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How to Keep From Losing Your Mind
Memory loss occurs in the young as well as the old. Occurring more frequently in the elderly, Alzheimer's disease and forgetfulness has prompted neurologists, psychologists, psychiatrists and other brainy specialists to come up with ways to prevent such memory loss.
Ruling out disease, a major cause of forgetfulness in the young and not so young is having too much on one's mind. 'Too many pieces on the plate, too many things to do and no time to do it' is a common mantra of today's society. With cell phones, computers, email, Web pages, and other modern technology, we have worked ourselves into a non-stop frenzy where we can work 24 hours a day.
At this ultra-busy holiday season, it is easier than ever to forget things. To offset forgetfulness, the following tips can help. 'Use it or lose it' is the bottom line.
- Focus on listening more and talking less. Listening requires greater concentration.
- Avoid hanging around negative people. Thinking positive stimulates the brain as well as brightens your day.
- Stick to a healthy diet of protein foods, fruit and veggies. It gives you brain power.
- Avoid high fat foods. Fat clogs the arteries that supply blood to the brain.
- Take vitamins, especially vitamin E, zinc and Ginko Baloba. Some tests show this can help aging and memory.
- Read, read, read and do crossword puzzles. It's exercise for the brain.
- Avoid excessive alcohol. Too much may result in loss of brain cells.
- Plan activities with others. Socialization offsets brain laziness.
- Avoid unnecessary medication. Losing weight, lowering blood pressure and high cholesterol levels can often be achieved through diet and exercise instead of drugs. Learn the side effects of medication you take. Some types of sleep aids may cause memory loss.
- Maintain a daily exercise and workout schedule. It improves blood circulation to the brain. | <urn:uuid:6ef71c5b-e1f6-44f9-a797-a55b05152204> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://www.onlinebangalore.com/heal/tips/mind.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1409535920849.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20140909042642-00007-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.930852 | 414 | 3.375 | 3 |
Loneliness, characterized by the state of feeling alone, is experienced by many people. So, you aren’t alone when you feel lonely.
According to an online survey conducted by Harris Poll on behalf of the American Osteopathic Association, 72 percent of Americans reported feeling lonely with 31 percent experiencing loneliness at least once per week. Loneliness is especially prevalent in middle-aged and older adults. AARP estimates over 42.6 million adults ages 45+ experience chronic loneliness. Unfortunately, the effects of social isolation and loneliness are comparable to those of obesity and smoking, including early death. Moreover, loneliness speeds up cognitive decline in older adults.
Even Britain appointed a minister for loneliness to address this growing problem.
It can be difficult to tell when a loved one is lonely. For instance, they could live with a spouse and be surrounded by friends but still believe they lack emotional support. According to Elderly Care, here are some signs to watch for:
- They mention they feel lonely or that no one visits them.
- They seem either sad and withdrawn, or especially talkative and seeking extra physical contact.
- They fabricate illnesses or pains for attention.
- They spend a lot of time with a “best friend” or “significant other” they just met (be cautious: scammers tend to latch onto lonely seniors).
Loneliness and social isolation in seniors can develop into depression.However, you can take steps to lift their mood. Here are four ideas that can bring older adults peace and happiness.
Gathering Friends, Family and You
If visits from friends, family members or yourself have become sparse, increase the frequency. For example, share a meal or go shopping together. Even watching a movie together or chatting can be uplifting. Encourage your loved one’s friends and other family members to do the same. If distance or busy schedules are issues, schedule specific times or days to call or video chat.
Out and About
Limited mobility and transportation can hinder social activities, which can lead to isolation. Instead, offer to take a drive with your loved one or run errands with them. Simply getting outside the house can make a positive impact on your loved one’s mood. If they have club meetings or get-togethers, drive them or set up an account with a ride-sharing company, such as Lyft or Uber. Home care companies offer transportation services as well. (For more ideas on how in-home care supports independent living, download our 50 Ways We Can Help checklist.)
People who are newly living alone, such as empty nesters or widows/widowers, may need some company to ease the transition. Ask your loved one if they would be interested in having a pet;. Sometimes, a furry friend is the answer. If they want human companionship, consider looking for a housemate through a service, such as Silvernest. Does your older loved one also need extra help around the house? Consider hiring a caregiver or companion.
If they are interested in moving, look for independent living facilities or retirement communities, which house adults around the same age and offer planned mixers or activities for the residents. Another option for them: move in with a friend or family member.
If your loved one has a small circle of friends and family, you should help them branch out and meet new people. There are senior centers, many of which offer more than just bingo and shuffle board: fitness programs, enrichment classes or daytrips. Smartphone app or websites, such as Meetup, help individuals find local groups or clubs to join that meet in person. If you and your loved one are looking for something virtual, Facebook Groups are a great way to meet people with similar interests. To participate, your loved one will need to create a Facebook profile.
By taking a proactive approach in combating senior loneliness and social isolation, you can have a big impact on your loved one’s health and well-being. If you are looking for fun, simple activities to do with the older adult in your life, check out the Activities and Lifestyle section of our blog. | <urn:uuid:0d2139b6-a9e6-42ac-9ede-47821afba463> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | http://blog.comforcare.com/4-ways-you-can-help-older-adults-feel-less-lonely | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141194982.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20201128011115-20201128041115-00166.warc.gz | en | 0.951204 | 847 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Domestic violence remains an “invisible” issue in the LGBT community, with many victims feeling too ashamed to make a complaint or seek support, a report in Australia has found.
Despite research that shows that one-third of people in a same-sex relationship suffer from domestic abuse, there is a lack of awareness and willingness to address the problem, researchers say.
“I think it is often more difficult to recognise domestic violence or family violence from the perspective of the victim or indeed the offender, because the language has been extensively relating only to heterosexual couples or in fact families that are all heterosexual,” Philomena Horsley – of Gay and Lesbian Health Victoria – said.
“Because [there’s] also such an invisible issue within the community, there’s a high level of shame associated with it.
“So in the anecdotes and the stories that we hear, it’s very common for friends not to be aware at all of same-sex violence that is occurring.”
Gay and Lesbian Health Victoria’s Anna Brown said there were “obviously unique circumstances” in LGBT relationships, such as threats to “out” a partner to their family or workplace as a means of control.
“They will tell people they will lose custody of a child, using homophobia, transphobia as a tool of control, so they will tell their partner you will be unable to access a police or justice service or other support service because the system is homophobic or transphobic.”
Other threats can include victims being told they “deserved” the abuse because they are LGBT, threatening to disclose a person’s HIV status or withhold medical treatment, reports The Age.
It can also include deliberate misgendering a person.
