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CSIRO’s Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder (ASKAP) telescope is already booked out for much of its first five years of data gathering, even before it formally begins early operations in 2013.
More than 400 astronomers from over a dozen nations have already signed up to look for pulsars, measure cosmic magnetic fields, and study millions of galaxies.
It’s not due to begin operating until 2013, but astronomers from around the world are already lining up to use CSIRO’s Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder (ASKAP). In fact, the first five years of ASKAP’s operation are already booked out, with ten major international Survey Science projects looking for pulsars, measuring cosmic magnetic fields, studying millions of galaxies, and more. Continue reading Australia’s SKA demonstrator already booked out→
CSIRO’s Dr John O’Sullivan, winner of the 2009 Prime Minister’s Prize for Science, is now working on the next generation of radio telescopes.
John’s latest efforts are directed towards the development of an innovative radio camera or ‘phased array feed’ with a uniquely wide field-of-view for the Australian SKA Pathfinder (ASKAP) radio telescope. | <urn:uuid:afd32b1c-7cc5-4793-bdb9-fc781712f1d8> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | http://stories.scienceinpublic.com.au/subject/magnetism/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891813571.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20180221063956-20180221083956-00767.warc.gz | en | 0.900886 | 261 | 2.75 | 3 |
Many herbalists acknowledge that one of the main differences between whole herbs and traditional extracts on the one hand, versus individual vitamins, minerals, isolated phytochemicals, or conventional single – molecule drugs on the other hand, is the principle of synergy.
Synergy can be defined in a number of ways, but the underlying idea is that complex interactions among the many constituents of an herb give rise to its unique characteristics, personality, and healing properties. To borrow a concept from physics, the very complexity of a living plant – which contains perhaps thousands of interacting chemicals – gives rise to emergent behavior: activities and effects which could not have been predicted from what is known about the individual components of the system. In other words, the whole herb is far more than the sum of its constituents.
– Lisa Ganora ‘Herbal Constituents’
If we stop to consider the plants from which we extract essential oils from, we come to the realization that a plant contains ‘a myriad of compounds that work synergistically to protect the plant from harm and carry out all the processes of its metabolism’. The plant does not isolate one constituent over another but rather utilizes its symphony of constituents to create its own intelligence, primal essence, and personality.
The exploration of essential oils by science is often the exploration of isolated compounds rather than whole essential oils. Harris, R. (2002) writes “currently there is an increasing trend towards identifying, isolating and using a single agent, drug, herb or essential oil to exert a specific and focused effect”. A core reason for this is that complex mixtures of compounds are difficult to evaluate scientifically.
Aromatherapists, on the other hand, believe that by working with whole, authentic, unrefined/unaltered essential oils, a greater therapeutic activity is achieved versus utilizing individual isolated components or adulterated/synthetic essential oils. Aromatherapists also believe that utilizing blends or combinations of essential oils designed for a specific purpose enhances the therapeutic efficacy of the end product and indeed that a combination of essential oils are synergistic.
“The holistic perspective begins with the observation that the ‘sum is greater than the parts.’ Thus, the whole organism acts with an intelligence and direction that govern the parts.
The medicinal plant, unlike the drug, constitutes such a ‘whole organism’. The unique slurry of chemicals constitutes is the material expression, so to speak, of an intelligent being that has learned to survive in a challenging niche in the natural environment. It has been ‘standardized’ by Nature, and hardly needs to be tweaked by nosy human beings who think Nature is insufficient to the challenge.” Matthew Wood in The Earthwise Herbal
Synergistic, Additive or Antagonistic?
The concept of synergy is an important and valuable concept in aromatherapy. Synergism implies that the therapeutic benefit of a mixture of essential oils will be greater than the arithmetical sum of the actions of the mixtures parts. This could be understood as: 2 + 2 = 8. Synergism is observed when the effect of the combined substances is greater than the sum of the individual parts.
Before continuing with our discussion on synergy it is important to note that at times the combination of certain chemical components or essential oils can also have additive or antagonistic effects. An additive effect is observed when the combined effect is equal to the sum of the individual parts (1+2=3). An antagonistic effect is observed when the effect of one or both compounds is less when they are applied together than when individually applied (2+2=3). (1)
In the examples provided throughout the remaining discussion, synergy, antagonistic and additive effects will be briefly covered. Harris (2002) further elucidates that the concept of synergy can occur in aromatherapy via several possibilities. These possibilities include:
1. Synergy Within the Essential Oil Itself: This concept means that within a given essential oil, synergy occurs between major and minor constituents or between major components that act together to significantly increase the whole oil’s activity.
An example of this can be found in research by Onawunmi, et. al. on the “Antibacterial constituents in the essential oil of Cymbopogon citratus”. Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf., commonly known as lemongrass and used, over many years, for medicinal purposes in West Africa, produces a volatile oil on steam extraction of its leaves. The antibacterial properties of the essential oil have been studied. These activities are shown in two of the three main components of the oil identified through chromatographic and mass spectrometric methods. While the alpha-citral (geranial) and beta-citral (neral) components individually elicit antibacterial action on gram-negative and gram-positive organisms, the third component, myrcene, did not show observable antibacterial activity on its own. However, myrcene provided enhanced activities when mixed with either of the other two main components identified.(2)
2. Synergy Between Essential Oils in a Blend: This concept means that by combining two or more essential oils together, the aromatherapist creates a blend or product that is more effective than using only a single essential oil.
This category can reflect two potential pathways on synergism. These pathways include: synergy by therapeutic properties (e.g. an antispasmodic essential oil combined with another antispasmodic essential oil creates highly antispasmodic product) or synergy by chemical components (e.g. an essential oil rich in thymol and an essential oil rich in eugenol will create a highly effective antimicrobial product).
An example of essential oils enhancing the therapeutic property of each other is found in the combination of peppermint with caraway which is currently being marketed for relief of irritable bowel and dyspepsia. According to Harris (2002), the authors of the study suggest that the spasmoyltic effects of caraway are enhanced by the spasmolytic effects of peppermint.
In a research paper on the antimicrobial activity of clove and rosemary oils, clove and rosemary were both shown to exhibit antimicrobial activity against a range of bacteria and fungi. A combination of clove and rosemary exerted additive antimicrobial effects against several strains of bacteria, a synergistic effect against Candida albicans but an antagonistic effect against Aspergillus niger. The authors concluded that this study may be useful for the combination of clove and rosemary essential oils for specific microorganisms in medicine and the food industry.(3)
Another research paper entitled “The anti-microbial efficacy of plant essential oil combinations and interactions with food ingredients” found that in many cases the result was an “additive effect”. The objective of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of plant essential oils in combination and to investigate the effect of food ingredients on their efficacy. The essential oils assessed in combination included basil (Ocimum basilicum), lemon balm (Melissa officinalis), marjoram (Origanum marjorana), oregano (Origanum vulgare), rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis), sage (Salvia triloba), and thyme (Thymus vulgaris). All the oregano combinations were additive against B. cereus. The following EO combinations also showed additive effects: oregano in combination with basil or thyme against E. coli and P. aeruginosa, oregano combined with marjoram against E. coli, and marjoram and thyme mixed with basil, rosemary or sage against L. monocytogenes. These results can be explained considering the efficacy of the main component.(4)
The German Commission E is a great reference on approved combinations of essential oils mostly for gastrointestinal complaints. These approved combinations have ‘met a vigorous set of criteria that include evidence of synergistic effects as well as evidence of the improved safety of the product, either by reducing the doe due to synergy or by negating or lessening potential side effects’. (Harris, 2002)
Some Examples of Approved Combinations include:
1. Fixed Combinations of Anise oil, Fennel oil, and Caraway oil for Dyspeptic discomfort, especially with mild spasms of the gastrointestinal region, flatulence, and a sensation of fullness.
2. Fixed Combinations of Caraway oil and Fennel oil for Dyspeptic discomfort, especially with mild spasms in the gastrointestinal region, flatulence, and a sensation of fullness.
3. Fixed Combinations of Eucalyptus oil and Pine Needle oil for inhalation and external application in case of illnesses of the respiratory tract caused by a cold.
4. Fixed Combinations of Peppermint oil, Caraway oil, and Fennel oil for Dyspeptic discomfort, especially with mild spasms in the gastrointestinal region, flatulence, sensation of fullness.
(Reference: German Commission E at HerbalGram.org – http://cms.herbalgram.org/commissione/HerbIndex/approvedfixedcombinations.html)
As aromatherapists, we choose a combination of essential oils for a variety of reasons. For instance: in making a remedy for insomnia we would first explore the potential reasons for the insomnia and understand how the insomnia is manifesting in the individual. We may find that the individual is currently feeling ungrounded, scattered, overwhelmed. We can choose essential oils that are sedative (lavender, Roman chamomile) and also choose essential oils that can provide a sense of rootedness and strength. Such oils representing this quality are found in vetiver, cedarwood, and jatamansi. So our final blend could look something like: Lavender, Roman chamomile and Vetiver. This is synergy in action.
Another form of synergistic blending of essential oils can be seen in choosing essential oils based upon their chemistry and ability to mutually enhance one another. An example could look like:
Example of a Blend Designed for Chronic Bronchitis and Lowered Immunity:
- Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus): Rich in the oxide, 1,8 cineole. Expectorant and
- Rosemary ct. camphor (Rosmarinus officinalis): Rich in camphor and 1,8 cineole. General expectorant and strong mucolytic activity.
- Peppermint (Mentha x piperita): Rich in the alcohol, menthol and ketone, menthone. Opens up airways and enhances immune system.
- Thyme ct. thymol (Thymus vulgaris): Rich in phenol, thymol. Supports and enhances immune system and exerts antimicrobial activity.
There are so many creative ways to utilize this idea of synergy through the combination of essential oils, experiment, enjoy, take notes, and get feedback from your clients, your family and yourself.
It may serve us to remember that essential oils are unique because they are able to affect us on all the levels of our being: mental, emotional, physical, spiritual, and energetic and that their wide range of benefits cannot always be reduced to their chemical components. Schnaubelt (2000) reminds us that aromatherapy is unique in and of itself and that “the more aromatherapy strives to be accepted by the medical profession, the more likely it is to copy its mistakes and failures”.
3. Synergy Between Essential Oils and the Base or Carrier Product
Aromatherapy products designed to be applied to the skin are most often placed in a carrier of some kind. This carrier can include: lotions, gels, creams, vegetable/nut/seed oils, salt, milk, honey, etc. When I was trained in aromatherapy by my mentor, Jan Kusmirek, he taught me that the base or carrier we placed our essential oils was just as important as the essential oils themselves. The idea was that by creating a therapeutic base, we could enhance the overall effectiveness of the blend/product.
Some research is supporting this idea that our carrier base can play a synergistic or antagonistic role. One such study showed that Ocimum gratissimum combined with aloe vera gel has greater therapeutic efficacy against acne conditions then either of the substances used alone. The study found that a 2% concentration of Ocimum gratissimum in 50% aloe vera gel aqueous dilution was optimal and that continuous treatment for not less than 7 days was recommended for the effective treatment of Acne vulgaris.(5)
Another study revealed the synergistic activity of German chamomile and aloe vera gel on delivering moisture to the skin. The study researched three essential oils: mandarin, German chamomile, and orange placed in an aqueous gel. The German chamomile gel provided greater hydration and a longer lasting effect when compared with the control and the other two essential oils. (6)
The combination of honey with a 2% dilution of the leaf essential oil of Ocimum gratissimum showed remarkable antibacterial activity which suggest that formulation of ocimum oil in honey could be invaluable as a topical antiseptic agent for wounds.
The use of an ointment inactivated Ocimum gratissimum’s antibacterial activity. (7)
When blending essential oils into a base product it is valuable to consider what your intention and desired result and how you may utilize base material to enhance the overall effectiveness of your essential oil blend. For instance, I could make a massage oil for aches and pains in the neck and shoulder area using just jojoba and a 10% dilution of essential oils including: birch (Betula lenta), peppermint (Mentha x piperita) and laurel (Laurus nobilis). Taking this a synergistic step further: instead of using jojoba I could create a therapeutic gel to hold the essential oils. Using a concentrated aloe vera gelly I could add Lavender and Roman chamomile hydrosols, St. Johns wort and Arnica herbal infusions, and then the 10% dilution of essential oils. This new blend has increased effectiveness due to the use of a number of products all enhancing one another and the overall purpose of the product.
The concept of synergy is of great value to the aromatherapist in understanding which essential oils to put together for a common purpose as well as why. With the above in mind, here are some tips for maximizing synergy potential when blending:
1. Have a purpose and focus for your blend: avoid trying to achieve too many goals with one formulation.
2. Select essential oils that complement one another: therapeutically, chemically, energetically, and/or aromatically.
3. Use 3-5 essential oils in a formulation to avoid diluting down purpose/focus or using a given essential oil below therapeutic levels.
4. When blending from a clinical framework: focus on either families or components and ensure essential oils complement goal.
5. Your base is an important part of your formulation. Choose your base to complement the therapeutic goals of your essential oils synergy. E.g. for dermal inflammation you may choose to blend into a base of calendula herbal oil with tamanu. Or a gel to enhance the cooling sensation of anti-inflammatory essential oils.
6. Know what dilution to use! Acute conditions tend to require higher dilutions than chronic conditions or emotional conditions.
For us as aromatherapists perhaps the most important aspect of maximizing synergy potential is our knowledge of and experience with each individual essential oil in our collection. There is not scientific evidence to support all our ideas or creations nor is this important to validate our ability to blend dynamic and highly effective blends/products. With our knowledge and experience, using the framework above and gaining feedback from our clients, we can feel confident in creating aromatherapeutic products.
“Modern Science and medicine are reductionist; that is to say, they reduce phenomena to their smallest pieces to gain understanding. This perspective ignores the possibility that there is a unified being, consciousness, identity pattern, or functional whole at the base of a human, animal, plant, or disease organism. Holism, in contrast, concerns itself with this underlying, unifying entity.” – Matthew Wood: The Earthwise Herbal: A Complete Guide to New World Medicinal Plants
Harris, R. (2002). Synergism in the essential oil world. The International Journal of Aromatherapy,12(4), 179-185.
Schnaubelt, K. (2000). Functional Group Therapy. International Journal of Aromatherapy. 10(1/2):62-63.
1. Davidson, PM & Parish, ME. (1989). Methods for testing the efficacy of food antimicrobials. Food Technology, 43(1),148-155.
2. Onawunmi, GO, Yisak WA, Ogunlana EO. (1984). Antibacterial constituents in the essential oil of Cymbopogon citratus. J. Ethnopharmacol. Dec;12(3):279-86.
3. Fu, Y., Zu, Y, Chen, L, et al. 2007. Antimicrobial Activity of Clove and Rosemary Essential oils alone and in combination. Wiley InterScience DOI:10.1002/ptr.2179.
4. Gutierrez, Jorge and Barry-Ryan, Catherine and Bourke, Paula: The anti-microbial efficacy of plant essential oil combinations and interactions with food ingredients. International Journal of Food Microbiology, Vol, 124, Issue 1, 10 May 2008, Pages 91-97.
5. Orafidiya LO, Agbani EO, et. al. (2004) The effect of aloe vera gel on the anti-acne properties of the essential oil of Ocimum gratissium Linn leaf – a preliminary clinical investigation. The International Journal of Aromatherapy 14,15-21.
6. Monges, P, et al. (1994). Comparative in vivo study of the moisturizing properties of three gels containing essential oils: mandarin, german chamomile and orange. Nouv. Dermatol. 13:470-475.
7. Orafidiya LO, Oyedele AO, Shittu AO et al. The formulation of an effective topical antibacterial product containing Ocimum gratissimum leaf essential oil. Int J Aromatherapy. 2002; 12(1): 16±21. | <urn:uuid:74af6532-01cf-4a78-886c-874fc1c53925> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://aromaticstudies.com/synergism-in-essential-oils-and-aromatherapy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711114.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20221206192947-20221206222947-00608.warc.gz | en | 0.918353 | 3,935 | 2.828125 | 3 |
This summer, millions of children will get their first taste of independence at a summer resident camp. For many, it will also be their first experience with homesickness. But parents don’t have to feel helpless when homesickness strikes. The prescription for camper homesickness is a simple solution of preparation and patience.
Phillips Exeter Academy psychologist Dr. Christopher Thurber studied homesickness in 329 boys between the ages of 8 and 16 at resident camp. According to his results, homesickness is the norm rather than the exception. A whopping 83 percent of the campers studied reported homesickness on at least one day of camp.
Thurber and the American Camp Association (ACA) suggest the following tips for parents to help their child deal with homesickness at camp:
- Encourage your child’s independence throughout the year. Practice separations, such as sleepovers at a friend’s house, can simulate the camp environment.
- Involve your child in the process of choosing a camp. The more that the child owns the decision, the more comfortable the child will feel being at camp.
- Discuss what camp will be like before your child leaves. Consider role-playing anticipated situations, such as using a flashlight to find the bathroom.
- Reach an agreement ahead of time on calling each other. If your child’s camp has a no-phone-calls policy, honor it.
- Send a note or care package ahead of time to arrive the first day of camp. Acknowledge, in a positive way, that you will miss your child. For example, you can say “I am going to miss you, but I know that you will have a good time at camp.”
- Don’t bribe. Linking a successful stay at camp to a material object sends the wrong message. The reward should be your child’s newfound confidence and independence.
- Pack a personal item from home, such as a stuffed animal.
Talk candidly with the camp director to obtain his/her perspective on your child’s adjustment.
- Don’t feel guilty about encouraging your child to stay at camp. For many children, camp is a first step toward independence and plays an important role in their growth and development.
- Trust your instincts. While most incidents of homesickness will pass in a day or two, Thurber’s research shows that approximately seven percent of the cases are severe. If your child is not eating or sleeping because of anxiety or depression, it is time to go home. However, don’t make your child feel like a failure if their stay at camp is cut short.
- Focus on the positive and encourage your child to try camp again next year. | <urn:uuid:1e51f0a7-ba95-4a52-8b1d-c538efd47745> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://saguarocampcedarbrook.com/registration/tips/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610704847953.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20210128134124-20210128164124-00290.warc.gz | en | 0.934335 | 574 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Congenital heart disease is also known as a congenital heart defect. It is the presence of a heart abnormality when you are born. Congenital heart disease can affect a person’s heart walls, heart valves or blood vessels. You should visit a doctor, like those at Premier Medical Group, if you think that you or your child has a congenital heart defect. There are numerous types of congenital heart defects. If properly diagnosed, a doctor can tell you which type is present and the severity of one’s condition.
Early developmental problems cause congenital heart disease. These problems occur in the heart’s structure. A defect will prevent the normal flow of blood throughout the heart. These problems can affect an infant’s ability to breathe. Researchers are still largely uncertain why hearts fail to properly develop. However, there are suspected causes for congenital heart disease. These can include:
Speak with your doctor if any of these are applicable. The doctor may want to closely monitor your child for the presence of defects. If no detection is made prior to your child’s birth, they may recommend running tests later.
Doctors will seek further testing if an abnormal heartbeat is present during a pregnancy ultrasound. However, symptoms are not limited to appearing prior to the delivery. Some symptoms can appear at different times for newborns. These can include:
If you notice any of these symptoms, you should immediately consult your newborn’s doctor. Also, keep in mind that symptoms of congenital heart defects can be further delayed. Cases exist where people do not develop symptoms until many years later. These later symptoms include:
Embryos commonly develop congenital heart defects within the first six weeks of a pregnancy. During those first six weeks, your child’s heart will start to develop into a fully formed heart. As time has passed, the screening and diagnostic practices have improved. However, tests may still not detect congenital heart disease prior to birth. If symptoms exist prior to birth, doctors often detect them during a pregnancy ultrasound. Other tests can allow doctors to detect a congenital heart defect. These may include echocardiograms, an MRI scan or a chest X-ray.
Doctors divide congenital heart defects into three main categories. If you or your child is experiencing symptoms, consult a medical professional or specialist. The three types of congenital heart defects and what their causes are include:
Doctors typically classify congenital heart disease in two ways. These classifications are cyanotic congenital heart disease or acyanotic congenital heart disease. The overlapping problem is that the heart does not pump blood in an efficient manner.
These two types are different in a significant way. Cyanotic congenital heart disease results in low levels of oxygen present in the blood. Alternatively, those with acyanotic congenital heart disease do not experience that problem.
Congenital heart disease symptoms may feel overwhelming and confusing. It is important to ask your doctor questions. Additionally, it is good to know the difference between congenital heart disease and other heart diseases. Other common heart diseases can include rheumatic heart disease and valvular heart disease. The differences between these diseases are their causes and which part of the heart is affected.
There are ways that you can potentially prevent your child from having congenital heart disease. If you are pregnant or plan to become pregnant:
Congenital heart disease symptoms can appear in anyone. Nonetheless, certain groups do experience congenital heart defects at higher rates. Individuals who possess other genetic conditions are more likely to have congenital heart defects. These conditions can include:
Doctors treat congenital heart disease based on the severity of each patient’s symptoms. The treatment options may include:
These procedures are not one-size-fits-all. Speak with a qualified medical professional, like the doctors at Premier Medical Group, to determine what makes the most sense for you.
The outlook has greatly improved for individuals living with congenital heart defects. Babies and children live longer and healthier lives, well into adulthood. It is important for adults and children to have long-term medical care. If you or your child have congenital heart disease, make sure to regularly schedule appointments with a heart doctor, or cardiologist.
These visits will help you to make the best decisions for you or your child. They will also make you more aware of your own medical history. That knowledge will help you further prepare for any of your future children. | <urn:uuid:070963ed-fb5e-4f0e-8a43-06a26be8b617> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.premiermedicalhv.com/divisions/services/congenital-heart-disease/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100686.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20231207185656-20231207215656-00317.warc.gz | en | 0.940467 | 915 | 3.46875 | 3 |
The transition from chattel houses to concrete block-walled ones is normally a reliable development indicator. Haiti experienced a similar pattern of residential development from their traditional wooden forms, which were vulnerable to hurricanes, to concrete block and reinforced concrete construction that proved fatally vulnerable to earthquakes. Barbadians appear to have used at least four major types of mass housing. We have evidence of stone masonry buildings designed to survive hurricanes. The second mass building type is the timber framed chattel house, which could be built, repaired and strengthened relatively easily and economically. The third mass building type is reinforced masonry. However, most of these buildings appear to be unnecessarily vulnerable to collapse during an earthquake due to commonly avoidable critical mistakes made during their design and construction. The most recent peer-reviewed study estimates over 100 000 casualties in Barbados from a major earthquake. It should be noted that Haiti suffered over 300 000 fatalities in the 2010 earthquake from similarly avoidable mistakes. The most recent mass produced residential building type is the reinforced concrete precast house. Precast panels that rely on welded connections are vulnerable to collapse in a major earthquake. We can still avoid the misery that normally attends a major natural hazard by building better new buildings and strengthening our existing ones. | <urn:uuid:784a0cb0-beca-4a8f-99fc-4f810489f2ef> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | http://www.nationnews.com/nationnews/letters_to_editor/3747/beat-quake | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982292330.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823195812-00047-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961916 | 250 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Grateful for the nice weather last week for post-emergence spraying! As crops continue to rapidly grow, a reminder for proper growth staging using the leaf collar method. A collar develops at the leaf base near the stalk after each leaf fully expands. Think about collars like the collar on a button-down shirt. The collar flares slightly at one’s neck, just as a true exposed leaf collar flares at the base of the leaf at the stem. Start counting leaves at the base of the plant with the smallest rounded-tip leaf with a collar as #1. From there count every leaf with a true collar. Leaves that are still wrapped in the whorl around the main stem without exposed leaf collars are not counted. You can also paint a certain leaf of the plant, such as V5 or V6, inside the field (not endrows), so you can continue to count leaf collars as the lower leaves start to slough off.
It may also be helpful to get irrigation scheduling equipment installed soon. For those with watermark sensors, we’d recommend to soak the sensors in water for 24 hours and then read them to make sure they’re under 10 kilopascals. Then allow them to dry out to 199. Before installing, soak again (but only needs to be like 5 min.), and they should still read less than 10 kpa before installing. Last year I made a video regarding installation if it can help (https://youtu.be/4r5gn2pvvB4). For those looking for telemetry options, there are options available for watermark sensors too. One option from Servi-Tech is called the Profiler through their STEPS program. Another option is from Irrometer who makes watermark sensors. For those who use ET gages, remember to use distilled water when filling the main column, prime the small tube with the stopper and ensure there’s no air bubbles, and remember to fill the ceramic top with water before adding the stopper. With Dr. Suat Irmak’s departure from UNL to Penn State, the ET gage site has been decommissioned. ET information can also be found at UNL’s CropWatch website at: https://cropwatch.unl.edu/et_resources.
Weed Management Field Day: Growers, crop consultants and educators are encouraged to attend Nebraska Extension’s Weed Management Field Day from 9 a.m. to 1 p.m. June 23, 2021 at the South Central Agricultural Laboratory near Clay Center. The field day will include on-site demonstrations of new technology and new herbicides for corn, soybean, sorghum, and sweet corn. An early morning tour will focus on weed management in soybean and sorghum followed by a tour of weed management in field corn and sweet corn. Field experiments will provide information for weed control options with various herbicide programs. Three Certified Crop Advisor (CCA) Continuing Education Units are available in the integrated pest management category. There is no cost to attend the field day, but participants are asked to preregister at http://agronomy.unl.edu/fieldday. The South Central Agricultural Laboratory is five miles west of the intersection of Highways 14 and 6, or 13 miles east of Hastings on Highway 6. GPS coordinates for the field day site are 40.57539, -98.13776.
Bagworms: Have received a few questions regarding if bagworms have emerged yet. The very cold winter hopefully may have impacted bagworm survival since they weren’t as insulated on trees. I haven’t checked trees yet, but here’s a trick to help know. If you have last year’s bags on your trees that are sealed (don’t have an open hole at the top), you can pick off some bags, place them in a ziplock bag, and place it outdoors on the south side of your house. When/if you see larvae emerge, it’s a good indication to start checking your trees in the next weeks. The larvae are really small and hard to see. Stand still and watch the tree. If bagworm larvae are present, you will see very tiny movements as they begin the process of building new bags. I have pictures and a video at: https://jenreesources.com/2015/06/27/bagworms-in-evergreens/. For more info., please see: https://go.unl.edu/rgju.
Posted on June 7, 2021, in Irrigation Scheduling, JenREES Columns and tagged bagworms, corn growth staging, irrigation scheduling tool installation, weed field day. Bookmark the permalink. 2 Comments. | <urn:uuid:abd57990-6fcf-42e9-8752-a536bd76bf79> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://jenreesources.com/2021/06/07/jenrees-6-6-21/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320305260.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20220127103059-20220127133059-00395.warc.gz | en | 0.930278 | 995 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Vangani, Ruchi Saxena, Deepak Gerber, Nikolaus Mavalankar, Dileep von Braun, Joachim
Year of Publication:
ZEF-Discussion Papers on Development Policy 219
The ever-growing population of India, along with the increasing competition for water for productive uses in different sectors - especially irrigated agriculture and related local water systems and drainage - poses a challenge in an effort to improve water quality and sanitation. In rural and peri-urban settings, where agriculture is one of the main sources of livelihood, the type of water use in irrigated agriculture has complex interactions with drinking water and sanitation. In particular, the multi-purpose character of irrigation and drainage infrastructure creates several interlinks between water, sanitation (WATSAN) and agriculture and there is a competition for water quantity between domestic water use and irrigated agriculture. This study looks at the determinants of the microbiological quality of stored drinking water among households residing in areas where communities use different types of irrigation water. The study used multiple tube fermentation method Most Probable Number (MPN) technique, a WHO recommended technique, to identify thermotolerant fecal coliforms and E. coli in water in the laboratory (WHO 1993). Overall, we found that the microbiological water quality was poor. The stored water generally had very high levels of Escherichia coli (E. coli) contamination, 80% of the households had water in storage that could not be considered potable as per the World Health Organization (WHO) standards, and 73% of the households were using a contaminated water source. The quality of household storage water was largely unaffected by the major household socioeconomic characteristics, such as wealth, education level or social status. Households using surface water for irrigation had poor drinking water quality, even after controlling for hygiene, behavioral and community variables. Drinking water quality was positively impacted by proper storage and water treatment practices, such as reverse osmosis. Hygiene and sanitation indicators had mixed impacts on the quality of drinking water, and the impacts were largely driven by hygiene behavior rather than infrastructures. Community open defaecation and high village-household density deteriorates household storage water quality.
Irrigation water Water Quality Water Storage Water Treatment Sanitation and Hygiene Health Behaviour India Gujarat | <urn:uuid:c8b1ec14-4478-4fc1-9c02-a5672d9907cf> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | https://www.econstor.eu/handle/10419/149604 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806939.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20171123195711-20171123215711-00420.warc.gz | en | 0.943167 | 469 | 3.046875 | 3 |
The Camellia flower is native to China and found in many Asian countries like Japan, Korea, Indonesia, Philippines, Vietnam and India. Belonging to the family of Theaceae, it is a flowering shrub that was coined by renowned taxonomist Carl Linneaus. He based its etymological origin on botanist George Joseph Kamel who was at the time was researching Filipino camellias. Knowns for its thick multi-layered petals, it also goes by the name of Japanese rose or tsubaki. It blooms from late winter till early spring and braves the coldest weather and thrives in frigid temperatures. Camellias visually resemble the peony or the rose and are usually found in the colours of red, white, pink and the rarer yellow.
With over 300 species under its belt, the most common camellia flower is the camellia japonica. Other species such as camellia sasanqua, camellia oleifera harvested for its seed oil and camellia sinensis which is the tea plant are also popular. Camellia flower meaning is backed by rich cultural history that differs from one country to another. They make a valuable addition to any garden as an evergreen shrub with a good source of nectar that entices pollinators. It is a cheerful flower that can bring life to your garden and an evergreen companion till the flowering winter. Its delicate petals are a burst of freshness as they bloom when most of the flowers have died.
What Do Camellia Flowers Symbolize?
The most striking camellia flower meaning is that it is the unmatched Asian counterpart to the Western rose. It is remembered for its elegance, beauty, fame and regarded as an eternal symbol of love. Because of its nature to blossom even in uninhabitable conditions, camellias represent perseverance and resilience of the spirit. The symmetry of the petals evoke a sense of seamlessness and a desire for excellence.
In China, it is highly regarded as an emblem of undying love. This is due to camellia’s intriguing nature of shedding both the flower and base known as the calyx simultaneously. This metaphorically takes after two lovers refusing to part even in death and is the opposite of how flowers usually tend to wither. In Korean culture, camellia flower meaning has its roots as an auspicious flower used in wedding ceremonies. In Japanese tradition, camellias were known for their fierceness and valor. They were admired by samurais who wished to conquer battles like how the flower swiftly died all at once. Camellias were hence used to pay respect to fallen warriors in Japan.
In Victorian England, they were often gifted to the object of one’s desire. They were a symbol of resistance in the women’s voting rights movement in New Zealand and a harbinger of change in the movement to abolish slavery in Brazil. In the United States, Alabama has crowned camellia as the official flower of the state.
What Do the Various Colors of the Camellia Flower Mean?
Camellia flower meaning is also intrinsically different based on the colors of the blossom.
Red Camellia – Red camellias are usually given to your romantic partner or significant other. In flower language, it is one of the greatest symbols of love, passion and desire. They signify that you cherish the receiver and devote yourself faithfully and wholeheartedly to them in love.
Pink Camellia – Pink camellias symbolise yearning and the burgeoning stages of love. They are an apt flower for someone you have a crush on or even your long distance lover. They denote the euphoric rush of first love and represent the secret feelings of love, affection and delight.
White Camellia – White camellias are popularly associated with innocence, purity, admiration and devotion. They are the right choice to celebrate the platonic relationships in your life and people you look up to. These are often used in weddings. They also have a lesser known negative connotation as they are used as funeral blossoms in Japan.
Yellow Camellia – The yellow camellia maybe the minority among the colors but its bright hue makes it a fascinating flower for gifting. Due to its rare presence in very few parts of the world, they make the perfect flower for gifting to someone unique in personality or special to you such as a best friend.
Interesting facts and characteristics of the Camellia flower
– Camellia sinensis has been blessed with great levels of caffeine. Its petals and leaves are processed to make green and black tea. It has many progressive effects on the mental and physical health.
– The most memorable symbolism of the camellia flower meaning is found in Harper Lee’s To Kill a Mockingbird where it represents the characters’ feelings of retribution and compassion.
– The camellia flower also found relevance in haute couture when Coco Chanel took a liking to a bouquet of camellias she was gifted. Camellias were soon integrated into many of the high fashion house’s products.
– The camellia still appears in 21st century pop culture. RM, the leader of the Korean supergroup BTS has penned a song called Winter Flower with the Korean singer Younha. In the lyrics, the camellia flower is praised for its dauntless spirit in overcoming winter’s adversities.
– Camellias are a great shrub to keep animals such as deers and cows at bay as they are deterred by its scent.
– In many cultures around the world, camellias are an integral part of decoration for festivities and holidays.
– Camellia leaves and petals are also used for medicinal and cooking purposes. In Chinese traditional medicine, it is used as part of herbal concoctions. Edible oil is also extracted from its seeds.
Best Time to Gift Someone Camellia Flowers
The various shades in camellia flower meaning make it a beautiful all-rounder choice for multiple occasions. It can be planted in your garden to light up the landscape in dynamic colors. Red camellias are one of the supreme flowers for gifting your lover on Valentine’s Day. Pink camellias can be sent to your loved ones on days you miss them and long for their presence. White camellias can be given to those you respect such as an elderly family member or a teacher. Yellow camellias make a colorful choice for anniversaries, birthdays and festivals. Be it to convey your unyielding love to someone or simply cheer up a friend, camellias are a great choice. These winter blossoms are guaranteed to remind the receivers that even the darkest days will come to an end and spring will follow. | <urn:uuid:c453d537-9f7a-4e3b-86a5-15c16d243fde> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://www.pansymaiden.com/flowers/meaning/camellia/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104209449.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20220703013155-20220703043155-00304.warc.gz | en | 0.950566 | 1,654 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Genuinemoon water has been found for the first time in rocks that were brought back toEarth during NASA?s historic Apollo missions 40 years ago. The water issimilar to that detected in comets, suggesting that the moon?s scarce supply gotthere through the impacts of these icy bodies.??
Todetermine where this moonwater came from, researchers studied thin slices of rocks collected byastronauts in the 1970s using several kinds of microscopes. Under examinationwas the ratio of hydrogen ? two atoms of which bind with oxygen to make a watermolecule ? to a rare version of hydrogen called deuterium. ?
JamesGreenwood, a planetary scientist at Wesleyan University and lead author of anew paper describing the results, said he and his colleagues discovered thatthe levels of the deuterium isotope in moon water are double that of Earth?sand ?not from this planet.?
?Thisis cometarywater and not the same-old water we have on Earth,? said study co-authorLawrence Taylor, a planetary geochemist at the University of Tennessee.
TheApollo moon rock water is the latest in a recent string of discoveries of waterand ice on the lunar surface.
Lastweek, scientists announced that more than 600 million tons of moonwater ice is lurking at the bottom of dark craters at the lunar north pole.Water vapor was also spotted during the intentional crash of two NASA probesinto similarly shadowed craters at the moon?s south pole in October.
Observationsfrom several NASA and international probes have also found the chemicalsignature for water across other regions of the moon. But the first detectionof lunar water, though in soil rather than inside a rock, came two years ago involcanicglass beads.
Exposureof those samples to the solar wind, or particles from the sun, on the moon?ssurface renders their deuterium-hydrogen ratio difficult to determine, Greenwoodsaid, making a stab at the origin of their water guesswork.
Tracesof water had turned up in Apollo rocks previously, but Taylor and others hadshown this water to be a result of contamination from terrestrial water.
Impactsfrom comets likely dumped unearthly water on the moon some four billion yearsago when many of the moon?scraters were gouged out. Earth also took a beating, and a small amount ofour planet?s water came from the skies as well.
Analternative scenario for the new hydrogen readings is that some regular hydrogenblew off the moon as it formed, depleting amounts of it compared to deuterium,Greenwood noted, but that it is too soon to tell.
Thenew finding of bona-fide lunar water in this first set of Apollo rocks willhelp update historical water estimates for the moon, according to the study. ?
Andcontinued work could have big implications for lunar geology which may explainpuzzling density differences of lunar minerals compared to those on earth.?Just a little water,? Taylor said, can dramatically change how rocks form andage. ?This is a precursory examination that has shown startling things,? Tayloradded.
Thisannouncement of water in lunar rocks follows on the heels of its recent detectionby orbiting probes including India?s Chandrayaan-1 and by NASA?s LCROSS missionlast fall.
?Ithink we are embarking into a new era of looking at a wet moon,? Greenwood toldSPACE.com. ?Everything will have to be rethought.?
Theresearch was presented at the 41st Lunar and Planetary Science Conference inTexas last week.
- Images - Future Moon Bases
- What Water Means for Lunar Colonization
- Sun's Nemesis Pelted Earth with Comets, Study Suggests | <urn:uuid:9407b9d5-192e-4f0a-9f7a-ba19d55ebffb> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://www.space.com/8033-water-discovered-apollo-moon-rocks-comets.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296945473.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20230326142035-20230326172035-00018.warc.gz | en | 0.932767 | 791 | 3.703125 | 4 |
Telephone: 020 8539 2466
Welcome to Year 2
Download Year 2 Homework
Dear Parents and Carers
In the autumn term, our topic is An Eye for London, during which we will be learning about London, now and in the past. We will be visiting The London Eye where children can observe and explore our wonderful city from a birds-eye view. In Literacy, we will be looking at traditional tales, diary entries and newspaper reports which will cover The Great Fire of London. In Numeracy, children will be covering counting, partitioning, calculating and understanding shape and measure. We will be looking at maps and shapes in the local environment.
In the spring term, our topic is Strong and Healthy with a focus on the human body and how it functions. We hope to visit The Natural History Museum, where the children can observe and explore the anatomy of the body. This topic will link with Science where we will be exploring animals, including humans.
In the summer term, our topic is Around the World in 60 Days where the children will have opportunities to learn about the different continents and countries around the world. Our science topic is Variation in Plants. A visit to the zoo will further consolidate understanding about plants and animals.
We are working on our handwriting. Practise these patterns to help improve your fine motor skills!
Our school policy is that homework is sent home every Friday and should be returned every Thursday, signed by parents. You will receive a report card at the end of term to keep you informed as to how your child is progressing at school.
PE takes place every week. Please ensure your child keeps their PE kit in school.
Please feel free to talk to us if you have any concerns or would like to visit us in class.
The Y2 team
Click on the links to download
Davies Lane Primary School,
020 8539 2466
020 8523 3230
Chief Executive - Maureen Okoye
Executive Principal – Jason Cook
Head of School – Bronwen Chalmers
8.00am - 4.30pm | <urn:uuid:2bde6aea-43ae-4cc3-8dec-a950d2aac939> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://davieslane.co.uk/year-2.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187824618.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20171021062002-20171021082002-00521.warc.gz | en | 0.913661 | 430 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Central Business District of Adelaide, South Australia
Locating, Appraising, and Optimizing Urban Storm Water Harvesting Sites
By Matthew D. Shipton and Sekhar V. C. Somenahalli
Storm water is surface water runoff generated from rainfall. It is created when rainfall intensity exceeds infiltration capacity. This often occurs when rain falls on hard, impermeable surfaces, such as footpaths, car parks, and roads. In urban areas, this water then typically flows untreated via storm water drains into local watercourses.
Harvesting collects and stores storm water before it enters natural environments so that it can be reused at a later time as an alternative to water from water mains. Before it is reused, captured storm water may be treated to improve its quality. Recycled storm water is typically used for nonpotable demands that do not require a high level of treatment, for example, irrigation, toilet flushing, car washing, and certain industrial and commercial uses.
Harvesting storm water reduces the detrimental impacts that urban development can have on rivers. It reestablishes more natural river flow regimes and improves the quality of the water in rivers. In addition to the environmental benefits, storm water harvesting can also be financially attractive to both its suppliers and users. Harvesting storm water reduces demand for water from water mains, delays the need for major new water resource infrastructure, increases water security, and has low pumping costs since the source is often close to the point of use (i.e., it is generally harvested and used in the same urban area).
Storm Water Harvesting and GIS
Though beginning as a master's research project, the study described below was extended by the University of South Australia, through its Esri site license, to include detailed hydrological modeling of individual storm water schemes. The team performed this analysis using the Environmental Protection Agency specialist storm water modeling GIS (EPA SWMM). The objective was to verify claims made in the South Australian government's Water for Good plan, with results to be published later in 2010.
This study demonstrates the value of GIS to storm water managers through the assessment of harvesting opportunities in the central business district of Adelaide, South Australia. Adelaide is the largest city in the driest state in the world's driest inhabited continent.
Data used in the study was obtained from various sources, including the Australian Bureau of Meteorology; the South Australian Department for Environment and Heritage; the South Australian Department of Planning and Local Government; and the South Australian Department of Water, Land and Biodiversity Conservation.
The team members identified areas suitable for storm water harvesting in ArcGIS Desktop by analyzing land cover, land use, and topography. They defined suitable areas as having
First, the team defined each part of the study area as permeable, semipermeable, or impermeable. This categorization was derived from a reclassification of detailed land-use data based on assumptions regarding the average permeability of each land use. The output was then refined using local site-specific information, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) data, georeferenced aerial photography, and the Digital Cadastral Database (a source of legal land parcel data that, among other things, contains data on roof materials). The refinement allowed corrections, such as the alteration of the botanic gardens from being defined as impermeable—because its land use was public institution—to being permeable, based on its high NDVI and land cover as determined by aerial photography.
Next, the team identified all the roads and the areas in proximity to them in the study area. It was assumed that storm water runoff in these areas would be particularly polluted by contaminants from cars. These contaminants would likely include heavy metals, hydrocarbons, particulates from vehicle exhausts, debris from tires and brake linings, ultrafine platinum from worn catalytic converters, and lead salts from batteries. Most of the roads in Adelaide's central business district are laid out in blocks. Each side of the main blocks is 150 meters long. Areas in proximity to roads were defined as being less than 60 meters from a public road, since this is slightly less than half of 150 meters. The areas identified by the buffer that were more than 60 meters from a road were then intersected with the previously described impermeable areas layer. This procedure identified 245 separate areas that were impermeable and not close to a road. From these potentially suitable areas, sites that were less than 100 square meters were excluded on the grounds that they would not be economically feasible for harvesting storm water. This reduced the number of potentially suitable sites to 28.
Then, the team spatially joined information from a digital elevation model (DEM) with a 3-meter resolution to the polygons representing the 28 remaining potentially suitable sites. This enabled the average slope across each site to be calculated. Sites with a greater slope would generate more runoff per unit area per unit of time. The DEM was also used to define the main catchments and subcatchments in the study area (using the Arc Hydro extension). The team members calculated the number of subcatchments that each of the 28 potentially suitable sites covered. The number ranged between one and four. Those covering one subcatchment were deemed better suited to storm water harvesting since surface water runoff in them would drain to a single point.
