits included Only the Lonely, directed by Chris Columbus, and Spike Lee's Jungle Fever. Quinn appeared in Last Action Hero with Arnold Schwarzenegger in 1993, and in A Walk in the Clouds, a 1995 remake of Four Steps in the Clouds, of 1942. He appeared in a recurring television role as the Greek god, Zeus, on Hercules: the Legendary Journeys in 1995, and as Santiago in a British made-for-television film of the Old Man and the Sea. with Tom Cruz. Quinn starred as Neil Dellacroce in a 1996 HBO film about John Gotti. In all, Quinn's filmography listed 148 different roles between 1936 and 1999, plus a director's credit for the 1958 film Buccaneer, and two producer's credits, for The Visit in 1964 and Across 110th Street in 1972.
From his earliest years as an actor, Quinn bemoaned the fact that he played in many productions but was rarely cast in the role of the romantic leading man. In 1993 he commented to Julie Greenwalt of People, "I never get the girl." His remark was facetious at best in consideration of his personal lifestyle. He married three times and fathered 13 children. After undergoing major heart surgery in 1990 he fathered a 12th child. A proud and willing father, Quinn's large family was a source of pride to him, and he was flattered when three of his sons embarked on their own respective acting careers.
His first marriage, in October 1937, was to Katherine De Mille, the adopted daughter of Cecil B. De Mille. The wedding, a lavish affair orchestrated by the De Mille family, took place at All Saints Episcopal Church in Hollywood, California. Sadly the couple's first-born son, Christopher, drowned on March 15, 1941 at the age of three. Together the couple had four more children: Christina, born in 1941; Catalina in 1942; Duncan in 1945; and Valentina in 1952. Quinn and De Mille were married for 27 years; they divorced in 1965.
In the early 1960s, during the filming of the movie Barabbas on location in Rome, Quinn was romantically involved with Iolanda Addolori, who worked on the set. They married in 1966 and had three sons: Francesco, Daniele, and Lorenzo. The couple owned a residence in Manhattan and a villa near Rome. They divorced in 1997.
Quinn's romantic involvement with Kathy Benvin led him into a third marriage in 1997. The couple had two children and lived in Paris.
In addition to his acting career, Quinn is a talented painter and sculptor—well known for his cubist and post-impressionist oils. He held an art show in Honolulu in December 1982 where he displayed paintings as well as sculptures made from wood and marble. Individual pieces of his work sold for as much as $30-40,000, and the entire show sold out, for a total of two million dollars.
Quinn, Anthony (with Daniel Paisner), One Man Tango, Harper-Collins Publishers, 1995.
American Libraries, October 1983.
Cosmopolitan, August 1991.
Maclean's, June 28, 1993.
People, May 2, 1983; February 27, 1989; September 6, 1993;August 14, 1995, September 1, 1997; December 22, 1997.
"Anthony Quinn," available at http://us.imdb.com (November 8, 1999. □
"Anthony Quinn." Encyclopedia of World Biography. . Encyclopedia.com. (May 28, 2017). http://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/anthony-quinn
"Anthony Quinn." Encyclopedia of World Biography. . Retrieved May 28, 2017 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/anthony-quinn
Anthony Quinn (Anthony Rudolph Oaxaca Quinn), 1915–2001, American actor, b. Chihuahua, Mex. His family moved to Los Angeles when he was four years old. Quinn had a number of jobs before turning to acting in the 1930s; his first movie role was in 1936. Of Mexican-Indian and Mexican-Irish parentage, he was tall, swarthy, and powerfully built, and early in his career played dozens of Native American and outlaw roles. Thereafter, he was cast as a rugged ethnic or exotic of varying backgrounds. An actor who seemed to personify the life force, he played a dissolute Mexican in Kazan's Viva Zapata! (1952, Academy Award), an Italian strongman in Fellini's La Strada (1954), an intense Gauguin in Lust for Life (1956, Academy Award), a battered prizefighter in Requiem for a Heavyweight (1962), the charismatic Zorba in Zorba the Greek (1964; he toured with the musical stage version, 1982–83), and an Aristotle Onassis–like figure in The Greek Tycoon (1978). He made more than 100 additional films and appeared in several plays and television dramas. He was also an accomplished visual artist.
See his autobiographies, The Original Sin (1972) and One Man Tango (1995); biography by M. Amdur (1993); study by A. H. Marill and A. Kennedy (1975).
"Quinn, Anthony." The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. . Encyclopedia.com. (May 28, 2017). http://www.encyclopedia.com/reference/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/quinn-anthony
"Quinn, Anthony." The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. . Retrieved May 28, 2017 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/reference/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/quinn-anthony | <urn:uuid:399b268b-a4f4-4242-8e1a-95045ce2509d> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | http://www.encyclopedia.com/people/literature-and-arts/film-and-television-biographies/anthony-quinn | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463612013.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20170529034049-20170529054049-00414.warc.gz | en | 0.953489 | 10,738 | 2.625 | 3 |
Below are a selection of Common Core History Lessons Plans. All are available for free in Word, and PDF. Some are available in Microsoft Excel.
Scroll through and find the best one for your needs.
Do you have a Common Core History Lessons Plan you would like to share with our community? Contact Us to help out fellow educators!
Common Core History Lessons Plan
Free Printable History and Geography Lesson Plan aimed at 1st Grade.
Lesson Plan Process:
- State Learning Targets: Have your students interact with the learning target. Students may write down key words from the learning targets (i.e. end, story, or end).
- Access Prior Knowledge: Show the dog pictures and ask questions concerning your students’ knowledge on the subject matter.
- New Information: Introduce the new information and read the story.
- Application: Have students draw their story (process) pictures.
- Generalization: Review story process and assess students learning.
- Homework: Assign homework. | <urn:uuid:570b019c-e38c-4f18-b307-7e7e4ee5e7d1> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.commoncorelessonplantemplate.net/common-core-history-lessons-free-lesson-plan-template/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511351.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20231004020329-20231004050329-00784.warc.gz | en | 0.868672 | 215 | 3.9375 | 4 |
Video gaming is a social activity that can empower participants. According to the Entertainment Software Association (ESA), "59% of Americans play video games" -- many of whom are children (PDF, 925KB). Those with physical disabilities, however, may find it nearly impossible to participate alongside their peers. Console controllers -- like those included with Xbox, PlayStation, and Wii gaming systems -- can have over one dozen buttons, often requiring two hands to operate.
The AbleGamers Foundation is a nonprofit organization that "aims to improve the overall quality of life for those with disabilities through the power of video games." To that end, it published Includification, a game accessibility guideline to help developers extend accessibility for all. For more, watch this YouTube video about AbleGamers' mission:
Simple Switch Interfaces
A switch simply turns an electrical signal on or off (e.g., a light switch, the right-click button on a mouse, the spacebar on a keyboard). MaKey MaKey is an easy-to-use kit that can serve as a switch interface. Costing about $50, MaKey MaKey is built on an Arduino circuit board and includes a USB cable, alligator clips, and additional wires. Almost anything that carries an electrical current -- pencil graphite, bananas, modeling clay -- can become part of the circuit. When the USB is plugged in, the computer's keyboard interface becomes shared with MaKey MaKey. There are assistive guides posted on its web page, in which a computer’s keys are remapped (rerouted) to best work with a person's needs.
More often than not, a teacher or paraprofessional is responsible for adapting a device to fit a person's need. Below are sample challenges that can be met using MaKey MaKey as a do-it-yourself (DIY) assistive game controller:
1. Mini-Keyboard Challenge
AbleGamers with muscular dystrophy can find movement across a keyboard to be difficult. However, there are ways to move with greater precision. For example, a track ball interface is often used instead of a mouse -- the ball can be rolled without moving or stretching one's arms. The challenge is to use MaKey MaKey to move game keys very close together. A solution might be creating a dedicated mini-keyboard for the WASD keys (common in PC games: W = up, A = left, S = down, D = right), along with the arrow keys, spacebar (in some games this is jump or shoot), and enter button. The user must be able to operate the controller with one idle hand.
2. Macro-Keyboard Challenge
AbleGamers with cerebral palsy can find fine motor activity to be nearly impossible. The challenge is to use MaKey MaKey to spread out the WASD keys, along with the arrow keys, spacebar, and enter buttons. Modeling clay on a desk can be used to spread out the input keys.
3. Head Mobility Challenge
Some AbleGamers can move only their heads. The challenge is to design a game controller using head movement to take the place of arrow keys. It can work well with dancing games created on Scratch.
4. Simple Switch Challenge
I attempted to create a directional head movement interface using MaKey MaKey. Moving my head could, theoretically, take the place of arrow keys on my laptop. I could touch my left shoulder with my head to turn left in a game world. First I had a brainstorming session -- paper towel rolls, hats, shirt collars, and other apparatus were considered as materials. I discovered that the most flexible tool for the head movement interface was a small necklace made from pipe cleaners. Wearing the contraption proved uncomfortable and awkward. Upon observing this, my wife suggested that I use a travel neck pillow. This accomplished two things: an object to prop up the pipe cleaner ring and something to provide added comfort. Of course, I was testing my own design. To be most effective, try your prototype with a person of need.
Teaching Students to be Designers
Design thinking is considered to be a desirable 21st century or "soft" skill. Bringing in students as designers can make the process even more inclusive. Working in teams can create a learning environment in which solutions emerge. A jigsaw cooperative structure would work effectively in the testing phases. Students would then have the opportunity to watch their prototypes used through someone else's eyes. (Herein lies another challenge -- something obvious to the designer may not be obvious to the user.) Testers can move from group to group. No one should test the same design twice. If you only have one kit, then groups can work in a station, out of view from the rest of the class. The goal is for other students to not see the prototyped design.
MaKey MaKey is a tool that can make video games accessible for AbleGamers. Take the systemic rather than technocentric approach to integrating this tool. The technology that you're introducing should not be the sole focus of the activity. Keep in mind that you're using MaKey MaKey to remap a keyboard that will enable students of all abilities to play. | <urn:uuid:a65c80e0-7f32-4f4b-9c76-3c9162c2ae62> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://www.edutopia.org/blog/design-diy-assistive-game-controllers-matthew-farber | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662625600.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20220526193923-20220526223923-00700.warc.gz | en | 0.938974 | 1,074 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Information on OTC drugs, prescriptions and supplements recalled.
Not all recalls are made by the FDA some of the biggest recalls are voluntary; initiated by the manufacturer. When a product is defective or potentially harmful then the manufacturer or the FDA may initiate a recall to remove all of the affected products from the marketplace.
Latest News on Fungal Meningitis Outbreak
FDA Recall Classifications
Class 1 Recalls by the FDA are serious with the product having a likely chance that using the product will cause serious health problems of chance of death.
Class 2 Recalls by the FDA cover products that may cause temporary or medical reversible health problems with the low possibility of serious health conditions.
Class 3 Recalls by the FDA cover product exposures with unlikely adverse health conditions.
If you’re using a product or a drug recalled by the manufacturer or the FDA, contact your doctor immediately about the proper course of medical care. Most stores will generally accept recalled OTC items back for a refund. If it is a prescribed drug then contact your pharmacy or the manufacturer about returning it for a refund and replacement if applicable.
The Role of the FDA
The Food and Drug Administration is responsible for the safety of the US citizens in regard to using drugs, medical devices, and food. They do this by testing, inspecting, and recalling dangerous pproducts. The FDA also ensure the manufacturers update their product labels to include all the latest risks and health concerns while using their products. While the FDA doesn’t approve individual supplements for sales, it will test and report on unknown or known ingredients that aren’t included on the labels.
NOTE: This website is not a part of the FDA nor a government agency. We are not affiliated with the FDA in any way. We don’t have a complete listing of all drug recalls. This website focuses on drug recalls and we may post some medical device recalls but definitely not all of the device recalls. For a complete listing of recalls and for imformation on the FDA go to their website at http://www.fda.gov . | <urn:uuid:5233f9e4-f652-46dd-a102-ae618d5590a4> | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | http://www.1800rxtoday.com/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398459333.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205419-00352-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.933898 | 421 | 2.625 | 3 |
Unfortunately, many trees are planted in locations in which they outgrow the space available to them. When such trees are situated under powerlines, roof lines or other overhanging structures, they must often have their height reduced to avoid problems.
However, cutting the tree’s primary leader (its main stem) at an arbitrary height can quickly cause the tree to enter a downward spiral, which will ultimately lead to its demise. But this practice – called “topping” – is unfortunately common, despite the threats, it presents to trees.
Why Does Topping Harm Trees?
Topping a tree is harmful because it typically involves making pruning cuts at improper places along the trunk. A tree’s trunk should usually not be pruned at all; but, if it is imperative that you do so, you must make the cuts just beyond a place called a node. Trees are equipped to repair the damage that occurs in these places, but when cut far from these regions, trees almost always become colonized by fungi and bacteria. Topping usually requires that you make these types of destructive, internodal cuts.
Additionally, trees who sustain damage to their central leader (trunk) are no longer able to grow in the way they should. Trees grow in height at locations called meristems, which are located at the distal end of the trunk. With this meristem removed, the tree will spend a lot of resources trying to cope with the damage, which will lead to stress and place it at further risk of decay.
Additionally, when a tree is topped, it often responds by producing a litany of quickly growing, poorly attached branches called waterspouts. These new branches typically look terrible and represent a safety hazard, as they are more likely to fail than properly formed branches are.
What Are the Alternatives to Topping?
Unfortunately, there isn’t much that can be done to tame a tree’s height. Skilled arborists can occasionally carry out a procedure known as a crown reduction, in which the entire size of the canopy is reduced. When doing so, arborists avoid making internodal cuts and try to avoid harming the central leader at all. It is rarely possible to remove a significant amount of height by doing so, but you may be able to reduce a tree’s height slightly by having such a procedure performed.
The better option is to simply have the tree removed. Although this is often heartbreaking to property owners, there is little else that can be done in many cases. After the tree is removed, it can be replaced with a tree that is of the appropriate size for the space available.
This is one of the reasons that tree selection is so important when planning new installations. If for example, you are trying to plant trees beneath a power line, you’ll certainly want to select a western redbud, Japanese maple or crepe myrtle, rather than a jacaranda or eucalyptus tree, which will quickly reach the height of the overhanging power lines.
If you are faced with a tree that is rapidly outgrowing the space available, give your friends at Evergreen Arborist Consultants a call. One of our trained arborists will visit your property and assess the tree in question. We’ll then provide you with recommendations to address the situation and carry out the work if so desired. | <urn:uuid:84a74d42-322e-4520-a52d-17d1169aaa74> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://greenarborists.com/topping-tree-bad-idea/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107887810.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20201025041701-20201025071701-00073.warc.gz | en | 0.960891 | 702 | 4.03125 | 4 |
Dehydration in Dogs: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment
With summer in full swing, we tackle dehydration in dogs to help you keep your pooch safe. Learn more about the causes, symptoms, treatment, and prevention of dog dehydration below.
Have you ever seen your dog pant excessively or touched their nose and it was cracked and dry? Your dog may have been dehydrated. Dehydration in dogs can happen quite often, but don’t take it lightly. When a dog is dehydrated, consider it an emergency and act fast.
Your dog loses water all day. They lose the most fluids through peeing and pooping, but they also lose water through their paws and when they pant. It’s the dog’s version of sweating. Even not getting enough water one day can lead to dehydration, and quickly.
What Is Dog Dehydration?
When a dog dehydrates, it means they’ve lost too much water without replenishing it. A dog not drinking water or losing about 10% of the water in his body can have serious consequences, even death. Dogs can go two to three days without water, but definitely don’t try it.
You may start to see dehydration symptoms at 5% water loss. And when temperatures are rising, this can happen quickly. Their blood flow decreases, and their body doesn’t get enough oxygen to the organs. This can lead to organ failure and even death.
Main Causes of Dog Dehydration
The most common causes of dog dehydration are:
- Heat stroke
- Large skin injuries
- Ingesting a toxic substance
- Illnesses such as Diabetes Mellitus and Addison’s disease
- Not drinking enough water throughout the day. Even the healthiest dog can become dehydrated quickly if he or she doesn’t get enough water.
Primary Signs of Dehydration in Dogs
How can you tell if your dog is dehydrated? Watch out for these signs of dehydration:
- Gums that are dry, sticky and/or white
- Saliva that looks thick
- Sunken eyes
- Loss of skin elasticity. An easy way to test this is with the Dehydration Test. When you pinch their skin, does it go back to place? If it doesn’t, and it stays pinched, your dog is dehydrated.
7 Symptoms of Dehydration in Dogs
Once a dog is dehydrated, they will begin to exhibit signs pretty quickly. Watch out for some of these dehydration symptoms in dogs, especially during the warmer months:
- Lethargy – If your normally spunky pooch seems a little lazy, sleeps all day or doesn’t seem like themselves, you might want to consider dehydration as the culprit.
- Low or no appetite – When dogs are dehydrated, they don’t feel like doing anything, and that includes eating. Other illnesses can cause loss of appetite too, so be sure to see a vet if this goes on for more than 24 hours.
- Dry mouth – Dehydration causes decreased body fluids, which makes saliva thick and gums dry and white.
- Sunken eyes – Dogs’ eyes sink in when they’re severely dehydrated or emaciated. Loss of body fluids causes the fat pads behind the eyes to lose substance.
- Loss of skin elasticity – Loss of body fluids also causes the skin to dry up. This means their skin won’t be as elastic and will take longer to fall back into place when pinched.
- Excessive Panting – A heat stroke can cause excessive panting in dogs, and rising body temperature in a dog can lead to excessive water evaporation from their body.
- Dry nose – Dogs’ noses are normally wet but can go from wet to dry throughout the day. When a dog has a chronic dry nose or develops scabs or sores on it, this can mean dehydration.
How to Treat Dehydration in Dogs
Severely dehydrated dogs must get immediate veterinary care, especially when they have begun showing signs of shock, like heat stroke and collapsing. Thee vet must rehydrate them with intravenous fluid.
For mild to medium dehydration, you can start slowly by offering a sip of water, ice, and electrolyte replacement solution. Too much water too soon can cause vomiting and make dehydration worse. If your dog is vomiting, try offering the electrolyte solution first.
Even if moderate dehydration is suspected, contact your veterinarian for comprehensive support and instructions on how to rehydrate your dog. They can better help you determine if you need to bring your dog in to be hospitalized.
How to Prevent Dehydration in Dogs
Preventing dehydration is quite simple. Here are some things you can do daily.
- Dogs drink a lot of water, so be sure to offer plenty of fluids like clean, freshwater, and make sure their bowl is always full.
- When out with your dog on walks or at the park, be sure to have water handy for them to drink. Make sure they don’t drink too quickly, by offering a little bit at a time, especially after they’ve done strenuous exercise.
- Keep your dog up to date on vaccines, exercise them regularly, and avoid places or situations where you could expose your dog to illnesses. We can’t always avoid them getting sick, but we can try our best to keep them as healthy as possible.
- Adding wet or canned food to their diet, especially during the warmer months, can help up their water intake. A moister, more balanced diet can keep them hydrated.
- 10 Best Wet Dog Food Brands to Keep Your Pup Hydrated - This review of 10 of the best wet dog food brands to buy for your pooch features information on the food's ingredients, price range, pros, cons, and more.
How Much Water is Enough?
Pets WebMD suggests your dog should get one ounce of water per pound a day at the very least. So, a 20-pound dog must get a minimum of 20 ounces daily. That’s 2 ½ cups per day. To make things even easier, make sure that the water bowl is full no matter what with fresh, clean water at any time of the day.
People might view dog dehydration as a common occurrence. Where I live, temperatures can easily reach the 100s during the summer months, so keeping our dogs hydrated is a top priority. We’ve even bought them their own water dispenser with bowl included.
If your dog ever does become dehydrated, even mildly, you must take it very seriously, especially when they begin to exhibit signs and symptoms. Prevention is key, but if the unthinkable should occur, contact your veterinarian immediately. Even if dehydration may seem mild, they can help you determine the cause, how severe the dehydration is, and the best course of treatment for your dog.
Every dog is different, so make sure you know yours well. Noticing even the slightest behavior change can make a huge difference.
I am a dog lover, foster, and rescuer. I GREW UP PICKING UP DOGS FROM THE STREETS IN EL PASO, Texas and finding loving homes for them. When I moved to San Antonio, Texas I was shocked at how bad the stray dog population was here and how dogs were not only homeless, but taken to the shelter and euthanized. I became a dog foster mom and quickly adopted my first three dogs: Brobee, Molly and Panini.Read more » | <urn:uuid:f8f25cc8-8628-4712-8a10-ea06b821e18b> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://crazyrichpets.com/dehydration-in-dogs/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500056.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20230203122526-20230203152526-00179.warc.gz | en | 0.953811 | 1,587 | 2.671875 | 3 |
There’s a lot we know about squirrels.
They bury food, build multiple nests, love eating nuts, very territorial, and of course: they’re really adorable.
But, there haven’t been too many studies about their cognitive abilities, and whether or they can remember places, things or even people.
In this article, we’ll give our thoughts as to whether or not a squirrel has a good memory and can remember us. We’ll base this on observations while caring for injured squirrels in the rehab hospital.
Table of Contents - Click to Open
Do Squirrels Remember You?
Squirrels are capable of remembering food sources and complex patterns for retrieving nuts. They also seem to understand human signals for food. However, wild squirrels may not necessarily remember you as an individual if there is no clear benefit.
An example of this is when humans take good nuts for squirrels to a park and all the squirrels begin to make their way to the person carrying the bag of nuts.
Does the squirrel actually remember you, the human? Or are all the squirrels responding to the typical indicators which they see day in and day out, that food is on the way.
Experience observing, feeding, caring for and releasing squirrels tells me that wild squirrels probably don’t make those connections.
Why Squirrels Didn’t Remember Us: A guess
Squirrels that were treated and released didn’t seem to remember the volunteers and rehabbers, months later. By that I mean, they didn’t bother to approach us for squirrel food.
But, they didn’t take off running either. So… perhaps the squirrels DID actually remember, at the very least, that we were not a threat to their safety.
So either the squirrels either didn’t remember that we filled their bellies for weeks, or they didn’t care.
That said, we also didn’t spend time building relationships with the squirrels. At the wildlife hospital, we were instructed not to communicate with the animals, so as to avoid imprinting.
Do Squirrels Have Long Enough Memory to Remember Humans?
Here is a picture of a Squirrel who remembers me!! Well…. at least that’s what I tell myself.
To be fair, without actual data, we can’t be sure if squirrels remember humans (per se), but I know for a fact squirrels definitely remember food source locations.
This picture was taken in the winter after a major snow storm. The wild squirrels are hungry and I recognize this one here as the squirrel that lives in my neighbors tree.
She is always the first one I see in the morning and she remembers that there are usually a few nuts to be found on the porch railing.
Well, I forgot to put them out the night before, and she remembered.
I was able to get really close to her and examine here eyes, fur, ears and whiskers.
She looks really healthy. Brave as she was in the window, as soon as I opened the front door, to put a few nuts out, she took off.
I’m okay with that..
Wild Squirrel Memory vs. Pet Squirrel
When I observe videos of people with pet squirrels, there definitely seems to be more of an emotional connection between the squirrel and human.
People with pet squirrels seem to think they remember the person who feeds them.
Conclusion of Squirrel Memory
The squirrels we rehabbed didn’t seem to have favorite people or act any differently based on the actual person.
As for wild squirrels that I feed from my porch, I think if they actually remembered me, as a person, they would not take of running every time I open the door.
Then again, I don’t attempt to create a connection any deeper than: healthy food source.
Let’s hope someone does an actual study some day, as I’m sure it will make great reading.
Be sure to visit our homepage for even more squirrel fun and info.
Thanks for visiting! | <urn:uuid:c564d783-21c5-477c-a046-21a5a4b8c92c> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://whatsquirrelsdo.com/squirrel-faq/memory-remember-humans/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499831.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20230130232547-20230131022547-00739.warc.gz | en | 0.968973 | 857 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Many an elephant has been spotted ambling through the mopane woods of the Kruger National Park, but did you know that other planets have ellies too? Scientists have spotted what is the strange image of an elephant on Mars. The image was captured by the HiRISE camera of NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter earlier this month. The rounded forehead, wrinkled trunk and even angular hint of an ear-flap all go together to make up the uncanny profile of an elephant (complete with a realistically positioned eye).
NASA has explained that the elephant has actually been sculpted on the surface of the planet, in a plain called Elysium Planitia, from rivers of lava. Why do we see an elephant? This can be attributed to a phenomenon called “Pareidolia”. Pareidolia is a response of the brain wherein it attempts to look for the familiar in the unfamiliar – like seeing the face of Elvis in a slice of toast.
But maybe the giant image of an elephant, looking down on us with that one disappointed eye, is just the thing we need to remind us of how precious the elephants on earth are. Far from being any illusion, 2011 was one of the worst recorded years for the world’s elephant population, with a boom in poaching fuelled by the rapidly growing economy of the Far East. The demand for ivory is escalating and Africa’s elephants are in real danger.
Around 278 elephants were killed in Kenya, where authorities are attempting to discourage poachers through electronically tagging animals in Tsavo National Park. The debate on how to resolve the poaching crisis rages on amongst those who are pro/anti-legalization of the trade. Perhaps what is really needed is a call to the Chinese government to extend its legendary system of justice to anyone involved in the trade of animal horns.
With more than 2,500 animals confirmed killed and thousands of kilograms of tusks seized last year, and following the news that their endangered friends, the rhinos, may be extinct by 2015, one thing is absolutely certain: if we don’t get some control of the situation soon, the Mars elephant may be the only one the future generations of earth will ever see. | <urn:uuid:f42962ed-9a44-422b-bdfd-b8cdb4ea4e32> | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | http://www.krugerpark.com/blog/index.php/mars-elephant-is-watching-us/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440644064538.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827025424-00267-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.950641 | 454 | 3.46875 | 3 |
Are you reading this story in print? Or perhaps on your smartphone, that indispensable device you ritualistically pin your eyes to every day and night?
One day, that oh-so-important gadget will surely become an anachronism as new modes of communication take over. One day, you might well find yourself explaining to your grandchildren or great-grandchildren what it was like to use an Android or iPhone as you view, from behind the display case glass in some dusty museum, a rare specimen that survived the march of time unbroken.
As the Good Book says, we’re all dust in the wind, and that applies to technology as well. Take, for example, Morse Code telegraphy, a system of text messaging consisting of dots and dashes, combinations of which represent letters or numerals. Considered to be one of humankind’s top 10 inventions, well before there were telephones, fax machines or computers, Morse Code beepity-beeped from a tapping device called a “straight key” along telegraph lines to bring people news of births and deaths, weddings, tragedy and joy, emergencies and disasters, and other news of personal and global import. This medium of communication was, in a word, indispensable.
But that was then.
The last surviving members of the B.C. Chapter of the Morse Telegraph Club held their final meeting on Thursday, April 26, in room A123 of the Oasis building at Fleetwood’s Elim Village retirement community, saying goodbye to this important era in the history of communications.
“We’re dying off. There’s very few of us left,” member Chris Naylor, 87, bluntly explained. When it comes to words, the elderly generally don’t kid around.
“It is the closing of an era,” he said. “Nobody knows Morse Code any more.”
It’s named after inventor Samuel F.B. Morse who, along with physicist Joseph Henry and engineer Alfred Vail, created the electrical telegraph system in 1836.
This means of communication played an immense role in critical moments in history — such as the RMS Carpathia receiving Titanic’s wireless distress call to save 705 souls, and train dispatcher Vince Coleman bravely sacrificing his own life to alert an incoming passenger train to the imminent Halifax explosion in 1917, saving nearly 300 lives.
Locally, the first telegraph message sent along a line linking the U.S. with New Westminster, by way of the Kennedy Trail, brought news of President Abraham Lincoln’s assassination.
The last train order sent by telegraph in North America was in the mid-1980s.
The surviving members of B.C.’s club marked the bittersweet occasion of putting their going concern to rest with a cake that was decorated with a small straight key and the words “What Hath God Wrought.”
It’s a phrase from Numbers 23:23 in the Bible and was the first message Morse dispatched, on May 24, 1844, witnessed by the U.S. Congress and sent from Washington D.C. to a railroad station in Baltimore, Maryland.
The 21 people present at Surrey’s luncheon and final meeting — those 10 remaining members who could make it, some of them accompanied by their adult children — sat solemn as retired Lutheran pastor Alfred Johnson, 92, tapped out grace on a straight key, thanking God, by way of dots and dashes, and beepity-beeps, “for the privilege we had to be part of this wonderful system of communication which the Morse Code has been.”
Johnson worked as a telegrapher while attending seminary and raising two children. He started his career as a Morse telegrapher in 1944, as an assistant station agent with the Northern Alberta Railways in Hythe, Alberta at age 18.
After lunch, the club’s final business was done, finances were sorted out, and members decided to donate the remaining $78.28 in the kitty to the Canadian National Institute for the Blind.
And that was it, but not before they honoured Lavina Shaw, 89, a living legend among telegraphers. She had served as president of the Morse Telegraph Club, which had 37 chapters in Canada, the U.S. and seven other countries.
The club had 75 members in the B.C. chapter, and close to 4,000 in North America, when she was president in 2002.
“It’s down to under 1,000,” she said. At the time of its closing, the local chapter had under 30 members scattered throughout B.C., three of whom recently passed.
Shaw remains the only woman and Canadian since 1943 to have held the office of International President of the Morse Telegraph Club, a position which took her to every state in the U.S. and every province and territory in Canada. She recently resigned as B.C.’s secretary treasurer.
“The reason why it’s the last meeting is because I resigned and nobody else would do the work,” Shaw told the Now-Leader.
“They’re dying right and left.
“I’d say one of the highlights was I telegraphed with the last living war veteran of World War I, John Babcock, at age 107,” Shaw said.
“He was a former telegrapher and he could still telegraph at age 107, and I consider that one of the highlights of me being president. He lived in Spokane, and they got him on the wire and because I was, you know, the president they put him on.”
Born in 1900, Babcock was the oldest surviving veteran of the Canadian military. He died in 2010, at age 109.
Shaw was born in a railway station. “I could hear this click-clacking all the time and I was a bit curious, so I asked my dad, who was a station agent, to teach me the code. So I would get on line with other guys on the line who were in their teens and what-not, and talk back and forth,” she told the Now-Leader.
“I learned Morse Code from about age 10. First I went to work for the Canadian National Telegraphs, I got married and moved to Vancouver.”
She then worked for the Canadian Pacific Railway.
“I worked on the commercial end and I used to copy a lot of news from the Vancouver Sun, and from Reuters and the Canadian Press.
“In 1952 I was working down at the corner of Richards and Hastings, at the CPR, and they put me on all day on the line to TIME magazine during the U.S. election.”
Shaw said she earned good pay.
“Very good for a woman. I was getting about three times as much as a secretary. I was paid equal to a man. You had to be absolutely accurate and very confidential, you didn’t dare say anything.”
Meantime, Naylor shared some parting words with the by-now former club members.
“We’re a dying out breed, aren’t we,” he said.
“From all of those we contacted, there’s only 10 of us here today. We are a dying breed, but it’s so good that we could be together just to say goodbye.”
Naylor worked as a train dispatcher in Victoria before he became a Baptist pastor. A highlight of his career as a telegrapher, he said, was sending out the press about the 1951 royal visit to Canada, when he was the “second-trick” operator in Duncan.
There was also an office for commercial telegrams and the lady running it was busy, so she asked him for a favour. “When Princess Elizabeth and Prince Philip (visited) in 1951, she asked me if I would come in and send the press for Montreal, Toronto and Ottawa.”
Doug Turner, 78, was also at the last meeting.
“Our ranks are thin. There’s about 10 of us here,” he said. “I’m a bid sad. It’s so profoundly the end of an era.”
Turner worked for a railway company from 1957 to 1962.
“I grew up in a little town, Salmon Arm, and the railroad was a complete link with the outside world,” he recalled. “There was operators 24/7 in the station, which meant four operators.”
“Everything came by train, from coffins to groceries. Telegrams were the main outside means of communication, in the days before cheap long-distance telephone calls, you sent a telegram.”
“I’ll never forget when I was a little boy, during the Second World War, when my mother came home with this nurse crying her eyes out; she just got a telegram that her brother was killed in France.”
Bruce Edwards, 92, was also at the Surrey meeting.
“I like to tell people I was born in a wheat field in Saskatchewan,” he told the Now-Leader.
“I had to make my own way; my father died when I was four years old. So I looked around for some means of getting a vocation together; my mother couldn’t afford to send me beyond Grade 9 so I found a job as a telegraph messenger, delivering telegrams at three cents apiece commission.”
Edwards had worked for CN telegraphs in Regina.
As his beloved club came to a close, he was filled with nostalgia.
“I just prize the old friends; it’s a fraternity,” Edwards said wistfully.
“Something near and dear to my heart.” | <urn:uuid:dc4bfd88-7872-4f8e-bba9-ca7d059e9b3a> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | https://www.aldergrovestar.com/news/tapping-out-b-c-morse-telegraph-club-says-goodbye-to-an-era/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578526923.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20190419001419-20190419022518-00041.warc.gz | en | 0.977467 | 2,099 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Q.What is psoriasis?
A. Psoriasis is a chronic skin condition that causes skin cells to grow too quickly, resulting in thick, white, silvery, or red patches of skin. The patches range in size from small to large and typically occur on the knees, elbows, scalp, hands, feet, or lower back. Psoriasis is most common in adults, although children and teens may be affected.
Normally, skin cells mature gradually and are shed about every 28 days. New skin cells replace outer layers of the skin surface that are shed or sloughed off during normal daily activity. In psoriasis, skin cells do not mature but instead move rapidly up to the surface of the skin over 3 to 6 days and build up, forming the characteristic patches (plaques).
What causes psoriasis?
The exact cause of psoriasis is not known. In many cases it appears to be inherited. However, it is not clear whether genetic factors alone determine whether you will develop psoriasis.
Other factors that can contribute to the development of psoriasis include immune system dysfunction; cold, dry climate; skin injury; stress and anxiety; infection; and reactions to certain medications.
What are the symptoms of psoriasis?
Symptoms of psoriasis vary widely and appear in different combinations. Psoriasis can be mild, with small areas of rash. When psoriasis is moderate or severe, the skin can be inflamed with raised red areas topped with loose, silvery, scaling skin. If psoriasis is severe, it can become itchy and tender, and the large skin patches may be uncomfortable and embarrassing. The patches, called plaques, can join together, giving the skin a maplike appearance, and may cover large areas of skin, such as the entire back.
Other symptoms of psoriasis may include joint swelling, tenderness, and pain, called psoriatic arthritis. Symptoms in the fingernails and toenails include pitting, discoloration, separation of the nail from the nail bed, and the buildup of skin debris under the nails.
Symptoms may disappear (go into remission), even without treatment, and then return (flare).
How is psoriasis diagnosed?
A doctor can usually diagnose psoriasis by the appearance and location of the patches on your skin, scalp, or nails. Sometimes a skin KOH test is used to rule out a fungal infection, but otherwise, special tests are usually not needed.
How is psoriasis treated?
Treatment for psoriasis begins with skin care, which includes keeping your skin moist and lubricated. Basic treatment approaches are often used in combination and include skin products, such as creams, lotions, and shampoos; phototherapy, such as ultraviolet light treatments; and oral medications, such as cyclosporine, an immune system suppressant.
Treatment can help control symptoms, but currently there is no cure for psoriasis.
Any personal health questions or problems mental or physical. Please consult your physician !
Wishing You Great Health!
Glen Edward Mitchell
Any questions? Ask Glen! | <urn:uuid:e6eebe99-6e0d-4e63-8a86-ebccc9f87467> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | http://askglen.blogspot.com/2007/05/psoriasis-topic-overview.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948544124.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20171214124830-20171214144830-00244.warc.gz | en | 0.936302 | 654 | 3.265625 | 3 |
Do you have an adventurous child? Does he or she enjoy taking hikes with you, exploring the outdoors, and having fun? Then the new book by Peter Houghton and Jane Worroll, Play the Forest School Way: Woodland Games and Crafts for Adventurous Kids, is one you’ll want in your home library.
Play the Forest School Way is written for parents, with easy to follow activity guides. Each activity has a summary, pointing out the critical details such as the age guidelines, learning goals, and necessary “supplies” for the specific activity. Ideas are catered to children age 3 to 11, and some are for small groups of children, and others for a larger group.
Want to teach your children to build a Tarp Shelter? Setting up a regular tent is just too easy, and doesn’t spur creative thinking like building your own shelter! This is one example of one of the ideas in the book. As shown in the pictures below, the summary has an overview of the project, and a few paragraphs later there is a beautiful drawing showing a sample tarp shelter. While you better brush up on your knot skills (don’t worry, there are details in the book!), the easy to follow steps make the tarp shelter project fairly straightforward. Older children will be able to follow the book themselves, with more limited parental involvement.
In conclusion, Play the Forest School Way is a wonderful guide for outdoorsy people who want to help their children fall in love with the outdoors. As I read the book I enjoyed seeing nature from a completely different perspective! At Hiking Lady and Hiking Baby, our focus is to help everyone enjoy exploring the outdoors, and Play the Forest School Way has some unique and fun ideas to ramp up your outdoor adventure time with your children! | <urn:uuid:ea2180c8-16c5-47a0-a6b7-dafb85c7f8d6> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://hikingbaby.com/reviews/play-the-forest-school-way-review/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189583.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00196-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.95064 | 371 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Mulching: Spread Organic Materials In Fall To Protect Plants, Improve Soil
By The Old House Web
Plant in well prepared soil. The soil can have 50% more organic material added than you would for other vegetables.
Spinach and some of the seeds in the Mesclun Mix should be planted in mid April or as soon as the ground can be worked.
Organic material - All vegetables need a healthy amount of organic material in the soil they grow in. Organic material serves many purposes. Most importantly, it provides many of the nutrients that plants need to grow and thrive.
Most anything that was a plant will naturally decompose. Consisting of grass clippings, leave, plants, plant stalks, hedge trimmings, old potting soil, coffee and their filters, tea bags and weeds (as long as they don't have seeds).
Manure is excellent for a mulch or for incorporating into the soil. Only aged manure should be used, as there is chance of burn from fresh manure. All types add organic matter and are good soil builders. Manures should be spread on the surface to a depth of 2 to 3 inches.
Organic Materials To Avoid
Someday when your compost pile has shrunk and looks disappointedly small, you may scour your yard and home for organics to add to it. Some of those materials do not belong in your backyard compost pile.
Organic material Any material which originated as a living organism.
Ornamental Showy or visually pleasing.
Ornamentals Popular abbreviation for a division of Horticultural Science dealing with plant cultivated for landscape or display value.
OMRI- Organic Materials Review Institute
This national nonprofit organization produces a list of which input products are allowed for use in organic production and processing.
Other Organic Materials
Mulch looks nice and benefits your garden.
Organic materials which have not broken down sufficiently (fresh manures, manures with lots of wood shavings, fresh leaf piles, etc.) should be turned into the garden in the fall or a few weeks before planting or applied only in small quantities.
Organic materials decompose in nature to feed soil and make it healthy. You can imitate nature in your own yard by composting your yard waste and kitchen waste. Compost is used as a soil amendment rather than a fertilizer because its nutrients become available slowly.
Organic materials, also known as organic amendments, break apart tight clays and hold water and nutrients in loose sands. Organic materials include compost, peat and manure.
Organic materials such as straw, hay, shredded leaves or grass clippings work well as mulches. You can apply dry materials such as old hay three to six inches deep. If you use fresh grass clippings, use only a thin layer each time to prevent them from matting down and developing an unpleasant odor.
ORGANIC MATERIAL: Any material which originated as a living organism.
OSMUNDA FIBER: The roots of the fern Osmunda regalis, used for making Orchid Compost.
ORNAMENTAL: A plant that is grown strictly for its foliage or flower rather than for food or any other economic use.
Organic material can be added to soil in the form of compost, leave, grass clippings or decomposed manure. Mixing organic material into the soil prior to planting can give your plants the boost they need to growth and be productive.
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Organic material also encourages the development of fruit by retaining moisture and releasing micronutrients. You can add manure, peat moss or compost up to a year before planting your trees.
Organic material composes only about 1% of the soil in Oklahoma. It may be higher, up to 4-5% in the cooler upper mid West. Organics are extremely important in terms of improving water handling, nutrient retention and as a home of the enormous number of beneficial soil organisms.
Organic materials can be added to the garden as individual fertilizer components. Wood ash can be used as a source of potassium in the garden. Grass clippings can also be used as potassium in the garden. Manure and blood meal can be used as a nitrogen source in the garden.
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Organic material larger than 2 inches will slow down the compost process.
If grass clippings are not added to the compost occasionally add a high nitrogen fertilizer.
Organic Materials Review Institute - Certified Organic Seed and Planting Stock Sources, by Crop Category or Alphabetically.
All organic material will break down given enough time, but Costa needs a large volume as quickly as possible. To accelerate and control the decomposition, he is building a hot compost.
The Compost Bay
A hot compost needs to be at least a cubic metre in size to maintain ideal temperatures.
Add organic material, such as compost, manure, or shredded leaves to sandy soil to improve its ability to hold water and to clay soil to help it drain more quickly.
Photography by Suzanne DeJohn/National Gardening Association
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What Organic Materials Can Be Used in the Compost Pile
Most anything organic, but most popular materials are natural materials such as straw, leaves, pine straw, grass clippings, shrub clippings, garbage, fish scraps, water hyacinths, etc.
Mixing organic material (preferably compost) and natural soil amendments with your soil is of great importance to your success as a gardener (see Organic Matter Management).
As the organic material breaks downs it creates a soil warming effect.
And finally - it really works!
Mulch: Organic material placed on the soil surface around plants to conserve moisture, prevent crusting, reduce soil erosion, control weeds and improve soil structure.
Any pile of organic materials will decompose on its own if left alone, but if your goal is usable compost in a few weeks rather than in months or a… Read More
How to Loosen Clay Soil ...
Organic material composed of decaying plant and animal matter for use in soil
Woody trees and shrubs that produce cones. Common conifers include pines, firs, spruce, juniper, redwood and hemlocks ...
MANURE -- An organic material excreted by animals (usually from steer is sold commonly) this is used as a fertilizer and an amendment to enrich the soil.
MICROCLIMATE -- The warmth and humidity of the air in close proximity to a plant. It may differ significantly from the general climate of the room.
Add Organic Material. For a healthy lawn, your soil must contain at least 2 to 5 percent of organic material. Your compost pile will provide you with these life giving nutrients.
Aerate the Area. Aerating allows oxygen to get to the roots of your lawn encouraging growth.
Add the necessary organic material (compost) and natural fertilizers in the appropriate quantities and work them into your soil as deeply as possible. Pitch forks are great for this as well as large shovels. Work it in as evenly as possible, removing stones and large debris as you find them.
Add about 4 in. of organic material such as commercially prepared compost or manure and 2 - 3 small handfuls of a slow release fertilizer. Your local garden center can recommend the proper amendments to use based on the type of tree you're planting. Mix the amendments in well.
Any loose, usually organic material placed over the soil - such as ground bark, sawdust, straw or leaves - is a mulch. The process of applying such materials is called mulching. A mulch can serve various functions.
If manure and other organic material has not been used, apply fertilizer that contains both nitrogen and phosphorus before planting. All commercial fertilizers are labeled by the percentages of N-P-K; nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K).
Organic Matter or Organic Material
To a gardener, organic matter is something with organic compounds that you add to the soil as an amendment. In simple terms, it is decaying plant or animal material, most commonly: compost, green manure and animal manure.
Soil amendment: Any organic materials you till into the soil to improve its texture and nutrient content.
Humus: The finished product of compost - a rich, black matter packed with nutrients that improves soil texture.
If your soil is heavy (clay), add organic material or plant in raised beds. Full sun is best, but eight hours will do.
Prepare beds for annuals and small plants by working in plenty of organic material, layer mulch on top, then gently stick the transplants through mulch to the appropriate depth.
Garden hydrangeas' color can be manipulated with the soil pH.
Composting is nature's way of recycling and breaking down organic material back into the soil. You can add any plant material to the pile as long as it is disease-free. Compost autumn leaves, grass clippings, potato and carrot peels, apple cores, and any fruit or vegetable scraps.
For best results, incorporate organic material into the soil when planting.
Magnolias tolerate sun to partial shade, and open their sweetly scented blossoms in May and June.
Hunt around your town for a plentiful source of free organic material. You might try a horse farm, food processing plant, local wood shop, or grounds maintenance service.
Cover your pile for best results. It will deter pests, hold in heat, and keep the moisture level more constant.
In borderline hardy areas, mulch with several centimetres of organic material, such as shredded leaves or compost, over winter. For added protection, erect a windbreak made of burlap attached to sturdy stakes around (but not touching) the plants.
Pretty much any organic material can be added, including grass clippings, weeds, straw, manure, shredded newspaper, kitchen waste, plant cuttings and prunings.
Compost heaps break down material quicker if they are built up in layers.
Prepare the soil for planting by digging over and adding plenty of organic material, such as well-rotted manure or leaf mould - this will help to improve the soil's moisture-retaining ability and fertility.
Worms feed on decaying organic material and soil. Their digestive system concentrates the organic and mineral concentrations of the food they eat, so the castings are richer in available nutrients than the soil1 around them.
0, well mulched with organic material. Rhododendrons thrive in a moist, well-drained, humus-filled soil, enriched with peat moss or leaf mold. You only need to amend the soil if it is devoid of organic matter or if the pH is too high.
Soil: Give them well-drained soil rich in organic material. Never plant so trunk base is below soil line, and never let soil cover base. Keep roots cool with a 2-in.-thick mulch (kept away from base).
Mold spores are everywhere, and can grow on almost any organic material. Mold likes high temperatures (mid 70°F), high humidity, darkness, and stagnant air. When mold is discovered check to see if it is active (soft, fuzzy, smears easily) or dormant (powdery, easy to wipe).
Composting is the simple process of controlling the decomposition of organic materials so that they can be used as a soil amendment. Composting is so simple that in fact most composting guides are quick to reassure the reader that no matter what you do, organic material will rot anyway.
The best way to improve the soil condition is to add organic material such as straw, grass clippings and leaves. It may be necessary to add a fertilizer with more nitrogen, as these non-composted materials will take nitrogen from the soil as they break down.
Organic materials for composting all contain nutrients that provide energy and growth for microorganisms. These organic materials each have their own ratio of carbon to nitrogen (C:N) in their tissues (Table 1).
Organic materials used for compost should include a mixture of brown organic material (dead leaves, twigs, manure) and green organic material (lawn clippings, fruit rinds, etc.). Brown materials supply carbon, while green materials supply nitrogen.
Think about making use of the pile of organic materials as a growing medium. Throw in a few spuds, and keep piling more materials around them as they shoot, to encourage more roots and potentially more potatoes.
Soils should contain five percent organic material. Nearly all soils, whether clay, sandy or humus, benefit from the addition of organic matter. Spread a layer of organic matter two to three inches thick over the soil surface and incorporate it six to eight inches deep.
Carrots prefer a light soil which has been improved with lots of well-rotted organic material fully dug into the soil. Carrots grown on heavy soil, or where organic material is not well-rotted, will become misshapen and grow 'forked. Stones in the soil will have the same bad effect.
The unconsolidated mineral or organic material on the immediate surface of the Earth that serves as a natural medium for the growth of land plants. Soil is formed by the physical, chemical, biological weathering of the parent material.
Fresh organic materials lose more than half their volume by the time they are fully decomposed. The best option, if available, is to add compost to the soil. After a few years of large additions you can decrease the amount to 1 in. each year. It takes 8 cubic feet of compost to cover a 100 sq. ft.
In addition to man-made fertilizers, there are natural, organic materials that can be used to feed your lawn. A mulch mower chops up grass clippings and distributes them back onto the lawn, thereby returning nitrogen to the soil.
Improving your soil's moisture-holding capacity is as simple as mixing organic material, such as compost, into your beds. Depending on the type of soil you have, more organic matter can mean more accessible water for your plants.
Remove weeds and spade in rich organic material. You'll have plenty of time to do this, since cucumbers are subtropical vines that prefer the sunny days and balmy nights of summertime. Seeds need about an 80F temperature to germinate, but then will do so in four to five days.
The best gardens are rich in organic materials. Over time, your plants consumes the rich nutrients present in the soil. Those nutrients need to be replaced for future crops. The best way to do that is organically, by adding lots of rich garden compost on a regular basis.
Compost - Decayed organic material used as a plant fertilizer.
Conifer - A cone-bearing tree or shrub, often evergreen, usually with needle-like leaves.
Container Grown - Plants, trees and shrubs raised in a pot. The pot is removed before planting.
A layer of loose organic material spread thickly over the ground, to minimize weeds, help the intended plants retain moisture (keeps as much water from evaporating from the soil), and will keep the ground cooler - protecting tender roots from severe heat.
When planting in a container, always use potting soil that contains perlite or bark so the pot has good drainage and enough organic material to absorb and hold moisture.
A layer of material spread on top of the soil around plants. Organic material such as shredded bark, compost or leaf mold retain moisture and insulate roots. Inorganic material such as black plastic suppress weeds and retain moisture in the soil.
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decomposition The breakdown of organic materials by microorganisms.
defoliation The unnatural loss of a plant's leaves, generally to the detriment of its health. Can be caused by high winds, excessive heat, drought, frost, chemicals, insects, or disease.
AMENDMENT - Usually referring to some form of organic material being added to the soil for the purpose of improvement.
AMPHIBIOUS - The ability of plants to brow both in aquatic and in the exposed soil. Usually in a moist or boggy condition, when the winter recedes in the area.
Composting lawn and garden waste is a great way to obtain organic material for your garden while reducing the environmentally negative aspects of trucking yard waste to the landfill. This DIY compost bin is easy to build and made from pressure treated wood so it will last for many years to come.
- Make sure you've got healthy soil with plenty of organic material and an appropriate pH level.
- It is best to plant your flowers, trees and shrubs on a cool or cloudy day to minimize the stress of transplanting. Planting in the early morning or late afternoon also helps.
Autumn leaves, lawn clippings, compost and pine needles are all suitable for use as mulch. Other organic materials include sawdust, straw, hay, wood chips, wood bark and shredded redwood. Inorganic materials include synthetic weed block, gravel and shredded rubber.
A garden additive made from organic material such as garden & kitchen refuse that has been stored in such a way that air, moisture and sometimes worms will break down the materials into a homogeneous substance.
A bin into which is placed organic materials (grass clippings, leaves,vegtable and fruit peelings) in order to create compost.
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Cover spring-flowering bulb plantings with 2 to 4 inches of organic material after cold weather arrives in fall. Avoid unshredded leaves because they can mat down tightly. Remove the mulch in early spring.
Remove black plastic mulch or cover it with organic mulch. Cover soil with organic material such as compost to moderate temperature and retain moisture.
Monitor plants for insect problems and begin controls immediately.
These networks and tunnels are literally a transport system for nutrients and organic material.
Digging over roughly in the autumn, leaving a good surface area exposed to frost and adding plenty of bulky organic material can help to improve the condition and drainage of a clay soil. The addition of a carefully calculated amount of lime and some course grit can also be useful.
Generally, horse manure is piled up with decomposing horse bedding like straw and sawdust mixed. After it has been aged, it maybe mixed with other organic materials such as soil, worms, and beneficial fungi.
You will need a lot of soil and organic material to make a raised bed that is of a decent size, but it is still easier to have the nursery dump a load of each where you want your bed than to dig through clay and rocks to make your bed.
standing crop search for term- weight or organic material that can be sampled or harvested at any one time from a given area, but may not necessarily include the entire plant. Usually refers to normal harvesting procedures, unless specified, for the particular plant under consideration.
See also: Organic, Plant, Soil, Gardening, Flower | <urn:uuid:410ce8bd-a8d6-4cb3-bfb5-c259b8e6fa8e> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://en.mimi.hu/gardening/organic_material.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131302428.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172142-00036-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.930172 | 3,967 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Should Northern Ireland’s sectarian murals, evidence of past strife, be replaced now that peace has taken hold?
Six years after the violence subsided, signs of the conflict that raged between Catholic Nationalists and Protestant Unionists for three decades adorn many walls in Belfast. The elaborate murals, painted by artists on both sides, glorify their cause with images of gun-toting fighters.
In the past few years, some of the murals have been painted over with less bellicose themes, reports Sean Ashcroft in Print, a design magazine (no link available yet to the article, but WebUrbanist has excellent photos). Some of the newer murals pay tribute to local heroes, from the Belfast-born writer C.S. Lewis to soccer star George Best. But in some communities, especially in Unionist areas, older, aggressive messages still prevail, says Mr. Ashcroft, a writer based in London. A local arts official who is part of a group encouraging residents to replace violent murals says most people are eager to convey a more peaceful image. But not everyone agrees. Mark Ervine, one of Belfast’s most famous muralists and the son of a former prominent Unionist, says the murals are a vital depiction of recent history. He contends that much of the opposition to the murals comes from outside the economically deprived areas where many of the images are found.
Meanwhile, Mr. Ervine and other muralists have found ways to build bridges through art: He worked with a former radical Republican to paint a version of “Guernica,” Picasso’s antiwar masterpiece. “[Painting it together] was about Catholic and Protestant, Loyalist and Republican, putting on the wall the message that there’s always an alternative to conflict.” - Wendy Pollack | <urn:uuid:ed6aada9-a2eb-43b9-b6fe-4353c519a79a> | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | http://blogs.wsj.com/informedreader/2007/12/26/should-northern-ireland-jettison-its-sectarian-murals/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398447729.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205407-00342-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.95207 | 378 | 2.59375 | 3 |
|Digital-Desert : Mojave Desert||
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Food PyramidA pyramid representing trends in food consumption, with the lowest level (primary producers) having the greatest total biomass, and the higher consumer levels having successively less total biomass.
The concept of a pyramid of consumers in an ecosystem helps to understand how an organism fits into a community as a whole.
Trophic structure is the pattern of movement of energy and matter through an ecosystem. It is the result of compressing a community food web into a series of trophic levels. Shown here as a food pyramid, we can see how energy moves upward through the system.
Typical Desert Food Pyramid4th Trophic Level:
Tertiary ConsumersCarnivores - These are high level consumers, carnivores that will eat other carnivores.
Secondary ConsumersSmall Carnivores - The predators are the secondary consumers. They occupy the third trophic level. Again we see cold-blooded animals, such as snakes, insect-eating lizards, and tarantualas. Only about 2 Kilocalories per square meter per year are stored in their bodies. In the harsher desert environments, they are the top predators.
Primary ConsumersHerbivores These animals are usually small and eat little. Many are insects, or reptiles, who are cold blooded and who use less energy to maintain their bodies than mammals and birds do. As food for predators, they provide about 20 Kilocalories per square meter per year for predators. Including: Ants and other insects, rats and mice, some reptiles the largest of which are the tortoise and chuckwalla.