Dr Horsley said trans people were at even greater risk, with recent research showing that they suffer higher rates of violence than gay and lesbian people.
She added that because so many LGBT people experienced regualar violence, prejudice and discrimination outside of their relationships, it often became harder for both victims and perpetrators to identity.
“It’s almost less distinguishable for many people,” Dr Horsley said.
“We know that LGBTI people have higher rates of depression and anxiety and mental illness overall, combined with the social isolation mean that the experience of violence just becomes part of a spectrum of experiences.”
The report comes after results of a survey in the UK found disturbingly high levels of depression, low self-esteem and suicidal thoughts among gay men.
The survey found that 24% of gay men admitted to trying to kill themselves, while 54% admitted to having suicidal thoughts. A further 70% said low self-esteem was the main reason for their depression and suicidal thoughts.
Other factors included relationship issues (56%), isolation (53%), not feeling attractive (49%).
If you have been affected by any of the issues raised in this article and need to talk to someone, visit samaritans.org or call 08457 90 90 90 | <urn:uuid:6418c94a-25ad-4ca6-a273-841d5c547e5a> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | https://nigra.org.uk/domestic-violence-in-lgbt-community-hidden-despite-high-rates/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886133042.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20170824062820-20170824082820-00014.warc.gz | en | 0.966054 | 638 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Using Inverted Pyramid Structure in Writing
Many experiments explored a writing style that scaffolds cognitive processing in a better way. Writers suggest that every writing genre does not only have a different impact but also require different cognitive resources to accomplish certain comprehension level.
The structure of writing, in this regard, plays a very important role in decoding information, regardless of the fact of how much someone has read. Not only is this, changing technology became another inevitable factor that has imponderably altered the writing styles, especially journalism and mass media.
Although the effects are conspicuous in every aspect of mass media domain, the news content has been improvised in terms of writing style, structure, and its organization. Focusing on the relationship between the structure of a news story and the reader’s understanding, the new writing style instantly became popular among content analysts.
This is where ‘Inverted Pyramid Structure’ comes into the picture. Transforming the journalism, the new approach set its aim to develop a better understanding of any piece of information. Not only does it emphasize on improving writing structure but also the communicative quality of the information.
The inverted pyramid approach revolves around some general assumptions (the-lead–and-body principal). It purports to respond to four questions ‘What, Where, When and Why’ at the beginning of an article. It was no later than Civil War (1861-65) when the style was widely accepted and adopted as a professional standard.
Several significant factors foregrounded inverted pyramid journalism. Some of them were the publisher’s increasing commercial interest, economic stability, and information policy and unreliability of traditional technology. The conglomeration of these factors in the content analysis, inverted pyramid journalism became popular in mass media domain.
Editors and publishers attempted to apply this systematic approach to improve the comprehensibility of a piece of information or thesis in the journalistic genre and routine. There is no denying that the inverted pyramid was a result of a professional effort to enhance and bolster the communicative quality of the content.
What Is The Inverted Pyramid Writing Style?
It is important to define inverted for understanding the inverted pyramid writing style. Just by understanding the inverted definition, it is easy to analyze the pyramid structure. The word inverted refers to ‘opposite position’ or upside down arrangement. Corresponding to this, the inverted pyramid metaphorically illustrates how you should structure and prioritize the information in the text, for instance, news report.
Inverted pyramid structure has become a mainstay to write stories in conventional mass media writing. The ‘base’ of the structure in the pyramid contains the most fundamental information. As the pyramid is upside down, these important and fundamental facts appear first, at the top of a news story.
Following this, the lead column holds non-essential information that appears in the second paragraphs, in order of significance. Despite the fact that many media writers criticized inverted pyramid structure, it remained widely adopted and used formats because of its suitability to the mass media scripts.
What Is Essential Information In Pyramid Structure?
Typically, the essential information refers to ‘Five WS’ which have great importance in journalism. A successful lead column of a pyramid communicates the information of the basic level. It uncovers the essential facts like ‘who did it, Why he/she did it, When, Why and Where something was done’ in the first paragraph.
The lead paragraphs contain additional information such as sources, quotes, background and statistics or information that adds value to the story.
In journalism, this writing style changed the format of story structure. The writer structures the most fundamental information or what the writer considers as the conclusion first. Not only just by skimming through the text reader gets the essential information but also it saves his/her whole lot of time.
The supporting details are the background information, come next to the lead paragraph to elaborate the story. Many critics have argued that there is no much difference between inverted pyramid structure and academic writing. They pointed out as abstract in academic writing summarizes the key findings, an inverted pyramid in news stories organizes content in the same way.
The unique style of writing, however, has several distinguishing features as compared to formal style in academic writing. Typically, it emphasizes the details that conclude the story. Inverted pyramid prioritizes the facts on the basis of ‘what reader need to know without having to read the whole article’. Smaller details follow them just as triangle balanced towards one corner.
Depicting a triangle balance, the writing style represents the content and facts, going from the broadest to the smallest details.
Not only does inverted pyramid style give précised information at the beginning of the article, but also supports different readers. Those readers who have an inclination and time to read the whole article, a single sentence can easily determine the story content.
Beyond this, this writing style handles the information systematically. It helps editors and publishers to cut the certain length short that suits publication. If paragraph reduces its length when you advance in reading, you can practically trim the article at any point.
History of Inverted Pyramid Structure
According to historians, inverted pyramid journalism originated before the twentieth century, specifically during the Civil War. Mass media writers were scripting the news reports in a form of flowing, long narrative. Whether it was newspaper accounts or fairy tales, every piece of writing entailed the same format.
Exaggerating the stories, every newspaper account began with an indication that something entertaining, inspiring and useful will soon begin. In 1845, with the invention of telegraphs, correspondents who were covering the Civil War adopted a new reporting style.
They used telegraphs for transmitting their news stories via ‘Morse Code’. However, the publisher cut those stories, most of the time, in mid-sentence. This is when the reporter realized to assemble the most important information and facts right at the beginning of the stories. It helped them transmit the main information, even if the other parts of the story were lost.
Later on,’ The Associated Press’ (AP) formally established a trend by signing an agreement that news stories must be précised and brief. Interestingly, this associated press soon gained popularity because of its tightly written content. The writing style of the inverted pyramid structure originated at the same time. AP with its AP style, became one of the largest and famous news organizations.
Inverted Pyramid Structure Then and Now
There is no doubt that even after 150 years, inverted pyramid style still has its influence, particularly in news mass media. Not only journalists have adopted pyramid structure but its serves editors and publishers also.
Moreover, when it comes to benefitting readers, this smart writing structure helps them get the important information just by reading the first sentence.