The team ranked the suitability of the 28 remaining sites and visited the 10 most suitable sites to confirm if harvesting could be done within the available space; would not negatively impact existing land uses; and would be practical, given the local topography and existing drainage infrastructure. This process led to the removal of sites, such as cemeteries, that would be inappropriate for storm water harvesting.
Among the remaining potentially suitable sites, there were two that were highly suitable. These were the grounds of Adelaide Festival Centre and the land occupied by the University of South Australia's City East Campus and the main Adelaide University City Campus. These two areas are not highly permeable, less than 100 square meters, close to roads, or flat.
The next task using GIS was to examine if and how the most suitable harvesting sites could be connected by storm water infrastructure to form one storm water harvesting scheme. This would have economies of scale, since the project would then only require one treatment and storage solution. This task was completed using EPA SWMM.
Once the infrastructure layout of the optimal scheme had been determined, the team used EPA SWMM to model each of the harvesting sites' vulnerability to flooding after heavy rainfall. EPA SWMM was also used to determine the likely impact of climate change (reduced rainfall) and urbanization (increased impermeable area) on harvesting yields at each of the sites.
In South Australia, storm water harvesting is increasingly regarded as an untapped, sustainable water resource. This study demonstrates how GIS can be used to plan storm water harvesting schemes at both a strategic level by way of options appraisal and at a design level via hydraulic simulation. GIS provides decision makers with information that enables them to maximize system performance (storm water yield), economic feasibility (payback period), and public acceptability of harvesting schemes while reducing environmental degradation (caused by polluted storm water) and risks to public safety.
The GIS modeling undertaken with ArcGIS Desktop, Arc Hydro, and EPA SWMM in this study identified a number of potentially suitable areas in Adelaide's central business district that could be used as storm water harvesting catchments. A simulation of a harvesting scheme that used four of the most appropriate catchments found that 330 ML of reusable storm water could be collected every year. This finding should be interpreted with due regard for both the untreated quality of the harvested storm water and the irregular timing at which it would be available.
About the Authors
Matthew Shipton has experience working in the Hydrological Department of the Atlantic Rainforest Research Centre (Brazil). Shipton is completing a master's in water resources management at Adelaide University, Australia. Dr. Sekhar V. C. Somenahalli teaches courses related to GIS and its applications to environmental and planning disciplines in the School of Natural and Built Environments, University of South Australia, Adelaide. | <urn:uuid:bd5d4deb-2f35-4ef4-8197-e73926fd6e20> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://www.esri.com/news/arcnews/spring10articles/locating-appraising.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368709906749/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516131146-00026-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.955432 | 1,675 | 3.15625 | 3 |
pamamahagi, distribusyon, pamimigay, pamumudmod
Noun(1) (statistics(2) the spatial or geographic property of being scattered about over a range, area, or volume(3) the act of distributing or spreading or apportioning(4) the commercial activity of transporting and selling goods from a producer to a consumer
(1) Anybody who wants a democratic society cannot accept excessively uneven income distribution .(2) Air moving within the cloud causes huge differences in the electrical distribution .(3) she had it printed for distribution among her friends(4) distribution system(5) they ensured a fair distribution of the food(6) a manager has the choice of four types of distribution(7) Moreover, there were differences in the anatomic distribution by age categories.(8) You will see that over successive years the relative distribution of these two species has been reversed.(9) strength has two ingredients, high cards and distribution(10) In addition, the spatial distribution of this resource promotes different foraging strategies in these birds.(11) These cartels often provided marketing and distribution services for members.(12) For his claim was a claim about the inevitable sequence of events with that distribution of cards.(13) Any hint as to the distribution of the cards (such as an offer to give up), is punished by immediate loss of the game.(14) If the distribution channel is selected incorrectly, the brand will decline rapidly.(15) distribution point(16) an established distribution channel
1. giving out ::
2. dispersal ::
3. supply ::
4. frequency ::
5. dispersion ::
Different Formsdistribution, distributional, distributions
English to Filipino Dictionary: distribution
Meaning and definitions of distribution, translation in Filipino language for distribution with similar and opposite words. Also find spoken pronunciation of distribution in Filipino and in English language.
Tags for the entry "distribution"
What distribution means in Filipino, distribution meaning in Filipino, distribution definition, examples and pronunciation of distribution in Filipino language. | <urn:uuid:21140fd7-c2aa-4975-953b-ad45bf5de0fd> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | http://filipino.english-dictionary.help/?q=distribution | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371700247.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20200407085717-20200407120217-00297.warc.gz | en | 0.901269 | 425 | 3.28125 | 3 |
The grade 10's were to develop an image that represented a story or fairytale that was familiar to them. It was challenging for them to not represent just one scene but many of the different characters, scenery, architecture, clothing, animals etc. that was associated with their story. In addition, they were to arrange all of these narrative elements in a very narrow pictorial space in a non-linear manner. The finished drawings were about 10" x 26". If you are noticing the line 3/4's of the way down it's because these are photocopies of the originals and they had to be photocopied twice and taped together because the originals were longer than the photocopier paper.
Sunday, 29 May 2011
Saturday, 28 May 2011
After selecting an image of an animal of their choice, the grade 11's start out with a detailed pencil drawing that emphasizes texture, proportion and tonal values. This allows them to become very familiar with their subject and from this point are able to create three different pen & ink abstract drawings of the same subject. Picasso's bull series was the inspiration for this project. | <urn:uuid:4dbc3670-4f64-4f0c-8787-855484d31e09> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://rhsartmash.blogspot.com/2011/05/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806455.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20171122031440-20171122051440-00579.warc.gz | en | 0.985369 | 229 | 2.953125 | 3 |
(Tribunist) Seismic sensors are fine-tuned to pick up vibrations in the earth. They’re a useful tool for understanding the patterns of plate movement and seismic activity. Yet a new event has even the most seasoned seismologists befuddled. The planet, they say, just rang like a bell. What this means is a mystery. “Seismic sensors first picked up the event originating near an island between Madagascar and Africa.
Then, alarm bells started ringing as far away as Chile, New Zealand and Canada,” the NY Post writes. Unlike the average earthquake, this event was picked up across the planet. What started near Madagascar was also picked up in Hawaii. And the event isn’t registering like an earthquake.“I don’t think I’ve seen anything like it,” Columbia University seismologist Göran Ekström says. “It doesn’t mean that, in the end, the cause of them is that exotic.” READ MORE | <urn:uuid:69f269de-407b-4196-90a2-7caa44dbd8f7> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://endtimeheadlines.org/2018/12/nobody-understands-why-the-earth-just-rang-like-a-bell/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400245109.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20200926200523-20200926230523-00158.warc.gz | en | 0.964032 | 214 | 3.140625 | 3 |
This product is aged over 1.5 years. It may contain the mother too! Our mother is reported to be over 200 years old.
Apple cider vinegar is said to have been used by Hippocrates for treating wounds and healing sore throats and coughing. Today, apple cider vinegar (ACV) can be used to cook, clean and most importantly… to improve our health!
The fermentation process is critical to producing the primary ingredient found in the vinegar: acetic acid. The 5-6 percent concentration of acetic acid contributes to the sour, pungent taste, and is also responsible for the numerous health benefits of apple cider vinegar. The longer it sits, the better it becomes.
Researchers have found that cider vinegar stabilizes blood sugar and reduces the glycemic index of foods. The antiglycemic property of ACV is critical to regulating the sugar levels in type-2 diabetics and was found to significantly stabilize blood sugar in a 2003 study comparing a pickled cucumber with a fresh cucumber. In fact, it is possible that cider vinegar acts in much the same way as does the common diabetic drug metformin – without the unwanted side effects and increased risk for other diseases. ]
When consumed daily, apple cider vinegar may regulate satiety and appetite. Studies support the weight loss effects of ACV reporting decreases in visceral fat, BMI, and triglyceride levels to name only a few benefits.The physiological processes by which cider vinegar acts on the body are also contributed to the anti-glycemic properties previously discussed.
ACV may interfere with enzymes responsible for carbohydrate synthesis and blood glucose concentration. Cider vinegar also improves the tolerance level of the liver against lipogenesis and fatty acid synthesis resulting in the improvement of cholesterol levels. The detoxification and improved health of the liver stimulates the excretion of fecal bile acid and further aids in weight loss.
The acetic acid in apple cider vinegar was identified as a key contributor to neutralizing hormones in the intestines and stomach therefore promoting alkalinity. Emerging research reflects that an alkaline diet is critical to reducing your risk of sickness, lowered immunity, chronic illness, and morbidity.
Apple cider vinegar assists in detoxifying the lymphatic system and regulating homeostatic functions of the human body. Researchers believe that antioxidants are found in cider vinegar which reduce the oxidative damage done to the body by free radicals and improve the health of our blood and organs.
Cider vinegar was recently determined to be a strong antimicrobial agent and alternative to toxic and expensive chemical disinfectants. One of the most fatal bacterium, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is resistant to disinfectants but is found to be killed by acetic acid. Especially in patients who are immunosuppressed, apple cider vinegar is an excellent natural antimicrobial tonic to rid the body of harmful bacteria and provide immune support.
How to Use Apple Cider Vinegar (ACV) for Health
- On Food When You Eat: Both acetic acid and enzymes found in ACV break down vegetables, grains, and most especially meat. Otherwise a large quantity of hydrochloric acid is required to properly digest protein.
- In Recipes: The tangy sweet flavor is delicious in many food dishes.Try adding ACV to home-made guacamole, hummus, and quinoa dishes.
- Disinfect Wounds and Burns: Apply ACV to minor cuts, large wounds, and burns to speed up the healing process. The anti-microbial properties of ACV help reduce pain and risk of infection.
- Treat and Cure Acne: Wash your face with an ACV mixture 2-3 times daily. Combine 1 part ACV with 3 parts water.
- Remove Warts: Completely remove warts within 7-15 days. Saturate a cotton ball with ACV and place it on the wart holding it in place with a bandage. Allow the wart to soak in ACV. Repeat this process every 24 hours until wart is gone. (Note that it is normal for the wart to become inflamed and throb during the first couple days of treatment.)
- Treat Dandruff: Eliminate dandruff in one week by saturating your hair with a 50/50 mixture of ACV and water. Leave the solution in for 15 minutes before washing. Repeat this routine daily for one week.
- Energize and Detoxify: Improve your energy levels and detoxify your body with apple cider vinegar. Drink a mixture of 1 tablespoon of ACV in 1 cup of water after waking up or in the mid-afternoon when your energy begins to slow down.
- Treat a Sore Throat: Take 1-2 tablespoons of ACV and mix with 2 oz of water. Gargling with this mixture will naturally disinfect your mouth and throat while improving immune function.
- Stop Hiccups: Drink 1 tablespoon of ACV. The concept of drinking pure ACV is that it will overstimulate nerve endings in the throat and prevent further spasms.
- Reduce Bruising: Soak a cloth with ACV and gently rub over bruises to reduce inflammation and speed up the healing process.
- Detox Bath: Adding 1 cup of ACV to your bath helps you cleanse toxins from your body. An ACV detox foot bath is also a great remedy if you are experiencing athlete’s foot or toenail fungus.
- Clean Your Home: Try this DIY cleaner recipe instead of using cancer-causing commercial products that are full of chemicals. Prepare a spray bottle with ACV and water using 1 part ACV to 4 parts water for a simple but effective all-purpose cleaner. Spritz the area to be cleaned, and wipe with a clean cloth. Use along with a sprinkle of baking soda for tough cleaning jobs. | <urn:uuid:5ae7c4dc-408b-4b71-8447-e92616e996e6> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | http://www.seedsofwellness.life/product/apple-cider-vinegar-500ml-bottle/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600402127397.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20200930172714-20200930202714-00545.warc.gz | en | 0.92065 | 1,188 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Tequila And Cheese Offer Lessons For Developing World
Tequila and cheese may sound like the makings of an awkward cocktail party, but new research shows that they have a lot to tell us about efforts to boost rural economies around the world.
Over the past 10-15 years, there has been a surge of interest from developing countries in creating protective measures known as geographical indications (GIs), which many countries view as tools that can help them compete in the global economy. GIs define a specific product according to its historical, cultural and geographic origin. The best known example is probably the sparkling wine known as Champagne, which can only technically be called Champagne if it is made from grapes grown in the Champagne region of France.
Countries put these GIs in place to prevent outsourcing, support traditional practices and encourage economic development in rural areas. The idea is that, by implementing GIs, the quality of the product ““ and the region’s monopoly on producing it ““ will be protected.
“However, the success of these GIs is highly variable,” says Dr. Sarah Bowen, an assistant professor of sociology at NC State and author of new research that examines two well-known GIs: tequila and Comte cheese. “I found that there are some key differences in how these GIs were designed that help explain why the tequila GI has largely failed to positively impact people in the tequila-producing region, while the Comte GI has been much more successful.”
The difference in the societal impact of the two GIs is fairly striking. The tequila GI mandates that the liquor be produced using only blue agave plants grown in an area encompassing the state of Jalisco and parts of four other Mexican states. But it has not been successful at improving the quality of life for farmers who produce the agave. In fact, the GI has created new social and environmental problems. Meanwhile, the Comte GI ““ which pertains to a hard, sharp cow’s milk cheese produced in eastern France ““ has been successful at bolstering small-scale farms, generating jobs and supporting healthy ecosystems in the region.
Bowen found that the way a GI defines a product’s quality plays a role in the overall success of the GI. “The Comte GI recognizes and protects the complexity of the entire production process ““ from the treatment of the cows to artisanal cheesemaking techniques,” Bowen says. “But, although the tequila GI focuses on specific technical parameters that the final product must meet, it provides no guidance on how the tequila is actually produced. Because that guidance is absent, tequila production is becoming increasingly industrialized ““ and the traditional character of tequila is endangered.”
A second key factor involves a region’s terroir, which is the collection of geographic and cultural characteristics that give a product its particular flavor. Specifically, Bowen found that GIs, which incorporate strong protections for terroir, give farmers a strategic advantage, because they are essentially the link between the terroir and the finished product. “For example, in Comte, the terroir consists largely of the pastures where the cows graze,” Bowen says. “By valuing that terroir, the GI promotes traditional agricultural methods and protects rural landscapes and biodiversity.”
However, Bowen notes, the tequila GI provides little protection for terroir ““ even though many people believe there is a link between terroir and taste ““ because tequila producers want to remain flexible in regard to where they buy their agave within the relatively large GI region. This situation gives farmers less bargaining power and drives down the price of agave, cutting out small, traditional farmers. It has also led to tequila producers purchasing lands in parts of the GI zone where agave has not traditionally been grown, so that they can plant their own crops. This has undermined the social foundation of the region, and created new environmental threats in the area.
“There are lessons to be learned from these two cases,” Bowen says. “As developing countries consider the creation of new GIs, they need to think about how to craft the GIs in order to reflect the needs of their specific environment and culture. The Comte case can serve as a model for how to develop a GI, but countries need to look closely at the specific conditions and challenges they face before creating their own GIs.”
The research, “Embedding Local Places In Global Spaces: Geographical Indications As A Territorial Development Strategy,” was funded in part by the Rural Sociological Society and a Fulbright Scholarship. The work is published in the June issue of Rural Sociology.
NC State’s Department of Sociology and Anthropology is a joint department of the university’s College of Humanities and Social Sciences and College of Agriculture and Life Sciences.
Reference: “Embedding Local Places In Global Spaces: Geographical Indications As A Territorial Development Strategy.” Author: Sarah Bowen, North Carolina State University. Published: June 2010, Rural Sociology
Image 1: The Comte Cheese GI has been successful at bolstering small-scale farms, generating jobs and supporting healthy ecosystems in the region.
Image 2: The tequila GI has not been successful at improving the quality of life for farmers who produce the agave, and has created new social and environmental problems.
On the Net: | <urn:uuid:1eef3103-a8f9-4188-b0bc-229aecb5b5ce> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://www.redorbit.com/news/international/1878908/tequila_and_cheese_offer_lessons_for_developing_world/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1387345773230/warc/CC-MAIN-20131218054933-00064-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.95114 | 1,153 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Objective: I can change decimals to mixed numbers.
Decimals can be written as mixed numbers. The whole number is the number to the left of the decimal point. The fraction is the number to the right of the decimal point.
Read this lesson on converting decimals to fractions if you need to learn more about changing decimals to fractions.
We hope that the free math worksheets have been helpful. We encourage parents and teachers to select the topics according to the needs of the child. For more difficult questions, the child may be encouraged to work out the problem on a piece of paper before entering the solution. We hope that the kids will also love the fun stuff and puzzles.
We welcome your feedback, comments and questions about this site or page. Please submit your feedback or enquiries via our Feedback page. | <urn:uuid:04fe37e3-62f6-496d-80a8-ea30ad15679e> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | http://www.onlinemathlearning.com/decimals-mixed-numbers.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738661779.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173741-00233-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.883187 | 173 | 3.90625 | 4 |
AUSTIN, Texas — Between 2007 and 2011, the State of Texas spent $37 million on grants to help high-poverty middle schools reduce obesity through physical education. The grant program, called Texas Fitness Now, provided grants to the poorest 24 percent of Texas middle schools in 2007-09, and it made grants to the poorest 40 percent of middle schools in 2009-11.
Yet a new by researchers at The University of Texas at Austin reports that Texas Fitness Now had no effect on children’s weight. Middle school obesity rates held steady during Texas Fitness Now, both in schools that received the grants and in schools that did not.
The article, written by Paul von Hippel and Kyle Bradbury at UT Austin's LBJ School of Public Affairs, is the largest study ever conducted of a physical education (PE) program. Using publicly available data, the authors analyzed obesity rates at more than 1,150 middle schools enrolling more than 770,000 students per year.
Schools spent most of their grants on sports and fitness equipment, according to the article. Although the grants did not reduce obesity, they did increase fitness. The fitness benefits were greatest in measures of strength, and greater for girls than for boys.
As a result of the grants, both boys and girls in high-poverty middle schools could complete more pushups and a faster shuttle run, the researchers found. Girls could also complete more curlups, a higher trunk lift, and had a better sit and reach. But the grants did not increase shoulder flexibility or help children run a mile more quickly.
State guidelines for Texas Fitness Now predicted that the program would improve academic achievement because “through increased fitness, students’ cognitive ability will improve.” Yet the article reached mixed conclusions on the grants’ academic effects. On average, the grants had no effect on math or reading scores, but they may have improved scores among seventh- and eighth-graders who spent two to three years in participating schools.
The research was funded in part by the St. David’s Foundation in Austin, Texas, and published in the peer-reviewed journal Preventive Medicine.
Texas Fitness Now launched in 2007. The program received widespread news coverage, including a segment on the HBO documentary “Weight of the Nation.”
Texas Fitness Now expanded in 2009 but ended in 2011 when the economic recession forced cuts to the state budget. The termination of Texas Fitness Now had no adverse effects, according to the article. Schools kept their grant-purchased equipment, and after termination, participating schools did not see obesity, fitness and achievement levels worsen relative to nonparticipating schools.
PE, obesity, and achievement
Although research has demonstrated that PE can improve fitness, it is unclear whether PE reduces obesity.
The American Heart Association and the Institute of Medicine endorse using PE to reduce child obesity, yet a recent review in the New England Journal of Medicine classified the idea that PE classes reduce obesity as a “myth.” The American Academy of Pediatrics strikes a middle ground, endorsing PE but describing child obesity programs that rely on activity alone as “somewhat disappointing to date.”
A 2013 review by the Cochrane Collaboration found that, out of 11 child obesity programs that relied on physical activity alone, none significantly reduced weight gain in boys, and only one very small program, in France, significantly reduced weight gain in girls.
Programs that combine physical activity with diet have had better results. On paper, Texas Fitness Now required schools to spend 25 percent of their grant funds on nutrition. But the nutrition requirement was not enforced; in 2009-10 only 7 percent of grant funds were spent on nutrition, according to the University of Texas article.
The question of whether PE improves academic achievement is also controversial. In a recent exchange in JAMA Pediatrics, different authors came to opposite conclusions. One set of authors concluded that “participation in physical activity is positively related to academic performance,” but other authors, reviewing the same data, concluded that “physical activity is not related to performance at school.” | <urn:uuid:7facf494-993e-4518-ba6b-baf2eded5d79> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | http://news.utexas.edu/2015/08/24/texas-37m-physical-education-program-didnt-reduce-obesity | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982954852.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823200914-00172-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.962779 | 838 | 2.5625 | 3 |
xOrographic lift : Occurs when an air mass is forced to rise over geographic relief from a lower elevation. As the air mass rises it expands and cools adiabatically, which can raise the relative humidity to 100%, create clouds and precipitation.
The sun goes through cycles that last approximately 11 years. These solar cycle include phases with more magnetic activity, sunspots, and solar flares. They also include phases with less activity. The...Read more | <urn:uuid:c1f97a01-7c55-4f98-a5dd-4cbbb3478e96> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | http://www.windows2universe.org/space_missions/space_missions.html&dev=1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257824994.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071024-00300-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.936278 | 95 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Injectable Microbubbles in Hydrology and Healthcare
Fanny Littmarck February 1, 2013
Microbubbles filled with oxygen can be injected into contaminated lakes to restore the water quality. Typically, water is purified via water-treatment plants, but this microbubble technique is both inexpensive and more environmentally-friendly in comparison. As seen in a COMSOL News 2011 article, oxygen microbubbles are a researcher’s way of copying nature’s own self-restoration mechanism for cleaning contaminated lakes.
Microbubble generator. Image courtesy of Dr. Shuya Yoshioka.
Microbubbles in Water Purification
Created through high-speed mechanical agitation of water, the microbubbles contain a gas, oxygen, that will then be used to purify the contaminated water of lakes and dams. The small size of these bubbles (one micrometer) prevents the bubbles from floating to the surface at any rapid pace. In fact, the small buoyancy force acting on the bubbles is so small that the microbubbles are left submersed in the water for minutes or even hours. Another advantage with microbubbles is that a greater air-liquid interface surface area can be achieved for the same amount oxygen in larger bubbles. In short, the microbubble technique proves efficient for dissolving gas into water.
Dr. Shuya Yoshioka of Ritsumeikan University in Japan, tested his microbubbles with experiments at the Sounoseki Dam. In the article “Restoration of Lake Water Environments” in COMSOL News 2011, he explains that injecting oxygen microbubbles into lakes will both oxidize metals, causing them to precipitate, and stimulate microorganism activity to break down and eliminate organic material in the lakes. In the article, he states that “in these trials, it is necessary to predict all the environmental phenomena that might affect the body of water (wind, water flow, temperature, chemical reactions, and diffusion.” Because all of the equations governing these need to be solved simultaneously as opposed to sequentially, Dr. Yoshioka turned to COMSOL Multiphysics to find the most effective and cost-efficient way to inject the microbubbles. In simulating the water currents of the dam, the researcher discovered a large-scale recirculation region that he later took advantage of for seeding and diffusing the microbbubles throughout the whole dam. Using COMSOL Multiphysics and the CFD and Chemical Reaction Engineering Modules, he was able to determine where to add the bubbles to the water, and at what depth and rate.
Simulating microbubbles: mass diffusion over a cross-section of the Sounoseki Dam reservoir. Image courtesy of Dr. Shuya Yoshioka.
After deploying his purification system, trial testing of toxin levels in the dam showed that the addition of oxygen microbubbles dramatically decreased the concentration of certain toxic substances (including nitrogen, phosphorus, iron, and manganese).
Trial testing results: concentrations of toxic substances reduced (note: the experiment was suspended during August 7-17). Image courtesy of Dr. Shuya Yoshioka.
Microbubbles in Healthcare
Water purification is not the only scenario where microbubbles can be of help. A relatively recent study indicates that microbubbles could be used to get oxygen into the body of a patient to keep organs from suffocating during a medical emergency. Similar to the ones used for purifying bodies of water, these bubbles would be injected into the human body and then dissolve to release the gas.
- “Restoration of Lake Water Environments” on pg. 54 in COMSOL News 2011
- “Micro Bubbles: A Trump Card for Quick Water Purification“
- “A Breath of Fresh Microbubbles“ | <urn:uuid:d46992b6-d2d1-4948-adf8-f5e57da20148> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | https://www.comsol.fr/blogs/injectable-microbubbles-in-hydrology-and-healthcare/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891815843.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20180224152306-20180224172306-00237.warc.gz | en | 0.916079 | 790 | 3.609375 | 4 |
Are you attempting to teach your Black Norwegian Elkhound to sit? The technique of sitting up is effortlessly taught to little dogs, yet larger doggies are a different story. It is challenging for them to keep their balance.
Teach Your Black Norwegian Elkhound to Sit: Preparation
Sitting up is one of the 1st tricks that should be taught to your Black Norwegian Elkhound and lays the ground work for quite a few other skills. To train a Black Norwegian Elkhound to sit up, put together some snacks as a reward, and place the Black Norwegian Elkhound on her butt in a corner, to ensure that she will not fall either backward or sideways and has very little or no room to lose balance.
Teach Your Black Norwegian Elkhound to Sit: Acquaint Her With The Phrase
Prevent her from pitching to the front by maintaining one hand under her chin and with your second hand dangle her snack above your Black Norwegian Elkhound’s nose. Keep repeating deliberately and distinctly, “sit.” Don’t make her sit too long at one time, but repeat the instruction frequently and reward her regularly with lots of appreciation and snacks.
Teach Your Black Norwegian Elkhound to Sit: Help Her Maintain Balance
During her first lesson she will need a surprising amount of help and support from you to prevent her from pitching forward, but as she gets better control of the balancing muscles and knows what you want her to do, she will rely less and less on your hand to hold her in position. Gradually, you can give her less help til you’ll only have to leave one hand in position 2 or 3 inches from her neck or chin, to be ready to stop her from falling forward; eventually you can probably withdraw the hand entirely and just suspend the snack just over the level of her face.
Teach Your Black Norwegian Elkhound To Sit: Remove the Aids Slowly
With consistent practice your Black Norwegian Elkhound will sit up for a long time after you get her to sit. Afterward she should be set up against the wall, so as to give her assistance for her back only. When she has figured out this and can maintain her posture effortlessly, practice with her up against chair legs, pillows or other things that give her less and less help. Eventually she will understand how to preserve her equilibrium and sit up without needing something to rest on.
Teach Your Black Norwegian Elkhound to Sit: Putting It All Together
During the course of all these lessons the phrase "sit up" will have been impressed upon her psyche through regular repetition. Now here's the final lesson to teach your Black Norwegian Elkhound to sit up as quickly as she hears the command. It's highly likely, if she has been diligently instructed, you will only have to get her out into the room, show her a snack, hold it up a reasonable distance from the ground, say "sit up" and she will do so. Then you give her the snack while still in position.
The only necessity for perfection is to train with her multiple times a day until she can sit up when commanded to and without being shown a reward; give her the rewards only once she has obeyed the command.
Teach Your Black Norwegian Elkhound Other Tricks
You have now the foundation for teaching your Black Norwegian Elkhound many other skills. She now can learn how to beg by waving your hand up and down in front of her paws, which she will move in rhythm with yours. She can also be taught to salute by moving one paw up to the side of her head, or to hold a toy in her mouth, or to wear a cap on her head or wear other clothes.
In training a Black Norwegian Elkhound to tolerate being dressed up, do not try to get her to wear too many garments at one time. Try at first with a hat. After she becomes accustomed to that you can put on a coat and steadily introduce her to more clothing.
Take pleasure in "teaching your Black Norwegian Elkhound the sit up trick" and most importantly have fun along the way!
Don't forget to check out these other articles about Black Norwegian Elkhounds
Was this post helpful? If so, please take a minute to Tweet and Share below on Facebook. I would also love to know your thoughts so leave me a comment 🙂 | <urn:uuid:930c1338-915e-4508-a2b2-c148f6da71fa> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://animalcaretip.com/how-to-teach-your-black-norwegian-elkhound-to-sit/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296945182.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20230323163125-20230323193125-00206.warc.gz | en | 0.96883 | 906 | 2.84375 | 3 |
P. AMERICANA (syn Sorbus americana).—American Mountain Ash. This species, a native of the mountains of Pennsylvania and Virginia (1782), is much like our Rowan Tree in general appearance, but the bunches of berries are larger, and of a brighter red colour.
P. ANGUSTIFOLIA.—North America, 1750. A double-flowered crab is offered under this name, of vigorous growth, bearing delicate pink, rose-like flowers that are deliciously fragrant, and borne contemporaneously with the leaves. The merits claimed for the shrub are perfect hardihood, great beauty of blossom and leaf, delicious fragrance, and adaptability to various soils. The single-flowered form extends over large areas in the Atlantic States of North America. They are very desirable, small-growing trees, and are described by Professor Sargent as being not surpassed in beauty by any of the small trees of North America.
P. BACCATA.—Siberian Crab. Siberia and Dahuria, 1784. This is one of the most variable species in cultivation, and from which innumerable forms have been developed, that differ either in habit, foliage, flowers, or fruit. The deciduous calyx would seem to be the only reliable distinguishing character. It is a widely-distributed species, being found in North China and Japan, Siberia and the Himalayas, and has from time immemorial been cultivated by the Chinese and Japanese, so that it is not at all surprising that numbers of forms have been developed.
P. CORONARIA.—Sweet Scented Crab. North America, 1724. This is a handsome species, with ovate, irregularly-toothed leaves, and pink and white fragrant flowers. The flowers are individually large and corymbose, and are succeeded by small green fruit.
P. DOMESTICA (syn Sorbus domestica).—True Service. Britain. This resembles the Mountain Ash somewhat, but the flowers are panicled, and the berries fewer, larger, and pear-shaped. The flowers are conspicuous enough to render the tree of value in ornamental planting.
P. FLORIBUNDA (syns P. Malus floribunda and Malus microcarpa floribunda).—China and Japan, 1818. The Japanese Crabs are wonderfully floriferous, the branches being in most instances wreathed with flowers that are individually not very large, and rarely exceeding an inch in diameter when fully expanded. Generally in the bud state the flowers are of a deep crimson, but this disappears as they become perfectly developed, and when a less striking tint of pinky-white is assumed. From the St. Petersburgh gardens many very ornamental Crabs have been sent out, these differing considerably in colour of bark, habit, and tint of flowers. They have all been referred to the above species. P. floribunda is a worthy form, and one of the most brilliant of spring-flowering trees. The long, slender shoots are thickly covered for almost their entire length with flowers that are rich crimson in the bud state, but paler when fully opened. There are numerous, | <urn:uuid:5a584a28-bd2f-4f48-aeab-9c22c2cbd7f5> | CC-MAIN-2014-49 | http://www.bookrags.com/ebooks/10852/76.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416400374040.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20141119123254-00159-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.944663 | 665 | 2.640625 | 3 |
12 Letters That Didn't Make the Alphabet
You know the alphabet. It’s one of the first things you’re taught in school. But did you know that they’re not teaching you all of the alphabet? There are quite a few letters we tossed aside as our language grew, and you probably never even knew they existed.
Have you ever seen a place that calls itself “ye olde whatever”? As it happens, that’s not a “y”, or, at least, it wasn’t supposed to be. Originally, it was an entirely different letter called thorn, which derived from the Old English runic alphabet, Futhark.
Thorn, which was pronounced exactly like the "th" in its name, is actually still around today in Icelandic. We replaced it with “th” over time—thorn fell out of use because Gothic-style scripting made the letters y and thorn look practically identical. And, since French printing presses didn’t have thorn anyway, it just became common to replace it with a y. Hence naming things like, “Ye Olde Magazine of Interesting Facts” (just as an example, of course).
Another holdover from the Futhark runic alphabet, wynn was adapted to the Latin alphabet because it didn’t have a letter that quite fit the “w” sound that was common in English. You could stick two u’s (technically v’s, since Latin didn’t have u either) together, like in equus, but that wasn’t exactly right.
Over time, though, the idea of sticking two u’s together actually became quite popular, enough so that they literally became stuck together and became the letter W (which, you’ll notice, is actually two V’s).
Yogh stood for a sort of throaty noise that was common in Middle English words that sounded like the "ch" in "Bach" or Scottish "loch."
French scholars weren’t fans of our weird non-Latin letters and started replacing all instances of yogh with “gh” in their texts. When the throaty sound turned into "f" in Modern English, the "gh"s were left behind."
You’re probably familiar with this guy from old-fashioned Greek or Roman style text, especially the kind found in churches. It’s even still used stylistically in words today, like æther and æon.
What you may not know, however, is that at one time the ae grapheme (as it’s now known) was an honorary English letter back in the days of Old English. It still had the same pronunciation and everything, it was just considered to be part of the alphabet and called “æsc” or “ash” after the ash Futhark rune, for which it was used as a substitute when transcribing into Latin letters.
Eth is kind of like the little brother to thorn. Originating from Irish, it was meant to represent a slightly different pronunciation of the “th” sound, more like that in “thought” or “thing” as opposed to the one found in “this” or “them.” (The first is the voiceless dental fricative, the second is the voiced dental fricative).
Note that, depending on your regional accent, there may not be much of a difference (or any at all) in the two pronunciations anyway, but that’s Modern English. Back in the old days, the difference was much more distinct. As such, you’d often see texts with both eth and thorn depending on the required pronunciation. Before too long, however, people just began using thorn for both (and later “th”) and so eth slowly became unnecessary.
Today we just use it for stylistic purposes (and when we’ve run out of space in a text message or tweet), but the ampersand has had a long and storied history in English, and was actually frequently included as a 27th letter of the alphabet as recently as the 19th century.
In fact, it’s because of its placement in the alphabet that it gets its name. Originally, the character was simply called “and” or sometimes “et” (from the Latin word for and, which the ampersand is usually stylistically meant to resemble). However, when teaching children the alphabet, the & was often placed at the end, after Z, and recited as “and per se and,” meaning “and in and of itself” or “and standing on its own.”
So you’d have “w, x, y, z, and, per se, and.” Over time, the last bit morphed into “ampersand,” and it stuck even after we quit teaching it as part of the alphabet.
7. Insular G
This letter (referred to as “insular G” or “Irish G” because it didn’t have a fancy, official name) is sort of the grandfather of the Middle English version of yogh. Originally an Irish letter, it was used for the previously mentioned zhyah/jhah pronunciation that was later taken up by yogh, though for a time both were used.
It also stood alongside the modern G (or Carolingian G) for many centuries, as they represented separate sounds. The Carolingian G was used for hard G sounds, like growth or good, yogh was used for “ogh” sounds, like cough or tough, and insular g was used for words like measure or vision.
As Old English transformed into Middle English, insular G was combined with yogh and, as mentioned earlier, was slowly replaced with the now-standard “gh” by scribes, at which point insular G/yogh were no longer needed and the Carolingian G stood alone (though the insular G is still used in modern Irish).
Much like the way we have a symbol/letter for “and,” we also once had a similar situation with “that,” which was a letter thorn with a stroke at the top. It was originally just a shorthand, an amalgamation of thorn and T (so more like “tht”), but it eventually caught on and got somewhat popular in its own right (even outliving thorn itself), especially with religious institutions. There’s an excellent chance you can find this symbol somewhere around any given church to this day.
Similar to Æ/ash/æsc above, the digraph for OE was once considered to be a letter as well, called ethel. It wasn’t named after someone’s dear, sweet grandmother, but the Furthark rune Odal, as œ was its equivalent in transcribing.
It was traditionally used in Latin loan words with a long e sound, such as subpœna or fœtus. Even federal was once spelled with an ethel. (Fœderal.) These days, we’ve just replaced it with a simple e.
10. Tironian “Ond”
Long before there were stenographers, a Roman by the name of Marcus Tullius Tiro (who was basically Roman writer Cicero’s P.A.) invented a shorthand system called Tironian notes. It was a fairly simple system that was easily expanded, so it remained in use by scribes for centuries after Tiro’s death.
One of the most useful symbols (and an ancestor to the ampersand) was the “et” symbol above—a simple way of tossing in an “and.” (And yes, it was sometimes drawn in a way that’s now a popular stylistic way of drawing the number 7.) When used by English scribes, it became known as “ond,” and they did something very clever with it. If they wanted to say “bond,” they’d write a B and directly follow it with a Tironian ond. For a modern equivalent, it’d be like if you wanted to say your oatmeal didn’t have much flavor and you wrote that it was “bl&.”
The trend grew popular beyond scribes practicing shorthand and it became common to see it on official documents and signage, but since it realistically had a pretty limited usage and could occasionally be confusing, it eventually faded away.
11. Long S
You may have seen this in old books or other documents, like the title page from Paradise Lost above. Sometimes the letter s will be replaced by a character that looks a bit like an f. This is what’s known as a “long s,” which was an early form of a lowercase s. And yet the modern lowercase s (then referred to as the “short s”) was still used according to a complicated set of rules (but most usually seen at the end of a word), which led to many words (especially plurals) using both. For example, ?uper?titous is how the word superstitious would have been printed.
It was purely a stylistic lettering, and didn’t change the pronunciation at all. It was also kind of silly and weird, since no other letters behaved that way, so around the beginning of the 19th century, the practice was largely abandoned and the modern lowercase s became king.
For this particular letter, we can actually point to its exact origin. It was invented by a scribe named Alexander Gill the Elder in the year 1619 and meant to represent a velar nasal, which is found at the end of words like king, ring, thing, etc.
Gill intended for the letter to take the place of ng entirely (thus bringing would become bri?i?), and while it did get used by some scribes and printers, it never really took off—the Carolingian G was pretty well-established at that time and the language was beginning to morph into Modern English, which streamlined the alphabet instead of adding more to it. Eng did manage live on in the International Phonetic Alphabet, however. | <urn:uuid:235461d1-2e34-49fc-bf16-308b00622226> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://mentalfloss.com/article/31904/12-letters-didnt-make-alphabet | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549424645.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20170724002355-20170724022355-00068.warc.gz | en | 0.980945 | 2,193 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Most of the people who visit the cathedral of Notre Dame in Paris probably do not realize that the legendary gargoyles adorning this medieval masterpiece were not constructed until the 19th century. This title presents a history of these monsters. It argues that they transformed the iconic 13th-century cathedral into a modern monument.
- Limba : Engleza
- Data Publicarii : 19 May 2009
- Format : Hardback
- Numar pagini : 456
- ISBN : 9780226092454 | <urn:uuid:5c527a68-62dc-48ae-b05f-de15d6be6bc8> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://www.okian.ro/gargoyles-of-notre-dame-9780226092454.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698541556.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170901-00332-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.849143 | 107 | 2.546875 | 3 |
By Dt. Mrs. Maithili Kelkar, Dietitian/Nutritionist
It is not uncommon to see people sacrificing on healthy food and gorging on junk food, the primary reason being their busy lifestyles. In today’s world, where time is money, eating healthy has taken a backseat; this has led to an exponential rise in lifestyle-related disorders such as diabetes and high blood pressure.
However, as the adage goes, “There is always a way out of anything”. Likewise, there are certain healthy foods which you can always fit into your busy schedule. The entire concept of healthy eating is based on eating foods that are least processed, natural and wholesome. Applying this basic knowledge can make healthy eating a piece of cake! (pun intended) for you, no matter how preoccupied you be.
Here are three tips you should follow:
- Start Your Day Off Right, Eat Breakfast: Eating breakfast is important for sustaining energy levels and aiding in blood sugar management. Avoid eating a breakfast that is high in carbohydrates and sugar. This just sets us up for a blood sugar rollercoaster. Choose a healthy breakfast that is:
- high in complex carbohydrates (oatmeal, cereals, fruits, vegetables)
- high in fiber (whole grain cereals and bread, ground flax and chia)
- rich in protein (nuts, seeds, non-dairy almond or hemp milk, organic cow’s milk and yogurt, eggs, quality protein powders)
- and provides good fats (nuts, seeds, avocados, healthy oils like extra virgin olive, flax and coconut)
- Stay Hydrated: This step is as easy as carrying a stainless steel or glass water bottle with you. Count how many times you fill it up. At least eight glasses of water a day will keep your energy levels high, your hunger down, your digestion smooth and your concentration sharp. When we are dehydrated, our bodies often mistake this feeling for hunger. Make sure to not drink water before meals as this can hinder digestion. Drink 20 minutes before and 60 or minutes after. Also, try and drink room temperature water because cold water increases gastrointestinal contraction and slows digestion down.
- Carry Snacks With You: No matter how long you will be out for, always have a piece of fruit or a healthy protein or nut bar with you. Eating every three hours will help to keep your blood sugar steady and decrease overeating at meal times.
- Befriend nuts: If you are hungry and are looking for a quick fix to curb that hunger spurt, remember, nuts can always be the trusted items at your disposal. Nuts are rich in heart-healthy fats and protein that reduce bad cholesterol levels (LDL) in your blood and promote satiety.
- Don’t rely on carbonated beverages and caffeine: High time you realized that there’s no substitute for water. Although a cup or two of a decaf variety of green tea on a regular basis can really work wonders in bettering your metabolism keeping you insulated from a variety of cardio-vascular health woes. Carbonated beverages contain sugar that can spike the body’s blood sugar levels and although caffeine in small amounts is not bad, any excess can make you feel restless and irritated.
- Include Omega-3 Fatty Acids: Starting from pregnancy to old age, omega-3s provides health benefits to every age group. Omega-3s are essential fatty acids — we need them for our bodies to work properly. One of their most important benefits is that they seem to have an anti-inflammatory effect. Omega-3s helps in reducing the risk of heart disease and stroke, cutting the symptoms of depression, hypertension, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), joint pain, arthritis, and chronic skin ailments like eczema. The intake of omega-3s has also been associated with aiding the body in weight loss, fertility, pregnancy, and increased energy.
- Effect of Trans Fat: Trans fats raise your bad (LDL) cholesterol levels and lower your good (HDL) cholesterol levels. Eating trans fats increases your risk of developing heart disease and stroke. It’s also associated with a higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes. Many restaurants and fast-food outlets use trans fats to deep-fry foods because oils with trans fats can be reused.
- Consume Fresh Green Vegetables: Whether you sneak them into a smoothie or serve them in a salad, leafy greens boast loads of benefits. Leafy vegetables are ideal for weight management as they are typically low in calories. They are useful in reducing the risk of cancer and heart disease since they are low in fat, high in dietary fiber, and rich in folic acid, vitamin C, potassium and magnesium, as well as containing a host of phytochemicals, such as lutein, beta-cryptoxanthin, zeaxanthin, and beta-carotene.
- Eat Alkaline Foods: Use of foods which have alkaline effect, as alkaline ph of the body can activate the maximum number of enzymes and keeps one’s energy level at high peak thus lots of non-veg, milk and milk products must be avoided.