Primary ProducersPlants - These are plants that make food through photosynthesis. Limited by the availability of water, they produce fewer than 200 Kilocalories of food for the animals for each square meter each year. Including: Trees, shrubs, cactus, wildflowers, grasses
Desert Food WebsThe interconnected feeding relationships in an ecosystem. These relationships can be complex; some organisms may ...
Copyright ©Walter Feller. All rights reserved.
||DESERT GAZETTE - NEWSLETTER SIGNUP| | <urn:uuid:63fa6ab4-78b2-46a1-b62c-d6a5058947f4> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | http://digital-desert.com/wildlife/food-chains/food-pyramid.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578596541.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20190423074936-20190423100936-00306.warc.gz | en | 0.889175 | 515 | 3.546875 | 4 |
20 March 2018
Mapping dengue fever in the Middle East
Published online 27 March 2017
An underreported mosquito-borne disease is wreaking havoc across Egypt and the region but few are paying attention.
Less than two years ago, 253 people from a village in Upper Egypt were admitted to a Daryout hospital suffering similar symptoms: high fever, dizziness, general body aches and abdominal pain with occasional vomiting and diarrhea. A large group was struck down with the symptoms over a two-week period. Authorities were alerted, and blood and serum samples were collected, as well as oropharyngeal swabs, and the lab test results all reported positive for dengue fever. There were no fatalities.
The inquiry reported that the mosquito had propagated by nesting inside traditional Egyptian sunbaked clay water containers that the villagers refer to as “zeirs”.
The disease is usually transmittable through a female mosquito bite. The Aedes aegypti mosquito thrives among humans, but rarely moves beyond an area of 400 meters.
One single drop of water inside a discarded soda can or a zeir is able to provide a perfect nesting spot for A. aegypti.
While this outbreak, in October 2015, is the latest on record for Egypt, the populous country has had multiple dengue flare-ups throughout history. The earliest recorded outbreak dates back to the late 18th century, and others took place in the 19th century up to the 1940s, after which a sharp decline in incidence occurred.
The drop in vector population was due to intensive spraying of DDT, a potent insecticide, during WWII to control malaria and typhus among civilians and troops.
Despite a significant lack of data on dengue fever epidemics globally, epidemiologists like Ary Hoffmann, a professor at the School of Biosciences at Melbourne University, believe the vector is now present in all five continents, having enlarged its geographical scope in the past few decades.
Because of its resistance to most pesticides, dengue is the fastest spreading mosquito-borne viral disease in the world. According to WHO, in just 50 years, its incidence has increased 30-fold, and during the last decade, the vector has arrived in cities.
Sudan, Oman, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Iran and Yemen have all experienced major dengue fever blowups.
Between 1993 and 2008, three major epidemics were reported in Saudi Arabia, resulting in more than 2,500 cases with dengue hemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome, claiming 10 lives. Again in 2015, 6,000 cases of dengue fever were reported in the kingdom, leading to the death of another six patients.
The recent civil war in Yemen caused a country-wide humanitarian disaster that resulted in famine and water and energy scarcity, which had also led to outbreaks.
The lack of municipal services and the piles of garbage littering the streets attracted large populations of A. aegypti, which lay eggs in puddles, transmitting dengue to hundreds of people.
Prior to the war, 1100 cases and 84 deaths were reported in Yemen as a result of three dengue epidemics episodes in the 1990s.
In the Arab Maghreb, the status of dengue is unclear, as data is not readily available.
Putting dengue on the map
In order to put dengue fever on the map of crucial viral diseases, Samia Elfekih, a Canberra-based Tunisian research scientist and engineer at the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO), is launching a project to assess the distribution of the vector across Africa and the Middle East.
At the forefront of adapting novel genomic techniques to entomological systems, Elfekih will include 15 sub-Saharan countries and 10 countries in the MENA region in her upcoming study.
"Refugees rarely have access to a fixed source of water, and vectors that nest inside portable water containers can transmit the disease."
Elfekih is an expert on mapping and control. She studies the vector’s genetics, dispersal, and distribution. “You can stop the disease from spreading if you control the mosquito,” she explains. The A. aegypti vector is also implicated in Zika, Chikungunya, yellow fever and the West Nile virus; controlling it can reign in all such diseases.
In the absence of any cheap, efficient dengue vaccine, monitoring outbreaks, and improving pest control strategies of the vector remain the most efficient pathway to dengue control, according to Elfekih.
In spite of its severity, dengue receives very little funding compared with malaria. “Malaria accounts for most of funds allocated to mosquito-borne diseases in sub-Saharan Africa,” she says.
Through her research, Elfekih plans to map dengue fever’s incidence and prepare for future outbreaks.
“The first objective of this project is to switch from underreported to clear cut data in each country to assess the severity of the problem, and in a second phase, we plan to implement methods of control that have shown their efficiency in other sites,” she says, referencing a Wolbachia-based technique among these methods.
Invented by Hoffmann, the technique utilizes Wolbachia, a bacterium that blocks the transmission of dengue once injected into the mosquito. Introduced through microinjections, Wolbachia easily finds its way to the gonadal tissue, and is transmitted from the female mosquito to its offspring.
“It is not easy to do,” says Hoffmann, “but if you achieve this part, you create a permanently infected line.” After successful trials in residential areas in Cairns, Australia, the technique is currently used in Malaysia and Indonesia.
The most efficient actions to combat A. aegypti, however, should take place at the municipal level.
Since stagnant water near human settlements or construction sites is A. aegypti’s prime nesting site, authorities need to increase the coverage of piped water lines in rural and peri-urban areas, and remove rubbish heaps from the streets. Spraying insecticides in all water containers, and applying a layer of oil on top of stagnant water containers to prevent young mosquitos from breaking free is also effective.
Movement of people and climate change
Population displacements in the region can facilitate the transmission of the disease, says Tran Minh Nhu Nguyen, an epidemiologist at WHO specializing in high threat pathogens.
“Refugees rarely have access to a fixed source of water, and vectors that nest inside portable water containers can transmit the disease,” he says.
The impact of global warming on the dispersion of the vector is uncertain, according to Hoffmann; it will greatly depend on what type of control measures are put in place to mitigate the effects of climate change, he says.
Hoffmann, who also investigates how species evolve and adapt to climate change, explains that targeted human responses can be very efficient at controlling the vector. “Dengue used to be quite widespread in Australia until water reservoirs were replaced with centralized water systems,” he says. As a result, breeding sites disappeared and led to a sharp decline in dengue transmission.
“A change in climatic patterns and other parameters will result in unexpected outbreaks in regions where dengue never previously existed,” says Elfekih. “An epidemic preparedness and response strategy is crucial.”
- Hoffmann, A. et al, Successful establishment of Wolbachia in Aedes populations to suppress dengue transmission. Nature http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature10356 (2011) | <urn:uuid:8a67a177-13e8-4303-8e92-516f36268f4a> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | https://www.natureasia.com/en/nmiddleeast/article/10.1038/nmiddleeast.2017.53 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257647885.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20180322131741-20180322151741-00276.warc.gz | en | 0.941809 | 1,618 | 3.34375 | 3 |
BRISTOL, VT – Everyone feels stress in their lives. That includes youngsters in school – especially as they transition from a small elementary school to a large middle/high school as is done in Bristol. Add in the COVID-19 pandemic, and stress levels can skyrocket. Alexis Kouwenhoven is sensitive to that stress and wanted to give students in fifth and sixth grades the tools and support to handle stress. She is now a Gold Award Girl Scout, having created a program and website for her project, called Managing Stress and Anxiety. The Girl Scout Gold Award is the highest honor available to a Girl Scout in grades 9-12.
“The world today can be very stressful and can cause extreme anxiety for people,” said Kouwenhoven, 18, in her project report. “The stress from school, sports, extracurriculars, home life, work, and relationships can take a toll on an individual. Many people don't know the importance of managing their symptoms stemming from stress and anxiety. Without these strategies and knowledge, people can become controlled by the symptoms, rather than learning how to manage them.”
Kouwenhoven created a class lesson consisting of a presentation and activity for teachers to use with their future classes to help students learn to manage stress and anxiety, and presented the lesson to students from five elementary school classes.
“I shared a presentation on stress and anxiety and also made a stress-relieving craft (making stress balls or worry stones) in five fifth/sixth-grade classrooms at two local elementary schools - Bristol Elementary School and Robinson Elementary School,” she said. “The students that I visited in the schools will be able to use the knowledge they gain to help combat their own current or future symptoms of anxiety and stress.”
Her classroom presentations were designed to create a fun, engaging, and safe learning environment for students to learn about stress and anxiety.
In the middle of her plans, the pandemic forced schools to shut down and social distancing restrictions in place, forcing her to change her project midstream.
“The research I’ve done has helped me with managing my own symptoms,” she said. Instead of hosting further classes at schools, she created a website with advice and projects anyone can take advantage of. It can be seen at https://stressplusanxiety.wixsite.com/website. It includes a section dedicated to providing resources and strategies for parents and educators to support children with anxiety and heightened stress levels, along with information on creating your own stress relievers.
Sarah Kimball was Kouwenhoven’s advisor, supporting the Girl Scout through her project. “It’s one of those topics that’s super relatable,” she said. “She was focusing on school-age folks, but they can pass it on to family members.”
Her programs are available for teachers to use and her website will stay up for the general public, making her work sustainable into the future.
Kouwenhoven is a lifelong Girl Scout who has been a camp counselor and attended the Global Leadership Conference in Rhode Island last year, a Girl Scout-sponsored event. She has coached third- and fourth-grade girls basketball, coached Girls on the Run, and has received a $1,000 "LIVE UNITED" Volunteer Scholarship Award from the United Way.
Having graduated from Mount Abraham Union High School, Kouwenhoven is working toward a career as an elementary school teacher, and will be attending Fairfield University in Connecticut this fall.
Gold Award Girl Scouts don’t just change the world for the better, they change it for good. The Gold Award is earned by girls in grades 9–12 who demonstrate extraordinary leadership in developing sustainable solutions to local, national, and global challenges. Since 1916, Girl Scouts have answered the call to drive lasting, impactful change. They earn college scholarships, demonstrate high educational and career outcomes, and are active in their communities.
Alexis Kouwenhoven has answered the call to drive lasting, impactful change, and her Gold Award is a testament to her remarkable dedication to improving her community and the world. The Gold Award is the mark of the truly remarkable.
About the Girl Scout Gold Award
- Gold Award Girl Scouts on average spend one to two years on their project.
- A Gold Award project must be sustainable after the girl’s involvement ends.
- The average age of Gold Award Girl Scouts is 17.
- Since 1916, more than 1 million girls have earned the Gold Award or its equivalent.
- Gold Award Girl Scouts are entitled to enlist at a higher pay grade when they join the military.
- University research indicates that noting you are a Gold Award Girl Scout on a college application is influential in the admissions decision-making process.
- Twelve young women from New Hampshire and Vermont earned their Gold Award in the 2018-19 membership year as part of Girl Scouts of the Green and White Mountains.
- The Girl Scout Gold Award is the mark of the truly remarkable!
About Girl Scouts of the Green and White Mountains: Girl Scouts of the Green and White Mountains is recognized throughout New Hampshire and Vermont as a leading expert on girls. Our Girl Scout Leadership Experience is a one-of-a-kind leadership development program for girls, with proven results. It is based on time-tested methods and research-backed programming that helps girls take the lead—in their own lives and in the world. Through our exciting and challenging programs, Girl Scouts not only participate but also take the lead in a range of activities—from kayaking, archery, and camping, to coding, robotics, financial literacy training, and beyond! Serving more than 10,000 girls throughout New Hampshire and Vermont, girls discover the fun, friendship, and power of girls together. Visit www.girlscoutsgwm.org. | <urn:uuid:6dc90120-4a51-4225-a4cc-5e96e10424ac> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://www.girlscoutsgwm.org/en/our-council/news/2020/girl_scout_creates_p_652529761.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662558030.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20220523132100-20220523162100-00595.warc.gz | en | 0.961205 | 1,216 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Definition of bask
1 : to lie or relax in a pleasant warmth or atmosphere basking in the warmth of the sun
2 : to take pleasure or derive enjoyment basked in the spotlight
obsolete : to warm by continued exposure to heat … basks at the fire his hairy strength … — John Milton
Examples of bask in a sentence
We sat basking in the sun.
Tourists were basking on the beaches.
He stood before the audience, basking in their applause.
Origin and Etymology of bask
Middle English, probably from Old Norse bathask, reflexive of batha to bathe; akin to Old English bæth bath
First Known Use: circa 1616
BASK Defined for English Language Learners
Definition of bask for English Language Learners
: to lie or relax happily in a bright and warm place
: to enjoy the attention and good feelings expressed by others
BASK Defined for Kids
Definition of bask for Students
1 : to lie or relax in pleasantly warm surroundings Reptiles often bask in the sun.
2 : to take pleasure or derive enjoyment The winners were basking in their success.
Seen and Heard
What made you want to look up bask? Please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if possible). | <urn:uuid:dac1ee32-8dd5-4c7e-991e-36f188a8b7ea> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/bask | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218186774.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212946-00031-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.931626 | 272 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Yaqui or Yoeme is an Uto-Aztecan language with about 16,000
speakers in Sonora and Sinaloa in Mexico, and in Tucson and
Guadalupe in Arizona in the USA. The majority of Yaqui speakers,
or Pascua-Yaqui, live in Mexico.
These are the letters used to write Yaqui in Arizona.
D, F and G are used only in loanwords from Spanish and English.
In Mexico some of the letters used to write Yaqui are different,
for example /h/ is written with J.
Some Yaqui phrases used for Greetings
Lios em chania (sg) / Lios em chaniavu (pl) - Greetings! (lit. "God preserves you!")
Lios em chiokoe - reply to above, (lit. "God pardons you!") | <urn:uuid:7bb525dd-6598-4666-a8aa-3d4f82f44835> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://www.omniglot.com/writing/yaqui.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657136181.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011216-00230-ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.856968 | 191 | 2.71875 | 3 |
DESCRIPTION: Lusitania sails from New York for Ireland. "Three thousand souls she had on board ... Until those cruel German dogs, for her they lay unseen, And shattered her to fragments with their cursed submarine" Vanderbilt gives his life-belt to a mother.
EARLIEST DATE: 1948 (Ranson)
KEYWORDS: drowning sea ship wreck sailor war
May 7, 1915: "At lunchtime ... a torpedo from U-20 struck the _Lusitania_. A further explosion rent the ship and she sank in two hours with the loss of 1200 lives" (source: Bourke in _Shipwrecks of the Irish Coast_ v1, pp. 117-118)
FOUND IN: Ireland
REFERENCES (2 citations):
Ranson, p. 76, "The Lusitania" (1 text)
Munnelly/Deasy-Lenihan 2, "The Lusitania" (1 text, 1 tune)
Tom Lenihan, "The Lusitania" (on IRTLenihan01)
NOTES: The Lusitania's tragic story tells a great deal about the peculiar circumstances of the early twentieth century. The British, though long known for their merchant fleet, were losing the edge in passenger service, especially high-speed passenger service; the German lines NDL and HAPAG were taking over the market (Ramsey, pp. 5-8).
Britain had only three companies competing in this market, Inman, White Star, and Cunard. Inman had sold out in the late nineteenth century, and J. P. Morgan by the early twentieth century owned the remnants of Inman and was controlling the White Star Line as well (Brinnin, p. 325; Ramsey, p. 12; Fox, pp. 391-393, notes that it was actually one Clement A. Griscom who organized the combinations, but it was Morgan who managed the financing. Eventually Morgan took charge once Griscom had laid te groundwork; Fox, p. 394).
What is more, Brinnin, p. 328, and Barczewski, p. 260, say that Morgan was sniffing after Cunard as well, hoping to create a dominating transatlantic cartel. To add to the British problems, the German lines were in alliance with their government (Ramsey, p. 10) and had a working arrangement with Morgan (Brinnin, pp. 325-327).
Cunard had long built its reputation on an amazing safety record (no passengers lost, *ever*, to an actual sailing accident; see Brinnin, pp. 272, 275, etc.; Preston, p. 62), but now, seeing its position drastically affected, it had little choice but to get into the alliance game itself. Dangling the threat of a Morgan takeover, they negotiated with the British government (Brinnin, pp. 328-331), and came away with a big subsidy in return for rights to requisition Cunard ships in event of war.
The first ships to come under this arrangement were the Caronia and Carmania, the latter of which would actually be involved in a fight in World War I -- but the real prize, for Cunard, was an agreement to build two fast liners that could be requisitioned by the British navy and converted to auxiliary cruisers. These were the Lusitania and her sister the Mauretania.
The idea of liners that could be converted to warships was not new; the first such to be designed was the White Star Line's Teutonic of two decades earlier (Fox, pp. 361-362). But the ships' primary task was of course to carry passengers, not to fight.
"Speed, as ever, carried the day. The final specification called for ships 790 feet long and 88 feet wide, of 32,500 tons, driven by four screws and four turbine engines humming out 68,000 horsepower. All these dimensins leaped far past any other vessel, either running or planned.... [T]hey would be the first British ships topped off by four smokestacks" (Fox, pp. 402-403). The four screws were also a new design technique, which forced designers to work out a method of putting the outer screws much ahead of the center screws (Fox, p. 409).
It was difficult to design such ships; PeekeEtAl, p. 4, notes that the designers were called upon to combine "the bottom third of the latest Admiralty design for a heavy cruiser [with] the top two-thirds of a super-liner." It didn't work; they ended up having to widen the beam (and, as we shall see, the result still wasn't as stable as a slower ship).
There were other interesting "naval" touches -- e.g. the equipment on her bridge was similar to that used on navy ships rather than civilian vessels, to make it easier for naval crewmen to use her should she be taken over (PeekeEtAl, p. 23).
When she was launched in 1907, the 30,396 ton Lusitania was the largest ship afloat, capable of over 26 knots for brief spells (Ramsey, p. 24). She soon won the Blue Riband for fastest transatlantic crossing, making the trip in less than five days and averaging almost 24 knots for the entire trip (Ramsey, pp. 27-28). She thus became the first-ever "four day ship" (Brinnin, p. 342). The only ship to compete with her in speed was her sister Mauretania, which proved to be ever so slightly faster and in fact held the Blue Riband for an incredible 22 years (Brinnin, p. 344). Mauretania also managed the astonishing feat of completing all her crossings over a long period in a time that varied by only about ten minutes (Brinnin, p. 345).
We should note that a misconception found in many histories is false. The Lusitania and Mauretania were *not* the fastest ships in the world -- contrary even to an assertion made by Lusitania's crew to her passengers in 1915; see Simpson, p. 112. The sisters were the fastest *liners*, but by 1915, there were all sorts of ships capable of catching her. Taking the data in Jane's Fighting Ships of World War I, the 1912 battlecruiser Tiger could reach 28 knots, the 1913 light cruisers of the Aurora class averaged about 28, and the 1911 "K" class destroyers hit 31 knots. Even the battleships of the Queen Elizabeth class could reach 24-25 knots. And ships with an even higher turn of speed were produced during the war.
Germany had no Queen Elizabeths, but they had battlecruisers and destroyers that could catch Lusitania and Mauretania. It's just that their submarines couldn't. Nor would any knowledgeable person have denied the existence of faster ships; even her builders at the time of her launching claimed only that he could move "at a speed only previously accomplished by a torpedo boat destroyer" (PeekeEtAl, p. 16).
In any case, warships, although capable of high speeds, usually sailed at a more economical cruising speed, which also saved wear and tear on the engines. The liners went at full steam the entire way, so although they were not the fastest ships in a sprint, they were the fastest way to cross the Atlantic, bar none.
Apart from being fast, the sisters was also allowed passengers luxuries never before seen (and not to be matched until White Star produced the Olympic and Titanic four years later). They used electricity for many functions previously done by hand or hydraulically, and their cabins were half again as large as previous liners (Brinnin, p. 342). They even had shipboard elevators -- the first on a British liner (Fox, p. 404). As designed, the Lusitania had four boiler rooms and capacity for 552 first class passengers, 460 second class, 1186 third class, and 827 crew (Ramsey, p. 25).
They were also magnificently decorated (Fox makes the ironic note that the idea of shipboard design was to make passengers think that they were ashore, and says on p. 403 that Lusitania's interior designer James Miller had done all his previous work on land projects, which may have helped him.)
There were a few glitches in the basic design. As originally built, Lusitania vibrated so badly at high speed that she had to be taken in for a major refit (Ballard, p. 22; Preston, p. 62; Fox, pp. 404-405, blames it on the fact that no one fully understood the fluid mechanics of the turbines and propeller at the time -- which is hardly surprising, fluid mechanics to this day remains one of the most intractable areas of classical physics).
The repairs succeeded, for the most part, but they perhaps indicated some other structural problems -- PeekeEtAl, pp. 25-26, says that the problem was the lack of decent reduction gearing to allow fast-running turbines to drive the screw propellers (which operate better at a lower rotation rate) at a reasonable speed. Other than that, the ship performed better than expectations in every regard.
Reading PeekEtAl, though, I can't help but note how much time Lusitania spent in the dock, getting new screws, having her turbine blades repaired, or having the structure reworked -- just generally being fiddled with. Not the best testimony to her strength of design.
Despite her design problems, Lusitania was in many ways a stronger ship than her slightly later contemporary, the Titanic; Titanic had only 16 watertight cells, Lusitania 34 (Ballard, p. 23). Unlike Titanic, she was pretty close to iceberg-proof.
But, of course, she never ran into an iceberg. The surprise was that she proved so vulnerable to man-made attack. This was a at least partly due to the many demands placed on her design. A 1907 heavy cruiser had a displacement in the 14,000 ton range. Lusitania was over twice that. Which meant a lot of boilers, which had to run most of the width of the ship, as did the coal bunkers.
The boiler rooms and bunkers were so large that, if flooded, they would cost the ship most of its buoyancy. The only solution was "longitudinal bulkheads" -- that is, instead of a full honeycomb, with from one to three bulkheads along the length of the ship and assorted bulkheads across the width, in the area of the boilers and bunkers, the rooms took up nearly the whole width of the ship, with only small compartments to the port and starboard sides for additional protection (PeekeEtAl, pp. 6-7). The arrangement really was iceberg-proof -- but if, somehow, one of those longitudinal bulkheads was breached, it meant that the ship would lose power and also would run the risk of sinking. If hit just wrong, so that two such bulkheads were breached, she would almost certainly sink.
And there was more. To keep the ship moving at full speed required huge amounts of coal. And the only place to put it, given that the rest of the ship was spoken for, was in the longitudinal bunkers. Which meant cutting doors in the wall. And it turns out that they were almost impossible to close, once opened, because of all the coal and coal dust in them. This wasn't considered a major concern at the time; the designers had thought of icebergs, and plunging shellfire -- but not torpedo hits below the waterline (PeekeEtAl, p. 7).
Oil fuel would probably have cured most of this, but oil-only vessels were years away.
It's also worth noting that Lusitania wasn't really suited to be a warship, despite the gun mountings built into her original design (which were actually fitted at a refit in 1913; PeekeEtAl, p. 37); to achieve her high speed, she was very long and lean. This meant that she (and Mauretania as well) was not particularly stable; in heavy weather, the bow could pitch wildly into the air, then bury itself in the seas; she was a very "wet" ship (Barczewski, p. 261). This would have made her a poor gun platform; battleships in particular tend to be very broad of beam, to help keep the guns on target. Indeed, the Admiralty soon after the start of the War refitted the Carmania as an auxiliary cruiser, and she succeeded in sinking a German refitted liner, the Cap Trafalgar -- but the experiment showed how ineffective the Carmania was as a warship (Payne, p. 93; Brinnin, pp. 407-409 points out that there was severe damage to the Carmania as well; both ships needed dozen of hits to sink their opponents. Brinnin, p. 410, calls it a "Gilbert and Sullivan gunfight.").
This should probably have been obvious all along. Most converted liners -- "auxiliary cruisers" -- were armed with guns in the four inch to six inch range, with no more than twelve fitted, and obviously none of them centerline mounted. This meant that most liners would have offensive power somewhere between a destroyer and a weak light cruiser (and without a destroyer's antisubmarine weapons). But the liner needed at least as many men as a light cruiser, was slower than some cruisers and all destroyers, and burned more coal. Armed merchant cruisers weren't useful offensive weapons. The Admiralty largely abandoned the idea of arming the luxury liners; they just weren't effective enough for the task (Preston, p. 386).
Indeed, Lusitania had been requisitioned at the start of the war, and promptly turned back to Cunard; her coal demands were too high (Massie, p. 24).
(This is not to say that the auxiliary cruisers were useless. By late 1914, converted liners were doing most of the work of maintaining the blockade on Germany; Massie, pp. 510-511. But they were a very expensive way to do this work; it would have taken fewer men and less coal to patrol the area with light cruisers -- if Britain had had the light cruisers to do it.)
The plans for the Lusitania apparently specified a dozen six inch guns (Ramsey, p. 188). The Lusitania would have been in the light cruiser range, but unarmored and making a much bigger target. Nor would there have been a good place for an optical platform to centrally direct the guns.
The Admiralty had other uses for ships, though. Britain had a lot of soldiers to move, and a lot of freight to haul, and liners were excellent for the first function and could be refitted to do the latter also. Lusitania would be one of the ships so modified.
It's at this point that things get a little murky. That Lusitania underwent a refit is certain. But many claims have been made about what was done during the refit. Simpson, pp. 27-28, claims that she actually was given guns at this time during a dockyard stay beginning August 8 (pretty amazing, given that the war had started only four days earlier).
But even Simpson allows that she never sailed as an auxiliary cruiser (p. 37), and seems to admit that she never went out armed. A member of the expedition of John Light, who dived to the ship in the 1960s, thought he saw guns (O'Sullivan, p. 36) -- but he worked in very bad conditions, in which mistakes were quite possible (Preston, pp. 386-387); O'Sullivan admits that "to date nothing has been found to substantiate his claims." The passengers' accounts uniformly denied seeing weapons (Preston, p. 387), even though at least one specifically searched for them (Preston, pp. 133).
A few paranoids have suggested that Lusitania carried guns in her holds which could be put into the gun rings when needed -- but this is simply ridiculous; you don't take 6" guns and casually haul them up an elevator and drop them in a gun mounting. And even if you did, the guns would need to be calibrated (Ramsey, p. 188).
Ramsey, pp. 186-192, documents how the story that she was armed arose, but also shows why it is false. Even if you doubt the British records, Ballard's exploration (much more thorough than Light's) would have shown guns on her decks, and evidence of secondary explosions from her shells, and it showed neither.
So what was the Admiralty doing to Lusitania during the refit? Primarily converting her to carry more cargo. They opened out some passenger space for storage and other purposes (Ramsey, p. 36; PeekeEtAl, p. 43), incidentally affecting her stability somewhat and worsening that pesky vibration (Ramsey, p. 39; Simpson, p. 45). It also caused significant inconvenience for the passengers. But the navy left her in merchant service, though it began to control her route, schedule, and loading (Preston, p. 64; PeekeEtAl, p. 43).
This was actually against Cunard's wishes. With the war on, transatlantic traffic fell dramatically. Lusitania didn't have enough passengers to make a profit (PeekeEtAl, p. 43, estimates a two thousand pound loss per trip), but the Admiralty wouldn't let Cunard change her schedule; they wanted her bringing supplies. The government's only promises were to continue the subsidy to the ships, to pay for cargo space, and to insure the ship (Simpson, p. 38). The Admiralty would determine her course and sailing time.
It was a recipe for big losses. The only answer Cunard could find was to close down one of her four boiler rooms (to save coal; Ballard, pp. 30-31, and also to reduce the number of stokers needed; Simpson, p. 85). The shut-down of the boilers allowed her to roughly break even despite the reduced passenger load, but it also reduced her speed significantly -- and all that time spent fiddling around also reduced her efficiency and caused some of her equipment to deteriorate (Ramsey. p. 51).
There does not seem to have been any fear at the time that a submarine would attack her; the Germans did not start unrestricted submarine warfare until later, and in any case, no submarine had sunk a ship moving faster than 14 knots (Preston, p. 93), and she would still easily exceed that. There had been a story that, early in the war, she was chased by a German cruiser -- a story which Simpson accepts. But PeekeEtAl, p. 42, shows that this simply did not happen.
The war didn't just cause the Lusitania to change what she carried and how she sailed. It also cost her most of her more experienced crew; the sailors ended up in the navy and some of the stewards and such were in the army. Their replacements were inexperienced (Simpson, p. 102, says that she managed to find only 41 able seamen for the last trip, though she was supposed to have at least 77), and such crew as could be found had a significant tendency to desert upon reaching New York (Ballard, p. 59). Some who did serve on her spoke poor English, and few knew their way around the ship.
It was not a good combination should there be an emergency. And as for lowering the boats -- well, unlike the Titanic three years earlier, they had boat drills, but a passenger reported that they involved only two boats, and even those were not actually lowered (Ballard, p. 63; Preston, p. 131, and PeekeEtAl, p. 58, describe a few crew members simply climbing into a selected boat and then getting out -- PeekeEtAl, pp. 58-59 argues that this was about all that could have been done, since the boats could not be lowered while the ship was moving, but surely the passengers could at least have been shown how to board). Obviously the crew and passengers would not be ready in the event of disaster. (Simpson, p. 102, is of the opinion that the crew simply lied about her disaster preparedness; PeekeEtAl, p. 59, thinks the boat drills were solely to reassure the passengers.)
Topping it all off, Lusitania's schedule was reduced to one round trip per month, making it harder for the crew to become accustomed to their tasks (Ballard, p. 208).
During the war, the ship continued to run primarily passengers, but she did carry some war-related cargo on her final voyages. (The British naturally concealed some of this until after the war, contributing to Simpson's air of paranoia.) O'Sullivan, p. 117, notes that under American law "no vessel could legally sail with any explosives likely to endanger the health or lives of passengers or the safety of the vessel."
The question, of course, is whether her cargo did in fact violate the American rules. It appears, contrary to O'Sullivan, that it did not. Just what she was carrying on her last trip is slightly uncertain; some of it was munitions -- some four million rifle cartridges (Hoehling, p. 96,calls them practice cartridges, but mot sources seem to think they were for ordinary military use) and 5000 3-inch shells (Ramsey, p. 56). Ballard, p. 27, notes that these were considered legitimate items to transport on a passenger liner even in wartime, since they were not explosive (cf. O'Sullivan, p. 133; Preston, pp. 368-369, which has some of the court evidence on the matter). Brinnin, p. 422, says that the shell casings were not loaded with explosives (they were "filled," i.e. the shrapnel had been loaded -- but shrapnel is not itself explosive; O'Sullivan, pp. 131-132. The actual charges would be installed in England).
This has actually been verified; a handful of unfilled fuses have been brought up from the wreck (Preston, p. 389), and the measurement of the weight of the shells shows they were unfilled (Preston, p. 390).
Simpson observes that the British were playing a bit fast and loose with cargo manifests at the time. In effect, they submitted one well in advance with her "standard" cargo, then another with last-minute changes. Not too surprisingly, most of the last-minute changes involved perishable items like food -- given Britain's need for foodstuffs, the local buyers would naturally take whatever they could lay their hands on and find space for in the cargo holds (which had to be loaded very carefully, since the ship wasn't really designed for cargo-hauling and didn't have elevators or passages designed for freight). But it would presumably have been easy to slip in some contraband with the last-minute items.
A suspicious mind could have a field day with this. Simpson makes a great deal about 3863 large boxes of cheese (p. 105), which PeekeEtAl, p. 100, notes was unrefrigerated (though a cargo hold near the bottom of a ship in the North Atlantic needn't have been too hot, we should note. Cheese might well survive. There was, however, also butter listed in the shipment, which sounds pretty strange). Stranger still was something listed on her cargo manifest as 205 barrels of oysters, which would certainly go bad before they could be distributed (Ramsey, p. 57). The obvious assumption was that they were actually military materials. The flip side is, even if those oysters were actually explosives (say), 205 barrels of explosives weren't going to change the outcome of the war. Others have questioned a consignment of furs -- but in fact some of the furs floated to shore after the wreck (Preston, p. 390).
The German government issued warnings in 1915 threatening unrestricted submarine attacks on "civilian" shipping sailing too close to the British Isles; one such message was published in a newspaper just as the Lusitania started her final run (Ramsey, p. 53; Ballard, p. 31, and Preston, p. 91, print a copy of the ad). Supposedly some of the passengers also received warnings, but these had an air of the crank about them (Ballard, p. 32; PeekeEtAl,p. 53, says that it was newspapermen seeking a story, not Germans, who sent them). Few changed their plans. Simpson, p. 114, claims there was a melancholy air about the passengers as they went aboard, but cites no source for this claim.
After all, the Lusitania, even with her speed reduced, was faster than any German submarine (her new cruising speed was about 18 knots, and according to PeekeEtAl, p. 44, she could still hit 21 in a pinch -- twice the speed of a submerged submarine, and at least five knots faster than a submarine on the surface), so no attempt was made to give her an escort (Paine, p. 311. Preston, p. 399, notes that there had been an attempt to give her an escort on a previous trip -- and, given the need for radio silence, the escort had never found her; cf. Ramsey, p. 245). Indeed, had she been given a naval escort, it would have made her a legitimate target in any reckoning.
On May 1, 1915 Lusitania sailed from New York with nearly two thousand people on board. This was by no means a full load; she had only 291 passengers in first class (53% of capacity); there were 601 second class passengers (31% over capacity). Steerage was almost empty, with only 31% of berths filled: 373 out of 1186 possible (Ballard, p. 37). Nonetheless, it was the largest load of passengers she had had on the eastbound route since the start of the war (Preston, pp. 102-103). For some reason, the number of children was unusually high (Preston, p. 128).
To make things doubly unfortunate, the Germans had sent a number of submarines to the area where she was sailing; this, ironically, was in response to British disinformation: To mask the invasion of the Dardanelles, the British were trying to give the impression they would launch an amphibious assault on Germany. The Germans took the bait and sent submarines to try to interfere (Preston, p. 163).
On May 6, Lusitania entered Germany's declared "war zone." The claims that she made no attempts to avoid her fate are, however, false; Ballard, p. 72, notes that she extinguished her lights at night, closed several watertight doors -- and swung out her boats, just in case (cf. PeekeEtAl, p. 62).
On the other hand, no orders were given to shut the portholes; many of them were apparently left open, and they probably caused the ship to flood even faster than she otherwise would have, and increased the list that was to make it so hard to lower the boats (Preston, p. 368).
She did receive some warnings of submarines (PeekeEtAl, p. 63). It's just that they didn't describe how severe the danger was (fully 23 ships in the area had been sunk since Lusitania left New York, including several sunk by Lusitania's nemesis U-20; O'Sullivan, pp. 85-88, though this report is marred, e.g., by calling H. M. S. Juno a "battle cruiser"; Juno was a light cruiser from the 1890s, meaning that, rather than being one of the fanciest and newest ships in the fleet, she was a piece a junk the British would have been better off without. It's like calling a Yugo a Mercedes). The commander in Queenstown (Cobh), in fact, issued a specific advisory that a U-boat was operating off the south Irish coast (Preston, p. 166), and a specific order was given to make sure the Lusitania was warned (Preston, p. 179; Hoehling, p. 100).
Other ships were warned in detail and redirected; Lusitania was not (O'Sullivan, p. 87). Of course, Lusitania was not expected to be anywhere near the Old Head of Kinsale at that time. Except -- she was.
In the absence of detailed knowledge of conditions in the area, Captain Turner chose to sail past Ireland at 18 knots; Lusitania was big enough that he needed the right tide or a pilot to enter Liverpool, and he didn't want to have to sit around outside the bar, where he would be an even better U-boat target (Ballard, p. 78; Preston, p. 326). So he ignored what were claimed to be standing orders to proceed at full speed near harbors, to sail away from headlands, and to zigzag in the war zone (Ballard, p. 79), later claiming (probably with some truth) that the rules had not been made sufficiently clear. According to PeekeEtAl, pp. 83-84, while en route, he also was wirelessed a secret order to head to Queenstown (a fact which never came out during the inquiries, because it was secret -- according to PeekeEtAl, it was also hidden by the removal of the relevant page from the Admiralty's signal log.
It was unfortunate that the Lusitania had encountered a lot of fog in the days before she reached the Irish coast (PeekeEtAl, pp. 67-68; Hoehling, p. 100). That left her dependent on dead reckoning. And the ship, when it left the fog, proved to be slightly off its dead reckoning position. Captain Turner, when he spotted Ireland, of course realized where he was (it was hard to mistake the Old Head of Kinsale, especially as it was marked by a lighthouse with a distinctive white-and-black paint job; PeekeEtAl, p. 70) -- but for some reason he ordered what is known as a "four point fix" to determine his exact location. That meant he had to sail a straight course for some 20 minutes while the fix was being taken (Preston, p. 185, with details on the fog spread over the preceding pages).
Ramsey, p.162, notes that "other captains had testified that an accurate position could be obtained by taking cross bearings in only three minutes." On pp. 284-285, he notes that it was usually accurate to within a mile, with current and wind being the main things which affected its accuracy. It was used in circumstances when only one landmark with a known location could be seen.
I can't help but note that the Lusitania was 787 feet long. If accurate bearings were taken simultaneously from bow and stern, and the angles compared, there would have been a significant difference -- on the order of a degree if the estimated distance from the coast was correct. So, given proper equipment and crew, even the three minute course was not needed. If navigators hadn't developed the trig tables to perform that particular calculation, it was time they did so!
But forget all that and just look at the map on p. 532 of Massie. If Turner could see the Old Head of Kinsale -- and we know he could -- then he could have sailed into Queenstown based solely on visual observation. And, presumably, once docked, even he would have known his position.
The four point fix was surely the greatest gift Turner could possibly have given to an attacking vessel; what was he afraid of -- that Ireland had moved overnight? I have seen dozens of excuses for Turner, most of them valid -- but nothing can excuse the four point fix when the ship's position was adequately known.
Early in the afternoon of May 7, off the Kinsale coast not far from Queenstown, while taking the four point fix, Lusitania encountered the U-20 under KapitanLeutenant (Lt. Commander) Walter Schwieger. By this time, the weather was clear and bright (Ramsay, p. 223), so the German had no trouble tracking the liner.
Schwieger had already had several run-ins with British merchant ships, and was low on torpedoes; he fired only one.
(Some sources, including Marshall, p. 166, says there were two torpedoes; it appears this was based on the first British investigation, for which see O'Sullivan, p. 122; this claimed two torpedo hits, one forward and one aft. This was presumably inspired by the fact witnesses agreed there were two explosions; cf. Ramsey, p. 269. The claim of two torpedoes was at various times affirmed and retracted by Captain Turner -- Ramsey, p. 274; Preston, pp. 325, 402. Preston seems to think this was because Cunard wanted there to have been two torpedoes, presumably so they wouldn't look so bad, and the Admiralty also wanted two, because it would spare them having to explain a secondary explosion. A few passengers went so far as to claim three torpedoes; Preston, pp. 368, 402. The British investigation, of course, had no access to the German records showing only one torpedo -- the intelligence service may have known, but it wasn't talking -- so it may have seemed logical to assume two explosions meant two hits. It was nonetheless wrong).
In a major stroke of luck, Schwieger's one torpedo hit Lusitania squarely, and exploded properly (many German torpedoes at this time were duds -- Preston, p. 165, says that 60% misfired in one way or another), and caused a secondary explosion. The ship instantly started listing, and sank within 20 minutes (Paine, p. 311), relieving Schwieger of the need to decide whether to fire another torpedo (Ballard, p. 90). Indeed, he found the sight "too horrible to watch" (Brinnin, p. 420).
There has been much argument over whether the sinking was justified. Some, like Simpson, seem to think it entirely justified. Others think it a pure atrocity. The truth is surely somewhere in between: The ship *was* carrying military materials, and the Germans probably knew that -- though the submarine commander didn't; he supposedly didn't even know it was the Lusitania at the time he fired -- but the ship was neither armed nor armored, and it could have been given proper notice and sunk after the boats were off -- which was the essence of the American position (Massie, p. 534).
Indeed, it would have been more reasonable to stop her: She was clearly a target worth sinking, just based on her size, but the chances of one torpedo sinking such a big ship would ordinarily be small even if the torpedo hit -- and it would have been easier to hit her were she standing still. By stopping her, the crew of U-20 would have been much more certain to put her under, *plus* there would have been no risk to innocent lives. (Sez I. But back to our story....)
The speed with which the ship sank turned what could have been a relatively minor incident into a disaster. The crew began evacuating almost at once -- but it took time to round up the passengers and lower the boats. This was all the more problematic because the ship was listing so heavily; within minutes, it was difficult to walk or even stay balanced. It was also hard to lower the boats and keep passengers in them (Simpson, p. 22, claims that a list of five degrees -- which could be caused by only one compartment flooding -- would makes half her boats inoperable, and Preston, pp. 132-133, reports that Cunard had refused to install better davits when they upgraded her lifeboats after the Titanic sinking).
Plus Turner apparently wouldn't let the boats be lowered until several minutes after it was clear Lusitania was sinking (Preston, p. 215). His argument was that the ship was moving too fast to allow the boats to enter the water safely. This was obviously true for a few minutes, though the ship surely slowed rapidly. By the time he allowed the boats to go, the list was so severe that the portside boats could not be lowered without hitting the hull, at minimum damaging them and dumping passengers; many could not be launched at all (Preston, pp. 218, 220). Those on the starboard side, by contrast, swung far away from the ship and were difficult to enter (Preston, p. 219). In the end, only six boats made it to the water intact (PeekeEtAl, p. 78).
Many passengers never even made it to the deck; the ship's electrical system failed only minutes after the explosion (Ballard, p. 99; Preston, p. 209, says it took only four minutes for the power to go out as the boilers lost steam.PeekeEtAl, p. 74, attributes the quick failure to a decision by Captain Turner to order "full astern" to stop the ship -- an order caused the piping to blow off an end cap, probably because it caused certain damaged-and-not-easily-repaired valves to fail), so many below decks would have had no lights to guide them upward.
Worse, it took time for rescue to come. Although the authorities responded quickly, the ships they sent out were slow, and none had a wireless (Preston, p. 260). The Juno, which despite its age was the largest and fastest ship available, was not allowed to engage in rescue operations as it would have made too vulnerable a U-boat target. (PeekeEtAl, p. 79. There had earlier been talk of sending her out as an escort, but she was withdrawn for the same reason; PeekeEtAl, pp. 59-60.) The decision not to send her probably added hundreds to the casualty list.
There were 764 survivors (Paine, p. 311; Ramsey, p. 94 says they consisted of 474 passengers and 290 crew). There were about 1200 casualties, though the number is slightly uncertain (Brinnin, p. 417, says it took months even to come up with a number). According to Keegan, p. 265; also Paine, p. 311, a total of 1201 lives were lost. On the other hand Marshall, p, 166, Barczewski, p. 289, Brinnin, p. 417, and O'Sullivan, p. 27 say that 1198 people were killed, which is also the figure we find if we subtract 764 from the 1962 people Ramsey claims were on board (p. 94). Simpson, p. 1, prefers the figure 1201, explaining on p. 9 that the figure of 1198 excludes three stowaways (!) not on the official passenger list; similarly Preston, p. 303, and PeekeEtAl, p. 80. (The stowaways were thought to be German spies; PeekeEtAl, p. 55, tells of the capture of their cameras and reports, which were probably preserved though no one seems aware of what they revealsed). Ballard, p. 13, says that 1195 died.
Preston, p. 303, breaks this down: 785 of 1257 registered passengers were lost, and 413 out of 702 crew. She says 94 of 129 children were killed, including fully 35 of 39 infants (cf. PeekeEtAl, p. 80). Ramsey, p. 100, notes that Liverpool suffered particularly heavily, since Liverpool was Lusitania's home port.
Most sources seem to agree that 128 of the victims were Americans (Ballard, p. 13, says there were 123 Americans; O'Sullivan, p. 89 gives the number as 140 but on p. 107 says there were 127 Americans), producing a diplomatic crisis (Preston, p. 311, talks of how the description "Hun" for the Germans became common at this time). Although the uproar did not at the time lead to war, Germany was forced for a time to back off from unrestricted submarine warfare.
The Vanderbilt of the song is Alfred Gwynne Vanderbilt, who died on the Lusitania (though he wasn't one of the more famous Vanderbilts; his wealth was primarily inherited; Ballard, p. 32). According to Ramsey, p. 85, he did indeed give his lifebelt to a female passenger, Alice Middleton. (Though, in the salt water off Ireland, the real threat was not drowning but hypothermia -- the water temperature was about 53F/11C; Preston, p. 249 -- or being washed away from land. And a person with no training in water might drown despite the fact that his body would float.) Ballard, p. 116, reports that Vanderbilt made no effort to save himself (he could not swim); his body was never found.
Indeed, Brinnin, p. 425, says some 900 bodies were not recovered; either they were swept out to sea or they went down to the ship. Sadly, as with the Titanic disaster, there are reports of passengers already in boats refusing to help those who were not (Preston, p. 250).
Brinnin's comment (p. 421) may help explain the notoriety of what happened: "Dresden, Hiroshima, Biafra, My Lai [to which we might now add Armenia, Bosnia, 9/11, Iraq, Darfur....] -- after [these and] all the other names and instances of the murderous course of the middle years of the twentieth century, it is all but impossible to recapture, even to understand, the sense of outrage, 'the universal shout of execration,' generated by the sinking of the Lusitania."
There was of course an inquiry held after the sinking, but it being wartime, very little was done to punish Cunard or the captain and crew for sloppiness; instead, the blame was placed squarely on the Germans. Lusitania became just another atrocity story, used to inflame American opinion against Germany, causing the Germans to temporarily abandon unrestricted submarine warfare.
It is interesting to observe that, although the Germans briefly celebrated the sinking of the Lusitania, they later quieted down. And, when it came time to publish the U-20's war log, skipper Schwieger signed off on every page except for May 7 (Preston, p. 314). There is also evidence that the record was fiddled with and even "humanized" (Preston, pp. 416-418; she calls the record "institutional afterthoughts"). Sadly, we do not know what Schwieger originally wrote; the original log has perished, and we have only the official transcription. Plus he died in the course of the war; the U-20 was later sunk (with the wreck being discovered in 1984; Hoehling, p. 119), and Schwieger died in the U-88 in 1917.
O'Sullivan's chapter on the aftermath of the sinking is entitled "The Sham Tribunals." A sham they obviously were in that it was certain the Germans would be blamed for sinking the ship (though it can hardly be denied that they did so!). But they could at least have sought to find out what else went wrong -- and they didn't. O'Sullivan accuses the Admiralty of suppressing evidence (pp. 118-121), offering several particulars but not documenting any of them -- but it must be confessed that the tribunal, at least in its open sessions, skipped over a lot of important material. And the Admiralty made sure that certain information was not revealed in open court (Preston, p. 320) -- though this is hardly surprising in a period of wartime secrecy.
They were a sham in another sense, too, in that one of the parties tried to fix the outcome. It seems certain that the Admiralty was out to "get" Captain Turner. O'Sullivan accuses the Admiralty of making Turner the scapegoat; p. 115. Preston, pp. 316-319, 325-327, 403, documents the case the Admiralty built against Turner, sometimes on flimsy evidence; she notes on p. 405 that he probably did not receive some of the orders allegedly sent to him. Even the pro-British Ramsey notes that the Admiralty, not Cunard, was getting most of the blame in the press (Ramsey, p. 113), so the officers were determined to find someone else to suffer the odium.
PeekeEtAl, p. 82, say explicitly, "Reading the collective correspondence in its original, unedited state would have made it abundantly clear to anyone that Captain Turner... had followed his Admiralty instructions to the letter. This is why Oliver and Webb were now busily 'tailoring' the Admiralty signals register...."
In fact, PeekeEtAl, p. 84, says that Turner was shown the evidence against him, which made it clear that it was being faked -- and yet Turner somehow didn't do anything to protest or correct the record. According to PeekeEtAl, p. 88-89, Turner was saved only because there were two different editions of the evidence against him (Ramsey, p. 148), and when Lord Mersey discovered this, he realized what was going on and effectively halted the hearings. And since there was a government change at this time, the Admiralty was shaken up and no longer needed a scapegoat as much, so they let things drop.
Mersey's conclusion was that Turner may have ignored Admiralty advice, but he consistently obeyed his actual orders (PeekeEtAl, p. 90).
Mersey retired as Receiver of Wrecks shortly thereafter, and preserved the documents needed to show what happened.
The tribunal's final conclusion was all of two paragraphs long, "placing the entire blame for the disaster on Germany" (Ramsey, p. 154), with a ten-page addendum exonerating everybody in sight (Preston, p. 330).
In defence of Captain Turner, we should probably note that, although very experienced overall, and a former captain of the Lusitania, he had little wartime experience on the refitted Lusitania; her previous captain, David Dow, had had something of a breakdown shortly before the final voyage (Preston, p. 110; PeekeEtAl, p. 48). Turner in fact sent a number of letters complaining of the Lusitania's state, and saying he would not sail her again unless the problems were repaired.
On the other hand, these problems do not appear to have contributed to her demise (except perhaps for a minor problem with her ballasting). And Turner had told a reporter before the sailing, "It's the best joke I've heard in many days, this talk of torpedoing theLusitania" (Preston, p. 108). He may have simply been trying to calm nervous potential passengers -- but it sounds like complacency. Especially since he generally disliked having anything to do with the passengers, whom he once called "bloody monkeys" (Preston, p. 108). In fact, Turner requested the services of an assistant in this regard; he was assigned Staff Captain John Anderson to deal with the passengers (PeekeEtAl, pp. 50-51).
Even if we accept that Turner followed his orders exactly, there is still the idiocy of the four point fix. And it also came out during the investigations that Turner had not ordered the passengers to learn how to put on their life belts. And the belts had to be fitted properly to work -- and, with many of the passengers being non-English speakers, it proved impossible to instruct them at the last moment (Preston, pp. 206-207, describes some of the problems it caused. Several passengers would die from wearing the belts wrong). Nor had Turner ordered them to wear them, or even keep them close at hand, in the danger zone (Ballard, p. 132). Many would die because they could not find their belts.
And, of course, Turner had not ordered adequate boat drills (Ballard, p. 135; Preston, p. 325, in fact reports that Turner said in open court that his crew was not proficient in handling boats, to which he added a grumble about the crews available in 1915 compared to those in his youth. PeekeEtAl, p. 57, tells of him challenging his officers to tie a knot he had learned to tie aboard a sailing vessel in his youth. All of them being trained for steam, only one knew how. Turner really does sound like he was still living in the nineteenth century). Nor had the ship's daily newsletter told the passengers anything useful (Preston, p. 183).
Preston, p. 406, notes that the passengers would have taken ill to boat drills and lifebelt practice -- even though the lifebelts were a new, tricky model that even many experienced travelers would not have known how to use. That the passengers would have resented the drills is likely enough. I can't see how this justifies not having them, though.
I can't help but think, reading Captain Turner's responses at the inquiries, that he sounds like a senile old man. Preston declares that his answers were monosyllables, and that "He seemed anxious and, on occasion, confused" (Pretson, p. 326). Admittedly he had just lost his ship, which might account for his befuddled state (Preston suggests post-traumatic stress, and the description in PeekeEtAl, p. 79, certainly sounds like it) -- but his behavior *before* the sinking, if not befuddled, is certainly inexplicable.
Presumably Turner could no more believed that the Germans would attack without warning than could the passengers. He was, more or less, exonerated (Preston, p. 404).
To put this in perspective: A similar tribunal, under the same man (Lord Mersey) had earlier investigated the Titanic sinking, and had exonerated Captain Smith of sailing too fast in an ice zone.
My personal verdict on Turner would have to be, Not guilty of malice or criminal intent, but much, much too casual. In light of that, the failure of Lord Mersey's tribunal to blame anyone but the Germans may have been unfortunate, since Captain Turner was given another ship -- which also ended up being torpedoed and sunk (Ballard, p. 137). Turner again survived, but apparently that finally caused authorities to put him on the beach.
Captain Turner retired from the sea in 1919 and died in 1933 at the age of 76. His marriage had ended decades earlier, and he became a near-recluse (Preston, p. 431). Reportedly he claimed that he had not been given a "fair deal" (Preston, p. 432), claiming e.g. that he had never been instructed to zigzag.
Few of my sources really talk about theeffects of zigzagging (probably because the authors are not mathematicians) -- e.g. Ramsey, in discussing it on pp. 224-225, merely says that it was costly, since it used more fuel, and would be uncomfortable for the passengers.
This is certainly true if the ship had gone through the sorts of sudden turns, of up to ninety degrees, recommended by the Admiralty for navy ships. But smaller turns would not be so bad. And they might well have saved the ship.
There is much we don't know about the geometry of the Lusitania and the U-20. Schweiger (quoted by Ramsey, p. 81, and implicitly by Preston, p. 191) estimated the distance at 700 meters. If anything, he probably estimated low, since the Lusitania was surely bigger than he expected. Nonetheless, PeekeEtAl, p. 72, give the distance as 550 meters. The Lusitania was moving at 18 knots, or about 9 meters per second. I've seen estimates that place the torpedo's speed as high as 38 knots, or 20 m/sec, but fromeverything else I've read, a speed more on the order of 18 m/sec is more likely. That means the approximate time from firing to impact was about 40 seconds.
The best guess is that Schweiger's torpedo hit somewhere around the boundary between #1 and #2 boiler rooms. Both flooded, which was enough to sink the ship.
If the Lusitania had changed course by 15 degrees at the moment the torpedo was fired -- a course that surely would not have caused the passengers too much discomfort -- the hit would have been about 15 meters further forward, taking out #1 boiler room but possibly reducing the damage to #2 enough that the ship, even if she sank, would at least have gone down more slowly, allowing better evacuation. Had Lusitania turned 30 degrees at the time the torpedo was fired, the hit would have been 50 meters forward, and she might have been saved, since only boiler room #1 would have been threatened. Had Lusitania turned 45 degrees, the strike would have been 110 meters forward, and she certainly would have lived; she might not even have been hit. Even if she had started a hard turn just 15 seconds before impact, she probably would have taken the impact only to boiler room #1, and she would have slowed down more rapidly, reducing the water inflow slightly and also making evacuation safer. Thus the straight course of the four point fix was a major cause of the disaster.
I would add that, though Turner was certainly guilty of taking the four point fix, which was the final cause of the disaster, he was not the first cause. The Admiralty certainly bears blame on several grounds. (Hardly a surprise, given its disastrous disorganization; there really was no central coordinating authority short of the First Sea Lord, who simply could not do everything; Ramsey, pp. 233, 250-251, etc.) The information sent to the Lusitania and to Turner was probably inadequate. But the real problem was their penny-pinching and limitations of the Lusitania's schedule. The crew's desperate lack of experience was largely due to this niggling. Had the navy paid enough, they could either have sailed the ship more regularly, allowing the crew to gain experience -- or they could have kept the crew on duty while the Lusitania sat in port, allowing them to practice with the boats. This was something Cunard could not afford to do on its own.