Benefiting the news outlets, this comprehensive structure provides them enough room to convey maximum information using smaller space. It is something very important an age when not only newspapers are shrinking but also readers are engaged in so many other activities.
The evolution has been great for editors as well. They prefer the pyramid format to accomplish tight deadlines. Following the pyramid graph, editors shorten exaggerated details in the long stories from the supporting detail. The style of writing enables them to highlight vital information without losing the interest of the readers.
In fact, the inverted pyramid style has more usefulness today than past. Many studies discovered that the norms of reading information underwent considerable change. Readers, now read with short attention span when they read something on screens as compared to paper. Now the medium of information is relatively small like iPad or the small smart phone’s screens.
Summarizing stories as succinctly as much as they can be has become the foremost requirement of reporters. Even the online news websites contain theoretically much more room to put detailed articles, as there is no need to print the pages physically. You will see stories using an inverted pyramid or tightly written content to grab readers’ attention.
Why Should You Use The Inverted Pyramid Structure?
Over the centuries, journalists have been using ap style for several good reasons. The formula successfully keeps readers engaged. It assists them in comprehending the story from the first sentence, written to attract readers and hold their attention.
Readers can instantly decide whether news report interest them or not. The brief structure allows the reader to get the gist of the news story and pick up the important details, without reading it word for word. The pyramid style is very helpful when the reader knows the story and looking for updates only.
Furthermore, if you are a print media editor and work for a magazine or newspaper or any other printed publication, working with inverted pyramid structure will help you smartly utilized the space. Newsletter and magazines have usually space restrictions and have to cut news stories short. By shortening the material from the background details, the inverted pyramid enables editors to highlight the important information.
How to Write Using Inverted Pyramid
The style has a direct approach. That means, to grab the attention of your readers, it is essential that you harness your newspaper account with an interesting front lead. The all-in-one technique is very important to draw the attention of the web traffic.
This is how can you do it effectively.
Begin With a Front Lead
As a journalist, when you write something, you should strategically use words to incline readers. Your title or first heading has to be interesting enough to engage the readers. Beginning with a creatively crafted lead, help you lead the other news websites.
For example, if you report a story with a front lead like ‘Seals rob a Store’, (using Seals metaphorically) it can be an interesting way to draw your reader in. It will likely to trigger his/her curiosity to click on the news and read it on your web page. That’ is why you should construct a catchy headline.
You can begin with the brief summary and can incorporate important keywords into it. It will help your readers to quickly evaluate what your news story is all about.
Once you have pulled the readers by grabbing their attention, according to the inverted pyramid structure, you need to add supporting details. You might describe how Seals have robbed the store and which store did they attack or the amount of money that was stolen.
Structure Each Paragraph with The Main Point
Grabbing the attention of the readers is not enough, you should organize the supporting details in a way that every paragraph overviews the main point. To achieve this, you can,
- Provide one main point in each paragraph
- Begin each paragraph with the conclusion, summarizing in the first two lines
- Then elaborate each point
This is a convenient way to allow readers to skim through the idea discussed in each paragraph. The reader can scan the content, assessing it whether it interest it or not, without reading every paragraph.
Focus On the Headlines
Headings are important when it comes to enhancing the subject matter of the content. Always use significant words to communicate your subject matter. A well-composed heading will not only catch the reader’s eye but also help him/her skim the text.
Background Details or the Context
The ‘bottom’ of your news story is for elaborating context, supporting ideas, or background history. You may add some history about crimes in a specific place and how this phenomenon has affected the lives of people. Furthermore, you can add some suggestions to add some value to your story.
All in all, there is no doubt that the inverted pyramid structure has positively influenced mass media reporting. Journalists learn about the pyramid graph as it helps them organize and structure news stories. Thus, it is a systematic way to communicate the fundamental information to the readers. | <urn:uuid:62486054-88f5-4f24-90f9-f8b91b478f4f> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://www.aresearchguide.com/inverted-pyramid-structure-in-writing.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027320734.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20190824105853-20190824131853-00411.warc.gz | en | 0.934044 | 2,399 | 3.4375 | 3 |
A 13,680 square kilometre ice shelf has begun to collapse because of rapid climate change in a fast-warming region of Antarctica.
Satellite images of the Wilkins Ice Shelf showed that a huge iceberg, 41 x 2.5 km, about seven times the size of Manhattan, has disintegrated from the ice shelf recently.
The Wilkins began its collapse on Feb 28 (2008); a narrow beam of intact ice, just 6 km wide, was protecting the remaining shelf from further breakup as of March 23.
[More stories on National Snow and Ice Data Center and British Antarctic Survey]
The tiny Pacific islands nation of Kiribati declared the world’s largest marine protected area on Feb 14, a California-sized ocean wilderness that includes pristine reefs and eight coral atolls teeming with fish and birds.
The Phoenix Islands Protected Area, or PIPA, lies about halfway between Hawaii and Fiji. [AP]
PIPA was the world’s third largest marine protected area before the Government of Kiribati announced the expansion of the boundaries of the protected area on Jan 28, 2008… which now encompass an area of 410,500 square kilometres. [Phoenixisland]
The Taklamakan Desert in Xinjiang, China, was covered with snow after a heavy snowfall…
Desert snow (Image courtesy of Xinhuanet
; captured on Jan 19, 2008)
As beauty as it seems… China is suffering from the worst winter weather in decades, which are affecting the lives of millions.
Red Tide is a common name for a phenomenon known as an algal bloom, an event in which estuarine, marine, or fresh water algae accumulate rapidly in the water column, or “bloom”. These algae, more specifically phytoplankton, are microscopic, single-celled protists, plant-like organisms that can form dense, visible patches near the water’s surface.
Certain species of phytoplankton contain photosynthetic pigments that vary in color from green to brown to red, and when the algae are present in high concentrations, the water appears to be discolored or murky, varying in color from white to almost black, normally being red or brown.
Red Tide caused by Dinoflagellates off the Scripps Institution of Oceanography Pier, La Jolla California (Image courtesy of P. Alejandro Díaz)
Not all algal blooms are dense enough to cause water discoloration, and not all discolored waters associated with algal blooms are red. Additionally, red tides are not typically associated with tidal movement of water, hence the preference among scientists to use the term algal bloom. [Wikipedia]
Spectacular picture of mobula rays leaping out of the ocean; taken in the Sea of Cortez at the southern end of the Gulf of Mexico.
Photos of lovely sunlight beaming through thick leafs of some dense forest…
Read the rest of this post »
An amazing picture of more than 10,000 king penguins standing shoulder to shoulder at St Andrew’s bay on the island of South Georgia (near Antarctica), preparing to breed.