All of the tips outlined above are relatively easy to implement in your life, regardless of how busy it might be. Just remember the key to a healthy and balanced life starts with dedication, and if you’re just as dedicated to your health as you are to your busy work schedule, then you’re bound to succeed! | <urn:uuid:d8b01e1f-02fd-4227-84bb-9e391444da2f> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | http://blog.lybrate.com/2020/02/05/healthy-eating-habits-for-workaholic-and-busy-life/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500365.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20230206212647-20230207002647-00198.warc.gz | en | 0.943579 | 1,156 | 2.828125 | 3 |
by Elena Kovachich
Moscow (Voice of Russia) Apr 18, 2012
Luna-Glob, a Moon-exploration program, will be a priority for the Russian Federal Space Agency (Roscosmos) for the next 10 years, academician Lev Zeleny, director of the Space Research Institute of the Russian academy of sciences said. On the surface of the Moon the Russian scientists plan to master the technologies and operations for the future mission to Mars and Fobos.
The Russian Space Agency decided to focus of moon explorations after the failure of its Fobos-Grunt mission. The mission was launched on 9 November 2011 from the Baikonur Cosmodrome, but subsequent rocket burns intended to set the craft on a course for Mars failed, leaving it stranded in low Earth Orbit.
Russia decided to postpone but not to give up the Fobos mission. In the coming years it will master all the details of the mission on the Moon. If two previous expeditions were linked with the exploration of mid latitudes of the Moon the goal of the coming expedition is to make a soft landing in one of its polar areas, Lev Zeleny says.
"The Russian equipment installed at NASA's orbiter has discovered big reserves of water ice in the polar areas of the Moon. The Moon is no longer a dry and lifeless celestial body for us but an object with a lot of interesting phenomena to study. Mars also has water ice reserves, not only in polar areas but also near the equator."
Scientists assume that ice was brought to the Moon by comets, which are often called "life-carriers". The Moon is considered to be an ideal place to study comets, the academician says.
"Fallen comets rest there like in a refrigerator for billion years. It is impossible to study these objects from a distance while a contact study would help us to learn a lot about them. It would be better of course, if samples are delivered to Earth. Our lunar program is built around these ideas."
For the implementation of this program Russia plans to launch three missions. The first landing is to take place on the South Pole approximately in 2015. The next two missions will feature the collection of scientific data.
In 2016, the second orbiter Luna Glob with a rover on board will fly to the Moon. In 2017, it is planned to drill ground in the polar areas of the Moon using a special drilling vehicle which will be delivered to the Moon by Luna-Resurs mission.
Source: Voice of Russia
Mars News and Information at MarsDaily.com
Lunar Dreams and more
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Russia postpones Luna-Glob moon mission
Moscow (RIA Novosti) Apr 12, 2012
Russia's Luna-Glob moon mission will see its first moon landing in 2015, a year later than originally planned, the Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences said Tuesday. "We are planning to make the first moon landing on its South Pole in 2015 with a Luna-Glob landing module," Lev Zelyony, director of the institute, told reporters, adding that the next space vehicle, an ... read more | <urn:uuid:cd260476-d367-4bbf-b08e-d5004b83f32f> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.space-travel.com/reports/Russian_Space_Agency_eyes_Moon_explorations_999.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282932.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00184-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.934559 | 659 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Belgian architect Vincent Callebaut has made designs for an underwater ecovillage that is self-sustaining and could house up to 20,000 people.
The Aequorea project envisions spiraling “oceanscrapers” that are constructed entirely of recycled plastics of the Great Pacific Garbage Patch.
The Aequorea would house up to 20,000 people, have science labs, offices, hotels, sports fields and farms that would feed everyone in the eco-village. The plans call for 250 floors that reach a depth of 3,280 ft (1000 meters). Desalinated water would be used for drinking, bio-luminescence would provide light and microalgae would take care of recycling the organic waste matter.
The eco-towers’ geometry and ballasting would help to counter whirlpools and natural buoyancy. This will also help against storms, currents and earthquakes. The shell will increase in thickness and strength the further down the towers reach into the ocean.
Take a look at some of the pictures originally found on this site. | <urn:uuid:96dd2a5a-0714-401a-92bf-4a80a6050502> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | http://thespiritscience.net/categories/community/page/3/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540497022.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20191207082632-20191207110632-00192.warc.gz | en | 0.955626 | 227 | 2.875 | 3 |
The Big Idea
The universe has many remarkable qualities, among them a rather beautiful symmetry: the total amount of motion in the universe balances out … always. This law only makes sense if we measure “motion” in a specific way: as the product of mass and velocity. This product, called momentum, can be exchanged from one object to another in a collision. The rapidity with which momentum is exchanged over time is determined by the forces involved in the collision. Conservation of momentum is one of the five fundamental conservation laws in the universe. The other four are conservation of energy, angular momentum, charge conservation and CPT conservation.
p=mv - Momentum equals mass multiplied by velocity. It is a vector, direction must be considered. Always define a positive direction and be consistent.
Δp=pf−pi - Impulse is defined as the difference between the final momentum and
the initial momentum of an object. When calculating impulse, consider the change in momentum of one of the objects in the collision.
F=△p△t - Note that ΔpΔt=mΔvΔt=ma. This is just Newton’s 2nd Law!
∑pi=∑pf - The sum of all the momenta before a collision equals the sum of all the momenta after the collision. When adding up momenta, be sure to add them as vectors, so include the positives and negatives and if a two dimensional collision, break into the x and y components. Also be sure to include all the objects in the system.
- Momentum is a vector that points in the direction of the velocity vector. The magnitude of this vector is the product of mass and speed.
- The total momentum of the universe is always the same and is equal to zero. The total momentum of an isolated system never changes.
- Momentum can be transferred from one body to another. In an isolated system in which momentum is transferred internally, the total initial momentum is the same as the total final momentum.
- Momentum conservation is especially important in collisions, where the total momentum just before the collision is the same as the total momentum after the collision.
- The force imparted on an object is equal to the change in momentum divided by the time interval over which the objects are in contact.
- Two cars collide head-on … two subatomic particles collide in an accelerator … a bird slams into a glass office building: all of these are examples of one-dimensional (straight line) collisions. For these, pay extra attention to direction: define one direction as positive and the other as negative, and be sure everybody gets the right sign.
- A firecracker in mid-air explodes … two children push off each other on roller skates … an atomic nucleus breaks apart during a radioactive decay: all of these are examples of disintegration problems. The initial momentum beforehand is zero, so the final momentum afterwards must also be zero.
- A spacecraft burns off momentum by colliding with air molecules as it descends … hail stones pummel the top of your car … a wet rag is thrown at and sticks to the wall: all of these are examples of impulse problems, where the change in momentum of one object and the reaction to the applied force are considered. What is important here is the rate: you need to come up with an average time △t that the collision(s) last so that you can figure out the force F=△p△t. Remember as well that if a particle has momentum p, and it experiences an impulse that turns it around completely, with new momentum −p, then the total change in momentum has magnitude 2p. It is harder to turn something totally around than just to stop it!
- A car going south collides with a second car going east … an inflatable ball is thrown into the flow of a waterfall … a billiard ball strikes two others, sending all three off in new directions: these are all examples of two-dimensional (planar) collisions. For these, you get a break: the sum of all the momenta in the x direction have to remain unchanged before and after the collision — independent of any y momenta, and vice-versa. This is a similar concept to the one we used in projectile motion. Motions in different directions are independent of each other.
Momentum Conservation Problem Set
- You find yourself in the middle of a frozen lake. There is no friction between your feet and the ice of the lake. You need to get home for dinner. Which strategy will work best?
- Press down harder with your shoes as you walk to shore.
- Take off your jacket. Then, throw it in the direction opposite to the shore.
- Wiggle your butt until you start to move in the direction of the shore.
- Call for help from the great Greek god Poseidon.
- You jump off of the top of your house and hope to land on a wooden deck below. Consider the following possible outcomes: I. You hit the deck, but it isn’t wood! A camouflaged trampoline slows you down over a time period of 0.2 seconds and sends you flying back up into the air. II. You hit the deck with your knees locked in a straight-legged position. The collision time is 0.01 seconds. III. You hit the deck and bend your legs, lengthening the collision time to 0.2 seconds. IV. You hit the deck, but it isn’t wood! It is simply a piece of paper painted to look like a deck. Below is an infinite void and you continue to fall, forever.
- Which method will involve the greatest force acting on you?
- Which method will involve the least force acting on you?
- Which method will land you on the deck in the least pain?
- Which method involves the least impulse delivered to you?
- Which method involves the greatest impulse delivered to you?
- You and your sister are riding skateboards side by side at the same speed. You are holding one end of a rope and she is holding the other. Assume there is no friction between the wheels and the ground. If your sister lets go of the rope, how does your speed change?
- It stays the same.
- It doubles.
- It reduces by half.
- You and your sister are riding skateboards (see Problem 3), but now she is riding behind you. You are holding one end of a meter stick and she is holding the other. At an agreed time, you push back on the stick hard enough to get her to stop. What happens to your speed? Choose one. (For the purposes of this problem pretend you and your sister weigh the same amount.)
- It stays the same.
- It doubles.
- It reduces by half.
- You punch the wall with your fist. Clearly your fist has momentum before it hits the wall. It is equally clear that after hitting the wall, your fist has no momentum. But momentum is always conserved! Explain.
- An astronaut is using a drill to fix the gyroscopes on the Hubble telescope. Suddenly, she loses her footing and floats away from the telescope. What should she do to save herself?
- You look up one morning and see that a 30 kg chunk of asbestos from your ceiling is falling on you! Would you be better off if the chunk hit you and stuck to your forehead, or if it hit you and bounced upward? Explain your answer.
- Standing on a skateboard, Joe throws a bowling ball forward and as a result he rolls backwards. If instead Joe holds onto the ball instead of releasing it as he “throws”, will he still recoil? Explain.
- Waiting for her mom to come out of the store, an impatient little girl is sitting in a car pushing on the dashboard. Is this dangerous – could the little girl set the car into motion by pushing on the dashboard? Explain – discuss internal vs. external forces.
- Explain how a rocket can travel through space with no land or even air to push against.
- There’s a boxing term called “roll with the punches” - if you’re in the ring with a boxer with a fast punch, it could save your life. What’s meant by that phrase, and why does such a maneuver decrease the force of the punch?
- Do some online research and find out what a car’s “crumple zone” is, and how it helps reduce forces in a crash Use the words change of momentum, impulse, and force in your answer.
- Explain why it takes several firefighters to hold on to a fire house spraying a large volume of water at a high flow rate.
- Explain why a gun recoils when it’s fired, and why a larger caliber bullet will produce more recoil velocity. Will a starter’s pistol (firing blanks) also recoil? Explain.
- During the Gold Rush, an inventor named Pelton got rich by inventing an improved water wheel. Go online and find out what his innovation was, and explain how making the water “bounce” exerted more force on the wheel, and thus a more efficient device.
- A 5.00 kg firecracker explodes into two parts: one part has a mass of 3.00 kg and moves at a velocity of 25.0 m/s towards the west. The other part has a mass of 2.00 kg. What is the velocity of the second piece as a result of the explosion?
- A firecracker lying on the ground explodes, breaking into two pieces. One piece has twice the mass of the other. What is the ratio of their speeds?
- David was driving too fast in his PT Cruiser and crashed into a tree. He was originally going 35 km/hr. Assume it took 0.4 seconds for the tree to bring him to a stop. The mass of the driver and the car is 450 kg.
- What average force did he experience? Include a direction in your answer.
- What average force did the tree experience? Include a direction in your answer.
- An astronaut is 100 m away from her spaceship doing repairs with a 10.0 kg wrench. The astronaut’s total mass is 90.0 kg and the ship has a mass of 1.00×104 kg. If she throws the wrench in the opposite direction of the spaceship at 10.0 m/s.
- calculate her recoil velocity
- How long would it take for her to reach the ship?
- A baseball player faces an 80.0 m/s pitch. In a matter of .020 seconds he swings the bat, hitting a 50.0 m/s line drive back at the pitcher. Calculate the force on the bat while in contact with the ball. (HINT – remember velocity is a vector!) The mass of the ball is 0.5 kg.
- You throw your 6.0 kg skateboard down the street, giving it a speed of 4.0 m/s. Your friend, the Frog, jumps on your skateboard from rest as it passes by. Frog has a mass of 60 kg.
- What is the momentum of the skateboard before Frog jumps on it?
- Find Frog’s speed after he jumps on the skateboard.
- What impulse did Frog deliver to the skateboard?
- If the impulse was delivered over 0.2 seconds, what was the average force imparted to the skateboard?
- What was the average force imparted to Frog? Explain.
- While driving in your pickup truck down Highway 280 between San Francisco and Palo Alto, an asteroid lands in your truck bed! Despite its 220 kg mass, the asteroid does not destroy your 1200 kg truck. In fact, it landed perfectly vertically.
- Before the asteroid hit, you were going 25 m/s. After it hit, how fast were you going?
- You’re so unnerved by the asteroid collision that you neglect to see the “Bridge Out” sign at Crystal Springs and you plunge horizontally off the freeway into the gulley below. If the bridge is 85 m high and you’re traveling at the speed found in (a), how far horizontally will you travel before hitting the ground below? Draw a sketch and label distances and velocities to assist in your solution.
- Two blocks collide on a frictionless surface, as shown. Afterwards, they have a combined mass of 10 kg and a speed of 2.5 m/s. Before the collision, one of the blocks was at rest. This block had a mass of 8.0 kg.
- What was the mass and initial speed of the second block?
- After the collision the blocks stick and slide; they’re traveling at 2.5 m/s when they hit a rough patch on the surface. If the force of friction on the blocks is 6.3 N,
- Draw a FBD for the blocks (treat the blocks as one mass)
- Calculate the acceleration of the blocks
- Calculate how far the blocks will slide before coming to rest.
- Larry and Jerry are riding together in an amusement park bumper car at 10 m/s, with a total mass = 300 kg. They bump Marissa’s car, mass 125 kg, which is sitting still. Assume an elastic collision.
(a) Fill in the table below with each momentum and the total momentum before the collision.
Momentum before (kg m/s)
Momentum after (kg m/s)
Larry and Jerry car
(b) After the collision, the boys continue ahead with a speed of 4 m/s. Calculate their new momentum and enter it into the table. Then use conservation of momentum to complete the table and calculate Marissa’s velocity after the collision.
- Running at 2.0 m/s, Thrack, the 45.0-kg quarterback, collides with Biff, the 90.0-kg tackle, who is traveling at 6.0 m/s in the other direction. Assume Thrack is running to the right and Biff is running to the left.
Momentum before (kg m/s)
Momentum after (kg m/s)
TOTAL MOMENTUM OF SYSTEM
(a) Fill in the “before” side of the table.
(b) Upon collision, Biff continues to travel forward (i.e. to the left) at 1.0 m/s. Calculate his new momentum, enter it in the table, and then use conservation of momentum to calculate Thrack’s new momentum. In which direction is he moving?
(c) Calculate Thrack’s new velocity.
- Serena Williams volleys a tennis ball hit to her at 30 m/s. She blasts it back to the other court at 50 m/s. A standard tennis ball has mass of 0.057 kg. If Serena applied an average force of 500 N to the ball while it was in contact with the racket, how long did the contact last?
- Joe, mass 85 kg, is eating peanut butter and riding his skateboard north down the street at 12 m/s when he collides head-on with Janet, mass 65 kg, who is eating chocolate and roller skating at 9 m/s south. Neither of them are paying attention – they collide and stick. Calculate the magnitude and direction of their resultant velocity. A diagram may be helpful.
- In the above picture, the carts are moving on a level, frictionless track. After the collision all three carts stick together. Determine the direction and speed of the combined carts after the collision. (Assume 3-significant digit accuracy.)
- Zoran’s spacecraft, with mass 12,000 kg, is traveling to space. The structure and capsule of the craft have a mass of 2,000 kg; the rest is fuel. The rocket shoots out 0.10 kg/s of fuel particles with a velocity of 700 m/s with respect to the craft.
- What is the acceleration of the rocket in the first second?
- What is the change in velocity and the average acceleration of the rocket during the first ten minutes have passed?
- 37.5 m/s
- 11250 N to the left
- tree experienced same average force of 11000 N but to the right
- 1.1 m/s
- 90 seconds
- 3250 N
- 0.364 m/s
- 109 N
- 109 N due to Newton’s third law
- 21 m/s
- 87 m
- 2.0 kg, 12.5 m/s
0.63 m/s2,5 m
- 3000 kg m/s, 0,3000 kg m/s
- 14.4 m/s
- 90 kg m/s (right), -540 kg m/s (left), -450 kg m/s
- -90 kg m/s, -360 kg m/s and moving to the left
- -8 m/s
- 0.0091 s
- 2.9 m/s, north
- 0.13 m/s to the left
3.5 m/s,0.0059 m/s2
- In Sacramento a 4000 kg SUV is traveling 30 m/s south on Truxel crashes into an empty school bus, 7000 kg traveling east on San Juan at 15 m/s. The SUV and truck stick together after the collision.
- Find the velocity of the wreck just after collision
- Find the direction in which the wreck initially moves
- A 3 kg ball is moving 2 m/s in the positive x−direction when it is struck dead center by a 2 kg ball moving in the positive y−direction at 1 m/s. After collision the 3 kg ball moves at 3 m/s 30 degrees from the positive x−axis.
(a) To 2-significant digit accuracy fill out the following table:
3 kg ball px
3 kg ball py
2 kg ball px
2 kg ball py
Momentum after collision
(b) Find the velocity and direction of the 2 kg ball.
(c) Use the table to prove momentum is conserved.
- The train engine and its four boxcars are coasting at 40 m/s. The engine train has mass of 5,500 kg and the boxcars have masses, from left to right, of 1,000 kg, 1,500 kg, 2,000 kg, and 3,000 kg. (For this problem, you may neglect the small external forces of friction and air resistance.)
- What happens to the speed of the train when it releases the last boxcar? (Hint: think before you blindly calculate.)
- If the train can shoot boxcars backwards at 30 m/s relative to the train’s speed, how many boxcars does the train need to shoot out in order to obtain a speed of 58.75 m/s?
Answers to Optional Problems:
- (b) 1.8 m/s 16∘
- (b) 4.6 m/s 68∘
- no change
- the last two cars | <urn:uuid:4f728f93-83b4-4ad2-91db-9d4a91ab7315> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.ck12.org/book/Basic-Physics-Second-Edition/r3/section/8.0/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397842.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00164-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.919074 | 4,045 | 4.1875 | 4 |
The first people to melt gold were the ancient Egyptians in circa 3,600 BC. Gold jewelry came about a thousand years later after goldsmiths of ancient Mesopotamia created a headdress for a burial. The headdress was made from carnelian beads and gold pendants shaped like leaves. Some major worldwide gold mining participants include Australia, China, Peru, The Russian Federation, South Africa, and the U.S. The world’s production of gold affects the price of gold, a great example of supply and demand.
Apparently, we as a people have been tantalized over the precious metal for some time. We desire it, but the gold value constantly changes. One minute an ounce of gold is worth $2120.58, then drops a hundred dollars or more.
Well, the price of gold has bounced back up after its 10-month low.
Back in February, gold capped at $1,165.80 per troy ounce according to Comex, the primary market for trading precious metal incorporated with the New York Mercantile Exchange. Gold dropped to $1,152.50 per troy ounce, the lowest it’s been since the beginning of February.
As the dollar loses value, it becomes cheaper for countries overseas to receive, making gold easier to obtain as well. The Dollar Index for the Wall Street Journal had dropped 0.6% at 91.30.
The Federal Reserve rapidly increasing interest rates bears down on the future price of gold. However, gold doesn’t have interest rates, making it hard to compete when prices go up.
Hopefully, in 2017 the price for precious metals will continue to rise, although we expect that the dollar will yield a stronger amount.
In January, Platinum peaked at $933.70. In March, silver’s price also shot up 1.3% to $17.87 a troy ounce, and Palladium dropped %1 to $727.55 a troy ounce.
The amount of gold in the central banks’ reserve, the demand for gold, the value of the U.S. dollar, and the desire to use gold as a barrier against inflation all help to drive the price of gold. | <urn:uuid:32004bbc-fc8d-4ac2-bc13-4e0bd0ed4ba0> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | https://www.thegoldandsilverexchange.com/gold-and-silver/gold-is-on-the-rise-as-the-dollar-drops/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202303.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20190320064940-20190320090940-00483.warc.gz | en | 0.942941 | 455 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Vintage Alabama map from a 1911 encyclopedia. Back then, the text claimed that only 10% of the state’s inhabitants lived in a city. There were 201 incorporated cities, towns and villages; only three had more than 25,000 residents. Mobile was the largest city with 38,469. Birmingham had 38,415 and Montgomery (the capital city) had 30,346. Today, there are 460 incorporated cities and towns. Mobile has 195,111 residents, Birmingham 212,237 and Montgomery has 205,764. Birmingham is the most populated city and Huntsville is the largest city by land area.
This image is copyright free and in the public domain anywhere that extends copyrights 70 years after death or at least 120 years after publication when the original illustrator is unknown. | <urn:uuid:b34b83d9-a979-4ce4-b6c1-b944d83ebf79> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | http://www.reusableart.com/alabama-map.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600401600771.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20200928104328-20200928134328-00269.warc.gz | en | 0.970077 | 159 | 3.203125 | 3 |
The choice of business structure affects several aspects of a business. Entrepreneurs should choose an entity that works best for his or her business. Long-term growth depends on tailoring the formation of the business itself. The structure, after all, can affect accounting, tax issues and how much personal exposure the owner has.
The structure can also determine how the business will handle its disputes. There are several types of business formations, according to Forbes.
Types of business structures
Common business structures include sole proprietorships, partnerships, S corps, C corps and limited liability companies. The two easiest to understand are sole proprietorships and partnerships. Independent professionals often have a sole proprietorship or sole ownership. In a sole proprietorship, there is no personal liability protection. Partnerships are still small ventures that involve more than one person.
An LLC, on the other hand, has flexibility with taxes, whereas an S corp has owners and stock. C corps are among the most common structures for public companies. They have size flexibility, different classes of stock and tend to be attractive to most investors.
Factors behind choosing a formation
When choosing a business structure, owners must consider:
- Future needs
A business owner’s goals should be clear when structuring a business. Does he or she want to raise capital? Does he or she plan to have a small, part-time business? How much money can the owner invest in the company? With all of the different components, it is crucial to have a clear understanding of how each factor affects the choice of business structure. | <urn:uuid:03ab7cda-c191-4c98-bef9-90d01db4850c> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://www.dhplaw.com/blog/2020/08/business-structure-and-your-initial-decision/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030335573.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20221001070422-20221001100422-00747.warc.gz | en | 0.958858 | 333 | 2.75 | 3 |
Common Sage مریم گلی
The Common Sag is an evergreen undershrub, not a native of these islands, its natural habitat being the northern shores of the Mediterranean. It has been cultivated for culinary and medicinal purposes for many centuries in France and Germany, being sufficiently hardy to stand any ordinary winter outside. Its synonyms are Sawge. Garden Sage. Red Sage. Broad-leaved White Sage. Narrow-leaved White Sage. Salvia salvatrix.
Sage generally grows about a foot or more high, with wiry stems. The leaves are set in pairs on the stem and are 1 1/2 to 2 inches long, stalked, oblong, rounded at the ends, finely wrinkled by a marked network of veins on both sides, greyish-green in colour, softly hairy and beneath glandular. The flowers are in whorls, purplish and the corollas lipped. They blossom in August. All parts of the plant have a strong, scented odour and a warm, bitter, somewhat astringent taste, due to the volatile oil contained in the tissues.
Theophrastus wrote about two different sages, a wild undershrub he called sphakos, and a similar cultivated plant he called elelisphakos. Pliny the Elder said the latter plant was called salvia by the Romans, and used as a diuretic, a local anesthetic for the skin, a styptic, and for other uses. Charlemagne recommended the plant for cultivation in the early Middle Ages, and during the Carolingian Empire, it was cultivated in gardens. Walafrid Strabo described it in his poem Hortulus as having a sweet scent and being useful for many human ailments—he went back to the Greek root for the name and called it lelifagus.
The plant had reputation throughout the Middle Ages, with many sayings referring to its healing properties and value. It was sometimes called S. salvatrix (sage the savior), and was one of the ingredients of Four Thieves Vinegar, a blend of herbs which was supposed to ward off the plague. Dioscorides, Pliny, and Galen all recommended sage as a diuretic, hemostatic, emmenagogue, and tonic.
Sage Tea or infusion of Sage is a valuable agent in the delirium of fevers and in the nervous excitement frequently accompanying brain and nervous diseases and has considerable reputation as a remedy, given in small and oft-repeated doses. It is highly serviceable as a stimulant tonic in debility of the stomach and nervous system and weakness of digestion generally. It was for this reason that the Chinese valued it, giving it the preference to their own tea. It is considered a useful medicine in typhoid fever and beneficial in biliousness and liver complaints, kidney troubles, haemorrhage from the lungs or stomach, for colds in the head and for sore throat and quinsy and measles, for pains in the joints, lethargy and palsy. It will check excessive perspiration in phthisis cases, and is also useful as an emmenagogue. A cup of the strong infusion will be found good to relieve nervous headache.
The infusion made strong, without the lemons and sugar, is an excellent lotion for ulcers and to heal abrasions of the skin. It has also been popularly used as an application to the scalp, to darken the hair.
The fresh leaves, rubbed on the teeth, will cleanse them and strengthen the gums. Sage is a common ingredient in tooth-powders.
The volatile oil is said to be a violent epileptiform convulsant, resembling the essential oils of absinthe and nutmeg. When smelt for some time it is said to cause a sort of intoxication and giddiness. It is sometimes prescribed in doses of 1 to 3 drops, and used for removing heavy collections of mucus from the respiratory organs.
In cases where heat is required, Sage has been considered valuable when applied externally in bags, as a poultice and fomentation.
In the region where Sage grows wild, its leaves are boiled in vinegar and used as a tonic. | <urn:uuid:147bde4e-c4f5-4769-a9a7-686c79689bee> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://iranmedicalherb.com/common-sage/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103821173.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20220630122857-20220630152857-00293.warc.gz | en | 0.958571 | 899 | 2.890625 | 3 |
A Position Paper Presented by the Council for Responsible Genetics
(also available in .pdf format)
The Council for Responsible Genetics (CRG) is a national bioethics advocacy organization based in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The mission of the CRG is to educate the public about the ethical implications of new genetic technologies and to advocate for the socially responsible use of these technologies. One of the main goals of the CRG is to document cases of discrimination that occur as a result of predictive genetic information.
The science of genetics has been transformed into a major new industry, with public and private investment continuing to skyrocket. Much of this research is funded by the federal government, through the Human Genome Project. The goal of this multi-billion dollar project is to identify and sequence all of the genes that make up the human genome. Much of this research focuses on genetic diagnostics: tests designed to identify genes thought to be associated with various medical conditions. Scores of new genetic tests have been developed in recent years.
GENETIC TESTS CAN BE USED TO HELP . . . AND TO HARM
Genetic tests are rapidly becoming a routine tool for medical diagnosis. The information produced by these tests, while potentially valuable for medical treatment, is increasingly used out of context in ways that are contrary to the interests of the patient. CRG has found that an increasing number of healthy individuals have suffered discrimination on the basis of predictive genetic information, a practice known as genetic discrimination.
Cases of genetic discrimination documented by researchers include:
* Seven-year-old Danny is in perfect health, but a genetic tests reveals that he has a gene predisposing him to a heart disorder. Even though he takes medication that lowers his risk of a heart attack, he is denied health insurance. His insurance company argues that since his gene has been present since birth, this qualifies as a pre-existing medical condition.
* Lisa’s young son has been having difficulty in school. Suspecting a learning disability, she consults her doctor. Her doctor performs some genetic tests, and tells her that Jonathan has Fragile X Syndrome, an inherited form of mental retardation. Her insurance company eliminates Jonathan’s health coverage, claiming that his disability represents a pre-existing condition. Lisa searches unsuccessfully for another company that will be willing to insure her son. She ultimately quits her job so that she can qualify for Medicaid.
* Kim is a social worker with a large human services agency. During a staff workshop on caring for people with chronic illnesses, Kim mentions that she was the primary caretaker for her mother who died of Huntington’s disease. Kim herself has a 50% chance of developing this fatal genetic condition. One week after she reveals her risk status, Kim is fired from her job — even though she has received outstanding performance reviews in the months prior to the firing.
* Mary has a family history of breast cancer: both her mother and her aunt have been diagnosed with it. She worries about her future and is considering getting tested for BRCA-1, a gene associated with some forms of hereditary breast cancer. Ultimately, she decides not to take advantage of the test, because she fears a positive result will jeopardize her chances for promotion at her law firm.
These cases begin to tell the story of genetic discrimination. They are but a few of the hundreds of cases of genetic discrimination that have been documented. As genetic tests become simpler to administer and their use expands, a growing number of individuals are being stigmatized on the basis of their genetic makeup. Employers and insurers are using the results of genetic tests to discriminate based on perceptions of long-term health risks and possible future disabilities.
Not only is this discrimination unjust, it is scientifically inaccurate. Genes can tell us only part of the story about why some people get sick and others do not. Even if we were able to know exactly what genes a person has, we still would be unable to predict their future health needs. This is because many genetic tests predict—with limited accuracy—that a disease may become manifest at an undetermined time in the future. Because the severity of many diseases—such as sickle cell anemia and spina bifida—varies widely among individuals, a genetic prediction cannot foretell how disabling the disease will be for a specific person.
THE EXPANSION OF GENETIC TESTS MEANS THAT THE DISCRIMINATION WILL LIKELY INCREASE.
During the past ten years, there has been an explosion in the number of available tests for genetic conditions. Ten years ago we had only a handful of genetic tests; today we have hundreds. Doctors can screen for cystic fibrosis, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, fragile X syndrome, Gaucher’s disease, Huntington’s disease, Lou Gerig’s disease, Marfan syndrome, Tay Sachs and many others.
As these tests become simpler to administer and their use expands, the CRG strongly believes that employers and insurers will continue to use genetic information in a discriminatory manner and that a growing number of people will be stigmatized on the basis of their genetic makeup.
This potential for discrimination increased dramatically last year. Up until now, genetic tests were only available for relatively rare single-gene disorders. In the last year, however, scientists discovered genes associated with two forms of cancer, a disease that strikes millions of Americans every year.
Individuals who carry these genes are at increased risk for developing certain forms of colon and breast cancer. Many in the medical community advocate population-wide screening for these so-called "cancer genes," so that people who carry these genes can be closely monitored for early signs of cancer. While this may save lives through early diagnosis and intervention, it may also lead to stigmatization and discrimination. Insurance lobbyists from the American Council of Life Insurance (ACLI) have already stated that insurance companies should be allowed to use information about cancer predisposition to assign risk categories in medical underwriting and possibly refuse to insure those individuals who carry these genes.
THE SOCIAL COSTS OF GENETIC DISCRIMINATION
While the new diagnostics will provide identification of genetic factors that may be responsible for evoking certain diseases or disabilities, it is not at all obvious how rapidly and to what extent this information will lead to treatments or cures for the diseases in question. Diagnoses unaccompanied by cures are of questionable value. This is especially true when the diagnosis can be made long before the person in question begins to notice any symptoms of disability or disease, as is often the case.
This kind of “predictive medicine” raises novel problems for affected individuals and they, together with their physicians and counselors, will have to learn how to approach them. Meanwhile the exaggerated emphasis on genetic diagnoses is not without its dangers because it draws attention away from the social measures that are needed in order to ameliorate most diseases, including equitable access to health care. Once socially stigmatized behaviors, such as alcoholism or other forms of addiction or mental illness, become included under the umbrella of “genetic diseases,” economic and social resources are likely to be diverted into finding biomedical “cures” while social measures will be short-changed.
The tragedies of race and sex discrimination illustrate the dangers of basing employment decisions on inborn characteristics. Like these, discrimination on the basis of genetics ignores the present abilities and health status of workers and substitutes questionable stereotypes about future performance.
Basing employment decisions on genetic status opens the door to unfounded generalizations about employee performance and increases acceptance of the notion that employers need to exercise such discrimination in order to lower labor costs. Indeed, without countervailing equitable forces, employers face economic pressures to identify workers who are likely to remain healthy. Less absenteeism, reduced life and health insurance costs, and longer returns on investments in employee training all reduce the costs of labor. To the extent that employers believe that genetic information can help identify workers who have a “healthy constitution,” they have strong economic incentives to screen applicants and workers.
Such policies victimize all workers. Discrimination against individuals with particular genetic characteristics harms all workers by diverting attention from the need to improve and, if possible, eliminate workplace and environmental conditions that contribute to ill health for everyone. Moreover, such genetic discrimination masks the fundamental need for adequate leave policies and insurance coverage as well as for reasonable workplace accommodation for all workers who experience temporary or permanent disabilities, for whatever reasons.
Currently, most Americans who have health insurance receive it through their place of employment. As the costs of health care continue to rise, employers may perceive an economic incentive to hire employees who they believe are least likely to have future health problems. A 1989 survey commissioned by the Congressional Office of Technology Assessment (OTA) documented at least five Fortune 500 companies that were conducting genetic screening on their employees. As the technology improves and genetic tests become less expensive, we can expect that more employers will begin using them. Unless prevented by law, some employers will use these tests to avoid people they fear will be “bad risks.”
The Americans with Disability Act (ADA) forbids employers from discriminating against disabled individuals who are able to perform their duties with reasonable accommodation. In revised guidelines released in March of 1995, the Equal Employment Opportunities Commission (EEOC) stated that healthy individuals who have a genetic predisposition to a disease and are thus perceived as disabled fall within the scope of the ADA. There is no valid justification for employers to perform mandatory DNA testing on their employees, since they are forbidden by the ADA from using this information in employee evaluations.
Insurers also face strong economic incentives to identify individuals perceived to be at increased risk for ill health in the future. Insurance is a publicly regulated activity designed to meet broad community goals. In the case of health insurance, the goal is to ensure access to health care by providing adequate financing mechanisms. In the case of life and disability insurance, the goal is to provide families some measure of economic security following a tragic death or disability. Rating practices for all three types of insurance are becoming increasing stringent, violate individual privacy, and seem geared to identify and insure only the healthy and long-lived. The number of individuals stigmatized as “substandard” risks or “uninsurable” has increased. Currently nearly 100 million Americans either lack health insurance or are underinsured. More and more consumers are now unable to obtain affordable life and disability insurance products. Our current insurance market system is not meeting its primary publicly endorsed goal. This stratification of our community into “haves” and “have-nots” is neither morally or publicly acceptable.
As publicly regulated entities, insurance companies must adopt and enact practices which the community views as nondiscriminatory, fair and equitable both in order to survive in a competitive market and to retain their legal rights to operate. Because of the important public impact of the insurance business, the industry’s programs and practices should always be open to community scrutiny and specific control.
Thus, though from a business perspective fairness may dictate “treating similar risks alike,” it may be significantly in the public interest to insist that different risks also be treated as alike. The public’s view of fairness requires that groups that differ by race, ethnicity or religious affiliation, and who may have differing actuarial morbidity or mortality rates, be offered similar insurance contracts. Genetic information is another potentially discriminating factor that the public has indicated cannot be fairly included in insurance underwriting practices. Several national polls demonstrate this view and nearly 20% of Americans now live in states that prohibit by differing means the use of genetic information in rating insurance contracts. In this manner, the community through political and regulatory processes has asserted its view of fairness as dominant over the narrower insurance industry derived conception.
There is a strong community sentiment against using “pre-existing medical condition” exclusions to deny people insurance. The removal from insurance pools of those who clearly need the benefits which insurance based financing affords strikes a blow to the social purpose of insurance. In fact, the spreading of risk across a community (community rating) is exactly what the public intended when it first allowed private insurers to provide such an important social product.
Unlike infectious diseases, genetic conditions exist at a fairly stable incidence in our society. There is no epidemic of genetic conditions. Thus, they are already reflected in the actuarial tables used by insurers to establish rates. It is misleading for insurers to suggest that their financial solvency will be jeopardized if they are obligated to insure people at risk for genetic conditions. In fact, insurers have always insured people at risk for genetic conditions. Previously, however, it was not possible to identify those people at risk for genetic conditions before they become they became ill with the disorder.
The insurance industry has offered no compelling reason to specifically exclude this group from the insured pool now. Early identification of risk status may actually lead to insurer cost savings as a result of preventative care and longer life spans during which premiums can be collected.
Recent developments in human genetic science and the technology of testing are not identifying new costly diseases that were not previously accounted for by the insurance industry’s actuarial data. Rather, these developments are only facilitating the identification of those individuals who carry disease-associated genes at earlier times; many of these people will never have a related illness, or will experience a lifetime of the asymptomatic, presymptomatic or minimally symptomatic phases of the condition. It is not, therefore, the cost of financing the care of genetic conditions which is driving the call for access and inclusion of genetic information in insurance practices. There is no reason for insurers to begin to use this new predictive information now, merely because it is available.
GENETIC DISCRIMINATION SETS A DANGEROUS PRECEDENT
Genetic testing is not only a medical procedure. It is also a way of creating social categories. As a basic principle, we believe that people should be evaluated based on their individual merits and abilities, and not based on stereotypes and predictions about their future performance or health status. In most cases, genetic testing can only reveal information about probabilities, not absolute certainties. We believe that individuals should not be judged based on stereotypes and assumptions about what people in their class or status are like.
Insurance or employment practices that employ these stereotypes in underwriting inadvertently reinforce them in other arenas as well. There is a strong public policy precedent for avoiding the negative social consequences of such a practice. For example, statistics demonstrate that African Americans do not live as long as Americans of Northern European descent, even when one controls for socio-economic factors. And yet no life insurance company in the country rates applicants differentially on the basis of race. To do so would violate deeply held community values about equality and equal access.
Skin color, like other genetic traits, is mediated by genes. These lie entirely outside the individual’s control. Whereas individuals can exercise choices about whether to smoke, how much exercise they get, and how much fat is in their diets, they cannot change the contents of their genes. To make employment or insurance decisions on the basis of genetic characteristics determined at the moment of conception is to discard cherished beliefs in justice and equality.
STRONG LEGISLATION IS NEEDED NOW TO COUNTER GENETIC DISCRIMINATION
Genetic information is being generated much more quickly than our legal and social service systems can respond. The Council for Responsible Genetics maintains a database of current state laws protecting citizens from genetic discrimination in health insurance and employment. While many states have now passed some form of legislation, much of it is inadequate and does not go far enough to protect the genetic privacy of individuals.
©2001, Council for Responsible Genetics.
Update of 1997 Position Paper on Genetic Discrimination, January 2001.
The Council for Responsible Genetics maintains information on state legislative efforts to enact protections against genetic discrimination in the areas of employment and insurance. Please contact the office to receive a copy of our updated information. | <urn:uuid:8fd5b993-cef7-407e-9e3f-eabc1054e308> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | http://www.councilforresponsiblegenetics.org/ViewPage.aspx?pageId=85 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982921683.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823200841-00244-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.956585 | 3,273 | 2.984375 | 3 |
|The Forest Health Protection Unit and Regional Forest Pest
Specialists provided a wide variety of programs and information on forest
pests, and continued to teach integrated pest management principles to DNR
foresters, industrial foresters, and private woodland owners. They successfully
educated about 4,500 individuals at 79 different training sessions. At the same
time, insect and disease detection surveys were conducted on approximately 9.6
million acres, and evaluation surveys on 1.8 million acres.
The area of forest land in Wisconsin has been steadily increasing in recent decades and currently stands at almost 16.0 million acres, representing 46 percent of the total land area. The state now has the most forest land than it has had at any time since the first forest inventory in 1936. Wisconsin's forests are predominately hardwoods, with 84 percent of the total timberland area classified as hardwood forest types. The primary hardwood forest type in the state is maple-basswood, which makes up 5.3 million acres (34%) of Wisconsin's timberland area. Conifer types represent 16 percent of the total timberland area (pine forests - 8%, spruce-fir - 6%, and swamp conifers - 2%).
Forests are important to the economy of Wisconsin, not only in the form of wood products, but also in the form of recreation and tourism. The primary and secondary wood products industry is the second largest employer in the state and puts Wisconsin first in the nation in the production of fine paper, sanitary paper products, children's furniture, and millwork. The value of shipment of these products annually exceeds $19.7 billion. Forest and water resources in Wisconsin are a primary tourism attraction for both residents and visitors. The variety of Wisconsin's forest ecosystems support a great diversity of wildlife species, while recreational use of the forests continues to grow and expand.
| Special Issues
This year, the gypsy moth spray program treated 61 sites, for a total of 34, 711 acres in 20 counties. The bacterial insecticide, Btk was applied twice, at one week intervals, to all sites in mid May. The majority of the acreage sprayed was in Portage, Wood, and Waushara counties. In late June, two more sites in Jefferson and Sauk counties were treated to slow the spread of the gypsy moth. Instead of Btk, however, flakes containing the female pheromone were distributed by plane over parts of Devil's Lake State Park and the Southern Unit of Kettle Moraine State Park.
Results from this year's trapping season revealed a total of 108,704 moths trapped from approximately 45,000 delta traps throughout the state. The total number of moths caught is a reflection of both DATCP and cooperator data.
Introductions of biological controls made in October 1997 were followed up this summer. The fungus Entomophaga maimaiga was introduced into 22 sites in eastern WI. It has been confirmed that E. maimaiga has become established at an introduction site in Oconto, WI. At three sites in northeastern WI, the parasitic wasp Cotesia melanoscela was released.
No change was observed in the county distribution of oak wilt in 1998. Surveys were conducted in northeastern Wisconsin in Marathon, Marinette, Menominee, and Shawano counties. No significant movement north was noted but new pockets in all of these counties were observed. On a similar note, oak twig girdler was widespread on northern pin oak and black oak in Northwest and Central Wisconsin this August. Damage from this pest was often confused for oak wilt symptoms. The jumping oak gall caused injury to buds of burr oak and white oak in Southern Wisconsin in May. Trees failed to leaf out in late May and early June, but did refoliate two to three weeks later.
The fourth year of a five-year survey of oak wilt was conducted to determine the relationship between pruning of oak conducted by Allient (formally Wisconsin Power & Light) and the overland spread of oak wilt. Surveys were concentrated in Columbia County. This project will continue in 1999 and a summary report will be written at the survey's conclusion.
A committee entitled Oak Wilt Management in Communities, composed of private citizens and individuals in local and state government and private business worked together to create a model ordinance for oak wilt control. Copies of the model ordinance will be available in 1999 through DNR urban forestry specialists and forest health specialists. The committee is also developing a web site for oak wilt, which will be maintained by the USDA Forest Service.
A cooperative project between the USDA Forest Service, University of Wisconsin and WI, MI and MN DNR's was initiated to determine the current health status of basswood in selected areas of the state. The project was initiated in response to an observed change in the crown density and dieback of basswood in Michigan. Efforts in 1998 concentrated on sampling basswood for various insect pests. Data was also collected on crown health, and the presence of any other damaging agents were noted. This project will continue through 1999 and possible through the year 2000. Introduced basswood thrips caused moderate defoliation in Northwestern Wisconsin in 1998. Damage covered approximately 9,700 acres in Bayfield, Polk, Rusk, Sawyer, and Washburn counties.
Efforts on butternut canker continued to be focused on collection of scion wood from potentially disease resistant butternuts. Scions were collected from a stand in Rock County and one in Winnebago County. Scions were sent to the USDA Forest Service for grafting to the root stock of black walnut seedlings. Seedlings were planted into orchards in MN and WI and will be tested for their ability to resist infection.