The bad crew also may have contributed to actual torpedo hit. We know that a watchman, Leslie Morton, saw the torpedo long before it hit (Ramsey, p. 82, etc.). Had he not been an untrained nitwit who failed to pass the message to the bridge, the ship would have had a few more seconds to avoid the torpedo -- which, as the geometry shows, might have saved boiler room #2 and the ship. But Morton was an untrained 18-year-old who hesitated, shouted a message into the communicator, and ran off to find his brother without even making sure his message was heard. Best guess is that it wasn't.
On the other hand, the Admiralty can hardly be faulted for failing to provide a destroyer to escort her. Destroyers were in short supply, and at this time, destroyers did not have sonar or radar or any other means of detecting submarines except to see them or their torpedoes. Even in World War II, when sonar was universal and radar coming into use, destroyers didn't keep U-boats from sinking the vessels they escorted; they just made them more miserable afterward. There is little reason to think an escort would have saved Lusitania.
There would later be an American court case (Preston, pp. 366-370); this didn't really bring out much in the way of new facts, but it supported the claim that the Lusitania was not an actual warship: the plaintiffs admitted that the ship was not armed, that she was not carrying Canadian troops (something alleged because of the curious coincidence that a lot of the passengers listed Canadian addresses; Ramsey, p. 195), and some lesser points supporting the contention that she was not a legitimate target.
Unlike the other great disaster of the period, Lusitania's transatlantic rival the Titanic, the Lusitania went down in relatively shallow waters, and the wreck was visited as early as the 1930s. But it wasn't until the late twentieth century that Ballard really investigated the wreck with adequate equipment.
The question of why she sank has long been a topic of controversy: What caused the second explosion, which most passengers thought the larger of the two?
Many have speculated that it was in fact an explosion of war materials she had secretly taken aboard (Ballard, p. 14; Preston, p. 448). Against this is Captain Turner's testimony; he said that there was no cargo near the area where (he thought) the torpedo hit. Ballard's exploration also argues against this; he notes on p. 151 that there was only one hole in her hull. The second explosion, then, did not do further damage to the exterior, but damaged the interior and destroyed her watertight integrity.
It is Ballard's belief, based on the opening in the hull and the distribution of coal around her grave, that the second explosion was caused by coal dust: Since the ship was nearing her destination, her bunkers were relatively empty, except for dust. The torpedo sent the dust up into the air, and then sparked it, and the explosion of all the coal was what brought the ship down (Ballard, p. 195).
PeekeEtAl, p. 93, argue that Ballard's exploration did not turn up facts sufficient to justify his conclusions, and Ramsey, pp. 209-210, also doubts this, on the grounds that no similar instances of coal dust explosions are recorded. The latter strikes me as weak -- it is true that there are no verified instances of coal dust explosions on shipboard, but coal dust most definitely explodes (ask any coal miner!) Until World War I, there were no coal-carrying ships torpedoed, and few of the ships torpedoed in that war were examined as closely as the Lusitania, and by World War II, most ships were fueled by oil, not coal. So the lack of verified coal dust explosions proves very little.
O'Sullivan, pp. 134-136, holds out for an explosion caused by powdered aluminum (which can attract oxygen from water, causing the leftover hydrogen to burn. Powdered aluminum in fact is used in fireworks, with an oxidizer, to produce the very fast-burning "salutes," which are responsible for the loudest banging noises). There was aluminum in the cargo -- a lot of it -- though it, unlike the coal, was carefully packaged. And aluminum, even if powdered (as O'Sullivan says it was, though he as usual does not cite a source) is certainly a legitimate cargo.
Ramsey, p. 209, offers strong evidence that aluminum was not the cause -- while fine-ground aluminum can produce an explosive flash, coarser particles are more likely to simply burn, and 1915 aluminum powder was not very finely ground.
Another possibility is that her boilers blew up (Preston, pp. 451-452) -- not an unusual occurence in ships of this period; it was part of what had caused the Atlantic tragedy forty-odd years earlier. But there wasn't much time for that to happen.
After examining all of these theories, and noting their weaknesses, Preston, pp. 452-454, argues for a failure of her steam lines -- or even a series of failures, perhaps accounting for the quick failure of the electrical system and the fact that the second explosion seemed to be heard everywhere; it may have been several explosions.
Under any of these theories, it is an "industrial accident" (O'Sullivan, p. 137).
Arguing against this are PeakeEtAl, p. 103, who suggest that the torpedo hit in the vicinity of the ammunition the ship carried, and that the ammo caused the second explosion, blowing out many bulkheads. Sadly, because the ship settled on its starboard side, we cannot entirely disprove this (if we could see the hole of the explosion, we could observe whether the metal is twisted inward or outward), but unless there were hidden munitions, I frankly don't see how enough explosive could go up at any given moment to cause damage exceeding that of the torpedo hit.
Preston, p. 443, notes that the corridors in passenger liners were often smaller than in other ships, meaning that the pressure wave from the explosion(s) could not dissipate as easily as in a cargo ship. This would have increased the damage in the area of the torpedo hit. Her ultimate conclusion is that the torpedo hit in just about the worst possible spot, and the Lusitania simply wasn't designed to take that sort of damage.
Ramsey says explicitly (p. 206), "Although earlier authors have generally ascribedLusitania's loss to the second explosion, current opinion suggests convincingly that the effect on the liner's stability resulting from the impact of Schweiger's torpedo was by itself sufficiently lethal to secure her destruction." (This because so much water would enter the starboard side that she could not stay on an even keel; Ramsey, p. 208.) He also suggest that there was a leak in a steam pipe somewhere, leading to rapid loss of boiler pressure (pp. 209-211), aggravated by mishandling of the situation (pp. 212-213). This would not have sunk the ship (the torpedo leak did that), but it was responsible for the rapid loss of power and propulsion.
Reading all the arguments, I am inclined to think we will never know with certainty what happened, or what caused the second explosion, though I too incline toward the "industrial accident" belief; contrary to the claims by Simpson and his followers, the evidence for a large ammunition explosion seems weak.
Apart from causing a diplomatic incident, there was one other effect of the sinking: The Admiralty gave in to the economics of the situation. For the remainder of the war, there was no British passenger service on the Atlantic (Brinnin, p. 426).
An interesting side note is that the Titanic, three years before, inspired almost too many songs to count. The Lusitania seems to have inspired just this one, and it not particularly well-known. Why? It can't be just the war, since the Lusitania got plenty of coverage. Maybe it's that the disaster couldn't so easily be blamed on "the hand of God." Though, in fact, the fault in both cases was largely "the hand of complacency."
The last survivor of the Lusitania is believed to have been Audrey Lawson-Johnston -- a member of a very fortunate family; although several children were lost, her parents, her brother, and the three-month-old Audrey herself were saved. According to a BBC story, she died at age 95 on January 11, 2011. She of course did not remember the disaster, although she did hear stories of it from relatives.
As mentioned, Lusitania is in shallow water (a depth of only 312 feet, according to Preston, p. 372, with parts of the hull 82 feet higher). The wreck has been visited many times as a result. The first was in 1935, but the equipment of the time was so bad that the diver actually thought the ship was resting on its port side; explorations since have shown that it lies on its starboard side (Preston, p. 373).
In the 1960s, the aforementioned John Light and colleagues tried to explore using newer technologies; this is the group that thought they saw guns (but Preston, p. 373, notes that this was still the era of nitrogen/oxygen breathing mixes; the divers suffered from cold and nitrogen narcosis). They did not produce usable film of the weapons. (We might add that the problems Light experienced pretty well demolish the theory that the British could have disarmed the wreck, and the hull was intact enough that the Admiralty could hardly have depth-charged it, as is claimed, e.g., by PeekeEtAl, p. 91.) Light hopes to eventually publish, but all that came of his work was Simpson's volume, which Light himself disputed.
A few artifacts were brought up by a 1982 television expedition (Preston, pp. 374-375); interestingly, these did not sell well at auction. Ballard took his turn in 1993, and produced the first good documentation of the wreck. A team of free divers working in 1994 largely reaffirmed his conclusions (Preston, pp. 376-377), and also discovered the annunciator which relayed speed and drive instructions to the engine room. This showed the ship still in forward drive -- contrary to what Turner said he ordered. Of course, since the engines failed within minutes, it hardly matters. But it makes you wonder what else Turner got wrong.
A curiosity about the whole story is the way the Lusitania legend still grips people. The Titanic fascinates people, but there is little real controversy about the history (yes, Hollywood distorted the story, but that's Hollywood). But the Lusitania continues to inspire polemics and conspiracy theories -- a common one is that the Churchill and/or Fisher (the men most responsible for naval policy) sent out the Lusitania as live bait in an attempt to get the Americans involved in the war. This is patently absurd -- not because Churchill or Fisher were above such things (in fact, Churchill hinted at the idea of live bait in a letter -- PeekeEtAl, p. 47), but because it just wasn't likely to work. The Lusitania was faster than any ship sunk by submarines to date; she also had good underwater protection that would make her hard to sink. And, if the Admiralty wanted her sunk, would they have put aboard such war materials as they did put aboard?
Preston, pp. 395-396, also makes the argument that the British in 1915 did not want the Americans in the war; they would be too likely to meddle with the peace.
Such logic does not stop the polemicists. Both Simpson's and O'Sullivan's books both strike me as screeds intended to place as much blame as is possible on the British authorities. (O'Sullivan's in fact seems almost to be the work of two authors -- half the time he's going straight after the Admiralty; the other half, he calms down and tries to be objective. Was there a hidden ghost writer who only did half the book?) The reason defeats me -- whatever their faults, the men they would blame are long dead, and their policies dead with them.
And the need for polemic produced books that are clearly bad. Simpson's book is littered with small errors of fact -- e.g. he can't even spell "blue riband," consistently calling it "blue ribbon" (O'Sullivan, p. 17), and Preston, p. 374, observe that Simpson was criticized even by John Light, whose research originally inspired what was to have been a collaboration. O'Sullivan may be even worse; his unfootnoted work has its own set of substantial errors, some of which distort the whole history of World War I.
The question of "a legitimate target" is still argued today; Preston, e.g. has a chapter with that title, noting that, within days of the tragedy, a coroner in Ireland offered the verdict "wilful murder." We must remember, as the American judge later wrote, that the incident must be viewed in light of the knowledge of the time (Preston, p. 383). (Which is surprisingly easy to do, given that the British Admiralty is still concealing records, either by refusing to release them or by blanking out pages, and some of the papers Simpson claims to have seen have now vanished; Preston, p. 384).
Preston, p. 393, probably has the best last word: "The truth was that no government, British, German, or American, was entirely free of blame for the situation leading up to the attack. Nor, in its wake, was any government hesitant to twist the facts, or use the disaster, to its own political ends."
On pp. 424-426, Preston makes another point: Two weeks before the Lusitania was sunk, the Germans had launched the first gas attack. A few weeks afterward saw the first bombing of civilians from the air. Germany, for a short time, backed away from unrestricted submarine warfare (a mistake, in Preston's view, and I think she's right: Once Germany started, they would have been better off to keep it up). But Germany did not back away from gas, or bombings, and it built the "Big Berthas" to shell Paris. The age of limited, civilized warfare was over.
I would add only one more thing: whoever was "to blame" for the Lusitania tragedy, many hundreds of complete innocents perished needlessly. In this regard, the song knows what the true issue was, and the polemicists do not. - RBW
Last updated in version 2.6
- Ballard: Dr. Robert D. Ballard with Spencer Dunmore, Exploring the Lusitania (Warner, 1995)
- Barczewski: Stephanie Barczewski, Titanic: A Night Remembered (Hambledon Continuum, 2004)
- Brinnin: John Malcolm Brinnin, The Sway of the Grand Saloon: A Social History of the North Atlantic (1986; I use the 2000 Barnes & Noble edition)
- Fox: Stephen Fox, Transatlantic: Samuel Cunard, Isumbard Brunel, and the Great Atlantic Steamships, Harper Collins, 2003
- Hoehling: A. A. Hoehling, Ships that Changed History (1992; I use the 2007 Barnes & Noble edition)
- Keegan: John Keegan, The First World War (Knopf, 1999)
- Marshall: S. L. A. Marshall, World War I (American Heritage, 1964)
- Massie: Robert K. Massie, Castles of Steel, Random House, 2003
- O'Sullivan, The Lusitania (1998; I use the 2000 Sheridan House edition)
- Paine: Lincoln P. Paine, Ships of the World (Houghton Mifflin, 1997)
- PeekeEtAl: Mitch Peeke, Kevin Walsh-Johnson, Steven Jones, The Lusitania Story, Naval Institute Press, 2002
- Preston: Diana Preston, Lusitania: An Epic Tragedy (Walker, 2002; I use the 2003 Berkley edition)
- Ramsay: David Ramsay, The Lusitania: Saga and Myth (Norton, 2001)
- Simpson: Colin Simpson, The Lusitania (Little Brown, 1972)
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The Ballad Index Copyright 2016 by Robert B. Waltz and David G. Engle. | <urn:uuid:5abe6601-582f-40b4-a167-3b931b75d381> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | http://www.fresnostate.edu/folklore/ballads/Ran076.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982294883.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823195814-00117-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.981602 | 15,139 | 2.625 | 3 |
In an increasingly technology-oriented world, cybercrime has become all too common for both consumers and businesses. Internet crime takes many forms and includes everything from large-scale data breaches to consumer issues like identity theft and cyberstalking to widespread scams and ransomware.
In the third week of National Cyber Security Awareness Month (NCSAM), the National Cyber Security Alliance (NCSA), the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS) and their industry, government and nonprofit partners are highlighting the different types of online crime and how people and businesses can better protect themselves.
“As cybercriminals sharpen their hacking skills, we must take stronger precautions to protect our information and all of our connected devices,” said Michael Kaiser, executive director of NCSA. “There are simple things everyone can do to better safeguard their key accounts, devices and apps, like keeping software up to date, turning on strong authentication and exercising extreme caution when reading messages containing links or requests for information.”
Tech support scams
Tech support scams make up one of the most common forms of cybercrime, and many companies providing technology products and services find themselves targeted by cybercriminals. A new Microsoft new survey offers the following findings:
- One in five consumers surveyed admitted to continuing a potential fraudulent interaction when experiencing a tech support scam.
- Nearly 1 in 10 have lost money to a tech support scam.
- Of those who had continued with a fraudulent interaction, 17 percent were older than 55 and 34 percent were between the ages of 36 and 54.
- Fifty percent of those who continued the interaction were millennials (ages 18-34).
“Tech support scams are on the rise around the world and demand urgent attention from law enforcement, private industry and individual consumers,” said Courtney Gregoire, senior attorney at Microsoft’s Digital Crimes Unit. “According to a recent survey from Microsoft, two out three people have experienced a tech support scam in the past year, with many falling victim and placing their computers and personal information at risk.”
In addition to the rise in tech support-related and other scams, identity theft is a key concern for many – in fact, a 2016 NCSA survey revealed that preventing identity theft was the top online safety topic both teens and parents of teens would like to learn more about. The Identity Theft Resource Center’s (ITRC’s) 2016 Identity Theft: The Aftermath study, which surveyed victims of identity theft in 2015, revealed the following:
- The accounts most commonly taken over by thieves included email (11%), payment services (10%), social media (9%) and online banking (8%). Additional compromised account types include online medical portals (5%), health trackers (2%) and gaming (2%).
- Nearly a fifth of survey respondents reported significant repercussions when their online accounts were taken over, including job loss (24%) and reputational damage among friends (61%) and colleagues (31%).
- Of the respondents who identified experiencing criminal identity theft issues, 30 percent found themselves in need of state government assistance programs to overcome the financial impact of identity theft.
“Identity thieves can use a variety of platforms to commit their crimes, including many online platforms. This crime creates not only short-term effects for victims during the time they are remediating their cases – it creates long-term effects as well,” said ITRC President/CEO Eva Velasquez. “When we look at the sheer volume of identity theft it is easy to get lost in the number; we must not forget that behind each percentage and incident we count, there is a person whose life is being affected. This in turn affects families, communities, regions and our country as a whole.”
In recent months, ransomware attacks – the “digital kidnapping” of valuable data in which malware accesses victims’ files, locks and encrypts them, and then forces victims to pay ransom to get the files back – have grown more sophisticated and prevalent.
The FBI has warned that these attacks are on the rise, and according to Kaspersky Lab, the number of individuals attacked by crypto-ransomware increased 5.5 times from 2014/2015 (131,000) to 2015/2016 (718,000). These threats can be especially damaging to businesses, which may store critical organizational data, intellectual property and consumer information.
“Having a backup that can restore the impacted system is a key defense that can help organizations restore normal operations quickly after being impacted by ransomware,” said Kaiser.
Fight fraud: Prevention and recovery tips
NCSA recommends that both consumer and business audiences take the following steps to prevent and recover from cybercrime such as scams, identity theft and ransomware attacks:
- Lock down your login: Fortify your online accounts by enabling the strongest authentication tools available, such as biometrics, security keys or a unique one-time code through an app on your mobile device. Your usernames and passwords are not enough to protect key accounts like email, banking and social media.
- Keep all machines clean: Having the latest security software, web browser and operating system is the best defense against viruses, malware and other threats. If you have experienced cybercrime, immediately update all software on every internet-connected device. All critical software, including PCs and mobile operating systems, security software and other frequently used programs and apps, should be running the most current versions. Use security software to scan any USBs or external devices.
- Back it up: Make sure you have a recent and securely stored backup of all critical data.
- Make better passwords: A strong password is a sentence that is at least 12 characters long. Focus on positive sentences or phrases that you like to think about and are easy to remember.
- When in doubt, throw it out: Links in email, tweets, posts and online advertising are often how cybercriminals try to steal your personal information. Even if you know the source, if something looks suspicious, delete it.
- Help the authorities fight cybercrime: Report stolen finances or identities and other cybercrime to the FBI Internet Crime Complaint Center (IC3), the ITRC, the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) and/or your local law enforcement or state attorney general as appropriate. | <urn:uuid:fb51c4c0-98c7-4577-98e8-77cddb365868> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | https://www.helpnetsecurity.com/2016/10/18/fight-fraud-scams-ransomware/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202347.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20190320125919-20190320151919-00183.warc.gz | en | 0.938142 | 1,290 | 2.734375 | 3 |
What is Microtia?
- Microtia means a small external ear. This condition can range in severity from a small ear that has all of its parts, including an ear canal and a normal-appearing shape, to one that has no ear canal and only a small remnant of skin and cartilage.
- It can occur either on one or both sides. Microtia often occurs as an isolated problem and is not associated with other abnormalities. There are, however, syndromes such as Treacher Collins and Hemifacial Microsomia in which microtia also occurs.
What are Microtia symptoms?
- Symptoms are minimal and mostly involve impaired hearing if the internal structures are also involved.
- There is a significant psychosocial impact that ear deformities cause.
What are treatment options for hearing and appearance in microtia patients?
- A multidisciplinary approach is required. This is often provided by a craniofacial team usually located within a tertiary care or university center.
- The choice of the best treatment method for your child must involve open discussions between the members of the craniofacial team, the family/caregivers and, most importantly, the child. There is not one best option for treatment in all children. The best treatment option remains the one that best suits the child’s needs and desires.
- Children with one-sided microtia who have one normally hearing ear have normal hearing in one ear and do not require specific treatment. There are centers that offer the creation of an external opening and ear drum when normal middle ear structures are present. A detailed examination, investigations and discussion with an ENT surgeon are necessary prior to proceeding down this treatment path.
- In children with both sides affected, hearing aids are recommended to ensure normal hearing and speech and language development. Broadly, two types of 3 hearing aids exist: those that are worn on a headband and others that are anchored to the skull bone.
- Communication between the surgeon doing the ear reconstruction and the one placing the bone anchored hearing aids is very important to ensure that the hearing aids do not interfere with appropriate positioning of the ear. This type of communication occurs readily within a craniofacial team environment.
- The child will live with having microtia and the consequences of its treatment his entire life. Therefore, it cannot be overstated that the principles of treatment for facial appearance should be guided by the child.
- Surgery or prosthesis fitting occurs between 6-10 years of age. This timing varies, depending upon how the child is coping socially and psychologically and also on the growth of the face and body.
- Treatment options include no intervention versus reconstruction of the external ear. The reconstructive options include: having a prosthesis made, surgical reconstruction that uses a combination of synthetic material and the patient’s own tissues, or surgical reconstruction using only the patient’s own tissues.
- No Intervention – Ear reconstruction is not a necessity. This is true especially if the child does not perceive having microtia as a problem both psychologically and emotionally. The options for the creation of a new ear change very little as the child with microtia grows and so the subject of ear creation can be discussed and performed at any time including adulthood.
- Prosthetic Reconstruction – A prosthesis is completely artificial and usually made of silicone from a mold that often uses the opposite ear or a parent’s ear as a template. The prosthesis can either be held onto the head with adhesive or using magnets or clips. The magnetic or clip-on prosthesis requires a minor surgical procedure to place bone screws permanently into the skull.
- Combined Prosthetic and Own-Tissue Reconstruction – This form of treatment uses a premade synthetic ear framework that is then covered by the child’s own local tissues. The framework is made of a plastic material that has holes within it allowing blood vessels and tissue to grow into it over time. Therefore, the framework eventually becomes a part of the child.
- Total Reconstruction Using Only Own Tissue – This type of reconstruction uses the child’s rib cartilage (usually 3 ribs) to create an ear framework that is carved out of the harvested cartilage. The framework is then placed under the skin in the appropriate position. A second operation, 3-9 months after the first, is performed to lift the ear into a position similar to the opposite ear. Sometimes a third and even fourth operation is necessary to fine-tune the appearance of the reconstruction and move the ear lobe. | <urn:uuid:74106918-9fc2-4e76-8b2c-afa562449645> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://musckids.org/our-services/cleft-palate-program/microtia | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496669422.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20191118002911-20191118030911-00346.warc.gz | en | 0.943056 | 934 | 3.625 | 4 |
I think non-profits are formed from one of two thoughts. You might say “we need to be doing ‘insert something specific’ for ‘insert specific group.’” An example might be, we need to provide school supplies to low-income students. Or you might see a problem and just generally think “someone should be doing something about that.” An example might be walking in an area and seeing a number of homeless people and thinking “someone should be doing something about homelessness.”
Both that vague “something” and “providing school supplies” are considered non-profit programming. Basically it’s the “something” a non-profit does to solve a problem and often non-profits are built around these programs. I hinted at this in my post on strategic planning. After you set your goals and objectives, you need to come up with action plans, which usually involve some sort of programming.
Programs are Not Activities
The loose definition above makes it sound like programs can be just about anything. Serving pizza to an after-school program or providing music to a nursing home are great and admirable activities, but that’s just it, they’re only activities. The difference between an activity and a program is that programs are structured services designed to directly address a specific problem in the community using activities that will create change for those problems. Using the examples above, a program might be providing healthy snacks as part of an after-school tutoring program connecting older volunteers with elementary school students to ensure they get proper nutrition during the program. Or working with a music therapy graduate program to provide music therapy at a low-income nursing home.
Turning an Activity Into a Program
First, do your homework. I’ve talked about this in a previous post, but you should know what other non-profits with similar missions are doing. You might think that providing school supplies to low-income students might be the best way of helping that population, but if you don’t do your homework, you will miss that there’s an excellent program already providing that service. Ask the people you are serving what they need or ask someone with direct knowledge of the problem. For example, reach out to teachers and parents and you might find out that students really need after-school homework help.
As I discussed in a previous post, strategy is everything. When you develop programming you’ll want to have goals, objectives, and strategies – or what I like to think of as the “why and how.” If you’ve done your homework, you’ll know what needs doing – aka the “why.” “The how” is those activities or strategies that will achieve your goals. In our example, you will want to come up with ideas on who can provide after-school homework help, what areas students need the most help in, where to provide the service, and how to recruit volunteers and participants. You might consider enlisting a retired teacher to lead a study group or work with a local university to provide one-on-one tutoring from college students.
When planning your programming, consider the other “W’s” – who, when, and where. These questions are essential to making sure your program is delivered to the right people at the right place and time. You can do this by something we actually discussed above – involving stakeholders. In our example, I encouraged you to speak with teachers and parents – these are stakeholders who know about the students and want them to succeed. A good first step is to make a list of stakeholders and set up meetings or phone calls to learn more about the issues.
Logistics can be a nightmare for folks who are not used to organizing events and activities. I highly recommend thinking about your skill set and determining whether you have this skill or if you’re willing to learn. Many good, necessary programs fall apart because the “organizer” did not do the necessary tasks to make sure the program runs smoothly. If this is not your skill set, find a friend or volunteer to help!
These are just the basics on starting up your own non-profit programming. Don’t be afraid to experiment and learn from others! | <urn:uuid:2533915d-9067-4e69-9042-88a380fea4e8> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | http://noeideas.com/2017/02/creating-non-profit-programs-not-activities/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247518497.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20190222155556-20190222181556-00436.warc.gz | en | 0.96268 | 886 | 2.578125 | 3 |
We Were There, Too!
Young People in U.S. History by Phillip Hoose
- Published: Jul 27, 2020
"This may be the most exhilarating and revelatory history of our country. It is must reading for today's youth-as well as their elders." -Studs Terkel From the boys who sailed with Columbus to today's young activists, this unique book... read more
We Were There, Too! - PDF free download eBook
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Details of We Were There, Too!
- Exact title of the book
- We Were There, Too!
- Book author
- Phillip Hoose
- FSG Books for Young Readers
- Aug 08, 2001
- PDF, FB2, EPUB, MOBI
- File size (in PDF)
- 2484 kB
Some brief overview of book
"This may be the most exhilarating and revelatory history of our country. It is must reading for today's youth-as well as their elders." -Studs Terkel From the boys who sailed with Columbus to today's young activists, this unique book brings to life the contributions of young people throughout American history. Based on primary sources and including 160 authentic images, this handsome oversized volume highlights the fascinating stories of more than 70 young people from diverse cultures.
Young readers will be hooked into history as they meet individuals their own age who were caught up in our country's most dramatic moments-Olaudah Equiano, kidnapped from his village in western Africa and forced into slavery, Anyokah, who helped her father create a written Cherokee language, Johnny Clem, the nine-year-old drummer boy who became a Civil War hero, and Jessica Govea, a teenager who risked joining Cesar Chavez's fight for a better life for farmworkers. Throughout, Philip Hoose's own lively, knowledgeable voice provides a rich historical context-making this not only a great reference-but a great read. The first U.
S. history book of this scope to focus on the role young people have played in the making of our country, its compelling stories combine to tell our larger national story, one that prompts Howard Zinn, author of A People's History of the United States, to comment, "This is an extraordinary book-wonderfully readable, inspiring to young and old alike, and unique." We Were There, Too! is a 2001 National Book Award Finalist for Young People's Literature.
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We Were There, Too!
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In general, samurai, aristocrats, and priests had a very high literacy rate in kanji. Recent studies have shown that literacy in kanji among other groups in society was somewhat higher than previously understood. For example, court documents, birth and death records and marriage records from the Kamakura period, submitted by farmers, were prepared in Kanji. Both the kanji literacy rate and skills in math improved toward the end of Kamakura period.
Some samurai had buke bunko, or “warrior library”, a personal library that held texts on strategy, the science of warfare, and other documents that would have proved useful during the warring era of feudal Japan. One such library held 20,000 volumes | <urn:uuid:26e95de2-4e6c-43dd-8acb-9d633f45384b> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://heavenstudio.it/grenada_portfolio/i-miei-piatti-project/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510603.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20230930050118-20230930080118-00552.warc.gz | en | 0.964185 | 150 | 3.265625 | 3 |
Botanical: Lilium tigrinum
---Parts Used---Leaves, stalks, flowers, collected when the plant is in full maturity.
Family: N.O. Liliaceae
---Habitat---China and Japan.
---Description---The plant flowers in July and August; the bloom is orange colour and spotted. The upper leaves cordate and oval. It does not ripen seed in this country, but is propagated from the bulbils produced in the axils of the leaves which should yield flowering bulbs in three years from the time of planting.
---Medicinal Action and Uses---A tincture is made from the fresh plant and has proved of great value in uterine-neuralgia, congestion and irritation, also in the nausea and vomiting of pregnancy.
It relieves the bearing down pain accompanying uterine prolapse.
It is an important remedy in ovarian neuralgia. Poisoning by the pollen of the plant has produced vomiting, drowsiness and purging.
---Dosage---1/8 to 5 drops of the tincture.
Common Name Index
Bear in mind "A Modern Herbal" was written with the conventional wisdom of the early 1900's. This should be taken into account as some of the information may now be considered inaccurate, or not in accordance with modern medicine.
A MODERN HERBAL Home Page
© Copyright Protected 1995-2014 Botanical.com | <urn:uuid:3d49166f-5b1d-4862-81dc-33aaa1193e6c> | CC-MAIN-2015-32 | http://www.botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/l/liltig25.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042988511.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002308-00211-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.918009 | 300 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Brittany Keele is a literature major at the University of Houston. Like most people, Keele thought her First Amendment right to free speech applied everywhere in the United States. That was until she joined Students Against Sweatshops, a student organization fighting for better labor conditions. Keele discovered that free speech was not free on university property when a member of her organization clashed with university officials.
"He was sitting in Khator, who was our president–Renu Khator is our president and chancellor. He was sitting in her office because we’ve had–we’ve made so many attempts to meet with her. And we’ve never been able to meet with Khator. She’s always sort of delegated that responsibility to another administrator. And we’ve had so many problems with that, that’s a whole other topic. He was sitting in her office waiting to meet with her ’cause she’s always out of her office, always. And her assistant told him ‘No, she’s not in right now.’ And he said: ‘Okay, well I’ll just wait. I’ll read.’ And somehow they thought that was a threat. So they called the university police officers and escorted Brendan out and told Brendan if he came back he would be–he would be handcuffed. He’d be taken away."
Public colleges across the United States designate what they call free speech zones. These are low-traffic areas where students may engage in expressive activities such as protests. In Texas, it’s hard to find a college that doesn’t designate free speech zones. The University of Houston has designated nineteen, and within these zones, there are yet more restrictions on free speech. Six of the nineteen free speech zones must be reserved in advance. Most free speech zones can only be used from seven in the morning until seven at night. In some areas, stationary displays and amplified sound are not allowed.
Keele says with so many restrictions it’s hard to get her message across.She and other student activists have begun tabling.
"It’s what we call setting up a table at one of the designated areas on campus and we usually hand out pamphlets–or just any sort of information that’s good to distribute to people to inform them of our issue. We table often, but even then, it’s difficult to table because whenever you’re standing there at the table and you’re just shoving information at people. Most of the time they’re just–they’re on their way to their class and it’s–it’s not attention-grabbing," she said.
We called the University of Houston for comment, but they were unable to do so before our deadline. We did get Texas A&M University officials to comment. Texas A&M has a similar policy including three free speech zones.
"Even though we have those designated free speech areas, we work with our students if they do not want to use one of those areas and we look at where they do want to be able to have expressive activity and then we go through the forum analysis to see how we can help that student get their message across in the forum of their choice," said Cynthia Hernandez, special assistant to the dean of students at Texas A&M.
Free speech zones were originally intended to ensure free speech didn’t interfere with learning.
"The real rise of speech codes and free speech zones really came in the late 80s and the early 90s, for the most part," said Robert Shibley, vice president of the Foundation for Individual Rights in Education (FIRE). "You know, in a response to worriers, I think, that administrators had that protests and unfettered free expression would really cause problems on campus. I don’t think they really had a good reason to fear that. I think they shouldn’t have feared that. I think they should’ve opened their arms and accepted that. And I think that free speech zones were an attempt to make sure that protests didn’t take over the whole campus. The problem is–these free speech zones are so much smaller than the Constitution requires at a public university, in most cases, that what it’s really done is acted in a way to censor people who want to express themselves in a way that itsn’t compatible with that free speech zone. Some universities have it only during certain hours of the day. Other ones just a small, out-of-the-way part of campus. Behind a building or there was one university that had it next to a dumpster."
But wait a minute– Colleges restricting free speech? Don’t they have a long history of supporting academic freedom? The University of California in Berkeley was the birthplace of the Free Speech Movement during the 1960s. Students engaged in protests and educational sit-ins.
"If we don’t do a better job of helping students to practice their First Amendment freedoms while they’re in school–both in high school and in college–then I think we face underming the future of freedom of speech in this country and in the First Amendment," said Charles Haynes with the First Amendment Center. "So I think that what’s at stake here is what kind of society we’re going to be in the future. And people aren’t born knowing how to be free citizens and how to use their rights responsibly. They learn that when they’re in school as part of their education, if they learn that at all. So if we care about the future of freedom and of free speech, then we need to give students meaningful opportunity to excercise their rights while they’re in school."
"I agree," said Brittany Keele. "I think that the university is not just supposed to be a place where you’re trained in whatever profession you choose to go into. It’s also a place where you’re growing. You’re growing into an adult and you’re learning how to be an adult. You’re learning who you are. In many senses, you’re growing into a complete person."
What happens when we don’t exercise our right to free speech?
"I think many Americans, unfortunately, take free speech so for granted that they no longer think too much about it and fail to see when it’s being eroded," Shibley said. "And as long as it’s speech that they don’t like that’s being censored, people don’t seem to raise their voice or complain. So I think we’re already seeing a kind of–I think people are tuning out about this issue and they don’t care because they think it’s speech that is offensive and shouldn’t be allowed in the first place. What they forget is when their speech–when they want to express their views and it’s censored, then they have already given to the government the power or to school officials the power to censor what they believe."
A 2007 by the First Amendment Center shows just how much people care about free speech. 66 percent of people polled said free speech was essential, down from 75 percent in 2002. Just 32 percent said free speech was important.
Earlier this year, Keele felt the impacts of public opinion first hand. Earlier this year two student groups held protests on campus that were widely reported in the local newspaper. Reader comments were mostly critical of the students.
‘You are there to better yourselves so that you can be the best you can be. You are there because you need an education. Once you have that and get into the real world, you’ll start to gain wisdom – perhaps enough to consider how to choose and then meaningfully contribute to serious issues.’
"On many fronts we feel like we’re not being supported," said Keele. "I mean, there are those that have supported us and I think–I think because we do feel like we’re being criticized so much, those who do support us it means so much. We really appreciate them and they’re really what keeps us going. And we also know that we’ve really studied these issues. We’re not just following something blindly. We really feel we know what’s going on out there and it disturbs us. So that too. Knowing that we’re doing the right thing, that really keeps us going, but we do feel like we’re being criticized on many fronts. And just like you said when we–when we read comments online from the Houston Chronicle or the Daily Cougar, which is our University of Houston newspaper, we have so many criticizing comments. We really do, but I think we have to write that off as people that are not educated on the issue."
When students aren’t given free speech on campus, some seek it in the legal system. In 2002, an anti-abortion group sued the University of Houston. Univerisity officials wouldn’t let them display pictures of dead fetuses outside the designated free speech zones. A district judge sided with students because at that time, UH’s policy was flawed. It allowed the dean to pick and choose which demonstrations could be held outside free speech zones. UH was forced to revise it’s policy to include written guidelines as to what demostrations could take place.
In 2003, two students sued the University of Texas-El Paso, claiming the university’s policy on free speech violated their First Amendment rights. The policy required students to get permits for speeches and then deliver them in free speech zones. One of the plaintiffs in the suit had submitted 24 requests for permits, all of which were denied.
That same year, a Texas lawmaker attempted to outlaw free speech zones at public universities. Representative Norma Chavez, (D) El Paso authored House Bill 2447. The bill essentially said colleges couldn’t regulate when and where students exercise their free speech. The bill was never passed into law.
But according to Shibley, not all forms of speech are guaranteed by the First Amendment.
"The text of the Constitution doesn’t say very much about that. What’s really important is the various Supreme Court decisions having to do with free speech. There are some legitimate restrictions. One of them is insitement, which means to actually advocating imminent lawless action against somebody or something. So it’s not as much as just making somebody angry as actually encouraging them to do something illegal. That’s one example of speech that can be prohibited. There’s forms of commercial speech that can be prohibited. You know, there’s the old chestnut about shouting ‘Fire!’ in a crowded theatre, which has to do with whether or not your speech is really a form of disruptive behavior. So there are exceptions, but let’s not forget the vast majority of speech that you and I engage in everyday is well-protected by the First Amendment."
But just because you don’t agree with something someone says doesn’t mean it should be prohibited.
"The land of the free has become the land of the easily offended," said Haynes. "And I think that we forget: If there’s not a First Amendment right not to be offended, that freedom of speech includes the right to say things that may make other people uncomfortable. But that’s what we’ve got to learn as citizens in one country with many different views, many different religions respective. We’ve got to learn how to debate one another, counter one another with civility and respect and yet with openess and freedom."
Afshar Kharat contributed to this report.Download file "5" | <urn:uuid:750b707b-0e85-4cf7-bf1a-8724c0958917> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.thefire.org/free-speech-on-campus-4/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999653106/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060733-00035-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.974978 | 2,483 | 2.578125 | 3 |
MIT researchers discover a new platform that provides simple means to manipulate organic molecules’ emission, and may have important implications to organic light emitting devices and molecular biosensors
Enhancing and manipulating the light emission of organic molecules is at heart of many important technological and scientific advances, including in the fields of organic light emitting devices, bio-imaging, bio-molecular detection. Researchers at MIT have now discovered a new platform that enables dramatic manipulation of the emission of organic molecules when simply suspended on top of a carefully designed planar slab with a periodic array of holes: so-called photonic crystal surface.
Influenced by the fast and directional emission channels (called ‘resonances’) provided by the photonic crystal surface, molecules in the solution that are suspended on top of the surface no longer behave in their usual fashion: instead of sending light isotropically into all directions, they rather send light into specific directions.
The researchers say that this platform could also be applied to enhance other type of interactions of light with matter, such as Raman scattering. Furthermore, this process applies to any other nano-emitters as well, such as quantum dots.
Physics Professors Marin Soljacic and John Joannopoulos, Associate Professor of Applied Mathematics Steven Johnson, Research scientist Dr. Ofer Shapira, Postdocs Dr. Alejandro Rodriguez, Dr. Xiangdong Liang, and graduate students Bo Zhen, Song-Liang Chua, Jeongwon Lee report this discovery as featured in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
“Most fluorescing molecules are like faint light bulbs uniformly emitting light into all directions,” says Soljacic. Researchers have often sought to enhance this emission by incorporating organic emitters into sub-wavelength structured cavities that are usually made out of inorganic materials. However, the challenge lies in an inherent incompatibility in the fabrication of cavities for such hybrid systems.
Zhen et al present a simple and direct methodology to incorporate the organic emitters into their structures. By introducing a microfluidic channel on top of the photonic crystal surface, organic molecules in solution are delivered to the active region where interaction with light is enhanced. Each molecule then absorbs and emits significantly more energy with an emission pattern that can be designed to be highly directional. “Now we can turn molecules from being simple light bulbs to powerful flashlights that are thousands of times stronger and can all be aligned towards the same direction,” says Shapira, the senior author of the paper.
This discovery lends itself to a number of practical applications. “During normal blood tests, for example,” adds Shapira, “cells and proteins are labeled with antibodies and fluorescing molecules that allow their recognition and detection. Their detection limit could be significantly improved using such a system due to the enhanced directional emission from the molecules.”
The researchers also demonstrated that the directional emission can be turned into organic lasers with low input powers. “This lasing demonstration truly highlights the novelty of this system,” says the first author Zhen. For almost any lasing system to work there is a barrier on the input power level, named the lasing threshold, below which lasing will not happen. Naturally, the lower the threshold, the less power it takes to turn on this laser. Exploring the enhancement mechanisms present in the current platform, lasing was observed with a substantially lower barrier than before: the measured threshold in this new system is at least an order of magnitude lower than any previously reported results using the same molecules.
For more information, visit Massachusetts Institute of Technology. | <urn:uuid:9d3f6259-3a78-47ad-9540-ed087f86a23c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.medicaldesignandoutsourcing.com/altering-organic-molecules-interaction-with-light/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571745.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812170436-20220812200436-00583.warc.gz | en | 0.919758 | 743 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Exploring our own underlying assumptions and beliefs can unlock self-limiting patterns of action that limit our freedom to create the life we want.
Tomorrow marks Independence Day. S'more supplies purchased, organic nitrate-free turkey brats sit in the fridge, and the sparkler pack awaits my family for tomorrow's dusk. I'm ready. Yet, the combination of my birthday next month and lots of conversations with my husband about what do we want for our future has prompted me to be a bit more reflective. Please don't misunderstand, I am grateful for our country and the freedoms of the Constitution. But how independent can a married couple with two kids, a dog, a mortgage, and aging parents be anyway? Perhaps, the sparkler is nothing but a fun distraction to something else often unseen, yet powerful.
The Underlying Current in the River of Life
I teach the book Huck Finn, and one of the important conversations we have is actually about freedom. Even though Huck escapes his abusive father, Pap, and "civilized" society, he slowly gives back his freedom, in part to protect his friend, the runaway slave Jim; but really, this is due to the damaging underlying beliefs that he never even examines.
These invisible forces, like a river current, pull his life automatically in a direction, working against the other conscious choices he makes.
Huck believes he is stupid and that people like his know-it-all friend Tom Sawyer have all the answers. Huck believes he is no good because he wasn't "brought up right," though all examined evidence points to Huck possessing a practical and empathetic wisdom.
Likewise, unexamined beliefs and old patterns can sabotage our own efforts to achieve the goals we set in our own lives-- heck, even determine what goals we decide to set in our lives.
Jim, even though a freed slave all along, doesn't realize he is free. And because no one treats him as such, and Huck, Jim, and Tom stick to old patterns, Jim remains enslaved. Actually, everyone does. Enslavement to subconscious patterns of thinking prevent Huck from actually being a true friend to Jim--Huck's primary goal-- and cause Tom to nearly die in pursuit of his own naive, pointless, and selfish adventure.
Enslavement to subconscious patterns of thinking prevent Huck from actually being a true friend to Jim--Huck's primary goal-- and cause Tom to nearly die in pursuit of his own naive, pointless, and selfish adventure.
Examine and Recreate New Currents that Propel Us Forward
So this week I'm going to make a list of underlying beliefs that are at play in the important areas of my own life. (See Lifebook, for a full process of self-examination).
1. Health and Fitness
6. Love and Relationships
11.Quality of Life
For examples, in the area of Health and Fitness, my current limiting beliefs:
1. My fitness will decline in the next decade. That's just how it is when you get older.
2. Cooking from scratch is time consuming and difficult to maintain when I am busy.
3. A healthy snack after the kids go to bed is a fine way to treat myself after a long day.
In another category, Emotional, I also have other limiting beliefs:
1. I am just an emotional person, and so I feel emotions quickly and strongly. I can't help it if I yell.
2. I'm a type A person, and so I like things done now. I don't have patience, because I'm a "do-er."
Lastly, for example, in my Career these thoughts limit me:
1. In my career, I will have to give up the creative outlets of my youth to focus on teaching others.
2. In teaching, there are few ways to actually progress in the career. You have to go into administration if you want to grow.
"The unexamined life is not worth living." Aristotle
Once I have my current ones listed, I can decide if this river current of underlying beliefs are going to propel me in a direction that is helpful, or is this actually preventing my movement forward? Specifically, the next questions to ask is "What beliefs could I have that will serve my growth in this area?"
"What beliefs could I have that will serve my growth in this area?"
So let's try it, going back to the examples above. In the area of Health and Fitness:
Old limiting belief: 1. My fitness will decline in the next decade. That's just how it is when you get older.
Freeing new belief: 1. My body will continue to become stronger, more flexible, and in better aerobic shape as I care for it and challenge it more regularly.
Old limiting belief: 2. Cooking from scratch is time consuming and difficult to maintain when I am busy.
Freeing new belief: 2. When busy, a simple and fresh meal will energize me and help stabilize my mood.
Old limiting belief: 3. A healthy snack after the kids go to bed is a fine way to treat myself after a long day.
Freeing new belief: 3. After the kids go to bed, a comforting tea will help my digestion rest in a soothing way.
Finally, here are my other new empowering beliefs:
1. I can practice patience when I begin to feel emotionally charged. I have been given patience as one of the fruits of the spirit.
2. Sometimes the best way to do something is to do it at the appropriate time or pace.
1. My career benefits when I continue creative outlets that I enjoy and allow me to continue to grow.
2. I find invigorating and rewarding ways to grow in my teaching and coaching profession.
While independence may not be following a river, it is following a river if you want to. We can not remove ourselves from the impact the river current of belief has on our choices. Awareness and intentionally harnessing that power becomes the independence. The irony in Huck Finn, is that Huck, though physically independent again in the end of the novel, never realizes his mental constraints. He escapes society thinking that is the problem. He looks to the outside forces, rejects it, and wrongly claims it as "independence."Our Revolutionary fathers weren't truly "independent" either. They all were acting out of a sense of interrelationship, duty, and purpose. Many of them had wives, kids, dogs, homes, and aging parents too. They did, however, challenge their own underlying beliefs that being part of the stronger British colony was the only way forward.
To that process, tonight, I raise my sparkler and celebrate.
Resources: The Doctor's Farmacy Podcast interview with Jon and Missy Butcher of Lifebook. | <urn:uuid:f3dd3235-b4ae-4517-9c08-02866f8dd8d0> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://www.leadwithgrace.com/post/independence-day | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500384.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20230207035749-20230207065749-00797.warc.gz | en | 0.951957 | 1,457 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Fifty years ago today, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., made one of the most memorable speeches in the course of human events. As the capstone of the March on Washington for civil rights, Dr, King took to the steps of the Lincoln Memorial and delivered the famous “I Have A Dream” speech. Dr. King has his own day, but this is the really memorable event. As such, Google is honoring Dr. King with an awesome Google Doodle and there’s a celebration of the civil rights movement scheduled for today.
Of course, just because this is the 50th anniversary of Dr. King’s famous speech, that doesn’t mean we will actually see it on television. Indeed, you probably won’t. The 50th Anniversary speeches will be that from King’s family, other civil rights leaders, President Obama, and others, but not the actual speech itself. As it turns out, Dr. King’s estate has a copyright on the speech and they have sued multiple parties for rebroadcasting the speech. However, it will still take place at the National Mall, hopefully near where Dr. King’s memorial is located.
As for hearing the speech, you can see it in its entirety on YouTube or just watch it below.
Tags: martin luther king jr., martin luther king, google, google doodle, mlk, mlk google doodle, martin luther king google doodle, i have a dream, famous speeches, i have a dream speech, mlk I have a dream speech, copyright issues, national mall, 50th anniversary of the march on washington, 50th anniversary of the i have a dream speech, 50th anniversary of the dream speech | <urn:uuid:40dfbe6c-97b7-498d-9d60-dba9570d191d> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | http://www.popfi.com/2013/08/28/martin-luther-kings-google-doodle/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936464123.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074104-00097-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.930844 | 368 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Fast Facts at Your Fingertips!
REA's Quick Access Study Charts contain all the information students, teachers, and professionals need in one handy reference. They provide quick, easy access to important facts.
The charts contain commonly used mathematical formulas, historical facts, language conjugations, vocabulary and more! Great for exams, classroom reference, or a quick refresher on the subject.
- Most laminated charts consist of 2 fold-out panels (4 pages) that fit into any briefcase or backpack.
- Each chart has a 3-hole punch for easy placement in a binder.
- Each chart measures 8 1/2" x 11" | <urn:uuid:8020e669-f2db-4f07-8f55-f854a4eb680f> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | http://store.rea.com/0738607673.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232256381.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20190521122503-20190521144503-00092.warc.gz | en | 0.810326 | 138 | 2.703125 | 3 |
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It may not seem right on a first glance to raise animals in permaculture systems. However, when done on a correct scale, raising animals on a small piece of land can offer balance and sustained fertility, with improved quality of the food products. Animals eat from pastures, as well as from waste products from the land, while at the same time offering fertility and numerous food products for us humans. Check your knowledge of the potential role animals can have in permaculture in the quiz below!
Animals in Permaculture Quiz by Robin Kulpa and Richa Rajoriya is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. | <urn:uuid:2d7dccbb-336b-413e-84ed-c47377a1f5ce> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://www.ruvival.de/animals-in-permaculture-quiz/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875143805.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20200218180919-20200218210919-00136.warc.gz | en | 0.928302 | 151 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Allow tigers to roam more freely
Six years ago at a major tiger conference in Kathmandu, Nepal pledged to double its population of wild tigers by 2022. But that target now looks unattainable — not because of poaching but because of habitat destruction in the Tarai. In 2010, Nepal had 121 adult tigers and that number has grown to 198 today mainly due to an effective anti-poaching campaign and the expansion of protected areas. But the tiger’s range in the Tarai is seeing an explosion of the human population, urban expansion, the spread of highways, and transmission lines and irrigation canals criss-crossing the plains have fragmented the tiger habitat. Please follow the link below to read this report in the Nepali Times. | <urn:uuid:533b68a9-218b-48e6-8fbf-3ba55832e49e> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://www.tigersintheforest.co.uk/articles/allow-tigers-to-roam-more-freely | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703496947.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20210115194851-20210115224851-00581.warc.gz | en | 0.927468 | 151 | 2.90625 | 3 |
- Social development in childhood and adolescence with a focus on the study of friendship and peer acceptance
- Reading instruction
- Remediation in childhood
Vaillancourt, T., Trinh, V., McDougall, P., Duku, E., Cunningham, L., Cunningham, C., Hymel, S., & Short, K. (2010). Optimizing population screening of bullying in school-age children. Journal of School Violence, 9, 233-250.
Vaillancourt, T., Brittain, H., Bennett, L., Arnocky, S., McDougall, P., Hymel, S., Short, K., Sunderani, S., Scott, C., Mackenzie, M., & Cunningham, L. (2010). Places to avoid: Population-based study of student reports of unsafe and high bullying areas at school. Canadian Journal of School Psychology, 25, 40-54.
Vaillancourt, T., McDougall, P., Hymel, S., & Sunderani, S. (2010). Respect or fear? The relationship between power and bullying behaviour. In S. R. Jimmerson, S. M. Swearer & D. L. Espelage (Eds.). Handbook of bullying in schools: An international perspective (pp. 211-222). New York: Routledge.
Aspenlieder, L., Buchanan, C.M., McDougall, P., & Sippola, L. (2009). Gender non-conformity and peer victimization in pre- and early adolescence.” European Journal of Developmental Science, 3, 3-16.
McDougall, P., Vaillancourt, T., & Hymel, S. (2008, November 10). What happens over time to those who bully and those who are victimized? In S.Hymel, S. Swearer & P. Gillett(Eds.), Bullying at School and Online, a special invited issue of education.com. Retrieved DATE from <http://www.education.com
Vaillancourt, T., McDougall, P., Hymel, S., Krygsman, A., Miller, J., Stiver, K., & Davis, C. (2008). Bullying: Are researchers and children/youth talking about the same thing? International Journal of Behavioral Development, 32, 486-495.
Hymel, S., McDougall, P., & Vaillancourt, T. (2008). Peer effects. In the Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, 2nd Edition. Macmillan References USA, Thomson Gale.
McDougall, P. & Vaillancourt, T. (2007). Bullying in context: Why do they stand by and when will they stand up? Queen’s University Education Letter, Fall/Winter, 7-9.
McDougall, P. & Hymel, S. (2007). Same-gender versus cross-gender friendship conceptions: Similar or different? Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 53, 347-380.
Child and Adolescent Development adolescence childhood development friendship peer acceptance reading
Her primary teaching inerests include Developmental Psychology and Research Methods and Design in Psychology. Her research interests centre around social development in childhood and adolescence with a focus on the study of friendship and peer acceptance. In addition, Dr. McDougall has research interests in the area of reading instruction and remediation in childhood. | <urn:uuid:c50a355f-ef00-4f64-bf20-a4b6ebf2f59a> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://artsandscience.usask.ca/profile/PMcDougall | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030335350.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20220929100506-20220929130506-00545.warc.gz | en | 0.758221 | 741 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Let x be a random variable representing dividend yield of Australian bank stocks. We may assume that x has a normal distribution with f$sigma f$ = 2.8%. A random sample of 16 Australian bank stocks has a sample mean dividend yield of 8.91%. For the entire Australian stock market, the mean dividend yield is f$mu f$ = 6.4%. If you wanted to test to determine if these data indicate that the dividend yield of all Australian bank stocks is higher than 6.4%, what is the value of the test statistic? Place your answer, rounded to 3 decimal places, in the blank. For example, 2.345 would be a legitimate entry.
A certain system has two components. There are 10 different models of the first component and 10 different of the second. Any first component can be paired with any second component. A salesman must select 2 of the first component and 3 of the second to take on a sales call. How many different systems can the salesman select? Place your answer in the blank. Do NOT use commas. For example, 2350 would be a legitimate response.© BrainMass Inc. brainmass.com October 10, 2019, 6:59 am ad1c9bdddf
1. This is a z test because we know the variance and the distribution is normal (assuming that the given mean for the entire market is the true ...
some intro. to statistics questions. | <urn:uuid:879f9542-c631-4c26-89a3-3d0882cc0795> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://brainmass.com/statistics/descriptive-statistics/introductory-statistics-563857 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540525821.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20191210041836-20191210065836-00206.warc.gz | en | 0.897452 | 292 | 2.828125 | 3 |
A brain-computer interface (BCI) is a system that provides a communication pathway between the central nervous system (CNS) and an external device. The external device calculates the activity of the central nervous system and replaces, restores or intensifies it.Using BCIs, the CNS can control external software such as a computer or hardware such as a prosthetic arm. This allows BCIs to be used as assisted living devices for people with cognitive or sensory-motor functions or in research.
Different sensor modalities can be used to measure CNS activity in BCIs. Electroencephalography (EEG) involves measuring electric currents during synaptic excitations in the neurons. This is achieved by placing non-invasive electrodes on the scalp. By comparison, electrocorticography measures electrical activity in the cerebral cortex by placing electrodes invasively on the surface of the brain.
A BCI system consists of 4 steps:
- Signal acquisition – brain signals are measured using a specific sensor modality. These signals are digitized and sent to a computer.
- Feature extraction – the important signal characteristics are separated from the background signals.
- Feature translation – signal features are converted into appropriate commands for the output device.
- Device output – commands from feature translation activate the external device, providing functionality for the user.
BCIs have the potential for routine use in treating patients suffering from severe neuromuscular disorders and in the rehabilitation of people who have suffered a stroke, headinjury or other disorder. The continued development of BCIs depends on progress in several areas: development of safe and stable signal acquisition hardware, proven BCI reliability in different user populations, and BCI validation. As with the advent of any new healthcare technology, large randomized clinical trials are required to assess the safety and efficacy of BCIs in patient populations.
Discover the nervous system in detail with the world’s most advanced 3D anatomy atlas, in addition to detailed models covering the olfactory bulb and the peripheral nerve. To see what Complete Anatomy can offer for your study, download today and try it for FREE for 3 days. | <urn:uuid:749b0f7d-6346-47a2-b85b-33e4877964d6> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://3d4medical.com/blog/brain-computer-interfaces | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038064898.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20210411174053-20210411204053-00454.warc.gz | en | 0.918883 | 431 | 3.6875 | 4 |
The successive bad-news stories at the start of 2010 for Toyota illustrate the effect of cultural factors on leadership and organizational behaviours. An understanding of dynastic history will help assess future prospects for the company
In considering the prospects for Toyota, I found myself reflecting on the nature of dynastic rule. Japan itself is still an example of a dynasty-based culture. The Japanese Dynasty is believed to be the oldest continuing hereditary monarchy in the world, with a bloodline stretching back nearly three millennia (660 BC – present day). The Emperor (天皇) symbolises a unity of the state with the Japanese people, and is head of the Japanese Imperial Family, and also the highest authority of its Shinto religion.