The king penguins lay their eggs in late November, with a peak around mid-December. They don’t build nests – instead the male and female of each mating couple take it in turns to incubate a single egg on their feet over the course of two months.
Mount Etna, Europe’s tallest and most active volcano, spews lava on the southern Italian island of Sicily September 4. There was no danger to villages lower down on the slopes, officials said.
Mount Etna (also known as Mongibeddu in Sicilian) is an active volcano on the east coast of Sicily. It is the largest active volcano in Europe, and is one of the most active volcanoes in the world. The volcano is not generally regarded as being dangerous, and thousands of people live on its slopes and in the surrounding areas. | <urn:uuid:26c468d0-7b83-4c38-b2f9-7bfbed21cb5b> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://yeinjee.com/discovery/tag/nature/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802767453.104/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075247-00032-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.926847 | 834 | 3.40625 | 3 |
from Wiktionary, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License
- n. One who attempts to persuade.
- n. A thing that persuades.
from the GNU version of the Collaborative International Dictionary of English
- n. One who, or that which, persuades or influences.
from The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia
- n. One who or that which persuades, influences, or prevails upon.
from WordNet 3.0 Copyright 2006 by Princeton University. All rights reserved.
- n. someone who tries to persuade or induce or lead on
Sorry, no etymologies found.
It was a combination device which had been nicknamed 'persuader'-the reason for which was obvious.
The persuader is a short, heavy bludgeon with a nail-studded head.
This bit is what is called the persuader, and it is the best bit that ever was used for bitting colts.
In the highest form the persuader is a teacher and propagandist, changing the policy of peoples; in the commonest form he is a salesman, seeking to sell a commodity; in the lowest he is the faker, trying to hoodwink the credulous.
Yet by the mercy of God they have heard that sweet voice of the Gospel, the persuader, which is indicated by the very name of Japheth.
This excellent and very simple method of horse training is nearly all accomplished by what is called the persuader or bit; which is made as follows: take a piece of strong rope eight or ten feet long and a quarter of an inch thick, then part the horse's mane in the centre, turning one half towards the ears, and the other towards the back of the horse; next tie the rope by one end in a hard knot that will not slip -- not too tightly -- round the horse's neck in the place at which the mane is divided, having the knot on the right side of the neck; then pass the loose end of the rope forwards, along the right side of the neck, into the horse's mouth and back along the left side of the neck to that part of the rope which surrounds the horse's neck, and underneath which it is passed; than take the loose end of the rope in your hand, and you have the persuader or bit completed.
Ignatius says, "Wubba blah," and then answers the question he feels like answering, rambling and rambling until Rather cuts him off and says that Obama should appoint a "persuader," someone who can "pick off" a conservative vote in a few cases.
Mitchum pretended to aim an imaginary 'persuader'.
Thumb-screws and all, this appeared to be only a very elaborate "persuader," for use upon those who must be made to talk.
This Almagro, as the best "persuader," took back to | <urn:uuid:89f28af8-bafa-4af2-b514-3bc9d4469834> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | https://www.wordnik.com/words/persuader | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583657557.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20190116175238-20190116201238-00524.warc.gz | en | 0.95852 | 614 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Basically, regardless of anything else, if your tarp temperature falls below the dew point, you will get condensation on it.
Regardless of your breathing, or the wind, or closed-in, or whatever.
If that tarp temperature is below dew point, it will be wet from the moisture in the air condensing on it. That's all there is to it.
The key is to have the tarp no colder than the surrounding air, and be in the least humid location you can readily set up camp in.
Why does the tarp get colder than the air around it?
Because if you set up the tarp in the open, it "sees" the sky and universe as a giant heat-sink, and it actually gives up its heat and cools. You can see examples of this with solar cookers. If you place an item in a solar cooker in the night time and point it at the clear open sky, the solar cooker works in reverse as a cooler, and by morning the item in there is actually up to 10-20 degrees cooler than the surrounding air.
That's what is cooling your tarp off.
Park it under the trees, where the leaves are blocking the direct path to the sky, and it won't cool off as much, and might get less condensation on it.
Being in low locations near water is always going to be more humid than higher locations further from the water. When you have more water in the air, you get more amounts of water condensing on things than if it was less humid.
Use higher locations away from water if possible.
In the end, you are battling a natural phenomenon of water and temp behavior. You will not conquer it with a single wall shelter or tarp. But you can mitigate it to some degree.
It happens with a double-wall shelter too, but the water condenses inside the outer wall, and the inner wall is heated more by your bodies, so it's not as cold, and won't condense as much water on it. | <urn:uuid:0a025c95-31d5-41ce-b35d-5ff046e65fb3> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://www.backpackinglight.com/cgi-bin/backpackinglight/forums/thread_display.html?forum_thread_id=67693&skip_to_post=579010 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163065934/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204131745-00042-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.955884 | 426 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Several attractive features of thermo-electric (TE) technology include no moving parts, light weight, modularity, covertness, silence, high power density, low amortized cost, and long service life with no required maintenance. Many of the potential uses for mounted/ dismounted power, such as recharging batteries, are therefore ideal for TE technologies. However, these applications will require more interconnected, smaller-scale modular devices than are currently available. Most commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) TE devices are optimized for cooling, not for generating power, so new device structures with materials and geometries better optimized for power generation are needed for broader use of TE technologies.
New miniaturization and fabrication techniques exploit recent developments in materials with improved ZT, or index of power conversion efficiency. Well-known materials with good efficiency in TE power generators that can be miniaturized were chosen. N-type lead telluride (PbTe) and p-type antimony telluride (Sb2Te3) were identified for the initial device, with longer-term interest in alternate materials whose thermal conductivity may be reduced by incorporating nanostructures, or whose electrical properties could be improved with quantum-confinement heterostructures. Although PbTe and Sb2Te3 are generally much more efficient at higher temperatures, they are suitable for showing that in this quite moderate temperature range, the new miniaturization concepts are highly effective for the applications of interest.
The PbTe and Sb2Te3 TE legs were polished to a specular finish to reduce uncertainty in geometry and thus, reduce measurement error. Each sample had similar geometries: 0.40 cm in length, 0.25 cm in width, and 0.10 cm in depth. All geometrical dimensions were measured using a micrometer thickness gauge, which yields measurements that are accurate to about 2%.
The metal junctions of the device were fabricated from oxygen-free copper stock so that the contribution to the total electrical resistivity from the hot and cold junctions is negligible. Further, the thermal conductivity is significantly better in copper than either of the semiconductors, so the junctions remain isothermal. To maintain permanent electrical isolation between the different sections of the TE module, the metal junctions were mounted on a thin square aluminum nitride (AlN) platen having an area of 6.25 cm2.