On May 31, a "derecho" or widespread, straight-line wind event moved through parts of southcentral and southeast Wisconsin - the most damaging straight-line wind event to hit Wisconsin in 100 years. Hurricane-like winds, with gusts up to 100 mph, ripped through 12 counties in that part of the state. Thousands of large trees were uprooted, twisted, broken off, and downed by the winds.
Again, on June 27, high winds ripped through Monroe, Trempealeau, and Jackson counties, damaging nearly 100,00 acres of forested land. About 3,000 acres of previously thinned red pine plantations were snapped off, flattened, or bent. Oaks and other hardwoods were tipped or broken off. Cleanup and salvage operations began in July and DNR foresters still continue to deal with the storm damage. The Ips bark beetle moved in rapidly and attacked damaged pines in early July.
The Columbian timber beetle was found in Dane County on bur oak in September 1998. While it may have previously existed here at low numbers, it has never been recorded in Wisconsin before. It attacks a variety of hardwood species, especially silver and red maple and oak in some areas. Damage is limited to the staining of wood in characteristic patterns, which causes a reduction in the grade of hardwood lumber. Gallery entrances heal over and decay fungi seldom enter. Because the beetle attacks healthy trees, mortality is seldom associated with outbreaks.
The lesser maple spanworm, which defoliates red maple in late spring, occurs in the eastern United States and Canada. This inchworm is native to Wisconsin, but before 1998 it had not been reported to cause noticeable defoliation. This year in Sauk County, understory saplings were often completely defoliated, while mature trees were lightly to heavily defoliated. The defoliation pattern was spotty, with individual trees heavily defoliated and adjacent trees nearly untouched. Pockets of heavily defoliated trees often occurred near the center of the outbreak area between Plain and Natural Bridge State Park.
Asian long-horned beetle (ALHB) infestations have recently been reported in Illinois, and have generated considerable interest in Wisconsin. Three locations have been quarantined in the Chicago area since the first infestation was reported in early July. USDA - APHIS suspects that the beetles were transported from Asia in shipments that use wooden crates and pallets. In southern Wisconsin, a beetle found inside a warehouse three years ago was identified as ALHB. Currently, no infestation on trees in Wisconsin has been reported, although the beetle could pose a serious threat since many Asian goods are coming into Wisconsin.
Unlike most native long-horned beetles, Asian long-horned beetles can attack and kill healthy, mature hardwood trees. Known hosts are maple (especially silver and Norway maples), boxelder, horsechestnut, willow, poplar, birch, rose of Sharon, and ash. At this point, the control strategy in Wisconsin is to conduct a thorough search for symptoms, but to avoid disturbing adult beetles, which might cause them to disperse. Trees with symptoms will be cut, chipped, and burned during the dormant season.
A recently discovered pitch midge on white pine Christmas trees has the potential to become a pest, but the severity of the problem in Wisconsin is not predictable. This white pine pitch midge is native to North America and has probably been in Wisconsin all along, but never numerous enough to be noticed. The biology and potential damage of this pitch midge is largely unknown. They appear to inhabit pitch masses that ooze from wounds caused by physical damage. It is unclear whether they can initiate a wound or if they cause increased pitch flow in existing wounds. Currently, the only confirmed location of white pine pitch midge in Wisconsin is in Jackson County.
Various broadleaf defoliators were observed in Northern Wisconsin in 1998. Aspen blotch miner caused moderate to severe damage in Langlade, Lincoln, and Oneida counties. Oak webworm defoliated 2,000 acres of oak in the Minong area in Washburn County, as well as in Oneida County. Trembling aspen was severely defoliated by large aspen tortrix in Oneida County. For the first time in several years, bruce spanworm defoliated sugar maple in Florence and Forest counties. The only previous outbreak in Wisconsin occurred from 1984-1987 in the same area - little maple damage resulted.
Conifer pests included: jack pine budworm defoliation in Adams and Juneau counties, spruce budworm defoliation of white spruce in Marathon County, pine spittlebug on jack and red pines in Oneida and Vilas counties, and red pine needle midge present on 1,500 acres in Burnett and Washburn counties.
Due to the mild winter, followed by the long growing season this year, there was an abundance of multicolored Asian lady beetles throughout the state. This swarm resulted in numerous calls about the beetles invading homes.
A survey of white pine in Wisconsin is currently underway to document the incidence of stem cankers due to white pine blister rust. The study focuses on pole and small sawtimber stands in Risk Zone 4 of Northern Wisconsin. The main objective is to evaluate the current status of older stands that may have undergone high infection as seedlings/saplings.
For more information contact:
|Updated: December 1998.......|
|Forest Health Highlights home page | General Regional Highlights|
|Forest Health Monitoring home page| | <urn:uuid:7d0e97e9-6e98-4566-8d75-ff4fa06bab38> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | http://www.fs.fed.us/foresthealth/fhm/fhh/fhh-98/wi_98.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701163663.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193923-00003-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.967179 | 2,326 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Experiment: Bring some analysis into a world that is usually unquestioned.
This is part 2. Check out part 1 if you are interested in the data theory behind why I think grades suck.
There are several incredibly important questions about grades that I feel are rarely discussed. Grading procedures are clearly defined for teachers, grades are reported by schools, and students work for grades. Procedures and expectations are not the same as justification. So, the big question is, why?
There are only a few possible reasons for giving students grades; to track student progress, accountability of students or teachers, to identify students who need extra help, and external needs like college admissions or transfers. I would argue that for each of those possibilities, grades either don’t work or there are other indicators or strategies that work better.
So, quickly, let’s bust some myths.
- Grades are not a good way to track progress. From part 1, grades are not the right kind of measurement to be used for a growth model. Raw scores or percentages are especially bad at tracking growth because changing the total points possible means it is a different, non-comparable scale each time it is reported. Even systems like the IB Middle Years Programme that use criterion referenced grading are not acceptable measurements for tracking growth. Letter grades and single digit numbers are ordinal measurements and not a continuous scale like you would use to track physical growth. Imagine if we called you 4 feet tall until you reached the threshold for 5 feet. It would seem like years and years went by that you didn’t grow at all, but the truth is that it is just not the right kind of measurement model!
- Grades are not the same as accountability– This one is distressing to me. If we really thought that grades caused students to improve, then grades would work very differently. Should we just under-represent achievement so everyone works harder? Or be kind so everyone is happy at school? Do either of those actually make students better? Grades are not the same as learning, assessment, feedback, or good teaching either. Any teacher who has used grades as a motivator is manipulating students. Teacher accountability can only be measured by grades if the standard is “the teacher does what they are told to do”. There is no way to check if a teacher’s grades are accurate to hold them accountable!
- Grades do not identify students who are struggling – Or at least, it is not the best way to identify them. Personally, I think that it is fairly clear to teachers who is struggling and needs extra help in their classrooms. Often those students are not getting the lowest grades, so a cutoff grade is not useful. Sometimes the students who are struggling the most, or not meeting their potential, are in the middle and upper ranges of grades. Personally, I think most underachievement in the classroom is not related to content. It is usually related to personal characteristics that may not be revealed accurately through grading. There are much better ways of identifying students who have disabilities, behavior difficulties, or emotional issues than assigning them a grade. Focusing only on achievement of learning content doesn’t help a student who is struggling with focus, dyslexia, or mental health.
- Grades do not transfer well – Even if we wanted to use grades to transfer to other schools, without a clear description of the content scope and difficulty, grades are meaningless. Similar to what was mentioned in part 1, a grade point average disguises what kinds of courses were taken and isn’t a complete picture of a student’s experience at school. Even an “English grade” is not enough to tell a school where a student is located in their achievement and understanding.
So, why do we do grades? Is it just tradition? Are there really other uses that I’m missing?!
I frequently make this same statement in my writing; maybe lots of people don’t mind that grades are meaningless and useless. But I do! One thing that we frequently forget is that grades are not an automatic readout that happens when students walk out of the classroom. Teachers spend all day assessing students in the classroom and bringing them on the journey of understanding. On top of that, they spend countless hours doing assessment for learning, the productive feedback that helps students learn and develop. This may take the form of grading assignments or analyzing student work. Many teachers probably think that those hours are a useful and necessary part of their job. But few teachers should be okay with the hours and hours that are poured into grade reports. Several times a year, the multi-faceted, holistic assessment approach gets boiled down into a few silly letters or numbers that are turned into permanent records and sent home as a measure of a student’s worth. No teacher should feel comfortable that a series of symbols on a page accurately represents what has happened in a classroom or for a student. I am very passionate about this because the only message that grade reports send is that ability is fixed, that a person’s value is quantifiable, that discrimination or hierarchy is a necessary part of life, and that we don’t care about the experience of education, just the output. I think all of these are horrible. Any school that believes that students are constantly growing and are human beings should take a serious look at grading practices. Procedures, tradition and expectations are just not enough to justify this. | <urn:uuid:51c86a7e-6145-4bac-89de-fc66cc887c79> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://emilywinchip.com/2016/02/17/why-grades-suck-part-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371637684.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20200406133533-20200406164033-00282.warc.gz | en | 0.968402 | 1,114 | 3.046875 | 3 |
What We Are Reading Today: The Mathematics of Secrets.
BOOK AUTHOR : Joshua Holden
The Mathematics of Secrets takes readers on a fascinating tour of the mathematics behind cryptography -- the science of sending secret messages. Most books about cryptography are organized historically, or around how codes and ciphers have been used, such as in government and military intelligence or bank transactions.Joshua Holden instead shows how mathematical principles underpin the ways that different codes and ciphers operate. Holden focuses on both code making and code breaking and he discusses the majority of ancient and modern ciphers currently known.
Holden begins by looking at substitution ciphers, built by substituting one letter or block of letters for another. Explaining one of the simplest and historically well-known ciphers, the Caesar cipher, Holden establishes the key mathematical idea behind the cipher and discusses how to introduce flexibility and additional notation. Holden goes on to explore polyalphabetic substitution ciphers, transposition ciphers, including one developed by the Spartans, connections between ciphers and computer encryption, stream ciphers, and ciphers involving exponentiation.
He also examines public-key ciphers, where the methods used to encrypt messages are public knowledge, and yet, intended recipients are still the only ones who are able to read the message. He concludes with a look at the future of ciphers and where cryptography might be headed. Only basic mathematics up to high school algebra is needed to understand and enjoy the book.
Copyright: Arab News [c] 2018 All rights reserved. Provided by SyndiGate Media Inc. ( Syndigate.info ).
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|Date:||Sep 13, 2018|
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The Massachusetts Historical Society has a new online exhibit, Photographs of Native Americans:
What are photographs of Native Americans from the central and western parts of the United States doing in the collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society? The portraits in this web presentation were collected by four Bostonians during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Charles W. Jenks and Francis Parkman collected carte de visite and tintype portraits of American Indians during the 1860s as historical records of tribal groups and their role in contemporary American politics.
Those Bostonians--don't turn your back on them and count the silver when they leave! My favorite part of the exhibit is Photographs from the Wanamaker Expeditions, 1908-1913. The photographer of the Wanamaker Expedition was Joseph Kossuth Dixon, who might most kindly be described as imitative of Edward Curtis. Among Dixon's photographic stunts were putting on an all-Indian stage production of Hiawatha and bribing a number of chiefs to come to an "old-time Indian council" his boss hosted at the Crow Agency. Dixon's photographs (like those of Curtis) tell us a lot about white attitudes towards Indians at the turn of the last century, but almost nothing about the Indians themselves.
[Photo: "The Sunset of a Dying Race" | <urn:uuid:dfd2e544-8040-447f-be3d-6bce5d523e4e> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://northwesthistory.blogspot.com/2009/11/northwest-indians-in-massachusetts.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128322320.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20170628032529-20170628052529-00151.warc.gz | en | 0.949789 | 266 | 2.71875 | 3 |
By Kat Yares, Garden Guides Contributor
Purslane, Portulaca oleracea, is a common weed in most of North America except for the Pacific Northwest. The plant, which resembles a Jade plant, has thick, milky leaves and a long taproot. The leaves are alternate, with a center cluster where the stem forms. Stems are generally red in color and branch out allowing the plant to form a mat that can be almost a foot in diameter.
The yellow flower has 5 petals that form singularly on the stem ends or on the leaf axis. Purslane flowers from May to September and reproduces itself by seed or from stem fragments.
Purslane, when young, is edible and is often used in salads or cooked, like greens, as a vegetable. More and more often, purslane can be found for sale in organic and farmers markets.
Purslane prefers full sun and well drained, fertile soil. Purslane can survive and thrive during a short drought period, as it loves warmer temperatures. Purslane seed can survive several years in the ground before germination.
Cultivation and Care
Purslane can be cultivated for edible greens by planting in a designated area. The plant loves fertile soil and adding compost to the area will assure a good crop. Water the plants weekly for juicy greens. Harvest the leaves when young, before flowers begin to appear.
Weed Control Techniques
* The simplest method of purslane weed control is by pulling the plants while young. Like many broadleaf plants, purslane puts out a taproot that as the plant matures, makes older plants difficult to pull. At the mature state, individual plants will need a shovel or spade to remove them completely from the garden.
* Purslane plants that have been dug up should be allowed to dry in the sun and then composted for a year before using as organic matter in the garden.
* The use of a hoe to break up the plant may have some effect, but since purslane can reproduce itself from stem pieces it is best to remove the entire plant or break the plant before the stems begin to form.
* Any post-emergence broadleaf herbicide can be used on purslane in the early stages of the plant. After the plant has formed stems and flowers, it is best to mow the plant before applying chemical herbicides.
* Organic herbicides include acetic acid and clove oil and are used the same way as chemical herbicides.
* In the fall, purslane can be tilled under, but will probably reemerge in the spring. | <urn:uuid:391c0b51-e14e-4256-aec1-acd7b15ce6cc> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | http://www.gardenguides.com/863-purslane-weed.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936463340.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074103-00117-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.93002 | 543 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Treatment of the intake air for spray drying towers and pneumatic transfer of dairy products or processing aids by DESSICA systems allows for significant productivity gains and energy savings through control of the humidity.
The functioning of a spray drying tower is subject to seasonal variations. In particular, the mixing ratio (absolute humidity) of the upstream air is a determining factor in the capacity of the tower. In the summer, when this ratio is high, the capacity is reduced, while in the winter, when this ratio is lower, the capacity is greater. These variations complicate operation of the tower, with increased risks of production halts.
Control the humidity of the air upstream of spray drying towers to achieve constant and stable intake conditions with DESSICA systems.
Dehumidifier for food drying process
The process of spray drying process is a dehumidification method use for nutrient in food industry. It consists to remove water include a liquid (milk, fruit juice or vegetables…) to obtain powder thanks to the hot air flow. Liquid water transforms in vapor. The general spraying processes act in a spray drying tower. In this process the liquid is sprayed in small droplet in a in a vertical cylindrical enclosure. In contact with a hot air flow, the water evaporates from initial product to become food powder. The substance is then filtered to retain powder and let air free. This drying process is well-known in food processing industry because it permits to increase the storage life and reduce the goods volume. This process allows drying of heat sensitive products.
Dry air in spray drying process
Dry air supply plays a major role in spray drying process working. The climatic variations in summer and winter disrupt the spray drying functioning. With standardized settings, the product flow injects into the tower increase thus the productivity growth. The dry air supply from a dehumidifier avoids clogging and caking of the product in spray drying tower.
This process is also use in pharmaceutical industry for plant extracts, body care and fine chemicals manufacturing.
Air treatment in spray drying process and pneumatics transfers for dairy products or additive by DESSICA systems permit to master hygrometry, profit productivity and energy consumption.
Dry air for fluidized beds
The fluidized beds and pneumatics transport also use dry air for working. To preserve a soft and uniform drying the dry air is recommend for maintain the quality of chemical molecules and ingredients in food processing industry.
ADVANTAGES dehumidifier for spray dryer
- the risks of a production halt due to climatic variations and products sticking to the walls are greatly reduced. Operation of the drying tower is made easier by reducing changes in settings;
- the capacity of the drying tower is constant and maximised and the residual moisture in the product is stabilised throughout the year by climatic conditions without significant variation in all seasons ;
- energy consumption is optimised: as drying by adsorption is an exothermic phenomenon, it increases the temperature of the dry air, substantially limiting the energy input to the system. | <urn:uuid:d9e67125-b723-43c7-abd5-1b685ec6ebf5> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.dessica.fr/en/applications/spray-drying-towers/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506421.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20230922170343-20230922200343-00453.warc.gz | en | 0.921832 | 626 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Ancient Greece: Social and Historical Documents from Archaic Times to the Death of Alexander
3 Rev ed
1 Jan 2010
In this revised edition, Matthew Dillon and Lynda Garland have expanded the chronological range of Ancient Greece to include the Greek world of the fourth century. The sourcebook now ranges from the first lines of Greek literature to the death of Alexander the Great, covering all of the main historical periods and social phenomena of ancient Greece. The material is taken from a variety of sources: historians, inscriptions, graffiti, law codes, epitaphs, decrees, drama and poetry. It includes the major literary authors, but also covers a wide selection of writers, including many non-Athenian authors. Whilst focusing on the main cities of ancient Greece - Athens and Sparta- the sourcebook also draws on a wide range of material concerning the Greeks in Egypt, Italy, Sicily, Asia Minor and the Black Sea. Ancient Greece covers not only the chronological, political history of ancient Greece, but also explores the full spectrum of Greek life through topics such as gender, social class, race and labour. This revised edition includes: * Two completely new chapters - "The Rise of Macedon" and "Alexander 'the Great', 336-323" BC * New material in the chapters on The City-State, Religion in the Greek World, Tyrants and Tyranny, The Peloponnesian War and its Aftermath, Labour: Slaves, Serfs and Citizens, and Women, Sexuality and the Family It is structured so that: * Thematically arranged chapters arranged allow students to build up gradually knowledge of the ancient Greek world * Introductory essays to each chapter give necessary background to understand topic areas * Linking commentaries help students understand the source extracts and what they reveal about the ancient Greeks Ancient Greece: Social and Historical Documents from Archaic Times to the Death of Alexander the Great. Third Edition, will continue to be a definitive collection of source material on the society and culture of the Greeks. | <urn:uuid:dd3b5755-6fb8-4a9a-a5ac-2b25fba46a52> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | https://www.zookal.com/ancient-greece-social-and-historical-documents-from-archaic-times-to-the-death-of-alexander-9780415473309/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267865098.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20180623152108-20180623172108-00181.warc.gz | en | 0.883722 | 405 | 3.234375 | 3 |
Wednesday, November 28, 2012
Discover meaningful connections between the collections of the Walters Art Museum and the English Language Arts anchors of the Common Core Standards. Walters’ educators will guide you through a series of in-depth activities which integrate visual and language arts. After you explore the museum in small groups and participate in writing and gallery activities, you will leave with the confidence to lead similar lessons with your students. Ideal for teachers of all grades and disciplines, participants in this workshop will use the skills of inference, analysis, collaboration, creativity, sequencing and communication. | <urn:uuid:ca51a36c-0bd3-4d37-908e-be164117d7e9> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | https://thewalters.org/events/event.aspx?e=2899 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549428257.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20170727122407-20170727142407-00591.warc.gz | en | 0.925889 | 112 | 3.109375 | 3 |
Definition of hen party in English:
A social gathering of women.
- Tourists huddled around maps and a hen party had started to gather nearby.
- A hen party is in the house and predatory males start to gather.
- The women were among a group of friends on their way back from a hen party in Amsterdam when they discovered the bloody aftermath of a hit-and-run incident.
Definition of hen party in:
- British & World English dictionary
What do you find interesting about this word or phrase?
Comments that don't adhere to our Community Guidelines may be moderated or removed. | <urn:uuid:576c70c8-364b-485d-bd21-22148b6d11fd> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/american_english/hen-party | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375097710.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031817-00044-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.918928 | 126 | 2.6875 | 3 |
My Double Vision
My Double Vision is an illustrated children’s story that explains what it is like to have eyes that do not always line up straight. With Vision Therapy, both eyes learn to work together. With traditional patching therapy, the eyes often take turns instead of learning to blend information so that the brain can develop normal depth perception. This picture book explains the signs and symptoms of esotropia (crossed-eye). Learn about the current testing methods and vision therapy training used to correct this vision disorder.
You may also be interested in “My Perfect Vision” — another book by this author! Check it out here: My Perfect Vision
Reading ease = 94.9 Flesch-Kincaide Grade Level= 2.5 Pages = 28
6 in stock (can be backordered) | <urn:uuid:e09527db-584a-46a4-b799-765405bcd313> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.oepf.org/product/my-double-vision/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100112.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129141108-20231129171108-00434.warc.gz | en | 0.899628 | 168 | 2.625 | 3 |
One of the most popular misconceptions the world has about dogs is that they are color-blind, being able to distinguish only varying shades of gray from near white to total blackness. Many have this belief for the simple fact that dogs can see very well in the dark, a whole lot better than humans do. If not, how else will they be able to bark at something in the dark if their vision is not designed for black and white, right? In this article we’ll try to dispel these myths and shed light on the ability of pooches and mutts to see colors as well as a brief understanding of how they see in the dark.
The Anatomy and Physiology of the Canine Eye
The canine eye is pretty much the same in structure and function with that of the human eye. It can thus, be said that we have essentially the same sense of vision. However, there are unique differences that we are going to explore later on. For now, let us first start with the normal structure and function of the canine eye.
The eyes of dogs typically have the same structure as ours. It has the following important structures:
- Cornea – This is one of the most important parts of the eye since it acts as the window upon which light is transmitted and focused into the deeper structures of the organ. Without it, light will not be able to entire, hence, there won’t be any sense of vision at all.
- Iris – Think of the iris as the blind or shade of your window. You can regulate the brightness or darkness of the light that is transmitted into the inner structures of the eye.
- Pupil – The pupil is sometimes considered a part of the iris and it is this structure that actually determines just how much light enters the eye. If the iris is the window blind, then the pupil is the opening or space in between individual panel of blind. The amount of light that enters is dependent on how big this opening is.
- Lens – You’re pretty familiar with what the lens does. This is what focuses the light that enters into the retina.
- Retina – This is a very sensitive eye structure. It is located at the back and is filled with a lot of nerves that sense light rays, convert these into electrical energy, and transmit the same to the optic nerve for processing in the brain.
Dogs’ sense of sight is pretty much a very straightforward process. Light enters the cornea, passes through the iris and the pupil, transmitted into the lens, and focused into the retina. These light rays are then processed and sent to the brain via the optic nerve.
Can you see now where this is going? Since color perception depends on how the cells in the retina processes the light rays for conversion into electrical impulses, the main difference in the color perception between man and dog lies in the cells present in the retina.
Major Differences between the Human Eye and Dog’s Eye
From our previous discussion, you now understand that the sense of sight is pretty much the same for man and dog from the moment light enters the eye until the time it hits the retina. And here is where the magic begins.
There are two types of photoreceptor cells found in the eye. These are:
- Rods – These are specialized receptors that differentiate lightness and darkness. In other words, these receptor cells allow for the more efficient processing of low-light vision, such that even in the dark, these will still allow the organism to see the light.
- Cones – These specialized cells are more concerned about bright light as well as colors. These cells allow the organism to process variations in the color spectrum.
Here are the main differences between human vision and a canine vision.
- Dogs mostly have rods and very few cones.
- Dogs do not have fovea centralis that are filled with 100% cones.
Because dogs have fewer color photoreceptors – cones – they can still see colors but at significantly lesser quality. They don’t see the full spectrum of colors. For example, if we take the rainbow colors, they won’t see the full 7 colors. Instead, what they will see is dark and light blue, dark and light yellow, gray, and grayish-black. Their retinas will process orange, green, and yellow as something quite yellowish while the colors blue and violet will be interpreted as bluish. Also, bluish-green colors are often seen as gray.
The absence of the fovea centralis, a central spot located in the retina at the back of the eye where light is focused by the lens, also plays a part in their insufficient color perception. So while our furry friends can definitely see colors, it is a bit limited primarily because of the fewer number of cones.
Related Post: Best Dog Sunglasses and Goggles
1.Sarah-Elizabeth Byosiere, What do dogs (Canis familiaris) see? A review of vision in dogs and implications for cognition research, Springer Nature Switzerland AG | <urn:uuid:ad5e5b31-9535-435e-a24b-52306ec34ae6> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://www.mypetneedsthat.com/colors-can-dogs-actually-see/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030335448.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20220930082656-20220930112656-00718.warc.gz | en | 0.950243 | 1,044 | 3.609375 | 4 |
Workplace harassment can occur when one party at the workplace demonstrates behavior that causes or is likely to cause harassment, alarm or distress to another party- MinistryOfManpower
Workplace harassment is unwelcome conduct from a boss, coworker, group of coworkers, vendor, or customer whose actions, communication, or behavior mocks, demeans, puts down, disparages, or ridicules an employee. Physical assaults, threats, and intimidation are severe forms of harassment and bullying- thebalancecareers
Workplace harassment, also referred to as “workplace mistreatment,” or “workplace bullying,” occurs when a person is harassed by another employee based on his or her race, religion, sex, national origin, age, disability, or sexual orientation. Workplace harassment includes any unwanted conduct towards another person in the workplace, and is against the law in all states- LegalDictionary
You must be logged in to post a comment. | <urn:uuid:46663e44-3952-4477-a644-0f7d9018f214> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.opensourcedworkplace.com/glossary/what-is-workplace-harassment- | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250607118.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122131612-20200122160612-00179.warc.gz | en | 0.953851 | 195 | 2.765625 | 3 |
In his 1975 memoir, My Way of Life, the great teacher Funakoshi Gichin wrote,
One of the most striking features of karate is that it may be engaged in by anybody, young or old, strong or weak, male or female.
Funakoshi’s statement rings ever-truer to me the more people I work with in Shorin Ryu Karate.
Children obviously approach the martial arts with high energy and an enthusiasm for learning new skills. But what advantages do adults bring to traditional karate training, and what unique benefits can they derive from it?
Understanding Concepts Before Applying Them
Strength alone is not particularly useful. A technique is most effective when it precisely targets a vulnerable area, and when a resilient part of the body is aligned to most efficiently deliver the impact.
Adults can more readily pick up nuances of correct form when the purpose and mechanics behind a technique are explained before they try it out physically. A student who comprehends the proper technique will end up succeeding, though it may take many repetitions to physically duplicate what the mind’s eye envisions.
The conceptual approach also tends to reignite older students’ imaginations, which need exercise as much as any muscle to stay healthy.
Intellectual and Emotional Awareness
Avoiding a physical conflict altogether is superior to “winning” in a fight. One must see any potentially violent situation before it unfolds and then take early action to resolve it.
Doing so requires awareness of both oneself and of others. In class we often work on physical awareness (“Is he close enough to grab me?”), but a real exchange with an attacker has a deeper give-and-take (“Is he trying to make me lose my cool?”, “Do I appear to be a victim who won’t fight back?”) that we learn to navigate as well.
Karate provides a safe means to gradually understand — and improve — our response to threats. Only by fully knowing ourselves can we remain aware and in control while under severe stress. Adults start with a broader toolkit and vocabulary for self-exploration.
Connecting to History, and to Each Other
Karate is much like family. We trace our “family tree” of teachers and their teachers and so on back to the famous Okinawan masters of the 19th century and earlier.
Training alongside our fellow karateka gives us a unique insight into one another. We move together and sweat together. We see people at their best and their worst. We watch one another grow, both in the art we share, and in life.
Modern karate is often seen as a short-term sport for kids, not unlike soccer. It can be so much more. It has brought and kept me in contact with many dear friends, from a wide variety of backgrounds and points of view.
In “grown-up” life, both the value of the old ways and the preciousness of close relationships come into clearer focus. | <urn:uuid:ce6434f2-e1f4-46a0-bb63-6f50ef62c424> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://nwlamartialarts.com/learning-karate/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371830894.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20200409055849-20200409090349-00054.warc.gz | en | 0.960007 | 630 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Plants are 90 per cent water and they require water for all growth processes. Drought may produce several effects on plants, including reduced growth and vigour, wilting and nutrient deficiencies. Effects may still be noted five years after a water shortage.
Other People Are Reading
Plants use water for photosynthesis and temperature regulation. Drought inhibits these processes and decreases the growth and vitality of the plant.
Water transports minerals from soil to the plant. Without water, plants become nutrient deficient.
Water maintains cell structure and holds plants erect. A deficit of water in the plant causes wilting.
- 20 of the funniest online reviews ever
- 14 Biggest lies people tell in online dating sites
- Hilarious things Google thinks you're trying to search for | <urn:uuid:5e24c20e-3aa1-4060-923c-39fc1a7540ca> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.ehow.co.uk/facts_7264807_effect-water-shortage-plants.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280308.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00560-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.901733 | 157 | 3.703125 | 4 |
I carry the exact replica of MDNA handed down from mother to daughter since the depths of the last Ice Age 17,000 years ago. My father carries the YDNA of the Indo-Europeans handed down from father to son since the time when his male ancestors invaded Europe about 5000 years ago.
My female ancestors moved with the seasons as they gathered fruits and nuts, roots and greens to feed their families. Some of them may have blown red ochre around their hands to leave their marks in ritual cave-wombs.
Mitochondrial DNA is passed down exclusively from mothers to their children. My MDNA “T2b” was given the name “the clan of Tara” by Bryan Sykes in The Seven Daughters of Eve. According to Sykes the earliest female ancestor with this gene lived about 17,000 years ago, perhaps in Tuscany.
Most Europeans–male and female–are related to only eight or ten female ancestors. Going further back, all Europeans, Asians, and Aboriginal Australians are related to the women among the San “bushmen” who left Africa 100,000 years ago. The San are one of 13 lineages in Africa that can be traced back to a single African foremother. We really are one big family.
When I tested the DNA of my motherline, I asked my father to test his as well. The YDNA of his paternal line is “R1b predicted m343,” the most common male lineage in Europe. When I looked R1bm343 up on the internet, I found that: “This subgroup probably originated in Central Asia/South Central Siberia, arriving from West Asia. . . .It appears to have entered prehistoric Europe c.5,000 [years before present], mainly from the area of Ukraine/Belarus or Central Asia (Kazakhstan) via the coasts of the Black Sea and the Baltic Sea. It is considered widespread in Europe throughout the Late Neolithic.”
I gasped when I realized that the evidence of the conquest of Old Europe is written in our genes!
According to archaeologist Marija Gimbutas, the cultures of “Old Europe” in the Neolithic c. 6500-3500 BCE were peaceful, agricultural, sedentary, highly artistic, matrifocal, and probably matrilineal. The people of Old Europe worshipped the Goddess as the symbol of birth, death, and regeneration in all life.
Starting about 4400 BCE , Indo-European speaking invaders called “Kurgans” by Gimbutas after their “big man” graves, began to enter Old Europe from their homelands in the steppes north of the Black Sea. The Indo-Europeans brought with them their languages and a patriarchal, hierarchical, nomadic, warlike, horseback-riding culture. They worshipped the shining Gods of the Sky whose power was reflected in their bronze weapons.
The Indo-Europeans also moved south into India. Their conquests were complete in Europe and India by about 2000-1500 BCE.
The Indo-Europeans may have left their homelands to escape long-lasting drought and desertification in the Saharasian areas they had settled. That the Indo-Europeans brought the horse with them is proved by cognate words for “horse” in all the Indo-European languages from German to Greek to Sanskrit. That they were not agriculturalists is proved by the existence of different pre-Indo-European words for farm implements and practices in all the Indo-European languages. Some archaeologists have disputed the theory of cultural change via Indo-European invasions as “simplistic,” but most scholars of Indo-European languages accept it, and genetic evidence confirms it. The idea that cultures cannot change by invasion is belied by the more recent conquests of the Americas, Africa, and Australia. Historian of religion Mircea Eliade commented wryly that the conquests of the Indo-Europeans have continued up to the present day.
My maternal line, the clan of Tara, dates back to the gatherers and hunters of the late Paleolithic whose religious ideas and symbols, rooted in the caves, were inherited by early agriculturalists of Old Europe. Some European matrilineages are older than mine, while the youngest date to Neolithic Old Europe, the early agricultural period studied by Gimbutas. In contrast, my father’s paternal line, which is widespread in Europe, dates to the main waves of the Indo-European invasions about 5000 years ago. My father’s YDNA comes from the patriarchal Indo-Europeans whose language I speak and whose ideas and symbols are passed down in our culture: God the father, the warrior, and the king. In fact all of our other genes are mixed. Still, the contrast between MDNA and YDNA genes is suggestive. How could this difference in inheritance from maternal and paternal lines have come about?
Epic narratives tell us that invading armies kill the men and capture the women. When the Indo-European invaders came, they did not always bring women with them. They killed so many of the indigenous men—men who were not trained to fight or to dominate–that most of the indigenous YDNA lines died out. The females of Old Europe were raped, wedded, and taken as slaves. One way or another about ten of them managed to pass their MDNA genetic heritage down to almost all of those of European decent living today.
The theory that there are “two cultures” in Europe, the culture of the conquerors and the culture of the conquered, explains many things, including the “underground stream” of female images of the sacred and hopes for peace that continually emerge in patriarchal warlike cultures. That “another way,” a way of life not based on warfare, conquest, and domination exists, is written in the mitochondrial DNA that all children–male and female–inherit from their mothers. Perhaps it is not too late to reverse the tides of history.
(For a discussion of Y and M haplogroups and the hypothesis of the Indo-European invasions, see “Origins, age, spread and ethnic association of European haplogroups and subclades”.)
Carol P. Christ is a founding mother in the study of women and religion, feminist theology, women’s spirituality, and the Goddess movement. She teaches online courses in the Women’s Spirituality program at CIIS. Her books include She Who Changes and Rebirth of the Goddess and the widely used anthologies Womanspirit Rising and Weaving the Visions. One of her great joys is leading Goddess Pilgrimages to Crete through Ariadne Institute. | <urn:uuid:f14404f5-8b81-492b-8586-82f3af6b1d56> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://feminismandreligion.com/2012/02/27/a-clash-of-cultures-in-our-genes-by-carol-p-christ/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657140890.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011220-00182-ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.959402 | 1,404 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Von Fluchten und Wiederfluchten
What is it about?
Our time is characterized by flights and migration. According to the UNO, about 65 million people are fleeing during this year. Some of them are on their way in the region they live in, others are on their journey through a foreign country, because they had to leave their home country. Some of them are prosecuted or scared about their lives, because there is war in their country. Others are no longer tolerated and expelled from their homes. The reasons to escape are versatile. And often there is a story about the sorrow and destroyed existence which behind it. Because who leaves his home voluntarily?
In Germany arrive a lot of refugees, who are searching for a new home. Temporally or forever. Everyone of us is affected when it comes to flight and migration!
Obvious is: the phenomena flight is not new for Germany. Even during the third empire and the second World War happened a lot of flights. But also afterwards. Just think about the expulsion right after 1945, the several attempts of flights out of the German Democratic Republic until 1989 or the displacement-movements after the revolts 1956 or 1968 in Hungary and Czechoslovakia. Sometimes people escaped, sometimes even in several attempts.
It is the subject of the new anthology. It wants to collect stories about flights yesterday and today and document the experiences, which were gained in the meanwhile. It wants to compare and create new possibilities for comparisons, which are not able to make normally. It should be interesting to see which kind of reason can be gained out of it.
That is why we invite you to write for this new anthology. Apply yourself with experiences that you have made. With stories that you got told or with your imaginings or suggestions about that subject. There are several accesses. It does not matter where you are from or where you live! It is not important if you were a refugee once or if you only talk about it from another perspective!
What is is exactly about? Even Aeneas, Abraham, Jesus and Mohammed were as it is well known refugees. But in addition to that several writers had to flee once in their lifes. For example, Ovid, Dante, Aligheri, Friedrich Schiller, Victor Hugo, Heinrich Heine, Georg Büchner, Isaac Bashevis Singer, Pablo Neruda, Thomas Mann, Bertolt Brecht, Hilde Domin, Yaşar Kemal or Joseph Brodsky. That is why it is not surprising that flight has been thematised and adapted literary from ancient times until today. Just think about “Meda” by Euripides, “Germany. A winter’s tale” by Heinrich Heine or “Conversations in Exile” by Bertolt Brecht. There are several examples, which show that flight has been a key subject in literature.
And now? There are various reasons why people has to flee. One of them is threatened by prosecution because of political or religious reasons, the other is prosecuted, because he is a member of a minority, homosexual or just different in another way. Another reason is that people do not have an economic or social perspective in their home country.
Why did they flee? What was the reason for them to leave their home? How did they fare before, during and after their flight? Which kinds of consequences did they have to endure to be able to flee? Were there any consequences when they failed? The anthology is not only about flights but also about second attempts of flights with the focus is on the personal fate.
What was their flight route? What did they experience? The routes are often really adventurous and dangerous, sometimes linked to dramatic consequences for the refugees and their families. What did they risk to leave their homes? Or was everything easy?
Well, and then there is the question about the destination where they take refuge after their flight. They arrive where they hope to find security and a new home. Certainly everything will not work how they had planned it. It is a heartbeat situation. How have they been admitted into society? How have they been threatened? Did they get a new chance? Or did they experience hate and rejection? Have there been any clashs with other cultures or horizons of experience?
And now? Now fasten your eyes on the past. What has happened with you? How did the flight change you? What do you think about your old home? And your new home? Then there is also the question about the effects on you, your identity and your new life!
Do not underestimate the other form of flight, the inner emigration. That happens when people get mute or nun themselves out of pressure. That is also a circumstance of a flight, because there are often unbelievably consequences for the involved person. Do you belong to these people? Feel addressed!
Please write! Get yourself involved!
We are really looking forward to your articles!
Able to participate is everybody who is wholeheartedly affected by this subject. Minimum age is 16 years. It does not matter where you are from, where you were born or where you live! People who have not published an article are welcomed, too. The literary genre (prose, poetry, dramatic art, even diary entries, essays etc.) is free. You can hand in one prose paper (up to 10 pages (30 lines with 60 characters)) or up to 4 poems, which have not been published before. Please attach a short biography! The most interesting articles are going to be published in a book, which is expected to be released in spring 2017.
Information about the project can be found at: www.grend.de , www.geest-verlag.de and www.arturnickel.de
Every author whose articles are included in the anthology will be informed (please name your email address!). You will receive an author’s copy for free. It is planned that the anthology will be presented to the general public when it will be published in April 2017.
Please do not forget to give the following information:
Every author can write in the language he feels the most comfortable in. We will try to translate the article but also publish the text in its original language.
Please keep in mind:
Participants in the project agree that their texts are published in the anthology and in connection to that also in other mediums. Sent in texts cannot be returned. The legal process is excluded.
We answer your questions:
Lange Straße 41 a
All texts have to be handed in until 31.1.2017
z. Hd. Artur Nickel
Englische Übersetzung von Fluchten und Wiederfluchten
- Hauptkategorie: Essener Jugendanthologien
Von Fluchten und Wiederfluchten | <urn:uuid:42ae22b7-163e-4d5c-acab-5b80eea3d670> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | http://arturnickel.de/index.php/essener-jugendanthologien/2017-von-fluchten-und-wiederfluchten/553-englische-uebersetzung-von-fluchten-und-wiederfluchten | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243991557.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20210517023244-20210517053244-00529.warc.gz | en | 0.95445 | 1,414 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Indoor air quality (IAQ) is a critical environmental factor that influences human comfort and well-being. It can impair cognitive function, raise the risk of respiratory and cardiovascular disease, and cause fatigue and irritation.
Indoor air quality has become even more critical during COVID-19. According to experts, such air quality conditions will intensify COVID-19 transmission and mortality.
We all know how important it is to keep the air we breathe clean, but where do you begin?
We’ll go through seven best practices to remember when supplying safe indoor air to your occupants in this blog.
Table of Contents
Choose the best air filters for your specific requirements.
Air filters are available in a wide range of styles, efficiencies, and costs. Using ASHRAE guidelines, make sure you have the best-performing filter for your specific situation, taking into account your HVAC system and ventilation setup. Using a MERV-13 or higher filter class will ensure that the air is properly cleaned before entering the room.
To get the best output out of your air filters, make sure they’re properly sealed.
If there is a leak or a hole in the installation, the filters cannot do their job properly. Particles and contaminants in the air can move through gaps or crevices in the filter and reach the space before being fully filtered. Make sure the filters are well-sealed, with no gaps between the filter media and the place where it will be mounted.Ensure that there are enough air exchanges in the room.
To keep fresh air levels up, make sure your HVAC system and ventilation efforts are flushing out polluted air on a regular basis. If air filters alone aren’t achieving the optimal exchange rates, a portable air cleaner may be a viable option for providing fresh air.
Cleaning should be done on a daily basis to reduce pollutant levels.
Certain products in your building can emit chemicals that are potentially hazardous to people’s health. VOCs (volatile organic compounds) from upholstery, paints, and aerosols, as well as particulate matter (PM) from machines and dust-carrying objects, are examples of these. You may reduce the amount of particles and gasses that enter the air by cleaning on a regular basis.
Remove potential sources of pollution.
Indoor emissions may often originate from within a vacuum. This can happen when something unusual happens, such as a chemical spill, a fire, or a system breakdown. When indoor air quality is harmed as a result of an incident like this, it’s critical to address the cause of the problem as soon as possible.
When air cleaning machines are needed, they should be considered.
Indoor air pollution can be reduced with the use of portable air cleaners in enclosed spaces. Filters remove toxins from the air, but these devices may also use technologies like Ultra-Violet Germicidal (UV-G) Lightbulbs to deactivate viruses and contaminants. When filters alone do not provide enough fresh air, an air cleaner is recommended.
Implement continuous IAQ monitoring.
Air quality should be monitored by Indoor air quality monitor on a continuous basis is an excellent way to evaluate, enhance, and preserve safe indoor air quality. IAQ sensors are used in this method to collect data on the indoor climate. Pollutant levels such as carbon dioxide, volatile organic compounds, particulate matter, and others are measured by sensors. You can monitor patterns in your air using this real-time data available 24 hours a day, seven days a week to identify and address problem areas. To learn more, read the full guide to IAQ monitoring. | <urn:uuid:5174c99c-77ad-485f-85c5-8cf4ccbbfb9b> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://lifetrixcorner.com/7-healthier-indoor-air-quality-best-practices/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296948756.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20230328011555-20230328041555-00716.warc.gz | en | 0.925298 | 757 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Results of a study indicate that regular physical activity improves the mental health of adolescents and helps with behavioral issues. The study found that participating in moderate to vigorous physical activity regularly at 11 years old was linked to improved mental health between 11 and 13 years old.1✅ JOURNAL REFERENCE
Physical activity was also linked to a reduction in hyperactivity and behavioral issues in young individuals, which included stealing, lying, fighting with other kids, and loss of temper.
Data were analyzed from the Children of the 90s study. The physical activity of 4755 11-year-olds was measured by making use of devices.
The devices measured moderate physical activity levels, generally defined as cycling or brisk walking, in addition to vigorous activity that increases breathing and heart rate, which included swimming, jogging, and aerobic dancing.