It has more recently become accepted to use the term dynasty to refer to family-owned businesses, where we also find transmission of authority and control handed down from generation to generation. Metaphors can be useful for imaginative purposes, but can also be misleading. Nevertheless, it is perhaps worth reflecting on dynastic leadership, and its implications for Toyota.
The Dynastic Principle
Western thought about dynastic power has been greatly influenced by the German social theorist Max Weber. One of his many significant contributions was his work on the nature of ancient and modern social structures. He proposed that traditional societies maintained stability by the society’s acceptance of the legitimacy of their ruler, and the power this permitted in the interests of the State.
Weber went on to suggest that overthrow of a society’s structure and traditions came about through charismatic opposition to them. For Weber, newer religious forms (aligned to state power) often were accompanied by charismatic leaders. He further argued that new form of control suited to modern industrial societies functioned through the power backed up by the legal authority expressed through rules and regulations. His terminology of bureaucratic control is still in common use. That’s how business students used to be taught about Weber’s theories.
Dynasties ancient and modern
The connections between the foundation of sociological thought, and today’s structuring of global organizations, are also being studied by researchers into institutional forms. A promising new area of work is into varieties of capitalism (VoC). The potential significance of this research can hardly be over-emphasized. It offers insights regarding the competitiveness of industrial firms globally, as much as insights into the diverse attempts to ‘civilize capitalism’ (as one researcher puts it).
Toyota, Ford, and other modern dynasties
Toyota may be seen as a modern institutional form, retaining dynastic power internally. The company was founded by Kiichiro Toyoda in 1937 as a spinoff from his father’s company Toyota Industries, and today’s President is Akio Toyoda.
It would be a great over-simplification to assume that such a family-based structure inhibits change and adjustment. Nevertheless, its response to its recent manufacturing and strategy problems appears consistent with a tendency to avoid radical actions which appear as threats to core cultural values.
Generalisations can be dangerous. In America, the history of the mighty Ford motor empire also shows the dynastic principle at work. From the days of Henry Ford until recently, power resided with the founding family, with current Executive chairman William C Ford the fifth generation (by my counting) of the family on board. Interestingly, Ford also came near to ruin with a safety crisis associated with the Ford Pinto in the 1970s. Ford survived that crisis, but has arguably been relatively slow to deal with competitive pressures. In the UK, its acquisition of the much-loved (but eventually cash-strapped) Jaguar mark was reversed by its sale to Tata, another globalising dynasty.
Born or Made Leaders?
Associated with dynastic structure of institutions or cultures, is the question raised of the fitness to lead. Are descendents of a founding entrepreneur especially equipped to lead into the future ? The evidence is less than clear-cut. At very least, the all-powerful leader acting ‘to the manner born’ is vulnerable to events that threaten the continuity of any organisation. Hereditary rulers of States and leaders of organizations exercise power mediated through advisors. At times the advisors contribute to forces which bring about the demise of the figurehead, in the wider interests of the Institution.
Toyota into the future
Jim Taggart, who writes on leadership issues, points to the manufacturing issues facing Toyota. He also cites a press story criticising Toyota’s risk-management approach . To understand Toyota’s present crisis, wider factors also need to be taken into account. Toyota-bashing in the US, as pointed out, is taking place with regard for socio-economic and political vested interests. Students of leadership will find much to consider in this, and in the ‘born or made’ dilemma of leadership. | <urn:uuid:ef2e31f1-bdf3-4094-aff2-4c09319ec811> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | https://leaderswedeserve.wordpress.com/2010/02/21/toyota-duty-and-destiny/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257645775.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20180318130245-20180318150245-00741.warc.gz | en | 0.962105 | 992 | 2.703125 | 3 |
- Recommended Grade Level:
- New York, 1940's
- Study Guide Author:
- Andrew Clausen
- For the Book By:
- George Seldon
- Study Guide Page Count:
- 57 pages
Click here for a sample section of the guide!
Chester Cricket finds a picnic basket full of delicious things to eat, so he hops in for a quick meal - and then becomes trapped as a bag of roast beef sandwiches is set in on top of him! By the time he gets free, Chester discovers he is far away from his country home in Connecticut, and is lost, alone, and afraid amidst the hustle and bustle of a New York City subway station.
Newberry Honor Book.
Our Interactive Study Guide will open with Adobe Acrobat Reader 9.0+. You may still print off the study guide just as before. But with the interactive files, students have the capability of entering their answers directly on the computer and saving their work in progress.
The E-Guide for The Cricket in Times Square is working fairly well. However, a more diversified study guide would be welcome. This one contains too many comprehension questions.
We are enjoying this guide very much. One of the things I like is that it does not have boring repetition with lots of fill in the blanks and closed ended question but instead requires the student to give thought to their answers.
My students love the study guide for "The Cricket in Times Square." Guides them through the different lovable character traits of the characters, discusses their qualities that make them real to the students and to the Bible. Love the questions that make them think!
This book study was wonderful. I like how it covered some science, Biblical, and, obviously, literature. My kids really enjoyed it as well. | <urn:uuid:30419df6-8c23-4c9c-9adf-c68655ce7936> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://stores.progenypress.com/cricket-in-times-square-the-e-guide/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806316.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20171121040104-20171121060104-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.953285 | 367 | 2.984375 | 3 |
In 1964, Tokyo became the first city in Asia to host the Olympics, and this summer, the Japanese capital will serve as the summer Games’ venue once again. With the 2020 Olympics (July 24-August 9, followed by the Paralympics August 25-September 6) comes a brand-new, $1.43-billion main stadium built with timber from each of Japan’s 47 prefectures as well as five new sporting events: skateboarding, baseball and softball, surfing, sports climbing (think lightning-quick, spider-like wall-scaling—here’s a video) and karate.
Even without a coveted Olympics ticket—the Wall Street Journal recently forecasted that a Tokyo seat “looks like the toughest Olympic ticket ever”—Japan’s biggest metropolis has plenty to offer tourists: the bustle of Harajuku shopping district, the crowded-but-orderly Shibuya Crossing, conveyer-belt sushi restaurants, the traditional izakayas that line “Piss Alley,” a fashion exhibit at the National Art Center, views from 2,000 feet up in the Tokyo Skytree and the animated film company Studio Ghibli’s headquarters. 2020 also marks the centennial of Meiji Jingu, a mid-city oasis (volunteers planted 100,000 donated trees that have grown towering in the intervening century) and active Shinto shrine dedicated to a former imperial couple. Meiji-Tenno-Sai, the memorial day of Emperor Meiji, falls on July 30, during the Olympics; the 19th- and 20th-century monarch will be commemorated in a Shinto ceremony, and the affiliated Treasure Museum will waive its usual entry fee. In November, the three-day autumn festival at Meiji Jingu takes place. Expect to see traditional Noh theater, sumo, horseback archery and more.
Tokyo’s first time hosting the Olympics was intended to be 1940, but World War II disrupted those plans, and it’s that global conflict that led to another anniversary this year: 75 years have passed since the U.S. dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The first (and only) use of nuclear weapons in war, the attacks killed an estimated 275,000 people.
This devastating event for Japan is commemorated at the Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum, where a permanent exhibit lays out the belongings of many who died in the strike. The memorial itself—known as the Genbaku Dome—has been preserved exactly as the one-time exhibition hall looked in the immediate aftermath of the bombing. In the port city of Nagasaki, feel the weight of this history at the Atomic Bomb Museum and nearby memorial, the Peace Park and the Atomic Bomb Hypocenter Park, where a lone column pinpoints the spot above which the bomb burst. Both cities are accessible by a combination of shinkansen—bullet trains that debuted for the 1964 Olympics—and express trains. | <urn:uuid:1d0f7e95-b00e-45a1-83b1-52a2522ac28f> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://campechepost.com/2020/02/02/2020-is-olympic-year-in-tokyo-japan/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100739.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20231208081124-20231208111124-00321.warc.gz | en | 0.943601 | 620 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Two main things here, I think: Disordered eating may begin as a way to lose a few pounds or get in shape, but these behaviors can quickly get out of control, become obsessions, and may even turn into an eating disorder.
The focus on food and weight makes those suffering from eating disorders see resonant issues everywhere.
But then, can you explore the fascinating elements without glorifying the disordered thinking? What causes eating disorders? To ensure lasting improvement, psychologists and patients must work together to explore the psychological issues underlying the eating disorder.
As well as not being a supportive read for sufferers, eating disorder novels are also not such an accurate reflection for outsiders. In a paper by the same group open accessgo take a look!
Read more Eating Disorders words, approx. Despite similar severity of symptoms as their thinner counterparts, the findings of this study suggest that these adolescents are diagnosed at a later and more severe point in their disease.
People with eating disorders take such concerns to extremes, developing abnormal eating habits that threaten their well-being and even their lives. While eating disorders are very real and so must be represented in fiction, they should not be lauded, glamorized, or encouraged.
How can a psychologist help someone recover? It is important that you start to talk about your eating habits and concerns now, rather than waiting until your situation gets more serious than you can handle.
And these cases are not unique. Do you feel ashamed, disgusted, or guilty after eating?
Do you ever feel out of control when you are eating? Eating Disorder What is Disordered Eating? She was referred to the eating disorders program by her primary care physician who knew about her eating disorder, but was primarily concerned about her weight and blood pressure.
As part of this treatment, a physician may be called on to rule out medical illnesses and determine that the patient is not in immediate physical danger. Read more Eating Disorders: Pediatrics, 4 DOI: I say fear because I think there is a fear.
Encyclopedia Articles 8 Eating Disorders 2, words, approx. Older women, men and boys can also develop disorders. And an increasing number of ethnic minorities are falling prey to these devastating illnesses.
For one, because eating disorder memoirs can sound wistful and nostalgic, like yearning for a bad ex-boyfriend, and because even the most painful recounting of an eating disorder can sound desirable to a disordered reader … For a second, less personal reason: Sure, being athletic and healthy is a great habit, but little do you know, some men and women starve themselves or put muscle gaining supplements into t But they provide that advice, as dangerous as it is, and thus perpetuate some of the issues.
I asked Binary Star author Sarah Gerard about her relationship with her eating disorder. Qualified therapists such as licensed psychologists with experience in this area can help those who suffer from eating disorders regain control of their eating behaviors and their lives.
The responsibility in this process lies with both the reader and writer. Read more Eating Disorders 1, words, approx. If you have or have had an eating disorder or dieted and used… Hypermetabolism in Anorexia Nervosa by Tetyana May 7, Weight restoration is a crucial component of anorexia nervosa treatment.
In children, part of this dysfunction includes a fear of growing up especially girls. A wide range of situations can precipitate eating disorders in susceptible individuals. A Singaporean Perspective-… by Jacqueline August 12, I previously looked at two retrospective studies of anorexia patients in Singapore, which primarily concerned female patients.
What fear keeps more eating disorders from being depicted—and written—with edge and quirk? Read more Eating Disorders in Young Women words, approx.Or does purging not make for such easy reading? Fat Chance 2 thoughts on “ The Tragic Tales of Eating Disorders in Fiction ” Pingback: Link Love #76 - Worry, Trans Fats, Baby Weight, Insurance Laws, ED Fiction & More © Adios Barbie.
Eating Disorder Series. Disclaimer: This is a series of posts about my experiences with anorexia and bulimia. Many of the things I discuss could be extremely triggering if you are dealing with an eating disorder, so please read at your own risk.
She’s the world champion ironman athlete and she talks a lot about her eating disorders. Could. Explore our list of Eating disorders->Teen fiction Books at Barnes & Noble®. Shop now & receive FREE Shipping on orders $25 & up! Favorite Paperbacks: Buy 2, Get the 3rd Free.
Recovering from an Eating Disorder in a Society that Loves Fat Shaming (and Dieting) November 11, Tetyana 3 Comments. Science of Eating Disorders.
a result that is unlikely to have happened by chance. Aug 30, · Browse Eating disorders news, research and analysis from The Conversation Eating disorders – News, Research and Analysis – The Conversation – page 1 Editions.
On the Literature of Eating Disorders From Sarah Gerard to Alexandra Kleeman, Roxane Gay to Nina Puro.Download | <urn:uuid:9422d41d-0e65-4349-8091-3d67ecd1afa4> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | http://sikawumyfemuludeno.ultimedescente.com/an-analysis-of-teenagers-with-eating-disorders-in-the-novel-fat-chance-8051580515.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583516135.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20181023111223-20181023132723-00079.warc.gz | en | 0.958633 | 1,048 | 2.90625 | 3 |
1888 British map of Japan and Corea
This is a map made in 1888 by J. Bartholomew who was a famous geographer. Liancourt Rocks (Hornet Rocks) were not drawn in this map but Dagelet island was drawn with the Japanese name Matsu-sima in parentheses. Most importantly, there is a borderline between Japan and Korea (Corea). The same line divided west part of Japan in three districts - Kyushu, Shikoku and Honshu. And the borderline indicated that Dagelet island was Japan's territory, although this is not true but it shows UK in the 1880's thought so. Liancourt Rocks, which was discovered by UK in 1855 as Hornet Rocks, were not included here but if they were, they should be definitely drawn as Japan's territory. | <urn:uuid:6d268578-6368-46f9-a404-2a3d02f81078> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://dokdo-or-takeshima.blogspot.com/2008/08/1888-british-map-of-japan-and-corea.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189734.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00209-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.983262 | 171 | 3.46875 | 3 |
Tauseef Ahmad Parray, Karachi, Qirtas, 2017
Writing on the Qur’ān and more significantly in the area of Qur’ānic Studies- is an interesting and exciting academic discipline, spread over a number of branches, to which Muslims (from classical to contemporary era) and non-Muslims(to Western scholars) have contributed extensively. Besides the Tafsir literature, ‘Ulum al- Qur’ān, translations of the Qur’ān in various languages (especially English), and other interrelated aspects, there have emerged, since the last few decades, many new trends in this field-ranging from Qur’ānic hermeneutics, contextualist approach to Qur’ān/ Qur’ānic text, thematic interpretations of Qur’ān, Qur’ān for daily recitation, to simple introductions to the Qur’ān, and personal wrestling(s) with the sacred text. (p.20)
In this context the author Tauseef Ahmad Parray’s book Towards Understating Some Qur’ānic Terms, Concepts and Themes meets many needs of readers at a wide scale. It provides an excellent opportunity to gain or renew acquaintance with the meaning and message of such a masterpiece as the Qur’ān, the word of God. (p.7)
The introductory part of this book discussed The Nobel Qur’ān-sacred Text of Truth, wisdom, knowledge, and Guidance par-Excellence.The Noble Qur’ān- the word of Allah, the supreme authority in Islam- is Allah’s last revelation, intended and envisioned for all times and all places, to guide mankind in all domains of life. It is the ultimate, decisive, supreme, and paramount source of all Islamic commands, directives, and teachings-covering areas such as the faith, beliefs, doctrines, rituals, ethics, laws, and what not. The guidance of the noble Qur’ān, indeed, covers all aspects of human life, individual and collective,religious, moral, ethical, spiritual, social, political, economic, cultural, aesthetic, material, legal, intellectual etc. That is, the noble Qur’ān, the Divine Writ-the Best, most Excellent, Complete, and Comprehensive Book-contains guidelines and message, rules and guiding principles of truth, regarding human life in entirely. (pp.31-32)
Tauseef Ahmad Parray divided this part into three sub-parts (pp.44-68):
- Modern Scholarship (Trends and Approaches) in the Qur’ānic Studies: A Brief Overview).
- ‘Thematic’ Studies of Qur’ān, and the Present Work: Contents, Context, and Contribution.
- On Citation of the Qur’ān, Resources Utilized, and the Referencing Style.
The book’s thematic emphasis is that the noble Qur’ān serves for mankind as a complete and comprehensive constitution, which is explained fully with “basis of true knowledge” and is“guidance and mercy for those who believe” (Q.7:52). A ‘Differentiator’ and ‘Criterion’ (Q.25-1)-a criterion between right and wrong, virtue and vice, good and evil, and above all, truth and falsehood- the Qur’ān is the basis of Islamic law and theology; and the entire religious life of the Muslims, around the globe, is built around the Sacred Text of the Qur’ān.(p.44) This book consists of twenty-two topics on various key terms, basic concepts, vital and vibrant themes of Qur’ān and things Qur’ānic, and some (much-debated and constantly-contested) contemporary issues. These are divided into two sections, viz: Some key Terms and Basic ConceptsandVital Themes and Some Contemporary Issues. (pp. 25-26)
Section I, begins with “Some key Terms and Basic Concepts”.Then the author focuses some Qur’ānic key terms, for example (pp.69-168):
- Human Life: ‘Worldly Life’ (Hayat al-Dunya) and ‘Life Hereafter’ (Akhirah)
- Worship ( ‘Ibadah)
- Sincerity (Ikhlas)
- Piety/God-Consciousness (Taqwa)
- Virtuousness (Salih)
- Love (Hubb)
- Excellence (Ihsan)
- Reason/ Intellect (‘Aql)
- Thinking (Tafakkur)
- Knowledge (‘Ilm)
- entitled the Time (Al-Asr) and the Dynamics of Change
Tauseef Ahmad Parray writes that “human life is sacred, sacrosanct, and is one of the blessings of Almighty, and the main purpose of creation is to serve Him with sincerity and with utmost piety”. Section-I, he mentioned that Human Life,‘Ibadah,Ikhlas,Taqwa. Serving and Worshipping, followed by doing good and righteous deeds-deeds which are loved and liked by Lord-leads on to the highest stage of virtuousness and excellence: hence the topics Salih,Hubb,Ihsan, which is considered as the highest virtue (pp. 27-28). Moreover, human beings (being bestowed the title of ‘Crown of the Creation’: Ashraf al-Makhluqat) occupy the most significant position in the divine scheme; they have been conferred and bestowed by Allah with the abilities, aptitudes,and propensities of insight and perception, wisdom and rationally reasoning, thinking, and their use as sources of knowledge to know and understand the Ultimate Reality: hence the topics on ‘Aql, Tafakkur, and‘Ilm. This whole process-from ‘Ibadahto Ihsanand ‘Aql to‘Ilm-needs to be executive, performed, and accomplished by following the ‘timeless’ Divine Guidance in spatiotemporal setting (or space-time constraints), which is best illustrated in Surah al-‘Asr (Q.103): hence, the list (in section-I) ends with time (Al-‘Asr) and Dynamics of Change. (p.28)
Section II is entitled “Major Themes and Some Contemporary Issues”.In this section, the author explained (pp.168-272):
- Concept of Man, Human Nature and Human Psyche
- Ethics and Morality
- Modesty (Haya) and Indecency (Fahisha)
- Social Ethics in Islam
- Individual and Society Relationship (‘Integration’ and ‘Socialization’)
- Concept of History
- Rise and Fall of Nations (Ummam)
- Moral Corruption and its Qur’ānic Solution: Social Reform (Islah) and Change (Tagayyur)
- Ijtihad: Implications and importance
- Shura-Democracy Nexus
- Religious Pluralism and its Scriptural Foundations
Parray defines “the noble Qur’ān squarely aimed at man indeed is a Book which appeals to ‘human psyche’ and conscience and guides him to perform activities in an ethical and moral way. A Book of Guidance-Guidance unto Mankind- is ultimately a book about ethics and morality, so it appreciates ethics and morality in every aspect of life, both individual and communal: hence the topic/themes fromHuman Nature and Human Psyche, Individual and Society Relationship. This, in turn, means that immortal, unethical, and indecent activities are neither permissible nor liked by the One, who revealed His last Book to the Last messenger”. (p. 29)Section-II, the author also highlight theConcept of history, rise and fall of nations, and moral corruption and the discussion on some of the contemporary, crucial and hotly debated, socio-political topics/issues, like Ijtihad (as a dynamic tool for reformation), Shura-democracy nexus, and Religious Pluralism-showing the ‘Relevance’ of the Sacred Text for our times, and by that way, for all times and places. (pp.29-30)
The work is beautifully followed by the Introduction, Some key terms,Basic Concepts of the Qur’ān and end with Bibliography.It is important to stress that the author successfully fulfils his objectives of providing an overview.
Overall, this book shows the author’s lucid knowledge of Qur’ān andQur’ānic studies and offers a positive framework, within which non-Muslim readers can understand Islam the way Muslims see it. Lastly, the book was an enjoyable and easy read. Hopefully, it will find a large audience among both Muslims and non-Muslims.
Reviewed by Sumaiya Ahmed (Ph.D), Department of Islamic Studies, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India. Email Id: [email protected] | <urn:uuid:080f4a8f-2764-41a7-8adc-5a7d852e6192> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | http://muslimsocieties.org/towards-understating-some-quranic-terms/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039746926.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20181121011923-20181121033923-00156.warc.gz | en | 0.89238 | 1,966 | 2.515625 | 3 |
verb (crabs, crabbing, crabbed)
- A crustacean of the infraorder Brachyura, having five pairs of legs, the foremost of which are in the form of claws, and a carapace.
- A bad-tempered person.
- (context, in plural crabs, informal) An infestation of pubic lice.
- (slang) A playing card with the rank of three.
- (intransitive) To fish for crabs.
- (intransitive) To complain.
- (intransitive) (by analogy with the movement of a crab) Of an aircraft, such as a glider, to move sideways.
- (transitive) (by analogy with the movement of a crab) To navigate (an aircraft, e.g., a glider) sideways against an air current in order to maintain a straight-line course.
- (context, obsolete) In World War 1, to fly slightly off the straight-line course towards an enemy aircraft, as the machine guns on early aircraft did not allow firing through the propeller disk.
- (rare) To back out of something.
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Full Definition of crab | <urn:uuid:65dfea46-b11a-4092-b36a-86693193345e> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://www.allwords.com/query.php?SearchType=3&Keyword=Crab&goquery=Find+it%21&Language=ENG | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038075074.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20210413213655-20210414003655-00493.warc.gz | en | 0.894357 | 278 | 2.90625 | 3 |
In Vitro Fertilisation (IVF) And Intra Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI)
Flinders Fertility has been at the forefront of assisted conception techniques since the late 1970s, providing couples with the hope of achieving a successful pregnancy and of giving birth to a healthy baby.
Fertility clinics such as Flinders Fertility add to reproductive choices and potential self-determination, and can be said to offer, at the very least, the prospect of hope where before there may have been none.
What Is IVF & ICSI?
IVF is the process of fertilisation by combining an egg and sperm outside the body in a test tube. When the IVF procedure is successful, the process is combined with a procedure known as embryo transfer, which is used to physically place the embryo in the uterus.
ICSI is a technique utilised to inject a single sperm into a mature egg with a very fine glass needle by means of a micro-manipulator in order to achieve fertilisation, unlike conventional IVF. A single motile, mature, normal looking sperm is selected for injection under a high magnification microscope.
The general steps in an IVF and embryo transfer cycle are:
- Stimulate the development of a number of follicles in the ovaries. The ovarian follicle is the fluid sac containing the egg.
- Cycle monitoring.
- Trigger ovulation.
- Collect the eggs (follicular aspiration) and collect the semen containing sperm.
- Combine the eggs and sperm together in the laboratory and provide the appropriate environment for fertilisation and early embryo growth.
- Transfer embryo/s into the uterus.
- Luteal Support.
- Blood Test for pregnancy.
For further information, please view our IVF - What To Expect video.
When May IVF & ICSI Be Used?
IVF and ICSI may be used:
- For damaged or blocked fallopian tubes or pelvic adhesions with distorted pelvic anatomy.
- For male factor infertility, including decreased sperm count and blockage. ICSI is an IVF procedure that can fertilize eggs even with poor sperm quality or low sperm count. Please go to our Causes of Infertility page for further information.
- After cycles of Ovulation Induction (OI) or Intrauterine Insemination (IUI) have failed.
- When the woman is of advanced age (over about 38 years of age).
- Treating fertility issues caused by Polycystic Ovary Syndrome.
- For unexplained infertility. Unexplained infertility means standard fertility tests have not found the cause of the fertility issue.
Possible risks of IVF and ICSI include:
- IVF can be stressful as it requires a significant physical, emotional, financial, and time commitment.
- The medication used to stimulate follicle growth during an IVF cycle may cause bloating, abdominal pain, mood swings, headaches, and other side effects.
- Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) occurs in some women who have an over response to the stimulating medication. It is a relatively uncommon but potentially serious complication, so a great deal of care is taken to avoid it. OHSS may be mild, moderate or serious. The more severe symptoms of OHSS, which is very rare, include the following: severe abdominal pain, nausea or vomiting, decreased urinary frequency, dark-coloured urine, shortness of breath.
- Risks of egg retrieval include reactions to anesthesia, bleeding, infection, and damage to structures surrounding the ovaries, including the bowel and bladder. These serious complications are rare. In a small number of women the introduction of the embryo transfer catheter into the uterus produces abdominal cramping and short term vaginal bleeding.
Find Out More
At Flinders Fertility we recognise that a website may not cover all your information requirements. That's why we offer a number of information options. So, if you want to find out more about IVF and ICSI, either:
- Call on 131 IVF (131 483) to talk to one of our Fertility Specialists.
- Email us at [email protected].
- Seek a referral to Flinders Fertility from your Doctor.
If you require the aid of an interpreter please let us know, as well as any specific regional dialect that you may require. | <urn:uuid:2bbcbfc9-4733-4a0f-80fb-14ad92ddc10d> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | https://www.flindersfertility.com.au/treatments-services/ivf-icsi | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257648103.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20180322225408-20180323005408-00281.warc.gz | en | 0.904124 | 916 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Francisco Franco, the former fascist dictator of Spain, gave the Nazis a list of every Jew in his country in order to facilitate efforts to locate, deport and destroy them, according to a document found recently in a Spanish archive and reported on Sunday by the Spanish daily El Pais.
The paper said that in 1941, Spain prepared a list of all 6,000 Jews in its territory and gave it to the architect of the Nazis' Final Solution, Heinrich Himmler. At the time, Spain and Germany were negotiating over Spain's entry into the Axis alliance.
In the end, however, no alliance was signed, and Spain remained neutral throughout World War II.
After the Nazis' defeat in 1945, the Spanish government tried to destroy all evidence of its cooperation with the Germans. But the document recently found in an archive in the city of Zaragoza, in northeastern Spain, sheds light on what Franco sought to hide.
The document is an official order, dated May 13, 1941, issued by Franco's chief of security, Jose Maria Finat y Escriva de Romani, to all provincial governors. It instructs them to prepare a list of every Jew in their district, both local residents and foreigners, along with details about "their personal and political leanings, their means of supporting themselves, their commercial activity, the level of threat they constitute and their security classification."
Himmler also requested that the list include Jews who had converted to Christianity. And provincial governors were asked to make special efforts to locate Sephardi Jews, descendants of those who were expelled in 1492, since they were able to conceal themselves among the local populace due to their ability to speak Ladino, a Jewish dialect that is largely based on Spanish.
"Their adaptation to our environment and their similar temperament allow them to hide their origin more easily," the order explained. "These people do not stand out, and therefore it is especially hard to foil their efforts at subversion."
The order refers to the Jews as "that infamous race."
Franco ruled Spain from 1939 until his death in 1975. After World War II, he tried to claim that he actually strove to save the Jews of Spain. But historians say that fascist Spain did not stay neutral due to any ideological opposition to joining the Axis, but only because the Spanish Civil War of 1936-9 had left the country in such a bad economic shape.
It is true that Franco built no concentration camps on Spanish territory, nor did he voluntarily hand Jews over to Germany. However, neither did he make the kind of efforts to save Jews that Spain's neutrality would have allowed - and he did send 18,000 Spanish volunteers to fight alongside the Germans on the eastern front from 1941 to 1943.
In contrast, Spanish diplomats throughout Europe did save thousands of Jews. But they were working on their own, at great personal risk, in defiance of Franco's official policy. These diplomats gave transit visas to Jewish refugees - most of them of Spanish descent - and also sheltered many Jews in Spanish consulates and embassies in Hungary, France, Greece, Germany, Bulgaria and Romania.
Click here to read the entire article. | <urn:uuid:0b8ac297-8255-409c-85ef-b2ec7a7d8677> | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | http://www.jewishgen.blogspot.com/2010/06/wwii-document-reveals-general-franco.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398446300.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205406-00191-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.982029 | 642 | 2.84375 | 3 |
The work of the Sydney Female Refuge Society (SFRS) was widely reported in the Sydney newspapers of the day, and a large number of its annual reports and minutes for the period 1860 to 1900 are still available. For these reasons, a close examination of its membership is possible and this throws light on the committee members’ social and religious relationships. This charity conformed to a common model among nineteenth century charities with a separate ‘ladies committee’ and a ‘gentlemen’s committee’ and it has been possible to establish their membership over this 40 year span during which time some 198 individuals (104 women and 94 men) served as members. While no-one over this period equalled the record of service of its secretary Ann Goodlet (the full 40 years for Ann and 39 years for her husband, John) others were involved for considerable lengths of time.
In order to ascertain and illustrate something of the relationships of committee members, those who served on the committee for ten or more years between 1860 and 1900 were researched for details of their background, age, religious affiliation and social standing. Some 63 individuals fell into this category, 37 women and 26 men. The task of identifying these individuals in order to understand who they were in colonial society was relatively easy in the case of the male members of the committee. They were invariably referred to with a Christian name or an initial in addition to their surname and this allowed identification. Identifying the female members proved rather more difficult.
During this period the women who served on the committee were all married, and in its reports the society followed the nineteenth century custom of simply referring to women members as ‘Mrs Robinson’ or ‘Mrs Jones’, usually without a Christian name or initial. Such a designation, apart from subsuming the women in their husband’s identity, made the women’s identification a difficult but not impossible task. Through a careful reading of contemporary literature on the SFRS, and noting dates of commencement and stoppage of service, together with knowledge of the groups of women who were involved in a wide range of charitable activities, it has been possible to identify these women (some of whom are pictured in this article with an indication of their years of service). Such identifications have been made with a high degree of confidence in their accuracy. It has also been possible to determine some personal details, background, social and economic standing, religious background and family connections for both the women and the men.
The husbands of the women who served were mostly businessmen and merchants while the remainder were represented by bankers, architects, clergy, lawyers and manufacturers. There were some very wealthy couples, such as the Goodlets and Allens, but most were probably drawn from those who were simply financially secure.
One of the significant features of the group of people who served on the SFRS was the longevity of their service. Of those serving ten years or more the average period of service was 21 years for each. (Figure 1) This is a remarkable attribute of the group which demonstrates a high commitment to the work of the society, to one another, and probably to the presence of both a harmonious leadership and a cooperative attitude within the group, applying equally to the ladies as to the gentlemen’s committee.
Through service on other charitable bodies the Goodlets, and others on the committee, had extensive relationships with a significant number of their fellow long-serving members. This extensive network of familiarity must have facilitated the work of these charitable organisations and also helped in recruiting members for their committees when vacancies needed to be filled. Indeed, Godden observes that it was probably the existence of these philanthropic networks which ensured that a Charity Organisation Society was largely seen, in Sydney at least, as unnecessary for ‘the network acted as an informal organisation preventing individuals receiving aid from more than one society.’
The colonial philanthropic scene was characterised by a network of philanthropists who were involved together in various organisations and thus knew one another. Figure 2 is a sample of the relationships that the Goodlets, as the longest serving SFRS members, shared with its members in other philanthropic contexts. It has not been possible to systematically map the full extent of such relationships due to the paucity of sources, but the sample demonstrates that the Goodlets must have had an extensive network of contacts and relationships through their conscientious involvement in many charitable organisations. What was true of the Goodlets was also true, to a significant but lesser degree, for most other long-serving members of the SFRS.
As noted by Godden, philanthropic organisations involving substantial numbers of women often had significant economic, social and family networks within them. Some of those family networks connected with the SFRS emanated from the Pitt Street Congregational Church in which ‘the families of Ambrose Foss, John Fairfax, David Jones, Randolph Nott, James Reading, James Thompson, Robert Bourne, George A Lloyd, R.A. Wilshire and Lancelot Threlkeld were linked in a complex web of marital alliances’. Because of the strong involvement of Congregational Church members in the SFRS, these family alliances were also present in the SFRS. Some of those SFRS alliances are illustrated in a simplified form in Figure 3 together with some other family relationships, ‘related by marriage’ and ‘blood relative’, which existed within the membership of the SFRS with other prominent philanthropic families of the time. The effect of this family network structure was to strengthen the links and contacts that members of the SFRS, had beyond the Society.
All members were Protestant which owes something to the history of SFRS origins rather than a deliberate resistance to the inclusion of Roman Catholics in the governance of the Society. Godden believes the origin of the Protestant refuge lay in sectarian rivalry and inaccurately says that ‘such was the sectarian rivalry that the two groups strongly resisted a government attempt to rationalise their services by amalgamation.’ According to the founding SFRS committee, as a matter of first importance, they considered whether the institution should be conducted on solely protestant principles, or whether the broad and comprehensive policy of the Benevolent Society should be adopted. It was decided that the comprehensive principle should be adopted and that the institution, both in its management and in its direct operation, should be open to persons of all denominations. Accordingly, the Roman Catholics were approached to be involved. The Government, in the person of the Colonial Secretary, was encouraging and thoroughly approved of the comprehensive principle. The Government was, the Colonial Secretary said, well aware of the need to deal with those ‘female emigrants who had unhappily fallen into vice, either shortly before their embarkation, or during the voyage out.’
Unknown to the founders of the SFRS and the general public, the Roman Catholic clergy, assisted by the Sisters of Charity, had recently formed their own society, the House of the Good Shepherd and had applied to the Government for assistance. The Government promised support for the work of the two refuges conditional on them being constituted on the same principle as the Benevolent Society. On this basis, and consistent with its own principles, the SFRS sought to open dialogue with Archbishop Polding to amalgamate the two societies so as to enhance the work and attract support from the Government. After several months delay on the part of the House of the Good Shepherd, the SFRS came to the conclusion that ‘there never existed the slightest desire on the part of the House of the Good Shepherd to form a coalition in accordance with the wishes of the Government.’ The SFRS thoroughly reported the matter to the Government in order, no doubt, to make sure the Government understood that it was not the SFRS that was coy of a united society and that the resistance to the idea was all on the Roman Catholic side. The SFRS then proceeded to do its work which was, as a result of lack of will on the part of Polding, protestant in flavour but in accord with its own ideals and those of the Government, non-sectarian in its admission policy. Sir Alfred Stephen suggested it was, in reality, probably to the benefit of both institutions that the amalgamation was not affected as such work was deeply religious in nature.
While all members of the SFRS were protestant, the various protestant groups were not represented in accord with their strength within the community. The data records the denominational allegiance of those members who served for ten years or more and the great under-representation of the Church of England, and the great strength of the Congregationalists, becomes particularly evident. These Congregationalists were largely, though not exclusively, drawn from the Pitt Street Congregational Church. The percentage of Wesleyans was greater than their NSW protestant percentage and the percentage of Presbyterians was also greater than their NSW percentage. While the Presbyterians made up a considerable percentage of the membership of the committee, it was still not greatly above their state protestant percentage. (Figure 4)
This indicates that the Goodlets may not have, in their leadership of the SFRS, particularly tapped into their Presbyterian network and their relationships within that network to provide members for the committee between 1860 and 1900. When these figures are viewed over time, however, a different picture emerges for during this time period the influence of the Presbyterians on the SFRS is significantly increased. (Figure 5) This is particularly true for the period 1883 to 1900 when the percentage of Presbyterians increased from some 15% in 1883, which was about the average percentage of Presbyterians up to that time, to 40% by 1900.
This increase is suggestive that the SFRS was progressively more reliant on Presbyterian support, and that the influence of the Goodlets among the Presbyterians was probably a significant factor in this change. Their relationships among Presbyterians was such that they were both able to retain and attract Presbyterians to the work. What is also noticeable is that from the late 1880s onwards, when public interest in the Society was on the wane, the Goodlets also utilised their family and business networks to provide members to run the society. Annie Goodlet (John’s brother’s wife) became a member in 1888, Florence Copeland (an ‘adopted’ niece) joined in 1903, Alfred Macfarlan (nephew and Secretary of Goodlet and Smith) in 1908, Mrs Amy Macfarlan (nephew’s wife) in 1909, and Albyn Stewart (a Director of Goodlet and Smith) in 1913.
The society continued its work into the twentieth century, but with decreasing public support it unsuccessfully sought amalgamation with the Sydney City Mission and sale of the property. Interestingly, the Church of England, who were later in 1925 to be given the Rosebank property and the ministry as it struggled to continue, had decreased their influence over the period. In the early days of the SFRS, the Church of England had constituted some 40% of the membership, but by 1900 this had reduced to 20%. After the death of John Goodlet in 1914, the influence of the local Church of England church was seen as it increasingly took on the work of maintaining the SFRS. This was no doubt facilitated by the fact that Goodlet’s nephew, Alfred Macfarlan as well as his wife Amy, were members of this church and involved in the SFRS. While becoming part of the ministry of the Church of England was not desirable, from the point of view of the SFRS members, in the end it was the only viable option left if its work was to continue.
Dr Paul F Cooper, Research Fellow, Christ College, Sydney.
The appropriate way to cite this article is as follows:
Paul F Cooper The members of the Sydney Female Refuge Society 1860 – 1900 12 May 2016 available at
Ann was eventually to serve the SFRS for 47 years and John 53.
See Appendix 3 in Paul F Cooper, John and Ann Goodlet, a study in Colonial Christian Philanthropy, (PhD Thesis, Macquarie University, 2013) for the detail on the members of the Committee.
Godden, Philanthropy and the Women’s Sphere, 365. The Goodlets were, however, supportive of the work of the Sydney Charity Organisation and gave £5 per annum in years 1888-1890 but it functioned more as a relief society than a group seeking to organise Sydney charities.
Godden, Philanthropy and the Woman’s Sphere, Sydney, 1870-circa 1900. (PhD Thesis Macquarie University, 1983), 365.
Susan Emilsen, Ben Skerman, Paticia Curthoys and William Emilsen, Pride of Place, A history of the Pitt Street Congregational Church (Melbourne: Circa, 2008), 45.
Judith Godden, ‘Sectarianism and Purity Within the Woman’s Sphere: Sydney Refuges During the Late Nineteenth Century,’ Journal of Religious History 14:3 (1987), 292.
Godden, Philanthropy and the Woman’s Sphere, 112.
The terms of the proposal for a United Society for the task are reported in SMH, May 7, 1866, 2.
Sydney Female Refuge Society, The First Annual Report (Sydney: Kemp and Fairfax, 1849), 9.
SMH, December 2, 1848, 2.
Sydney Female Refuge Society, The First Annual Report,16.
Stephen’s gracious view was ‘There was, therefore, not only no blame attachable to any one for the non-amalgamation of the two societies; but if the amalgamation were effected, it might be productive of evil rather than of good.’ SMH, September 28, 1849, 2. Stephen was probably correct about the benefit of the non-amalgamation but the members of the SFRS who tried to facilitate the amalgamation believed the failure lay squarely with Roman Catholic authorities who had no intention of amalgamating.
SMH, October 11, 1922, 14; August 6, 1924, 14.
SMH, February 17, 1923, 20.
SMH, July 7, 1925, 9. | <urn:uuid:711326b2-d689-424e-8a06-e59293e2c849> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://colonialgivers.com/2016/05/12/the-members-of-the-sydney-female-refuge-society-1860-1900/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243991772.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20210517115207-20210517145207-00446.warc.gz | en | 0.974108 | 2,924 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Omo Valley is undoubtedly one of the most unique places on earth because of the wide variety of people and animals that inhabit it. It is located in Africa's Great Rift Valley. The region is known for its culture and diversity.
The tribes that live in the lower Omo Valley are believed to be among the most fascinating on the continent of Africa and around the world. Tours are offered to several towns and villages. It is often you come into contact with the following tribes: Arbore, Ari, Bena, Bodi, Bumi, Daasanech (Geleb), Dorze, Hamer (Hamar), Kara (or Karo), Konso, Kwegu (or Muguji), Mursi, Tsemay, and Turkana when you tour the valley.
The Omo River runs through the valley and empties into Lake Turkana. The river is an important resource and without it the tribes and animals in Southern Ethiopia would not survive. In 2006 work began on the Gibe III dam. The dam will block part of the Omo River which experts state will impact the ecosystem, tribes and animals that live in the valley.
After the earliest known discovery of Homo Sapien (Human) fossil fragments were found. The lower Omo Valley and Lake Turkana which is primarly located in Kenya, have both been declared World Heritage sites by the United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization or (UNESCO).
Omovalley.com offers interesting information and quality photo images of the tribes, animals, rivers and national parks that are found in this remote area of the world. Schedule a trip to the Omo Valley or surrounding areas here. | <urn:uuid:57ebf14a-7ceb-4849-9276-81b05f20484d> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://www.omovalley.com/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818686465.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20170920052220-20170920072220-00420.warc.gz | en | 0.955609 | 344 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Optimal examples of what the system regards as pedestrians with clear body contours.
Optimal performance of the system requires that the system function that detects pedestrians receives as unambiguous information as possible about the contours of the body - this implies the opportunity to identify the head, arms, shoulders, legs, upper and lower body combined with a normal human pattern of movement.
If large parts of the body are not visible to the function's camera then the system cannot detect a pedestrian.
- In order for a pedestrian to be detected he/she must appear full-length and have a height of at least 80 cm.
- The camera sensor's ability to see pedestrians at dusk and dawn is limited - just like the human eye.
- The camera sensor's capacity to detect pedestrians is deactivated when driving in darkness and tunnels - even when streetlights are lit.
"Collision Warning with Auto Brake and Cyclist and Pedestrian Detection" is a means of assistance. The function cannot detect all pedestrians in all situations and does not see, for example:
- partially obscured pedestrians, people in clothing that hides their body contour or pedestrians shorter than 80 cm.
- pedestrians who are carrying larger objects.
The driver is always responsible that the vehicle is driven properly and with a safety distance adapted to the speed. | <urn:uuid:9560cdc2-c6d8-43ff-a02f-e9aa2a901dc4> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://www.volvocars.com/my/support/manuals/s60-cross-country/2016w46/driver-support/collision-warning-system/collision-warning-system---detection-of-pedestrians | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400197946.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20200920094130-20200920124130-00225.warc.gz | en | 0.93334 | 269 | 2.765625 | 3 |
From ancient times, Moscow has been known as a capital of Russia; however, it gained a status of real capital in the 15 century. Before, this title belonged to Vladimir.
Vladimir is an easy reachable destination from Moscow; it is located 180 km far from it and about 1 h 45 min by train.
Typical tour of Vladimir includes central sights of the city and the nearby village of Bogolyubovo.
Among numerous highlights of the city are objects of the Russian architecture of the pre-Mongol era, that were well preserved and are distinguished by their uniqueness. This fact makes Vladimir one of the best Russian cities in terms of historical architecture.
Vladimir’s Golden Gate was built in the image of Golden Gate of Kiev, Constantinople and Jerusalem. None of these Golden Gates were not preserved as well as Vladimir’s Gate did. Moreover, it is considered a unique monument of military architecture of ancient Russia.
The main Vladimir’s cathedral is the Assumption Cathedral intended as the main cathedral of Russia. This majestic temple contains frescoes of Andrei Rublev, the famous Russian icon painter. The Vladimir’s Cathedral served as a prototype of the Assumption Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin.
Next to the Assumption Cathedral, there is the Cathedral of St Dmitry, which is a classic example of the architecture of the 12th century and a unique monument of stone-carved decoration with 566 stone figures.
The nearby village of Bogolyubovo houses the Bogolyubsky monastery with ruins of the white stone castle of the 12th century, a remarkable monument of civil architecture. Besides, there is the Church of Intercession on the Nerl, which is believed the perfect church of ancient Russia due to harmony of its proportions.
In addition, Vladimir and Bogolyubovo, have other less significant but still very valuable monuments, including the Asumption Cathedral of the Knyaginin monastery built in early 16th century with the amazing frescoes of the 17th century, the majestic Cathedral of Our Lady of Bogolyubsk, etc.
Longitude: 40°24’29”E (40.4135)
Latitude: 56°8’16”N (56.1377)
Population: about 350,000
Land area: 124.6 sq km / 48 sq mi
The phone code is +7 4922
Standard time zone: GMT/UTC +3:00 hour
The town is located 112 mi (180 km) from Moscow. | <urn:uuid:edb6399b-253a-4854-b62b-40093cb5bf7d> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://www.russiaeguide.com/vladimir/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141186414.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20201126030729-20201126060729-00406.warc.gz | en | 0.947555 | 524 | 2.703125 | 3 |
A fossil discovered in Ethiopia suggests that humans' prehistoric relatives may have lived in the trees for a million years longer than was previously thought.
The find may be our first glimpse of a separate, extinct, branch of the human family, collectively called hominins. It also hints that there may have been several evolutionary paths leading to feet adapted for walking upright.
The fossil, a partial foot, was found in 3.4-million-year-old rocks at Woranso-Mille in the Afar region of Ethiopia. Bones of the hominin Australopithecus afarensis — the species to which the famous 'Lucy' skeleton belongs — have also been found in this location and from the same period.
But unlike Au. afarensis, the latest find has an opposable big toe — rather like a thumb on the foot — that would have allowed the species to grasp branches while climbing. Modern apes have similar toes, but the youngest hominin previously known to have them is Ardipithecus ramidus, which lived about 4.4 million years ago. The details of the discovery are published today in Nature.
Au. afarensishas a big toe that is more closely aligned with the other digits on the foot, an adaptation that provides support during upright walking. Au. afarensis "was fully bipedal and had already abandoned life in the trees", says study author Yohannes Haile-Selassie of the Cleveland Museum of Natural History in Ohio, whereas the newly discovered creature had not seemingly committed to life on the ground.
Other features of the fossil foot show that it did not belong to an ape, but that it is truly a member of the hominins, says Haile-Selassie. The latest specimen is "very much like the Ardipithecus foot, which I believe had many hominin features, so it's likely to be a hominin", agrees Daniel Lieberman, an anthropologist at Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts, who was not involved in the study.
Good grasp of history
The discovery shows that one hominin lineage had grasping feet for at least a million years after Ar. ramidus. The creature was probably more agile in the trees than Au. afarensis but less nimble on two feet, says William Harcourt-Smith, an anthropologist at the City University of New York's Lehman College. "We can only get a tantalizing glimpse at this, but its bipedal gait is likely to have been very different from Lucy's and was probably a lot less efficient," he says.
The finding will force a rethink regarding the course of early hominin evolution, Harcourt-Smith adds. The addition of a mystery hominin species at this crucial time period suggests that the new species' lineage split from that leading to Lucy earlier in hominin history, and provides further evidence against the idea that modern humans evolved via a linear progression of species from apes. "This [finding] is fascinating, and makes the evolution of this defining behavior not a single, linear evolutionary event, but a far more complex affair," Harcourt-Smith says. | <urn:uuid:f9925545-fd55-4189-bffb-382e72a42fe5> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/ancient-human-had-feet-like-an-ape/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583743003.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20190120224955-20190121010955-00198.warc.gz | en | 0.963241 | 653 | 4.09375 | 4 |
Prolonged exposure to pollutant particles was shown to reduce the output of workers in China
Economists from the National University of Singapore (NUS) have completed an extensive study which reveals that exposure to air pollution over several weeks is not just unhealthy, it can also reduce employee productivity.
Associate Professor Alberto Salvo from the Department of Economics at the NUS Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences and an author of the study, explained, “Most of us are familiar with the negative impact air pollution can have on health, but as economists, we wanted to look for other socioeconomic outcomes. Our aim with this research was to broaden the understanding of air pollution in ways that have not been explored. We typically think that firms benefit from lax pollution regulations, by saving on emission control equipment and the like; here we document an adverse effect on the productivity of their work force.”
The results of this study were published in the American Economic Journal: Applied Economics on 3 January 2019.
The link between air pollution and productivity
The NUS team, including Associate Professor Liu Haoming and Dr He Jiaxiu, spent over a year gathering information from factories in China. This involved interviewing managers at one dozen firms in four separate provinces, before obtaining access to data for two factories, one in Henan and the other in Jiangsu.
The factories were textile mills, and workers were paid according to each piece of fabric they made. This meant that daily records of productivity for specific workers on particular shifts could be examined. Hence, the researchers compared how many pieces each worker produced each day to measures of the concentration of particulate matter that the worker was exposed to over time.
A standard way of determining the severity of pollution is to measure how many fine particles less than 2.5 micrometres in diameter (PM2.5) are in the air. The majority of people living in developing countries are exposed to particle concentrations that health authorities deem harmful. At the two factory locations, pollution levels varied significantly from day to day, and overall they were consistently high. At one location, PM2.5 levels averaged about seven times the safe limit set by the US Environmental Protection Agency, at 85 micrograms per cubic metre.
Interestingly, unlike previous literature, the team found that daily fluctuations in pollution did not immediately affect the productivity of workers. However, when they measured for more prolonged exposures of up to 30 days, a definite drop in output can be seen. The study was careful to control for confounding factors such as regional economic activity.
“We found that an increase in PM2.5, by 10 micrograms per cubic metre sustained over 25 days, reduces daily output by 1 per cent, harming firms and workers,” says Associate Professor Liu. “The effects are subtle but highly significant.”
The researchers remain agnostic about the reasons that explain why productivity goes down when pollution goes up. “High levels of particles are visible and might affect an individual’s well-being in a multitude of ways,” explained Assoc Prof Liu. “Besides entering via the lungs and into the bloodstream, there could also be a psychological element. Working in a highly polluted setting for long periods of time could affect your mood or disposition to work.”
First-of-its-kind study examining prolonged exposure to air pollution
Research on how living and working in such a polluted atmosphere affects productivity is very limited, partly due to worker output being difficult to quantify. One previous study that focused on workers packing fruit in California found a large and immediate effect from exposure to ambient PM2.5, namely that when levels rise by 10 micrograms per cubic metre, workers become 6 per cent less productive on the same day.
That study’s estimate appears large for a developing country. “Labourers in China can be working under far worse daily conditions while maintaining levels of productivity that look comparable to clean air days. If the effect were this pronounced and this immediate, we think that factory and office managers would take more notice of pollution than transpired in our field interviews. Therefore, our finding that pollution has a subtle influence on productivity seems realistic,” Assoc Prof Liu added.
All the data collected in the NUS study are being made open access to serve as a resource for other researchers to accelerate progress in this topic. “This was a key criterion for inclusion in our study,” Assoc Prof Salvo added. “We wanted to share all the information we gathered so that other researchers may use it as well, hopefully adding to this literature’s long-run credibility. We saw no reason why data on anonymous workers at a fragmented industry could not be shared.” | <urn:uuid:54081e69-e88c-40d0-a2ba-13103cd00cf8> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://news.nus.edu.sg/press-releases/air-pollution-affects-productivity | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575541288287.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20191214174719-20191214202719-00554.warc.gz | en | 0.959942 | 965 | 3.078125 | 3 |
15 Years with Ralph Ellison's Invisible Man
Diversity & Equity Education
Our robust and active Diversity Education Program leads our community in regular and structured engagement with and careful exploration of our differences, enabling us to come together more effectively as an authentic and cohesive community. The goal of the Diversity Education Program is twofold: to help individuals examine and understand the varied perspectives and backgrounds present within our community, as well as to consider those groups who may not be directly represented; and to develop habits of heart and mind in our students, faculty, and staff that will help us to identify biases, engage in challenging conversations, and practice empathy.
The Diversity Education Program organizes an annual student-led Equity Conference for the School community, brings outside speakers to campus, and provides equity-based orientation coursework for all students. The program also facilitates annual student and faculty participation in a number of diversity conferences: the Student Diversity Leadership Conference (SDLC), the NAIS People of Color Conference, the Mid-Atlantic Region Diversity Conference, and the Better Understanding for a Better World Conference (an annual intercultural, interfaith, and leadership conference for high school students). Students can also join the entirely student-led Diversity Stewards program, in which students meet every two weeks in small groups to take part in activities and discussions that explore issues of difference, equity, and social justice.
The development of a culturally competent and bias-aware student body is also the responsibility of every St. Andrew’s faculty member and department. Keeping this fundamental principle in mind, diversity and inclusion work aims to involve as many faculty participants as are willing to collaborate, design, and carry out programming throughout the school year. Inclusion programming also aims to root itself across departments, grounding itself firmly in the daily experience of students both inside and outside of the classroom.
- Girls Collaborative
- Guys Group
- International House
- La Casa Latina
- Young Republicans
- Diversity Stewards
- Gay-Straight Alliance
- Students Fighting Against Racism (White Allies)
Althea Clarke '19 urges us to dismiss "classifying spaces" of whiteness or blackness.
Keegan Pando '17 candidly shares his preference for one side of his heritage, and the guilt associated with that preference.
Cindy Lay '18 recounts how her involvement in St. Andrew's Mulit-Racial Affinity Group has helped her to let go of the need to categorize herself as a particular race.
Baylen Manocha '18 recalls how, despite his own negative experiences with racial misidentification, he too has misidentified the race of his classmates.
August Saguil '17 shares how perceptions of his racial identity change depending on where he is in the world.
Lian Bourret '18 talks about the benefits and drawbacks of her mixed racial identity. | <urn:uuid:4a2c37f5-fd91-4c20-9694-9eb0ab7075a1> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | https://www.standrews-de.org/school-life/diversity-education | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583515088.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20181022134402-20181022155902-00145.warc.gz | en | 0.938455 | 582 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Tuesday, August 18, 2009
About the Speaker;
Wade Davis is a Canadian Anthropologist with the National Geographic Society. In his capacity with the organization he has been able to travel throughout the world as well as focus his studies on the Indigenous cultures and people of North and South America.
His research on Voudou in Haiti led to the book "The Serpent and the Rainbow" being published and opened several controversies. One was his claim that Voudou Priests could sustain a person in a pharmacological trance for years. Another was his heterdox behaviour in having a recently buried child exhumed.
According to his TED biography, you should listen to him because;
Anthropologist Wade Davis is perhaps the most articulate and influential western advocate for the world's indigenous cultures. His stunning photographs and evocative stories capture the viewer's imagination. As a speaker, he parlays that sense of wonder into passionate concern over the rate at which cultures and languages are disappearing -- 50 percent of the world's 6,000 languages, he says, are no longer taught to children. He argues, in the most beautiful terms, that language isn't just a collection of vocabulary and grammatical rules. In fact, "Every language is an old-growth forest of the mind."
Davis, a Harvard-educated ethnobotanist, believes humanity's greatest legacy is the "ethnosphere," the cultural counterpart to the biosphere, and "the sum total of all thoughts and dreams, myths, ideas, inspirations, intuitions brought into being by the human imagination since the dawn of consciousness." He beautifully articulates the intellectual, emotional and moral reasons why it's in everyone's best interest to preserve the world's cultures.