The components are shown in the figure at the various stages of assembly. In (A), the large copper heat sink, the AlN top isolation with serpentine trace, one of the metal junctions (positioned next to the copper heat-sink), and one of the Sb2Te3 components (positioned next to the length scale) are shown. In (B), the PbTe and Sb2Te3 components are shown fully integrated with copper hot-junctions permanently mounted to the top AlN isolator. Between that and the length scale are the three copper cold-junctions permanently mounted onto the bottom AlN isolator.
To proceed with the “flip-chip” assembly, a special mechanical x-y translation stage was designed to accurately manipulate and strategically position the hot-junction onto the cold junctions permanently mounted onto the copper heat sink. Once in position, the metallurgical junctions were formed by application of pressure and heat. Fabricated in this way, the obtained device shown in (C) is mechanically rugged and fully operational.
The initial characteristics of the device were determined immediately after assembly. The device’s total electrical resistance was experimentally found to be 0.432 Ω and remained stable throughout thermal testing. The resistivity of the oxygen-free copper is 1.7 × 10-6 Ω-cm, so the contribution to the total device resistance from the sum of the resistance from all six copper junctions is more than almost five orders of magnitude less than that from the semiconductor materials, so the dominant contributions would be only from the semiconductors, and potentially from the average contact resistance, Rc.
For higher-temperature tests, the device was mounted in a vacuum system to prevent oxidation of the materials and reduce error from convective heat flow. Two type-K thermocouples were used to independently determine the temperature hot-junction at the top of the device, and a third thermocouple was used to measure the temperature of the cold-junction on the large heat sink on the bottom.
To test the device for power generation, the hot-junction was heated radiatively by a 30 W “HotWatt” electrical power resistor. The resistor was not in contact with the TE device so as to minimize thermal mass. The output power was measured from the two braided copper terminals (shown in C in the figure). To assure that the device had reached a steady-state temperature difference, the range of temperature difference was slowly scanned from ΔT = 0 to 100 K. To normalize this electrical power to the area from which it was generated, the cross-sectional area of all the elements of the device was calculated and the power density was determined.
The high power density also points to the utility of this technology for producing even more highly miniaturized and integrated state-of-the-art power sources. Because this fabrication assembly yields low contact resistance, it can be scaled to microscopic dimensional scales consistent with integrated circuits (ICs) and micro electromechanical systems (MEMS). Such a demonstration would show excellent potential for providing power for auton omous microsystems, robotics, and portable/wearable power for mounted/dismounted units. Although this device is not perfectly impedance-matched, its performance under thermal testing is excellent and can be used to qualify its potential for power generation in more realistic applications. One application could be to provide electrical power from the waste heat energy from vehicles that would otherwise be dissipated and lost to the environment.
This work was done by Patrick J. Taylor, Brian Morgan, and Bruce Geil of the Army Research Laboratory; and Nibir K. Dhar of the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA). ARL-0055
This Brief includes a Technical Support Package (TSP).
Microfabrication and Testing of a Thermoelectric Device for Generating Mobile Electrical Power
(reference ARL-0055) is currently available for download from the TSP library.
Don't have an account? Sign up here. | <urn:uuid:3ce2c01a-6f51-44af-b44a-354421f7745a> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://www.aerodefensetech.com/component/content/article/adt/tech-briefs/manufacturing-and-prototyping/5549?m=2132 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141743438.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20201204193220-20201204223220-00263.warc.gz | en | 0.939853 | 1,340 | 2.890625 | 3 |
THE WAR FOR THE SEAS: A MARITIME HISTORY OF WORLD WAR II
Reviewed by: Richard Channon
Professor Mawdsley was Professor of International History at Glasgow University and thus amply qualified to write an overview of the war at sea, giving its overall strategic and economic context. One reviewer has called it “the first fully integrated account of a truly global dimension to the war”. The author sets the scene in his introduction with an account of Operation TORCH in November 1942, thereby emphasising that even at that stage in the war not only were the Allies already able to move large numbers of soldiers and their supplies across the ocean unhindered and unharmed, but that they had made enormous advances in joint service planning and execution of invasion operations as well as in the designing and building of specialist amphibious shipping. He defines command of the sea in the words of Admiral Sir Herbert Richmond – “Sea power is the power of using the sea for one’s own purposes and depriving the enemy of its use”, and sets out to demonstrate that the Allies’ command of the sea was the key factor in their success.
His argument is presented in five parts – the European War 1939-1940; the British Empire at bay 1940-1942; Global War at Sea April-December1942; Victory at Sea January 1943-June 1944; and Commanding the Seas June 1944-August 1945. “The Commanded Sea” sums up and concludes the narrative. He emphasises the unique contribution of the huge British merchant fleet, underlines that up until 1944 the Royal Navy was the dominant Allied warship force other than in the Pacific, and that their combined ability to maintain Britain’s security against the most dangerous enemy, Nazi Germany, underwrote the final victory. However, he finds occasion to criticise the British “strategic bombing obsession”, which deprived all the other theatres of long-range strike and reconnaissance.
His narrative progresses through accounts of the salient actions, and while there are maps, this reader found The War at Sea Naval Atlas 1939-1945 very useful indeed in following their course, especially in the Pacific. In this context, his presentation of American progress across that ocean is outstanding: the size of the forces deployed and, by implication, the industrial capacity to build, support and supply ships and aircraft in such numbers are astonishing. One of the points he makes is the Soviets’ huge dependency on Western supplies by sea, mostly via Vladivostok and Persia, a major maritime influence on the campaign which eventually led to the crushing of German forces by land.
This is without doubt an outstanding book, which with its extensive bibliography and list of on-line sources will serve very well as a primer for students of the history of the Second World War. It must be very strongly recommended even to those already well instructed in the subject. Finally, a quiz question. Who was the most senior British Army officer killed in action during the war? The unexpected answer is Lt. Gen. Lumsden, who was on the staff of General MacArthur, and who was killed in a kamikaze attack on the USS New Mexico in Lingayen Gulf on 6th January 1945. Jolly bad luck! | <urn:uuid:86371c5e-12b3-4688-904e-c123f04711cc> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://www.naval-review.com/book-reviews/the-war-for-the-seas-a-maritime-history-of-world-war-ii/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178369512.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20210304174506-20210304204506-00013.warc.gz | en | 0.966898 | 666 | 2.765625 | 3 |
The sky of Haute-Provence has always been one of the purest, driest and most transparent in Europe. The area around Manosque and Forcalquier enjoys an average of 300 cloudless days a year — and about as many clear nights — which, besides making life very pleasant, is ideal for astronomical observations.