Depressive symptom levels from 11 to 13 years old were reported by the young individuals and their parents. The teachers and parents of the participants were also questioned regarding the general behavior and emotional issues of the young individuals.
In analyzing the effect that moderate to vigorous exercise had on the mental health and behavior of the young individuals, factors were also taken into consideration which included socioeconomic status, sex, and age.
It was observed that higher moderate or intense physical activity levels had a small yet noticeable connection to reductions in emotional issues and depressive symptoms.
Regular exercise had a small yet noticeable connection to reduced behavioral issues, even after other possible factors had been accounted for.
The results indicate that regular moderate and intense physical activity could have a small protective influence on early adolescent mental health.
This study adds to the growing evidence regarding how important physical activity is for all aspects of development in young individuals. It can help them improve at school and feel better. Supporting young individuals to live healthy active lives ought to be a priority.
Although it may seem obvious that mental health is improved with physical activity there has been little evidence for such a benefit in young individuals and children, so the results of the study are significant. The results are also significant because less than a 3rd of pre-teens worldwide achieve the daily 60 minutes of moderate-to-vigorous intensity activity recommended by the WHO. | <urn:uuid:647bfd73-8656-4efd-88f6-534d15fb6975> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.ahealthblog.com/physical-activity-can-help-to-improve-mental-health-in-adolescents.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474412.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223121413-20240223151413-00783.warc.gz | en | 0.973109 | 445 | 3.671875 | 4 |
While binge drinking is typically thought of as something youth and young adults, especially college students, participate in, data from the 2010 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) shows that this behavior is also widespread among older adults. More than 38 million U.S. adults binge drink about 4 times a month, and the largest number of drinks per binge is on average 8. While the age group of 18 to 34 year olds has the most binge drinkers, people 65 years and older binge drink most often.
Binge drinking is defined as a pattern of drinking that brings a person’s blood alcohol concentration (BAC) to 0.08 grams percent or above. This typically happens when a woman consumes 4 or more drinks and when a man consumes 5 or more drinks, in about 2 hours. According to the CDC most people who binge drink are not alcoholics.
Binge drinking is a dangerous public health problem and contributes to over 54 different injuries and diseases, from car crashes and violence to sexually-transmitted diseases and unplanned pregnancies. The chance of getting sick and dying from alcohol problems greatly increases for those who binge drink more often. According to the 2010 BRFSS, binge drinking is most common in the Midwest. In Missouri the estimated number of adults who binge drink ranges from 16.8% to 18.6% and the average largest number of drinks within a short period of time among binge drinkers ranges from 7.8 drinks to 9 drinks.
Everyone can help prevent binge drinking by choosing to limit the number of drinks they consume and to let others know the dangers of binge drinking. The U.S. Dietary Guidelines on alcohol consumption recommend no more than 1 drink per day for women and no more than 2 drinks per day for men.
Pregnant women and underage youth should not drink alcohol.
When you come to the end
of your rope,
tie a knot and hang on.
-Franklin D. Roosevelt
By Tina Stevens
About the Author: Tina Stevens is a Prevention Secretary with Preferred Family Healthcare. The prevention team works with coalitions throughout the Northern 27 counties in Missouri. She attend fairs and events to distribute information about ATOD (Alcohol, Tobacco and Other Drugs) to bring awareness to our communities. In July 2012 she joined the Healthcare Home team as their secretary/care coordinator. Healthcare Home is a fairly new program in the State of Missouri that is combining Mental Health and Physical Health of our consumers to treat the whole person. | <urn:uuid:739423a0-dbe0-4756-ba91-50cbebc92301> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | https://pfhc.blogspot.com/2012/12/binge-drinking-and-you.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267860557.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20180618125242-20180618145242-00194.warc.gz | en | 0.938994 | 503 | 3.21875 | 3 |
Selma: The Bridge to the Ballot is a new documentary from Teaching Tolerance that narrates the story of a courageous group of teachers, students and activists, who fought a nonviolent battle to win voting rights for African Americans in the South of the USA during the 1960s.
Confronted with a tough and segregationist state, and a federal government slow to fully embrace equality; the group of activists marched bravely against intimidation, violence, arrest and even murder.
Selma tells a powerful and real story about freedom and struggle. The documentary combines historic film footage, interviews, photos, and drawings to show a compelling part of the civil rights era.
If you are a teacher, you can get the documentary and accompanying teaching kit for free. To place you order go to Teaching Tolerance.
The kit includes:
The documentary, Selma: The Bridge to the Ballot (40 minutes); a viewer’s guide to help you plan how you’ll teach about the Selma-to-Montgomery marches, the Voting Rights Act of 1965 and voting issues today; a timeline of activities and events leading up to and following the marches; and a map of Alabama illustrated with locations significant to the voting rights struggle. | <urn:uuid:47694489-7cae-460d-891a-4fef8bad11d0> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | http://www.bcmty.org/blog/2015/02/23/selma-bridge-ballot-free-schools/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400192783.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20200919173334-20200919203334-00412.warc.gz | en | 0.927424 | 251 | 3.484375 | 3 |
Issue Date: May 6, 2013 | Web Date: May 3, 2013
Lackluster Sepsis Drug Combats Flu In Rodents
A drug to treat sepsis that failed clinical trials might see new life as a treatment for influenza—if studies in rodents are any indicator (Nature, DOI: 10.1038/nature12118). A new approach to flu therapy would be a welcome addition to the arsenal on hand today.
Most treatments for flu go after the virus itself, but Stefanie N. Vogel of the University of Maryland, Baltimore, and coworkers are taking a different tack. “We’re targeting the host response to the virus, rather than the virus itself,” she says. Her group’s aim is to prevent the lung inflammation and damage influenza can cause.
Vogel’s team turned to eritoran, a sepsis drug candidate, because it blocks an inflammation pathway mediated by Toll-like receptor 4, a protein on certain immune-system cells. Researchers have proposed that this pathway is involved in multiple illnesses. However, in 2011 results from a late-stage clinical trial for sepsis, eritoran proved no more effective than a placebo.
The flu response, though, may be more amenable. Vogel’s team infected cotton rats, a rodent susceptible to the same seasonal flu strains as humans, and then treated the animals with eritoran or a placebo. The eritoran-treated rats had less lung damage from flu than their untreated counterparts. Eritoran also protected mice from a mouse version of flu virus. Without eritoran, only 10% of mice infected with the virus lived. With eritoran, however, as many as 90% of infected mice survived, provided researchers treated the mice soon after infection.
“It’s great to see eritoran used to help validate the involvement of Toll-like receptor 4 in flu,” says Hang (Hubert) Yin, who studies the receptors at the University of Colorado, Boulder.
He thinks the work lends additional support to the movement to find new uses for known drug compounds.
Should eritoran prove effective against flu in people, it wouldn’t be the first time a drug ineffective for sepsis has ended up being used for another disease, Vogel says. Some drugs for rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease also began development as sepsis treatments. Eritoran may work by mitigating an overactive immune response and thus inhibiting ensuing lung damage. “Maybe we have found a niche for eritoran,” she says, “or for drugs like it.”
- Chemical & Engineering News
- ISSN 0009-2347
- Copyright © American Chemical Society | <urn:uuid:d58835ec-c4dd-4da5-b8dc-f761c6ab9126> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://cen.acs.org/articles/91/i18/Lackluster-Sepsis-Drug-Combats-Flu.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988718426.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183838-00294-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.938446 | 572 | 3 | 3 |
The first Chanukah was essentially a reclamation and rededication of the Beit HaMikdash, the Holy Temple, which had been misappropriated and defiled by the Greeks and their assimilated Jewish allies. It was the restoration of the spiritual center of the Jewish People, the earthly seat of the Divine Presence.
It was appropriate, in that light, to establish as the Torah readings for the holiday, the account in the Torah of the establishment and dedication of the first “Temple,” the “Mishkan,” the earthly residence, so to speak, of G-d.
Prior to this event, the Princes of the Twelve Tribes of Israel, led by Nachshon ben Aminadav, Prince of the Tribe of Yehudah, had brought sacrifices for twelve days, one Tribe per day.
It is the description of this offering of sacrifices that makes up the readings. On the eighth day, sacrifices for the eighth through twelfth, as well as the concluding ceremony of dedication, are described.
The ceremony is described as follows:
Afterwards, G-d said to Moshe, “Speak to Aharon, and say to him, ‘Behaalotecha et ha’nerot, el mul pnei ha’Menorah yairu shivat ha’nerot,’ ‘When you raise up the flames, the light of the seven lamps shall shine forth from the Menorah.’ ”
The rededication of the first Chanukah, as well as the dedication of the Mishkan, were marked by and climaxed by the lighting of the Menorah, the radiation of spiritual light into the world. At those times, the light shone upon a dark, and relatively unreceptive world; hopefully this time around, as we once again light the lights of Chanukah, may the light be received with smiling faces by the world, so that we will fulfill our destiny as an “ohr la’goyim,” a “light to the nations.”Chanu | <urn:uuid:02a58a14-a208-47f6-a957-44ebf643bd89> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.ou.org/holidays/chanukah/chanukah-torah-readings/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280850.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00571-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.963053 | 442 | 3.1875 | 3 |
By Belatrix Software | Topics: Software Development
Behavior-Driven Development (BDD) is a software development process which evolved out of many established Agile practices. It helps overcome some of the challenges which teams experience with standard Agile approaches. This report outlines the evolution from Waterfall methodologies to Agile, and how BDD can be the next step in this evolution. It provides practical advice about the advantages of using BDD, as well as a case study highlighting the dramatic improvements in quality that using BDD can provide.
In today´s rapidly shifting business and technology environment, development teams struggle to keep up with the increasing assortment of new technologies, as well as rapidly changing scenarios and customer requirements. Specific challenges include:
Clear communication and understanding of requirements represent key elements in project success. These challenges are exacerbated when the teams involved are from different countries and cultures.
Behavior-driven development (BDD) represents a practical solution to these challenges. BDD helps enhance and expand software project team capabilities, reduce communication challenges between technical and business roles, reduce cost, and accelerates time to market. But first, lets examine the evolution from waterfall development methodologies to Agile and BDD.
One of the most common problems with traditional waterfall methodologies is its slow response to change: it simply requires too much time with defining requirements, analysis, design, implementation and testing, to end up with a working product. This results in missed deadlines, obsolete product deliveries, and increased costs.
To address or mitigate these project killers, Agile methodologies deliver working software as quickly as possible by dividing the software building process into small and relatively short iterations or sprints (typically 2 or 3 weeks), and deliver a working product with a functional increments by the end of each iteration. This provides the following benefits:
However despite these advantages of Agile over Waterfall, there can still be challenges. Just because Agile gives teams the chance to adapt and correct in subsequent sprints, it is still something that should be avoided. Spending one iteration delivering something that may not accomplish stakeholder’s expectations is still expensive.
If the software does not do what it is supposed to do, it means there are communication issues to fix. The question is therefore, how can the communication gap between stakeholders and the team be bridged? How can the team better understand what clients need? To answer these questions, let’s look at behavior-driven development.
Behavior-driven development (BDD) is an Agile approach to software development that encourages teams to deliver software by emphasizing interaction between stakeholders. It takes into consideration both business and technical perspectives – and one of the key ways it achieves this is by writing test cases in a language that both technical individuals and non-programmers can understand.
BDD is therefore based on the principles of test-driven development (TDD). The general principles of TDD include object oriented analysis, and design and domain-driven design. In BDD the developer uses this to describe the code (its purpose and benefit) in language that non-technical stakeholders can understand. This helps develop a shared set of tools and processes for software developers and business analysts, enabling better collaboration during software development.
The BDD process can be seen as two related cycles. Even though some authors draw them as concentric cycles, we prefer to show them separately for clarity. The image shows the BDD process and its relation with TDD.
This process assumes the use of tools to support development. Some of these tools could be developed specially for BDD, however they can also be considered a modification of a tool that is currently used for test-driven development (TDD) projects. The tools are used to support automation to the common language that BDD is based on.
In order to minimize or remove misunderstandings between stakeholders and the team, current processes need to be replaced from scratch. This challenge implies several changes:
There are 5 key benefits that BDD provides:
Belatrix implemented BDD in a project with one of the largest risk advisory companies in the world.
The company had distributed Agile teams, each one with 7 to 10 members (developers, testers and product owners), delivering a huge number of changes with each release.
Although requirements lived in an issue tracker, they were written in natural language. It caused some misunderstandings between what the product owner expected the system to do, and what the development team delivered. In addition, testing engineers used their own tools to create automated tests, designed from their understanding of the business rules and requirements.
As a result, there were sometimes up to 3 different perspectives of the same requirement.
The initial measure to mitigate misunderstandings and reduce quality issues, was for the developers and testers to work closer together. To achieve this it was decided to run tests locally on developers´ machines before affecting the code repository.
However, despite this, there were still gaps between the software products requested by product owners and what the development teams were delivering. At this point, the product backlog items were still written in business language. In addition, coding tasks started before the team agreed the acceptance criteria of those items.
As a result, the team was spending time in coding tasks while not having certainty about the correctness of the software to be delivered.
The initiative of executing local tests before affecting the code base was a good starting point. However there were still a number of unsolved problems:
To help solve these challenges, Belatrix decided to implement BDD. The following section walks through an example of implementing BDD, along the BDD process outline.
Because no code has been written yet to specify what to test in each step, running the scenario shows it as pending in the test results.
The development team wrote the necessary code for each testing step. The great news is that developers and testers are all involved in this phase. The more they work collaboratively, the more they can benefit from each other.
Once the all scenarios are ready, the scenario can be run again to see how the test fails.
That’s exactly what is expected, because at this point we have stated what will be tested even though not a single line of implementation code has been written.
Notice that at this point we have defined what we want the system to do and we have created the code that tests that behavior.
At the beginning the team didn’t use BDD and approximately 30% of the tickets failed and were then later fixed during each sprint. As the project moved forward with the BDD implementation, the amount of failed tickets decreased as the team changed the way they wrote the tickets and the acceptance criteria. Currently the percentage is around 2% (see Figure).
This reflects the deep changes in communication which BDD brought about within the team and between stakeholders. By enhancing collaboration and communication, quality significantly improved.
Business stakeholders often face challenges in articulating exactly what they need in language understandable by technical roles. Similarly, technical roles typically focus on how to make things work, and struggle to really understand the business value of the requirement. This is a challenge that every software development team struggles with.
BDD aims to help solve those problems and increase the success rate for software teams by clearly identifying a stakeholder, a business effect, and a business value in each user story. It also describes several scenarios, each with a precondition, trigger and expected outcome, all using a common, team-wide accepted language. The impact of this is increased quality and speed of development – much needed in today´s rapidly changing environment. | <urn:uuid:6bf01a83-c41d-49f6-9dfe-4b47fa4b02d3> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | https://www.belatrixsf.com/whitepapers/project-behavior-driven-development/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195526408.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20190720024812-20190720050812-00530.warc.gz | en | 0.955613 | 1,547 | 3.078125 | 3 |
In the race to describe all of Earth's species before they go extinct it has been suggested that one species that is thriving is taxonomists.
Taxonomists are the people responsible for describing, identifying, and naming species – so far they have described around two million species. This could involve trekking into the jungle to discover new plants and animals but more often means poring over samples in existing collections and databases to unearth previously undescribed species.
'Taxonomic data, knowledge about species, underpins nearly every aspect of environmental biology including conservation, extinction, and the world's biodiversity hotspots,' explains Robert Scotland of Oxford University's Department of Plant Sciences.
If you want to describe all Earth's species before they vanish then the question of the taxonomy community's capacity, and the speed with which they can discover new species, becomes very important.
Some recent studies looking at trends in extinction counted the number of authors on each taxonomic paper and concluded that there was an expanding workforce of taxonomists chasing an ever diminishing pool of undescribed species. 'These findings contradict the prevailing view that there are six million species on Earth remaining to be discovered by an ever diminishing number of taxonomists, the so called 'taxonomic impediment',' Robert comments.
To test whether taxonomists were really a booming or endangered species, and what this might mean for species discovery, Robert and colleagues from Exeter University and Kew Gardens analysed data on the discovery of new plant species. A report of the research is published in the journal New Phytologist.
'What we found was that from 1970 to 2011 taxonomic botanists described on average 1850 new flowering plants each year, identifying a total of 78,000 new species,' Robert tells me. 'But while this period saw the number of authors describing new species increased threefold, there was no evidence for an increase in the rate of discovery.
'One recent idea is that species are becoming more difficult to discover and more authors are subsequently required to put in more effort to describe the same number of new species. We found no evidence for this as the lag period between a specimen being collected and subsequently described as a new species has increased.'
The team's study showed that, far from running out of new species, there are still around 70,000 new species of flowering plant waiting to be discovered. So why are taxonomy authors multiplying?
To get some context the researchers analysed the number of authors on papers in other subjects including botany, geology and astronomy over a similar period, 1970-2013, and then compared them to the data on taxonomy authors.
'We found that the increase in authors on taxonomy papers was in fact fairly modest compared to the 'author inflation' in other subjects including botany,' Robert explains. 'Our data show for geology that there were 1.8 authors per paper in 1975 but this has risen to 4.8 in 2013, and for astronomy, 1.6 authors per paper in 1970, 8.4 in 2013, so a fivefold increase.'
There could be many different reasons for author inflation; more interdisciplinary research, technological advances, the closer monitoring of performance indicators in scientific institutions that has led to the inclusion of students, lab assistants, junior staff and technical staff as authors on papers.
Robert comments: 'Using crude measures of author numbers to measure taxonomic capacity at a time of author inflation across all of science has the potential to be highly misleading for future planners and policy makers in this area of science.
'Our study found that in fact a very large number of new species are discovered and described by a very small number of prolific botanists, and more than 50% of all authors are only ever associated with naming a single species.
'It shows that there remain huge uncertainties surrounding our capacity to describe the world's species before they go extinct.'
Explore further: Revolving images and multi-image keys open new horizons in descriptive taxonomy | <urn:uuid:a78b18ea-fdf6-49b3-a06a-00144a29aefa> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://phys.org/news/2013-09-species-game.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281162.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00368-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.946454 | 808 | 3.859375 | 4 |
A regional Internet registry (RIR) is an organization that manages the allocation and registration of "Internet number resources within a particular region of the world. Internet number resources include "IP addresses and "autonomous system (AS) numbers.
The Regional Internet Registry system evolved over time, eventually dividing the world into five RIRs:
Regional Internet Registries are components of the Internet Number Registry System, which is described in "IETF "RFC 7020. The "Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) delegates Internet resources to the RIRs who, in turn, follow their regional policies to delegate resources to their customers, which include "Internet service providers and end-user organizations. Collectively, the RIRs participate in the "Number Resource Organization (NRO), formed as a body to represent their collective interests, undertake joint activities, and coordinate their activities globally. The NRO has entered into an agreement with "ICANN for the establishment of the "Address Supporting Organisation (ASO), which undertakes coordination of global IP addressing policies within the ICANN framework.
The Number Resource Organization (NRO) is an unincorporated organization uniting the five RIRs. It came into existence on October 24, 2003, when the four existing RIRs entered into a "memorandum of understanding (MoU) in order to undertake joint activities, including joint technical projects, liaison activities and policy co-ordination.
"AFRINIC, which was officially created in April 2005, joined on April 25, 2005.
The main aims of the NRO are to: | <urn:uuid:7826c4c2-9740-47bc-9fa7-efe2b3fbaf99> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://wikipediaaudio.com/Regional_Internet_registry | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187824824.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20171021171712-20171021191712-00595.warc.gz | en | 0.943577 | 326 | 2.6875 | 3 |
The Ancient Greeks in 400B.C.
The Ancient Greeks, who existed from around 400 BCE until the year 0, had many contributions to our society today. They affected our forms of government, our sciences and mathematics, and our philosophy. The Ancient Greeks have played a large role on our society.
The Ancient Greeks have provided us with a democratic government. A democratic government favors the many instead of the few. (Doc. 3) Like the Ancient Greek's form of democracy, everyone is able to advance in their social standing. Similar to the Ancient Greeks, our citizens have an equal opportunity to serve the public. How…
- "Life in the Trenches" This essay gives a description of life in the trenches in WW1 and talks about how the government prevented the public from knowing the truth about the conditions.
- Account for Changes in British Policy Towards Ireland Between 1914 and 1922. Why Did These Changes Fail to Satisfy the People of Ireland?
- The Ancient Greeks in 400B.C.
E-pasta adrese, uz kuru nosūtīt darba saiti:
Saite uz darbu: | <urn:uuid:e9f32ee1-c62a-444e-8118-d8bbf054e053> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | https://www.atlants.lv/eseja/the-ancient-greeks-in-400bc/398368/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084889660.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20180120142458-20180120162458-00605.warc.gz | en | 0.895011 | 238 | 3.984375 | 4 |
Germany and Egypt have long been at odds over the return of the famous bust of Nefertiti. Now documents found in archives show that the conflict was started by a Frenchman who had fought the Germans in World War I and considered them to be swindlers. He may have been right.
This queen owes her immortality to a gifted artist. The bust he fashioned out of gypsum and limestone some 3,350 years ago became an eternal monument to her beauty. As realistic as the image is, it has the radiance of a goddess. "It's no use describing it; you have to see it!" said the German archeologist who unearthed the bust of the Egyptian queen in the desert sand almost a century ago.
Hardly anyone is familiar with the name of the sculptor, Thutmose, but the bust is of the famous Nefertiti, Queen of the Nile, Great Royal Wife of the Pharaoh Akhenaten. And thanks to a coincidence, a minor detour of history, her likeness is not on display in a museum in her native Egypt, but in Berlin. Or was it not a coincidence at all, but rather fraud?
For the Germans, Nefertiti is their perceived property, a national cultural treasure, their entry in the canon of the sublime. The bust represents many things, but most of all it stands for both the splendid epoch of ancient Egypt and the age of spectacular digs around the beginning of the last century, when Europe's archeologists set out for the Nile. Today, she is the star of the Neues Museum in Berlin's Mitte district, which was reopened in 2009. There, the bust is prominently displayed in the middle of a domed hall, bathed in soft light and admired by thousands every day. Of the more than 1 million visitors the museum attracts each year, most come to see the bust of Nefertiti, as if they were making a pilgrimage to admire this queen of the Nile. Nefertiti is Berlin's Mona Lisa, except that she is perhaps even more beautiful, more mysterious and more magnificent.
Fight Over the Queen is Far From Over
Of course, the Egyptians would prefer to have this heirloom of their magnificent history in their own country. Egyptian experts on antiquity have repeatedly asked that the bust of the queen be repatriated, especially in recent years. And although the government in Cairo has not intervened in the dispute, it seemed to have no objection when Zahi Hawass, the country's former minister of state for antiquities, demanded the return of the bust. Hawass is quick to point out that even the Nazis were once almost persuaded to send Nefertiti back to Egypt.
During his time in office, the relentless Hawass managed to bring a few relics of antiquity back to Egypt, but not the bust of Nefertiti. Then came the revolution and Hawass lost his position. But the fight over the queen is far from over, just as the fight over all the other antiquities from Egypt that were once distributed around the world continues today.
The National Museums in Berlin, as well as the German Foreign Ministry, ward off all claims with the argument that everything was done properly during the excavation in December 1912. But what exactly was considered proper in those days?
Now that debate is about to be renewed thanks to a study devoted to the origins of the controversy that is being published this week. Based on original documents, it tells a part of the story that was largely unknown until now. Bénédicte Savoy, a French professor of art history living and teaching in Berlin, discovered a "Nefertiti file" in Paris, which led her to write the book. In the preface, she acknowledges that it was the Arab Spring that inspired her. Savoy writes that she felt she "owed this story to the Egyptians, a story in which they have been overlooked in every respect."*
Egyptians Not Allowed into Egyptologists Club
The old and still acrimonius dispute can be summed up in a few sentences: Almost 100 years ago, there was one man who did not recognize the beauty of Nefertiti, Egypt's antiques inspector Gustave Lefebvre, who was originally from France. This young man, in his glasses and sun hat, an expert on papyrus scrolls and responsible for the export of antiquities, naïvely relinquished the bust to the German archeologist who had dug it up. Everyone acted in accordance with the laws in effect at the time, and yet they nonetheless seemingly behaved dishonestly.
Although the British controlled Egypt at the time, the French were traditionally responsible for the supervision, care and distribution of antiquities. Decades earlier, they had been the first archeologists in the country, and now the British tolerated them in their capacity as custodians of historic finds. The Egyptian antiquities administration even had a French name.
Around 1900, almost any nation was permitted to conduct digs in Egypt. This led to an atmosphere of archeological tourism and a race for the best dig sites. The only exceptions were the Egyptians, who were not considered exclusive enough for the club of Egyptologists. Instead, they worked as laborers at the digs, scraping their heritage out of the arid soil, while others made the decisions.
"A Very Pleasant Diversion from the Desert"
Savoy now suggests that the idea of the restitution of Nefertiti was pursued with dogged determination early on. In fact, a Frenchman, Pierre Lacau, once made it his mission in life. He hated the Germans, after having fought against them in World War I. The sheer depth of his hatred and the extent to which his anti-German sentiments played a role in the treatment of the Nefertiti bust were largely unknown until now. Curiously enough, Lacau also seemed to be disgusted with Egypt, as the tone of revulsion he used in referring to the country reveals. Even the trenches in the snow-covered battlefields of World War I were, in his words, "a very pleasant diversion from the desert."
He delayed taking up his post as chief of antiquities in Cairo, preferring to remain on the front in Europe instead. In 1915, the French government ordered Lacau to go to Egypt, but he would have preferred to carve out a career at home in France, preferably at the Louvre in Paris.
Because he was denied that opportunity, Lacau focused his ambitions on trying to prove that the Germans had committed a serious "moral mistake" when they took the Nefertiti bust to Berlin. Essentially, he felt that the Germans had committed fraud, and this accusation continues to color the controversy over who should own the Nefertiti to this day. Lacau also characterized the restitution as a moral issue, and he may have been right.
Savoy, an expert on early thefts of cultural artefacts, makes it clear that a global renegotiation of the handling of archeological treasures is necessary. In her view, every Egyptian museum that is not located in Egypt should ask itself whether it even has the right to exist. Savoy refers to the question of the whereabouts and possible restitution of treasures looted in colonial times as one of the "great challenges of the future."
Priceless and Irreplaceable Treasures
Already precious at the time, these treasures are now priceless and irreplaceable. From a Western perspective, it is hard to imagine them being removed from the museum collections where they are now held.
German archeologist Ludwig Borchardt unearthed the Nefertiti bust at the Amarna archeological site 99 years ago. Referring to the find, he noted: "Colors as if just applied. Work is outstanding." The piece was still dubbed simply "colored bust of a princess," but Borchardt recognized its uniqueness immediately.
Although Lacau was not in office yet at the time, he later accused Borchardt of having concealed the splendor of the sculpture and created the impression that it was less important than another piece from the same dig, an altar that subsequently remained in Egypt.
The new practice was known as the sharing of finds. From a later perspective, it was disquieting, because it meant that many ensembles were separated. But different priorities applied in the colonial era. The archeologist, who had invested the money for the dig, was to be permitted to keep half of the pieces he found or be compensated for half of their value, while the Egyptians kept the other half.
But in most cases it was the foreign treasure hunters who benefited from this arrangement, because they downplayed the material value and significance of important pieces so that they could get them out of the country.
Borchardt was as cunning as the rest. He wrote that anyone who still hoped to derive anything worthwhile from the digs ought to apply the "London system of deep cellars." His words made it sound as if many a find had simply been covered up.
At the time, even Borchardt admitted: "By far the overwhelming portion fell into our laps." That included the Nefertiti bust, but apparently he was anxious to keep his success a secret, so that only a few people would see this exceptional work. When the finds from Amarna were exhibited in Wilhelmine Berlin in 1913, the Nefertiti bust was not included. It was only shown to Kaiser Wilhelm.
Love at First Sight for Berliners
The bust found a home as a private trophy on the mantelpiece of James Simon, a Berlin businessman who had paid for the excavations. In 1920, he donated it to the Egyptian Museum in the German capital, but it wasn't exhibited until four years later. For Berliners, it was love at first sight.
But for Pierre Lacau, the French head of the Egyptian antiquities administration, it was yet another reason to cling to his hatred for the Germans, to whom he and other Frenchmen referred to as the boche, a derogatory term used after the end of the war. At his insistence, the magnificent "German House" in Luxor, which the German archeologists had used as their base, was dynamited by the British in 1915. After that, Lacau tried to keep the Germans away from Egyptian digs for as long as possible, again citing "moral reasons." Borchardt was never permitted to dig at Egyptian sites again.
"A nation can have true scholars and an utterly corrupt soul; the evidence has been brought forward," Lacau wrote in 1919, in response to a Danish scholar who had sought to involve German colleagues in a major book project. He resumed his battle for the Nefertiti bust in the 1920s, when he wrote: "From a legal standpoint, I believe that we are defenseless." But he was also convinced that he was on the right side of the moral argument.
Hitler was Lacau's Last Hope
Lacau was director general of the Department of Antiquities in Cairo until 1936. He became somewhat more diplomatic over time, but he remained as persistent as ever, characterizing the Nefertiti saga as a mistake that had to be corrected. He tried his luck with offers to exchange other treasures for the bust, and he even traveled to Berlin. For a brief moment in 1930, it even seemed as if the Germans were on the verge of agreeing to his proposal to give them two valuable male statues in return for the Nefertiti, but then they withdrew from the deal.
Ironically, Adolf Hitler became Lacau's last hope. The German Foreign Ministry had in fact promised to return the bust on Oct. 9, 1933, but then Hitler decided not to honor the agreement. During a visit to Berlin, the German ambassador to Egypt failed to convince the Fuehrer to change his mind. Instead, Hitler said: "I'm going to build a new Egyptian museum in Berlin ... In the middle, this wonder, Nefertiti, will be enthroned."
During World War II, the Nefertiti bust was first kept in the cellar of a bank, then in a bunker at the Berlin Zoo and, finally, in a salt mine in the eastern state of Thuringia. After the war, US soldiers kept it in storage in Wiesbaden in western Germany and, in 1956, handed it over to the West Berlin museums, to the chagrin of the East German cultural officials, who wanted it returned to Museum Island in what was then East Berlin.
Lacau had already left Egypt, the country he so despised, at the beginning of World War II. He said that Egypt had destroyed him as a scholar. His successor was also a Frenchman, and it wasn't until the 1950s that the Egyptians assumed control of their antiquities administration. By that time, the country's archeological sites had been largely plundered of any remaining treasures.
For Bernd Neumann, Germany's minister of state for culture, the Egyptian claims for restitution are completely unfounded. Neither the campaign of former Egyptian Minister of Antiquities Hawass nor the revolution of the past few months has done anything to change his position. Nefertiti, Naumann likes to say, is "the most beautiful ambassador of Egyptian art and culture in Germany." Morally speaking, it's a deeply cynical argument.
*Bénédicte Savoy: Nofretete. Eine deutsch-französische Affäre 1912-1931 (Nefertitit. A German-French Affair 1912-1931), Böhlau Verlag, Cologne 232 pages, €24.90.
Translated from the German by Christopher Sultan | <urn:uuid:f7f4408a-1619-401a-9b7f-42fb83741d9d> | CC-MAIN-2015-32 | http://abcnews.go.com/International/nefertiti-sparring-berlins-mona-lisa/story?id=14326400&singlePage=true | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042989510.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002309-00074-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.981018 | 2,805 | 3.03125 | 3 |
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WELLNESS TESTING - WHAT IS THIS?
Generally, Wellness Testing means having laboratory tests performed on the blood and urine of your pet. Sometimes other tests are included in the Wellness package such as an electrocardiogram (ecg); radiographs (x-rays); blood pressure etc. What is included will depend on the veterinary hospital and the age and possibly the breed (Boxer? Chihuahua? Persian) or species (Dog? or Cat?) of your pet.
Who Does The Testing?
Some veterinary hospitals perform laboratory tests on in-house equipment. Derry Road Animal Hospital sends all Wellness bloodwork and urine to a Commercial Laboratory that specializes in working with dog and cat specimens. The laboratory uses sophisticated equipment and employs trained Laboratory Technicians. We feel that the results will be more reliable and when a test result is outside of the reference range, the lab repeats the test on that sample, at no additional charge, to ensure accuracy. There are still times, however, when we choose to repeat tests at a future date to ensure consistency of a result, especially when the results are pointing at a serious disease with lifelong implication for treatment or where further more invasive diagnostic testing is being recommended.
At Derry Road Animal Hospital we try to keep Wellness Testing Simple. Initially it involves testing on only blood and urine and which level of wellness is recommended is based on your pet's age. (See below).
What Tests Exactly Are Included In The Wellness?
What Is A CBC?
CBC stands for Complete Blood Count. This means that all the cells present in the blood are counted - how many white blood cells are there? - there are 5 types of white blood cell that are counted. The red blood cells are counted too. Additional testing is done when it is a complete blood count...for example, tests such as the hemoglobin level. Finally, comments are made by the laboratory on the 'appearance' of the cells seen...do they look normal?
What Can A CBC Tell Us?
So many things it is impossible to go in to all of them here. To give you an idea, white blood cell levels are increased with infection and with certain types of cancer. They are decreased with certain viral infections. Red blood cells are often lower in number with anemia. Hemoglobin is lower when anemia is present. Get the picture?
What Are Chemistry Tests?
These tests tend to give information with regard to organ function. For example blood glucose level will be a reflection on the function of the pancreas, Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) and Creatinine reflect the filtration ability of the Kidney. Electrolytes such as Sodium, Potassium, Calcium and Chloride may be included depending on the Wellness Level.
Our Wellness Level 3 includes a thyroid hormone level. This is because thyroid disease is relatively common in both dogs and cats as they age. Specifically, Hypothyroidism (low thyroid hormone level) in dogs and Hyperthyroidism (high thyroid hormone level) in cats.
We Can't Test For Everything!!
You wouldn't want us to test for EVERYTHING. The purpose of Wellness Testing is to screen for hidden problems and if no specific problems are identified (which is what we hope for) then the results help to establish a baseline of what is normal for your pet. If we find results out of the reference ranges then we will need to discuss with you what the implications are. Sometimes we just monitor and track (check again at some point in the future - could be as soon as a few days or as long at 6 months), other times we recommend moving to additional specific screening tests for a suspected disease or we may even suggest repeating the test to determine whether it is a consistent finding. | <urn:uuid:eb454326-749e-4437-88ca-77f8adc4c2f3> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://www.derryroadvet.com/wellness-testing.pml | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141748276.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20201205165649-20201205195649-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.938463 | 799 | 2.515625 | 3 |
“I’d rather have roses on my table than diamonds on my neck.” — Emma Goldman
Roses are mostly thought as a decorative and fragrant addition to life, but it is used extensively as a seasoning, specifically to sweets, in the Arab world, India, central Asia, and Iran.
History and Folklore
Roses have been seen as a symbol of love. They are believed to have originated in Persia, Bulgaria or Turkey; eventually spread through Mesopotamia to Palestine.
In Pagan religions, the rose symbols love, happiness, psychic powers, healing, luck and protection. Roses have been associated with numerous mythological deities such as Hathor, Hulda, Eros, Demeter, Isis, Adonis, Harpocrates and Aurora.
Roses usually bloom throughout the summer months, but it available year-round in specialty stores dried, candied, as rosewater and rose oil.
1. NEVER pick flowers that have been exposed to animal excrement. That is a sure way to get sick.
2. NEVER pick flowers that have had insecticides sprayed on them. If it can kill bugs, it can make you sick!
3. If you use fertilizers on your flowers, make sure that the fertilizers are for food consumption.
4. Flowers on the side of the road have been exposed to trash and carbon monoxide. Who wants to eat that?
5. If you are unsure if the flowers are edible, then do not eat them. Why take the risk.
6. Check with your doctor. If you are allergic to dandelions, then eating them will probably make your allergies worse.
7. If the flowers look bruised, or eaten by an insect, don’t eat them. Part of eating flowers is to enjoy the beauty of them.
8. There are some flowers that are edible and some are poisonous. Before you eat any flower, please make sure to research whether the flower is safe to eat. When in doubt, go without.
Allspice, almond, cardamom, cassia, chocolate, cinnamon, cloves, coffee, coriander seed, cream, fennel seed, ginger, lavender, lemon, mahlab, mastic, nutmeg, pine nuts, pistachio, poppy seeds, rice, saffron, sugar, tea, vanilla, walnuts, wattleseed and yogurt.
6 whole petals = 1 – 2 teaspoons dried = 1 teaspoon rosewater
1 cup of fresh rose petals = 4 – 16 roses (depending on the size of the flower)
Rose Hips, the very heart of the rose, are an important source of Vitamin C. They also contain high amounts of carotene, bioflavonoids and B complex.
Rose Hips are excellent for the skin; they can stop an infection, cramps, dizziness, colds and stress.
The essential oil of rose is the most expensive in the world, but is used as a sedative, anti-depressant and anti-inflammatory remedy. It has been used for thousands of years to help treat and prevent wrinkles.
- 4 cups vodka or dry white wine
- 1cup sugar
- 1–2 cups rose petals
Gently bruise the flower petals. Place in a jar with the alcohol and allow to steep for a minimum of two days. Add the sugar to the jar and shake. Allow this mixture to steep for a minimum of two weeks. Shake the jar each day twice to make the sugar dissolve. Strain into a clean decanter.
Instant Chartreuse or your own flavored Stoli!
- 1/2 to 1 cup chopped fresh or dried rose petals
- 1 pound sweet unsalted butter, room temperature
Finely chop flower petals and mix into softened butter. Allow the mixture to stand at room temperature overnight to allow the flavors to fuse. It is good for a couple of weeks in the refrigerator, or freeze for several months.
Wonderful on breads or used in sugar cookie or pound cake recipes.
- 1/2 to 1 cup fresh or dried rose petals
- 1 pound honey
Chop petals and add to honey. Using aluminum foil, cover jar and place in a pan of hot water until boiling. Once it reaches boiling, turn the heat off and allow the jar to sit in the water until it cools. Keep the honey in a cool, dark place.
Try in tea and salad dressings, or on croissants, scones, muffins, and bread.
Makes 4–5 half pints
- 2 1/2 cups white wine
- 1 cup rose petals
- 4 cups sugar
- 1/4 cup lemon juice
- 3 ounces of liquid pectin
- Fresh flower petals
Bring wine to a boil and pour over petals. Cover and allow the flower petals to steep until the mixture is cool. Then, strain the petals out of the wine.
Add the flower infusion to a pot with the sugar and lemon juice. On high heat, bring to a boil until the sugar has dissolved. Then, stir in the pectin. Bring back to a boil, stirring constantly for exactly 1 minute. Take the jelly off the heat and skim off any foam. Allow the jelly to cool slightly; then add more flower petals. Pour into sterilized jars. If petals do not stay suspended, stir jelly as it cools until petals stay in place. Process in hot water bath or seal with paraffin.
- 1/2 to 1 cup dried rose petals
- 1 quart vegetable oil
Put flowers and oil into a bottle. Place the bottle in a pan filled with water and simmer water gently for at least 30 minutes. Remove from heat and allow to cool. Cover bottle tightly and allow the flavors to infuse for at least a week before using.
Use in salad dressings, marinades, hot pasta, stir-frying.
- 1 cup water
- 3 cups sugar
- 1/2 to 1 cup rose petals, whole or crushed
Boil the water, sugar, and flowers for 10 minutes, or until thickened into syrup. Using a cheesecloth, strain into a jar. Keeps up to two weeks in the refrigerator. Can be added to iced tea or poured over pancakes.
Try freezing petals in ice cube trays filled with water for a unique addition to your favorite lemonade or iced tea!
- 2 large eggs
- 1 tablespoon heavy cream
- 2/3 cup buttermilk
- 1 teaspoon vanilla extract
- 2 cups all-purpose flour
- 1/3 cup sugar
- 1 tablespoon sugar
- 2 teaspoons baking powder
- ½ teaspoon salt
- 6 tablespoons unsalted butter, chilled and diced
- ½ cup dried culinary rose petals* OR
- 1 cup culinary rose petals, fresh*
Preheat oven to 375 degrees. Adjust the baking rack to the middle shelf. Lightly grease a metal baking sheet. In a small bowl, beat an egg and add one tablespoon of heavy cream to it. Set aside. Whisk remaining egg, buttermilk, and vanilla extract together in medium bowl.
Sift flour, 1/3 cup sugar, baking powder, and salt in together until blended in a large bowl. Add butter and rub in with finger tips until mixture resembles coarse breadcrumbs. Make well in center. Add buttermilk mixture and stir until batter forms moist clumps. Carefully stir in rose petals.
Transfer dough to lightly floured work surface and knead gently until dough comes together and is smooth, about 10 seconds. Pat dough into 7-inch circle about 1 inch thick. Using sharp knife, cut circle into 8 wedges. With pastry brush, remove excess flour from wedges. Transfer wedges to prepared baking sheet, brush tops with egg and cream glaze, and sprinkle with remaining 1 tablespoon sugar.
Bake until lightly browned and toothpick inserted in center of scones comes out with a few crumbs attached, about 15 minutes. Transfer scones to wire rack. Serve warm or at room temperature. (Cooled scones can be stored in airtight container for up to 2 days, or they can be frozen for a month.)
- 1 cup white sugar
- 1 cup rose petals, fresh
Chop the rose petals into small pieces. Mix together with the sugar (or pulse in a food processor).
Place in an airtight container.
Uses: Can be used in coffee or tea or in baked good recipes.
- 2 cups champagne vinegar
- 1/2 cup dried rose petals
Place in an airtight container.
Allow to seep from 2 weeks.
Use in any recipe that needs white vinegar, such as salads.
- 3 – 10 drops rose essential oil
- 1 cup Epsom salts or baking soda
Place in a container. Shake well.
Dissolve in a hot bath.
2 tablespoons glycerin, heated
2 tablespoons cornstarch
1 cup rosewater
Mix together and place in a jar.
Will last a year in a cool dry place.
- 1 cup rosewater
- 1 cup witchhazel
Shake before each use. Cleans pours without over stripping the skin.
- 2 sticks unsalted butter, room temperature
- 2/3 cup icing sugar
- 1 tablespoon rosewater
- 1/4 cup dried rose petals
- 2 cups all-purpose flour, sifted
Cream the butter and sugar together, until smooth and creamy.
Add the rosewater, and gently fold in the rose petals.
Add the flour, and mix together.
Roll out the dough and cut (with cookie cutters, if you like) into 36 cookies. Prick each cookie with a fork to allow steam to escape during baking.
Bake on parchment lined cookie sheets in a preheated 325 degree oven for approximately 18 minutes.
- 6 drops rose essential oil
- 1 cup distiller water
Place in a spray bottle. Shake before using.
Spray the air, but be careful with wood and other water sensitive materials. | <urn:uuid:0e822fb8-941f-40b9-838d-d1a836832d84> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | https://foodie2choux.wordpress.com/2014/02/26/edible-flowers-rose/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128322873.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20170628065139-20170628085139-00031.warc.gz | en | 0.87098 | 2,125 | 2.6875 | 3 |
What is common about Connectivism, Constructivism and Constructionism?