To this end, Davis serves on the councils of Ecotrust and other NGOs working to protect diversity. He also co-founded Cultures on the Edge, a quarterly online magazine designed to raise awareness of threatened communities. Perhaps his best-known work is The Serpent and the Rainbow, an international bestseller about zombification practices in Haiti. Wes Craven adapted the book into a 1988 film, which Davis denounced as a betrayal of the book's spirit. His latest book is The Clouded Leopard: A Book of Travels.
Even though I have provided the transcript here, I recommend you use it at the site because it is interactive, in that you can click on it anywhere and the video will start from that point.
You know, one of the intense pleasures of travel and one of the delights of ethnographic research is the opportunity to live amongst those who have not forgotten the old ways, who still feel their past in the wind, touch it in stones polished by rain, taste it in the bitter leaves of plants. Just to know that Jaguar shamans still journey beyond the Milky Way, or the myths of the Inuit elders still resonate with meaning, or that in the Himalaya, the Buddhists still pursue the breath of the Dharma, is to really remember the central revelation of anthropology, and that is the idea that the world in which we live in does not exist in some absolute sense, but is just one model of reality, the consequence of one particular set of adaptive choices that our lineage made, albeit successfully, many generations ago.
And of course, we all share the same adaptive imperatives. We're all born. We all bring our children into the world. We go through initiation rites. We have to deal with the inexorable separation of death, so it shouldn't surprise us that we all sing, we all dance, we all have art.
But what's interesting is the unique cadence of the song, the rhythm of the dance in every culture. And whether it is the Penan in the forests of Borneo, or the Voodoo acolytes in Haiti, or the warriors in the Kaisut desert of Northern Kenya, the Curandero in the mountains of the Andes, or a caravanserai in the middle of the Sahara. This is incidentally the fellow that I travelled into the desert with a month ago, or indeed a yak herder in the slopes of Qomolangma, Everest, the goddess mother of the world.
All of these peoples teach us that there are other ways of being, other ways of thinking, other ways of orienting yourself in the Earth. And this is an idea, if you think about it, can only fill you with hope. Now, together the myriad cultures of the world make up a web of spiritual life and cultural life that envelops the planet, and is as important to the well-being of the planet as indeed is the biological web of life that you know as a biosphere. And you might think of this cultural web of life as being an ethnosphere and you might define the ethnosphere as being the sum total of all thoughts and dreams, myths, ideas, inspirations, intuitions brought into being by the human imagination since the dawn of consciousness. The ethnosphere is humanity's great legacy. It's the symbol of all that we are and all that we can be as an astonishingly inquisitive species.
And just as the biosphere has been severely eroded, so too is the ethnosphere -- and if anything at a far greater rate. No biologists, for example, would dare suggest that 50 percent of all species or more have been or are on the brink of extinction because it simply is not true, and yet that -- the most apocalyptic scenario in the realm of biological diversity -- scarcely approaches what we know to be the most optimistic scenario in the realm of cultural diversity. And the great indicator of that, of course, is language loss.
When each of you in this room were born, there were 6,000 languages spoken on the planet. Now, a language is not just a body of vocabulary or a set of grammatical rules. A language is a flash of the human spirit. It's a vehicle through which the soul of each particular culture comes into the material world. Every language is an old-growth forest of the mind, a watershed, a thought, an ecosystem of spiritual possibilities.
And of those 6,000 languages, as we sit here today in Monterey, fully half are no longer being whispered into the ears of children. They're no longer being taught to babies, which means, effectively, unless something changes, they're already dead. What could be more lonely than to be enveloped in silence, to be the last of your people to speak your language, to have no way to pass on the wisdom of the ancestors or anticipate the promise of the children? And yet, that dreadful fate is indeed the plight of somebody somewhere on Earth roughly every two weeks, because every two weeks, some elder dies and carries with him into the grave the last syllables of an ancient tongue.
And I know there's some of you who say, "Well, wouldn't it be better? Wouldn't the world be a better place if we all just spoke one language?" And I say, "Great, let's make that language Yoruba. Let's make it Cantonese. Let's make it Kogi." And you'll suddenly discover what it would be like to be unable to speak your own language.
And so, what I'd like to do with you today is sort of take you on a journey through the ethnosphere -- a brief journey through the ethnosphere to try to begin to give you a sense of what in fact is being lost. Now, there are many of us who sort of forget that when I say "different ways of being," I really do mean different ways of being.
Take, for example, this child of Barasana in Northwest Amazon, the people of the anaconda who believe that mythologically they came up the milk river from the east in the belly of sacred snakes. Now, this is a people who cognitively do not distinguish the color blue from the color green because the canopy of the heavens is equated to the canopy of the forest upon which the people depend. They have a curious language and marriage rule which is called linguistic exogamy: you must marry someone who speaks a different language. And this is all rooted in the mythological past, yet the curious thing is in these long houses where there are six or seven languages spoken because of intermarriage, you never hear anyone practicing a language. They simply listen and then begin to speak.
Or, one of the most fascinating tribes I ever lived with, the Waorani of northeastern Ecuador, an astonishing people first contacted peacefully in 1958. In 1957, five missionaries attempted contact and made a critical mistake. They dropped from the air eight by ten glossy photographs of themselves in what we would say to be friendly gestures, forgetting that these people of the rainforest had never seen anything two-dimensional in their lives. They picked up these photographs from the forest floor, tried to look behind the face to find the form or the figure, found nothing, and concluded that these were calling cards from the devil, so they speared the five missionaries to death. But the Waorani didn't just spear outsiders. They speared each other. 54 percent of their mortality was due to them spearing each other. We traced genealogies back eight generations, and we found two instances of natural death and when we pressured the people a little bit about it, they admitted that one of the fellows had gotten so old that he died getting old, so we speared him anyway. But at the same time they had a perspicacious knowledge of the forest that was astonishing. Their hunters could smell animal urine at 40 paces and tell you what species left it behind.
In the early '80s, I had a really astonishing assignment when I was asked by my professor at Harvard if I was interested in going down to Haiti, infiltrating the secret societies which were the foundation Duvalier's strength and Tonton Macoutes, and securing the poison used to make zombies. In order to make sense out of sensation of course, I had to understand something about this remarkable faith of Vodoun, and Voodoo is not a black magic cult. On the contrary, it's a complex metaphysical worldview. It's interesting. If I asked you to name the great religions of the world, what would you say? Christianity, Islam, Buddhism, Judaism, whatever.
There's always one continent left out, the assumption being that sub-Saharan Africa had no religious beliefs. Well, of course, they did and Voodoo is simply the distillation of these very profound religious ideas that came over during the tragic Diaspora of the slavery era. But, what makes Voodoo so interesting is that it's this living relationship between the living and the dead. So, the living give birth to the spirits. The spirits can be invoked from beneath the Great Water, responding to the rhythm of the dance to momentarily displace the soul of the living, so that for that brief shining moment, the acolyte becomes the god. That's why the Voodooists like to say that "You white people go to church and speak about God. We dance in the temple and become God." And because you are possessed, you are taken by the spirit, how can you be harmed? So you see these astonishing demonstrations: Voodoo acolytes in a state of trance handling burning embers with impunity, a rather astonishing demonstration of the ability of the mind to affect the body that bears it when catalyzed in the state of extreme excitation.
Now, of all the peoples that I've ever been with, the most extraordinary are the Kogi of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta in northern Colombia. Descendants of the ancient Tairona civilization which once carpeted the Caribbean coastal plain of Colombia in the wake of the conquest, these people retreated into an isolated volcanic massif that soars above the Caribbean coastal plain. In a bloodstained continent, these people alone were never conquered by the Spanish. To this day, they remain ruled by a ritual priesthood but the training for the priesthood is rather extraordinary. The young acolytes are taken away from their families at the age of three and four, sequestered in a shadowy world of darkness in stone huts at the base of glaciers for 18 years. Two nine-year periods deliberately chosen to mimic the nine months of gestation they spend in their natural mother's womb, now they are metaphorically in the womb of the great mother. And for this entire time, they are inculturated into the values of their society, values that maintain the proposition that their prayers and their prayers alone maintain the cosmic -- or we might say the ecological -- balance. And at the end of this amazing initiation, one day they're suddenly taken out and for the first time in their lives, at the age of 18, they see a sunrise. And in that crystal moment of awareness of first light as the Sun begins to bathe the slopes of the stunningly beautiful landscape, suddenly everything they have learned in the abstract is affirmed in stunning glory. And the priest steps back and says, "You see? It's really as I've told you. It is that beautiful. It is yours to protect." They call themselves the elder brothers and they say we, who are the younger brothers, are the ones responsible for destroying the world.
Now, this level of intuition becomes very important. Whenever we think of indigenous people and landscape, we either invoke Rousseau and the old canard of the noble savage, which is an idea racist in its simplicity, or alternatively, we invoke Thoreau and say these people are closer to the Earth than we are. Well, indigenous people are neither sentimental nor weakened by nostalgia. There's not a lot of room for either in the malarial swamps of the Asmat or in the chilling winds of Tibet, but they have, nevertheless, through time and ritual, forged a traditional mystique of the Earth that is based not on the idea of being self-consciously close to it, but on a far subtler intuition: the idea that the Earth itself can only exist because it is breathed into being by human consciousness.
Now, what does that mean? It means that a young kid from the Andes who's raised to believe that that mountain is an Apu spirit that will direct his or her destiny will be a profoundly different human being and have a different relationship to that resource or that place than a young kid from Montana raised to believe that a mountain is a pile of rock ready to be mined. Whether it's the abode of a spirit or a pile of ore is irrelevant. What's interesting is the metaphor that defines the relationship between the individual and the natural world. I was raised in the forests of British Columbia to believe those forests existed to be cut. That made me a different human being than my friends among the Kwagiulth who believe that those forests were the abode of Huxwhukw and the Crooked Beak of Heaven and the cannibal spirits that dwelled at the north end of the world, spirits they would have to engage during their Hamatsa initiation.
Now, if you begin to look at the idea that these cultures could create different realities, you could begin to understand some of their extraordinary discoveries. Take this plant here. It's a photograph I took in the Northwest Amazon just last April. This is ayahuasca, which many of you have heard about, the most powerful psychoactive preparation of the shaman's repertoire. What makes ayahuasca fascinating is not the sheer pharmacological potential of this preparation, but the elaboration of it. It's made really of two different sources. On the one hand, there's this woody liana which has in it a series of beta-carbolines, harmine, harmaline, mildly hallucinogenic. To take the vine alone is rather to have sort of blue hazy smoke drift across your consciousness, but it's mixed with the leaves of a shrub in the coffee family called Psychotria viridis. This plant had in it some very powerful tryptamines, very close to brain serotonin, dimethyltryptamine, 5-methoxydimethyltryptamine. If you've ever seen the Yanomami blowing that snuff up their noses, that substance they make from a different set of species also contains methoxydimethyltryptamine. To have that powder blown up your nose is rather like being shot out of a rifle barrel lined with baroque paintings and landing on a sea of electricity. It doesn't create the distortion of reality; it creates the dissolution of reality.
In fact, I used to argue with my professor, Richard Evan Shultes -- who is a man who sparked the psychedelic era with his discovery of the magic mushrooms in Mexico in the 1930s. I used to argue that you couldn't classify these tryptamines as hallucinogenic because by the time you're under the effects there's no one home anymore to experience a hallucination.
But the thing about tryptamines is they cannot be taken orally because they're denatured by an enzyme found naturally in the human gut called monoamine oxidase. They can only be taken orally if taken in conjunction with some other chemical that denatures the MAO. Now, the fascinating things are that the beta-carbolines found within that liana are MAO inhibitors of the precise sort necessary to potentiate the tryptamine. So you ask yourself a question. How in a flora of 80,000 species of vascular plants, do these people find these two morphologically unrelated plants that when combined in this way, created a kind of biochemical version of the whole being greater than the sum of the parts?
Well, we use that great euphemism, trial and error, which is exposed to be meaningless. But you ask the Indians, and they say, "The plants talk to us."
Well, what does that mean? This tribe, the Cofan, has 17 varieties of ayahuasca, all of which they distinguish a great distance in the forest, all of which are referable to our eye as one species. And then you ask them how they establish their taxonomy and they say, "I thought you knew something about plants. I mean, don't you know anything?" And I said, "No." Well, it turns out you take each of the 17 varieties in the night of a full moon, and it sings to you in a different key. Now, that's not going to get you a Ph.D. at Harvard, but it's a lot more interesting than counting stamens.
Now, the problem -- the problem is that even those of us sympathetic with the plight of indigenous people view them as quaint and colorful but somehow reduced to the margins of history as the real world, meaning our world, moves on. Well, the truth is the 20th century, 300 years from now, is not going to be remembered for its wars or its technological innovations, but rather as the era in which we stood by and either actively endorsed or passively accepted the massive destruction of both biological and cultural diversity on the planet. Now, the problem isn't change. All cultures through all time have constantly been engaged in a dance with new possibilities of life.
And the problem is not technology itself. The Sioux Indians did not stop being Sioux when they gave up the bow and arrow any more than an American stopped being an American when he gave up the horse and buggy. It's not change or technology that threatens the integrity of the ethnosphere. It is power. The crude face of domination. Where ever you look around the world, you discover that these are not cultures destined to fade away. These are dynamic living peoples being driven out of existence by identifiable forces that are beyond their capacity to adapt to. Whether it's the egregious deforestation in the homeland of the Penan -- a nomadic people from Southeast Asia, from Sarawak -- a people who lived free in the forest until a generation ago, and now have all been reduced to servitude and prostitution on the banks of the rivers, where you can see the river itself is soiled with the silt that seems to be carrying half of Borneo away to the South China Sea, where the Japanese freighters hang light in the horizon ready to fill their holds with raw logs ripped from the forest. Or in the case of the Yanomami, it's the disease entities that have come in, in the wake of the discovery of gold.
Or if we go into the mountains of Tibet, where I'm doing a lot of research recently, you'll see it's a crude face of political domination. You know, genocide, the physical extinction of a people is universally condemned, but ethnocide, the destruction of people's way of life, is not only not condemned, it's universally -- in many quarters -- celebrated as part of a development strategy. And you cannot understand the pain of Tibet until you move through it at the ground level. I once travelled 6,000 miles from Chengdu in Western China overland through southeastern Tibet to Lhasa with a young colleague, and it was only when I got to Lhasa that I understood the face behind the statistics you hear about. 6,000 sacred monuments torn apart to dust and ashes. 1.2 million people killed by the cadres during the Cultural Revolution. This young man's father had been ascribed to the Panchen Lama. That meant he was instantly killed at the time of the Chinese invasion. His uncle fled with his holiness in the Diaspora that took the people to Nepal. His mother was incarcerated for the price of -- for the crime of being wealthy. He was smuggled into the jail at the age of two to hide beneath her skirt tails because she couldn't bear to be without him. The sister who had done that brave deed was put into an education camp. One day she inadvertently stepped on an armband of Mao, and for that transgression, she was given seven years of hard labor. The pain of Tibet can be impossible to bear, but the redemptive spirit of the people is something to behold.
And in the end, then, it really comes down to a choice. Do we want to live in a monochromatic world of monotony or do we want to embrace a polychromatic world of diversity? Margaret Mead, the great anthropologist, said before she died that her greatest fear was that as we drifted towards this blandly amorphous generic world view not only would we see the entire range of the human imagination reduced to a more narrow modality of thought, but that we would wake from a dream one day having forgotten there were even other possibilities.
And it's humbling to remember that our species has, perhaps, been around for [150,000] years. The Neolithic Revolution -- which gave us agriculture, at which time we succumbed to the cult of the seed, the poetry of the shaman was displaced by the prose of the priesthood, we created hierarchy specialization surplus -- is only 10,000 years ago. The modern industrial world as we know it is barely 300 years old. Now, that shallow history doesn't suggest to me that we have all the answers for all of the challenges that will confront us in the ensuing millennia. When these myriad cultures of the world are asked the meaning of being human, they respond with 10,000 different voices.
And it's within that song that we will all rediscover the possibility of being what we are: a fully conscious species, fully aware of ensuring that all peoples and all gardens find a way to flourish. And there are great moments of optimism.
This is a photograph I took at the northern tip of Baffin Island when I went narwhal hunting with some Inuit people, and this man, Olayuk, told me a marvelous story of his grandfather. The Canadian government has not always been kind to the Inuit people, and during the 1950s, to establish our sovereignty, we forced them into settlements. This old man's grandfather refused to go. The family, fearful for his life, took away all of his weapons, all of his tools. Now, you must understand that the Inuit did not fear the cold; they took advantage of it. The runners of their sleds were originally made of fish wrapped in caribou hide. So, this man's grandfather was not intimidated by the Arctic night or the blizzard that was blowing. He simply slipped outside, pulled down his sealskin trousers and defecated into his hand. And as the feces began to freeze, he shaped it into the form of a blade. He put a spray of saliva on the edge of the shit knife and as it finally froze solid, he butchered a dog with it. He skinned the dog and improvised a harness, took the ribcage of the dog and improvised a sled, harnessed up an adjacent dog, and disappeared over the ice floes, shit knife in belt. Talk about getting by with nothing.
And this, in many ways, is a symbol of the resilience of the Inuit people and of all indigenous people around the world. The Canadian government in April of 1999 gave back to total control of the Inuit an area of land larger than California and Texas put together. It's our new homeland. It's called Nunavut. It's an independent territory. They control all mineral resources. An amazing example of how a nation-state can reach -- seek restitution with its people.
And finally, in the end, I think it's pretty obvious at least to all of all us who've travelled in these remote reaches of the planet, to realize that they're not remote at all. They're homelands of somebody. They represent branches of the human imagination that go back to the dawn of time. And for all of us, the dreams of these children, like the dreams of our own children, become part of the naked geography of hope.
So, what we're trying to do at the National Geographic finally, is, we believe that politicians will never accomplish anything. We think that polemics -- we think that polemics are not persuasive, but we think that storytelling can change the world, and so we are probably the best storytelling institution in the world. We get 35 million hits on our website every month. 156 nations carry our television channel. Our magazines are read by millions. And what we're doing is a series of journeys to the ethnosphere where we're going to take our audience to places of such cultural wonder that they cannot help but come away dazzled by what they have seen, and hopefully, therefore, embrace gradually, one by one, the central revelation of anthropology: that this world deserves to exist in a diverse way, that we can find a way to live in a truly multicultural pluralistic world where all of the wisdom of all peoples can contribute to our collective well-being.
Ciao for now! | <urn:uuid:21b32586-722f-48a8-9656-cd1e779ff54f> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | http://anthropologistintheattic.blogspot.com/2009/08/wade-davis-on-endangered-cultures-at.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676593586.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20180722194125-20180722214125-00018.warc.gz | en | 0.969811 | 5,512 | 2.59375 | 3 |
If your family has roots in Scandinavia then there’s a chance you can still see the results of this today in your last name. Swedish surnames sometimes borrowed from German or Danish words, and some families intermarried with folks from neighboring countries. Many Swedish surnames have been changed slightly since they were first adopted, but their origins are shared by most people of Swedish descent. Have a look at these Swedish surnames to find out what they say about your family’s heritage.
Surnames were not mandatory in Sweden until 1901. Before that time, a family’s “surname” could change with each generation, each surname dependent on the each father’s first name. Daughters were given the the suffix “dotter” for daughter, as in Nilsdotter.
If you thought this could get quite confusing then you are correct! Knowing someone’s family history would depend on having known them for generations, which would have been conducive to small town or rural living. But, in larger cities or while traveling or emigrating, these generational names did little to distinguish a family’s lineage.
Swedish surnames with the suffix of “son” are sometimes referred to as frozen surnames, since they represent a modern ancestor rather than one from centuries ago and were frozen into place after the 1901 law.
In Denmark heritable surnames were made mandatory in the 1820s and in Norway it wasn’t until the 1920s. So, if you are looking at ancestors that came from other Scandinavian countries you might be looking at names “frozen” at different points in time. This also means that families with the same surname are not necessarily related to each other!
Some common Swedish patronymic names are: | <urn:uuid:a7a9f38c-4cad-4fb1-ae23-66eefbe81c43> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | https://dustyoldthing.com/swedish-last-name-explained/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376826306.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20181214184754-20181214210754-00564.warc.gz | en | 0.970661 | 371 | 3.234375 | 3 |
William Kelly (1811-1888), American iron manufacturer, invented a method of making inexpensive steel that anticipated the more famous and successful Bessemer process.
William Kelly was born in Pittsburgh, Pa., the son of a prosperous landowner. After William was educated in the common schools of the city, he entered the drygoods trade. By the age of 35 he was senior partner in the firm of McShane & Kelly. While on a business trip to Nashville, Tenn., he met and fell in love with Mildred Gracy. She was from the town of Eddyville, Ky., which he often visited, eventually purchasing some nearby iron lands and a furnace. After their marriage he set himself up as an iron manufacturer.
At this time iron was sold in three forms, each distinguished by the amount of carbon present in the iron. Cast iron was highest in carbon content. Some cast iron was converted in forges to wrought iron, which contained no carbon. Intermediate was steel, which was the strongest form. Steel was made by slowly heating iron to high temperatures; this was an expensive process and therefore little used.
Beginning in 1847, Kelly made a series of experiments in an attempt to save on fuel costs in his furnace. He discovered that a blast of air would increase the temperature of the molten cast iron, since the carbon impurity acted as a fuel. Kelly hoped to save fuel by this process, and between 1851 and 1856 he built a series of experimental furnaces in the woods behind his plant. The work was done in secret because he was afraid that customers would not trust the metal made by the new process. In 1856 he learned that Henry Bessemer, working in England, had patented a similar process and that a patent was being applied for in the United States. Even though Bessemer was trying to make steel (rather than to save fuel) and had proved his method a success (which Kelly had not), Kelly objected to Bessemer's patent application and revealed his own experiments. In 1857 he was granted a patent for his process.
Though Kelly conducted one further experiment, his process was never successfully applied. In 1861 he merged with the firm that represented the Bessemer interests. The Kelly interests received three-tenths of the stock of the new firm, and the Bessemer people took seven-tenths. Kelly was not directly involved in these later commercial activities but lived in quiet retirement in Louisville, Ky., until his death in 1888.
Further Reading on William Kelly
The standard biography of Kelly, John Newton Boucher, William Kelly: A True History of the So-Called Bessemer Process (1924), is not entirely reliable. It should be supplemented with Philip W. Bishop, "The Beginnings of Cheap Steel," in United States National Museum, Bulletin 218 (1959). | <urn:uuid:18fd0224-decd-4926-915f-25e258854594> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://biography.yourdictionary.com/william-kelly | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027319915.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20190824063359-20190824085359-00061.warc.gz | en | 0.987938 | 582 | 3.6875 | 4 |
2013 A one-semester study consisting of 311 university students. Our results found the course significantly improved perspective-taking, social skills, sensitivity to others’ emotions, and ability to modify one’s behavior when socially appropriate.
Objective: To determine if key elements of social and emotional well-being change as a result of the SI course.
Our first large scale clinical trial took place in the fall of 2013 in Madrid, Spain. There were 311 medical school, physiotherapy, and teachers training students in the study. Results indicate that the Social Intelligence course significantly improved key indicators of social intelligence including:
- Sensitivity to the needs of others
- Social skills
- Social information processing.
- Sensitivity to others’ emotions
- Ability to modify one’s own behavior when socially appropriate
We also examined the influence of pre-existing individual differences on emotional intelligence and found that this capacity was not a prerequisite for learning/improving social intelligence.
View the scientific journal publication HERE. | <urn:uuid:695d1fd1-26f9-49fb-9430-594cc68c0400> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://www.socialintelligenceinstitute.org/case_study/universidad-rey-juan-carlos/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057427.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20210923165408-20210923195408-00018.warc.gz | en | 0.917515 | 207 | 2.65625 | 3 |
The Life and Times of the Medieval Knight : A magnificent account of medieval knights, their origins as mounted warriors, their status, military exploits, and fiercely fought tournaments. Covers every aspect of the role of the knight in medieval Europe, including his position in the feudal hierarchy and the privileges, rewards and responsibilities this entailed. Explores the professional progress of a knight, from his days as a page and squire in a noble household, to his training in the martial arts intended to prepare him for the fields of battle and tourney. Special sections discuss the lives of the celebrated knights of the day, including Charlemagne, Richard the Lionheart, Edward the Black Prince, Sir William Marshall and Sir James Douglas. Lavishly illustrated with over 220 images that bring the colorful, turbulent and violent world of the medieval knight to life.
|History & Geography||Medieval| | <urn:uuid:a1af0cad-8517-4112-97f3-a660aa2a2359> | CC-MAIN-2016-18 | http://www.ofertondelibros.com/Libreria/Libro/The-Life-and-Times-of-the-Medieval-Knight/_/R-9781846818035B | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860122501.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161522-00214-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.900678 | 177 | 3.09375 | 3 |
PBS series tells 300 years of native history
Published 04/13/2009, The Jamestown Sun
PBS starts airing Monday the first of a five-part series covering 300 years of American Indian history — from the arrival of the pilgrims in 1620 to the 1973 standoff at Wounded Knee on South Dakota’s Pine Ridge Indian Reservation. The documentary called “We Shall Remain” was produced by the history show “American Experience.” It shows how native people responded to circumstance as “neither ferocious warriors or hapless victims” and the decisions they made, good and bad, said Sharon Grimberg of WGBH-TV in Boston, executive producer.Word count: 508
The full article is available to newspaper subscribers. If you are a subscriber please log in to continue reading. | <urn:uuid:a352aff3-63bd-443b-a552-2e496dce5183> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | https://secure.forumcomm.com/?publisher_ID=10&article_id=83850 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936463181.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074103-00014-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.917859 | 171 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Before the invention of the wheel in 3500 B.C., humankind was severely limited in how much stuff it could transport over land, and how far. Wheeled carts facilitated agriculture and commerce by enabling the transportation of goods to and from markets, as well as easing the burdens of people traveling great distances. Now, wheels are vital to our way of life, found in everything from clocks to vehicles to turbines.
The printing press
The German Johannes Gutenberg invented the printing press around 1440. Key to its development was the hand mold, a molding technique that enabled the rapid creation of large quantities of metal movable type. Printing presses exponentially increased the speed with which book copies could be made, and thus they led to the rapid and widespread dissemination of knowledge for the first time in history. Twenty million volumes had been printed in Western Europe by 1500.
The light bulb
When all you have is natural light, productivity is limited to daylight hours. Light bulbs changed the world by allowing us to be active at night. As well as initiating the introduction of electricity in homes, this invention also had the consequence of changing people’s sleep patterns. Instead of going to bed at nightfall (having nothing else to do) and sleeping in segments throughout the night separated by periods of wakefulness, we now stay up except for the 7 to 8 hours allotted for sleep.
Not only have birth control pills, condoms and other forms of contraception sparked a sexual revolution in the developed world by allowing men and women to have sex for leisure rather than procreation, they have also drastically reduced the average number of offspring per woman in countries where they are used. On the global scale, contraceptives are helping the human population gradually level off; our number will probably stabilize by the end of the century.
The global system of interconnected computer networks known as the Internet is used by billions of people worldwide. In the 1960s, a team of computer scientists working for the U.S. Defense Department built a communications network to connect the computers in the agency,called ARPANET. It was the predecessor of Internet.
Today, an estimated 3 billion people worldwide have access to this network. | <urn:uuid:08cb5b86-1709-4d66-a226-20281ccd6aff> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://bartvandergriendt.nl/5-eureka-moments-that-changed-the-world/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818686465.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20170920052220-20170920072220-00156.warc.gz | en | 0.956604 | 436 | 3.453125 | 3 |
MUCORMYCOSIS is usually a fatal disease that occurs in patients with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, in patients with an abnormal immunologic system such as immunodeficiency states, or in patients receiving immunosuppressive drugs.1 Few cases of mucormycosis have been reported in patients with renal transplants. With the increasing number of renal transplants in diabetics, mucormycosis may be seen in these patients. It is important to be aware of the clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment of this fungal disease.
A patient with juvenile-onset diabetes mellitus experienced mucormycosis with invasion of sinuses and hard palate two years after kidney transplantation. The patient responded to treatment with amphotericin B, surgical debridement of sinuses, and discontinuation of therapy with immunosuppressive drugs.
Report of a Case
A 20-year-old woman was admitted to the Albert Einstein Medical Center in October 1977 with the chief complaint of left frontal headache, malaise, and numbness in the left side of | <urn:uuid:b6068e8d-3b66-407f-844f-0239a6682aa5> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=366693 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704132729/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516113532-00079-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.920252 | 221 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Explore This Article
On Baptist communities organized at Powelton Baptist Church in Hancock County. Initially called the General Baptist Association and later called the Baptist Convention for the State of Georgia, this organization served as an important foundation for the Southern Baptist Convention, which formed in Augusta in 1845. Renamed the Georgia Baptist Convention in 1919, this organization still operates as the state's primary convention for Georgia's 1.2 million Southern Baptists.
Two strains of Baptists populated colonial Georgia. Particular Baptists were Calvinist in theology and displayed a notable disdain for revivalism and informal worship practices. Separate Baptists aligned in part with Calvinist doctrine but expressed a strong affinity for revivalism and informal, even charismatic, worship. After a series of revivals came through Georgia after 1801, Baptist leaders Edmund Botsford and Daniel Marshall set aside their differences and attempted to found a unified Baptist organization. Concerned about the need for cooperative missions work, Botsford and Marshall's collaboration on this mutual problem laid the groundwork for the Powelton convention of 1822.
The founding of the Baptist Convention of Georgia at Powelton made possible the collaboration of various Baptist groups and financial backers. The result was a growth in organized Baptist activities, including Baptist missions as well as domestic Bible and tract societies. Founded in 1833, Mercer University also received strong support from the convention, as did the Christian Index. The Christian Index, published initially in Washington, D.C., was brought to the state in 1833 and donated to the convention in 1840 to serve as the organization's official newspaper.
In 1845 controversy between northern and southern factions in the Triennial Convention of the American Baptist Home Mission Society erupted. The divisive issue was slavery—some southern Baptists did not trust the proclamations of neutrality that northern Baptists had made. To test the neutrality of the northern faction on the matter of slavery, Georgia Baptists promoted a slaveholder, James E. Reeve, to fill an open slot in the society's roster of missionaries. This move was also intended to achieve a proportionate number o
As sectional conflict erupted into the Civil War (1861-65), Georgia's Southern Baptists granted the Confederacy their fullest support. Viewing the "southern cause" as an endeavor blessed by God, many prominent Baptist preachers in Georgia served as the trumpeters of secession, slavery, and states' rights. As the war came and went, however, the denomination also felt the conflict's impact, particularly in terms of church membership. In 1860 more than 95,000 Baptists were affiliated with the state convention. By 1870 this number had dropped to 37,500.
AsReconstruction came to an end, the state convention refocused efforts on missions work, founding the Board of Missions in Atlanta in 1877. Lottie Moon, one of the first single women to serve as a Baptist missionary, taught and ministered in China from 1873 until 1912. Today the Lottie Moon Christmas Offering is collected annually to fund Baptist missions.
Sunday schools also proliferated in the state under the direction of the board's first mission secretary, James Harvey DeVotie, as did a series of social service organizations. Such attention to the state's social problems, especially the concerns of youth in the industrializing world of the New South, grew in the following thirty years as the Georgia Baptist Orphans Home appeared in 1888, followed by the Baptist Young People's Union in 1895. The push for religious education likewise led to the founding of several Baptist colleges in the state, including Brewton-Parker Junior College (later Brewton-Parker College), Norman College, and Shorter College (later Shorter University).
Temperance campaigns, first started in the 1850s, received additional support, although most in the state convention argued for conversion rather than state legislation as the solution to excessive liquor consumption. Such emphasis on conversion as the key to social equilibrium also animated efforts to address the personal sins of dancing, inappropriate sexual relations, and the use of tobacco. Concerning race relations in this era of Jim Crow, however, Georgia Baptists most often either avoided confrontation or offered tacit approval to the racial order. Some, such as Atlanta Baptist Tabernacle's Len G. Broughton, criticized its more violent manifestations, such as lynching. But few went beyond the general promotion of conversion and "good manners" as the keys to avoiding racial conflict.
By the time it renamed itself the Georgia Baptist Convention in 1919, the state convention showed the impact of a generation of growth. Georgia Baptists numbered 293,244 members and supported nearly 2,500 churches, many located in such urban areas as Atlanta, Augusta, and Savannah. After World War I (1917-18), Georgia Baptists reorganized for what they perceived as an inevitable postwar revival, buying the Christian Index outright from B. J. W. Graham and his Index Printing Company in 1920 and channeling funds toward revivalism efforts.
The Great Depression undercut these efforts as contributions to local churches dropped drastically. Debt increased among congregations in the 1930s, forcing some churches to sell off their mortgages. Other new programs, such as the Department of Student Work and Department of Evangelism, remained underfunded throughout the depression. Despite these problems, evangelism efforts in the state had success. Although Georgia Baptists founded few new churches in the interwar years, their membership rose from 330,307 in 1920 to more than 581,000 in 1945.
World War II (1941-45) brought both a revival in the state's economy and a revival in Baptist efforts. Newfound funds provided for the founding of another Baptist college, Truett-McConnell Junior College (later Truett-McConnell College) and the expansion of denominational departments and programs. The Capital Improvements and Endowment Programs oversaw the construction and renovation of a number of Baptist churches in the state; indeed, between 1955 and 1980, the convention built more than 300 new churches in Georgia.
These new congregations, however, also encountered a changing social environment, particularly as the challenges of civil rights workers upset the long-standing tacit approval of Jim Crow by individual churches. Some congregations approved of the movement; others opposed desegregation efforts to the point of closing worship services off to black congregants. Most, however, argued for compliance with federal mandates but did not offer direct support for desegregation.
By the late 1960s and 1970s, with desegregation assured, other issues captured the attention of the state's Southern Baptists. The controversies over theological and cultural liberalism that split the Southern Baptist Convention in the early 1980s likewise led to divisions in the state convention and in various congregations. Despite these controversies, the state convention continued to sponsor the upgrading of ministry facilities and programs, such as the construction of a new auditorium in Toccoa, a training camp for ministers in Forsyth, and several partnership programs between the Georgia Baptist College of Nursing and programs in Connecticut, Germany, Liberia, and Panama.
In 1994 the convention met in session at Macon to pass a resolution that sought "reconciliation between black and white Americans by seeking forgiveness for the sins of our heritage, and ourselves." J. Robert White, who became the state convention's executive director in 1993, oversaw this resolution's passage, and he continues to direct affairs for a convention that has played a pivotal role in the religious history of Georgia.
Media Gallery: Southern Baptists | <urn:uuid:edc8ee2e-1a87-44b0-bb43-f33ea3a83da1> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/arts-culture/southern-baptists | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657135930.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011215-00102-ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.965481 | 1,522 | 3.71875 | 4 |
The Republic was briefly occupied by the Austrian forces in 1800, but Napoleon soon returned with his army. A new Constitution was so published in 1801, establishing institutions more similar to those of the previous Genoan Republic, with a Doge who was president of a Senate.
In June 1805, the area was directly annexed by France as the départements of the Apennins, of Gênes and of Montenotte. After the fall of Napoleon in 1814 the republic was briefly restored between 28 April and 28 July. Following the Congress of Vienna it was awarded to the Kingdom of Sardinia, and annexed on 3 January 1815. The Ligurian Republic used the traditional Genoese flag, a red cross on a white background. | <urn:uuid:d0ec14b9-702f-48cf-9576-7305f8e41166> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligurian_Republic | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1433195036845.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20150601214356-00019-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.980243 | 153 | 3.09375 | 3 |
Welcome to the battle of the acronyms. Both EBIT and EBITDA are profit metrics, and the good news is that each one is simpler than it sounds. So what do these chunks of jargon mean and which is more useful? The answer requires a quick recap on the nature of profit.
If you define profit as the revenue of a business that remains once you subtract its costs, the question becomes: which categories of costs do you deduct? There are several flavours of profit, depending on which expenses you include in this calculation. The difference between EBIT and EBITDA is that one metric allows for the falling value of long-term assets that the business owns (i.e. depreciation and amortisation) whereas the other does not. That’s it.
Is EBIT higher than EBITDA?
The clearest way to explain this point is to start with net profit, which is also known as net earnings. To determine this, you work out the revenue of the business for a period that remains once every cost is removed, including any interest owed or tax due.
Net profit = Revenue – Total costs
It’s helpful to add back the interest owed or tax due to calculate EBIT (i.e. Earnings Before Tax and Interest) as this metric focuses attention on factors more within the control of a business than its net profit. The EBIT figure is closely related to the operating profit, despite a few nuances.
EBIT = Net profit + Interest + Tax
The EBITDA metric (pronounced EE-BIT-DAH) goes one step further by adding back costs allowed for the depreciation and amortisation of assets. Depreciation is the amount shown on the income statement of a business for the decline in value of long-term assets, such as machinery. Amortisation is the same idea for intangible items, such as licenses.
EBITDA = Net Profit + Interest + Tax + Depreciation + Amortisation
Once we understand this idea, it’s obvious that EBIT has a lower value than EBITDA. The exception is if there is no depreciation or amortisation, in which case they would be equal.
Why is EBITDA useful?
If a business has a reliable operating income and substantial assets, which require hefty deductions for their depreciation or amortisation, the EBITDA is a measure of its profitability in a more meaningful sense. One example is an oil company, as it will have to spread the high costs of, say, its offshore rigs or drilling licenses over several years within its accounts.
As business managers have discretion over how to report these types of costs – for instance, the period over which it depreciates equipment – the EBITDA is, in some ways, more objective than other profit metrics. Because it strips-out so many non-cash expenses, the EBITDA also provides an indication of how much debt the business can handle.
Why is EBITDA preferred to EBIT?
Many businesses love to talk-up their EBITDA figure because it’s a larger sum than the EBIT and so it makes their profits look more substantive. Some people also believe that EBITDA provides insights into the cash position of the business. There is truth in this point, yet it is only an approximation and not a reliable way to measure the operating cash-flow.
The reality is that EBIT and EBITDA both have a role when you assess the performance of a business. Neither delivers a knock-out blow to its rival and so they should be used in tandem with each other, plus other profit metrics. It’s also worth noting that neither has a statutory definition within the UK, so it’s wise to check exactly what the bean counters have included.Sign up in minutes | <urn:uuid:3b8c574d-f52c-462d-b36e-f4c73ed80cc6> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://blog.revolut.com/a/ebit-vs-ebitda/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178375439.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20210308112849-20210308142849-00536.warc.gz | en | 0.957956 | 784 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Authored by Jessica Watts.
Over 3 billion people will tune in to watch the 2014 World Cup in Brazil this month, with people from all corners of the globe revelling in the festivities of the game. But there is an ugly side to the beautiful game - modern slavery in Brazil.
The 2013 Global Slavery Index estimates there are up to 220 000 people living in modern day slavery in the country. Those in forced labour in garment factories and on plantations, children and women forced into commercial sexual exploitation and young girls trapped in houses as domestic workers. Perhaps most alarming is that research for the 2014 Index indicates this figure is a gross underestimation.
Refugees as the emerging face of modern slavery in the Middle East
As we reflect on the plight – but also the amazing survival instincts of refugees today – World Refugee Day, we should look closely at the Middle East and Northern Africa (MENA) region – a region responsible for calculating the globe’s highest refugee figures in 2013.
The bleak numbers represent the high human cost of a series of bloody humanitarian emergencies erupting from sectarian and civil conflicts. The Syrian crisis alone has seen almost 2.6 million refugees flee to Jordan, Lebanon and Turkey. According to UN data, this figure is set to rise exponentially by 2015. Continue reading
Authored by: Fiona David and Gina Dafalia
The Guardian’s 6-month investigation into the Thai fishing industry has confirmed what human rights advocates have long known. The prawns on the plates of consumers in Europe and the US are tainted with slavery.
The Guardian’s investigation paints a horrifying picture of what life is like for migrants working on fishing vessels off Thailand.
Without legal status, working day and night on boats far out to sea where the only hope of escape is suicide, migrant workers from Myanmar and Malaysia are “bought” and “sold”, subjected to brutal working conditions including torture, and even killed. | <urn:uuid:b588bfb6-e766-4ea1-863c-1427009d25f4> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://www.globalslaveryindex.org/media/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1409535917663.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20140901014517-00075-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.930176 | 398 | 2.59375 | 3 |
- Review Paper
- Open Access
A survey of diminished reality: Techniques for visually concealing, eliminating, and seeing through real objects
IPSJ Transactions on Computer Vision and Applications volume 9, Article number: 17 (2017)
In this paper, we review diminished reality (DR) studies that visually remove, hide, and see through real objects from the real world. We systematically analyze and classify publications and present a technology map as a reference for future research. We also discuss future directions, including multimodal diminished reality. We believe that this paper will be useful mainly for students who are interested in DR, beginning DR researchers, and teachers who introduce DR in their classes.
Diminished reality (DR) is a set of methodologies for concealing, eliminating, and seeing through objects in a perceived environment in real time to diminish the reality. This technique is different from augmented reality (AR) and mixed reality (MR) [1–3] that superimpose virtual objects on the real world to enhance reality (Fig. 1). In AR/MR, virtual objects are newly placed among real objects or real objects are extended with virtual objects. For example, a building is annotated with a virtual billboard or a building is extended with its virtual floors. In the former case, real and virtual objects individually exist in the environment. Therefore, in general, observers do not observe contextual seamlessness between real and virtual objects. In the latter case, however, no apparent gap between real and virtual objects is acceptable; otherwise, real–virtual borders will appear as visual inconsistency. In a similar manner to this, in DR-specific scenarios (e.g., removing real objects), observers assume that there is no apparent gap between the real and virtual scenes because the virtual scene is the reconstruction of real objects unobservable from the observers. That is, most of DR research faces to scenarios in which this consistency at the real–virtual boundaries is considered important. As with AR/MR, such inconsistencies can be summarized as geometric, photometric, and temporal issues.
The word “diminish” means to “make or become less” or “cause to seem less impressive or valuable,” and the meaning recalled from the current DR, such as “removing, alternating, or seeing through” real objects, is not originally included. In the 1990s, DR was defined by Mann in the concept of mediated reality including AR, MR, and DR . In the early DR literature, some examples were shown in which lowering the saturation of some areas to force an observer to face the other regions , and virtual objects overwrote undesirable real objects to hide the real information . In the 2000s, Zokai et al. proposed a method for removing industrial pipes visually . In this work, they recovered a hidden background at the main view using photos observed at different views to cover the real pipes to remove them visually, and they represented this approach as a DR methodology. Since then, methods for visually removing objects have been considered one DR methodology. From the same point of view, in the 1990s, medical AR/MR attempted to visualize the inside of a patient’s body from outside by superimposing computerized tomography (CT) or endoscopic images on AR/MR displays. These techniques can also be categorized as a DR methodology [7, 8]. In the 2010s, a real-time image-inpainting framework was proposed and considered a DR methodology, although image inpainting had been considered a computationally expensive process to be run in real time because the method repetitively searches and composes image patches to fill in missing regions [9, 10].
In this paper, the DR methodologies published during the 20-year period from Mann’s publication in the 1990s to the present are reviewed. We especially focused on a comprehensive survey, organization, and analysis of “interactive” methods. However, as real-time performance depends on the machines used, the literature claiming to be DR methods are introduced even if they could not process the method in real time at the time of publication. This paper is a revised version of a paper published in Japanese in 2011 . In this paper, we added discussions of new publications up to 2017 and improved the descriptions of the implementation framework and classification to more general descriptions. To the best of our knowledge, this paper is the first international DR survey paper.
Basic functions and usage
DR technology is used to implement diminish, see-through, replace, and inpaint functions. Figure 2 shows example DR results from existing publications.
Diminish Degrade visual functions for a certain purpose. For example, the color information of a visual field (i.e., the acquired image) is thinned out or distorted. This corresponds to acquiring, editing, and presenting the light rays jumping into the eyes via see-through head-mounted display (HMD) and reality mediator (i.e., a computer ). This representation can be used to help and understand individuals with visual impairments .
See-through: Cover real objects with images of their occluded background to make the objects virtually invisible in our vision. This process is equivalent to replacing light rays from the real object with light rays from the background to reproduce the scene in which real objects do not exist in our visual field through HMDs. This process can be implemented in the same manner as the virtual object overlay in AR/MR (e.g., virtual objects of reconstructed backgrounds are overlaid in a perceived vision). This process is used to remove a person from Google Street View pictures to protect his or her privacy , to remove a person in a video , to remove a vehicle in front of the driver , to remove a baseball catcher to visualize the view of the pitcher from a view behind the catcher , and to generate a panoramic stroboscopic image [16, 17].
Some literature discusses a way of representing occluding objects as semi-transparent in a mixture with alpha blending or the like. This visualization technique is called AR X-ray vision, see-through vision, or ghosted views. These literature discuss the reasonableness of the representations in terms of visibility and depth perception. Semi-transparent representation is useful for seeing through car interiors and walls .
Replace Overlap a real object with a virtual object so that the real object appears to be replaced by the virtual object. In other words, light rays from the real object are blocked by the superimposed virtual object in a view [5, 20]. To fully cover the real object, one has to prepare a virtual object with the same or larger size than the real one in the perspective. Alternatively, the virtual object overlay can be performed after the see-through process to replace the real object with a smaller virtual object. For example, a signboard with unnecessary information is hidden with a useful virtual signboard . The removal and then replacement methodology will improve the quality of the AR/MR rebuilding and landscape simulation in which old buildings are completely replaced with new virtual ones.
Inpaint Generate plausible background images based on the surroundings. This technique can provide similar results to see-through but the background image is a synthesis of pixels or image patches in regions surrounding the object to be removed in user perspective. In other words, light rays from the real object are replaced with light rays generated based on surrounding light rays. Thus, there is no guarantee if the background is as it is. On the other hand, this technique can eliminate obstacles with no background (e.g., drawings on a wall and manholes on a street). Most of existing work assumes that the background is planar [9, 10, 21] because image inpainting is potentially a screen space image processing. The recent work can handle curved or multiple surfaces .
Implementation procedures and terminology
Most existing DR systems are video see-through (VST) systems. Therefore, this chapter describes implementation procedures for diminishing, seeing through, replacing, and inpainting methodologies of VST DR. Table 1 summarizes the relation between each procedure of typical DR and AR/MR methods.
Background observation Observe backgrounds to acquire background information for see-through. Various types of images are used as follows: Internet photos , X-ray images [8, 24], image sets actively captured in advance [25, 26], streaming image sequences from surveillance cameras , multi-view cameras [6, 28–30], and RGB-D cameras [31, 32]. One could store a sufficient number of viewpoints when one carefully captures a scene during enough time [13, 25, 26]. However, one will suffer from the geometric or photometric differences between the real and virtual scenes in the DR results due to the intervals between the preliminary observation and the current DR experience. In the case of real-time observation that can handle dynamic backgrounds [6, 27, 29–32], because the number of installed cameras is physically limited, the number of viewpoints is sometimes insufficient. In addition, temporal inconsistency occurs when camera synchronization is not performed properly. In both observation methods, differences between the camera optics cause photometric inconsistency. These inconsistencies can be modified in the composition stage.
Scene tracking Estimate the camera pose of the current frame or objects of interest. Most DR methods require the camera pose or the relative pose of the camera to the scene as an input to recover the hidden background in the current view. Positioning sensors [33, 34], visual simultaneous localization and mapping (vSLAM) methods [14, 23, 27, 35, 36, 43], pre-calibration [6, 37], and fidicial markers [31, 38] are available.
Region of interest detection Determine the region of interest (ROI) specifying a target object to be diminished in a view. The ROI is a mask image to be covered with a recovered hidden background image in the next procedure. The ROI is not necessarily the silhouette of the target object and can be a bounding box that convert the object roughly and sufficiently. However, minimizing the ROI will reduce unnecessary artifacts while such rigorous edges may make the hidden area conspicuous. Geometric models of the target objects to be removed , simple 3D bounding boxes [6, 26], and image recognition techniques [13, 39] are used to detect the ROI. Several methods place the target objects in a non-reconstruction area not to be appeared in the resulting image [30, 40].
Hidden view generation Recover a hidden background in the ROI based on background observation for see-through or generate plausible images for inpaint. In see-through, image-based methods are preferred for seamless real–virtual composition. Homography transformations of images [13, 19, 35, 36, 41, 42], rendering texture 3D models [6, 31, 43], rendering voxels , and image-based rendering (IBR) [25, 26, 30, 44] are the major approaches. In inpaint, pixels or image patches are synthesized in the ROI to fill in the region with plausible pixels [9, 10, 21, 38].
Composition Make the real–virtual boundary less noticeable by post-processing or overlaying other effects on the DR image. Poisson blending-based methods [13, 38] and pixel intensity estimation from surrounding pixels are used for seamless real–virtual composition. Similarly, alpha blending at real–virtual boundaries is known to be effective [25, 26]. For the replacing process, AR overlay is accomplished . For the see-through process, real–virtual images are blended with an alpha blending , and the edges or the saliency map of the real foreground image are overlaid to improve visibility and depth perception [19, 46–48].
Classification by procedures
We classify existing methods according to the five procedures described in the previous section. Table 2 shows the procedures and their representative methods.
To diminish a real object from a perceived view, background information hidden from the viewer is necessary to exchange the object with the background information. A direct approach is to observe the background from a different viewpoint or beforehand, and therefore, the observation approaches vary depending on the situation. In this section, we introduce four approaches: pre-observation, active self-observation, real-time observation with additional cameras, and their combinations.
In some situations, one can create background image datasets before the target objects to be diminished are placed in the environment. In this case, we can expect high-quality DR results because a sufficient number of viewpoint images are carefully captured. However, the geometric and photometric differences between the real and virtual regions must be handled in composition stage due to the time intervals between the pre-observation and the DR experience.
Mori et al. restored hidden background images from multi-view perspective images preserved by the user in advance . Cosco et al. removed a haptic device PHANToM on a desk using multi-view photos captured before the device was placed [25, 49].
Takemura et al. proposed a method for restoring the line of sight of the other party wearing an HMD by removing the HMD in the perspective [50, 51]. In this case, the hidden background is the face hidden by the HMD, and therefore, they used pre-captured angle-dependent images. Li et al. deleted a person in a video sequence by superimposing an image from Internet photo collections selected based on GPS data . They assumed that a sufficient number of photographs taken close to the current viewpoint exist on the web because the method is used at a sightseeing spot.
When we have no proper background image dataset, we can still observe the backgrounds by moving the viewpoint or waiting for the objects to move so that the initially occluded backgrounds can be observed with a certain time difference but have an advantage that the background observer and the user have the same camera optics. However, the background in contact with the target objects may not be observed and therefore remain unknown.
Flores et al. removed a person from Google Street View images taken with spatial-time differences using the camera attached to a vehicle . Hasegawa and Saito removed a person from a panoramic image by stitching multiple images recorded during user panning [16, 17]. In this case, a hidden region in a frame is observable in the previous frames.
Some methods surround the environment with additional cameras to observe occluded backgrounds in the main view. These approaches can acquire background information in real time and provide the current state of the hidden area in the main view. In this case, sharing coordinate systems and time stamps between the cameras is required for providing images.
Zokai et al. used two additional cameras as hidden background observers to erase pipes in a factory in the main view . Kameda et al. and Mei et al. used multiple video cameras behind walls (e.g., surveillance cameras) to see through views occluded by the walls. Enomoto et al. assumed that multiple users with handheld cameras exist in the environment and they observe the backgrounds for the others . In an AR X-ray system for see-through walls , a camera-equipped remote control robot was used to observe the hidden background. Rameau et al. used a stereo camera attached to a front vehicle to see through a front vehicle . These methods require all cameras to capture a common area to calculate the relation between the images.
Multi-view cameras are often used for acquiring 3D structure and surface colors of hidden backgrounds [29, 40]. However, multi-view based 3D reconstruction is time-consuming. Thus, Meerits and Saito used an RGB-D observer camera for fast 3D reconstruction of hidden backgrounds as 3D polygon mesh in real time . Ienaga et al. reported an example implementation of a multiple RGB-D camera system to remove the viewer’s body in an AR-based mirror system to improve the efficiency of teaching anatomy .
Further, multi-view cameras are used for constructing light fields. Mori et al. constructed light fields with a real-time multi-camera system and removed a viewer’s hand from the perspective to visualize the viewer’s workspace occluded by his or her own hand .
The observation methods described so far can be used together. For example, we can implement a method that removes an object on a plane with an observation-type method and fills the remaining regions with an inpaint method. We can use the current images fetched from a real-time observation-type method to map them on the scene geometry estimated using a pre-observation-type method. This approach will reduce the geometric and photometric inconsistencies.
Barnum et al. took a similar approach. In their method, an acquired background image is divided into two planes related to a moving object and a non-moving object behind the moving object. Then, they replaced the background image with the pre-observed image. It should be noted as well that they used a relay camera for the main and background observer cameras to create a common region between the two, and therefore, these two cameras can be placed far from each other . Sugimoto et al. switched multi-view RGB-D cameras to cover a wide range of the real-time background observation, and still, unobservable areas are compensated from the past frames . Mei et al. used a 3D map constructed using vSLAM beforehand to localize the current camera and overlaid a real-time video of a surveillance camera in the current view .
DR methods require calibration of the main camera and the background observer cameras. In addition, one can superimpose virtual objects interactively by estimating the camera pose of the main camera, as in AR/MR.
Almost all of the existing DR methods allow six degrees of freedom (6DoF) motion for the main camera using positioning sensors [33, 34], fiducial markers [22, 25, 41, 49], model-based tracking [13, 26], vSLAM [14, 23, 27, 35, 44, 53], etc. Cosco et al. used ARToolKit and ARToolKitPlus markers to track the main camera at pre-observation and run-time for indoor desktop a DR scenario [25, 49]. Enomoto et al. used fiducial markers, ARTag , for registering all cameras in a unified coordinate system, and therefore, each camera can move in 6DoF while the marker is visible in the view . Herling and Broll used an object tracker that continuously detects and tracks the ROI to fill in the ROI with pixels using inpaint [9, 10]. If the target object to be diminished is a marker [21, 22, 38] or a marker-attached object , then the fiducial markers are used to estimate the camera pose.
For achieving DR in an arbitrary scene, vision-based tracking methods are considered more feasible than artificial markers that should be diminished in the user’s perspective too. Mori et al. calculated a camera pose by solving a perspective-n-point problem using 3D–2D correspondences of the features between the current image and the image-based rendering image of a scene . Li et al. used the previous and current homography estimation to smooth the temporal error and thus reduced the jitter . vSLAM systems such as PTAM and KinectFusion are a typical option for estimating the camera poses in an arbitrary environment [35, 36, 43]. For example, Kawai et al. used vSLAM, PTAM, to achieve inpaint under 6DoF camera motion in 3D scenes . Mei et al. used an old vSLAM map to estimate camera motion at run-time in see-through. Rameau et al. proposed a method to match front car local 3D map against the rear image to synthesize the front car image at the rear car perspective . As the 3D local map is updated in real time, the driver can see through roads without the front car in real time.