Nested in the woods, the OHP was built in 1937.
It was even more so in the late 1920s, when the French National Service for Scientific Research decided to create a new observatory to complement the one in Paris, where fog, urban lights and ground vibrations were making observations more and more difficult.
Site studies lasted for several years and in 1936, a wooded plateau, close to the village of Saint-Michel, 12 km to the south-east of Forcalquier, was eventually chosen to host the installation.
For more than a half-century, observing stars and comets, galaxies and asteroids, the Observatoire de Haute-Provence (OHP), was to contribute to the understanding of the Universe.
But in the world of astronomy things were changing fast: new challenges required more powerful instruments, which, in turn, demanded ever more transparent skies and a stable atmosphere. 8 or 10 metre mirrors were becoming the norm, positioned at ever higher altitudes. With its 1.93 metre telescope, peering at the stars from a hilltop a mere 600 metres high, the OHP, once among the leading observatories in Europe, was under threat.
By the mid 1990's, the place was scheduled to close. At this point, two astronomers from Observatoire de Genève, Switzerland, using a high performance spectrometer coupled to the old "193", made an historical discovery: a planet orbiting a distant star, 48 light-years from the Earth, the first proof that the solar system was not unique in the Universe.
The discovery of this "hot Jupiter" orbiting star 51 Pegasi was to be followed by scores of others. Searching for exoplanets is now one of the observatory's fields of excellence: More than 300 have been discovered to this day, some 30 of them at the OHP. | <urn:uuid:f3a1fe42-5178-4fab-b401-ec025d271d8e> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | https://www.iter.org/newsline/55/1192 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948514051.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20171211203107-20171211223107-00186.warc.gz | en | 0.954721 | 455 | 3.421875 | 3 |
generalized vaccinia n.
A skin eruption following vaccination for smallpox, seen most commonly in people with previously traumatized skin.
- Generalized xanthelasma
generalized xanthelasma n. Xanthoma planum of the neck, trunk, extremities, and eyelids in individuals with normal plasma lipid levels.
noun, (used with a singular verb) 1. the study of the characteristics of language in general rather than of a particular language; theoretical, rather than applied, linguistics.
[jen-er-uh-lee] /ˈdʒɛn ər ə li/ adverb 1. usually; commonly; ordinarily: He generally comes home at noon. 2. with respect to the larger part; for the most part: a generally accurate interpretation of the facts. 3. without reference to or disregarding particular persons, things, situations, etc., that may be an exception: generally speaking. /ˈdʒɛnrəlɪ/ adverb 1. […]
- General magic
A software company based in Mountain View, California. Products released in 1994 after four years in development include: Telescript – a communications-oriented programming language; Magic Cap – an OOPS designed for PDAs; and a new, third generation GUI. Motorola’s Envoy, due for release in the third quarter of 1994, will use Magic Cap as its […] | <urn:uuid:b975e044-79d6-4132-9728-396b0a717f31> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | https://definithing.com/define-dictionary/generalized-vaccinia/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934803848.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20171117170336-20171117190336-00238.warc.gz | en | 0.879071 | 297 | 2.703125 | 3 |
link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/x-icon" href="medrx-education.com/files/theme/favicon.ico"
Normal : 280-300 mOsm/L.
Fluctuation of even 1% (3mOsml/L) will be detected by Osmoreceptors in Anterior Hypothalamus (Organum Vasculosum of Lamina Terminalis don't have blood brain barrier) & they will try to return it towards the normal point through various hormonal mechanisms like ADH, Aldosterone.
The osmolality test measures the body’s ability to make urine, control urine and control water or fluid balance in blood. The most common cause for ordering the osmolality test is low blood sodium levels.
Serum osmolality can be calculated by measuring the amounts of sodium, glucose, and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) in the blood by using following formula :
Serum Osmolarity = 2[Na+] + [Glucose]/18 + [ BUN ]/2.8 where [Glucose] and [BUN] are measured in mg/dL.
The osmolality of urine may be measured and compared to blood osmolality. This can help determine how well the kidneys are working.
High serum osmolality levels may be caused by:
Results from a serum osmolality test may be affected by:
Serum Osmolarity decreases in Pregnancy & that is Perfectly Normal. It will be Between 275-280 mOsm/Kg. Infusion of hypertonic fluids is usually not Required.
The osmolar gap is the difference between the measured osmolality and the calculated osmolarity.Clinically the osmolar gap is used to detect the presence of an osmotically active particle that is not normally found in plasma, usually a toxic alcohol such as ethanol, methanol or isopropyl alcohol.
Types of Fluids:
Hypotonic solutions have an osmolality of less than 240 mOsm/liter. They exert less osmotic pressure than the fluid in the extracellular compartment which allows water to be drawn from the extracellular fluid. Blood cells will draw these solutions into them causing the blood cells to swell and burst. There is only one hypotonic solution in common use and that is 0.45% sodium chloride (1/2 Normal Saline). It has an osmolality of 155, a pH of 5.6, and contains 77 mEq of sodium and 77 mEq of chloride. Continuous infusion can cause dilution and depletion of electrolytes because of the small amount of sodium in this particular mixture resulting in hyponatremia. Because there are no calories in the solution, the patient is going to become calorie depleted as well if it is infused for a long period. Isn't it interesting that adding 5% Dextrose to it to make 5% Dextrose in 0.45% Normal Saline makes it a hypertonic solution?
Lactated Ringers solution has an osmolarity of 275 mOsm/liter and a pH of 6.6. It contains 130 mEq of sodium, 4 mEq of potassium, 3 mEq of calcium, 109 mEq of chloride, and 28 grams of lactate. It is an isotonic solution. It is also called Hartmann's solution. It is primarily used to treat hypovolemia and when the patient's oral intake is limited, absent or fluid losses are very high. It does not, however, supply enough electrolytes for maintenance and does not contain any magnesium. The lactate is a buffer that when metabolized produces bicarbonate. Complications connected with the infusion of LR (Lactated Ringers) are overhydration, electrolyte excess (particularly sodium), electrolyte dilution, and calorie depletion. Patient can also develop metabolic alkalosis if LR is run over long periods of time. It shouldn't be used in patients with liver disease because the lactate is metabolized in the liver. You will commonly see LR used for surgical patients. Adding 5% dextrose to LR makes the solution hypertonic.