Connectivism: One aspect of connectivism is the use of a network with nodes and connections as a central metaphor for learning. In this metaphor, a node is anything that can be connected to another node within a network such as an organisation: information, data, feelings, images. Connectivism sees learning as the process of creating connections and developing a network.
Constructivism: through processes of accommodation and assimilation, individuals construct new knowledge from their experiences.
Constructionism: learning can happen most effectively when people are also active in making tangible objects in the real world. Learning is most effective when part of an activity the learner experiences as constructing a meaningful product.
I reckon there are three common aspects that characterized the three learning theories, though they may be perceived quite differently with individual lenses:
Connectivism – focus on networks, among entities.
Constructivism – focus on knowledge from experiences & interaction, individually, and socially.
Constructionism – focus on the construction of meaningful product, knowledge in one’s mind.
2. Creativity and creation – of ideas, artifacts, learning objects, or projects:
Connectivism – creation of an environment, with individuals creating artifacts, through curation of ideas, posts, mixing, repurposing, re-designing and developing, and posting of artifacts, with sensemaking, where people make sense of the experience in the world, and wayfinding. In a MOOC environment, the CDE – chaotic, distributed, and emergent learning. See this research by Kop, Fournier and Mak (2011), for details.
Constructivism – creation of conversation, and interaction.
Constructionism – creation of meaningful objects or products.
3. Ideas, concepts, experimentation
All theories would be explored through the curation and examination of ideas, development of concepts, connection of concepts in ones mind (the cognition) and with other people, individual reflection of ideas and concepts based on metacognition (thinking how to think), experimentation of networks and communities, through research, discourse, and critical inquiry.
So, theories provide their own lens into the world, with each theory providing a different lens (or perspective) (Kuhn, 1970). I found it interesting to explore with the different MOOCs. | <urn:uuid:16379c0f-7d16-435d-ae82-4d2506c63def> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | https://suifaijohnmak.wordpress.com/2012/03/14/change11-cck12-what-is-common-in-connectivism-constructivism-and-constructionism/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818687582.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20170920232245-20170921012245-00250.warc.gz | en | 0.938262 | 475 | 3.421875 | 3 |
- A study published today in Global Environmental Change shows that the approval of Brazil’s Bill 191 allowing mining on Indigenous land could be detrimental to up to 43 uncontacted Indigenous groups.
- Researchers also found that almost half of mining requests in the Brazilian Amazon registered through the National Mining Agency, a total of 3,600, were located in Indigenous territories with uncontacted groups.
- The authors recommend scrapping the bill and increasing research on isolated Indigenous groups so they can be better protected. Still, a dossier published this week by Survival International shows the Bolsonaro administration is not protecting known uncontacted groups.
Mining interests in the Brazilian Amazon pose an imminent threat to Indigenous groups, a new study shows, causing…
News Source: https://news.mongabay.com/2021/12/amazon-mining-threatens-dozens-of-uncontacted-indigenous-groups-study-shows/ | <urn:uuid:ac24d05d-36ea-4ae0-9764-4b909df376a9> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | http://sciencenews.muradalikhan.com/33475/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662561747.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20220523194013-20220523224013-00694.warc.gz | en | 0.925535 | 190 | 2.6875 | 3 |
The United States presidential election of 1968 was the 46th quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 5, 1968. The Democratic nominee, Minnesota senator Eugene McCarthy, won the election over the Republican nominee, incumbent Vice-President Richard Nixon. McCarthy ran on a campaign that promised to end the wars, establish peaceful relations with soviet Russia and red China, restore law and order to the nation's cities, torn by riots and crime, and continue the economic boom of the 1960s.
Barry Goldwater faced massive national unpopularity, and when he finished in second place in the New Hampshire Republican primaries in March 1968, he knew he didn't stand a chance at achieving the third term he sought. Both primaries were opens. It was a wrenching national experience, conducted during a year of violence that included the assassination of civil rights leader Martin Luther King, Jr., and subsequent race riots across the nation, the assassination of Democratic presidential candidate John F. Kennedy, widespread opposition to the Vietnam War and the Cuban War across university campuses, and violent confrontations between police and anti-war protesters at the 1968 Republican National Convention in Miami Beach Florida, as the Republican Party split again and again. McCarthy's vice presidential nominee was George McGovern of Nebraska; Nixon's was Charles Percy's of Illinois.
Despite a pack of candidates vying for nominations in both parties, Eugene McCarthy became the so-called "voice of reason" that united most Democrats and appeared to be the strongest shot at the Democrats taking back the White House in 1968. His positions on American values, on foreign policy, and on legal institutions were acceptable to all blocs of the party within the fringes. Vice President Richard Nixon was more controversial; although well-liked by moderate Republicans and the party establishment, most conservatives thought Ronald Reagan was the logical successor to the Goldwater legacy. Richard Nixon announced his intentions to "end the overseas violence in a way that preserves American honor and global respect" in the spring of 1968, prompting a huge reaction from the roughly 45% of Americans who were stilly loyally supportive of the Vietnam War. They backed Ronald Reagan. Reagan won the most primaries but Nixon was nominated at the convention, which turned violent as both conservative extremists and liberal activists attacked the Republican establishment. When Reagan failed to clinch the nomination, he did not launch a third-party campaign. From the late summer on, a McCarthy victory seemed likely. However, a gap never formed in the polls, and on election day, it was extremely close, an attribute to the continuing power of conservatism in America.
The election featured a strong third-party effort by former Alabama Governor George Wallace. Wallace was a vocal advocate for racial segregation in public schools - a position which gained much popularity in his home state, and across much of the Deep South. He launched his third-party campaign when moderates won the nominations of the two major parties, both open to civil rights reforms. Because Wallace's campaign opposed federal intervention in the South to end school segregation, he carried the Deep South and ran well in ethnic industrial districts in the North.
|Candidates||Eugene McCarthy||Richard Nixon||George Wallace|
|Governor of Alabama|
|Running Mate||George McGovern||Charles Percy||Curtis LeMay|
|Prior Candidate||John Kennedy||Barry Goldwater|
Last Election: 1964
Next Election: 1972 | <urn:uuid:bce91e7e-2d06-40f3-9d16-75b7e4e952c3> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | http://althistory.wikia.com/wiki/Election_of_1968_(Every_Man_a_King) | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463608669.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20170526163521-20170526183521-00276.warc.gz | en | 0.960578 | 688 | 3.171875 | 3 |
The future has once again been predicted by a TV show. A new concept vehicle that is strikingly similar to that in the TV cartoon Futurama could make trips around the world in only 6 hours. New York to Hollywood could be completed in a mere 45 minutes. All of this is thanks to magnetic levitation.
This new concept is called Evacuated Tube Transport (ETT) and works by moving at incredibly high speeds. Each tube vehicle car thing (honestly, I'm not sure what to call them!) seats 6 people and has a baggage compartment. The passenger capsule is then put into a vacuum tube where it is levitated leaving it frictionless and air drag free.
Without friction or drag, the system is efficient and can attain a top speed of approximately 4,000 miles per hour. No typo there, folks. This speed allows it to do the incredible feats described above. Even with that speed, passengers would experience no more G-force than a typical car ride down the freeway.
Better yet, the people behind the technology say that it could be available in the next 10 years. "Just like trains, initial ETT use will be for cargo, and along high use routes of travel," ET3 says in a statement on its official site. "Since the system is efficient in energy and materials used, high-speed travel will be low-cost, and sustainable. Eventually, everyone in the world may use the system." | <urn:uuid:97b7d280-db68-462b-8ddd-049a7e77c3ee> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | http://www.tweaktown.com/news/23704/any_futurama_fans_high_speed_tube_transport_concept_similar_to_the_show_could_go_ny_to_hollywood_in_45_minutes/index.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463612003.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20170528235437-20170529015437-00508.warc.gz | en | 0.961208 | 294 | 2.78125 | 3 |
The choice is simple, rear view mirrors are either flat or wide angle, but we're all familiar with the distorted image in the wide angle versions, those curved mirrors bend everything onto the convex surface. Then along comes Drexel University mathematics professor Dr. R. Andrew Hicks, who came up with an algorithm to precisely control the angle of light bouncing off of his curved mirror. The result is a mirror with a 45 degree field of view, eliminating the blind spot, compared to the 15 to 17 degrees normal for a flat mirror and there's almost no distortion.
"Imagine that the mirror's surface is made of many smaller mirrors turned to different angles, like a disco ball," Hicks said. "The algorithm is a set of calculations to manipulate the direction of each face of the metaphorical disco ball so that each ray of light bouncing off the mirror shows the driver a wide, but not-too-distorted, picture of the scene behind him."
The mirror still looks like a normal mirror, you don't see a lot of little mirrors, the math handles the light, the blind spot goes away and is particularly well suited as a driver's side mirror, everybody is happy. Well, almost everybody:
In the United States, regulations dictate that cars coming off of the assembly line must have a flat mirror on the driver's side. Curved mirrors are allowed for cars' passenger-side mirrors only if they include the phrase "Objects in mirror are closer than they appear."
So it seems like this will have to be an aftermarket option.
It looks like it works, judging from the image at the top of this article, though the distance of objects seen in the reflection still appear farther than they actually are, which would have to be the case if you're going to fit a wider field into the same space. I guess there are some things math can't solve. Pretty interesting, though. | <urn:uuid:c0af6fdb-7aea-4cad-b4d4-51cb1713098e> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://thekneeslider.com/wide-angle-distortion-free-rear-view-mirror-eliminates-blind-spot/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027317359.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20190822194105-20190822220105-00314.warc.gz | en | 0.961955 | 388 | 2.8125 | 3 |
As students learn to recognise, develop and communicate their qualities, skills and attitudes, they build knowledge, confidence and self-esteem whilst making the most of their abilities. As they explore similarities and differences between people and discuss social and moral dilemmas, they learn to deal with challenges and accommodate diversity in all its forms. The world is full of complex and sometimes conflicting values. Personal well-being helps students explore this complexity and reflect on and clarify their own values and attitudes. They identify and articulate feelings and emotions, learn to manage new or difficult situations positively and form and maintain effective relationships with a wide range of people.
Citizenship – education for Citizenship equips young people with the knowledge, skills and understanding to play an effective role in public life. Citizenship encourages students to take an interest in topical and controversial issues and to engage in discussion and debate. Pupils learn about their rights, responsibilities, duties and freedoms and about laws, justice and democracy.
Personal wellbeing - helps young people to embrace change, feel positive about who they are and enjoy healthy, safe, responsible and fulfilled lives. Through active learning opportunities students recognise and manage risk, take increasing responsibility for themselves, their choices and behaviours and make positive contributions to their families, schools and communities.
Careers Education - aims to equip pupils with the knowledge, skills and attributes to make the most of changing opportunities in learning and work.
Units of work include:
• Exploring types of ‘career’.
• Understanding the qualities, attitudes and skills needed for employability and understanding transferrable skills.
• Creating plans for transition to the world of work. | <urn:uuid:ed0238d1-2592-4aab-ad8a-48ad5f3640d5> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.hautevallee.sch.je/pshe--careers.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250592261.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118052321-20200118080321-00533.warc.gz | en | 0.945258 | 333 | 4.09375 | 4 |
One of life’s simple pleasures is a juicy bite of ripe homegrown tomato, with sweet and tart flavors blending magically on the tongue. So what is the best tasting tomato? It depends! Tomato flavor comes from a mix of plant chemistry and garden variables such as temperature, sun, rain, and soil type. Flavor won’t be the same everywhere or all the time.
What are the Basic Components of Tomato Flavor?
Flavor is a balance of acidity and sugar, plus the influence of elusive volatile compounds for aroma and flavor that tomato breeders are itching to grasp. The volatile compounds are an emerging science, while sugars and acids are more fully understood. We all know that some tomatoes taste sweet, while other taste acidic. But why? “The ones that taste the most acidic, or sour, have higher level of acids combined with low level of sugars,” explains tomato breeder Dr. Randolph Gardner of North Carolina State University. “A tomato high in sugars and low in acids has a sweet taste. If a tomato is low in both acids and sugars, it has a bland taste. The preferred flavor for most people results from high levels of acids combined with high level of sugars to balance the taste.”
There are other inherent reasons for variation in the intensity of a tomato’s flavor and how acidic components balance with natural sugars. “An interaction of the plant’s genetics with the environment is the key to tomato flavor,” says University of Florida tomato breeder Dr. Jay Scott, who created Solar Fire tomato and developed a parent of Talladega tomato. (Incidentally, Jay Scott’s father, Wilbur Scott, developed Jet Star, another variety we sell.)
Here are a few ways you can choose varieties for flavor or tweak your gardening techniques to coax the most flavor from what you’ve planted:
- Size of fruit Cherry and grape tomatoes reach higher sugar concentrations that full-size tomatoes, so they taste sweeter. Want a really sweet tomato? Grow a cherry type.
- Color of fruit Different pigments in tomatoes tend to produce different balances of sugars and acids. For example, orange or yellow tomatoes often taste milder and less acidic than red tomatoes. Some black tomatoes—created from the mixture of green and red pigments—have a reputation of having complex flavor (which some people love and others don’t). It’s not necessarily that a yellow tomato is less acidic than a red or black tomato, but that the combination of sugar and acid levels, as well as other compounds, makes for a milder taste. Try some of each color and test for yourself.
- Foliage A lot of leaves can capture a lot of sunlight, so a plant with dense, healthy foliage can convert more sunlight into sugars and other flavorful components. Heirloom varieties have a greater percentage of leaf than do market-ready hybrids, which may partially explain their flavorful. Do all you can to keep leaves healthy.
Are Heirlooms Truly More Flavorful Than Hybrids?
“Most heirlooms have a very soft texture when ripe, and the cells rupture easily to release the juice along with the flavor components in the cells, ” explains Dr. Gardner, father of several popular tomato varieties. That is the complete opposite of grocery store tomatoes, which are bred for shipping to withstand rougher handling, but not necessarily for flavor. However, there are many home garden hybrids bred with outstanding flavor. One quick place to find some is All America Selections. All home garden varieties, AAS winners have been evaluated for many criteria, including taste.
Growing a Flavorful Tomato
Regardless of which variety you grow, how you grow a tomato and external factors such as weather can make a difference in flavor. The same variety may taste better in California than in the Deep South, where the nights stay hot.
- Soil Gardeners can maximize flavor by incorporating lots of organic matter into the soiland including plenty of potassium and sulfur, and by watering sparingly as fruit matures; dry soil concentrates flavor compounds, and soils high in clay content hold nutrients better than sandy soil (which are often lacking in sulfur and other important nutrients), leading to better flavor.
- Temperature The ideal temperatures for growing flavorful tomatoes are 80s during the day and 50s or 60s during the night. When days and nights climb above these temperatures, tomatoes may have trouble setting fruit, and when temps stay lower, plants don’t create flavor compounds as effectively. This doesn’t mean that gardeners with higher, lower, or less-than-ideal temperatures can’t grow flavorful tomatoes, but it helps to choose varieties suited to your region. Our Tomato Chooser can help.
- Sun Intense sunlight maximizes photosynthesis in tomatoes, allowing the plants to make carbohydrates that are turned into flavor components—sugars, acids, and other compounds—in the fruit. Tomatoes prefer 8 hours of full sun daily. Wet, cloudy regions with little difference between day and night temperatures, such as the Northwest, do not typically produce the best-tasting tomatoes, though heirloom varieties like San Francisco Fog and Seattle’s Best of All are known to perform better than most.
In the end, tomato flavor is a matter of taste – your taste. Study our tomato variety catalog for detailed descriptions of flavor, and also check our popular regional selections for your area. Here are some favorites:
- Flavorful cherry tomato varieties Husky Cherry Red, Sun Sugar, Black Cherry, and Super Sweet 100make terrific snacks. The Roma Grape (also called Juliet) tomato is a bit larger and has lots of uses.
- For rich, balanced flavor try Bonnie Original, Big Beef, Red Beefsteak heirloom, Better Boy, flavor favorite Cherokee Purple, and any All America Winner.
- Full-size tomatoes with sweet or low-acid characteristics include Lemon Boy, Mr. Stripey heirloom, Bush Goliath, and Black Prince heirloom tomato. | <urn:uuid:10f90cd0-8567-450b-9811-84d9e3fcdf59> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://bonnieplants.com/gardening/the-basics-of-tomato-flavor/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875143373.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20200217205657-20200217235657-00101.warc.gz | en | 0.91253 | 1,243 | 2.78125 | 3 |
A pair of dead stars sitting in a star cluster about 150 light years from Earth appear to have their atmospheres polluted with debris from asteroids . Astronomers say this suggests that the basic ingredients for making Earth-like planets could be quite common in stellar nurseries across the cosmos.
“We have identified chemical evidence for the Lego building blocks of rocky planets,” says Jay Farihi, lead author of a new study in a NASA statement .
The strange discovery was made thanks to the Hubble Space Telescope’s view of two burnt-out cores of white dwarf stars. The orbiting observatory was able to determine the chemical fingerprints of their stellar atmospheres and detect signs of silicon and carbon- known to be a common building blocks of rocky planets like our own. (Related: Solar System’s Fate Predicted by Nearby White Dwarf?)
Researchers believe that this polluting material is falling in from a population of asteroids orbiting in a disk around the stars which get pulverized as they get gravitationally sucked into the stars.
“When these stars were born, they built planets, and there’s a good chance they currently retain some of them. The material we are seeing is evidence of this,” said Farihi, an astronomer at the University of Cambridge in England.
“The debris is at least as rocky as the most primitive terrestrial bodies in our solar system.”
The stars, reside in the Hyades star cluster, in the northern constellation of Taurus (The Bull). The cluster is relatively young, at only 625 million years old. Until now, astronomers have had a hard time finding planets within young clusters like this because the stars at this stage in their lives may simply be too active and unstable .
But now this new planet-detection technique is giving a never-before-seen peek at the actual chemistry of rocky planets. What’s exciting is that just by looking at the ratio of silicon-to-carbon of the material they are measuring, researchers can tell how similar- chemically at least – exoplanets could be to our own. (Related: New Planets found in Star Cluster- Would Have Dazzling Nights)
Astronomers now have a new tool in their arsenal to better understand the chemistry that goes into making planets, and figure out if there could possibly be different recipes for making habitable worlds like our own.
The polluted white dwarf study appeared in the May 2 issue of the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. | <urn:uuid:f048ae65-842a-4e9d-81a9-b982eba97937> | CC-MAIN-2014-49 | http://voices.nationalgeographic.com/2013/05/10/planet-debris-pollute-dead-stars/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416931006064.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20141125155646-00070-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.953401 | 514 | 3.796875 | 4 |
Walking Through Challenging Times
Serena E. Weisner, MS; UNC - Thurston Arthritis Research Center
Leigh F. Callahan, PhD; UNC - Thurston Arthritis Research Center
Kirsten R. Ambrose, PhD; UNC - Thurston Arthritis Research Center
As a result of a fast-moving virus, our lives have slowed. Americans – and people all over the globe – are staying home. We are no longer rushing out the door in the morning to drop kids at school, hurry to the office, jump from meeting to meeting, battle rush-hour traffic on the way home, make a meal for dinner (preferably in 30-minutes or less!), fall into bed, and do it all again the next day.
Events are being canceled. There have been no graduations, sports tournaments, or spring break vacations. It’s unprecedented, to say the least. When we think we have started to adapt, things change.
The slowed pace, altered schedules, and adjusted expectations don’t mean, however, that we can discontinue management of our health and/or chronic conditions, such as Osteoarthritis (OA). Right now, amidst the social distancing, quarantining, and uncertainty, 1 in 7 adults are also working to manage their OA symptoms.1
According to the National Public Health Agenda for Osteoarthritis: 2020 Update, four evidence-based public health interventions are considered the first line of therapy for OA:
- Self-management education
- Physical activity
- Weight management
- Injury prevention.2
Luckily, all of these strategies are both applicable and achievable during these challenging and changing times. They just might look a little different.
Let’s focus on one of the four recommended public health strategies: physical activity
Right now, many gyms, recreation facilities, swimming pools, and other settings focused on exercise, are closed. People are turning to at-home workouts and activities that they can do within or just outside their own homes.
As research shows us, people with OA can and should take part in physical activity. It is, in fact, one of the most effective strategies to manage common OA symptoms such as pain and stiffness.3 That being said, some forms of exercise are considered more beneficial than others, one of which is walking.
Why is walking important to maintain good health?
Walking is not only an ideal activity for OA but for many other ongoing health conditions. For many people, it is also highly accessible. With a sturdy pair of shoes and a safe walking environment (inside or outside), most people can achieve their own reasonable walking goals, as well as to attain the recommendations for adults the CDC’s Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans: 2nd Edition -- at least 150 to 300 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic activity (e.g. brisk walking).4 Not to mention, moderate physical activity, like walking, can improve a person’s cognition (thinking), while decreasing symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress.5
Now, more than ever is the perfect time to start a walking program. For those who need added support and guidance along the way, the Arthritis Foundation’s Walk With Ease program provides information, step-by-step instruction, and behavior modification strategies to encourage safe, comfortable, and effective walking.
Although this evidence-based program can be offered in group settings, the self-directed version is ideal in our current climate. During these challenging and changing times, and In support of all Americans, especially those with OA, the Osteoarthritis Action Alliance is providing FREE Walk With Ease guidebooks by visiting www.WalkWithArthritis.org.
We know that resources are tight for many people right now, but we feel strongly that the ability to manage OA, and other chronic conditions, remains essential. Please help us share this resource with others. Even though these times are challenging, we can walk through them together.
- US Bone and Joint Initiative. The Burden of Musculoskeletal Diseases in the United States (BMUS). https://www.boneandjointburden.org/fourthedition/iiib10/osteoarthritis. Accessed October 15, 2019.
- Osteoarthritis Action Alliance. The National Public Health Agenda for Osteoarthritis: 2020 Update. https://oaaction.unc.edu/policy/oa-agenda-2020-update/. Accessed May 8, 2020.
- The Arthritis Foundation. Benefits of Exercise for Osteoarthritis. https://www.arthritis.org/health-wellness/healthy-living/physical-activity/getting-started/benefits-of-exercise-for-osteoarthritis. Accessed May 8, 2020.
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans: 2nd Edition. https://health.gov/our-work/physical-activity/current-guidelines. Accessed May 8, 2020.
- Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Why Walk. https://www.samhsa.gov/sites/default/files/programs_campaigns/wellness_initiative/paw-walking-fact-sheet.pdf. Accessed May 8, 2020.
Changing Cooking Habits: How to Cook Healthy Food for your Family
The increased demand for cooking during the COVID-19 pandemic has led to many households feeling overwhelmed. Learn how to de-stress the cooking process with these tips and tricks.
Understanding the Impact of Trauma: How Trauma Can Affect Your Body & Mind
Learn how violence and trauma affects millions of people worldwide and how trauma can impact your mind and body.
5 Easy Ways to Get More Active
You can meet your exercise goals with these easy tips for getting more active and sticking with your routine. Learn more about getting active today. | <urn:uuid:b4ab8e6e-28f2-42af-9d86-c46feae0341f> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://www.sbm.org/healthy-living/walking-through-challenging-times | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662619221.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20220526162749-20220526192749-00169.warc.gz | en | 0.917424 | 1,236 | 2.640625 | 3 |
New Haven, Conn.--A family of proteins that help build the cytoskeleton, or the bones of the cell, also play an important role in learning and memory, according to a study published this month in The Journal of Neuroscience.
Marina Picciotto, associate professor of psychiatry, pharmacology and neurobiology at Yale School of Medicine, and the senior author of the study, studied mice missing one of these proteins--â-adducin--and found the cytoskeleton developed normally. However, the mice were impaired during fear conditioning and memory exercises.
"We were hoping to find a mechanism that cells use to make short term changes in nerve cell communication permanent, but we were surprised that losing â-adducin made such a big change in both the nerve cell communication and in behavioral measures of memory," Picciotto said.
The focus of the study is long-term potentiation, which is a form of neuronal plasticity and may form the biological basis for some kinds of memory. Long-term potentiation refers to the fact that if two neurons in the hippocampus are active at the same time, the connection between them can be strengthened. This change, or potentiation, can last for hours to days. This may serve to lay a foundation for more permanent changes, such as the construction of new connections, or synapses, between the neurons.
"If you learn to do something new, your neurons have to adapt and change to create a stronger, more direct pathway between neurons," Picciotto said. "The protein â-adducin appears to be important for making those new connections."
In this study, the mice that did not have the protein were not able to strengthen a synapse in the hippocampus, which is the area of the brain that enables us to remember people, places and things. "If the mice don't have â-adducin, they can't make a new map," Picciotto said. "It's not enough to just have the electrical properties, the skeleton is very important in making long-lasting changes between nerve cells that result in learning."
Source: Eurekalert & othersLast reviewed: By John M. Grohol, Psy.D. on 21 Feb 2009
Published on PsychCentral.com. All rights reserved.
I always like to know everything about my new friends, and nothing about my old ones.
-- Oscar Wilde | <urn:uuid:a70f5005-7742-49c4-bb13-a34da8b7072d> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://psychcentral.com/news/archives/2005-03/yu-mii030105.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999652955/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060732-00003-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.96401 | 493 | 3.28125 | 3 |
Assessing the potential benefits of GBS vaccines
Caroline Trotter, Dr Caroline Trotter, Dr Mary Ramsay, Dr Shamez Ladhani, Dr Theresa Lamagni, Professor Paul Heath
- Start Date:
07 April 2014
University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
What is this project about?
This study will evaluate the potential costs and benefits of introducing a GBS (Group B streptococcal) vaccine in the UK. GBS is the leading cause of bacterial meningitis in newborn babies. Dr Caroline Trotter and her team will develop and use a mathematical model to describe the key aspects of GBS disease along with an economic model that estimates both the financial costs and benefits of preventing the disease through vaccination. They will search for the best available evidence to use in the model and will get further key evidence by following up babies recruited to a previous MRF funded study
in 2010 to 2013 to find out about after effects 1-3 years after illness. All of this information will then be used to compare scenarios with and without vaccination and to identify the best vaccine strategies.
MRF Discovery Day to this project Tuesday 15 March 2016. Find out more
Why is this important?
A new vaccine is being developed to protect against meningitis and septicaemia caused by Group B Streptococcus (GBS) bacteria. Since GBS occurs in babies too young to be fully vaccinated, the vaccine would be given to pregnant women, if it is shown to be safe and effective in clinical trials. This is an important research study because it will help policy makers to decide whether and how best to use a GBS vaccine in the UK. Policy makers often use models like this to help make decisions about vaccines. Nowadays vaccines have to be shown to be cost-effective in order to be recommended for introduction to the immunisation programme. By doing this research now, the research team will also be able to identify any gaps in current knowledge so that our research team can suggest and design further research studies. In this way, we aim to ensure that all the evidence needed to make decisions about using the vaccine will be available.
Undertaking this work before the vaccine trials are finished will place us in an advanced position of preparedness to launch an immunisation programme, saving time and potentially saving lives.
The models will be presented at scientific conferences, published in scientific journals, and details will also be available for our members and supporters. We expect that the model will be considered as evidence by UK vaccine policy makers. | <urn:uuid:f3ddf108-3c60-4b3e-a21b-6697ddb8d8f0> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | http://www.meningitis.org/current-projects/assessing-the-potential-78360 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982958896.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823200918-00179-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.914709 | 515 | 2.734375 | 3 |
This common variety of Horsetail is found everywhere in the pacific northwest coastal regions. It is the oldest plant on the planet. It is as old as the dinosaurs. This plant is great for the following: bone fractures and broken bones, hair, teeth, bones, nails, and this plant is great for healing when you have had fractures or breaks in your bones. Make a hair tonic using apple cider vinegar (ACV), and soak the horsetail in a glass container for two weeks, shaking it daily, with only the horsetail and the ACV and strain it after this time frame. Rinse it through your hair to help increase the calcium in your hair. It can also be used to wash your camping dishes and utensils. It is commonly called these nicknames: Potscrubber Plant & the Bone Knitter Herb. | <urn:uuid:6d81137d-fcb0-4ea0-9734-e9ebf5c36f7c> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://indigenousplantdiva.wordpress.com/2014/04/03/horsetail/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400198213.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20200920125718-20200920155718-00772.warc.gz | en | 0.949154 | 174 | 2.65625 | 3 |
"Intermediate-mass black holes contain between 100 and 10,000 times the sun's mass," explained Tod Strohmayer, an astrophysicist at Goddard. "We observe the heavyweight black holes in the centers of galaxies and the lightweight ones orbiting stars in our own galaxy. But finding the 'tweeners' remains a challenge."
Several nearby galaxies contain brilliant objects known as ultraluminous X-ray sources (ULXs). They appear to emit more energy than any known process powered by stars but less energy than the centers of active galaxies, which are known to contain million-solar-mass black holes.
"ULXs are good candidates for intermediate-mass black holes, and the one in galaxy NGC 5408 is especially interesting," said Richard Mushotzky, an astrophysicist at the University of Maryland, College Park. The galaxy lies 15.8 million light-years away in the constellation Centaurus.
This archival image taken by the Hubble Space Telescope shows the location of NGC 5408's unusually luminous X-ray source (circled). The irregular-type galaxy lies 15.8 million light-years away in the constellation Centaurus. Credit: NASA/ESA/C. Lang, P. Kaaret, A. Mercer (Univ. of Iowa), and S. Corbel (Univ. of Paris) Using the European Space Agency's orbiting XMM-Newton observatory, Strohmayer and Mushotzky studied the source -- known as NGC 5408 X-1 -- in 2006 and 2008.
XMM-Newton detected what the astronomers call "quasi-periodic oscillations," a nearly regular "flickering" caused by the pile-up of hot gas deep within the accretion disk that forms around a massive object. The rate of this flickering was about 100 times slower than that seen from stellar-mass black holes. Yet, in X-rays, NGC 5408 X-1 outshines these systems by about the same factor.
Based on the timing of the oscillations and other characteristics of the emission, Strohmayer and Mushotzky conclude that NGC 5408 X-1 contains between 1,000 and 9,000 solar masses. This study appears in the October 1 issue of The Astrophysical Journal.
"For this mass range, a black hole's event horizon -- the part beyond which we cannot see -- is between 3,800 and 34,000 miles across, or less than half of Earth's diameter to about four times its size," said Strohmayer.
If NGC 5408 X-1 is indeed actively gobbling gas to fuel its prodigious X-ray emission, the material likely flows to the black hole from an orbiting star. This is typical for stellar-mass black holes in our galaxy.
Strohmayer next enlisted the help of NASA's Swift satellite to search for subtle variations of X-rays that would signal the orbit of NGC 5408 X-1's donor star. "Swift uniquely provides both the X-ray imaging sensitivity and the scheduling flexibility to enable a search like this," he added. Beginning in April 2008, Swift began turning its X-Ray Telescope toward NGC 5408 X-1 a couple of times a week as part of an on-going campaign.
Swift detects a slight rise and fall of X-rays every 115.5 days. "If this is indeed the orbital period of a stellar companion," Strohmayer said, "then it's likely a giant or supergiant star between three and five times the sun's mass." This study has been accepted for publication in a future issue of The Astrophysical Journal.
The Swift observations cover only about four orbital cycles, so continued observation is needed to confirm the orbital nature of the X-ray modulation.
"Astronomers have been studying NGC 5408 X-1 for a long time because it is one of the best candidates for an intermediate-mass black hole," adds Philip Kaaret at the University of Iowa, who has studied the object at radio wavelengths but is unaffiliated with either study. "These new results probe what is happening close to the black hole and add strong evidence that it is unusually massive."
Francis Reddy | EurekAlert!
Light-emitting bubbles captured in the wild
28.02.2017 | Georg-August-Universität Göttingen
Scientists reach back in time to discover some of the most power-packed galaxies
28.02.2017 | Clemson University
On January 15, 2009, Chesley B. Sullenberger was celebrated world-wide: after the two engines had failed due to bird strike, he and his flight crew succeeded after a glide flight with an Airbus A320 in ditching on the Hudson River. All 155 people on board were saved.
On January 15, 2009, Chesley B. Sullenberger was celebrated world-wide: after the two engines had failed due to bird strike, he and his flight crew succeeded...
In the field of nanoscience, an international team of physicists with participants from Konstanz has achieved a breakthrough in understanding heat transport
Cells need to repair damaged DNA in our genes to prevent the development of cancer and other diseases. Our cells therefore activate and send “repair-proteins”...
The Fraunhofer IWS Dresden and Technische Universität Dresden inaugurated their jointly operated Center for Additive Manufacturing Dresden (AMCD) with a festive ceremony on February 7, 2017. Scientists from various disciplines perform research on materials, additive manufacturing processes and innovative technologies, which build up components in a layer by layer process. This technology opens up new horizons for component design and combinations of functions. For example during fabrication, electrical conductors and sensors are already able to be additively manufactured into components. They provide information about stress conditions of a product during operation.
The 3D-printing technology, or additive manufacturing as it is often called, has long made the step out of scientific research laboratories into industrial...
Nature does amazing things with limited design materials. Grass, for example, can support its own weight, resist strong wind loads, and recover after being...
13.02.2017 | Event News
10.02.2017 | Event News
09.02.2017 | Event News
28.02.2017 | Life Sciences
28.02.2017 | Power and Electrical Engineering
28.02.2017 | Information Technology | <urn:uuid:42fb02de-cd76-4590-a84e-cd95bdca2e35> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | http://www.innovations-report.com/html/reports/physics-astronomy/swift-xmm-newton-satellites-tune-a-middleweight-143354.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501174167.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104614-00278-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.92699 | 1,343 | 3.40625 | 3 |
Eglon (ĕgˈlŏn) [key], in the Bible. 1 King of Moab. He was murdered by Ehud, who became judge of Israel. 2 City, ancient Palestine, near Lachish. It was one of the cities allied against Joshua, who destroyed it after the battle of Ajalon. It was excavated in 1890 by W. M. F. Petrie, who there devised a system of pottery dating used in biblical archaeology. Eglon is the present-day Tel Hasi, Israel.
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:c6089f4b-2b79-4c18-94e7-19e426d7e77b> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | http://www.factmonster.com/encyclopedia/people/eglon.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701159155.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193919-00257-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961305 | 137 | 2.78125 | 3 |
The collisions of protons are complicated, because the proton has a big mess inside. In order to see simple collisions, you want to find those cases where a single quark or gluon, a single parton scattered off another parton in a nearly direct collision. Such collisions are relatively rare, most proton proton collisions are diffractive collective motions of the whole proton, but every once in a while, you see a hard collision.
The characteristic of a hard collision is that you get particles whose momentum is very far off the beam line direction. This is a "high P_T" event. A high P_T electron usually means that an electrically charged parton (a quark) collided with some other parton, and emitted a hard photon or a Z which then produced an electron and a positron. Alternatively, it could mean that a W boson was emitted by the quark, and this produced an electron and a neutrino. Alternatively, it could be a higher order process in the strong interaction, where two gluons produced a quark-antiquark, and one of the quark lines then emitted an electroweak boson, which decayed leptonically.
The point is that any way it happened, the event indicates that a clean hard collision happened between two partons, and this is a useful indication that the event was an interesting one, which will give useful clues about new physics if similar events are isolated and counted.
The reason P_T is important is because when the actual collision event is a short distance collision dominated by perturbative QCD, the outgoing particles are almost always away from the beam-line by a significant amount. Even in interesting events, when the outgoing particles are near the direction of the beam, it is hard to distinguish this from the much more common case of a near glancing collision, which lead to diffractive scattering.
Diffractive scattering is the dominant mechanism of proton proton scattering (or proton antiproton scattering) at high energies. The cross section for diffractive events are calculated by Regge theory, using the Pomeron trajectory. This type of physics has not been so interesting to physicists since the mid 70s, but more for political reasons. It is difficult to calculate, and has little connection with the field theory you are trying to find. But Regge theory is mathematically intimately related to string theory, and perhaps it will be back in fasion again. | <urn:uuid:a9880166-2015-4fb5-bbee-79e91fb085f1> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | http://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/19361/what-is-p-t-transverse-momentum | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454702032759.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205195352-00037-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.952548 | 506 | 3.484375 | 3 |
Most lumps are harmless and do not need any treatment. However, it is very important to see your GP if you have any concerns about the lump, or if the lump doesn't disappear within two weeks.
What are the common causes of a lump?
The possible causes of a lump depend on which part of the body the lump appears. Some types of lump can occur in many different parts of your body. Other types of lump are specific to one part of your body.
An injury to any part of your body can cause swelling or a lump. If the swelling or lump is very painful you should see your doctor or go to the local hospital accident and emergency in case the injury has caused a broken bone.
Other common examples of lumps that can occur in different parts of your body include the following. See the links for more information on each type of lump:
- Epidermoid and pilar cysts (sebaceous cysts). These look like small smooth lumps under the surface of your skin. They are generally non-cancerous (benign) and usually cause no harm or problems. See separate leaflet called Epidermoid and Pilar Cysts (Sebaceous Cysts).
- Lipoma. A lipoma is a benign fatty lump that usually causes no symptoms or problems. Lipomas often occur on the shoulder, back, chest or arm. Most lipomas are small and are best left alone. Larger lipomas can be removed by a simple operation done under local anaesthetic. See separate leaflet called Lipoma.
- Swollen lymph glands. Swollen lymph glands are most often felt in your neck, under your armpit or in your groin. Most swollen lymph glands are caused by infection. Swollen lymph glands may occasionally be caused by more serious conditions such as cancer. See separate leaflet called Swollen Lymph Glands.
- Skin abscess. An abscess is a collection of pus. Most abscesses form just under the skin. A boil is the most common example. In this case, a hair root becomes infected and develops into a small abscess. The symptoms of a skin abscess include swelling, redness, pain and warmth over the affected area. See separate leaflet called Abscess.
Skin cancer usually causes a change in the appearance of your skin. Skin cancer does not usually cause a lump. See separate leaflet called Skin Cancer - an Overview.
What are the other possible causes of a lump?
Some types of lumps are specific to one part of your body. There are many different causes of lumps but common examples include the following:
Lump on the face
The possible causes of a lump in the face include:
- Swelling on the eyelid, such as a stye or chalazion. See separate leaflets called Stye and Chalazion.
- Swelling of a salivary gland, which may be caused by many conditions, including a salivary gland stone or infection with mumps. See separate leaflets called Salivary Gland Stones (Salivary Calculi) and Mumps.
Lump in the neck or throat
The most common causes of lumps in the neck include swollen lymph glands or an enlarged thyroid gland. An enlarged thyroid gland may be an enlargement of the whole thyroid gland (goitre) or a may be a lump in one part of the thyroid gland. See separate leaflets called Swollen Lymph Glands and Goitre (Thyroid Swelling).
Lump in the breast
Breast lumps are common and most breast lumps are not caused by breast cancer. However, any unusual changes in your breasts, including the appearance of a lump, should always be checked by a doctor as soon as possible.
This applies to men as well as women. Men can also develop a lump in the breast and can also have breast cancer (although this is rare compared with women). See separate leaflet called Breast Lumps.
Lump in the groin
The most common causes of a lump in the groin include a hernia or an enlarged lymph gland. See separate leaflet called Hernia.
Lump in the scrotum
Most lumps in the scrotum are harmless and are not cancer. However, any man who has a lump in the scrotum should be checked by a doctor as soon as possible. See separate leaflet called Scrotal Lumps/Pain/Swelling.
Lump around the back passage (anus)
The causes of a lump near to your back passage include:
- A pile (haemorrhoid): small veins (blood vessels) within the lining of the back passage sometimes become wider and engorged with more blood than usual. The engorged veins and the overlying tissue may then form into one or more small swellings called piles. See separate leaflet called Piles (Haemorrhoids).
- An abscess. See separate leaflet called Abscess.
Lump on the hand, wrist, finger or top of the foot
A lump on the hand, wrist, finger or the top of your foot may be a ganglion. This is a type of cyst that forms around the joints or tendons. See separate leaflet called Ganglion.
When should you see a doctor about a lump?
Most lumps are harmless and do not need any treatment. However, it is very important to see your GP if:
- The lump feels hard or firm.
- The lump is painful.
- The lump is getting bigger.
- The lump doesn't completely disappear within two weeks.
- You feel generally unwell with a high temperature (fever) or flu-like symptoms.
- You have recently lost weight without trying to diet.
- You have any other unexplained symptoms.
- The lump returns after it has been removed.
I am due to have my Thyroid removed in the next couple of months and have been told i will be prescribed Thyroxene afterwards. I have recently searched the internet for more info and have repeatedly...anita96
Disclaimer: This article is for information only and should not be used for the diagnosis or treatment of medical conditions. Patient Platform Limited has used all reasonable care in compiling the information but make no warranty as to its accuracy. Consult a doctor or other health care professional for diagnosis and treatment of medical conditions. For details see our conditions. | <urn:uuid:570029a9-4f0c-4d39-b356-93af7d1ead0f> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | https://patient.info/health/lumps-leaflet | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084892699.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20180123211127-20180123231127-00108.warc.gz | en | 0.944669 | 1,332 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Help save the Earth, and you may help save yourself some money. If you’re considering a greener lifestyle in honor of Earth Day, here are 12 ways to start that also will help you save some green. Some have immediate returns, others take a while to pay off.
1. Savings are in the bag
Dozens of cities and municipalities have banned or imposed charges for single-use plastic bags and/or paper sacks at grocery stores and other retailers. As that trend continues — lightening the load for landfills — more consumers are finding it makes good economic sense to bring their reusable bags to the store. Chicago’s new tax of 7 cents per bag, for example, applies to any bag purchased from a retailer, whether made of plastic or paper.
Nationwide, major retailers like Target offer customers a nickel off or other discounts for each reusable bag they bring and use. The only hard part is that, if you’re not used in the habit of using reusable bags, it takes a while to remember to bring them along when you shop. Do that, though, and you’ll save a lot of nickels over time and feel good about yourself, too.
2. Curb your car
AAA estimates your driving costs are 57 cents per mile, or $8,558 per year, based upon 15,000 miles of annual driving. Think what you could do with that money. Put at least some of it back in your pocket by using ride-share apps or public transportation. Other solutions: Buy a hybrid or electric vehicle, combine errands to drive less, and keep your car engine tuned and tires properly inflated.
Or join the ranks of the greenest commuters: Walk or bike to work. Commuting by bicycle is growing by leaps and bounds, says the League of American Bicyclists.
3. Keep your cup
Some 60 million paper coffee cups end up in U.S. landfills each year. The solution: Switch to a reusable tumbler for your latte. Plus, you’ll save a dime a drink at Starbucks if you bring in your own reusable cup. A $10 tumbler pays for itself on the 100th coffee drink. Look for discounts at other stores, too.
4. Put sunshine to work
Whether producing your home’s electricity from solar panels will be cheaper than buying power from the grid depends a lot on where you live — the price of electricity, the cost of installing solar panels and the amount of sunlight available are a few factors that vary a lot.