Detection of the region of interest
The regions of the target objects to be diminished are determined to fill in the regions with the estimated background image for see-through or plausible image generated using inpaint in the perspective. The occlusions of the target and the other objects must be managed in this step. The removal target area is traced as close to the silhouette of the target object as possible on the screen. Because this removal target area varies due to the viewpoint changes of the main camera and movement or deformation of the removal target object, it is necessary to detect, recognize, and track the area frame by frame. Limiting the ROI can avoid affecting the main camera image with the incomplete reconstruction results, including unnecessary artifacts or can reduce the processing cost. Discontinuities are often observed at the boundaries between the ROI and its surroundings.
Overlay without detection
The method proposed by Enomoto et al. does not estimate a specific ROI for removing target objects because the entire images of the other cameras are projected to the perspective . Although this approach can reduce computational cost of the ROI detection, unnecessary artifacts appear potentially around the target objects.
There are cases where explicit or automatic ROI detection is not required. For example, in the case of , the cameras and the target objects are fixed in the environment and the ROI can be set manually. It is not a problem to estimate target areas that are narrower than the actual object area to see part of the wall [33, 34, 48]. Jarusirisawad and Saito ignored their target objects from a projective grid space (PGS) for their plane sweep algorithm-based 3D reconstruction [29, 40]. They proposed another method for removing a person described by voxels, and they determined the ROI by manually segmenting and labeling the target voxels in a video sequence .
When the geometric shapes of the target object are known, the corresponding ROI can be determined by projecting the geometric model on the perspective. Such geometric model data is obtained with manual modeling (e.g., computer-aided design (CAD) data [46, 47]) or automatic structure-from-motion (SfM) modeling software. In the case of a visuo-haptic AR [25, 49], an articulated haptic device, PHANToM, is surrounded by several 3D bounding boxes, and each box position is calculated based on joint angles from the device. In most cases, slightly larger bounding boxes are preferred to sufficiently surround the target objects in the view [25, 26, 31, 49]. Rameau et al. pointed out that vision-based tracking system is still computationally expensive and not robust enough in some cases. Thus, they proposed to use a cuboid to surround a front car of interest assuming that the car pose is estimated at every frame .
Lepetit et al. used a semi-automatic segmentation technique . They manually segmented the ROI only in key frames, and the ROIs in the other frames were automatically estimated using a vision technique . Li et al. tracked a person in subsequent frames using comprehensive tracking by which the rectangular region specified at the initial frame was continuously tracked.
Yokoi et al. eliminated a lecturer in a lecture video by segmenting the target region using frame–frame differences and the graph cut method . When a target object is a plane marker, the ROI can be automatically determined from the marker information [21, 22, 38]. Hasegawa and Saito used HOG-SVM and Kalman filter to automatically determine an area of a moving person to be eliminated [16, 17].
In inpaint methods, an object of interest is tracked frame-by-frame [9, 10, 23]. Herling and Broll first used classic Snake algorithm to track contours of an object of interest and improved their ROI detection and tracking algorithms for video usages . Their method detects contours of an object of interest based on manually guided footprints in a screen space and tracks them based on homography. In a method proposed by Kawai et al., the user first draws ROI manually in a screen and the ROI determined using 3D scene points fetched from vSLAM is continuously tracked . Kawai et al. present an optional manual ROI cropping procedure because the tracked ROI might include unnecessary part of the scene at the different viewpoint from the initial one.
Hidden view generation
The synthesized background image must follow the camera motion (i.e., backgrounds must be recovered in 3D). When the backgrounds exist far from the main camera, viewpoint changes do not drastically change the background appearance. In this case, we may approximate this background to a plane or camera motions to rotation-only movement.
Barnum et al. used two types of homography for handling erratic transformations caused by planar approximation of the objects . Li et al. also used homography to transform images fetched from the web and selected the closest image from the shooting locations . Some tablet-based approaches use homography to transform a rear camera image on a tablet to the user’s perspective [35, 36, 42] (see the “5.1.3” section for further details).
Some methods explicitly extract 3D geometry or depth map of the backgrounds to handle 3D objects in the environment. Zokai et al. used a stereovision technique and approximated the background as a set of multiple planes . Rameau et al. also used a stereovision technique to generate a dense depth map to warp a color image to the main viewpoint . Some methods used multiple cameras to reconstruct backgrounds in PGS using the plane sweep algorithm [29, 40]. Meerits and Saito proposed a graphics processing unit (GPU) processing framework for real-time polygon meshing from depth frames obtained with an RGB-D camera . Baričević et al. reconstructed the 3D scene geometry for transforming rear camera image of a tablet to the user’s perspective , although the other tablet-based approaches approximate this transformation as homography [35, 36, 42].
AR/MR methods superimpose arbitrary computer graphics into a real scene while see-through DR methods overlay a synthetic image recovered from observations of a real scene. Therefore, image-based approaches are considered effective. Cosco et al. performed view-dependent texture mapping (VDTM) , and for this, they manually built polygon mesh of the environment and a set of pairs of a pre-captured image and its location measured using AR markers in the environment [25, 49]. A pre-observation approach proposed by Mori et al. performed unstructured lumigraph rendering using the structures and images acquired with SfM . There is an example of removing objects using light fields from pre-calibrated multi-view streaming . Synthetic aperture photography (SAP) makes captured foregrounds virtually deblurred and invisible by simulating a large aperture camera using regularly arranged cameras [66, 67].
When hidden areas cannot be observed at all, we have no choice except to compensate the background from the surrounding pixels without any background observations. Such methods are referred to as image inpainting, image completion, or video inpainting. Korkalo deleted an AR marker using an inpainting method , and this was a pioneering work in this DR area .
In general, image-inpainting processing is difficult to achieve in real time, and various attempts have been made (e.g., PatchMatch ). Based on the idea of PatchMatch’s image patch search method, Herling and Broll implemented a real-time inpainting process that fills in the ROI on a plane with image patches of the surroundings . They proposed a real-time image-inpainting algorithm based on appearance and spatial cost functions, heuristic optimization of the cost functions, and multi-resolution optimization . Kawai et al. proposed a method for simultaneously executing processes related to inpainting and the others using multi-threading . Because image inpainting is an algorithm implemented in the image space, applying the algorithm to a 3D scene is difficult. Kawai et al. proposed a method for segmenting scenes into multiple planes using a point cloud reconstructed with a vSLAM and executed image inpainting on each plane . They also extended an image-inpainting algorithm to inpaint a marker on a deformed surface .
Inaccurate background recovery results in clear boundaries between the ROI and the other region so that such apparent gaps are absorbed in this step. Applying the AR processes that present illumination and post processes for seamless overlay of virtual objects will improve DR results. On the other hand, many see-through DR literature tends to investigate more computationally efficient approaches focusing on compensating real–virtual boundary in screen space (i.e., 2D space) which appears all boundary on ROI. Thereafter, semi-transparent representation is performed to improve user depth perception. In addition, AR/MR objects are overlaid to perform replace if necessary.
To disambiguate the gaps in the regions around the target objects, alpha blending provides a computationally cheap and sufficient solution [25, 26, 49]. Poisson blending-based techniques are computationally expensive but provide a reasonable solution [13, 31, 38]. Li et al. used a mean-value coordinate that limits the ROI to a rectangle to speed up the blending process.
Some existing work does not remove target objects but renders them semi-transparent to the present foreground and the background at the same time. These techniques are called see-through vision [46, 47], AR X-ray [33, 34, 48, 71–73], and ghosted views . These representation methods will be useful for avoiding the danger of a collision with the diminished objects.
Although these names are different, most of these studies mainly focus on improving and analyzing the depth perception for better spatial understanding. Sugimoto et al. used a simple alpha-blending approach to show their occluding robot arm semi-transparent . Tsuda et al. analyzed various methods for see-through representations, such as wireframes, bird’s eye view, and the combinations in a see-through vision framework. They evaluated whether the observer can intuitively grasp the space and reported the best combination . Avery et al. pointed out with a simple transparent representation that information on the wall is lost and that this representation causes problems in the depth perception . Therefore, they proposed a method to show the foreground edges and the background image at the same time to improve the depth perception. Otsuki et al. presented a random dot-based see-through vision, Stereoscopic Pseudo-Transparency, and considered the random dot patterns . Buchmann et al. performed a visibility evaluation of effects for transparency changes on worker’s hands at the perspective during block-stacking tasks . Fukiage et al. proposed a framework for optimizing the transparency of each pixel in a superimposed virtual object .
In addition, there is a report of a demonstration system for removing furniture with an image-inpainting method and then replacing it with the prepared virtual furniture .
Classification by devices
We discuss displays and imaging devices in DR. Figure 3 shows example photos of see-through-based, projection-based, and tablet-based DR systems.
Most of the display devices used in DR are the see-through based while several publications showed projection-based and tablet-based systems.
All of the DR systems introduced so far are VST-type systems. Optical see-through (OST) systems in DR have been lagging the technical difficulties of “shutting off light rays from the real object” that is the preconditioning procedure of DR. In other words, we also expect the emergence of a reasonable solution for occlusion problems of OST display in AR/MR .
In VST DR, a background image is digitally superimposed on an observer’s image to hide target objects, whereas in projection-based DR, the target objects are hidden by literally projecting the hidden background image with the projector to physically diminish the objects.
Seo et al. implemented a projector system to remove textures on a Lambertian plane considering geometric and photometric matching of projector lights and the surface . Bonanni et al. proposed a kitchen system using AR technology, and as one of the functions, they implemented a mechanism to show the inside of a refrigerator by projecting the image on the door . Iwai et al. proposed Limpid Desk, a system for locating documents of interest from ones stacked and scattered on a desk. When a user touches a certain document in the document group, the documents become transparent to show the target document. They examined interactivity and transparent representations to help users recognize easily the overlap of the documents . Inami et al. proposed a transparent haptic device and suits (optical camouflage suits) using a projector camera (pro-cam), and Yoshida et al. proposed a pro-cam-based transparent cockpit to see through a car body from its inside .
In MR/AR/DR with tablets as display devices, the tablets themselves are also objects to be diminished with a DR technique, because the camera image displayed on the tablet is not geometrically consistent with the real scene from the user’s perspective . In order to decrease the inconsistency, facing planes , arbitrary plane [35, 36], non-planar [43, 44], and simplified versions [85, 86] of these methods have been developed. It has also been shown that users prefer this display method and the efficiency of the search operation is improved in some cases [88, 89].
Most DR systems use color cameras only. We introduce DR methods that use special sensors, such as RGB-D (color camera and rangefinder), and medical instruments, such as endoscopy, ultrasound, and X-ray.
RGB-D cameras are also used for reconstructing the background in some work [31, 45]. RGB-D cameras help extract scene geometry explicitly. What is important in such systems are the real-time issues of 3D scene reconstruction from RGB-D images, frame-by-frame data transfer of large amounts of geometric information, and perspective transformation of geometric data.
In the medical field, researchers have used images captured with an endoscope (laparoscope). Fuchs et al. installed a projector that emits structured lights on a body, and they observed the lights with a color camera attached to an endoscope to acquire the 3D surface of the cavity inside the body. The reconstructed image was presented on the body surface . Mourgues et al. proposed a method for reconstructing a 3D cavity inside the body using a stereoendoscope to visually remove the medical device . Similarly, in the medical field, there are many examples of the use of special image sensors. A see-through method of superimposing an ultrasound image on a patient’s body [7, 91–97] and a similar method using X-ray images [8, 24] have been proposed and tested.
It is necessary to evaluate the benefits and disadvantages of various DR methods. In this section, we introduce quantitative and qualitative evaluations in DR.
If we consider a DR method for generating background images within an ROI according to the current viewpoint, we can evaluate the method separately for each function, such as camera tracking, detecting or recognizing objects, and generating arbitrary viewpoint images. However, to assess whether a resulting image is correct or not, we need the ground truth in DR. For example, the ground truth of the see-through process is the pair of an image sequence of an object to be removed and one without the object in the same spatial-temporal conditions. Focusing on a static background and a static target object, we can acquire such a set of image sequences with a robot arm under a fixed illumination condition . However, assuming dynamic backgrounds or target objects, it is impossible to acquire such ground truth without guarantees of the repeatability of the backgrounds and targets. Therefore, in such a case, using computer graphics or image sequences of real scenes composited with computer-generated obstacles is one solution.
However, one may consider when the correct answer of the DR processing result cannot necessarily be defined or it is not necessary to be a correct answer. For example, in a case of deleting a manhole on a road, the required quality depends on the purpose of the DR process. It is unclear to us whether the pipe system under the manhole should be visualized or asphalt without manholes should be reproduced. Therefore, in such the case, it is necessary to perform a user study to evaluate whether or not the implemented DR method was able to output a visually convincing result. These evaluation methods are often used in literature related to see-through processing [33, 34, 46–48, 71–74], and they are helpful.
The image quality assessment (IQA) method is used in the area of image inpainting that cannot have ground truth images. For example, the method for measuring the gaze amount before and after image processing and the method that uses a saliency map [100, 101] are well-known. Under the same purpose, a method that uses image features has also been proposed .
In this section, we discuss issues that are not limited to vision matters that have not been achieved in the previous DR studies.
Most DR methods that use multiple viewpoints are premises that cameras are fixed in space. The use of fiducial markers is one solution to this problem although the markers themselves should also be targets to be removed in DR. Allowing cameras to move freely in the 3D space makes a more flexible DR system; we need to tackle challenges known to be difficult in computer graphics and computer vision areas (e.g., artifacts accompanying viewpoint changes in IBR, real-time synchronization, and online multiple camera calibrations).
Head-mounted displays and binocular stereo
HMDs are actively used in AR/MR, while in DR there are a few use cases only in entertainment systems . OST DR is virtually an unexplored area. Therefore, binocular stereo in DR is one of the unexplored areas although we have an example .
In this paper, we focused on extracting basic elements in existing research and classification of the literature only on visual DR which is common in existing DR research. Vision occupies the majority of human senses, but we should discuss similar issues in DR to various modalities that are important in AR/MR .
We can filter specific sounds in a frequency domain and therefore will be able to remove a sound from the original sound if digitally recorded sounds are available (cf., noise canceling technique). However, sound waves are felt not only from the ear but also throughout the body as bone conduction and vibration. Therefore, eliminating sound waves is difficult. Likewise, erasing sounds from a specific location is difficult because the sound image localization performance in a 3D space is lower than that of vision. We found a study in which sounds pass through walls after a see-through vision process .
In addition, Sawabe et al. proposed a method for diminishing human movement sensing using vection and evaluated its effect . Although augmentation on haptic sensation and taste has been studied, there are no related examples in DR.
In this paper, we surveyed diminished reality techniques to visually remove, hide, and see through real objects from the real world. We systematically classified and analyzed publications and presented a technology map as a reference for future research. We also discussed future directions, including multimodal diminished reality. We hope that this paper will be useful mainly for students who are interested in DR, beginning DR researchers, and teachers who introduce DR in their classes.
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This work was supported in part by a Grant-in-Aid from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Fellows Grant Number 16J05114 and a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (S) Grant Number 24220004.
SM collected and categorized publications and built the main structure of this review paper as the primary contributor. SI carried out the categorization, particularly regarding display devices. HS participated in the structural design of this paper and helped to draft the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
As described in the first section, this paper is a revised version of a paper published in Japanese in 2011 . In this paper, we added discussions of new publications up to 2016 and improved the descriptions of the implementation framework and classification to more general descriptions. The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
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Mori, S., Ikeda, S. & Saito, H. A survey of diminished reality: Techniques for visually concealing, eliminating, and seeing through real objects. IPSJ T Comput Vis Appl 9, 17 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1186/s41074-017-0028-1
- Diminished reality
- Mediated reality
- Mixed reality
- Augmented reality
- Image-based rendering
- Camera pose estimation
- Object detection
- Object recognition
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When I was in High School I didn’t like the computer class we had to take. I remember trying to figure out how to make a computer turtle move on my screen. How times have changed. We have some fourth graders working with the MIT designed Scratch program, as described below. Its pretty cool. . .and educational!!!
From the developers. . .That’s what we were hoping for when we set out to develop Scratch six years ago. We wanted to develop an approach to programming that would appeal to people who hadn’t previously imagined themselves as programmers. We wanted to make it easy for everyone, of all ages, backgrounds, and interests, to program their own interactive stories, games, animations, and simulations, and share their creations with one another. Since the public launch in May 2007, the Scratch Web site (http://scratch.mit.edu) has become a vibrant online community, with people sharing, discussing, and remixing one another’s projects. Scratch has been called “the YouTube of interactive media.” Each day, Scratchers from around the world upload more than 1,500 new projects to the site, with source code freely available for sharing and remixing. The site’s collection of projects is wildly diverse, including video games, interactive newsletters, science simulations, virtual tours, birthday cards, animated dance contests, and interactive tutorials, all programmed in Scratch. The core audience on the site is between the ages of eight and 16 (peaking at 12), though a sizeable group of adults participates as well. As Scratchers program and share interactive projects, they learn important mathematical and computational concepts, as well as how to think creatively, reason systematically, and work collaboratively: all essential skills for the 21st century. Indeed, our primary goal is not to prepare people for careers as professional programmers but to nurture a new generation of creative, systematic thinkers comfortable using programming to express their ideas. via Scratch: Programming for All | November 2009 | Communications of the ACM. | <urn:uuid:87407477-0b76-4ae4-95a3-f0bdaecc8552> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | http://rackerman.wordpress.bedford.k12.ma.us/tag/computers/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936463104.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074103-00247-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961521 | 422 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Our full size replica of the Bayeux Tapestry is a wonderful resource for the teaching and learning of the Saxon/ Norman period and helps illustrate the events of 1066 and the death of Edward the Confessor. The tapestry is used alongside medieval objects, replica costume and role play to bring this period of history alive.
We recommend booking our Bayeux Tapestry school session in combination with Royals in Reading.
Good pace; pitched at right level; clearly delivered. Session leader handled children expertly. Excellent manner and tone.St Andrews School
Key Stage 2 and 3
Uses Reading’s unique full size copy of the Bayeux Tapestry
Know the sequence of events leading up to the Battle of Hastings
Understand the bias and source reliability of the tapestry
Know what people ate, wore and used during the Saxon/Norman period | <urn:uuid:8e120881-23ae-4817-a2f4-751c0e0a1a60> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://www.readingmuseum.org.uk/schools/bayeux-tapestry-session | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141197593.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20201129093434-20201129123434-00026.warc.gz | en | 0.884761 | 183 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Dookie Bushland Reserve
Dookie Bushland Reserve provides an excellent location for education programs and research, facilitating insights into natural resource management issues including fuel reduction, flora and fauna, conservation, restoration, and pest, animal and plant management. It is also a central collection point for the Goulburn Broken Indigenous Seedbank, also located on campus.
The Dookie Bushland Reserve is the largest of its kind on an Australian university campus. The reserve is a nationally significant area of 270 ha, comprised of mainly white box and grey box grassy woodland. Such vegetation types are rare in South Eastern Australia, particularly of this size and quality. While they were once very common across the Riverine Plains of Northern Victoria and Southern New South Wales, more than 98% of the original distribution has been cleared or modified for agriculture.
Flora and fauna
The Dookie Bushland Reserve boasts an impressive array of native flora and fauna providing excellent diversity and species habitats.Over 166 native and 80 introduced plant species are present in the bushland reserve. Of the native species, nine are classified as rare, endangered or vulnerable.
The extensive fauna species inhabiting the reserve include:
- 111 native and 5 introduced bird species
- 5 frog species
- 15 reptile species
- 26 native and 4 introduced mammals
Of these, 7 birds, 3 reptiles, and 2 mammals have been classified as rare, threatened or vulnerable. These fauna include Squirrel Gliders, Swift and Turquoise Parrot, Bush Stone Curlews, Blind Snakes, Bandy Bandy Snake and Brush Tailed Phascogales. Rare birds such as the Regent Honey Eater and Grey Crowned Babbler have been sighted in the past however have not been seen for some time.
The Dookie Bushland Reserve has a varied land use history, with no agricultural impact until the 1960s when areas were used for grazing. Some areas were used for timber harvesting, while others were used for gravel extraction. The central area is in pristine condition with little or no impact since European settlement.
Since the reserve’s declaration in 1992, conservation strategies have led to major achievements including reduction of pest animals and major weeds, and massive regeneration of natural plants.
A 7.5km feral animal fence surrounding the reserve is less than 1.5 metres high, allowing kangaroo passage and deterring introduced animals including rabbits, foxes, hares and cats. Campaigns against major weeds have reduced Horehound, European Olive, Spear Thistle, Pattersons Curse and St. Johns Wort.
Regeneration of native plants was achieved through controlling the Eastern Grey Kangaroo population and limiting grazing stock access to the reserve. Areas that have not regenerated naturally since declaration are undergoing active revegetation assistance to connect the reserve with continuous vegetation along the Broken River and Mt Major.
A mature woodland environment now exists in the reserve’s centre. Typified by mature trees, a sparse shrub layer and a ground layer dominated by grasses of a tussock nature, this habitat supports native fauna.
Dookie Biolinks Program
The Dookie Biolinks Program is a community initiative, developed by a local representative committee to protect and connect existing vegetation, creek lines and wetlands throughout the Dookie region.
A significant cropping and agriculture district, fragmentation of Dookie’s natural vegetation has exposed threats to the survival of many native flora and fauna species in the region. Of the 150 bird species recorded, for example, 26 are considered threatened. The Diamond Firetail and Brolga are examples of the region’s threatened woodland and wetland birds.
The woodland vegetation in Dookie provide open grassy habitat for Bush Stone-Curlew, nectar resources and tree hollows for Squirrel Gliders and roadside trees and shrubs for Grey-Crowned Babblers.
The creek lines and wetlands provide significant habitat for many wetland flora and fauna species, like the Brolga, and it is our aim to increase and connect these remaining habitats throughout the landscape.
- Improve biodiversity in the Dookie region by protecting and connecting existing habitat through the landscape
- Improve quality and quantity of habitat specific to the requirements of threatened species in the district, focusing on wetlands, woodlands and grassy plains environments
- Engage and inform the Dookie community on ecological protection and enhancement
The Dookie Biolinks Program aims to increase the abundance and distribution of:
- The endangered Squirrel Glider
- Selected woodland and wetland species known to be in decline e.g. Diamond Firetail, Brown Tree creeper, Jacky Winter and Brolga
- Significant plant species e.g. Western Silver Wattle, Rock Correa, Dookie Daisy
Natural assets in the region
- Box Ironbark Forest vegetation
- Cypress Pine Woodland vegetation
- Grassy Woodland vegetation
- Wetlands and major creek lines
- Mount Major, remnant Grassy White Box Woodland
- Indigenous flora and fauna species
- Connecting within the Dookie Hills landscape and the Broken River
- Protect and enhance woodland and wetland communities
- Fence remnant vegetation, creeks and wetlands on private land
- Enhance remnant vegetation, creeks and wetlands through understorey plantings, retaining logs for habitat, pest, plant and animal control and managing for regeneration
- Coordinated weed control programs
- Coordinated rabbit, fox and hare control programs
- Revegetation projects, linking habitat across the landscape
- Adopting management plans for ecologically significant natural sites | <urn:uuid:58d4e9df-277c-412a-b820-3ede45837bea> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://fvas.unimelb.edu.au/dookie/bushland | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917118707.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031158-00307-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.912602 | 1,149 | 3.203125 | 3 |
Sexual abuse is a public health epidemic that has garnered more and more attention from the media in recent years. This is due in part to high profile incidents such as the Jerry Sandusky case, as well as recent revelations of significant deficits with how sexual abuse investigations are being handled in the military, on college campuses, and in our communities. Popular Science recently reprinted an article entitled What Science Says about Arousal during Rape that brings focus to a topic that is scientifically proven and clinically recognized, but not often discussed. Sexual abuse is a traumatic event which impacts survivors in a many ways, and experiencing sexual arousal or orgasm during a sexual assault may cause significant confusion for the victim which can negatively impact healing and/or contribute to a perpetrator believing that a sexually assaultive experience was consensual – two important reasons to examine this topic further.
First, it is worthwhile to ask the question “what exactly is sexual arousal?” Sexual arousal occurs in two ways – as a mental state (e.g., emotional, cognitive, fantasy) and as a physical state (e.g., increased genital blood flow, enhanced tactile sense, endorphin release). In mutually enjoyable sexual experiences, sexual arousal typically occurs in both the mental and physical states simultaneously. However, it is possible to be mentally aroused without showing any physical indications of arousal and it is possible to be physically aroused when not experiencing mental arousal. Arousal states can also occur in various orders (e.g., mental arousal followed by physical, or vice versa), as well as shift or change during an experience. Indeed, it is even possible to feel disgusted by the physical manifestations of arousal when the physical arousal is in response to distasteful or repugnant sexual stimuli (e.g., becoming physically aroused by seeing a family member naked, to a violent scenario, etc.).
Experiencing sexual arousal or orgasm during a sexual assault is likely under-reported and almost never discussed due to the obvious embarrassment, confusion, and potential response from others – wouldn’t any type of arousal mean the victim accepted and/or enjoyed the sexual assault? It is a sad reality that society often engages in victim blaming and frequently responds inappropriately to survivors of sexual abuse; however, a victim is never responsible for being targeted and sexually abused by another person – even if physical arousal may have occurred during the assault. It is an evolutionary fact that genital arousal (i.e., increased blood flow to the vagina or penis) is linked with our sympathetic nervous system, which also controls our fight or flight response. So, for some people when they are frightened (as would occur during a sexual assault), there is increased blood flow to the entire body, including the genitals, which may cause genital (physical, not mental) arousal – and, just like our fight or flight responses, this physiological response is not within our conscious control. It is important to note that this is true for both males and females – a male obtaining an erection during a sexual assault does not mean the male consented to or enjoyed the abuse, simply that his body experienced an ingrained evolutionary response to physical sexual stimulation.
This information is extremely important for professionals who work with survivors or perpetrators. Survivors commonly blame themselves for the abuse they experience and this can extend to the arousal they experienced against their will. Providing education and information about the physiological aspects of sexual arousal, primarily that sexual arousal can be an automatic response such as breathing, pupil dilation, or eye blinking, may provide context and help survivors heal.
For some sexual abuse perpetrators, indications of sexual arousal or orgasm experienced by the victim during a sexual assault may be used as evidence that the sexual assault was consensual and/or as a way to minimize or rationalize their behavior. Clarifying in treatment that arousal during the assault does not equal consent or enjoyment can be of assistance for both those who have abused and been abused alike.
For additional information on the science of sexual arousal, see Levin, R.J. & van Berlo, W. (2004). Sexual arousal and orgasm in subjects who experience forced or non-consensual sexual stimulation – a review. Journal of Clinical Forensic Medicine, 11, 82-88.
Association for the Treatment of Sexual Abusers | <urn:uuid:b19d82f0-6b1e-4a9c-a316-7e071aee5e7f> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://blog.atsa.com/2014/04/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178363217.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20210302034236-20210302064236-00348.warc.gz | en | 0.960939 | 852 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Metals and alloy are regarded as the backbone of a construction’s industry, and no construction project is ever accomplished without the inclusion of metals or alloys in it. However, the metals and alloys have evolved significantly over the years, and they have been modified consistently to meet the demands and requirements of a constructions project.
The introduction of soldering sticks and zamak alloy has revitalized the construction’s industry, and it has allowed the contractors to experiment with various types of materials for the construction of a basement or a building. When these two elements are combined together, they add robustness and sturdiness to a building or any miscellaneous construction project.
Applications of soldering sticks in construction’s industry:
The soldering sticks are recently introduced to a constructions and manufacturing industries, and it has taken both industries by a storm. The soldering sticks are curated from premium-quality metal, and their sleek and unique shape allows a plumber or a contractor to conduct plumbing work without any hassle. In addition to that, the use of soldering sticks is also common for assembling metals like tin, zinc, copper, and brass when constructing a building.
The use of soldering sticks plays a vital role in overseeing the activities related to sheet metal work, plumbing, construction’s bodywork, tinware, and coverings, and it allows the contractor to combine the elements together to ensure the construction of an infallible building design. During a construction project, a contractor is required to heat and assemble mechanical components together, which will be later implemented to the constructions points of a building.
Application of zamak alloy in construction’s industry:
Zamak alloy is an amalgamation of zinc, aluminum, magnesium, and copper. The melting point of the zamak alloy is noted at 400°C. During construction, a manufacturer is required to die-cast the involved materials, and the use of zamak alloy is considered ideal for this purpose as it has a consider amount of fluidity, which is considered ideal for construction.
During a construction’s project, a contractor is often required to integrate zamak alloy into a project site to strengthen the miscellaneous components involved in the project. The use of zamak alloy in constructions has catapulted the essence of constructions to a next level, and it allows the contractor to accomplish a project within a minimum timespan.
Contractors are more likely to employ the use of zamak alloy for fastening windows or two components together during a construction program. They also use it as a joint to combine two aluminum profiles together. It is also used for assembling gears in a particular site along with determining the mechanism for roller shutters for a constructions project. In addition to that, it is also used as a component for gates and lighting in a construction’s project. | <urn:uuid:70ec6040-8597-4f66-930f-e61aa1b9c4db> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | http://www.memetics.com/role-of-soldering-sticks-and-zamak-alloy-in-revitalization-constructions-industry/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178357641.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20210226115116-20210226145116-00535.warc.gz | en | 0.950148 | 590 | 2.765625 | 3 |
The Emberá people, also known in the historical literature as the Chocó or Katío Indians are an indigenous people of Panama and Colombia. There are approximately 33,000 people living in Panama and 50,000 in Colombia who identify as Emberá. The government of Panamá recognizes the 7 unique Indigenous tribes who live here and they each have been given what is called a Comarca. A Comarca is roughly equivalent to a reservation in North America with several notable differences. The tribes in Panamá were never forced off of their home territories, the comarca borders are drawn around their original homelands. The other big difference is that in Panamá the indigenous people were never forced into boarding schools nor punished for speaking their language or practicing their cultural traditions. In fact, the tribes were ignored and not even counted in the census of Panama and not recognized as citizens nor given the right and access to education until 1975! There is one benefit that resulted from the Emberá being ignored for so long, and that is that their language, culture, traditions, villages and lifestyle are still intact. | <urn:uuid:4ddbb75d-9802-4239-bdf1-21284a497e41> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://www.vanishingculturesphotography.com/f714812843 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030335448.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20220930082656-20220930112656-00086.warc.gz | en | 0.984091 | 225 | 3.1875 | 3 |
Cutting Of The Antlers May Be Harmful For Reindeers
The reindeer`s antlers make the beauty and the pride of a male, being a reliable weapon during spring tournaments. In autumn the antlers are no longer needed, so reindeers shed the antlers and grow them up anew in the next season. With the majority of the reindeer types, the male sex hormones control the growth of the antlers. But the reindeer`s doe has also got antlers. A pregnant doe carries antlers throughout winter, as the antlers help a doe to get food from under the snow, to keep off predators and males carrying no antlers, so that they would not interfere with the doe`s pasturing. The scientists have found out that the females` antlers growth mainly depends on the estradiol (female sex hormone) action.
The case with the males is not that simple. When the males are on heat, that being the period of the most rapid growth of the antlers, the concentration of several hormones, both male and female, increases in the reindeers` blood, that is why it is difficult to judge which specific hormone expedites the antlers` growth. The Soviet biologist I. I. Shmalgauzen assumed in his studies that not only the reindeer sex glands effected the antlers` growth, but the antlers when growing also produced the hormones which regulate the sex gland function. The research carried out by M.F. Borisenkov (Institute of Physiology, Komi Scientific Center, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Syktyvkar) has proved that the newly-growing antlers` cutting off changes the hormone status of the organism, although it does not impact the testicle endocrine function.
The research was carried out on the adult males from the deer-raising agricultural co-operative farm called `Olenevod`, town of Vorkuta. In June, 1.5-2 months after the mass fawning, the farm staff fulfilled the regular cutting of the reindeers` antlers taking proper care of the wounds. A day after the operation the concentration of progesterone hormone increased in the blood serum of all the animals, for the non- emasculated animals this effect lasting four months, till autumn. After that no more blood tests were taken. In autumn the males which are lucky to retain the antlers that long normally shed them. This is a natural process, driving no hormonal surges.
Progesterone is synthesized by the adrenal glands and testicles. However, as the emasculated animals have no testicles, the researcher believes that the antlers cutting impacts the adrenal glands, producing no effect on the sex glands` endocrine function. Of course, this is a positive fact, nevertheless, the scientists need to investigate the impact of the increased progesterone level on the organism of the reindeer. So far the role of this sex hormone in the organism of the male reindeer has not been thoroughly investigated. For some mammals this hormone causes stress. Certainly, cutting of the antlers is a heavy stress factor and it causes a lot of pain to the animal, but no stress can last for four months.
Borisenkov is planning to continue the experiments to find out the source of excess progesterone. If it is produced by the adrenal glands, then cutting of the antlers may somehow impact the other steroid hormones synthesis. Among other functions steroid hormones effect the metabolism process, various glands structure and the state of immune system. Possibly the antlers utilization for the medicine purposes causes more harm to the reindeers than the scientists used to believe.
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Articles and reports from the Life Sciences and chemistry area deal with applied and basic research into modern biology, chemistry and human medicine.
Valuable information can be found on a range of life sciences fields including bacteriology, biochemistry, bionics, bioinformatics, biophysics, biotechnology, genetics, geobotany, human biology, marine biology, microbiology, molecular biology, cellular biology, zoology, bioinorganic chemistry, microchemistry and environmental chemistry.
Changing a 2D material’s symmetry can unlock its promise
Jian Shi Research Group engineers material into promising optoelectronic. Optoelectronic materials that are capable of converting the energy of light into electricity, and electricity into light, have promising applications as… | <urn:uuid:afca7129-a300-44ad-83bf-e297477ce35d> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://www.innovations-report.com/life-sciences/report-8198/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487658814.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20210620054240-20210620084240-00111.warc.gz | en | 0.912352 | 934 | 2.671875 | 3 |
A category of taxonomic classification between order and phylum, a class comprises members of similar orders. Evolution by the process of natural selection acting on random variation.
A small, tree-dwelling primate that belongs to the group called prosimians. A cladogram branches like a family tree, with the most closely related species on adjacent branches. Deoxyribonucleic acid, the molecule that controls inheritance. Specifically in humans it refers to the stage of development after the appearance of bone cells, a process occurring 7 to 8 weeks after fertilization.
The philosophical theory that there are fundamental non-material "ideas," "plans," or "forms" underlying the phenomena we observe in nature. Bacteriological culture media were supplied by Oxoid Basingstoke, England. Many heterotrophs, such as Escherichia coli or Pseudomonas aeruginosa, synthesize all of their cellular constituents from simple sugars such as glucose because they possess the necessary biosynthetic pathways.
There is no one type of antibiotic that cures every infection. In this study, our working hypothesis was that for an efficient therapy, we have to find antimicrobial agents that can eliminate all the forms of B. His laboratory is involved in detailed studies of the interaction between a parasitic trematode and a freshwater New Zealand snail in which both sexual and asexual females coexist.
Expressed as a proportion between 0 and 1 or percentage between 0 and percent. The coding parts, which are translated, are called exons; the interspersed non-coding parts are called introns. He is the author of several popular books on human origins. Drug interactions can also be common with antibiotics.
Glaciation of the continents marks the beginning of ice ages, when the makeup of Earth and organisms on it changes dramatically. The World Health Organization concluded that inappropriate use of antibiotics in animal husbandry is an underlying contributor to the emergence and spread of antibiotic-resistant germs, and that the use of antibiotics as growth promoters in animal feeds should be restricted.
One of the alternative forms of a gene. A condition in which the haplotype frequencies in a population deviate from the values they would have if the genes at each locus were combined at random.
Homeoboxes code for a protein "homeodomain," a protein domain that binds to DNA, and can regulate the expression of other genes. Another guideline is to implement methodologies that help to establish associated risk factors and assess the risk of antibiotic resistance. It is the largest and most heterogeneous microbial ecosystem associated with the human body, and it is of great importance to the host with respect to many physiological and immunological functions 4 — 6.
The quantitative study of characters of organisms. Policy makers To prevent and control the spread of antibiotic resistance, policy makers can: Iron is needed for the growth of almost all organisms. A geologist whose work includes the study of geological processes at a range of scales, from the smallest nanometer to broader-scale interpretations of the history experienced by geological materials.
The nucleotide sequences of some genes consist of parts that code for amino acids, and other parts that do not code for amino acids interspersed among them.
The study of genes and their relationship to characteristics of organisms. An increase in hand washing compliance by hospital staff results in decreased rates of resistant organisms.
A group at any level in the classificatory hierarchy, such as a familyis formed by combining a subgroup at the next lowest level the genusin this case with the subgroup or subgroups with which it shares its most recent common ancestor. Changes in the frequencies of alleles in a population that occur by chance, rather than because of natural selection.
At the hospital level[ edit ] Antimicrobial stewardship teams in hospitals are encouraging optimal use of antimicrobials. He was the first to apply the theory of natural selection to humanity to explain the course of human evolution.
A protein that carries oxygen from the lungs throughout the body. The second-to-lowest category in taxonomic classification. Prevent infections by regularly washing hands, preparing food hygienically, avoiding close contact with sick people, practising safer sex, and keeping vaccinations up to date.
The region of a eukaryotic cell outside the nucleus. Kreiswirth uses DNA fingerprinting to study the evolution of antibiotic resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the pathogen that causes TB.
The group of reptiles, birds, and mammals. She is interested in the timing and sequence of skeletal and other changes which occurred during the transition, and the origin and relationships of the diverse tetrapods of the late Paleozoic.
They arose in the Lower Ordovician between and million years agoand fossil crinoids are an important constituent of Palaeozoic limestones. They lay out the head to tail body pattern in very early embryos. Resistance modifying agents are capable of partly or completely suppressing bacterial resistance mechanisms.
A group of bipedal hominid species belonging to the genus Australopithecus that lived between 4.Bacteria - Evolution of bacteria: Bacteria have existed from very early in the history of life on Earth. Bacteria fossils discovered in rocks date from at least the Devonian Period ( million to million years ago), and there are convincing arguments that bacteria have been present since early Precambrian time, about billion years ago.
Before the 20th century, there were no effective treatments for infections caused by bacteria, including pneumonia, tuberculosis, gonorrhea, rheumatic fever and urinary tract infections.
Scientific American is the essential guide to the most awe-inspiring advances in science and technology, explaining how they change our understanding of the world and shape our lives.
acquired trait: A phenotypic characteristic, acquired during growth and development, that is not genetically based and therefore cannot be passed on to the next generation (for example, the large.
Effects of Different Antibiotics on Bacteria Because of their small size, rapid rate of reproduction, and relatively simple structure, bacteria are excellent subjects for laboratory studies.
This investigation will introduce you to techniques of microbiology that will be of use to you throughout your biological work. Fact sheet: Antibiotics are medicines used to prevent and treat bacterial infections. Antibiotic resistance occurs when bacteria change in response to the use of these medicines.
Bacteria, not humans, become antibiotic resistant.
These bacteria may then infect humans and are harder to treat than non-resistant bacteria.Download | <urn:uuid:03433712-be81-4a33-b5c0-24a066a1a84a> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://bidiwif.dfaduke.com/the-effect-of-different-antibiotics-on-bacteria-71022cn.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496665985.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20191113035916-20191113063916-00294.warc.gz | en | 0.939135 | 1,337 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Curator’s Choice: Diccionario de la Lengua Castellana, 3rd edition
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Photos by Jannelle Weakly
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Published in 1791
Cover: sheepskin leather, Pages: cotton rag
Scale relative to a human hand
Length: 14.37 in. (36.5 cm.), Width: 10.5 in. (26.7 cm.),
On long-term loan from the Jesuit Historical Institute
Text by Dale Brenneman, Assistant Curator of Documentary History
This splendidly bound dictionary was published in 1791 by the Real Academía Española (Spanish Royal Academy), Spain’s official institution responsible for regulating the Spanish language. Founded in 1713 by the Marqués de Villena, Juan Manuel Fernández Pacheco, the Academy was dedicated to “setting the pronunciation and words of the Castilian language in its greatest propriety, elegance, and purity.” It received royal sanction the following year, when King Philip V approved its constitution on October 3, 1714.
Even today Spain has many dialects and languages, but regional differences were considerably more pronounced in earlier times. Royal endorsement of the Academy signaled the clear ascendancy of Castilian following unification of the peninsula’s kingdoms. The Academy’s publications formalized and hastened the process—begun when Antonio de Nebrija presented his Gramática Castellana to Queen Isabella ca. 1495—of standardizing grammar, spelling, and punctuation. Researchers working with Spanish colonial documents observe notable changes in the written language when comparing documents from the Coronado expedition (mid-1500s), for example, with those from Father Kino’s explorations of the Pimería Alta (1687–1711) and Juan Bautista de Anza’s travels to California (mid-1770s).
The Academy published its first dictionary, the Diccionario de Autoridades, in six volumes beginning with A–B in 1726 and ending with S–Z in 1739. It consolidated this set into the single-volume Diccionario de la Lengua Castellana in 1780, printing a second edition in 1783 and a third in 1791. The dictionary has been periodically updated over the years, with its most recent edition—the twenty-first—printed in 1992. All of these editions may be consulted online using the Nuevo Tesoro lexicográfico de la lengua española on the Real Academía Española website.
As an ethnohistorian who reads and translates Spanish colonial documents, I find this rare edition of the Diccionario de la Lengua Castellana interesting for what it represents: an important milestone in the development of a national Spanish language.
In recent years the Academy has moved beyond its nationalistic preoccupation, collaborating with 21 sister organizations in Latin America and other countries where Spanish is spoken to produce a massive new grammar (3 volumes) documenting the richness of the language in all its forms. Included is a linguistic map showing how Spanish grammar and pronunciation vary from region to region. This is a noteworthy change for the Academy, which previously did not acknowledge grammar rules in countries other than Spain.
Crow, John A.
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Sustainable bedding isn’t just beneficial to the environment – it also has plenty of benefits for you, too. This type of bedding is better for the environment and provides you with an exceptionally soft, hypoallergenic way to get a great night’s sleep. If you’re thinking of switching to sustainable sheets, there are a few important things to know. This guide has some tips and helpful information that will show you how to choose the right sustainable sheets, and how to care for your new bedding so it lasts for years to come.
Like other sustainable textiles, sustainable sheets are made from eco-friendly fabrics that come from materials that are sustainably grown, harvested, and processed. Sustainable sheets are made from materials using plants that are safe and easy to grow and won’t contribute to things like deforestation, pollution, or excess waste.
Your circadian rhythm, AKA your internal clock, is famously responsible for regulating sleep patterns, but did you know it also controls your body temperature? As you wind down for bed, you begin to thermoregulate, which is a fancy way of saying that your core body temperature drops by a few degrees.
These sheets are also made without the use of harsh, toxic chemicals that aren’t just bad for the environment, but also bad for humans, too. Thanks to the use of clean materials and an eco-friendly production process, sustainable sheets are much safer than traditional synthetic bedding. While products like sustainable cotton or sustainable linen sheets may cost more, they’re certainly worth the investment in your health and well-being.
There are many reasons why choosing
sustainable sheets over traditional bedding is beneficial. Here are just some of the reasons why sustainable sheets are a smart choice for your bedroom:
Sustainable bedding requires much less water to make than traditional bedding, so it saves water. Recent studies have shown that water is becoming a much more valuable and limited resource in many parts of the world due to climate change and other factors. Making sustainable bedding also doesn’t require the use of additives like microplastics, synthetic dyes, and heavy metals, and it doesn’t require other pollutants like dangerous processing chemicals that can enter the soil, waterways, and even humans’ drinking water.
These chemicals can harm humans, animals, fish, and plant life once they enter the environment. Materials like nylon and polyester take much more water, equipment, and chemicals to produce, resulting in detrimental effects on the environment. When you choose to use sustainable sheets and other sustainable bedding, you’re helping to increase the demand for these products while reducing the demand for non-sustainable products. Doing so also helps to lower your personal carbon footprint.
Choosing sustainable sheets also has some health benefits, including:
Buying sustainable sheets and other products also helps to promote a better world. Thanks to little waste, fewer emissions, and fewer pollutants, making sustainable bedding ensures that everyone living on the planet has a safe, clean place to live.
Ethical companies that make sustainable products also provide workers with a living wage so they can care for themselves and their families. Over time, these industries help to support a better, safer, and fairer society as a whole.
Several different plant-based materials can be used to make sustainable sheets, including hemp, organic cotton, linen, bamboo, and eucalyptus. Organic, sustainable cotton sheets are produced without the use of chemicals, fertilizers, pesticides, or any genetic modifications. This not only presents a lower risk to people, livestock, and wildlife, but it also eliminates these additives from getting into the air, water, and soil. Cotton is grown in a healthy environment also requires less water to grow than cotton grown using the additives mentioned above.
Linen is also an excellent choice for sustainable sheets. This material comes from the flax plant and is stronger than cotton. The entire flax plant can be woven into a fiber, leaving no waste behind. Linen sheets last for years and give you a safe, soft bedding option that adds a luxurious look and feel to the bedroom. Hemp, bamboo, and eucalyptus are other examples of safe, sustainable alternatives, but linen and cotton tend to be the most sought-after materials for most consumers.
In addition to the absence of chemicals used to produce sustainable bedding, these products are also much softer to the touch, and they’re also hypoallergenic when compared to traditional bedding materials. Because synthetic cotton is made with a range of chemicals, these toxins can seep into the skin and can also be breathed in while you sleep. Using traditional bedding may result in respiratory problems or skin issues like rash, redness, and itchiness over time. Choosing sustainable bedding is much safer for your health, the environment, and your home. Many forms of synthetic fabric can also potentially emit a strange “chemical-like” odor, even after multiple washings.
You may ask, how do I know if a sheet is truly sustainable? Fortunately, there are some guidelines set in place that are designed to help consumers make the right choice when it comes to their bedding and other products.
Start by looking for certifications and labels like Standard 100 by OEKO-TEX and Better Cotton Initiative. Bedding labeled as OEKO-TEX certified means that it is guaranteed to be completely free of harmful substances that may be dangerous to human health. Any product that receives this certification has undergone rigorous testing under very stringent standards, so you can feel good knowing that your new sheets and other bedding are safe if they bear this label.
Products with the Better Cotton Initiative seal have been tested by the nonprofit group, Better Cotton. This group promotes better standards in cotton framing and practices across 21 countries and currently accounts for approximately 14 percent of all global cotton production. Fair Trade Certified products undergo a sustainable sourcing model that helps to improve livelihoods, protect the environment, and build more transparent and resilient supply chains.
Companies that make products that partner with Fair Trade USA are committed to helping build stronger communities all over the world while protecting the planet in the process. When choosing sustainable sheets, make sure that they bear specific labels like these to ensure that you’re getting the real deal.
So, are sustainable sheets more expensive than traditional sheets? In most cases, sustainable bedding will cost more than traditional bedding, sheets included. Because of the careful process used to make this type of bedding and the elimination of chemicals and other processes that normally speed up production times, you may notice that sustainable sheets cost more.
In general, linen sheets tend to cost more than cotton. However, both of these sheet materials are also designed to last much longer than traditional bedding. The fibers are also stronger, which means your sheets should hold up for a long time in the future. Even if it costs more upfront, your sustainable sheets will be a long-term investment in your health and your quality of sleep. This means that the long-term benefits of choosing sustainable sheets far outweigh the initial cost.
Most sustainable sheets are machine washable, but it’s important to make sure that you read the care tag carefully and follow the care instructions to prolong the life of your sheets.
You may ask, how do I care for my sustainable sheets to ensure they last a long time? Start by washing them on the gentle cycle either on their own or with other fabrics in similar colors (light or dark) so the colors don’t bleed. Always use a mild liquid laundry detergent free of additional fragrances and other additives. When drying your sustainable sheets, put them on the low heat cycle or hang them outside to dry. Some natural fibers, like linen, may shed at first but the shedding should stop after a few washes.
Sustainable bedding is a smart investment, so it’s important to know how to extend the life of your sheets for long-term enjoyment. Here are some tips to ensure that you get the most out of your new sheets:
Fortunately, your old sheets don’t have to end up in a landfill – at least not right away. Here are some ways you can recycle, repurpose, or dispose of old sheets in a responsible manner.
Now that you’re familiar with what sustainable sheets are and how they’re different from traditional bedding, you can decide if they’re the right choice for you. Look for bedding made using sustainable materials and practices and keep an eye out for labels that certify your bedding as safe and sustainable. Remember to take good care of your sheets and practice regular maintenance of your bedding so your investment lasts a long time. At Or & Zon, we offer exceptionally high-quality, sustainable sheet sets, quilts, pillow covers, and much more. Our goal is to provide you with products that are good for you and the environment, so be sure to explore our range of products today. | <urn:uuid:3095c45a-6aba-4f80-b846-08c1e11076c5> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://orezon.co/blogs/home-decor/rest-easy-with-sustainable-sheets-the-ultimate-guide-to-choosing-the-right-bedding | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511106.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20231003124522-20231003154522-00264.warc.gz | en | 0.941903 | 1,855 | 2.625 | 3 |
Eczema, the most common form being atopic eczema, is a condition that causes skin to become itchy, dry and cracked. Whilst more common in children, it is usually a long-term condition affecting individuals of all ages, although it can improve significantly or even clear up completely with time. Eczema may also develop for the first time in adults.
What are the symptoms of Eczema?
The typical symptoms associated with eczema include itchy, dry, cracked and sore skin.
Whilst some people may only have small patches or dry skin, others may experience widespread inflamed skin over numerous parts of the body.
At times, the skin may become inflamed and appear red on lighter skin and darker brown, purple or grey on darker skin.
The severity of atopic eczema can vary from person to person and some individuals may only have mild eczema, whilst others may have more severe cases of eczema.
There are usually periods where the symptoms improve, whereas there are other periods where symptoms can get worse. The periods where symptoms can get worse are known as flare ups, which can occur as often as 2 or 3 times a month.
In some cases, areas of the skin can become infected and you may experience the following:
- Eczema becoming a lot worse
- Fluid oozing from the skin
- Yellow crusting of the skin surface
- Small slightly yellow and white spots
- Swollen and sore skin
- General feeling of being unwell, including feeling hot and shivery
If atopic eczema is showing signs of infection, it should be assessed by a doctor as soon as possible.
What areas of the body does Eczema affect?
Although atopic eczema can affect any part of the body, the main common areas affected include the hands, inside of the elbows and back of the knees. In children, it can commonly affect the face and scalp.
How can eczema be diagnosed?
If you feel you have eczema, you see your GP as they will be able to assess and make a diagnosis by looking at the skin and asking questions about your symptoms, including when it started, where it appears, family history and assess your past medical history.
Typically, for a diagnosis of atopic eczema to be made, you should have experienced an itchy skin condition in the last 12 months and have 3 more of the following:
- Generally dry skin over the last 12 months
- Irritated red skin in the creases of your skin e.g. inside your elbows or front of the knees
- A history of skin irritation occurring in those same areas
- History of asthma or hay fever
- The condition starting in your early years
What are the causes of eczema?
The exact cause of atopic eczema is not known, but there may be a range of potential causes including:
- Allergy – the term “atopic” means sensitivity to allergens and atopic eczema commonly occurs in people who get allergies
- Family history – eczema can run in families and is linked to other conditions such as asthma and hay fever
- Potential triggers – certain triggers can cause symptoms of atopic eczema to appear including soap, detergents, stress, weather and hormonal changes
Food allergies may also play a role in eczema, so you may be asked to keep a food diary to try to determine which specific foods can be making your symptoms worse. Whilst allergy tests are not usually needed, they can help identify whether a potential food allergy is triggering your symptoms.
How can you treat atopic eczema?
The aim of treatment is to relieve the symptoms as eczema in many cases, improves over time.
Severe eczema can have a significant impact on daily life including an individual’s physical and mental well being and with atopic eczema, there is an increased risk of potential skin infections.
Whilst there is currently no cure for atopic eczema, there are ways to control symptoms and manage eczema, including:
- Self-care techniques e.g. cutting nails short, reduce scratching and avoiding triggers
- Skin-care techniques
- Emollients – which play a vital role in managing eczema and should be used on a daily basis for dry skin
- Topical corticosteroids – which are used to reduce swelling, redness and itching during flare ups
There are other treatments that may be used for eczema in sensitive sites that are not responding to treatment and in some cases, you may be referred to a dermatologist (skin specialist) to issue stronger treatment options. Whilst in other cases, specially in the case of a severe itch, antihistamines may be recommended.
These are treatments that are applied to moisturise the skin – it helps reduce water loss and provides a protective film to cover the skin. Whilst usually available over the counter from a local pharmacy, they play a very important role in managing dry skin conditions such as atopic eczema.
This is as in addition to providing a moisturising effect, they also have a mild anti-inflammatory role which may help reduce the number of flare-ups.
There are many different types of emollients so it is always wise to talk to a doctor or pharmacist to determine which may be the right one for you to use. In certain situations, it will be a case of trial and error to determine which one works best for you. In some cases, if you are using a particular emollient for a long time, it may start to become less effective and begin to irritate the skin. In which case, you may need to find another emollient which is better suited for you and this can be discussed with your GP or pharmacist.
Certain individuals may find a mixture of emollients helpful as they all have different benefits. For example, an ointment is generally considered suitable for very dry skin, whilst a cream may be suitable for less dry skin. This is as creams and ointments contain different amounts of oils and ointments provide the strongest emollient effect and may be more effective, but as they are greasy they may be more suitable for use at night.
Mild eczema can be managed through the correct use of emollients whereas in some cases, a GP may recommend also using a topical corticosteroid.
How to use emollients
Emollients should be used all the time, even if you are not experiencing any symptoms. It should be used at least twice a day, and if possible, more often, particularly if you have very dry skin.
When using the emollient, you should look to use a large amount. You should not rub it in, but instead it should be smoothed into the skin in the same direction that hair grows. If you finish a bath or shower, you should gently pat the skin dry and then apply the emollient whilst the skin is still moist as this helps retain the moisture.
If you are experiencing a flare-up, you should apply generous amounts more frequently but you may also need to apply other treatments e.g. a topical corticosteroid, to treat inflamed skin as an emollient on its own may not be sufficient.
These are medical treatments that contain a steroid and are applied locally to the skin.
They are usually reserved for sore and inflamed skin and can work within a few days to reduce the inflammation.
There are many different types and strengths of topical corticosteroids, and the type you will need will depend upon the severity of your atopic eczema and the areas affected.
There strengths range from the following:
- Very mild/mild e.g. hydrocortisone
- Moderate e.g. betamethasone valerate (Betnovate RD) and clobetasone butyrate (Eumovate)
- Strong e.g. higher doses of betamethasone valerate and betamethasone dipropionate
- Very strong e.g. clobetasol propionate and diflucortolone
It is important to note that whilst these treatments contain corticosteroids, they are available in different brand names.