Isotonic solutions have the same tonicity as plasma so that when they are infused into a vein, water neither enters or leaves the cells. These kinds of IV solutions are used to expand the extracellular fluid volume and do not cause any fluid to move from into or out of the blood cells. Isotonic solutions have an osmolality of 240 to 340 mOsm/liter. Isotonic solutions are: | <urn:uuid:d1831da7-dd63-4b9b-9238-648605eff00d> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | http://www.medrx-education.com/usmle-review/a-glimpse-about-serum-osmolarity | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232255837.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20190520081942-20190520103942-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.912627 | 983 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Ontario is looking at restricting the use of a pesticide that may pose a risk to honey bees, rather than banning it temporarily as recommended by a government-appointed panel.
The governing Liberals say they’ll start consultations on a potential system where permits would be required to use plant seeds treated with neonicotinoids.
One of the recommendations of their working group on bee deaths was a temporary ban on the use of neonicotinoids on field crops of corn and soybeans until the federal government completed its re-evaluation of the pesticide.
A Health Canada report has suggested that seeds treated with the insecticide contributed to the majority of the bee deaths in Ontario and Quebec in 2012, likely due to exposure of the pesticide-laced dust during planting.
According to the Canadian Honey Council, the bee population in Canada has dropped by an estimated 35 per cent in the past three years.
Many fear that the decline will have a severe impact on the pollination of many plants and the global food supply.
“We’ll be looking at a very balanced approach based on sound science,” said Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs Minister Jeff Leal.
“The licensing regimen is just one of the options that may be put on the table.”
During the June 12 election campaign, Premier Kathleen Wynne promised an insurance program to help Ontario beekeepers “recover acute bee losses” from this spring.
Beekeepers must have at least 10 registered hives to be eligible for the program, among other requirements. Those who have lost more than 40 per cent of their active hives may be eligible for a payment.
Leal said the weather may also have played a role in bee deaths this year.
“This is a harsh winter that was particularly rough and it had an impact on our bees,” he said.
No date has been set for a decision on what steps the government will take to mitigate bee deaths, but Leal says he’d like to have a system in place by the 2015 planting season. | <urn:uuid:88c13f38-d86d-408b-baf9-3bf6041ae572> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | https://www.thestar.com/news/queenspark/2014/07/07/ontario_eyes_restricting_pesticide_linked_to_honey_bee_deaths.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982296721.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823195816-00257-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.968564 | 422 | 2.546875 | 3 |
The Learning Circle Teacher Guide provides a structural approach to promoting cross-classroom collaboration with telecommunications. The first chapter is a condensed version of the whole guide. If you want to understand this model of online teaching and learning, this first chapter is a good place to begin.
The Learning Circle Teacher's Guide is organized around the six phases of Circle interaction:
The description of each Learning Circle phase has a
similar structure. It begins with a brief narrative about Micelle and
her students in Hawaii as they work in their Learning Circle. Detailed
directions and examples of the activities that are involved in each phase
are described. The phase description ends with teacher comments related
to the activities of that phase and a checklist of phase activities.
The narrative of Learning Circles interaction can be read--from beginning to end--by following the links at the book of the each narrative. Similarly, the checklists are linked to make it easy to print them as a quick summary of each phase. Each Learning Circle phase is presented in a darker shade of yellow to help you see the progression through time. If you follow a link to more detailed information about a specific phase, it will be in the same shade of yellow. However if you see a lighter or darker shade, this indicates that the linked information comes from an earlier or later phase of Learning Circle interaction.
Learning Circle Phase Structure
If your interest is reading about network projects or finding
lesson plans for cross-classroom collaboration, you may want
to begin with Phase 3: Planning projects.
If you want to see a detailed table of contents of the guide, you can use the Learning Circle guide icon found at the bottom of most pages. I hope these navigation hints help you read through this guide. I welcome your comments.
Written and coded by Margaret Riel, based on the AT&T Learning Circle Curriculum Guides developed for the AT&T Learning Network. Report all problems to Margaret Riel ([email protected]). | <urn:uuid:307cc75e-f222-42d8-b383-192b9ec2a86f> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://iearn.org/circles/lcguide/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802776563.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075256-00143-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.918126 | 411 | 3.25 | 3 |
On the 6th February at 2pm UTC - a Saturday afternoon - a meteor with roughly the same explosive power as the nuclear bomb which hit Hiroshima - equivalent to 13,000 tonnes of TNT exploded over the Atlantic Ocean, NASA has announced. What, you didn't notice?
The news sounds rather shocking. A nuclear-sized blast! What if it had happened over London or New York? Surely this is a potent reminder of the fragility of life as we float through the infinite vacuum of space on the tiny blue marble we call home?
Umm, not quite.
The good news is that even if we had noticed - say, if the meteor had exploded over a city rather than the ocean - it wouldn't have been as catastrophic as you might assume. Astronomer Phil Plait says that "Had it happened over a populated area it, [it] would’ve rattled some windows and probably terrified a lot of people, but I don’t think it would’ve done any real damage."
The Huffington Post reports that this makes it the largest meteor explosion in Earth's atmosphere since the Chelyabinsk meteor over Russia in 2013. In that case, the explosive yield was closer to 500,000 tonnes of TNT. So by comparison, this was something of an intergalactic damp-squib. | <urn:uuid:1e4cc45f-3326-427f-a39d-c3a1bdc6b12f> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | http://www.gizmodo.co.uk/2016/02/a-meteor-with-the-power-of-an-atomic-bomb-exploded-over-the-atlantic-and-nobody-noticed/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948544677.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20171214144324-20171214164324-00335.warc.gz | en | 0.967438 | 270 | 3.09375 | 3 |
Have you ever experienced the head rush you get from standing up to fast? Well, oddly enough, something similar happens to your heart after a heart attack. The sudden surge of blood into your heart after it starts back up can actually cause more harm than good.
The sudden onrush of blood takes the heart tissue from a nutrient-starved state into a nutrient-rich state, causing tissue damage. This damage is called ischemia-reperfusion, and it is one of the most dangerous things that can happen to your heart. The sarcolemmal phospholipid bilayer membrane is a web that connects and protects heart cells and is one of the parts of the heart that gets damaged. In a new study, a team from the School of Medicine at Washington University in Missouri sought to investigate a new player involved in repairing this protective membrane.
The study focused on the protein dysferlin. The team had previously discovered dysferlin in a separate study on inflammation after ischemia-reperfusion, where it seemed to play a role in sarcolemmal phospholipid bilayer membrane repair. In that study, its upregulation had inferred a certain level of protection to the damage typically seen in ischemia-reperfusion. In this study, the team sought to investigate dysferlin further and try and find out how it managed to protect the heart.