The good news: Solar technology is becoming cheaper, and generous financial incentives from local, state and federal governments and utility companies can help bring down the cost of taking your homes solar.
But hurry. The federal Residential Renewable Energy Tax Credit is being phased out. It expires in 2021. Until then, you can get a tax credit on your federal taxes for eligible purchases worth:
- 30 percent of a system’s cost for those placed in service by Dec. 31, 2019
- 26 percent for those placed in service during tax year 2020
- 22 percent for those placed in service during tax year 2021
To learn if going solar will save you money, do this:
- Type in your ZIP code at the Database of State Incentives for Renewables & Efficiency to see incentives where you live.
- Contact a local solar installer to ask for an estimate of costs and payback.
- Learn about energy-efficient home upgrades: “8 Ways to Get Money Back From Home Improvements.”
5. Compost what you can
Think composting doesn’t pay? Here’s what the Seattle Mariners baseball team has learned:
During 2015, due to recycling and composting, the Mariners diverted over 2.7 million pounds of waste from the landfill, saving $123,000 in waste disposal costs.
If composting can save money for a major league baseball team, it can save money for you by eliminating the cost of garden mulch and shrinking your costs for trash pickup.
6. Recycling pays
You can indeed make money recycling. Start at Earth911.com where you can locate the nearest recycling center that accepts the types of items you’ve collected. Read up or call the center you’ll be using to learn the hours and rules, including how to prepare stuff for recycling. Here are a few items to sell for cash:
- Beverage bottles: If your state has a bottle bill (find out here) you can earn 5 cents to 10 cents per bottle you recycle.
- Printer cartridges: Several chain stores — Best Buy ($2 store coupon), Office Depot (recycling rewards points) and Staples ($2 rewards credit) — will pay you to bring in your old ink cartridges for recycling.
- Used phones and electronics: Gazelle pays cash to buy and resell used phones (remember to wipe the hard drive clean first).
- Clothes: Bring clean, gently used clothing, shoes and handbags to a consignment store to earn cash or store credit for items that sell. Or bring them to a nonprofit like Goodwill or Salvation Army, and write off the donation on your taxes.
7. Sell scrap metal
You’re doing the Earth a favor when you earn pocket change by selling scrap metal. Putting used metal back to work means less ore must be extracted from land.
Brass, iron, steel, copper, aluminum and wire are a few of the metals that you can turn into cash at a scrap yard. Learn how at earth911.com.
Test metals with a magnet to determine what you’ve got: Magnets stick to not-so-valuable steel or iron. Magnets don’t stick to copper, aluminum, brass, stainless steel and bronze, which have a higher resale value.
8. Shop thrift stores
Next time you have the itch for new clothes, find a second-hand steal at a thrift store. At the thrift store, you’ll save about 90 percent of the price of retail first-hand goods and extend the use of clothes. While you’re there, drop off things you’re not wearing anymore. Americans recycle or donate only 15 percent of our used clothing and send the rest — about 70 pounds per person per year — to landfills, says the Council for Textile Recycling.
9. Turn down the heat when you’re not home
To save money on your heating and cooling bills, reset your thermostat when you are asleep or away from home.
Madison Gas & Electric (Wisconsin) says customers save $74 per heating season by setting back the thermostat by 3 degrees. The utility recommends setting daytime temperature at 68 degrees when you’re at home and 55 degrees at night and when you’re out.
Use a programmable thermostat ($30 to $250 and up), to adjust at different times and days, so you won’t have to fiddle with the setting as you come and go.
10. Remember to unplug
Turning off lights when you leave a room is hard enough, but have you considered the savings from unplugging energy “vampires,” those electricity-sucking appliances like computers, TVs and game consoles?
Even your cellphone charger is a culprit. The U.S. Department of Energy says:
[M]obile phone chargers that are left plugged in after your phone is disconnected consume 0.26 watts of energy — and 2.24 watts when your phone is fully charged and still connected.
A cable box with DVR left on and unused costs about $44 a year, the DOE says.
You can save more than $100 a year by doing simple things like:
- Set computers to sleep mode.
- Save a game and power down instead of leaving it paused.
- Remove unused phone chargers from outlets.
11. Replace old appliances
Consider replacing old energy-demanding appliances with Energy Star models. They may cost more to purchase than standard models but will pay you back in lower energy bills within a reasonable amount of time, even without a tax credit, says Energy Star, a voluntary EPA program.
Look for the Energy Star endorsement on clothes washers, dishwashers, refrigerators, audio and video devices, cordless phones, lights and fans.
A pre-1994 dishwasher costs $35 more a year more to operate compared with an Energy Star model, the program says.
12. Make your cleanup green
Vinegar or baking soda mixed with warm water goes a long way toward cleaning up most of your home, and what could be cheaper?
Traditional petroleum-based household cleaners may contain chemicals associated with eye, skin or respiratory irritation. For cleaning dishes, counter tops, furniture, clothes, floors and windows, look for non-toxic, biodegradable and made from renewable resources (not petroleum) “green” products.
What ways have you found to save money while being kinder to the planet? Share with us in comments below or on our Facebook page and share this article with your Facebook friends.
Jim Gold and Marilyn Lewis contributed to this post.
Disclosure: The information you read here is always objective. However, we sometimes receive compensation when you click links within our stories. | <urn:uuid:909132ac-9860-447e-bdb4-791cebfbade8> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://www.moneytalksnews.com/12-ways-save-real-money-and-help-save-the-planet/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243988837.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20210508031423-20210508061423-00637.warc.gz | en | 0.916465 | 1,941 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Who is the nut here?
Explore This Story
Re: Remove acorn risk, parent urges city, Nov. 13
I am well aware that peanut allergies are a serious matter. Anaphylactic reactions can be serious, even deadly.
According to Dr. Paul Keith, an allergist at McMaster University, “acorns, if ingested, could trigger a reaction in someone allergic to tree nuts.” The key words in this statement are “if ingested.” Acorns have an extremely hard shell that protect the nut inside. Apparently touching acorns would do no harm so why would the trees have to be removed?
Are some people becoming overprotective or paranoid? When it comes to children, there is definitely nothing parents wouldn’t do for the protection of their child.
If oak trees are removed, what is the next step? The removal of chestnut trees and the covering up of walnuts in the supermarket?
Warren Dalton, Scarborough
So Donna Giustizia wants some oak trees near her child’s school removed because they drop nuts on the grounds of the school where her child with a nut allergy attends.
What’s the next request? Remove the 100-year-old chestnut tree in the town square? Cut down the big walnut in the back yard of the neighbour across the street? Then what about the guy who claims an allergy to cedar resin? Or pine cones? Or even maple sap? Maybe the editorial cartoon of November 14 isn’t that far off.
The most interesting comment was the last sentence of the story. “One in 50 is thought to be allergic to peanuts.” Which means that the vast majority of people have to reorganize their lives and activities to accommodate those who are different. Where are the tree huggers when you need them?
Robert Drummond, Exeter
I would like to quote from Olavi Huikari’s book The Miracle of Trees.
“On a sunny day a 100-year old beech tree breathes in around 35,000 litres or air, from which it extracts about 10,000 litres or 18 kg of CO2 to produce 12 kg of sugar and 13 kg of oxygen.
“An oak can have a quarter of a million leaves, and walking on a forest on a sunny day, you can literally feel the oxygen in the air.
“A tree’s long life guarantees biodiversity and large renewable energy resources for all of life to use — all because of light.”
Maureen Kavanagh, Cambridge
Unbelieveable. Have we gone completely nuts.
Julie Rutishauser, Pickering
So let’s say we cut down the trees but there are other ones nearby and squirrels being squirrels transfer those nuts to the school or her property. How then do we control that? Will she then say “let’s get rid of the squirrels”?
Does she not understand it is her responsibility as a parent to teach her own children to avoid nuts. My son had an allergy to the mold in dirt. Now that posed a bigger problem: how do you get rid of earth?
Bottom line: deal with it.
Kathleen Otter-Smith, Milton
I am trained in wildlife rehabilitation, and acorns are a key food in the ability of squirrels to survive our cold winters. Other foods squirrels find in a city, such as fruit and peanuts, are just squirrel junk food, and aren’t nutritionally sound enough to sustain them.
Trees “littering nuts” is a serious hazard to humans, especially children. But is the logical solution to chop down trees and starve squirrels?
Oh dear, I feel a nut allergy coming on.
Valerie Scott, Toronto
If Donna Giustizia is so concerned about her teenage children being allergic to acorns perhaps she should teach them to not touch acorns and to wash their hands frequently. Surely, we do not have to rid our environment of all allergens.
Nor would it be possible to get rid of bees, grass, dust, mold, poison ivy, black flies, mosquitoes, etc. People, including children who are allergic to bees try to avoid them, and in the event that they were stung by them, carry an epipen and know how to use it.
Mara Glebovs, Etobicoke
What on earth is this extremely overprotective mother doing? In all likelihood none of the kids in the area would even have thought of trying to eat the acorns until she put the idea into their heads. I know I never did (first of all because a lot of them have worms in them).
A bit of research informed me that oak trees do not produce acorns until they are 20 to 50 years old and that there is a hormone treatment to stop the production of acorns, which might be an answer to hyper vigilant parents like this.
As well acorns, while they are edible, have to be properly processed for anyone to be tempted to eat them as they can be quite bitter depending on the type of tree.
Hopefully the city will not even consider cutting down perfectly healthy trees, which the city needs, because of a mother’s unrealistic fears.
S. L. Orr, Toronto
First, children are forbidden from bringing peanut butter sandwiches to school for lunch. Now, we are asked to cut down some perfectly good trees, because of some obscure allergy to acorns, which most people do not eat.
Enough of this banning. After all, what is next, eggs and fish, which are widely consumed, and to which some people are allergic?
When I was a child we frequently had peanut butter for lunch, and nothing ever happened. If there were some children who were allergic to peanuts, they were evidently taught by their parents to avoid them.
I am all in favour of making this a nut-free society, starting with the human variety.
Edwin R. Kammin, Scarborough
Why stop at the oak tree? What about the deadly maple key? Will we now have to outlaw the roasting of chestnuts over an open fire?
Nonsense. Simply teach your children not to eat acorns off of the ground. The precedent that will be set by cutting down several oak trees would be disastrous.
Reid Mitchell, Collingwood
It was with astonishment that I read that the school in Vaughan was even considering the cutting down of magnificent oak trees around their property because of a parent’s fear of a nut allergy. The acorn actually encloses the “nut” of the oak to protect it, and is not itself the nut that she fears.
Perhaps some “parental” education is in order. She needs to heed the words of Dr. Asper, a pediatric allergist at Sick Kids, who says there are no reports of anaphylactic reaction to acorns.
The greater risk is the removal of mature oak trees that are helping to provide the area of the school with clean air!
Hugh Gemmell, Toronto
The York Region Board wants to ban peanut-butter substitutes (in addition to peanut butter) to further minimize risk to allergic students. Furthermore, there is pressure to cut down oak trees so that allergic kids won’t ingest acorns.
A ban on nut-free spreads could really limit choices for young, picky eaters. For some of these children, if the only acceptable alternative is a ham or salami sandwich, there could be a risk from nitrite overload. Cutting down oak trees would diminish valuable shade and protection from UV rays.
Schools and the larger society should endeavour to ensure the safety of allergic kids; but we must take care not to jeopardize the health of the other kids.
Linda Genova, Toronto
Acorns pose no nut-allergy risk, as defined by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.
As a business owner specializing in edible tree landscaping, including a project with a local school, food allergies are a major consideration in deciding whether to plant nut trees.
The school has decided not to incorporate nut tree species in the design of their edible forest garden. However, I look forward to incorporating allergy education, thanks to the existing walnut, pine, and gingko trees on school property.
Along with prevention and avoidance, it is equally important to ensure our children are educated of the trees they may encounter in their everyday settings.
Ivan Chan, Collingwood
I have never written one of these letters to the editor before. I may be an insensitive nut, but perhaps richer households should adopt the eight-second rule with their kids. It would save some York Region oak trees.
Mark Baron, Hampton
When will the insanity regarding food allergies stop? Cut down acorn trees because a teenager has anxiety about possibly being bullied into ingesting one. Give me a break.
I willingly comply with the no-nut policy at my children’s school, but recently banana products were also banned. What’s next, no wheat products, no milk products? How are the children of these crazy over protective parents going to fare in the real world?
Enough bubble wrap already.
Debbie Latter, Mansfield
Talk about the “nanny state.” It now has progressed to the absurdity where these trees must be cut down because of the remote possibility that a child might ingest an acorn, and the issue warrants front page news in the Star.
Guess Donna Giustizia got her five minutes of fame, and her photo in the Star.
Sigmund Roseth, Mississauga
What has happened to personal responsibility? A mother of teenage children feels it is her right to ask to remove trees that have acorns because her teenage children have allergies?
The school is not really “nut free.” It was her parental responsibility to teach her children from a very young age that they could not share food, could note eat anything offered to them unless it was in a packages and they were able to read the ingredients. Too many schools have made it too easy for young people not to learn to care for themselves. Is this mother planning to go to university with her children or is she going to demand that the school change its policies?
I ask because I have a child with severe food allergies. There were no food restrictions when she attended public school. She attended parties and did not eat the cake, she sat near children eating peanut butter and just moved away.
Her friends understood as friends should and if a child would “bully” another with a dangerous food, that bully has bigger problems than bullying. My daughter is now in her thirties and has traveled the world. She carries benadryl and an epipen. And because she learned to care for herself, she was prepared when a serious allergic event took place.
I suggest we are doing our children a disservice by infantilizing them by not helping them to develop a sense of agency. We are disabling our children. We are teaching them that the world will care for them instead of teaching them independence.
Diane Weber Bederman, Caledon
Every parent wants to protect their children from all things that may cause them harm. However, demanding the destruction of our stately oak trees is going too far — especially when, according to the experts, there is no record of any child having an anaphylactic reaction by touching acorns.
The mother points out that a bully might force an allergic child to eat the bitter tasting acorns. That being said, then a bully might push a child into oncoming traffic. Are we going ban all moving vehicles? Or a bully might push a child down the stairs. Are we going to build only one-storey schools?
Trees are the lungs of the Earth. They play a vitally important role in mitigating the devastating effect of climate change such as famine-producing droughts and deadly flooding. They reduce our energy costs, and vastly reduce our soaring health-care costs.
Oak trees are particularly efficient at trapping airborne pollutants, such dirt, dust, lead, mercury, and sulphurs. The damaging effects of mercury and lead on a child’s neurological development and their ability to learn are well documented.
Instead of destroying trees, let’s plant more. Then we can all reap the benefits of healthy and balanced environment.
Gwen Petreman, Barrie
I read this article with keen interest and I would like to thank Ms. Giustizia for bringing this urgent issue to the front page.
I, for one, think that cutting down oak trees isn’t going far enough, and would like to further get rid of squirrels, which bear a great responsibility for the spread of this potential deadly allergen. We might also extend the ban to blue jays as well, who tend to cast the nuts around.
I commend Ms. Giustizia for her courage. I, myself, was considering proposing self-contained, cushioned, and hermetically sealed plastic bubbles for all the students in my child’s school, but I was afraid of being laughed out of the schoolyard.
Richard Brokx, Toronto
Who is the nut here? What next: flowers or maple trees? This is ridiculous.
Gord Shannon, Peterborough
The school is “nut free” to protect the students. The same cannot be said for the surrounding neighbourhood.
S. Beatty, Newmarket
On behalf of all the squirrels in York region, I must protest Mother Giustizia’s quest to have all our oak trees removed from Vaughan. Not only do our trees purify water, clean air, enrich soil, and reduce her carbon footprint, their acorns provide my family and relatives with food.
We squirrels are not unsympathetic to the anaphylactic allergy suffered by her son, so we suggest he doesn’t eat or play with our food. The town councillors would be, in a word, nuts to set such a precedent.
Would devastation of our nut-bearing trees follow this family wherever they move? Please, a little personal responsibility from humans would go a long way to saving our habitat.
Thank you on behalf of the squirrels of York Region.
H.E. Skid Crease, Bolton
The editorial cartoon on Nov. 14 was perfect — the message is clear. When I read the original article my first thought was “what next?” This is an absolutely ridiculous suggestion and we need to “nip it in the bud.”
I am tired of listening to suggestions that society must protect us from our own stupidity.
Lois Jones, Port Rowan
I feel sorry for the kids attending this school as they have not got a chance to survive, due to the acorns outside the school and all the nuts inside the school.
Gord Arnott, Scarborough
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- Rob Ford like ‘an embarrassing guest,’ says Conrad Black | <urn:uuid:9703a9b5-8ce4-498b-ad51-9bc00cdfb184> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://www.thestar.com/opinion/letters_to_the_editors/2012/11/17/who_is_the_nut_here.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701063060/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516104423-00028-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.962818 | 3,230 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Cladding is the process of pressing layers of material together under pressure to create a sandwich so that each layer’s properties are used optimally. Aluminum composite cladded panels are a sandwich construction, with either Styrofoam insulation or plywood core pressed between aluminum skin and bonded to form a sturdy structural panel. The panels are strong enough to span large areas with the maximum panel size being 5 m. by 1.5 m. at any thickness. The panels are stable and pressure-bonded. Vulcan Cladding Systems manufactures two types of composite aluminum cladding, insulated and non-insulated which can be covered with either GRP, Plastisol, Trespa, or Aluminum. The aluminum cladding takes advantage of the metal’s properties of being lightweight and weather resistant and environmentally friendly.
Types of aluminum cladding
The line of non-insulated aluminum cladding, which has a plywood core, is called VulcaBoardTM.
This type of architectural cladding is an aluminum sandwich construction with a plywood center. A newer product is called VulcaLapTM, which uses a powder-coated aluminum (wood finished) that is used for exterior planking.
Styrofoam core insulated panels are called VulcaThermicTM. The Styrofoam core of the insulated panels is also sandwiched in aluminum, and have excellent compressive strength, a thermal conductivity K-value of .027 W/mK, low water absorption of only 0.2%, self-extinguishing properties in accordance with BS-3837: Part A, and also hot wire cut to the thickness required +/-0.5mm.
Both of these have a colored gel coat that is excellent for chemical and weather resistance. The strength is enhanced by polyester resin and special fiberglass reinforcement. The gel coating is available in many colors and even in a wood grain finish. The aluminum cladding weighs only 1.8kg/sq. mm. of thickness, making it an excellent covering material. Both products have a 10-year warranty and require no special maintenance other than cleaning with soap and water.
Most common uses of aluminum panel cladding
If you think of the exterior of a building or its facade as its skin, then the exterior cladding gives the building its unique look and personality. It is what makes a building aesthetically pleasing. But at the same time, the facade must be functional, enhancing its appeal while protecting it at the same time. Aluminum is popular for modern architecture because it fits into many design concepts and is visually appealing while providing excellent protection from the environment. This is why you’re seeing it appear more and more often in large-scale building projects. The fact that aluminum clad panels are so versatile with many colors and finishes makes them very popular with architects and builders alike. The market for aluminum composite panels was estimated to be more than $5 billion in 2018 and expected to grow by 6.4% by 2025 because of the increase in the scope of its applications.
With its lightness and range of colors, architectural aluminum cladding has numerous applications. It is commonly used for external building cladding (VulcaThermicTM), balconies, rain screens, and curved panel applications. The panels are matched with trims and accessories necessary to give the installation a polished professional look. With face sizes of 5000 x 1500mm face sizes (single or double-sided), Vulcan Cladding Systems’ panels are sturdy, yet flexible, allowing them to fit a variety of uses.
Advantages of aluminum composite panels
One of the biggest advantages is cost because aluminum is a relatively inexpensive metal. Also, even though aluminum is lightweight, it’s still sturdy and durable, resists staining, and can withstand harsh climates. Aluminum panels are even severe storm- and hurricane-resistant. Aluminum composite panels are highly impervious to dust, sand, coastal atmospheres and harmful ultraviolet radiation. Because of its flexibility and lightweight properties, the installation process is easier and faster. Also, most of the aluminum composite panels include enhanced fire resistance. | <urn:uuid:0afafe71-ae8c-4329-a383-92b4a3946a54> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://anytimemagazine.com/what-is-aluminium-composite-panel-cladding/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590348504341.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20200605205507-20200605235507-00409.warc.gz | en | 0.941458 | 834 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Frequently Asked Questions
What is LNG?
Liquefied natural gas, or LNG, is the liquid form of natural gas. It is a clear, colourless, odourless, clean burning fuel. It is taken out of the ground as natural gas, and becomes a liquid when it is cooled to -162 degrees Celsius. The cooling process reduces the volume of natural gas by more than 600 times – which is making it easier and safer to store and transport.
What is natural gas?
Natural gas is composed primarily of methane (90%) but may also contain ethane, propane and heavier hydrocarbons. Small quantities of nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, sulfur compounds and water may also be found in natural gas.
How does LNG become natural gas?
Through a process called regasification, LNG is warmed until it returns to its original gaseous state as natural gas. This natural gas can then be transported through underground pipelines and distributed to customers who use it for cooking, home heating, generating electrical power and many other everyday uses.
How does LNG become the natural gas we use?
When LNG arrives at the Canaport LNG regasification terminal, it will be pumped from the LNG ship to the three specially designed storage tanks. When it is ready to be used, the LNG is then pumped from the storage tanks into vapourizers where it is warmed back to its gaseous state as natural gas.
How is LNG transported by sea?
LNG is transported by sea in double-hulled ships that are specifically designed to handle the liquefied gas at -162 degrees Celsius. These carriers are insulated to limit the amount of LNG that boils off or evaporates; sometimes this boil off gas is used as fuel to power the ship.
Is LNG flammable or explosive?
LNG is not flammable or explosive in its liquid state. LNG vapours (its natural gas form) are only flammable within a limited range of concentration in the air. If the concentration of natural gas in the air is lower than 5% it cannot burn because of insufficient fuel. If the concentration of natural gas in the air is higher than 15% it cannot burn because there is insufficient oxygen. Therefore, the fire hazard of LNG is preconditioned on the LNG being released, the LNG vaporizing, mixing with air in a very narrow gas to air ratio of 5-15% and finally finding an ignition source. LNG vapor will only explode if in an enclosed space and if within the flammable range of 5%-15% when mixed with air.
Have there been any LNG accidents?
The LNG industry has a history of being one of the safest energy production industries in the world. There have been very few major incidents of damage or life-threatening harm associated with LNG. In the past 70 years, there have been three incidents in LNG terminals in North America: two in the 1970s and one in 1944.
Of the two in the 1970s, one was a construction accident, not an LNG accident, according to The New York Fire Department. The other was the result of a faulty seal that allowed gas to leak into an electrical substation that was not equipped with natural gas detectors. This led to three new major design code changes, including mandatory gas detectors in all related buildings.
The 1944 incident occurred in Cleveland and was the result of safety standards compromised due to the fact that nickel – essential to building LNG tanks – was in low supply because of the war effort. The tanks in Cleveland were constructed with a low nickel steel content, which compromised their structure. Today’s safety standards for LNG storage tanks require that 9 per cent nickel be used in all tanks.
The Canaport LNG Terminal has followed all safety standards for natural gas as set out by the Canadian Standards Association, the same organization that sets safety standards for common products like bicycle helmets, electrical appliances and propane tanks. The Terminal has also followed world-class safety design standards.
What about possible security threats?
Safety and security are top priorities at Canaport LNG. We maintain a highly trained security force at the Terminal 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. Additionally, we are using numerous advanced technologies to maintain the safety and security of employees and our neighbours.
The Canadian Marine Transportation Security Act and Regulations does not allow port facilities to discuss any detailed security measures. However, a Marine Facility Security Plan for the Canaport LNG facility has been approved by Transport Canada, and has been implemented at the terminal.
Using the knowledge gained from the experiences of the few historical incidents and countless studies, the Canaport LNG facility has been designed to be able to contain and manage potential crisis situations.
What would happen if there were a spill or a release from a tanker?
LNG tankers have several layers of protection to reduce the possibility that a spill could occur. Even a direct breach of the outer layer would not cause a spill. In the unlikely event of a release from a tanker, the liquid would warm up and change back into a gas, and, because it is lighter than air, the gas would quickly dissipate, leaving no residue behind and causing no environmental damage to the water or land.
Why does the Canaport LNG terminal use a flare?
The flare is an integral part of the Terminal’s safety pressure release system; therefore, flaring is part of the standard operation at LNG terminals to maintain normal operating pressure by burning off small amounts of excess natural gas. The flare structure is designed as a safety release system and is both normal and required for the safe operation of an LNG terminal.
What does it mean when the flare is visible at the Canaport LNG Terminal?
Flaring can occur for various reasons to maintain normal operating pressure. Canaport LNG has experienced intermittent flaring during its initial start-up phase; while undergoing planned maintenance on the process equipment; and while receiving a new supply of LNG. | <urn:uuid:029392ba-8c10-4417-a01f-5ca7a4a2bcee> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://canaportlng.com/faq | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818687906.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20170921205832-20170921225832-00332.warc.gz | en | 0.951847 | 1,251 | 3.671875 | 4 |
A recent BitePRO® survey has highlighted once again the risk of being by a patient, pupil, service uses or member of the public is real for many professionals. Please also read our Senior Consultant's extremely informative article: “BitePRO® Survey Confirms Many Workers Are At Risk Of Being Bitten”According to The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology, bite injuries represent 1% of all emergency department admissions in the United States!
According to an article by Helen Acree Conlon, MS, MPH, ARNP, titled ‘Human Bites in the Classroom: Incidence, Treatment and Complications’ it has been estimated that at least one half of the population will experience some type of bite in their lifetime. Human bites are the third leading cause of all bites seen in hospital emergency departments after dog and cat bites. Human bites can be the source of exposure to body fluids, transmission of communicable diseases, infections ranging from cellulitis to osteomyelitis, and joint deformity from septic arthritis.
Some of you might remember 2014 Football World Cup match when Uruguay’s Luis Suarez bit Italy's Giorgio Chiellini on the shoulder during game play. Instantly, no one cared about the score any more, as fans rushed to their keyboards to weigh in on Suarez’s unsportsmanlike behaviour, and launch a thousand internet memes based on the incident. But while many are making this into a joke, in reality a bite wound is no laughing matter.
“Human bites are capable of transmitting infectious diseases,” says Jamie Quinlan, DNP, nurse manager of the emergency department at University of Utah Hospital. Quinlan says even what appears to be a minor wound contains high levels of bacteria -- in fact more than 600 types of bacteria are present in the human mouth at any time including strains of staph and strep. Those bacteria could lead to conditions like cellulitis, lymphangitis, or impetigo. A bite could also lead to transmission of hepatitis or HIV if those illnesses are present, and blood to blood contact is made.
Facts & Figures
According to a recent report by the Health Service Journal, there are estimated to be an average of 312 assaults per trust every year, which equals a 9.7% increase in violent attacks on NHS hospital staff in England between 2015/16 and 2016/17. When NHS Protect was in existence and centrally collecting data on assaults, the number of incidents had risen by 4% between 2014/15 and 2015/16 – clearly showing a persistent rise in the number of assaults in recent years. Their analysis suggests that there are 200 reported physical assaults on NHS staff every single day in England alone.
However, it is also worth noting that levels of violence against staff working in mental health trusts remain much higher than other types of trust. Across the 39 mental health trusts covered by the research there were 33,820 reported physical assaults in 2016/17 equating to an average of 867 per organisation.
Mark Perry, appeared close to tears when attending the NASUWT (largest teachers union in the UK) conference in 2009 and telling fellow delegates of his experiences with disturbed ten-year-olds in Wrexham, North Wales. He described that on one occasion he was bitten so hard that blood was drawn.
Another delegate, Suzanne Nantcurvis, a geography teacher from Llangollen, North Wales, said she knew members who had been forced to pay for immunisations and protective equipment. ‘Biting is quite a big issue in special schools and when risk assessments are completed it is usual to put in the control measure of a protective arm guard,’ she said. (taken from UK newspaper ‘Daily Mail’, printed 16th April 2009)
BitePRO® Bite Resistant Clothing can prevent human bite injuries, which can subsequently be contaminated with pathogens. Transmissions of potentially life threatening viruses, such as Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C or HIV
Debbie Townsend, Physical Intervention Training Manager of the Oxfordshire Learning Disability NHS Trust (UK) says:
“Human bites can cause both physical injury, risk of infection, soft tissue damage and psychological distress to staff. Whilst our staff teams are usually aware of the potential for bites from records of previous incidents and preventative steps are taken, additional measure to protect staff from a bite may be beneficial.”
Please also allow me to point out that it is a very normal, natural and instinctive response (when faced by a violent or distressed person) to want to lift our arms and hands in order to defend ourselves and protect our head and facial area. However, we must acknowledge that this subsequently exposes our forearm and hands to a higher risk of danger of arm injuries.
In fact the majority of injuries found on police or security guards can be found on their forearms or open hands. These are classed as ‘defensive injuries’, indicating a person was defending himself rather than attacking the other person. Just very recently the following news made the headline on 22 August this year: "Greater Manchester Police officer bitten on arm in 'appalling' attack"
How Can BitePRO® Bite Resistant Clothing Help?
We are all too aware that bite related injuries can become infected and mental health care professionals, special educational needs teachers and others could subsequently be contaminated with pathogens. Transmissions of potentially life threatening viruses, such as Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C or HIV are also a part of reality, hence clothing which can prevent human teeth from penetrating the skin of one of the above highlighted professionals must be worthwhile investigating further.
Please take a moment and view our dedicated online-shop, also containing additional and valuable information: www.bite-pro.com
If you want to discuss the potential use of BitePRO® products within your organisation, then please contact our BitePRO® Expert Rachel Riding. Please email [email protected]
Rachel has developed into a globally recognised and respected expert on bite resistant clothing for mental health care, special educational needs schools and secure/psychiatric hospitals and would be delighted to hear from you.
Take good care of yourself.
Robert Kaiser, CEO | <urn:uuid:3a75365c-7c15-4ef4-a5b9-51f069b9f51f> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://www.bite-pro.com/blog/post/protecting-from-human-bites | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703517559.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20210119011203-20210119041203-00307.warc.gz | en | 0.955032 | 1,268 | 2.84375 | 3 |
First, we talk about area of shape on Euclidean plane:
Back in ancient time, Greek (such as Euclid) do not truly assign numerical real value as area of shape, unlike us today. In fact, object have same area if we can cut them up into finite piece and use isometry (reflect, rotate, translate) to turn one into another. That is minimally good enough, because all we care about is that what ever algebraic structure that contains all possible value for area to have the operation of addition and a total ordering. So strictly, we do not truly need measure theory (as it restrict you to just real value), and of course, measure theorem have COUNTABLE additivity, which can be considered too strong a requirement. A modern theorem (Bolyai-Gerwien theorem) told us that given any 2 polygonal shape of the same conventional area, you can indeed always cut them into finite piece and use isometry to convert one into another. This validate Euclidean approach to defining area.
In modern time, we think of "shape" as more like set of points, and we want to assign numerical value as area to all subset, satisfying certain condition such as being invariant under some transformation, being finite additive, monotone, and a some normalization. This is already good enough for Archimedes to approximate $\pi$, without having ever deal with an infinite sum.
In 2-dimension, von Neumann showed that a square can be decomposed, apply area-preserving affine transformation to, and get back 2 square of the same size instead. However, luckily, such paradox cannot happen on polygonal shape and circular disk if only rigid motion are allowed, thanks to a theorem due to Banach. In fact, we can construct an assignment of area to all subset that is invariant under rigid motion and satisfy all other reasonable definition of area.
Now, to the question of area in higher dimension:
Hausdorff paradoxical decomposition of spherical shell (very related to the infamous Banach-Tarski paradox) means that we cannot hope to assign surface area to all possible subset that is invariant under rotation. Though of course, it's intuitively clear before that, because if a subset is too badly looking, there is no sense to talk about area because we don't even know what is its "surface".
Attempt to define it based on analogy with curve turn out to be a failure. A standard definition of length of curve is by using approximation with piecewise linear curve, and find the supremum of such approximation. It's a good approach for curve, as it can measure all sort of curve, unless of course if the curve behave so badly that we would intuitively assign a length of $\infty$ to it anyway. That approach turn out to be a failure for area on surface with curvature: you would get infinite area for a simple surface such as a cylinder (cylinder area paradox).
However, for nicest kind of area, the one on a differentiable manifold, we could in fact define area using analogy from curve, but this time analogy with differentiable curve. Beyond that, things get fuzzy, with various definition disagree with each other.
In conclusion, we don't really know once it comes to higher dimension. But we do have a consistent definition for area on 2 dimensional Euclidean plane. | <urn:uuid:4d254363-0894-41ef-9614-5d9520d36947> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://math.stackexchange.com/questions/630052/what-does-area-really-mean | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1413558067467.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20141017150107-00089-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.947561 | 698 | 2.8125 | 3 |
This article incorporates, in modified form, material from Illustrated Guide to Home Chemistry Experiments: All Lab, No Lecture.
Qualitative analysis is a structured set of methods used to determine the identities (but not the amounts) of the components that make up a mixture. Qualitative inorganic analysis is used to establish the presence or absence of particular elements or inorganic ions or compounds in an unknown sample. For example, an environmental technician might test a water sample to determine if arsenic, barium, or mercury is present. Qualitative organic analysis is used to establish the presence or absence of particular organic compounds or functional groups in an unknown sample. For example, a medical technician might test a urine sample to determine if glucose is present.
In modern university and corporate laboratories, many qualitative analyses are done instrumentally, using methods such as infrared and mass spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance, neutron activation analysis, x-ray diffraction, spectrophotometry, chromatography, electrophoresis, and others. Before such instruments were introduced, chemists did qualitative analyses using wet-chemistry procedures, reacting the unknown substance with various reagents and observing the results. Such wet-chemistry procedures remain important today, both for field tests or initial screening preliminary to instrumental analysis and as a learning tool.
In this chapter, we’ll use various wet-chemistry procedures to do qualitative analyses of inorganic and organic compounds.
Everyday Qualitative Analysis
- Police and drug-enforcement agents use qualitative analysis field tests to do “pass-fail” preliminary analyses of suspect materials.
- Employers use qualitative analysis to test employees and prospective hires for drug use.
- Sports teams and sanctioning committees use qualitative analysis to test players for steroid use.
- Airports and public buildings use instrumental qualitative analysis to “sniff” for explosives.
- Environmental scientists use qualitative analysis to test soil, water, and air samples for the presence of toxic chemicals. | <urn:uuid:6a8b53d2-ff81-4431-9366-f9a1bf6788bd> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://makezine.com/laboratory-19-qualitative-analysis/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207929023.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113209-00037-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.874386 | 403 | 3.640625 | 4 |
On the molecular track of memory – how to visualize learning
Research report (imported) 2012 - Max Planck Institute for Brain Research
The change of single communication sites between nerve cells, independent of neighboring sites, is believed to be a cellular basis of learning and memory. An elegant explanation how neurons accomplish this arose from the detection that specific proteins might be synthesized close to contact points. With a combination of sensitive methods MPIH investigators now showed that the diversity of protein building plans in neuronal processes is much higher than anticipated – a drastic change in the picture of the neuronal world. | <urn:uuid:3c7a1c64-549c-451d-95d9-e0cf40e17cc8> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://brain.mpg.de/221353/research_report_6819449?c=424776 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487630518.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20210617162149-20210617192149-00228.warc.gz | en | 0.922957 | 117 | 2.78125 | 3 |
I spent much of my time this summer reading and thinking about the relationship between assessment and student achievement. It was part of my doctoral studies and the assignment helped me become more familiar with educational research and academic writing. My takeaways from a month of research are as follows:
- Formative assessment and feedback are so important to student learning. We do not help teachers enough with these skills. Frequent, specific, interactive feedback between student and teacher during the learning process improves student achievement. Leaders inside education and the public, focus more on summative assessment because it is documented and easier to see results. I want our faculty to be talking more about better ways to provide feedback to students.
- I am really interested in “value-added” statistics of teachers. This is the idea that the effect of a teacher on a group of students can be isolated from other factors and can be measured through standardized tests. I think a simple way to improve education is to get smarter people to become teachers, however, with such low salaries and status in my countries, including my own of America, it is a challenge to get the best university students to go into education. You can also recognize and reward current great teachers, and retrain and support or counsel out of teaching, underperforming teachers. Combined with classroom observations, a value-added number can help leaders identify people who need help.
- It was fascinating reading the research of the assessment for accountability movement in the USA. Holding teachers and principals responsible for their students lack of growth, has had a big impact on the morale of faculty. The data shows growth in mathematics for students close to the proficiency level or underachieving students and no improvement in reading levels. A broader range of assessments and more support for families is the direction schools should be going.
Below you can read my review of the current literature. = | <urn:uuid:67a510ae-4a17-4125-aaf2-2cf29843d7bc> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://globalschoolleadership.com/2017/09/02/assessment-student-achievement/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038879374.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20210419111510-20210419141510-00507.warc.gz | en | 0.968884 | 375 | 3.078125 | 3 |
A longstanding question in false memory research is whether children's implanted false memories represent actual memory traces or merely result from compliance. The current study examined this question using a response latency based deception task. Forty-five 8-year-old children received narratives about a true (first day at school) and false event (hot air balloon ride). Across two interviews, 58/32% of the participants developed a partial/full false memory. Interestingly, these children also showed higher false recall on an unrelated DRM paradigm compared to children without a false memory. The crucial finding, however, was that the results of the deception task revealed that children with partial and full false memories were faster to confirm than to deny statements relating to the false event. This indicates that children's implanted false memories reflect actual memory traces, and are unlikely to be explained by mere compliance.
- False memory
- AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL MEMORY | <urn:uuid:42798d3b-cc1a-472e-baeb-31a2728827e9> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://cris.maastrichtuniversity.nl/en/publications/the-origin-of-childrens-implanted-false-memories-memory-traces-or | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107902683.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20201029010437-20201029040437-00157.warc.gz | en | 0.885021 | 182 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Teaching the research process might be one of the more strenuous, time-intensive things we could do as college instructors. And I’m not just talking about English composition courses–this pertains to any course that has research-based writing as a key component to its curriculum. The struggle is real, gang. The quality of source information, the juggling of disparate voices and ideas, the citation systems, the note-taking, outlining strategies, annotated bibliographies–it’s a wonder that students leave the process sound in body and mind. Us, too, for that matter. It’s a heavy slog at times, but it’s so important for the success of our students moving forward. Being able to create an original thesis and synthesize not just your own ideas but the ideas of others in a clear and articulate fashion is a hallmark of academic thought. If we wanted to take it a step further, we could make an argument that beyond the academic classroom, the ability to synthesize and articulate ideas is crucial in any environment. Such higher-level thinking skills are very much valued in the workforce. Critical evaluation of information doesn’t stop with a college degree.
So we teach the research process to the best of our ability. And we try to keep up with the times. And we try to keep track of new literacies and new strategies. And the next thing we know, MLA 8th edition now requires the full URL address of a web source when constructing a Works Cited entry, when we could have sworn they did away with that years ago. Things change. Information changes. Source material changes. And through the 21st century, we’ve been inundated by a flood of new Internet-based strategies for research and citations and note-taking. It seems each year brings some innovative new app or program that claims to be the solution to our students’ myriad troubles with web-based research. Hey, look, you can annotate directly on websites using Diigo. Or, hey, look, here’s yet another simulator to help you construct bibliographic entries for your essay. There’s always something new.
Which is what makes NoodleTools so fascinating. I have no idea how long NoodleTools has been around. Alisa Cooper gave me a quick intro this last spring, but it was enough for me to want to know more. Because here’s what’s so fascinating about NoodleTools–it’s old school. Like, real old school. Pre-internet, taking notes on 3×5 notecards old school. It’s like a classic automobile surrounded by electric vehicles. Think of Dean Winchester’s Chevy Impala from Supernatural in a sea of Elon Musk’s Tesla Model X’s–that’s what it’s like. Because NoodleTools addresses one of the more difficult concepts students encounter with the research process–seeing how all the different information from various sources actually fits together–by using an old-school, tried-and-true method of note cards.
Weirdly enough, I’ve been searching for something like this for awhile. Even as I started teaching and started learning more about newer methods of note taking and outlining, I still thought about the notecard method I was taught when I took ENG 102 twenty years ago. The method was simple–during the research process, whenever you found information you thought you might use in your draft, you would write it down on a 3×5 notecard. Then, you would paraphrase the information, giving you two different ways you could utilize it in your paper. Lastly, you would cite the information, connecting it to a working bibliography you had, so you knew where the information came from. That was it. So, throughout the research process, you might have something like 75-100 notecards from maybe 15-20 sources, full of research you might or might not actually use in your paper.
The genius of the approach (and I understand this is not revolutionary; this was pretty standard practice for teaching the research process) is that the notecards allowed you the ability to tangibly shift your information around, so that you could see the basic form of your argument take shape. So, let’s say, if you were writing a paper on abolishing the death penalty, and you wanted a subtopic to discuss the racial or class factors involved in such cases, you would sift through your stack of notecards and pull everything that pertained to that idea and put it in a separate pile. That pile might consist of several sources, perhaps agreeing or disagreeing with each other, but allowing you to see how their ideas worked with each other, and just as importantly, with your own ideas. You would create more stacks with more ideas and concepts, and sure enough, a basic form would start to emerge for your paper.
This approach was brutal, to be sure. I can’t say I liked it too much. It was time consuming and tedious. But even back then, I appreciated its value. It was simple yet effective–a perfect tool to help beginning writers see over the course of their process the basic form of their paper emerge. And this is what NoodleTools does to great effect.
A disclaimer: I don’t know if there are other programs out there that do something like this. In the past, I’ve led students to websites that offer free notecards for a similar effect, but not to the extent that NoodleTools offers. It seems NoodleTools offers three distinct services that perfectly align with the research process. First, it allows students to create a list of sources based on either MLA or APA standards. Any of you who use some other weird, esoteric system–good luck, you’re on your own. But the fact that NoodleTools is up to date on both MLA and APA editions shows that its value is far beyond just the English composition classrooms. So, as students research, they can document their sources. In this regard, NoodleTools acts a lot like Easybib or other citation generators. It’s remarkably thorough in what information it wants from students to create the bibliographic entry. You can set the bibliographic criteria on almost a difficulty rating. I imagine it’s like what kind of bibliographic information a first-year composition student would need as opposed to a doctoral student, in terms of specificity. Source information can get real tricky the more involved you get with research. Each setting expects the students to identify more of the specific criteria for that bibliographic source. So, students can keep a working bibliography going. They can even annotate the sources, for those instructors who require an annotated bibliography. The annotations are directly linked to each source the student creates.
Secondly, NoodleTools allows you to make notecards, as mentioned above. The cool thing is that NoodleTools directly connects each note card to the sources they’re coming from. When you create a new note card, you can easily copy and paste web-based information. There is also a paraphrase section for you to rephrase the quoted information, as well as an idea box for you to post anything you think of regarding that source. As far as I can tell, NoodleTools allows you to make as many notecards as you want. The notecards populate randomly onto a “table.” You can create individual “piles” (think: subtopics) and then drag corresponding notecards to their respective piles, so you can see a basic organizational pattern take shape.