How to apply topical steroid treatments
It should be applied to the affected areas, as recommended by your GP or doctor, to control your eczema.
Unless otherwise stated, you should always follow the instructions provided in the patient information leaflet that comes with the medication.
When using it with an emollient, you should ideally apply the emollient first and wait around 15-30 minutes for it to be soaked into the skin before applying the corticosteroid cream or ointment.
Topical corticosteroids should generally be used for 48 hours after the flare-up has cleared – this is to ensure the inflammation under the skin is treated sufficiently.
What are the side effects of topical corticosteroids?
Topical corticosteroids may cause mild stinging sensations when you apply them.
Transient burning or stinging is common, especially in the first 2 days of application on untreated, inflamed skin. It does not usually require a change of treatment as it usually improves as the skin responds to treatment – however if it does not improve, you should seek medical attention.
In more serious cases, it may also cause:
- Thinning of the skin – this is more likely to occur if you are using stronger steroids, or using steroids in the wrong places, or using steroid preparations for too long
- Changes in skin colour – this can occur after many months of using strong steroid preparations
For more information, including other potential side effects, you should always read the patient information leaflet provided with any medication.
Are there other types of eczema?
Yes, whilst the most common form is atopic eczema, eczema is the name for a group of skin conditions that cause dry and irritated skin. Other types of eczema include:
- Contact dermatitis – this is a type of eczema that occurs when the body comes into contact with a particular substance that irritates the skin
- Discoid eczema – this is a type of eczema that causes circular or oval patches on the skin
- Varicose eczema – this is a type of eczema that usually affects the lower legs and is caused due to blood flow problems through the veins in the legs
- Seborrhoeic eczema – this is a type of eczema where red and scaly patches develop on the sides of the nose, ears, eyebrows and scalp
- Dyshidrotic eczema – this is a type of eczema that causes tiny blisters to erupt across the palms of the hands
What are some of the complications of atopic eczema?
Some people with atopic eczema can sometimes develop further problems, such as bacterial or viral skin infections. Whereas, in some cases, it can also have psychological effects as it may lead to bullying, problems sleeping and affect individuals self-confidence.
Where can I find more information on eczema?
You can find more information on eczema on The British Association of Dermatologist (BAD) website as they have produced an information leaflet on Atopic Eczema, as well as The National Eczema Society website which has a range of different factsheets on eczema.
If you have any questions or concerns, it is always wise to visit your GP or pharmacy for further advice and assessment. | <urn:uuid:61bd07f7-e9a1-4d0d-b29b-f4812ecddd53> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.postmymeds.co.uk/ufaqs/eczema/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570692.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20220807181008-20220807211008-00586.warc.gz | en | 0.939547 | 2,441 | 3.34375 | 3 |
Benefactors were inspired to support CXFEL efforts after chance meeting on a plane
Researchers at Arizona State University are busy making preparations for a “first light” experiment — a pivotal moment that will lead to ASU becoming the birthplace of the compact X-ray free electron laser (CXFEL), anticipated to be the first of its kind in the world.
The instrument, which will be capable of peering deep into soft tissues and viewing the dance of molecules, was dedicated to the donors who helped make it possible in a campus ceremony Thursday morning.
Leo (pictured above with ASU Professor Petra Fromme) and Annette Beus made a $10 million gift that enables pioneering research and discovery and is hailed as transformational for the university.
Biodesign Institute Executive Director Joshua LaBaer compared the instrument to the introduction of the personal computer as a paradigm shift for society.
“We’re here because we’re about to witness the same sort of paradigm shift here at Arizona State University,” he said. “... This is a huge event for all of us.”
Currently there are only X-ray free electron lasers in the world. They’re two miles long and booked years in advance by scientists for a few hours of time. ASU’s new tool will fit inside a traditional laboratory space. It will be able see things that are invisible to conventional X-rays. And more scientists than ever before will have the opportunity to advance their research with the new tool.
The laser will send pulses of X-rays at a femtosecond — one quadrillionth of a second — enabling researchers to film molecules in action. Its capabilities include medical imaging, studying the behavior of quantum materials, and seeing how proteins are shaped in molecules.
“This is going to change what we do, in a device that’s going to be accessible to scientists at a university,” LaBaer said. “That’s what we’re so excited about here.”
ASU President Michael Crow quoted Mark Twain: “If we could only understand the workings of a single blade of grass, I would believe humans are more than animals.”
Associate Professor Bill Graves, master designer and builder of the new compact X-ray free electron laser, talks about the device at the celebration of the Leo and Annette Beus donation on Sept. 26.Photo by Charlie Leight/ASU Now
The Beus CXFEL Laboratory is in the basement of the Biodesign C building. The $10 million investment will help shape the future of research, medical imaging, cultural heritage, quantum information and energy.Photo by Charlie Leight/ASU Now
President Michael Crow (center) presents Leo and Annette Beus a plaque at the celebration of their donation to the Biodesign Institute for the Beus CXFEL Laboratory.Photo by Charlie Leight/ASU Now
Biodesign Institute Executive Director Joshua LaBaer, along with Leo and Annette Beus and others listen to a student guide while on a tour of the Beus CXFEL Laboratory.Photo by Charlie Leight/ASU Now
“This device is nothing more than the extension of the imaginations of not only our scientists and engineers, but thousands and thousands of scientists and engineers around the world who are trying to figure out how do we actually understand how nature works,” Crow said. “People always say to me, ‘Well, doesn’t the government build these?’ Not around here, anyway.”
Crow praised the Beuses’ generosity.
“The exciting thing for me here today is to have the opportunity to recognize Leo and Annette Beus and the Beus family for their willingness to continue their journey with ASU in what we’re doing,” he said. “We’re trying to build one of the greatest — if not the greatest — public universities ever built.”
Neither Leo Beus, a prominent longtime Valley attorney, nor his wife, Annette, attended ASU, but they’ve been involved with the university for almost a decade. They funded the Beus Center for Law and Society — the home of the Sandra Day O’Connor College of Law — supported Sun Devil Athletics and provided numerous scholarships to increase student access to a college education.
“This is a really fun day for us,” Annette Beus said. “We’re very happy that a lot of our family and grandchildren are now attending ASU. Together it has become the institution of our hearts. We have been involved with many aspects now, ranging from personal experiences with students — we’re so proud to be able to help them — through athletics that we love to attend, and I have to say of all the things we have done in our life, this has the most potential to help humanity. For that reason we are thrilled to be a part of it. He has to hurry up and win some more cases, because I’m sold on this.”
Leo Beus’ interest in the laser came about through a chance meeting with Petra Fromme, the Paul V. Galvin Professor of Molecular Sciences, on a flight to San Diego. Fromme explained to Beus her radical new plan.
“After I got off the airplane, I shot a note to President Crow saying I met one of the most delightful, phenomenal, fantastic, wonderful human beings I have ever met,” Beus said. “And her name was Petra Fromme. She is one of the head scientists on this project.”
ASU’s new instrument has the potential to be a force-multiplier for discovery. It may one day give scientists and medical researchers throughout academia, industry and medicine access to brilliant X-rays in their own laboratories, accelerating and broadening scientific discovery like never before.
Top photo: Leo Beus, along with ASU Professor Petra Fromme, speaks at the celebration of his and his wife Annette's donation to the Biodesign Institute for the Beus CXFEL Laboratory, in the Biodesign C building on Thursday, Sept. 26. Photo by Charlie Leight/ASU Now | <urn:uuid:70b9b34f-f4db-44f4-aec4-e5454936fd38> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://asunow.asu.edu/20190927-discoveries-beus-cxfel-lab-dedication?utm_campaign=ASU_Now%209-27-19&utm_medium=email&utm_source=ASU%20Now&utm_term=ASU&utm_content=%20https%3A/asunow.asu.edu/2019092719-discoveries-beus-cxfel-lab-dedication | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540510336.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20191208122818-20191208150818-00124.warc.gz | en | 0.944428 | 1,320 | 2.625 | 3 |
|Realms||Dol Guldur, a subpower of Sauron in Mordor|
|Inhabitants||Necromancer and his servants; Khamûl|
|Etymology||S. dol "hill" + guldur "sorcery"|
|Events||Fall of Dol Guldur|
Dol Guldur was established by Sauron after his return to Middle-earth somewhere after Third Age 1000, although his identity was hidden and was known as the Necromancer. Dol Guldur was originally known as Amon Lanc ("Bald Hill"), and had been the capital of Oropher's Silvan Elves, who had departed north to the Dark Mountains (later known as the Mountains of Mirkwood). After Sauron took over Amon Lanc, Thranduil son of Oropher led his people over the Forest River, where they remained.
The Council of the Wise long feared the Necromancer might indeed be Sauron, and in 2063 Gandalf went to Dol Guldur, and Sauron, not yet powerful, fled to the East. In 2460 Sauron returned there, just as the One Ring was found by Sméagol the Stoor. However, the Ring disappeared with Sméagol under the Misty Mountains.
In 2845 Thráin II, King of Durin's folk-in-exile and holder of the last of the Seven Rings of the Dwarves, was imprisoned in Dol Guldur's dungeons. In 2850 Gandalf again entered Dol Guldur, finding the dying Thráin, and Gandalf was entrusted with the map and key to give to Thorin Oakenshield, although Thráin could not tell him his own or his son's name before he died. Gandalf confirmed Sauron was the master of Dol Guldur at that time.
Gandalf returned to the White Council and urged an attack on Dol Guldur, but was overruled by Saruman, who had begun searching for the One Ring in the area by then. In 2941 Saruman finally agreed to an attack, which occurred at the same time as the Quest of Erebor. This was carefully planned by Gandalf, so that Sauron and Smaug could not assist each other, as otherwise they surely would have done. Sauron fled to Mordor, his plans now ready. Dol Guldur remained staffed by the lieutenant of Barad-dûr.
During the War of the Ring, the forces of Dol Guldur made three assaults upon Lórien, causing grievous damage to the outlying woodlands, but were driven back each time by the power of Nenya which only Sauron himself could have overcome. Dol Guldur was finally destroyed and cleansed by the Elves of Lórien, led by Galadriel, after Sauron's fall. Named Amon Lanc once again, it became the capital of Celeborn's realm of East Lórien for a while.
Portrayal in Adaptions
- Dol Guldur is commanded by the Mouth of Sauron, not Khamûl. Dol Guldur (or Mordor itself) sent a huge army of Orcs, Haradrim, and Trolls to assault Erebor. The attack fails, and the Mouth of Sauron is killed along with all the attacking force. Dol Guldur is then itself attacked by a combined army of Elves and Dwarves led by Elrond, Arwen, Glorfindel, Glóin, and Dáin Ironfoot. After a long and hard struggle, the Elves and Dwarves finally overrun Dol Guldur and lay waste to the evil that dwelled there, ending Sauron's war campaign in the North once and for all.
- In the Evil Campaign, the Goblins from Dol Guldur eliminate the Elves and the Ents that guard the Forest Road in Mirkwood. | <urn:uuid:c4ec6848-878e-4f0e-b33e-8e45063ee7eb> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | http://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Dol_Guldur&oldid=89059 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738660992.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173740-00238-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.966812 | 814 | 3.1875 | 3 |
In News: C Rangrajan weighs in on the factors that are driving the depreciation of rupee, and why its essential to bring down domestic inflation to stop the slide.
Value of rupee:
- Value of the rupee is determined using purchasing power parity theory.
- The theory states that the external value of a currency is determined by its internal value — meaning that the rate differential between one currency and another depends upon the difference in the inflation in the two countries.
- So long as inflation in our country is higher than the inflation in other countries, the value of the rupee will depreciate.
- This theory was true when the balance of payments (BOP) of a country was dominated by the current account — that is, the export and import of goods and services.
- Now, capital account in the balance of payments has become important — which means the inflow and outflow of funds.
- The value of a currency can be strong even though it has a high current account deficit because there is enough capital flowing from outside into the country.
- Therefore, the supply of foreign currency increases not because of [trade] but because of the decision of capital accounts i.e. to invest or because of the decision to keep deposits in our country.
Depreciation of rupee:
- The main reason for the rupee depreciating in its value is due to the capital account of BOP.
- It is because the funds inflow into our country started diminishing.
- That is because the US Federal reserve, with a view to control inflation in the United States, raised the rate of interest.
- Therefore, investors find the United States is more attractive, because of the higher rate of interest.
- Instead of sending funds outside, they are keeping the funds inside and sometimes, they withdrew the funds from India and put them in the United States.
- Simply put, when the investment becomes more attractive domestically, foreign countries do not send funds into other countries.
Effect of rupee depreciation:
- An undervalued currency is better because it is more attractive for exports.
- In current Indian context, this may be beneficial because we have a tough balance of payments situation and we need to export more and reduce the current account deficit.
- But, depreciation against the dollar cannot be a continuous process because ultimately what we are essentially saying is that for getting $1 the amount of the resources that you need in India is becoming higher and higher.
MUST READ monetary policy committee
Source Indian Express
Previous Year Question
Q.1) In India, which one of the following is responsible for maintaining price stability by controlling inflation? (2022)
- Department of Consumer Affairs
- Expenditure Management Commission
- Financial Stability and Development Council
- Reserve Bank of India
Q.2) With reference to the Indian economy, consider the following statements: (2022)
- If the inflation is too high, Reserve Bank of India (RBI) is likely to buy government securities.
- If the rupee is rapidly depreciating, RBI is likely to sell dollars in the market.
- If interest rates in the USA or European Union were to fall, that is likely to induce RBI to buy dollars.
Which of the statements given below is/are correct?
- 1 and 2 only
- 2 and 3 only
- 1 and 3 only
- 1, 2 and 3 | <urn:uuid:4a650b12-2bcb-4375-b897-84e45bd5b0a8> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://iasbaba.com/2022/12/depreciation-of-rupee/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499829.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20230130201044-20230130231044-00616.warc.gz | en | 0.94497 | 706 | 3.3125 | 3 |
Fire and safety issues, wasted energy, unexpected breakdowns, unnecessary wear on equipment, early replacement—these are some of the serious and costly problems that can result from improperly operating electric motors. To keep electric motors running efficiently, they require tests to analyze and troubleshoot operation.
Jeff Jowett, Megger senior applications engineer, said a basic electric motor test kit includes an insulation resistance meter with a thermocouple or infrared thermometer for temperature, voltmeter with supply phase direction of rotation, low-resistance meter, motor direction of rotation meter, inductance and capacitance meter, and a complete set of test leads to perform each test.
“First, distinguish whether the problem is electrical using an insulation tester or mechanical [bearing check with vibration analysis],” Jowett said. “Then proceed step by step in the indicated direction to eliminate potential failures until the correct one is found. If the problem is electrical, testing usually consists of insulation resistance [megohm] tests and a low-resistance test. These tests are essential in determining the health of a motor.”
Jowett said multifunction testers that perform all the tests necessary for basic motor maintenance are available. Individual testers are still important where testing parameters need to be carried to maximum capabilities in troubleshooting operations, and for speed where simplicity of operation is paramount.
Jowett recommended the following tests:
- On the feeder circuit, check that supply voltage remains within the tolerance of nameplate voltage.
- If three-phase, check for correct rotation.
- Test for insulation, measuring resistance phase to ground first, then phase to phase or conductor to conductor.
- Loose or corroded connections can be checked with a multimeter, or a high- current, low-resistance ohmmeter.
- Winding resistance can be tested with a low-resistance ohmmeter or, better, a dedicated winding resistance tester for higher power. If windings are found to be faulty, instrumentation is available to predict insulation degradation, such as partial discharge and surge testing.
- Phase-to-phase inductance measurements can be useful for diagnosing cracked rotor bars, shorted turns, rotor porosity, lamination damage and air gap eccentricity problems.
- Bearings can be checked with a vibration meter or ultrasonic detector. Sources of excess heat can be detected with an infrared detector or thermocouple.
“Modern test equipment of good quality comes with numerous built-in safeguards, including warning indicators and automatic discharge of static voltage,” Jowett said. “The first order of the day is to read the instruction manual. All reliable manufacturers of quality test equipment begin their manuals with a safety section. This isn’t boilerplate. Read it!”
Richard Wexler, director of marketing, Flir Systems, said excessive heat is first and foremost the cause of electric motor problems.
“Heat can be caused by many issues, including overcurrent, current imbalance, harmonic voltage distortion, dust buildup affecting ventilation, inadequate lubrication, motor vibration, bearing problems, rotor bar issues, insulation degradation, internal resistance increase in the motor windings, loose connections inside the motor and connections in the electrical system feeding the motor,” he said.
Another factor contributing to heat is the physical environment, including excessive humidity and high ambient air temperature.
Basic electric motor tests include thermal imaging inspections for predictive maintenance, checking the motor’s electrical connections and components for signs of failure (overheating), voltage measurements, current measurements, phase rotation, motor current signature analysis, vibration testing and ultrasound tests.
“Thermal infrared cameras are used to inspect overheating motors,” Wexler said. “RMS voltage and current testers are multifunctional and very useful for testing motors. Handheld meters that are multifunctional can measure the following: RMS voltage, RMS current, harmonic voltage and current distortion, resistance and VFD output frequencies to the motor.
“Most of the other testers are single function, such as thermal infrared cameras, megohmmeters, digital low-resistance ohmmeters, ultrasonic testers, vibration testers, motor current signature analysis, phase rotation meters, and tachometers,” he said.
Tests typically performed when a motor is energized include thermal infrared inspections of motor, bearings, electrical connections and components; ultrasound; vibration testing; motor current signature analysis; input/output voltage and current testing; and harmonic distortion testing.
For de-energized motors, tests include insulation resistance with a megohmmeter, winding resistance (digital low-resistance ohmmeters), induced current testing for rotor stator and rotor, a test usually performed at a motor shop.
Wexler said the most significant area of change in electric motor test equipment is in software, which has improved analysis speed and broadened the types of tests that can be performed. Also, most field motor test equipment is smaller, lighter and more affordable than ever before.
According to John Olobri, director of marketing, AEMC Instruments, it seems electric motors always fail at the most inopportune time, and although the original cost or replacement cost may not be significant, it is the damage or loss of production and product that can be extremely expensive.
“For 80 percent of testing and for ‘annuals,’ megohmmeters are well suited,” Olobri said. “For pre- and post-rewinding applications, multifunction testers are suitable for additional tests, including shaft and bearing erosion caused by harmonic currents, damage from vibration and/or misalignment, and contamination from dust, vapors, moisture and fluids.”
For troubleshooting underperforming motors, input power is the first order of business, followed by winding continuity, insulation testing with temperature compensation, and shaft alignment.
Tester software packages ideally have setup parameters, run tests automatically, provide test results, and generate reports automatically.
“A significant advance in equipment is megohmmeters with the addition of ramp/soak mode, step change mode and oscilloscopes for harmonics,” Olobri said.
The development of motor drive analyzers offers technicians a new way of gathering information on the motors they service and a new way of interpreting and sharing the results, said Frank Healy, product specialist for analysis and diagnostic tools, Fluke Corp.
He said basic motor troubleshooting tools continue to be digital multimeters, clamp meters and infrared thermometers. Insulation testers are used in preventive maintenance programs; vibration testers and laser alignment tools quickly perform vibration analysis and evaluate shaft alignment.
Power quality analyzers locate, predict, prevent and troubleshoot power quality problems in three-phase and single-phase power distribution systems.
Motor drive analyzers are a newer and less common product group.
Key motor-drive measurements include voltage, current, DC bus voltage level, AC ripple, voltage and current unbalance as well as harmonics. More in-depth maintenance tests include voltage modulation and motor shaft voltage discharges. Extended harmonic measurements will help identify the effects of low and high order harmonics on the electrical power system.
“Motor drive analyzers can take the form of a handheld oscilloscope and, in many ways, present measurement data in a form that will be familiar to oscilloscope users,” Healy said. “Motor drive analyzers save time and eliminate the hassle of setting up complex measurements while simplifying the troubleshooting process for variable frequency drives. The user simply selects a test and then follows a step-by-step guided measurement process. These tools can show the user where to make voltage and current connections, while preset measurement profiles ensure the capture of all the data needed for each critical motor-drive section—from the input to the output, the DC bus, and the motor itself. These tools can also include built-in report generators to quickly and easily generate as-found and as-left reports.”
Healy said guided testing with graphical step-by-step voltage and current connection diagrams make setup and connection to variable frequency drives a simple process. Preset measurement profiles collect data based on the chosen test procedure and reduce the need for complex configuration. In addition, built-in report writing capabilities assist in producing professional as-found and as-left motor-drive troubleshooting reports. In short, users get more in-depth information while the motor drive analyzer performs most of the complicated steps.
A basic motor test kit should start with a go/no-go voltage detector. Close behind, Healy said, would be a multifunction true-rms AC/DC clamp meter. An insulation tester can prove highly valuable as part of a preventive maintenance program. An in-depth motor test tool would be a motor drive analyzer already discussed.
Multi- and specific function testers are available. Which is best depends on the user’s purpose and needs.
“For general maintenance or first-line, opportunistic troubleshooting, a dependable AC/DC clamp meter is an excellent choice,” Healy said. “Such a clamp meter can tell much about the immediate condition of a motor and often point to something other than the motor—a supply line, for instance—as the actual cause of the problem.
“Multifunction motor testers excel in two different areas. First, they can perform specific tests that are beyond the capability of a clamp meter. These include such measurements as pulse-width modulated voltage measurements, voltage/hertz ratio, voltage unbalance drive input, voltage unbalance drive output and motor input, current unbalance drive input, rise and fall time (voltage difference, time difference, voltage versus time difference, overshoot), harmonics and spectrum and shaft voltage,” he said.
These measurements can be recorded over time and used as a component of preventive maintenance programs. Significant changes in one measurement compared to past readings can provide an indication of equipment that is beginning to degrade, allowing scheduled service as opposed to a sudden breakdown. | <urn:uuid:53e7ac80-16b1-43b6-b498-3638bfa020cd> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://www.ecmag.com/magazine/articles/article-detail/your-business-cool-tools-electric-motor-testers-2019 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499816.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20230130101912-20230130131912-00038.warc.gz | en | 0.891371 | 2,081 | 3.140625 | 3 |
It's expensive to be poor.
A study from the University of Michigan is providing more evidence that low-income households are less able to take advantage of deals and saving opportunities, Michigan Radio reports.
The nearly completed study indicates that poorer consumers are often stuck buying products at higher prices because they lack the resources to buy in bulk or wait for sales.
When low-income households have cash on hand (right after payday, for example), they shop efficiently. But poorer shoppers often find themselves in a vicious cycle of paying more for necessities and then lacking the finances to buy the same items on sale or in greater quantity.
Take toilet paper. The ideal situation is buying in bulk — even if that means spending more money at a single point in time. But lower-income consumers often don't have the money to buy in bulk. And when you need toilet paper there isn't much of an option except to go buy some, no matter the cost.
Lower-income shoppers provide an important customer base for bargain retailers, as they are seeking low prices but are often willing to actually pay more than consumers who are more affluent.
"These customers are actually pretty profitable, because, as our study shows, they pay more than middle-income consumers do at a per-unit base," Yesim Orhun, a professor at the Ross School of Business, told Michigan Radio.
Consumers are eager for deals, as discount retailers beat out full-price counterparts. One in six Walmart customers received food stamps in 2013, with an estimated average household income of $40,000 or less.
In retail, however, many of these bargains aren't accessible to those who need them most.
The rise of e-commerce has created a retail environment focused on creating deals — for online shoppers. Online shoppers tend to be more affluent, with 55% of e-commerce shoppers living in households with incomes greater than $75,000.
There's vast evidence outside the University of Michigan study that lower-income consumers are unable to take advantage of retailers' deals.
Lower-income households have to spend more time and money on average to get to supermarkets or retailers selling lower-priced necessities. Even if these households have the option to buy groceries in bulk, it is meaningless if they lack a refrigerator, kitchen, or flexible schedule that allows time to prepare food.
Plus, membership fees at places like Costco and Sam's Club can be insurmountable barriers to entry, even if membership would pay for itself over time in saved costs.
The disappearing middle class is affecting how retailers offer deals, as some (including Walmart) are beginning to tailor bargains to upper-income households.
"The nature of e-commerce, the nature of the Neighborhood Markets, and other things we're doing do create an opportunity for us to be even more relevant to customers that are at the higher end of the scale," Walmart CEO Doug McMillon said at an investor meeting last October, according to Fortune.
Bargain shopping may be on the rise, but don't expect low-income household to reap many of the rewards. | <urn:uuid:55257012-0cb9-498d-8688-6253fc8fb84a> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | https://www.businessinsider.com/retail-bargains-unattainable-for-poor-2016-3 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583512499.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20181019232929-20181020014429-00090.warc.gz | en | 0.967338 | 629 | 2.515625 | 3 |
A new discovery led by the University of Michigan (UM) could ultimately lead to the ability to send and receive information with single photons of light.
The research paper, entitled the tongue-twistingly Van der Waals heterostructure polaritons with moiré-induced nonlinearity, was published in the scientific journal Nature this month and is based on an international team of scientists’ work.
The researchers were able to demonstrate that by using a phenomenon called “nonlinearity” to change and identify very weak light signals, they could utilize the changes into a quantum system which could give rise to better, more efficient computers in the future.
This approach can ultimately assist silicon-electronics-based information technology as heating and energy consumption considerations compromise it.
And because of it, nonlinear optics is viewed by many as a potential solution.
Quantum Egg Carton
The quantum “egg carton”, as it is known, catches and releases photons, which gives it extra energy. This is conducive to quantum states because as the energy in the system increases, it requires more energy to get it to the nonlinearity of the next excited state.
“Researchers have wondered whether detectable nonlinear effects can be sustained at extremely low power levels — down to individual photons. This would bring us to the fundamental lower limit of power consumption in information processing,” said Hui Deng, professor of physics at the University of Michigan and senior author of the paper.
While also adding: “We demonstrated a new type of hybrid state to bring us to that regime, linking light and matter through an array of quantum dots.”
To achieve this effect the team employed a novel type of semiconductor to manufacture quantum dots set out like an egg carton. Tiny structures which can segregate and trap tiny quantum particles like electrons, Quantum dots play the role of the pockets in the egg carton by confining excitons, which are quasi-particles made up of an electron and a hole. Holes are made when an electron in a semiconductor is propelled to a higher energy level. The vacancy of the electron leaves a positive charge behind it. The magic happens if the hole pursues the electron to the electron’s new energy state, when the two are then a single entity, know as an exciton.
In devices with little to no nonlinearity, the excitons move around unhindered and rarely meet other excitons. But if the exciton is in a quantum dot, however, it then becomes impossible to place a second identical exciton in the same egg carton pocket. To do that requires an exciton with a higher energy state, which can only be achieved with a higher energy photon. This is called a quantum blockade and is responsible for nonlinearity.
Realizing quantum dots aren’t practical and on a “usable scale,” as they’re only a few atoms in diameter, Deng and her team designed an array of quantum dots that assisted to the nonlinearity all at once using two flakes of semiconductor. One of the flakes was tungsten disulphide while the second was molybdenum diselenide. Placed at an angle of approximately 56.5 degrees between their atomic lattices, the two intertwined electronic structures formed a bigger electronic lattice with pockets measuring about 10 atoms across.
To manipulate the array of quantum dots inside the 2D semiconductor with light, the researchers created a resonator by making one mirror at the bottom and then placing the semiconductor on top of it. Finally, the team deposited a second mirror on top of the semiconductor.
On this process, Long Zhang, a postdoctoral research fellow in the Deng Research Lab and first author on the paper, said: “You need to control the thickness very tightly so that the semiconductor is at the maximum of the optical field.”
While the quantum egg carton was embedded in the mirrored cavity which allowed red laser light to resonate, the researchers noticed the emergence of another quantum state, called a polariton. These quantum particles are a hybrid of the excitons and the light in the mirrored cavity, proving all the quantum dots interact jointly with light.
“Engineers can use that nonlinearity to discern energy deposited into the system, potentially down to that of a single photon, which makes the system promising as an ultra-low energy switch,” said Deng.
Deng’s “switches” are among the devices required to building ultralow-power computing, which can be formed into more complex gates.
“Professor Deng’s research describes how polariton nonlinearities can be tailored to consume less energy,” said Michael Gerhold, program manager at the Army Research Office, an element of the U.S. Army Combat Capabilities Development Command’s Army Research Laboratory. “Control of polaritons is aimed at future integrated photonics used for ultra-low energy computing and information processing that could be used for neuromorphic processing for vision systems, natural language processing or autonomous robots.”
All this could have positive repercussions for the most crucial aspect for quantum information processing, qubits, and how every individual quantum dot in the array could be used as a qubit. Another method thrown out there would be to execute a polariton blockade, where the array of excitons, “resonating in time with the light wave”, would become the qubit. These two approaches hold promise for 2D semiconductors in building more cost-effective, room-temperature quantum devices as opposed to the highly expensive cryogenic models based on liquid nitrogen or liquid helium.
The final word on this was Steve Forrest’s, the Peter A. Franken Distinguished University Professor of Electrical Engineering at UM and another co-author of the paper: “We are coming to the end of Moore’s Law. Two-dimensional materials have many exciting electronic and optical properties that may, in fact, lead us to that land beyond silicon.”
The University of Michigan, Deng, and the other co-authors are well in the loop as to the best approaches to achieving that “lead us to that land beyond silicon” and a practical quantum computer. We have a long way to go, but research like this is one foot in the right direction. | <urn:uuid:a359cede-ad18-442d-8187-15b9012e6ece> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://thequantumdaily.com/2021/03/12/new-approach-to-sending-receiving-information-with-single-photons-of-light-could-lead-to-land-beyond-silicon-says-university-of-michigan-research-team/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154459.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20210803124251-20210803154251-00067.warc.gz | en | 0.935537 | 1,321 | 3.578125 | 4 |
If you’ve ever been asked what you’re feeling and you’ve felt lost for words then it’s probably because you really are, lost for words that is. English is a wonderfully descriptive and varied language, but it’s not perfect. Not everything can be summed up neatly, especially when it comes to human emotions.
In an attempt to fill in these literal gaps, Pei-Ying Lin, a design student at the Royal College of Art has created a matrix of emotional states and the words that best describe them. She takes base words like love and anger and connects them to satellite emotions like lust and fear. If that wasn’t interesting enough, she has also inserted foreign words that describe some of the feelings that English doesn’t.
Take the word Lygee for example, which is Danish for complete and utter happiness, or Тоска, which in Russian means a great anguish or longing of the soul, often without any reason. Or how about that elusive moment when you realise that you’re falling in love? The Japanese have a single word that describes this state: tokimeki. | <urn:uuid:e3031d5b-9fd9-4bd7-9ec5-20fb48797c39> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | http://krconnect.blogspot.com/2013/01/lost-for-words.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738659680.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173739-00259-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.94245 | 240 | 2.609375 | 3 |
The highest permanently inhabited town in the world at the present time appears to be La Rinconada, a mining village of over 7000 people in southern Peru at an altitude of up to 5100 m, which has been in existence for over 40 yr.
What is the highest altitude at which people live permanently?
Humans have survived for two years at 5,950 m (19,520 ft, 475 millibars of atmospheric pressure), which is the highest recorded permanently tolerable altitude; the highest permanent settlement known, La Rinconada, is at 5,100 m (16,700 ft).
What is the highest elevated city in the world?
Where is the highest permanently occupied settlement on Earth?
Highest Human Settlements in the World
- La Rinconada, Peru. The highest known human settlement in the world is high in the Andes mountains in La Rinconada of Puno, a district of Peru.
- Wenquan, China.
- Korzok, India.
- Parinacota, Chile.
- Other Towns and Cities in the Sky.
What is the best altitude to live?
With an average altitude of 6,800 feet above sea level, it’s the highest state in the U.S. A study published this year in the Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health found that living at higher altitude may have a protective effect on ischaemic heart disease.
Why do you urinate more at high altitude?
Increased urine output is a response to hypoxia : increased output of bicarbonate makes it possible to increase breathing. This will make you urinate a lot at altitude. If you aren’t urinating much more than you usually would, then you might actually be dehydrated.
Can you die from altitude sickness?
The most serious symptoms of altitude sickness arise from edema (fluid accumulation in the tissues of the body). At very high altitude, humans can get either high altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE), or high altitude cerebral edema (HACE). HACE is a life-threatening condition that can lead to coma or death.
What is the highest major city in the US?
The Highest Cities In North America
- Mexico City, Mexico. Sitting at an elevation of 2,216 meters above sea level, Mexico City, which is the capital city of Mexico, is the most elevated city in North America.
- Denver, United States.
- Guadalajara, Mexico.
- Guatemala City, Guatemala.
Is Machu Picchu the highest city in the world?
Leadville, Colorado 3094 meters, 10,152. This former booming mining town located in the Rocky Mountains at the headwaters of the Arkansas River is actually the highest incorporated city in the United States, along with being among the cities and towns with the highest elevations in the world.
What state is the highest above sea level?
- Hawaii — Mauna Kea, 13,803 feet above sea level.
- Wyoming — Gannett Peak, 13,809 feet above sea level.
- Washington — Mount Rainier, 14,417 feet above sea level.
- Colorado — Mount Elbert, 14,440 feet above sea level.
- California — Mount Whitney, 14,505 feet above sea level.
- Alaska — Denali, 20,310 feet above sea level.
What is the highest city in the US?
List of highest United States cities by state
|Altitude||Name||State, district or territory|
|10,200 feet (3109 m)||Leadville||Colorado|
|9800 feet (2987 m)||Brian Head||Utah|
|9321 feet (2841 m)||Taos Ski Valley||New Mexico|
|9062 feet (2762 m)||Fox Park||Wyoming|
54 more rows
Is Potosi the highest city in the world?
Potosi – The Highest City In the World. At 4090m above sea level, Potosi is the highest city of it’s size in the world. Founded in 1545 as a mining town, it soon produced fabulous wealth, becoming one of the largest cities in the Americas and the World, with a population exceeding 200,000 people.
Which country has the most towns?
Here are the 10 most populated cities in the world, as reported by Time.
- Shanghai, China.
- Mumbai, India.
- São Paulo, Brazil.
- Beijing, China.
- Mexico City, Mexico.
- Osaka, Japan.
- Cairo, Egypt.
- New York-Newark, United States.
Is 5000 feet considered high altitude?
High altitude is defined as 8,000 – 12,000 feet above sea level. For comparison, New York City has an altitude of 33 feet, Indianapolis, Ind. has an altitude of 797 feet, Denver, Colo. (the “Mile-High City” ) is at 5,000 feet, and the Grand Canyon is 6,600 feet above sea level.
Can you get altitude sickness at 5000 feet?
This condition, called acute mountain sickness (AMS), is the most common type of altitude sickness. It can occur at elevations as low as 5,000 feet, where it is likely to last only a day or so, but is more common above 8,000 feet. At elevations over 10,000 feet, three out of four people will have symptoms.
Do people in higher altitudes live longer?
Researchers have found that people living at higher altitudes have a lower chance of dying from heart disease and live longer. At the same time, the research showed that altitudes above 4,900 feet were detrimental to those suffering from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
How much water should I drink at altitude?
According to the Institute for Altitude Medicine, plan to drink an extra 1 to 1.5 liters of water daily when at high altitude.
Does water help with altitude sickness?
higher rate of water vapor lost from the lungs at higher altitudes. Avoid caffeine and alcohol, as these can increase the likelihood of dehydration. If it’s humid and you’re losing a lot of water through perspiration, maintain an electrolyte balance with sports drinks targeted specifically for this purpose.
At what altitude can you get sick?
It is also known as acute mountain sickness (AMS), altitude illness, hypobaropathy, Acosta disease, puna, and soroche. The condition occurs at altitudes higher than 8,000 feet (ft), or 2,500 meters (m). Many ski resorts are located at an altitude of 8,000 ft.
When should you go to the hospital for altitude sickness?
Symptoms should go away completely within 3 days. People who have severe altitude sickness must be taken to a lower elevation (no higher than 4,000 feet) immediately. They must be seen by a doctor as soon as possible. Hospital care may be needed.
What are the first signs of altitude sickness?
Symptoms of mild to moderate acute mountain sickness may include:
- Difficulty sleeping.
- Dizziness or light-headedness.
- Loss of appetite.
- Nausea or vomiting.
- Rapid pulse (heart rate)
- Shortness of breath with exertion.
How long does it take altitude sickness to go away?
Symptoms from acute mountain sickness will go away after two or three days of rest at a lower altitude. Severe syndromes such as HAPE can take weeks to disappear, and will require medical attention and possible hospitalization.
Which state is the flattest?
Where is the lowest place on earth?
What state has the lowest high point?
What is the best remedy for altitude sickness?
Medications for Altitude Sickness. Over-the-counter remedies—ibuprofen, acetaminophen and aspirin—all help relieve the headache associated with AMS and HACE.
Why is high altitude cough dangerous?
Firstly, inflammation in the airways at high altitude may increase the receptor sensitivity. Secondly, changes in the brain caused by acclimatisation could sensitise the receptors that cause cough or thirdly, there could be a build up of fluid in the lungs.
How do you prepare your body for high altitude?
Part 1 Preventing Altitude Sickness
- Ascend slowly. When you are traveling to places in high altitudes, you should try to get there slowly.
- Get rest.
- Take prophylaxis medications.
- Try dexamethasone.
- Test your red blood cells (RBC).
- Purchase coca leaves.
- Drink plenty of water.
- Eat appropriately.
Photo in the article by “News and Blogs | NASA/JPL Edu” | <urn:uuid:8bb791c5-cce1-4b41-8fa9-2283855ff993> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://the-biggest.net/buildings/what-is-the-highest-permanent-human-habitation.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178363809.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20210302095427-20210302125427-00413.warc.gz | en | 0.901056 | 1,840 | 2.703125 | 3 |
In Yeshua’s Thanksgiving Hymn the Holy Spirit inspires Jesus to utter an Essene-style hymn that expresses gratitude for the divine revelation that was being disclosed to his followers.
In this study Professor Ruzer suggests that there was a broader first-century Jewish context behind the narrative strategies employed in Mark’s prologue to Jesus’ messianic biography. On the other hand, he also demonstrates that Mark 1:9-11 can be used to recover an early phase of a pattern of messianic belief, seemingly shared by wider Judaism, that continued into the rabbinic period. In other words, New Testament evidence can be an important witness to broader trajectories in early Jewish messianic beliefs.
At the center of Jesus’ preaching and teaching stood the good news of the kingdom of heaven. According to the gospels of Matthew, Mark and Luke, Jesus spoke more about the kingdom of heaven than of himself.
Among the more creative scriptural interpretations related to the fulfillment of prophecy in our day is one centering on Jeremiah 16:16. According to it, the “hunters” in this verse are the brutal pursuers of the Jewish people, such as the Nazis who systematically murdered millions of Jews. The “fishers,” on the other hand, are the quiet and gentle persons who assist the Jewish people, for instance, the Christians who presently are engaged in rescuing Jews from the republics of the former Soviet Union.
This year the festival of Sukkot, or Tabernacles, takes place on October 9—16. JERUSALEM PERSPECTIVE has asked the famous biblical landscape reserve, Neot Kedumim, to provide our readers with some of the reserve’s wonderful insights into this festival, and Neot Kedumim staff member Beth Uval has contributed the following.
When discussing the question of inspiration of Scripture, it is important to consider also the way in which the church determined which books were from God and which were not. Most of us take for granted that the New Testament always had twenty-seven books.
Gender is a highly important part of the grammar of many languages, and one must know a noun’s gender in order to use the correct form of its modifiers. Masculine, feminine and neuter genders exist in English, but the designations are usually intrinsically obvious. For example, mother, sister, aunt and cow are feminine, while father, brother, uncle and bull are masculine. Hebrew differs from English in that there is only masculine and feminine gender. Grammatically, nothing can be an “it” in Hebrew but always must be a “he” or a “she.” | <urn:uuid:70593758-f33f-43c4-8474-ef75cd976b8d> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | https://www.jerusalemperspective.com/tag/holy-spirit/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583512332.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20181019062113-20181019083613-00171.warc.gz | en | 0.955891 | 561 | 2.78125 | 3 |
What is a Website?
What is a website?
A website means you have files hosted on a computer that is always connected and available on the internet. This computer is which is known as a server. The server sends web pages over the internet so that anyone connected can view them. When a user goes to Amazon.com, Amazon's server sends Amazon’s homepage to the user. Technically, any computer can be turned into a server, but practically, you will want to use a web host to host your files on their servers.
So a website is just a collection of files?
The easiest way to create simple website is to use a DIY-service such as Google Sites or Weebly.com. They offer easy-to-use interfaces for creating simple sites. However, if you want to be able to customize more aspects of your site and have more control over the actual HTML, you’ll need a web host that lets you upload your own web files. On the next page, you'll see how to use a quick and free option. | <urn:uuid:c0aa5aa0-35fe-48b4-9a5a-24f3f8e0d712> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://www.learneroo.com/modules/6/nodes/22 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154089.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20210731141123-20210731171123-00609.warc.gz | en | 0.932522 | 219 | 3.265625 | 3 |
Research indicates that infants have expectations regarding the configuration of human faces from birth (Johnson, Dziurawiec, Ellis, & Morton, 1991), and have knowledge of the biomechanical properties of human movement from 5 months of age (Bertenthal, Proffitt, Kramer, & Spetner, 1987). However, little research has investigated infants' knowledge of the overall human body shape. This thesis investigated knowledge of the human body shape by presenting infants with typical and scrambled human bodies (e.g. arms extending from the head) and measuring responses (visual attention, object examination and sequential touching). A variety of body stimuli were employed, including photographs, dolls, mannequins and real humans.
Results revealed that infants demonstrated sensitivity to violations of the human body shape as early as 9 months of age when real humans or highly realistic representations of humans (mannequins) were used as stimuli. Infants demonstrated sensitivity to violations of other representations of human beings (e.g. dolls) at around 15 months of age. At 30 months, children applied self-driven touching behaviours to distinguish typical and scrambled dolls in a sequential touching task, and also made this differentiation using language. Thus, infants have a rudimentary understanding of the spatial layout of the parts of the human body shape, relative to the whole form, at 9 months of age. By 15 to 18 months of age, this representation is adequate to be utilized when infants are presented with various human body stimuli. At 30 months, children demonstrate robust human body knowledge across a variety of task methodologies.
One task parameter that had a major influence on the results, in terms of age of responding, was the type of body stimulus presented to infants. The presentation of a real human or a mannequin elicited responding up to 6 months earlier than other representations (e.g. dolls, photographs). Thus it appears that more realistic representations are more likely to trigger knowledge about the human body. Furthermore, photographs elicited earlier responding than dolls. This suggests that objects which are less compelling in their own right are more likely to trigger knowledge of real humans than highly compelling objects, which may distract infants from recognising the referent being portrayed. Other task parameters found to influence results included the task methodology (earliest responding occurred in the visual habituation procedure, fol lowed by the object examination procedure, then the sequential touching task) and the response required (infants demonstrated knowledge earliest if the response required was an increase in visual attention, followed by an increase in examination, and then sequential touching or verbal labelling of objects). It was concluded that the type of body stimulus and the task methodology interacted to produce results, providing important guidelines for further research. Thus overall, these studies document the emergence of knowledge about the human body shape in infancy, and provide insight into the influence of task parameters on infants' responding. | <urn:uuid:865251ae-a196-443b-b52c-5c5c17e801cf> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:107453 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207932182.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113212-00217-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.931807 | 580 | 2.796875 | 3 |
January 16, 2013 By Jack Jodell
reactionary adj. : of, pertaining to, or marked by, or favoring reaction, especially extreme conservatism or rightism in politics; opposing political or social change.
The abovementioned adjective, reactionary, is the perfect word to describe the backward-looking, government-hating movement called the Tea Party, which now infests the Republican Party like a voracious group of dangerous termites. As with Puritans and Salem Witch-hunters of a bygone era, it has proven itself to be ruthlessly unyielding and malevolent in nature. It wishes to impose its will on the country by means of overthrowing long-existing government norms like compromise and common consensus through the replacement of existing moderate government officials with its own narrow-minded zealots. It seeks to achieve this government takeover by flooding oft-poorly attended off-year party primaries with its own members and uprooting any and all potential opponents. Like a group of ferocious political killer bees, it wantonly destroys any moderate Republican in its path. It relies on stealth and disinformation, and practices the shouting down of opposing viewpoints so that no real debate or discussion can occur. As such, it is decidedly anti-democracy and therefore should have no place whatsoever in contemporary American politics!
The very name of the Tea Party is a dishonest misnomer to begin with. Its adherents cling lovingly to the anti-tax sentiments expressed during the Boston Tea Party of 1773, when American colonists living under British rule dumped three boatloads of tea into Boston Harbor in protest of a newly-enacted tax which Parliament had imposed on them targeting that popular drink. It was imposed because the colonists had absolutely no say in the matter. It was taxation without representation, a situation which definitely does NOT exist today. These days, as has been done ever since the earliest days of our country, Congress levies taxes and it is our elected representatives who are the ones doing this levying. Angry Tea Partiers, many of whom hate taxation and who are wedded to the idea that the United States must be a nation of very small government with as little scope and power as possible. Of course, those of us who live in the real world know how ridiculous and impractical that notion is. After all, how can a global American empire be maintained on a small budget? How can we protect our business interests abroad without a strong and battle-ready military? How are we to maintain and build roads, fix or construct bridges, or uniformly educate our people without a large, strong government in place to do so? Who would repair devastated cities in times of great national and natural disasters like Hurricane Sandy? Who would protect citizens from outside invasion, or who would ensure that the barest minimum of necessary human needs like adequate food and shelter would be in place for every citizen? The answer is obvious to all but the most blindly naïve and stubborn Tea Party member. Only a strong, well-funded federal government can provide these absolutely necessary services for its citizens. And this type of providing cannot be done on the type of austere budget the Tea Party is advocating.
Not only that, but the Tea Party (through its sullen opposition to taxes) conveniently forgets (or outright ignores) the FACT that it was Founding Fathers George Washington and Thomas Jefferson who initially took strong PRO-TAX stances. Washington put down an early 1794 Pennsylvania protest against a Whiskey tax using military force, and Jefferson voiced strong support for a progressive tax system in a letter he wrote to James Madison in 1785, wherein he stated, “Another means of silently lessening the inequality of property is to exempt all from taxation below a certain point, and to tax the higher portions of property in geometrical progression as they
rise.” Take THAT, Grover Norquist! In their zeal to oppose taxation, modern Tea Partiers entirely miss the point that taxation is a necessary and vital function of our government, and fail to notice that American citizens all across the income scale are taxed far less than are the citizens of almost all other developed countries!
The government-hating Tea Party suffers greatly from a fundamentally flawed rationale. They claim to hate autocratic government, but, if allowed to attain total power, that is exactly what they would inflict on the entire country. They are far too intolerant on both social and cultural issues. They view compromise as surrender, which it certainly is NOT. After all, the very Constitution they supposedly revere so much came about entirely due to a series of compromises among its framers, and it has more than stood the test of time! Many of them appear to be woefully ignorant about current events and important lessons we have learned from history. They are also far too absolutist and unyielding in both attitude and behavior. For example, just before the last election, Tea Party elements in Chaska, MN (an exurb of supposedly tolerant and liberal Minneapolis) actually refused to participate in a candidates’ forum sponsored by their local League of Women Voters chapter. They claimed that the League was a leftist organization and they would only participate in a forum sponsored by the Tea Party. Really! ANYBODY in their right mind knows that the League of Women Voters is totally nonpartisan and hardly a “leftist” organization! This Tea Party militant and hostile demeanor simply does not square well with traditional American mores and values. Tea Party members harass public officials at Town Hall meetings and sometimes even beat up political opponents. Such displays resemble early Nazi Brown Shirt methodology more than they do American democratic traditions, and they are very unhealthy. For these Tea Partiers call themselves conservatives, but they are, in reality, actually dangerous ideological bullies and radical, extremist reactionaries. They are not at all like you or I, and are wholly unfit for governance at any level. It is time that we permanently end their scourge, and throw them overboard and off of our current ship of state!
In my next segment, I will identify some of the more prominent members of this wretched movement and will demonstrate why none of them deserve to be on the public payroll. | <urn:uuid:bd6f2ea4-b5f1-4b72-817a-fbbb75d721e8> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | https://jackjodell53.com/2013/01/16/time-to-dump-the-tea-party-overboard-part-one/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886105304.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20170819051034-20170819071034-00051.warc.gz | en | 0.963028 | 1,245 | 2.5625 | 3 |
A Dissertation presented to the College of Community Studies and Rural Development in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Award of Bachelor of Science Degree in Development Communication
By Dhaal Mapour Aterdit
This paper investigated the role of the media in conflict transformation and peace building in South Sudan. It examined the degree to which the media outlets in South Sudan have participated in enhancing peace and harmony among the diverse conflicting parties, be it ethnic, intra-tribal, communal or political feuds. This paper aimed at finding out the contribution of the Media (radio) in conflict transformation and the role it plays in peace building in South Sudan. The other objective of this report was to discover the impact of the radio on the local community, particularly on the issues of peace building and conflict transformation. Although the conflicts are inevitable in human interaction, they must not be violent in nature. The media is believed to be one of major and most powerful force in the modern world. As the researcher anticipated, the media practitioners should cling to reporting truthful stories in order to curtail the prevalence of potential violent conflicts. Most part of this research was done in the field using primary data collection methodology and the existing literatures were consulted too. The researcher has find out that the media can immensely play an essential task in reducing potential conflicts. It can also be used as a gadget for reaching many people in varied localities of the country as a technique for achieving peace dividends. However, this report recommended that the media practitioners have to strictly adhere to ethical code of journalism to avoid alignment in the conflict. They should report truthful, unprejudiced and well-balanced stories. The government as well as civil society organizations and other agencies working for conflict reduction and peace building in South Sudan have to collaborate with media houses and strengthen their efforts to achieve a positive peace.
Intertribal conflicts and communal feuds turned out to be the innermost and deeply rooted features of the post-independence era in South Sudan. Most conflicts are ethnically related in view of the fact that various factions and leaders in South Sudan have clung to ethnicity as a vehicle for achieving their political, economic and social interests. The media in conflict-stricken nations like South Sudan often plays a very pivotal role in maximizing chances for conflict transformation and peace promotion. On the eve of Independence, the new Republic refocused on attaining peace and reconciliation among the ethnically alienated peoples. Thereupon, the media was one of the instruments used to reach the broadened horizons of spots of residencies in South Sudan.
“Whenever people engage in a quarrel, whether it is a domestic row or international strife, emotions become exaggerated; reasonable anxiety becomes paranoia, irritation become fury, slight doubt becomes unbridled suspicion. By the same token perceptions become distorted” (Ayunts qtd in Curle, 1994). Therefore, it’s seen as one of the important roles of the media to reduce the overstated emotions, minimize suspicion and fear, lessens the enraged anger and softens the sensitivity by promoting messages of peace.
As verified by a number of historical facts that media have a damaging effect on the society, Vladimir Bratic and Lisa Schirch (2007), asserted in their paper, “history has shown that the media can incite people toward violence. Hitler used the media to create an entire worldview of hatred for Jews, homosexuals, and other minority groups. Rwanda’s radio RTLM urged listeners to pick up machetes and take to the streets to kill what they called ‘the cockroaches’…” (Bratic & Schirch 2007 p 7). Without doubt, the case in point is the paradigm of the international media (BBC, CNN, CCTV, and Al Jazerra… etc) reporting South Sudan conflict which erupted on Sunday night, 15th December 2013 as a conflict between President Salva Kiir’s tribe (Dinka, the largest tribe) and former Vice President Dr. Riak Machar’s tribe (Nuer, the second largest tribe) avoiding the official stand of the government of South Sudan which stated that the issue was an attempt of a coup d’état which got aborted and subsequently a portion of SPLA soldiers took arms against the government in what was later pronounced, a rebellion. In this sense, this paper was an investigation of the tasks played by media in stimulating people toward friendliness and peace support.
“However while media can, and often do contribute to the escalation of tensions and conflicts, this does not mean that they cannot play a positive role as well” (Melone, Terzis & Beleli 2002 p. 1).
This study investigated the role played by media in conflict transformation and peace building in South Sudan. It examined the degree to which the media outlets in South Sudan have participated in enhancing peace and harmony among the diverse conflicting parties, be it ethnic, intra-tribal, communal or political feuds. It also recorded and elaborated on major effects of media on local communities and the efforts employed by local journalists in ethically reporting about war and other forms of violent conflicts in South Sudan (conflict sensitive reporting). This study also explored the typologies of conflict and it sought to describe and shed light on “conflict transformation” and “peace building” while attempting to draw attention to media’s contribution and its responsibility in reducing conflict and building a sustainable peace.
When 18th century was coming to a close, some of the news channels such as the New York Times newspaper were seen as concocting stories to inflame public reactions and for that reason, public support enticed government into conflict. 19th century witnessed media growth and the means to get more and faster access to wartime information were thwarted by the practice of vigilantly censoring information and images broadcast from the battlefields. For example, during World War I & II, the media was not allowed a complete access to information. This was calculatedly done to avert noncombatants from knowing brutality and horror of conflict. And it was also deliberately done to minimize aggravation of the war and deescalate its magnitude as a strategy for conflict transformation. The strong relationship linking public sentiments and media is most excellently shown by coverage of the Vietnam War. “During the Vietnam war, for the first time correspondents going into battle areas not only reported their stories but had them conveyed to the public almost immediately. If an ambush occurred, the correspondent could tape and record it. If a bullet flew past, the whole television audience could experience the fear. And if soldiers are carried back from the battlefield bloody and bandaged, or even dead, the public could see that, too. Television brought the horror of war home, often in living color” (Ferguson, Patten & Wilson 1998). This produced a very huge effect on public opinion and Vietnam became the first country in 19th century in which the media experienced unlimited war reporting.
The media must exercise its freedom with high-quality responsibility to report well-balanced, truthful and accurate information without amplification of the facts. By the same token, policymakers as well as fighters on both sides of conflict have a role in providing the condition in which the media can suitably function. An immense responsibility is shouldered by journalists and editors. “What the wars in former Yugoslavia showed is that the battle for hearts and minds is as important as the battle for territory. The media arena is often where that battle is conducted. The media itself becomes a rallying point for all the combatants – and every combatant aspires to control its own media” (Puddephatt 2006).
“The media” refers to “several mediums or channels used in an organized fashion to communicate information to groups of people, as a service to the public” (Aho qtd in Howard 2002). According to Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, “Peace is an occurrence of harmony characterized by the lack of violence, conflict behaviors and the freedom from fear of violence” (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace 15/04/2014).
Conflict transformation is a course of action by which conflicts, for instance ethnic violent conflicts, are converted into nonviolent outcomes by realizing positive constructive conflict and peace dividend. The strategies for moving towards conflict transformation are similar to approaches used in conflict management and conflict resolution.
As defined by (Wikipedia, 15/04/2014), “Peace Building is a term describing interventions that are designed to prevent the start or resumption of violent conflict by creating a sustainable peace”. Since the core mission of peace building is to improve human safety, it embraces an extensive variety of endeavors employed by varied actors in the government departments and civil society organizations. It attempts to dig out and concentrate on the root causes of conflict at the community, national and international levels.
Although there was an attempt to quell conflicts in South Sudan, the country witnessed a lot of persistence of conflict in the aftermath of its independence. “During the Jonglei crisis, Radio Miraya stepped up its thematic programming to facilitate round-table discussions between Lou Nuer and Murle leaders and youth” (Kimon, 2012 p. 16). Radio Miraya, South Sudan TV and South Sudan Radio have been dispatching peace messages on the airwaves.
“Since the essence of conflict transformation is the transformation of mentalities, both within the society and the individual, societies have to be involved from the top-down and the bottom-up. The media have the potential to be a gateway through which to reach the largest possible number of people” (Melone 1997, p. 188). However, the local media institutions need to be supported to arrive at attaining the goal of transforming mentalities in South Sudan.
This research will help find out the principal functions played by the media in South Sudan in conflict transformation and peace building. It will try to find an answer to the question of whether media is a peace-promoter or a warmonger as being exemplified in the point of Rwanda genocide and World War II (WWII). The different media establishments will be able to gain knowledge from this research finding and improve their reporting skills. It will also provide some information to future researchers who may be conducting research on issues relevant to this topic.
This research specifically investigated the following:
- This research attempted to find out the role of media in altering the status of conflict.
- It also aimed at finding out the involvement of media in peace building.
- It tried to find out the function of media in enhancing peace and tranquility among local communities.
- It examined the root causes of conflict in South Sudan.
- It discovered the impact of media on the local community, particularly on the issues of peace building and conflict transformation.
This study sought to find out the claim that the media in South Sudan could extend its long arms deep into diverse societal settings to transform the violent mentalities into peaceful mentalities by displaying motion pictures of peace on the local televisions and conduct radio talk-shows to diffuse tensions. This study also tested the prediction that the media professionals and those serving a journalism apprenticeship in mass-media organizations will improve their ways of reporting and stick to ‘truth, balanced and neutrality’ as chief moral codes of journalism.
The role of the media in conflict transformation and peace building was investigated through Radio Miraya FM, Juba – South Sudan. The Researcher got some views from twenty members of the public in Juba about what they think of the role of media in conflict transformation and peace building in South Sudan.
According to Collin COBUILD Dictionary on CD-ROM 2006, “a methodology is a system of methods and principles for doing something, for example for teaching or for carrying out research”. Therefore, in this state of affairs, methodology is a system of techniques and standards for conducting research. Since this research is a comparative case study, it explored both present and the past as a way of discovering concrete recommendations for the future utilization. As the Researcher studied the phenomena in the natural setting, both primary and secondary data were used. Primary data was collected through interviews of the selected twenty members of the public in Juba town. Secondary data was collected through books, articles, journals and reports in the library or internet.
Limitation is referred to herein as a situation which hampers the Researcher in collecting and processing data. The Researcher was faced by financial constraints as he always moved to the field. The frequent visits to Radio Miraya, South Sudan Television and the Citizen Daily Newspaper become costly to him. It was sometimes hard to produce preliminary copies of the report when the finances fall short. The participation of some media personnel in the research was not fully realized because scores of journalists are not professionally trained and do not know the usefulness of research.
Organization of the research is referred to as an arrangement of the chapters and topics in the research paper. This paper consists of four chapters. Chapter one gives the introduction and background of the study, the statement of the problem, significance of the study, objectives of the research, hypothesis, and scope of the research, methodology and limitations of the research. Chapter two presents the literature review. Chapter three gives presentation, interpretation and discussion or analysis of the results. Chapter four is conclusion, summary and recommendations.
This chapter critically examines existing theories in available literature about the selected problem. It involves reviewing scientifically investigated literature on the subject of concern.
More than 500 years in the past, the persuasive effect of mass media on the global society grew rapidly. It has been an immense breakthrough in an attempt for social change and behavior. With exponential growth of technology, there was sequential development of the media institution in the world e.g. there were books, then newspapers, magazines, photography, sound recordings, films, radio, television and the Internet. “The mass media foster socialization throughout adulthood, contributing to social cohesion by affirming beliefs and values and helping reconcile inconsistent values and discrepancies between private and public morality” (Vivian 2008). In the same sense, John Vivian (2008) “emphasized that the mass media can enrich society by disseminating the best of human creativity including great literature, music and art. In the society where the mass media report nonstandard behavior, the society’s moral order can be enforced” (Ibid). In recognition to John Vivian’s findings, one can also rest assured that the media have a big role in social change and also in the process of making people know about order and rule of law as enshrined in the constitution and other related essential national and international documents. For instance, when there is mass media coverage of a person who was arrested for murder and convicted, it reiterates for everybody that a human being has the right to live. With such typical media reporting, standard deeds may popup in a disarrayed community harmed by antisocial activities and cycles of conflict. “Mass media have the power to create healthy communities in part by portraying healthy constructive communities. Nonviolent communities are built on respect, empathy and shared interests” (Dr. Ramanujam 2007). The same power that the media have in creating healthy communities is the same power it has in creating divisive and troublesome communities as it is affirmed by Tongeren et al. (2005) that “Media at all levels and of all types can and do play a role in either maintaining or reducing the momentum of these conflicts. Sometimes the same media outlet plays both roles without being aware of it”. In a society where the media have committed itself to dispatching conflict prevention messages, the violent will trim down and the possible ways for peace prevalence will crop up. “Although reducing violence is the central goal, messages that promote violence prevention are equally important” (Vivian 2008). Media reporting aids in describing in-depth the issues a society is anxious about. However, it acts as a gadget for agenda-setting. While highlighting about the traditional society, Brenk et al. (2003) have found out that “when the great Buddist emperor Asoka (3o4 – 232 BC) commanded a rock pillar to be erected in Afghanistan and for it to be inscribed in two languages describing how his people could live together in peace, he was using a medium of the day (a rock edict) as a peacebuilding tool”. Conversely, the modern society is using an advanced medium to reach almost everybody around the globe. The role of the media in healing wounds and breeding peace is recognizably seen as incredible even during the primitive periods of human being.
The media in South Sudan is comprised of three parts, viz. electronic media (radio, TV, videos…etc), print media (newspapers, magazines, journals, books…etc) and creative media composition which includes drama, music, dance, art etc. The signing of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) in
2005 by the Sudan Peoples’ Liberation Movement (SPLM) and Government of The Sudan (GOS) stepped-up the media development in South Sudan. During the interim period of six years (2005 – 2011), the then Government of Southern Sudan (GOSS) established FM radio stations in all the ten states of South Sudan. “Radio is the most popular medium. Scores of private stations, some with foreign funding, have sprung up. There is a national state-run network, and each of South Sudan’s 10 states has its own radio station” (BBC News Africa 21 March 2014). This thing was done in pursuit of restoring the lost societal fabric of peace and harmony in various communities in South Sudan. Media growth was schemed as platform for sending out messages of peace and reconciliation. While keeping in mind that there is a need to get information to the people far away from the city, the government established South Sudan Radio in connection with the FM stations in other nine states of South Sudan. “The South Sudan Radio Network (link to main site) is controlled by the government of South Sudan and has set up FM stations in nine out of ten of the country’s state capitals. Some of the individual stations are owned by the government of the state where they are situated, however, all are managed underneath the umbrella of the South Sudan Radio Network” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_of_South_Sudan 30/04/2014). As revealed in an article written by Keith Somerville (2014) and published by http://africanarguments.org, it has shown that radio is the most preferable medium used in South Sudan to reach the vast majority in rural areas. “In a country with an estimated 80 percent illiteracy rate, South Sudanese are particularly reliant on radio as a means of getting news and of communicating information. It reaches those who cannot read or cannot access or afford to buy newspapers. It can be listened to throughout the day alone, or in groups and can have a mass effect if used to generate fear, mobilize support or, worst of all, incite hatred of others” (Somerville April 24, 2014). This facilitated the wide media coverage in the areas which are very inaccessible. This period has also witnessed the establishment of Catholic Radio Network (CRN) which gave birth to the creation of FM broadcasting stations administered by catholic dioceses in the states. In 2006, the United Nations Mission in Sudan (UNMIS) now called United Nations Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS) in partnership with Foundation Hirondelle set up Radio Miraya FM which has an extensive geographic reach than any other FM station in South Sudan. Out of these radio stations, there are other FM radios privately-owned, e.g. Capital FM,
Radio Liberty FM, USAID-funded Eye Radio, and VOA South Sudan in focus etc.
While highlighting on TV, South Sudan is a country which has only two television stations, namely South Sudan Television (SSTV) and Citizen
Television (CTV). With SSTV run by the government and CTV privately-owned. “State-owned South Sudan TV has little competition. The development of TV is hindered by poverty and a limited electricity and telecoms infrastructure” (http://www.bbc.com/news/world–africa–14019206 30/04/2014). As a matter of fact, South Sudan is one of the poorest countries in the world which mainly depend on subsistence economy with oil export as a chief domestic product which makes 80% of gross domestic product (GDP. “South Sudan is the most oil dependent country in the world, with oil exports accounting for almost the totality of exports, and for around 80% of gross domestic product (GDP), directly and indirectly” (World Bank April, 2013). It is a wealthy country with unexploited natural resources. A huge majority of people is living in the rural areas and a considerable number of rural poor people have moved to the towns and settled in slum areas. “The civil war that lasted over 20 years took an enormous toll and left South Sudan impoverished” (Ibid). All the economic adversities which associated with sociopolitical instability in the country have hampered the development of TV industry.
In Juba, there are a growing number of print media houses. The newspapers which have a wide readership are the Citizen and Juba Monitor newspapers because they are the only dailies enjoying the monopoly of being printed every day. The New Nation, Juba Post, Gurtong Newsmagazine … etc are either weekly, biweekly or quarterly. Some of these news outlets have some pages dedicated to peace-building. In Gurtong newsmagazine (2013), there is a page titled, “yarning for peace” where opinion writers are allowed to give their persuasive commentaries about peace and love. “It is that we should have a new soul, be always at odd with vices, be at peace with your neighbors and let each New Year finds you a better man” (Bishop Hiiboro Feb 2013). The print media, although it has no much circulation in rural areas where illiterate communities live, it can also be used as a medium of talking a positive peace. Not only the peace commentators have responsibility in advocating for peace but all the media personnel must bear a full brunt of this.
“We are tired of war, war. We are tired of gunshot, gunshot” (Queen Zee
2013), is the title of a music lyrics by a young South Sudanese artist called Queen Zee. This song is one of the most thrilling tracks which send a strong message of conflict transformation to the people of South Sudan. However, the creative media work of art has contributed much in peace-building and conflict transformation in South Sudan. Most interestingly, many radio stations spent ample times on entertainment programs. Some songs which carry ingredients of peace are regularly played by the local radios. On the contrary, it is not the entire artistic media masterpiece can play a role in bringing peace. There are other songs which are ethnocentrically composed with biasness and a big tone of disparity which may create potential conflict.
According to Wikipedia.org (8/5/2014) Conflict transformation is defined as a “process by which conflicts, such as ethnic conflict, are transformed into peaceful outcomes”. It is thus a process of appealing to the people and mending the bonds, curiosities, dialogues and, if there is a necessity the very structure of society that maintains the prolongation of brutal conflict need to be abolished or amended. While knowing that the radio can be used by wicked groups as a tool to promote the deliberate slaughter of guiltless civilians (as it has been well documented in the case of Bentiu2 – South Sudan, Rwanda, Bosnia, and Germany during World War II), there is also a weighty prospect of it being used as instrument for reducing conflict. The absolute free media can be as murderous as autocrat-restricted media only if the media personnel are not bonded by ethical code of journalism. As urged by Society of Professional Journalists (SPJ) (1996) that “Journalists should be honest, fair and courageous in gathering, reporting and interpreting information”. In the same way, journalists must unlock their professional potentials to ensure that there is accurate and balanced flow of information to the readers, viewers or listeners. Some conflicts have attained international attention via coverage in the media while others didn’t fundamentally get ground on the world stage. For instance, the David Yau Yau insurgency, and the 15th December coup attempt in South Sudan with its subsequent ongoing rebellion are seen to have once made top headlines in the giant global news sources (BBC, al Jazeera, Radio France International (RFI) and CNN). The radio is very powerful in contributing to social change and that’s why it’s considered an effective tool for conflict transformation. Following the abolition of apartheid system of rule in South Africa, Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) was formed and it was very much in symbiotic bond with the media. “But the problem of media involvement in conflict transformation is more fundamental than a question of genre. Elsewhere broadcasters have utilized various other genres. For example, Nashe Maalo, a children’s drama series, involves ethnic Macedonian, Albanian, Turkish and Roma children dealing with prejudice and stereotypes” (Rolston qtd in Shochat, 2003). The media is a very influential institution that can control both victims and survivors of any fierce conflict as a lever to gain peace concession. “A reporter’s story on a conflict can be the only information people have access to. How a journalist reports about a conflict determines how people respond to it” (Kobbah-warun 2010). Rightfully, the perceptual views of the media audience are immediately absorbed by news products which are released in that particular time.
However, if the journalists are much careful about conflict sensitive reporting, the media will always serve as an apparatus for conflict transformation. “Most journalists merely report on the conflict as it happens. By comparison, medical reporters do not just report on a person’s illness. They also report on what caused illness and what may cure it. News reporters can have the same skill when it comes to reporting conflict” “Tongeren et al. qtd in Howard 2005 p. 175). The journalists are entrusted by their employers to report on what has happened, although responsibly, they will not have ability to give a thorough therapeutic solution to the existing conflict. What is most importantly required of the members of the press is to report accurately and clearly. “In conflict, it is important to report all aspects of problem. This provides greater understanding and can encourage possible dialogue between conflicting parties” (Ibid).
Peace-building is a durable course of action that happens after the violent conflict has stalled or halted. The idea of peace and the strategies for strengthening it can be made clear and effective in the media outlets because those seeking a change in social behavior will have to make media outreaches. As defined by the former UN Secretary General Boutros-Ghali (Aho qtd in Jett 1999) “peace-building is an action to identify and support structures which will tend to strengthen and solidify peace in order to avoid a relapse into conflict”. The one of the most important structures that needs much support is the media institution in which the formerly conflicting parties, Civil Society Organizations (CBO), Non Governmental Organization (NGO) etc use to express their views about upholding peace and harmony. As acknowledged in a thesis report by Michael Aho “the mass media helps shape popular perceptions of the nature of a society. In terms of basic human rights, the mass media can transform the ideas of freedom of opinion and expression into a concrete reality, by being able to openly communicate information and ideas and by acting as a ‘watchdog’ on public institutions and leaders…The principle roles of the media are to expose shortcomings of the government, educate the public, popularize peace initiatives and promote dialogue”. Both independent media and government-control media can gear their abilities to peace maintenance. The role of the media in peace-building is determined by the journalist as the researcher has mentioned earlier in Chapter One under introduction that the high-quality responsibility is shouldered by media personnel. “Professional journalists do not set out to reduce conflict. They seek to present accurate and impartial news. But it is often through good reporting that conflict is reduced” (Ibid)
Media is seen by scores of scholars as a platform for forging peace and harmony between/among communities and or groups of people within the communities. Hyat Ahmed Abdelamalik Mohamed (2012) a Researcher in Swansea University, in his paper advised that “the media can play a positive role in bridging the gaps and creating unity, in how it influences and guides”. Journalism as a unit of professionalism in a society, the practitioners must exercise their career business with purpose of bringing peace to the world. Alyssa Mesich (April 2, 2014) in his article published by www.sudantribune.com, recommended that “when efforts for availing reliable information is mounted in South Sudan, the wide spread of rumors will decrease. As a matter of regular practice, the cross tribal communication and peace-building will improve”. In order for news to be accurate and well balanced, it will be expressed as reliable, and above all, it will serve the positive purpose of the newscast. “A reliable news media can have a positive impact on the peaceful resolution of conflicts by reducing the impact and spread of rumors which inevitably feed the flames of conflict” (Tongeren et al. 2005).
According to http://www.thefreedictionary.com/conflict (1st May 2014), conflict is defined as a state of disharmony between incompatible or antithetical persons, ideas, or interests; a clash. “Conflict is a situation where two or more individuals or groups disagree about rights, privileges and access to opportunities which they believe they cannot share” (Kobbah-wureh 2010). Although the two literatures have defined it correctly, the researcher is still on a point of shedding light on the two traits of conflict as centerpiece of the discussion. The conflict is either normal or violent. When conflict is normal, it means there is disagreement on an issue or about how the status quo should be changed. In the violent conflict, the safety and survival of the groups involved is in jeopardy. Conflict in this context represents, violent conflict impinging on societies in South Sudan. There are tribal violent conflicts and armed insurgencies. There is high proliferation of small arms in the hands of civilians, mostly cattle keeping tribes. The painful dynamic of these conflicts, is that the brunt of casualties is bear by innocent civilian masses. As a result, the large numbers of people were either internally displaced or fled to neighboring countries as refugees. The people’s moral depreciated, diseases, malnutrition and starvation become part of South Sudanese daily life and the national economy oozed to its extreme downturn.
“In post-conflict and fragile states the mass media are considered to be capable of playing a vital role in “helping to rebuild social cohesion, to promote a culture of tolerance and to help prevent countries regressing into conflict” (Reljiô 2001). During twenty one years of the second Sudanese’s brutal civil war (1983-2005), South Sudanese were united against the Khartoum footed government with the intention of creating autonomous state. After the hoisting of South Sudan flag on 9th July 2011, the first year of independence was burdened with key challenges. The country became largely fragmented on ethnic lines with each tribe seeking to capitalize on its own goals – an activity that has critically destabilized the capacity of Juba administration to toil towards nationwide integration. Out of these internal tribal conflicts, the country was in conflict with the Republic of Sudan over the border issues and matters pertaining to oil transportation from the Republic of South Sudan to international market via the Sudanese port. “Since gaining independence in July 2011, South Sudan has experienced many interethnic conflicts over resources, underscoring the need for well-defined property rights as well as a strategy for conflict anticipation and resolution” (Agbor & Taiwo 2012).
In the mid of December 2013 when fighting started in Juba – South Sudan, the story was framed as another ethnic power struggle in Africa by international media houses. Africans critical of the media argued that the media is not factual when it comes to issues pertaining to political fallouts in African States. “Journalists from outside work under deadline pressures and seldom have time to report on what is not obvious” (Kobbah-wuren 2010). The so-called Journalists without Borders have a very big issue with reporting in Africa. In relation to the finding of Waede Kobbah-wuren, one must admit that the international journalists report things which are not apparent. And this may contribute a much more damage to already existing conflict. “In conflict situation, the media should ideally be a forum for bridging the gap between warring parties (parties in conflict). It should provide a channel of communication through which the conflicting parties can dialogue so as to reach a consensus” (Mbaine 2006). If the conflicting parties use media as a tool for building up support and widening up propaganda against each other, the likelihood of coming to a dialogue and reaching compromise will be very minimal.
“In countries where most of the population is illiterate and television is rare, radio is the key means to reach the public with news and information and influence people, positively or negatively” Gastrow (2001). South Sudan is a country with an estimated population of 8.3 million, most of whom, approximately 83% dwelling in rural areas with literacy rate of only 27% of the population, 15-years-old and above. The radio can be used as an instrument for nurturing or reducing conflict particularly in the areas with high illiteracy rate like South Sudan. The use of radio identifies, outlines, and repeatedly intensifies conflict by the selection of stories covered, those excluded, and sources utilized. All together, radio can intentionally be operated to alleviate or aggravate conflict. It is very important that the radio can significantly standout as a podium for open communication where varied individuals far way in different destinations can discuss the possibilities of reducing potential violent conflicts. This can prominently contribute to preservation or restoration of stability. “Peace Radio is an especially valuable tool when the media is being used by perpetrators to incite racial, regional, or other violent political conflict within a country” (Ibid). Radio is very significant because of its merits as mentioned below:
- Radio is local. It does not need one to erect satellite dish so that his/her radio works. Radio can be listened to in the remote villages where there is no electricity.
- Radio has ability to reach specific audiences through specialized programming.
- It can be listened to in a group for example, the people living in a certain hamlet or an extensive family may gather around the radio during news hour to listen to the new information and issues which concern them in their lives.
- Radio can be adjusted for diverse parts of the country and can reach people at different times of the day.
- Of all the media, radio is the least expensive medium. Its low cost and high reach of selected target groups make it an excellent supporting medium.
- Radio has an extensive reach. It can reach global audience.
- Radio is mobile and personal. With advancement in technology, there are now inbuilt radio applications in phones and cars. However, one can listen to radio any time and any place.
- It is mainly interactive. The radio allows listeners to call in and talk to a radio personality immediately about a subject they are discussing. This makes the situation more interactive where a variety of listeners can interject their opinion and create a dialogue between the listening communities.
The survey was done in Juba city where 20 members of public were interviewed. The questionnaire was used as a tool for data collection. The questionnaire forms were self-administered by the researcher. This research exercise was a representative of both male and female respondents. During the investigation, the researcher managed to speak to journalists, one national Cabinet Minister, and members of the local community in Juba. The findings are presented in this chapter on the following illustrated charts.
As the total sample size for the research was 20 respondents, 60% were male while 40% were female which totaled to 100% participants. The margin of error was zero percent.
The chart below illustrates the age distribution of the persons (respondents) involved in the research exercise. The biggest sample size is taken from the young adults between the ages of 20 – 30 because most of whom are assumed to have ample time to listen to radio broadcasts. The percentage of respondents interviewed in that age category is 45%. Besides this, the people at the early adulthood period are the apparatuses used to execute any violent conflict in the world. However, it’s very vital to study their opinions on the role of the media (radio) in reducing conflict and breeding peace in South Sudan. 30% of the respondents in their middle-adulthood (31 – 40 years) were interviewed and 20% is the sample size for the people between 41 – 50 years. As shown on the chart, no person between 51 – 60 years was interviewed. Only 5% of the respondents in their late-adulthood, between 61 – 70 years were interviewed.
Source: Primary data.
The chart below explains the sample size for the level of education of the respondents. The sample of 40% was taken from the respondents who are either pursuing studies in the College/University or have attained certificate in the College/University. 20% is a sample size for the people at the level of secondary school while 15% is a sample for those who are in primary school. The percentage taken from the uneducated/illiterate respondents was 10% and another 10% from the people who have attained Master Degree. Only 5% was taken as a sample for the people with PhD. However, they are presented on the chart below.
Source: Primary data.
The figure 3 above explains the sample design for the level of education of the respondents.
3.2.4. Scope of the People Who Listen to Radio.
The chart below gives elucidation to the question asked whether the respondent have time to listen to radio broadcasts, be it a local or international radio. According to the survey, 100% of the selected respondents responded that they use to listen to the radio broadcast.
(Source: Primary data)
The study has discovered that 55% (symbolized by code B in figure 5 below) listen to radio broadcasts two to four times on a daily basis. 20% of the respondents listen to radio once a day. The researcher also learned that 15% of the respondents do not listen to radio always. The survey has also revealed that 5% of the respondents listen to radio every hour of the day. While other 5% of the respondents listen to radio two to four times a week. The study found out that the percentage for those who listen to radio twice a week is 0%. This means that a vast majority of Juba city residents listen to radio either daily or partly four times a week.
Source: Primary data.
The investigation has found out that the radio being listened to most preferably in Juba is BBC English program. 45%, coded F, of the selected respondents have a preference for BBC English more than other local and international radios. In Juba, (both BBC English and Arabic programs), French Radio International (FRI) and Voice of America are tuned to on frequency modulation radio waves. Therefore, these international radio establishments were part of the selected items for the survey. The research has also shown that 35% of the chosen respondents desire listening to Radio Miraya FM and 10% most preferably listen to South Sudan Radio. Only 5% listen to VOA and another 5% listen to Eye Radio.
Source: Primary data.
Based on the research inquiry, it has come to the surface that the majority of the respondents, 45% listen to radio broadcast most preferably because of its reliable news-broadcast and information which are dependable. The investigation has also shown that 30% listen to the broadcasts because the radio has wide coverage with qualified journalists. 25% respondents also acknowledged that they listen to the news products of their favorite radio stations because of the radio’s thrilling musical entertainments, ads programs and interactive talk shows. Inclusively, this portion of the respondents also listens to radio because of the trustworthiness and reliability of the news products.
Source: Primary data.
The 85% of the selected respondents pointed that they listen to news programs and live coverage. Base on the same research question, the study has also found out that 10% of the respondents listen to specialized programs and talk shows. The slightest portion of the respondents – 5% use to tune to radio for musical and theatrical entertainments.
Source: Primary data.
According to the survey, 75% segment of respondents was found to have heard news products containing messages of peace. And 25% said they did not hear any peace message aired on the radio waves.
Source: Primary data.
In accordance with the field research investigation, 50% of the people interviewed said that they heard “One People, One Nation” being played by the local radio stations as a part of a search for a just peace for all the people of South Sudan regardless of ethnic disparities. Another 15% heard “we’re tired of war concert” and 10% said that they heard Jonglei peace campaign over the radio when the members of Nuer-Lou, Dinka-Bor and Mule ethnic categories were hosted and repeatedly played in radio Miraya FM.
Source: Primary data.
As illustrated on the chart below, 50% coded F, believed that the media should report honest and unprejudiced stories as well as promote peace dialogues in the radio stations by airing the discussed peace items as a means of achieving conflict transformation. This portion also thought that the media should involve in disseminating music and drama amusements which thematically convey and instill significant serenity in the communities in South Sudan. Importantly, this group acknowledged that the media should act as a neutral body without passionately taking side in the conflict by acting as a mouthpiece for a distinguished party in the conflict. In their views, they said that the media should take actions as an agenda-setting institution for the peace to prevail. 20% of the selected respondents also said that the radio should only stick to reporting truthful and well-balanced stories. Also another 20% believed that the media should gear their programs towards promoting peace dialogues as a technique for realizing conflict transformation. 5% expressed the views that the media is ought to engage in airing educative music and drama episodes which are relevantly about peace. Another 5% furthermore believed that the media (radio) should act as a referee who actively participates in sporting exercise but does not favor any side in the pitch.
Source: Primary data.
According to the survey, 65% of the selected sample size has believed that in the community where there has been an acute upsurge of persistent cycles of internal violent conflicts, the reporters should strongly adhere to essential code of journalism. The Civil Society Organizations, NGOs and the Peace Commission’s departments should engage in the media outreaches through local radios to sensitize the people to be on familiar terms with the value of peace. The radio journalists should maximize the peace discussion programs in a quest for arriving at peace dividend. The radios should play musical entertainments and drama series which are contemporarily about peaceful coexistence and cohesion amongst the people in order to stimulate tranquility and attain peace building as an end result. In this same line of investigation, 25% did said that the Civil Society Organizations, NGOs and the government should merge their collective efforts to engage the media outlets in revitalizing the people’s interest in peace. Another 10% said that the journalists should firmly cling to the fundamental and decent rules of journalism so that they keep away from partiality in the conflict.
Source: Primary data.
As revealed by the study, some radio stations have programs which are geared towards peace. For instance, South Sudan Radio has its program called “One People, One Nation” dedicated to conflict transformation and peace building in South Sudan. Also the research has found out that the Radio Miraya FM has “Lulu Drama” program which focus largely on disseminating relevant peace messages to its audience.
According to the survey findings, 50% respondents expressed their opinions that the media should not work as a mouthpiece for a particular entity in the country, adding that the media should dedicate programs to all-inclusive peace discussion. 35% believed that the leaders in the country should interact with people by using radio as a medium of interrelationship with local citizens to sensitize and persuade them so that they stay in harmony than splitting up themselves along tribal or political lines. The media should also lean to focusing on positive peace through mobilization of government stakeholders and communities at grassroots so that they contribute in the effort for peacemaking and peace building. The 15% respondents viewed that the radio should detach from disseminating hate messages and embark on broadcasting programs that promote peace and reconciliation. However, the media should maintain neutrality in reporting and the stories should be well balanced. The journalists have to be trained about conflict and peace so that they understand conflict dynamics and transformation. The media is ought to withhold information that may be a threat to the national security of the country.
As shown by the survey, vast majority of residents in Juba could not stay the whole week without tuning to any radio program in one of the local radio stations. The research has also dug on to the surface that many people in Juba city listen to radio on daily basis or four times a week. However, if the media institutions take advantage of this to disseminate peace messages, it can enhance radios’ role in transforming people’s violent mentality as a technique for building peace in the hearts and minds of all South Sudanese. All the radios should exercise impartiality and stop working as mouthpieces for varied parties in conflict. This will repudiate the work of all the broadcast media establishments (radio and TV) in the eyes of the people, both listeners and viewers. The broadcast media outlets with principal ethic of reporting dependable information can partner with peace and development organizations in bringing tranquility and sustainable development in the country. A radio with wide coverage and staffed with qualified journalists can reach out to the remote and inaccessible areas where the locals can be sensitize about the importance of peace so that they coexist serenely with harmony between and/or among the wide-ranging communities. The news programs and live coverage have to be enhanced to suit the nation’s need for peace. This is to be done by translating all the significant peace programs into local vernaculars. This will permit local residents to understand what the message is and they will feel as part of the larger society. The 21 century has witnessed a great advancement in terms of technology and the media has gone far with its improvement. There are inbuilt radio applications on cell phones and cars. One can listen to radio while wandering around or on his/her journey, therefore, the media institutions should also involve in playing musical entertainments which carry peace messages rather than hate messages. Taking for example, “we’re tired of war concert” is one of the popularly played music tracks in Juba in the radios. If a quantity of these meaningful songs is played in the radio stations, it can contribute to peace awareness.
The “One People One Nation” slogan of peace by the government and several other civil society organizations have contributed hugely in transforming illperceptions from individuals who put the tribes first than comes the nation. If all the media institutions adopt this motto of peace, the general public including those in distant villages will adjust to a concept of peaceful coexistence with ideal interest in ethnic pluralism.
The radio has a very pivotal role in conflict transformation since it is the only institution in the country that reaches masses at their various levels. It does not bring people together in one place. It reaches its subscribers in their homes, offices and on their journeys. It is the most affordable media outlet. Radio unlike television and electronic media sources, it does not require electronic and electrical installations. However, it is both costless and comfortable. Members of extensive family can gather around a radio appliance and listen to a certain radio program. This will make the whole family aware of all the happenings in the worlds around them.
The media is one of the main influential forces in the contemporary world. It has a power to drive the country into a shocking disaster as evidenced by its role in Rwanda genocide. The media also has power to prevent and mitigate conflicts. When the media practitioners get adhered to an old adage which runs thus, “prevention is better than cure” the researcher anticipated that the occurrences of potential conflicts can be curtailed. The main role of the media is to prevent conflict at the time when people are enjoying relative peace. This research has shown that the media is one of the tools that can skillful be used to build peaceful communities in South Sudan.
This paper has detailed the role of the media in conflict transformation and the function played by the media in peace building, concluding that even though conflicts are prevalent in human societies, they must not be aggressive in nature. For that reason, South Sudan has to support its social organizations like media institutions to uphold culture of peace within its wider political tradition. A variety of reasons have been elaborated on how the media can contribute to reduce conflict and build the existing peace. South Sudan media industry, although still very poor, is required to promote culture of peace in order to prevent violence in support of peaceful solutions to both political and traditional conflicts in the country.
During the conflict or in the post conflict situations, the media has to show its professional responsibility with its arms fastened tightly on code and ethics of journalism. A journalist is a servant of truth but not an architect of truth. Journalists must follow the suit of reporting truthful and reliable news products. In the case of South Sudan where many journalists have not gotten professional training on journalism and mass communication, it is really very hard for them to deal with a community alienated along tribal lines. Journalists are part of these communities and if they are not careful enough, they can easily fall on the line of division based on ethnicity. The most adverse thing is that they are also seen as tribes and this can exacerbate their freedom of movement in the conflict-stricken areas of the country. Although the conflict has led to extinction of thousands of people, the journalists have to take it as an opportunity and actively exploit it by standing objectively firm and find ways of reducing conflict. The very best way of building peace during and after the conflict is sticking to the genuineness in reporting about conflicts. The media can also embrace and support peace players like NGOs and government departments charged with conflict prevention, mitigation and peace building. This will reframe it as a guardian of peace and harmony in the eyes of the public. As discussed in this report, the media does either intensify or abate conflict based on the manner it has been used. The researcher still thinks the media can help prevent potential conflicts. However, the following are some recommendations for media practitioners and the government of South
- The media should adhere to factual reporting principle. Truthful reporting standard can nourish peaceful political culture. The media should avoid concocting stories.
- The media institutions in South Sudan should give adequate training to the journalists about reporting skills particularly about conflict sensitive reporting.
- The media must abstain from allying with a certain party in conflict. If the media is not neutral, the news product and its entire programs will prejudicially be in favor of one side.
- The media practitioners should have to be trained about conflict transformation, conflict management and peace building. This will give them insight about what causes the conflict, how it can be reduced and what role the media can play in bridging the gap in the period of war.
- The government should allow free access to information and a free flow of information. If members of the press are allowed access to information, they will be able to disseminate rightful information to the public.
- The media institutions particularly broadcast media, must be enhanced by widening its coverage to the remote villages.
- The government and other peace actors like NGOs have to create more community radio stations so that the peace matters are discussed in local languages of the local people in that place.
- The government of the Republic of South Sudan should enact media bill into law so that the wide contours of responsibilities are created among the journalists.
- The media should support organizations which deal with conflict transformation and peace building.
Agbor, Julius & Taiwo, Olumide (2012). “Managing Ethnic Diversity” The Brookings Institution ❘ Africa Growth Initiative.
Aho, Michael (2002). “Media’s Role in Peacebuilding”. The Certificate-of-Training in United Nations Peace Support Operations thesis, Peace Operations Training Institute, George Mason University.
Bratic, Vladimir& Schirch, Lisa (2007). “Why and When to Use the Media for Conflict Prevention and Peacebuilding”. European Centre for Conflict Prevention/Global
Secretariat of the Global Partnership for the Prevention of Armed Conflict, Netherlands.
Ferguson, L., Patten, Jim, & Wilson, Bradley (1998). “Journalism Today”, (5th ed), National Textbook Company. Lincolnwood, Illinois USA.
Free encyclopedia, Wikipedia (15/04/2014) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace
Gastrow, Peter (2001). “Media and Conflict: The Framework for Journalist”. Illinois, USA.
Kimon, (2012). “Report of the Secretary-General on South Sudan”. UNSC, New York.
Melone, D., Terzis, Georgios & Beleli, Ozsel (2002). “Using the Media for Conflict Transformation: The Common Ground Experience”. The Berghof Handbook for
Conflict Transformation, Berghof Research Center for Constructive Conflict Management, Berlin.
Puddephatt, Andrew (2006). “Voices of war: Conflict and the Role of the Media”. International Media Support, Denmark.
Rolston, Bill (2007). “Crime, Media, Culture: Facing reality: The media, the past and conflict transformation in Northern” SAGE, Ireland.
Queen Zee is a female young artist who has been singing peace and love songs. She is thought to have played a big role in conflict transformation and peace building through her well composed songs. 2 A capital city of Unity State in the Republic of South Sudan.
David Yau Yau is the Head of a rebel force in Jonglei State who got disgruntled and waged war against Jonglei State government after losing Pibor County Constituency parliamentary seat to the SPLM Candidate while contesting on independent ticket in the Sudan’s General Elections of 2010. | <urn:uuid:e46ccbfe-ad30-49e0-b205-d8f4cd28520e> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | http://thescholarforum.com/2018/12/31/the-role-of-the-media-in-conflict-transformation-and-peace-building-in-south-sudan/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232256215.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20190521022141-20190521044141-00425.warc.gz | en | 0.951974 | 11,397 | 2.90625 | 3 |
- What Difference Do Words Make?
- Whoever Controls the Language Controls the Culture
- God’s Word Creates Virtuous Nations
A call to build education around God’s Word, Photo by Gift Habeshaw on Unsplash
“‘When I use a word,’ Humpty Dumpty said in a rather scornful tone, ‘It means just what I choose it to mean, neither more nor less.’” (Through the Looking Glass, Lewis Carroll)
One of the distinctives of an effective communicator or a great teacher is his or her ability to inspire listeners or students with the use of a noble vocabulary in communicating ideas. This is achieved through clothing ideas with precise word usage. Britain’s famous conservative prime minister Benjamin Disraeli (1804-1881) said, “If you would converse with me define your terms.” A communicator never assumes that his audience fully understands the meanings of key words in his speech or lecture. A good communicator will always define his terms in order to establish his presuppositions or world view in the subject he is addressing. To avoid miscommunication and confusion, a good communicator will always define his terms because words contain a philosophy of government:
Noah Webster’s original American Dictionary of the English Language (1828), for which he spent twenty years researching the root meanings of English words as well as their biblical meanings, defines ‘educate’:
“educate, verb, to bring up, as a child; to instruct; to inform and enlighten the understanding; to instill into the mind principles of arts, science, morals, religion and behavior. To educate children well is one of the most important duties of parents and guardians.”
Webster’s Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary (1987), written 159 years later, defines ‘educate’:
“educate, verb, to provide schooling for. To train by formal instruction and supervised practice, especially in a skill, trade, or profession. To develop mentally, morally, or aesthetically especially by instruction. To persuade or condition to feel, believe, or act in a desired way or to accept something as desirable. To educate a person or a thing.” (Yes, this is in the dictionary!)
You can easily discern the philosophy of government in these two definitions: the first definition contains a biblical view of education and the second definition a progressive view of education. We are called to equip the next generation with a biblical, Christian worldview! This is the starting block—clothing ideas with a biblical vocabulary!
Noah Webster’s original 1828 Dictionary of the English Language is published by the Foundation for American Christian Education. A free online version is available here. Take time to check into this site and use it for your teaching and writing.
God’s Word consecrates the mind
It is the divine Word that consecrates and inspires the mind and builds intellectual virtue. The Bible contains the highest literary form of language. It requires its readers to be literate! Everywhere the Gospel is preached, Christian education follows closely behind. It is imperative that the believer be able to read the Word of God in his language. Everywhere the Bible is taught, scholarship rises, literacy increases, and language is enhanced. The standard of language spoken and written, has always been set by the church. In the history of Christian education, monasteries were the repositories of learning, churchmen the schoolmasters, and the Bible the fount of ennobled language and literacy.
The great Geneva Bible of Calvin and Knox became for the European reformers their primary reader, their first book of instruction, and their political textbook. It was the one book that sailed west to the New World with every family. Just as the Old Testament Jews came to be known as “people of the Word,” so were the thousands and thousands of reformers known as “people of the Word.” Modern day Christians need to reclaim this heritage using the Bible as their first book of instruction. Is it possible that we could be known in this century as the “people of the Word?”
I have put My words in your mouth and have covered you with the shadow of My hand, to establish the heavens, to found the earth, and to say . . . You are My people (Isaiah 51:16).
The historic record of America’s founding and constitutional eras reveals that parents took seriously their role to educate their children in the admonition and nurture of the Lord, teaching them to read from the Bible when they were very young. Early trained to reflect upon and reason with God’s Word, these young colonial children “read and recited, quoted and consulted, early committed to memory and constantly searched it for meaning. It remained throughout the century the single most important cultural influence in the lives of AngloAmericans.” (Cremin, American Education, the Colonial Experience, 1970, p. 40)
The emphasis on the Bible as the “first book of instruction” produced individuals of ennobled Christian character and scholarship, who cherished individual liberty with Law and birthed the first Christian constitutional republic in the world. A people whose “textbook of liberty” is the Bible, who know how to reason with the revelation of God’s Word in every area of life, are not easily deceived or subverted.
Dr. Benjamin Rush (1745-1813), distinguished pioneering physician, one of the youngest signers of the Declaration of Independence, and founder of a Bible Society, wrote A Defence of the Use of the Bible in Schools to support his idea that the Bible should be the primary textbook in the schools of the new United States of America. You will be very inspired by his defense which can be found on line.
Put God’s Word at the heart of your education
God meant for His Word to be at the heart of teaching and learning! The Bible should be at the center of all Christian curricula, its light illuminating all subjects, all programs, and all methods. A study of the tools of restoration from the book of Nehemiah bears this out. Once the walls of Jerusalem had been reconstructed in Israel’s post-exilic era, the first thing governor Nehemiah did was to place Ezra, the high priest and educator, in the center of Jerusalem’s marketplace so that he could read the Law day and night to the spiritually famished Jews. There had been an absence of God’s Word in their education for nearly one hundred years. As Ezra and the Levites instructed the remnant from God’s Word, they often stopped to make clear the meaning of the words so the people could understand what was being read (Nehemiah 8:1-8). Hearing and understanding God’s Word sparked a spirit of corporate repentance and reformation. Ezra then taught them their providential history by recounting God’s wondrous miracles and His mighty Hand of providence in their history. (Nehemiah 9) When their minds and hearts were illumined with truth, the Jews renewed their covenant with God and pledged allegiance to follow the Laws of God. (Nehemiah 10:28-30)
If we are to raise a generation of youth who are spiritually and academically equipped in the 21st century, we have need to arm ourselves with the spiritual weapons of warfare to bring down the centuries-old strongholds in the education of youth. We have need to acquire a biblical vocabulary with which to communicate spiritual concepts, principles, and ideals to our children in our parental training, courses of study, and in our relationships. We have need for an educational system that restores God’s Word to the heart of education and return to being “people of the Word.”
- Elizabeth Youmans | <urn:uuid:1d86a006-86b5-470c-81dc-0c16f42a71f2> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://darrowmillerandfriends.com/2018/12/03/gods-word-creates-virtuous-nations/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499541.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20230128090359-20230128120359-00216.warc.gz | en | 0.961491 | 1,627 | 3.09375 | 3 |
Like humans, trees are susceptible to disease. For example, the tall American sycamore (Platanus occidentalis) just behind Agnes Scott Hall suffers from bacterial leaf scorch. Sometimes the effects of a disease can be catastrophic. Early in the 20th century, an imported blight killed three to four billion American chestnuts (Castanea dentata) within just a few decades, making this species all but extinct in forests that it once dominated. The American elm (Ulmus americana) was threatened with a similar fate, but its story has a happier ending.
Long the quintessential town tree, the American elm met its match in Dutch elm disease. This disease frustrates the tree’s primary means of defense: sealing off diseased wood. Hundreds of communities have lost their stately, vase-shaped street trees. Fortunately, some individual elm trees are resistant to the disease. From these, botanists have developed cultivars like those planted here on either side of the brick path. These elms are genetic clones of a tree in Princeton, New Jersey.
Ironically, as human activities transport tree diseases around the globe, trees themselves can help protect our health. Native Americans used the inner bark of the slippery elm to treat many ailments, including wounds, sore throat, and indigestion. More recently, researchers have developed several anticancer drugs, such as taxol, from trees. | <urn:uuid:38721a64-5e35-4c8b-a3da-98c3dea3ba1e> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | http://arboretum.agnesscott.edu/blog/tree-locations/tree-diseases/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084889736.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20180120221621-20180121001621-00630.warc.gz | en | 0.949 | 293 | 3.796875 | 4 |
Hair we go
In the wild, rabbits moult – often called ‘throwing their coats’ – in spring and summer, but our domestic bunnies tend to live more sheltered lives and may establish their own moulting pattern or shed continuously throughout the year. Shedding usually starts from the head, spreading down the neck and back to the rump, and can often be quite heavy. You might also notice the skin is a little darker where new fur is growing through.
Rabbits are expert self-groomers, but they still need help to keep their coats in good condition, especially when they are moulting. Long-haired breeds may require brushing more than once a day to prevent them ingesting too much hair – ask your vet or veterinary nurse about your rabbits’ specific needs, and also about what kind of brush and comb would suit them best.
To ensure that grooming sessions don’t cause stress to your pets, aim to keep them short. Sit on the ground with one bunny at a time, and brush down to the skin, parting the hair to ensure you remove all the loose undercoat and prevent mats within the fur. Bunnies have very delicate, sensitive skin, so never attempt to cut out hair mats yourself.
Too little – or too much?
Occasionally, rabbits can get ‘stuck in the moult’. Changes in temperature, day length and daylight can all have an effect on your rabbits’ moulting patterns. So, too, can your rabbits’ ability to groom themselves – older bunnies may struggle to reach all parts of their body, so watch to see if they need a little more help.
If you notice that the hair on your rabbits’ flanks, belly and just above the tail isn’t falling away easily, it’s important to help remove dead hair with daily brushing. Offering your bunnies plenty of fibre to eat, such as fresh grass in summer and hay in winter, may help prevent the condition.
If your rabbits show little or no sign of grooming, it could indicate an underlying health problem such as dental pain, a sore mouth or arthritis. The stress of moving house, a sudden change of temperature or the loss of a companion can also interrupt grooming habits.
At the other end of the scale, if your rabbits are excessively grooming and shedding, they may have mites, which can irritate the skin, causing scaling and dandruff. Always consult your vet if you notice any significant changes in your rabbits’ grooming or moulting habits.
Ingesting too much hair as they groom can cause rabbits real problems. An uncomfortable hairball may build up in the stomach, slowing the digestive system and causing gastro-intestinal (GI) stasis. Rabbits suffering from GI stasis often show symptoms of colic, including a reluctance to move or pressing their belly on the floor. They may also produce smaller, drier, hair-filled droppings.
The best way to prevent gut problems is to give your rabbits constant access to hay or grass and plenty of water to drink. Helping them groom will also prevent them ingesting large amounts of fur – and it means you get to spend quality time bonding with your fluffy friends, too. | <urn:uuid:7b2cdda7-10c6-476a-9b35-7e2305538deb> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://www.petplan.co.uk/amp/pet-information/rabbit/advice/rabbit-grooming/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057830.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20210926053229-20210926083229-00142.warc.gz | en | 0.94255 | 676 | 2.921875 | 3 |
To calculate a value in Imperial Gallons to the corresponding value in Imperial Fluid Ounces, multiply the quantity in Imperial Gallons by 160 (conversion factor).
Imperial Fluid Ounces = Imperial Gallons x 160
The conversion factor from Imperial Gallons to Imperial Fluid Ounces is 160. To find out how many Imperial Gallons in Imperial Fluid Ounces, multiply by the conversion factor or use the Imperial Gallons to Imperial Fluid Ounces converter above.
The imperial (UK) gallon, now defined as exactly 4.54609 litres (about 277.42 cubic inches), is used in some Commonwealth countries and was originally based on the volume of 10 pounds (approximately 4.54 kg) of water at 62 °F (17 °C). The imperial fluid ounce is defined as 1⁄160 of an imperial gallon; there are four quarts in a gallon, two pints in a quart, and 20 Imperial fluid ounces in an imperial pint.
A fluid ounce (abbreviated fl oz, fl. oz. or oz. fl.) is a unit of volume. It is equal to about 28.41 ml in the imperial system or about 29.57 ml in the US system. The fluid ounce is sometimes referred to simply as an "ounce" in applications where its use is implicit. | <urn:uuid:59c14cc1-e6b1-4daa-958f-09e5dc851e98> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://whatisconvert.com/imperial-gallons-to-imperial-fluid-ounces | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100399.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20231202105028-20231202135028-00550.warc.gz | en | 0.860761 | 276 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Text: R0mans 5:6-11
‘Virtue’ – behaviour showing high moral standards.
Valued characteristics that encourage us to be the best Jesus version of ourselves.
There is something called learned helplessness. It is a technical term originally used in reference to animal psychology but is also appropriately applied to human behaviour as well.
Learned helplessness describes an animal or a person who has learned to behave helplessly, even when there is opportunity to avoid an unpleasant or harmful circumstance.
In people it is essentially, the mental state by which the person perceives he or she has no control over the outcome of their situation.
Self-improvement coaches talk about ‘The Law of Belief’ which states, ‘Whatever you believe, with feeling becomes your reality; you always act in a manner consistent with your beliefs.’ In other words, what we think either inhibits and limits us or energises and frees us.
The Bible is much more succinct Proverbs 23:6-7 Do not eat the bread of a miser, nor desire his delicacies; For as he thinks in his heart, so is he.
The obvious application is that as people we can, by thinking negatively, convince ourselves that we are hopelessly chained, restrained, limited or trapped in an inescapable situation. The Bible has an antidote for that Galatians 5:1a It is for freedom that Christ has set us free, stand firm then…
So what do we do when we realise we have learned helplessness behaviour? The key to unlearning helplessness and learning optimism/hopefulness is to replace those limiting beliefs and attitudes instead with life empowering beliefs and attitudes.
What does an optimism rooted and grounded in the word of God look like?
1.Biblical Optimism Knows God’s Attitude Toward His People
Jeremiah 29:11 “For I know the thoughts that I think toward you, says the Lord, thoughts of peace and not of evil, to give you a future and a hope.”
2.Biblical Optimism Remembers God’s Faithfulness in the Past
When David faced Goliath his faith was strengthened by remembering. He remembered the time when a Bear tried to destroy one of his sheep. He remembered how God enabled him to defeat that Bear.
He remembered another occasion when a Lion tried to attack the flock. God gave him victory over the Lion.
It was remembering those times that David was able to say to Saul, “…this uncircumcised Philistine will be like one of them…Moreover…The Lord, who delivered me from the paw of the lion and from the paw of the bear, He will deliver me from the hand of this Philistine.” 1 Samuel 17:36-37
3.Biblical Optimism Expects God’s Help in the Present
In Acts 27 Paul was prisoner on a ship sailing toward Italy and they ran into a storm.
Everyone except Paul was in a panic. By the word of the Lord, Paul knew God would take care of him. He had even interceded for his captors and God gave Paul instruction for saving their lives.
4.Biblical Optimism Sees the Unseen
5.Biblical Optimism is Unmoved by Externals
Christian optimism does not depend upon circumstances.
Whilst prisoner on the ship to Italy Paul could have become depressed about his situation. But Paul stayed God-centred.
6. Biblical Optimism Rejoices in it’s Relationship with God
The optimism/hope we have, is based upon our relationship with Christ. We are so connected to Jesus that His victory is our victory. His future is our future. Scripture tells me to Rejoice and again I say rejoice.
Biblical optimism expresses itself in praise for who God is and what He has already done for us in Christ. It’s not about things; it’s about relationship. Out of that relationship flows everything we need for this life and for eternity.
7.Biblical Optimism Anticipates a Final Victory
Biblical optimism is not life lived through rose tinted spectacles. It does not sweep the negative under the rug; it acknowledges the truth.
But it also does not stay there when God has more in mind and the blood of Jesus speaks a better word.
Let us be tenaciously optimistic because we have read the end of the book and know without a doubt that we win.
Regardless of the day to day struggles we may experience, in the end God wins, Christ wins and we in Christ win. | <urn:uuid:ec17372e-113c-4bd2-bb99-382abd4ca6e0> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://neathelim.co.uk/podcasts/valued-living-biblical-optimism/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243991224.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20210516140441-20210516170441-00010.warc.gz | en | 0.962866 | 961 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Hair loss is usually a gradual condition affecting millions of males and females and even children.
Often hair loss becomes a distressing and even embarrassing problem to many. The pattern of hair loss can be localized (patchy) or diffuse. Although majority of hair loss is due to age-related hormone changes and in few cases caused by genetic contribution, It is important to get your condition reviewed by the doctor, as there are many other underlying acute or chronic conditions that can cause hair loss which is important not to be missed.
Why do we lose hair?
To answer this, we must understand the 3 main stages of a normal hair growth cycle:
- Growing phase ( anagen)
- Resting phase (catagen)
- Falling phase (telogen)
The length of each phase of the cycle, as well as the length of the entire cycle, varies with the site and the age of the patient. The average length of the anagen phase is 1000 days, the catagen phase lasts only a few days; and the telogen phase lasts 100 days. Hence it is normal to lose some hair as part of this cycle, usually while washing or combing hair.
However, you will probably start worrying if u are losing excessive hair, more than 100 strands/day ( I can imagine people start asking themselves now “ does that mean I have to keep track and start counting every strand of hair that falls everyday?”).
Essentially you do not need to be as OCD as that. When you start noticing a general thinning of hair or patchy hair loss over the scalp and other hair-bearing areas such as the beard or eyebrows, naturally this will start to ring alarm bells for you to seek medical advice.
Common causes of hair loss and management
This typically causes a patchy loss of hair. The exact cause is not known but can sometimes be sign of an underlying thyroid disease. Other areas such eye brows, pubic and axillary hair can also be affected. Treatment is essentially not necessary as this condition is benign and self-limiting (spontaneous regrowth) and recurrences are common. Treatment options depend on patient’s age and preference. For children, steroid creams can be applied whereas for adults, if the scalp involvement is < 50%, intralesional steroids injection is an option, together with topical steroids and minoxidil 5%.
The commonest cause of hair loss in both men and women. Depending on the pattern of alopecia, it is either called male pattern baldness (MPB) or female pattern baldness ( FPB). 3 main factors that contribute to this pattern of hair loss are testosterone level (the male hormone), age (>20 years) and genetic predisposition. Only 2 medications have shown effective results: minoxidil and finasteride. Minoxidil is a topical application available as 2% and 5% solutions whereas finasteride is an oral medication. Check out Regenera Activa Hair Loss Treatment
This hair loss usually results from trauma to the normal hair as a result of a stressor such as post-childbirth, surgery, crash dieting or fever that causes an abnormally large percentage of hairs to move into the resting and falling phases, and eventually causing a temporary diffuse thinning of the scalp hair. This condition will resolve spontaneously as it is a reactive process, usually after 2- 6 months.
Chronic illness/ Nutritional deficiencies
Iron deficiency anaemia is an important cause of diffuse hair loss/thinning that is easily reversible with iron supplements and increasing iron intake in the diet. Systemic illnesses like thyroid diseases, secondary syphilis (‘moth bit’ appearance) and connective tissue disease are conditions that should not be missed as the causes of alopecia. Thus, several blood tests may be done when the pattern of alopecia is suspicious for these conditions.
Hair loss can also be caused by certain fungal and bacterial infection of the scalp which can be easily treated with topical antifungal and oral antibiotics
Drug-Induced – for example, certain blood pressure medications, oral contraceptives, & anticoagulants are known to cause/ worsen hair loss.
Need more advice?
- Robertson Walk (Anonymous HIV Clinic) (+65 6238 7810)
- DUO Galleria (Bugis MRT) (+65 6976 5023)
- Novena Medical Centre (+65 6397 2095)
- Somerset – Orchard Building (+65 6262 0762)
- Raffles Place – PLUS (+65 6962 7144)
- Holland V (+65 6235 1339)
- Siglap (East Coast Road) (+65 6962 2144)
Where to find us – here
Selected clinics are open on Saturday and Sunday.
For lady patients who prefer female doctors, we have professional certified female Doctors to attend to your medical needs. | <urn:uuid:b35f8b99-e170-46f4-8597-2a54737ea903> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | http://drtanandpartners.com/hair-loss-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610704799711.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20210126073722-20210126103722-00696.warc.gz | en | 0.933129 | 1,016 | 2.640625 | 3 |
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