NoodleTools then offers an outline function, where students can create a standard Roman numeral outline. This is where I think NoodleTools really shines. When you create the outline, you can easily drag individual notecards to align under any topic or subtopic you want. I think this is of tremendous importance, because before students even start writing their paper, they have a chance to see not only the basic format they want, but also where all their research fits into that outline. Imagine the puzzle pieces clicking into place and the light bulbs turning on–that’s the true beauty of NoodleTools.
As I write this, I feel like a sleazy car salesman trying to sell you the warranty package. I apologize for that. But I can’t tell you how intrigued I am by this. NoodleTools takes the old and intuitively reinvents it for the 21st century. Sometimes, you just can’t beat the classics. We can talk about 21st century technological literacies and web-based learning and all of that, but sometimes, when you get down to something like the research process, it’s all a matter of seeing how information fits together and understanding how it relates to your own ideas. Perhaps the simplicity of NoodleTools’ design is exactly what we need–an easy way to create source citations, notecard information, and outlines showing students exactly where their research is placed in the context of their paper. Its focus on MLA and APA standards certainly shows again that this tool is applicable in just about every class that participates in the research process. It doesn’t solve every issue–for example, it doesn’t address critical evaluation of information or our students’ annoying habit of distilling an entire source to one small tidbit of information that supports one idea in their paper–but for what it is designed for, I think it’s perfect for our students.
Learn more about how to use NoodleTools for free at GCC. | <urn:uuid:e1dbea7a-195c-4cfc-b999-f1ce6797f913> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://gccazctle.com/2018/09/11/heres-to-using-the-old-noodle-ctle-summer-2018-grant/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487630081.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20210625085140-20210625115140-00548.warc.gz | en | 0.949505 | 2,002 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Coronaviruses are a group of viruses known for causing the common cold. They have a halo or crown-like (corona) appearance when viewed under an electron microscope.
The common cold is a viral infection of the upper respiratory tract. The most commonly implicated virus is a rhinovirus (30%–80%), a type of picornavirus with 99 known serotypes. Other commonly implicated viruses include human coronavirus (≈15%), influenza viruses (10%–15%), adenoviruses (5%), human respiratory syncytial virus, enteroviruses other than rhinoviruses, human parainfluenza viruses, and metapneumovirus. Frequently more than one virus is present. In total over 200 different viral types are associated with colds
The common cold virus is typically transmitted via airborne droplets (aerosols), direct contact with infected nasal secretions, or fomites (contaminated objects). Which of these routes is of primary importance has not been determined; however, hand-to-hand and hand-to-surface-to-hand contact seems of more importance than transmission via aerosols. The viruses may survive for prolonged periods in the environment (over 18 hours for rhinoviruses) and can be picked up by people’s hands and subsequently carried to their eyes or nose where infection occurs. Transmission is common in daycare and at school due to the proximity of many children with little immunity and frequently poor hygiene. These infections are then brought home to other members of the family. There is no evidence that recirculated air during commercial flight is a method of transmission. People sitting in close proximity appear to be at greater risk of infection.
Rhinovirus-caused colds are most infectious during the first three days of symptoms; they are much less infectious afterwards.
The traditional theory is that a cold can be “caught” by prolonged exposure to cold weather such as rain or winter conditions, which is how the disease got its name. Some of the viruses that cause the common colds are seasonal, occurring more frequently during cold or wet weather. The reason for the seasonality has not been conclusively determined. Possible explanations may include cold temperature-induced changes in the respiratory system, decreased immune response, and low humidity causing an increase in viral transmission rates, perhaps due to dry air allowing small viral droplets to disperse farther and stay in the air longer.
The apparent seasonality may also be due to social factors, such as people spending more time indoors, near infected people, and specifically children at school. There is some controversy over the role of low body temperature as a risk factor for the common cold; the majority of the evidence suggests that it may result in greater susceptibility to infection
Herd immunity, generated from previous exposure to cold viruses, plays an important role in limiting viral spread, as seen with younger populations that have greater rates of respiratory infections. Poor immune function is a risk factor for disease. Insufficient sleep and malnutrition have been associated with a greater risk of developing infection following rhinovirus exposure; this is believed to be due to their effects on immune function. Breast feeding decreases the risk of acute otitis media and lower respiratory tract infections among other diseases, and it is recommended that breast feeding be continued when an infant has a cold. In the developed world breast feeding may not be protective against the common cold in and of itself. | <urn:uuid:5aa81185-0964-45b3-aa74-494dc94627ff> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://community.homeremedies.org/t/why-cold-and-cough-happens/9500 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400193087.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20200920000137-20200920030137-00245.warc.gz | en | 0.953897 | 706 | 4.375 | 4 |
Nicknamed the "Mile-High City" because its official elevation is one mile above sea level, Denver is the largest city and the capital of Colorado. Denver is the second most populous county in Colorado, after El Paso County. Located in the South Platte River Valley on the western edge of the High Plains, the city has an area of 154.9 square miles, of which 1.6 square miles is water.
Denver has also been historically known as the Queen City of the Plains and the Queen City of the West, because of its important role in the agricultural industry of the high-plains region. Several US Navy ships have been named USS Denver in honor of the city.
Denver Colorado Zip codes: 80012, 80014, 80110, 80111, 80123, 80202, 80203, 80204, 80205, 80206, 80207, 80209, 80210, 80211, 80212, 80214, 80216, 80218, 80219, 80220, 80221, 80222, 80223, 80224, 80226, 80227, 80230, 80231, 80232, 80235, 80236, 80237, 80238, 80239, 80246, 80247, 80249, 80264, 80290, 80293, 80294.
The majestic Rockies is Denver's stunning backyard, situated in the center of the Front Range Urban Corridor, between the Rocky Mountains to the west and the High Plains to the east. Denver's topography consists of plains in the city center with hilly areas to the west, south and southeast. Three counties that surround Denver City and County include:
Where Denver now stands, there were originally three separate towns. In 1859, the other names were dropped in return for a "barrel of whiskey" to be shared by all and the first permanent structure in Denver was a saloon. In its first few years, Denver was destroyed twice - once by fire and the second by flood. Denver legend and lore says the first permanent structure in Denver was a saloon. According to The City and The Saloon (book), during Denver's wild ride from frontier mining town to twentieth-century metropolis, the city's saloons, like those of many other western frontier towns, played a vital role in the development of the city. There were numerous saloons in the Denver area during the city's early day and ironically, bear brewing today is a big business in Denver and the state of Colorado as a whole. Denver has been nicknamed "the Napa valley of beer," only it's unclear how this nickname came to be. Referenced by the Denver Business Journal, this nickname was created by the Sheraton Hotel chain as part of their "Chief Beer Officer" promotion in 2008. However, it seems to have stuck.
Denver has an arid climate and actually gets only 8 to 15 inches of annual precipitation and more than 300 days of sunshine and blue skies. Winters are mild with an average daily high temperature of 45 degrees. Since the snow rarely stays on the ground for long, golf courses and outdoor cafes stay open all year round. During the summer months, Denver has relatively low humidity with the average daily high around 86 degrees. The mild weather is due is due in part to it's "mile high" altitude (5,280 feet above sea level).
If you are currently looking to buy Denver Real Estate or thinking about relocating to the Denver area, you will find many residential options to choose from. Whether you are looking for Denver luxury estate homes, properties with mountain views, single-family homes, town homes or condos, we are experienced Denver Realtors® that can help you find the right home to fit your lifestyle, preferences and needs. The median home value in Denver, CO, is $342,500. Home appreciation is 12% over the last year. The median age of Denver, CO, real estate is 48 years. Renters make up 46.04% of the Denver population and 7.94% of houses and apartments in Denver are unoccupied (vacancy rate).
Denver is the center and the most populous city of the Front Range Urban Corridor, an oblong urban region stretching across 18 counties in two states. Denver is the most populous city within a 500-mile radius and the second most populous city in the Mountain West and the Southwestern United States after Phoenix Arizona. With a population that is 40% Hispanic and 10% African American, Denver is a dynamic city of diverse cultures. As of 2012 Denver's population is 600,158 with 3,923 people per square mile (population density). The median age is 33.8. 36.72% of people in Denver are married and 13.56% are divorced. The average household size is 2.22 people. 30.29% of people are married with children and 16.63% have children, but are single.
Denver's economy is based partially on its geographic position and its connection to some of the major transportation systems of the country. Denver has a considerable government presence, with many federal agencies based or having offices in the Denver area. Along with federal agencies are companies based on US defense and space projects. More jobs are brought to the city by virtue of its being the capital of the state of Colorado. The Denver area is home to the former nuclear weapons plant Rocky Flats, the Denver Federal Center, the Denver Mint and the National Renewable Energy Laboratory. The unemployment rate in Denver, CO, is 8.90% with job growth of 2.00%. Future job growth over the next ten years is predicted to be 35.10%. Denver sales tax rate is 7.72 % and income tax is 4.77%.
Denver is served by Denver Public Schools. Denver schools spend $4,415 per student. There are 19 pupils per teacher, 551 students per librarian, and 713 children per counselor.
The City and County of Denver boasts having over 200 city parks, over 100 miles of trails, and 11 dog parks. Denver Parks are open from 5:00 am until 11:00 p.m. year round. The Denver Mountain Parks are a natural, scenic and historic destination in the foothills west of Denver.
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Tuesday, 8 August 2006 was Census night in Australia. Every person present in Australia on Census night, excluding foreign diplomats and their families, should have been included on a Census form at the place where they stayed.
Whenever a Census is undertaken, questions about the completeness and accuracy of the Census count invariably arise. In such a large and complex exercise, it is inevitable that some people will be missed and some will be included more than once (or included when they shouldn't be). In Australia, the Census Post Enumeration Survey (PES) is used to determine how many people were missed in the Census and how many were counted more than once. The PES is a household survey conducted by the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) shortly after the Census. The survey provides an independent check on Census coverage and also identifies the key demographic characteristics of the population that have been missed or overcounted in the Census.
WHAT IS UNDERCOUNT?
In the 2006 Census, some people were missed (undercount) and some were counted more than once (overcount). As is usually the case, in 2006 more people were missed than overcounted.
The PES interview process determines whether each person in the PES sample should have been counted in the Census, and the category in which they should have been counted (such as age, sex, Indigenous status, region of usual residence). The match and search process determines how many times each person in the PES sample was actually counted in the Census, and in which categories.
PES output processing and estimation combines and weights results from the match and search process to produce an estimate of the number of people who should have been counted in the Census. Net undercount is estimated as the difference between this estimate and the actual Census count (including imputed people for non-responding dwellings).
The net undercount for a category of person is obtained by taking the PES estimate of the number of people in the category who should have been counted and subtracting the Census count of the number of people (in the category). Net undercount for a category of person is the net result of undercount, overcount, differences in classification between the PES and Census (e.g. age, sex, Indigenous status), and imputation error in the Census.
Rates of net undercount vary significantly for different population groups depending on factors such as age, sex, ethnicity (including Indigenous status) and geographic location.
PES estimation involves assigning a 'weight' to each selected PES dwelling and then to each person for whom a PES response was obtained.
Dwelling weighting for the 2006 PES comprised two stages. For private dwellings selected in the PES that were found in the Census, the first stage of weighting adjusted the PES selection weight (the inverse of the probability of a dwelling being selected in the PES sample) such that the adjusted weights added up to the Census private dwelling count within categories based on geography and dwelling characteristics. A first-stage weight adjustment was also applied to private dwellings selected in PES that were missed in the Census. For dwellings in discrete Indigenous communities, a similar first-stage weight adjustment was applied based on dwelling counts for communities within each state and territory.
The second stage of dwelling weighting applied a non-response adjustment so that the responding PES dwellings represented other dwellings from which no response was obtained.
The initial stage of person weighting adjusted the dwelling weights to ensure that the PES estimates of people counted (in the Census) in private dwellings and discrete Indigenous community dwellings (other than late-return or non-responding dwellings) in a set of benchmark categories matched the actual Census counts for these categories. The weight adjustment applied to a person did not depend on whether they responded in the Census, but only on characteristics of the person as reported in the PES.
As a final step in weight adjustment, the initial person weights were adjusted so that the PES estimates also represented people in non-private dwellings, such as hotels, hospitals and jails, which were not covered by the PES. The person weighting step in PES processing calculates weights for all PES records, including those relating to late-return or non-responding dwellings.
The PES estimate of the number of people who should have been counted in the 2006 Census was 20,402,459 people. The actual 2006 Census count for Australia was 19,852,973 people. The difference (549,486 people) is the net undercount for Australia.
Further information on Census late-return or non-responding dwellings can be found in the Appendix of this publication.
USE OF NET UNDERCOUNT IN ESTIMATED RESIDENT POPULATION (ERP)
After each Census, the ABS uses the new information obtained to rebase the estimated resident population (ERP) of Australia and the states and territories. A crucial step in rebasing ERP using the 2006 Census counts is the application of the net undercount estimates from the PES. For more information on the calculation of rebased ERP for 30 June 2006 based on results from the 2006 Census and PES, see Australian Demographic Statistics, December quarter 2006 (cat. no. 3101.0), released on 5 June 2007.
This page last updated 20 June 2012 | <urn:uuid:fe7722f6-c3ee-48dd-b528-88b2f5aa56c0> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/[email protected]/Previousproducts/2940.0Main%20Features2Aug%202006?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=2940.0&issue=Aug%202006&num=&view= | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510273381.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011753-00223-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.962675 | 1,088 | 3.140625 | 3 |
4 Biblical Truths Illustrated in Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde
“How do you know the story if you’ve never read it?” my 12 year old asked us, as we listened together to The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde by Robert Louis Stevenson.
It was true: neither my husband nor I had ever read the book. But we know from culture what it’s all about. The story has so permeated our western society that we know when someone is a “Jekyll and Hyde” he exhibits two different personalities in one person. Therefore, we were able to help our kids understand the tale that was written in 1886, as we streamed it from Hoopla to our car stereo.
The novella is short, but packs a punch. Dr. Jekyll (the protagonist), at first, keeps Hyde (the antagonist—but one in the same man) in check. Initially he only brings forth Hyde when he wants to. But the more he allows Hyde to present himself, the more Hyde wants to be present. In fact, Hyde begins to manifest himself even when Dr. Jekyll wishes otherwise. You know the story: slowly, but surely, Hyde takes over and eventually ruins Dr. Jekyll for good.
Together our family discussed four important life lessons that are presented in this novella, which may also be seen in scripture.
1. We’re all born with a sin nature.
There are many interpretations of the moral of the story intended by Stevenson in this book. And while the interpretations vary, everyone seems to agree that Jekyll and Hyde present the good and evil that we all observe in ourselves and one another. Across time and cultures, all people sometimes behave well and we sometimes behave badly.
The Christian worldview says that “all have sinned and fall short of the glory of God” (Romans 3:23) and “none is righteous, no, not one” (Romans 3:10). All readers can identify with Stevenson’s story because we all have an inner Hyde.
2. Sin grows in the dark.
Dr. Jekyll kept his experiments and entertainments of Hyde a secret from his friends and household staff. He mixed his potions and fed his evil character only in the privacy of his laboratory. He had locks on doors and alibis made up to mask his gratification of his evil side.
The Bible instructs us, “Take no part in the unfruitful works of darkness, but instead expose them. For it is shameful even to speak of the things that they do in secret. But when anything is exposed by the light, it becomes visible, for anything that becomes visible is light. Therefore it says, ‘Awake, O sleeper, and arise from the dead, and Christ will shine on you’” (Ephesians 5:11-14). Indeed God is light. When we bring our sins to the light, Christ will shine, allowing us to break the stronghold that keeps us captive.
3. Left unchecked, sin will devour us.
As a whole, our family agreed that the ultimate moral of the story seems to be that evil, left unchecked, will devour us. Our sin nature can be insatiable. In fact, the hunger of our sin can be so overwhelming, that we’re willing to sacrifice our good name, our career, our friends, our family, our very lives to feed it just a little bit more. James tells us, “each person is tempted when he is lured and enticed by his own desire. Then desire when it has conceived gives birth to sin, and sin when it is fully grown brings forth death” (James 1:14-15). Sin will indeed lead to death apart from the grace and intervention of Jesus Christ.
Listening to this story left all of us appreciating Peter’s instructions. He says, “Be sober-minded; be watchful. Your adversary the devil prowls around like a roaring lion, seeking someone to devour” (1 Peter 5:8). In an age in which sin is rarely identified and almost always made light of, Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde point us back to what’s true.
4. Finally, and perhaps most importantly, we cannot rescue ourselves—we are all in need of a Savior.
Dr. Jekyll tried in vain to rescue himself from Mr. Hyde. He made promises to himself to stop flirting with fire. He even made it through months at a time without entertaining Hyde in any way. In the end, though, his human efforts at self control were not enough. His strength and drive for good behavior could not outdo the draw of Mr. Hyde. He gave in again and again, resulting in death.
Paul shows us in Ephesians that apart from Christ we are dead. Alone, we have no hope. We need a savior.
And you were dead in the trespasses and sins in which you once walked, following the course of this world, following the prince of the power of the air, the spirit that is now at work in the sons of disobedience—among whom we all once lived in the passions of our flesh, carrying out the desires of the body and the mind, and were by nature children of wrath, like the rest of mankind. But God, being rich in mercy, because of the great love with which he loved us, even when we were dead in our trespasses, made us alive together with Christ—by grace you have been saved (Ephesians 2:1-5).
I appreciate Stevenson’s timeless tale and recommend it to families with middle schoolers and above. Each of us can see ourselves in this story and it stands as an important reminder of many truths. | <urn:uuid:d1001bb5-5c41-4676-a920-489dcd0186df> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | https://www.jenoshman.com/jen-oshman-blog/2018/3/3/4-biblical-truths-illustrated-in-dr-jekyll-and-mr-hyde | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039743184.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20181116194306-20181116220306-00556.warc.gz | en | 0.965469 | 1,220 | 2.984375 | 3 |
UK Scientists to Begin Trial of Potential HIV Cure
News Nov 27, 2013
The researchers, led by Dr John Frater at Oxford University and Dr Sarah Fidler at Imperial College London, hope the trial will show that a cure is feasible.
'We can only truly know if someone is cured of HIV if we stop giving them antiretroviral therapy,' said Dr Frater of the Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine at Oxford University. 'We're not going to do that, but we will test if we can reduce the number of HIV-infected cells in these patients. If we can, it will prove in principle that this strategy could work as a cure, even though it will need many more years of further development.'
Efforts to cure HIV in the past have been thwarted by the virus's ability to lie dormant inside blood cells without being detected.
Thirty-four million people are infected by HIV worldwide. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is highly effective at stopping the virus from reproducing, but it doesn't eradicate the disease, so it has to be taken for life.
The new therapy combines standard antiretroviral drugs with two new weapons: a drug that reactivates dormant HIV, and a vaccine that induces the immune system to destroy the infected cells.
Fifty patients in the early stages of HIV infection will take part in the trial. The researchers hope that within months, the stores of hidden HIV in these patients – called the HIV reservoir – will be significantly reduced. They expect to know the results in 2017.
The trial is being conducted by the CHERUB collaboration – an alliance of HIV researchers at Oxford University, Imperial College London, the University of Cambridge, University College London and King's College London. It is being funded by a £1.7 million grant from the Medical Research Council as part of the Biomedical Catalyst funding stream.
Key preliminary studies by the CHERUB researchers that laid the groundwork for the trial were supported by National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centres based at the five universities and their NHS Trust partners.
HIV carries its genetic code in RNA, a molecule related to DNA, but as part of its lifecycle it copies the code into DNA and merges it with the DNA of human cells it has infected. In some cells this DNA remains dormant enabling it to stay hidden from the immune system and resist therapy.
Drugs called HDAC inhibitors, which are used as cancer treatments, have been shown to reactivate dormant HIV in the laboratory.
One group of patients in the trial will be given a short course of HDAC inhibitors and an HIV vaccine alongside ART. Another group will get ART with placebos.
As part of the study the research team are developing an improved method for detecting latency, which has been one of the difficulties in measuring the success of therapeutic approaches such as this.
'We know that targeting the HIV reservoir is extremely difficult,' said Dr Fidler of Imperial College London, 'but our research in the labs has led to some very promising results. We now have the opportunity to translate that into a possible new treatment, which we hope will be of real benefit to patients.'
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DNA ‘Shield’ Discovered with Crucial Roles in Normal Cell Division, the Immune System & CancerNews
Scientists have made a major discovery about how cells repair broken strands of DNA that could have huge implications for the treatment of cancer.READ MORE | <urn:uuid:122f8583-ce1d-4375-b425-e9283b591a0f> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | https://www.technologynetworks.com/biopharma/news/uk-scientists-to-begin-trial-of-potential-hiv-cure-212816 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676591718.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20180720154756-20180720174756-00281.warc.gz | en | 0.946793 | 825 | 2.78125 | 3 |
I am trying to find new, innovative, and useful models for assessing higher learning in student work. I also seek formative assessment through self-reflection upon my own performance as a teacher-facilitator.
Five purposes of mathematics assessment have been outlined by Kulm (1994) as the following:
- improving instruction and learning,
- evaluating student progress,
- providing feedback for students to understand their thinking,
- communicating expectations, and
- improving attitudes toward mathematics.
In the USA there is great resistance to change in the classroom and assessment is based upon standardized testing as the measure for learning and performance. Conversely, in Finland, the purpose of assessment is to guide and encourage studying and self-assessment skills. Assessment measures a combination of educational progress, work skills, and behavior (Finnish National Board of Education, 2010). Classroom assessment practices in Finland allow teachers to evaluate and change instruction based on student needs.
I recognize that Finland is culturally more homogenous in comparison with most parts of the USA, so comparisons are difficult. But a teaching and learning environment that facilitates creative expression and deep learning are my priorities as a teacher and learner. That is the way I dream for schools in the USA, where learning is experiential and reflective, but the norm here is so far away from the Finnish model. The odd irony is that Finnish model is partly based on 19th century scholarly and philosophical thought about Education in the USA (Dewey). | <urn:uuid:33c62922-72ee-4e53-9194-549c18f01f4a> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://anthonycollinsfilm.wordpress.com/2019/12/05/learning-assessment-finnish-style/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057091.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20210920191528-20210920221528-00637.warc.gz | en | 0.952649 | 300 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Barley is a widely grown cereal grain. Barley water has been used for many centuries in places like Greece, Britain, and East and Southeast Asia. The Greeks make a drink using mint and barley called kykeon. During the yearly tennis tournament at Wimbledon, athletes are served fruit-flavored barley water for hydration.
Barley is a great source of fiber, vitamins, and minerals. Research shows this grain helps fight diabetes by slowing glucose absorption and also reduces the risk of heart disease due to its ability to lower both cholesterol and blood pressure.
Barley water has a mild taste that can be enhanced with different spices and fruits to create a nutritious and delicious drink. It is very economical, as organic barley usually costs about $5 for 20 ounces.
When shopping for barley, you will see names like pearled barley and hulled barley. Hulled barley is the whole-grain form of barley, and with only the outermost hull removed, it’s the healthiest. Pearled barley cooks more quickly, but it contains fewer nutrients because the bran layers and outer husks have been removed.
You should consider this ancient superfood as a staple in your home. Barley water can be served hot or cold and is easy to prepare. | <urn:uuid:4f36f141-12f6-4fae-81e9-6182e57c4ad2> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://tasteforlife.com/blogs/that-girl-orange/discover-the-benefits-of-barley-water | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610704799711.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20210126073722-20210126103722-00066.warc.gz | en | 0.943783 | 259 | 2.71875 | 3 |
AIDS – The Real Story
Section 1 Part 2 – Very Hard to Catch
It’s long been known that, compared to most sexually transmitted diseases, HIV/AIDS is very hard to catch. There are a number of reasons for this; one is that retroviruses such as HIV use RNA for their core genetic material, not the more robust DNA used by other life forms. RNA-based organisms will not survive for long outside a culture medium (such as blood) as their genetic material will rapidly break up and dissolve.
While around 27% of Australian hospital workers accidentally pricked with hypodermic syringes contaminated with hepatitis-B contract that disease, HIV infection occurs in less than 1% of those stuck with HIV-contaminated needles.
A year-long Canadian study involved accidental exposure to HIV in health workers from more than 200 hospitals and laboratories, including needle-stick and scalpel injuries, eye-splash and open wound contamination. No cases of HIV contamination were found in the study, which matched a U.S. survey by the CDC of 1,116 health care workers who were directly exposed to HIV-contaminated blood. One of the only two workers who tested positive was thought to have contracted the virus outside work.[i]
While the transmission rate for sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) such as syphilis and gonorrhea is between 20% and 50% (depending on the disease and whether it’s transmitted from male-to-female or female-to-male), the infection rate for AIDS by heterosexual (vaginal) transmission was estimated at “probably less than 1% per contact” by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control (CDC) back in 1986. [ii]
This figure was subsequently reduced to about one in a thousand per heterosexual encounter with an HIV-infected person – and this from males to females only. This Berkeley University study (released at the Third International Conference on AIDS in June 1987) concluded that this one in a thousand chance only relates to male-to-female transmission. In the reverse case, too few men had shown any sign of infection to calculate a man’s risk of sex with an infected woman. The study was based on a survey of 96 women who had varying degrees of sexual contact with HIV-infected men. [iii]
But the odds of transmission could be more like one in a million – or less.
“Whether it’s one in a million, or one in a hundred thousand, or one in ten thousand, or one in ten million, I don’t know,” said CDC Head Statistician Dr Meade Morgan in 1988. “But the risk is very low in any given instance.”
AIDS transmission is divided into three categories: Primary transmission is to a member of a high-risk group – homosexual, bisexual, intravenous (I.V.) drug user, haemophiliac etc – by direct blood-to-blood or semen-to-blood contact.
Secondary transmission occurs when these people pass the HIV retrovirus on sexually (including anally) to a member of a non-high risk group. Most secondary recipients who have been studied are the steady female partners of I.V. drug users. The spouses and regular sex partners of many regular I.V. drug users are also I.V. drug users. That this fact is not allowed for in these studies makes questionable widely-quoted sexual transmission figures for I.V. drug users.
Tertiary transmission is said to occur when the secondary recipient then passes on the virus to another person heterosexually. People can be forgiven for assuming that it’s been proved that this is happening, other than by the anal route. But no such proof exists.
Tertiary transmission isn’t happening, except perhaps in some very isolated cases. AIDS began showing up among U.S. homosexuals in 1979; in early 1981 the CDC documented AIDS cases among I.V. drug users, and, in June of that year, their heterosexual partners. If it existed, tertiary heterosexual (vaginal or oral) AIDS would have started showing up by late 1981. By 1982 the first fourth-generation, purely heterosexual cases would have started. By 1988 AIDS would have been decimating the US population. This didn’t happen - and there is, as a result, no possibility of significant or actual tertiary heterosexual transmission.
Abovementioned blood bank and US Army reports show that the level of HIV infection remained low in the general population (See previous - AIDS – The Heterosexual Myth).
Female-to-male transmission during vaginal intercourse is believed to be virtually non-existent and researchers have long reached general agreement that the miniscule amounts of HIV occasionally isolated in the teardrops of infected people is not enough to cause transmission. HIV in vaginal secretions is present in roughly the same proportions as in tears – when it can be isolated at all. Dr Robert Gallo (credited as co-discoverer of HIV) stated in 1987 that despite repeated attempts, he could not isolate the retrovirus in vaginal fluids. In February 1987 Gallo told a reporter he did not know of a single case of female-to-male sexual transmission.
With the female-to-male transmission rate so low as to be actually or practically non-existent – as research indicates – there is a natural ‘firebreak’ for heterosexual transmission of AIDS, making it virtually impossible for the syndrome to spread horizontally through the heterosexual (non-I.V. drug-using, non-anal sex practicing) community. HIV’s RNA structure makes it very susceptible to rapid breakdown by substances in human saliva and other enzyme-rich bodily secretions.
I.V. Drugs and AIDS
I.V. drug users who share needles and/or syringes face a much greater risk of infection than hospital workers who accidentally prick themselves on infected syringes, as the full contents of a syringe is dumped directly into a vein along with the contaminated blood of other users.
One 1987 Australian study indicated that 2% of Australians had injected themselves with a drug at least once in the previous 12 months.[vi]
I.V. drug use is the major IV transmission vector aside from anal sex. Three Australian studies showed the rising prevalence of HIV infection in the I.V. dug-using community, based on rates of contaminated syringes. In 1985 the rate was 0.5%; in 1986 the figure was 1% and in 1987 some centers reported a 10% infection rate. These figures could be slightly inflated by the regular return of syringes to needle exchange centers by a few heavy users, but by 1988 one of the centers alone was giving out around 2,500 needles a month in Sydney’s King’s Cross. In February 1988, 10-15% of 1,500 returned needles in three inner-city suburbs were infected. [vii]
“These kids are homeless and routinely take serepax, alcohol, speed, heroin or combinations of all these drugs,” said the director of the King’s Cross Kirketon Road Centre. “They are living very dangerous lives anyway.
“They view AIDS as just one concern and probably not as important as having a full stomach or somewhere to stay. A virus that will not appear for three or four or five years… well, it’s very difficult for them to grasp.”
The New South Wales State Government started a pilot needle exchange at one centre in November 1986. In the first nine months of operation 14,000 needles were handed out, so the scheme was expanded.[viii]
Mainly as a result of such outdated legislation, 1988 figures from the Bronx indicated that half of the estimated 30,000 to 40,000 I.V. drug users there may have been infected with HIV.
“A quarter of these AIDS victims are women,” according to Dr Ernst Drucker, an epidemiologist who ran the Montefiore Medical Centre’s community health and drug addiction programmes.
1988 New York City Health Department figures show that 52 out of 650 homeless youths under the age of 21 who came to the Covenant House crisis centre were infected with HIV.
“Fifty-two people tested positive, but the most startling statistic we have come up with is that the incidence of antibodies to AIDS among the males and females (in these 52) is exactly the same,” said medical director Dr Jim Kennedy of Covenant House, located two blocks from Times Square.
“What has already happened with AIDS in New York is very interesting. First the incidence of AIDS in gay men has peaked and is going down. The incidence of I.V. drug users getting AIDS is going up and up,” said Dr Kennedy.[x]
[i] Communicable Diseases Intelligence Bulletin (Australia) No. 87/7 April 1987
Drs Curran and Peterman of the CDC, Journal of the American Medical Association, October 1986
Nancy Padian, Berkeley School of Public Health, AP, The Australian 6-6-87
[iv] AIDS Backlash, The Bulletin (Australia), 22-3-88v] Sydney Morning Herald, 3rd August ‘87
[vi] Study quoted by Professor Ron Penny, NACAIDS Acting Chairman, The Australian 25-3-88
[vii] Dr David Cooper, Director of NHMRC’s Special Unit in AIDS Epidemiology, Sydney Morning Herald 21-5-88
[x] Sydney Morning Herald 21-5-88
Section 1 Part 2 - Very Hard to Catch
- Se AIDS the Real Story Section 2 Intro - Smallpox Vaccines
AIDS the Real Story Section 2 – The Virus Engineers
AIDS the Real Story Section 2 – The Virus Engineers
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Julian De Freitas, Nicholas E. Myers, Anna C. Nobre; Tracking the changing feature of a moving object. Journal of Vision 2016;16(3):22. https://doi.org/10.1167/16.3.22.
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The mind can track not only the changing locations of moving objects, but also their changing features, which are often meaningful for guiding action. How does the mind track such features? Using a task in which observers tracked the changing orientation of a rolling wheel's spoke, we found that this ability is enabled by a highly feature-specific process which continuously tracks the orientation feature itself—even during occlusion, when the feature is completely invisible. This suggests that the mental representation of a changing orientation feature and its moving object are continuously transformed and updated, akin to studies showing continuous tracking of an object's boundaries alone. We also found a systematic error in performance, whereby the orientation was reliably perceived to be further ahead than it truly was. This effect appears to occur because during occlusion the mental representation of the feature is transformed beyond the veridical position, perhaps in order to conservatively anticipate future feature states.
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Elizabeth Barrett Browning (1806 - 1861)Childhood
Elizabeth Barrett Browning, christened Elizabeth Barrett Moulton-Barrett, was born on March 6, 1806, into a wealthy family whose fortune came from Jamaican sugar plantations. Her childhood was spent very happily at Hope End, the family's stately home in Herefordshire, England. The eldest of twelve children, Elizabeth was something of a child prodigy; she was highly intelligent, dedicated, and determined to become a poet. She outclassed her brothers at Latin and Greek and could soon read in the modern languages of French, Italian, and Portuguese.
By the age of twelve, Elizabeth had written an epic poem entitled The Battle of Marathon, which her father published privately in 1820. Although her brothers were sent away to school for their education, Elizabeth was required to actively pursue her studies through her brothers' tutors and her own initiative. She began an intense correspondence with Hugh Stuart Boyd, a blind scholar who specialized in ancient Greek writings. Loneliness, loss, and frustration perhaps predisposed her to physical illness--first a virus infection, then measles, and continuing spasms of pain and fever. She recovered after more than a year but was never again in robust health.
She wrote poetry from her earliest years, but at the age of 20 she began to interest wider literary circles. After the death of her mother in 1828, there followed many years of suffering and misfortune with the deaths of brothers and a recurrence of her illness. Family disputes, adverse trading conditions, and the end of slavery reduced the Barretts' income so drastically that the stately home had to be sold. There was, however, enough wealth left to support a very comfortable lifestyle in a fashionable area of London, 50 Wimpole Street. Her reputation as a poet and critic grew while she retreated to her sick room, unable to breathe in London's polluted air. Then one day she allowed Robert Browning, as a fellow poet, to visit herthe rest, as they say, is history.
Courtship and Marriage
She was a semi-invalid and nearly 40 years old when, surprisingly, Robert Browning was allowed to visit her sick room where they ultimately fell in love. Her widower father expected none of his children to marry, for they would be disinherited if they do so. But marry she didsecretlyand then the couple escaped to a life in Italy. Her father never communicated with her again. EBB's health recovered remarkably in the warmer, clearer air of Italy. At age 43 she gave birth to her first and only child, Pen Browning. She continued writing, completing her verse-novel Aurora Leigh at the age of 50. Gradually her illness overwhelmed her. She died in Casa Guidi on June 29, 1861, at the age of 55 and was buried in the old Protestant Cemetery in Florence, Italy. | <urn:uuid:eb0cb26b-2089-4c58-8120-694bc9090023> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://www.browninglibrary.org/index.php?id=45922 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207928864.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113208-00140-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.984984 | 598 | 3.015625 | 3 |
RACE: A tale of two gaps - achievement and discipline
When I told people I was working on this special, one hour show about race, a lot of the reactions were along the lines of “race…hmm….interesting.” Like, man, I’m glad I don’t have your job. That’s cause the topic of race is fraught; people hear it and they run for their hills.
One place where parents and teachers are talking about race in the classroom is Birmingham, MI. Birmingham is pretty much as white a city as they come, with a median household income around $100,000. Espresso bars and high end restaurants and shops line the streets downtown, and there’s a four star hotel where out of town celebrities stay whenever they visit metro Detroit.
From the looks of it, Birmingham has it all. But dig a little deeper, and Birmingham has a problem.
Gap #1: Achievement
Jason Clinkscale is the principal at Berkshire Middle School in Birmingham. He says when it comes to student performance on standardized tests, "the achievement gap is alive and well" in his district.
We're not talking about some 5 or 10 point difference here. The achievement gap in the Birmingham district translates to a nearly 30 point difference in proficiency in math at the middle school level between white and black students. By the time those students reach 11th grade, the math gap is more than 50 points wide.
Clinkscale is an African American with two daughters of his own. He uses words like "sobering" and "frustrating" to describe the achievement gap. And the gap isn’t just on paper. You can see it play out from classroom to classroom: minorities are over-represented in lower level classes and underrepresented in honors and advanced classes.
Clinkscale chairs the district’s Achievement Gap Committee. To try to shrink the gap, they have weekly “Parent University” classes for adults with topics like ‘how to foster your children’s ability’ and ‘how to help your child succeed.’ There are also more intervention classes for kids, and Saturday school for those who need extra help.
Now, there are likely a number of contributing factors to explain Birmingham’s big achievement gap. For starters, a lot of the black students don’t start their education in the district. They often transfer in from schools in lower-performing districts. Which means they also might not have gotten the same kind of early childhood education a lot of their white peers did.
Donna Ford argues that teachers’ expectations also play a key role in perpetuating the achievement gap. Ford is a professor of special education at Vanderbilt University.
"When you have low expectations, you’re not likely to challenge the black students with critical thinking and problem solving," says Ford. "You’re not likely to refer them for gifted education screening and placement, you’re not likely to refer them for advanced placement classes, and also you’re more likely to refer them for special education identification and services."
Changing expectations is something Jason Clinkscale says his district is working on.
Birmingham isn’t alone with its achievement gap; Michigan as a whole has one of the worst gaps in the country.
So how to solve it? Obviously there’s no silver bullet. There is one group, though, that every expert I spoke to brought up as having the biggest impact on closing the gap: teachers.
"For a long time in Michigan, we’ve put our hands up and said, well they’re poor or they’re black or they’re brown, and so there’s not a whole lot that we can do about it," says Arellano. "What’s happened in the last 15 years is that there’s been an explosion of really high-caliber research that show there’s actually things that matter inside the school and what’s schools do and how they’re organized."
What matters, she says, are highly effective teachers and rigorous curriculums with high-level math and science classes.
But recent data from the U.S. Department of Education’s Office of Civil Rights show those two basic things are lacking in schools with high concentrations of Black and Latino students.
Those schools are twice as likely to have teachers who get paid less and have less experience. Same goes for rigor. The higher the minority population in a school, the fewer honors and advanced classes offered.
Gap #2: Discipline
Over at Pioneer High School in Ann Arbor, MI, a town best known for its world-class University and athletics, there’s another kind of Gap at play: A discipline gap.
Stand in the hallway at Pioneer and you can pick out a few minority students here and there. But by and large it’s a white school. And yet, when it comes to who gets suspended, students of color far outnumber white students.
The sad thing is, Ann Arbor isn’t unique. A new report by the Civil Rights Project at UCLA shows that – during the 2009-10 school year – nearly out of every three African American high school boys were suspended. That’s three times the rate of suspension for white boys.
Cynthia Leaman is the principal at Pioneer, a school with one of the highest discipline gaps in the district. Leaman knows she has her work cut out for her, but she says she and the district have a plan, or rather, a philosophy. It's a philosophy, says Leaman, "of keeping the students in the classroom, because I believe the more we can do to keep them in the classroom and raise their skills, the less discipline you have down the road."
The thinking goes: A student can learn more when they’re in the classroom, not when they’re out of school serving a suspension.
For Leaman, the achievement gap and the discipline gap go hand in hand. So if she can get teachers to identify students that are having trouble, and then provide assistance like tutoring or counseling or even switching up when they start school so they’re not tardy all the time, she thinks then the number of suspensions will start to shrink.
Still, that statistic about how black students are three times more likely to be suspended than their white peers? Leaman knows it’s true.
"I mean I’ve seen teachers who cannot handle African American students and they do send them out, I mean I’m not gonna say oh no, we don’t do that at all, but I don't think that that’s the majority," says Leaman.
But Donna Ford, the special education professor at Vanderbilt University, says she's not going to let teachers off the hook when it comes to the discipline gap. "They need training to be effective with African American students," says Ford. "It can’t all reside in the African American children. We cannot take on the total responsibility for these negative outcomes. We must look at going on schools and homes, of course what’s going on in homes and the larger communities."
For those teachers who do over-discipline African American students, Principal Cynthia Leaman has what the district calls a “courageous conversation” with the teacher to point out the disparity and come up with a way to fix it so that suspensions are a last resort.
"We have to give them better alternatives"
For every suspension a student experiences, the likelihood that they’ll drop out increases. Even being suspended once in 9th grade ups your chances of dropping out – from 16 percent to 32 percent.
Gary Orfield directs the Civil Rights Project at UCLA. He says a stat like that should concern not just young black and Latino males, but everybody.
"A young man who doesn’t graduate from high school has no future in our society," says Orfield. "So what are these guys doing to live? They’re not doing anything that we would like to know about, and they’re doing things that have a huge cost to the society. We have to give them better alternatives."
Let’s hear about one type of alternative to suspensions that’s being used at Ypsilanti High School.
If you’re on the verge of being suspended and you go to Ypsilanti High School, chances are you’ll end up in what's called the “conflict resolution room.”
It’s pretty bare bones, just a small couch, some chairs, a plant. For decoration, there are signs and homemade posters with drawings of shooting stars and slogans like “together we can!” and “think before you speak.”
For 17-year old senior Darrien Reeves, the conflict resolution room is magical:
"This room is where you come in with problems, and you leave with no problems. You just get everything off your chest, basically."
Reeves is one of the peer mediation counselors at the high school, and he was trained by a woman named Margaret Rohr. She says she uses peer mediation for lower level conflicts between students. More of a prevention tactic than anything.
But if trouble’s brewing and a fight seems imminent – which, by the way, is definite grounds for suspension – Rohr says that’s when she’ll use something called restorative justice.
She calls restorative justice a complete paradigm shift from traditional discipline. In traditional discipline, Rohr says, the focus is on rules and punishment. With restorative practices, the focus is on harm done and relationships. So if someone starts a fight in a hall, for example, a restorative circle would include everyone who was affected by that fight: the teacher who had to stop class to break it up; the staff member who had to stop what she was doing to call the parents, and on and on. Everyone gets in a circle, with the student who caused the harm in the middle. The student then has to listen as one by one he hears how his actions impacted those around him.
"Something’s going on with that student, they’re not doing well, and last thing they need is to be removed from school environment where there’s a stable environment and caring adults," explains Rohr. "Removing them to the community where there isn’t a lot of adult supervision leaves those students in a limbo."
If it all sounds a little kumbay-ish, you’re not alone.
Cheyenne (last name withheld) is 14-years old and a freshman at Ypsilanti High School. She has a few suspensions under her belt already. When she first heard about the conflict resolution room she thought it was "weird."
Dressed in a black top with sparkly hot pink sequins, Cheyenne seems like a sweet girl, but she admits she has a temper. Earlier this year things got pretty heated between her and some girlfriends, and it looked like there was gonna be a fight, so she and her friends found themselves talking to Margaret Rohr in the conflict resolution room:
"It was me and three other girls," Cheyenne says. "It was all a big misunderstanding and we came here and talked about it and we all became friends again."
Cheyenne says it's helpful to talk to an outside party, like Rohr, because she who won't pick favorites; she says the combination of restorative circles and peer mediation has made her calmer, less quick to judge. Without irony, she quotes a poster on the wall behind her when she tells me, thanks to Ms. Rohr, she now "thinks before she speaks."
Rohr tells me since they opened the conflict resolution room last October, there’s been a slight reduction in the number of fights and suspensions. If the conflict resolution room hadn’t been open, she estimates there would be 120 more days of suspensions handed out; 120 more days where some kids wouldn’t have been in school.
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