They had first discovered dysferlin in cell assays in the lab, so this time they moved into mouse models to get an idea of dysferlin’s physiological effect. They generated a dysferlin deficient mouse line (the mice had no dysferlin gene) and stimulated ischemia-reperfusion in them and normal mice. In the deficient mice, there was an increase in the amount of heart damage versus the normal mice, inferring that dysferlin has a protective effect.
Other studies had linked dysferlin deficiency to an increase in inflammation, one of the players in ischemia-reperfusion damage. Knowing this, the team took the dysferlin deficient mice and knocked out a critical receptor, which would prevent inflammation. When these mice were given synthetic ischemia-reperfusion, the heart damage was comparable to the normal group. This finding inferred that dysferlin conducted some anti-inflammatory activity which protected the heart.
This study supports the conclusion that dysferlin has some anti-inflammatory effect, but fails to prove precisely how. The team suggests this activity could be due to dysferlin repairing the sarcolemmal phospholipid bilayer around the heart cells - given its role in that exact thing - but could not prove this hypothesis in this study.
The study concludes, “This study reveals a previously unappreciated role for the importance of membrane sealing and the resolution of inflammation following myocardial injury.” | <urn:uuid:c3ef6ef3-4d21-45e5-89bc-067f607c4737> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://www.labroots.com/trending/cardiology/18548/protein-dysferlin-protect-heart-reperfusion-injury | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038066981.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20210416130611-20210416160611-00254.warc.gz | en | 0.93953 | 596 | 3.5 | 4 |
Compound Word Formation in “The Old Man and The Sea”
This study is entitled Compound Word Formation in “The Old Man and The Sea”. This study focuses on two problems; types of compound words found in the novel and the semantic transparency theypossess. The aims of this study are to find out the types of compound words and also to find and describe the semantic transparency of the compound words found in the novel.The data source used in this study is a novel written by Ernest Hemmingway entitled The Old Man and The Sea. The data which were compound words were collected by using documentation method whereas to analyze the data by using descriptive qualitative method. There were three theories used in this study. The main theories are proposed by O’Grady (1996) about the types of the compound and by Katamba (1993) about classifying the data. The theory proposed by Libben (1998) was used to describe the semantic transparency of the compound words. The results show that the types of compound words found in the novel are endocentric compound and exocentric compounds. However, the endocentric compound was more frequent than the exocentric compound. Based on the second problem, there are four types of semantic transparency ;they are (1) transparency of both members of the compound, (2) transparency of the head member – opacity of the non-head member, (3) transparency of the non-head member – opacity of the head member, (4) opacity of both members of the compound.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. | <urn:uuid:e7bd517b-7f1f-4e7b-962d-91b4d20f9221> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/sastra/article/view/39378 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103645173.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20220629211420-20220630001420-00755.warc.gz | en | 0.963885 | 336 | 3.28125 | 3 |
Place Value is an important element of the Grade 2 Math curriculum. Students are expected to show the meaning of the digits in a two digit number by using counters as well as rods and units. They should be able to count by grouping sets of objects into ‘tens’ and ‘ones’. And they should be able to explain why the value of a digit depends on its placement within a numeral. This all requires a strong number sense.
There are some simple games that you can play at home with your child to help support their understanding of place value. All you need are some dice, two pencils and some paper and a pack of cards.
The Greatest and the Least Game:
1. Roll one die and record the number in a square on a piece of paper. Continue doing this until you have four squares each with a number from 1 – 6 written within them. These will be the ‘cards’.
2. Player 1 chooses two cards. The object is to make the greatest number possible. Player 1 will write down the chosen digits to create his/her number and keep them hidden until Player has done the same.
3. Player 1 and 2 will reveal their number. If a player is the only one to make the ‘greatest number’ possible he/she wins two points. If both players get the correct answer, both players will earn 1 point.
4. Player 1 and 2 will repeate step 2. However, the object will now be to create the least number possible. Both players will keep their answer hidden and then reveal them at the same time. Again, if only one player gets the correct answer he/she will win 2 points. If both players find the least number, they will both earn 1 point.
5. Roll the die again and create 4 new cards. Repeat steps 2-4 and so on. The game can be played until a pre-set score is achieved or a certain number of rounds has been played….you decide!
* To add an extra step to this game, each player can illustrate their numbers (both the greatest and the least) by drawing rods and units. This helps to visually support tens and ones grouping for students.
Place Value Draw:
1. Begin by removing all the face cards from a deck of cards. In this game and Ace will equal 1.
2. Player 1 will draw a card from the deck. They must say out loud whether they will place this card in their tens place or their ones place. (It would be helpful to draw a place value mat on a piece of paper for each player. This way the player can say which place they will put their card in, and then lay the card in that place.)
3. Player 2 will do the same.
4. Player 1 will draw a second card an put it in the remaining place.
5. Player 2 will do the same.
6. The Player who has created the greatest number gets one point. If they also created the greatest number possible with the two digits they drew, that player will get a second point.
7. Keep playing until all the cards have been drawn. The player with the highest score wins. | <urn:uuid:59f0f09e-a674-4faf-baf0-57017f8bd4df> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | https://rickettroom.wordpress.com/2011/03/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583792784.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20190121131658-20190121153658-00539.warc.gz | en | 0.957063 | 661 | 4.59375 | 5 |
- Open Access
Gut microbiota influence tumor development and Alter interactions with the human immune system
Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research volume 40, Article number: 42 (2021)
Recent scientific advances have greatly enhanced our understanding of the complex link between the gut microbiome and cancer. Gut dysbiosis is an imbalance between commensal and pathogenic bacteria and the production of microbial antigens and metabolites. The immune system and the gut microbiome interact to maintain homeostasis of the gut, and alterations in the microbiome composition lead to immune dysregulation, promoting chronic inflammation and development of tumors. Gut microorganisms and their toxic metabolites may migrate to other parts of the body via the circulatory system, causing an imbalance in the physiological status of the host and secretion of various neuroactive molecules through the gut-brain axis, gut-hepatic axis, and gut-lung axis to affect inflammation and tumorigenesis in specific organs. Thus, gut microbiota can be used as a tumor marker and may provide new insights into the pathogenesis of malignant tumors.
Human intestines harbor approximately 3.8 × 1013 microorganisms that maintain the physiology and health of the host by influencing basic functions, such as metabolism, nutrition, immunomodulation, and pathogen resistance [1,2,3,4,5]. Recently, gut microbiota have been reported to play key roles in the regulation of several processes related to brain function and mental health . At the same time, gut microbiota play an important role in host disease pathogenesis . Drugs and particular diseases (autoimmune and chronic diseases) may cause intestinal microbial dysfunction . Other factors, such as activation of inflammatory signaling, dietary changes, infection, and lack of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2 (NOD2), can also lead to dysbiosis [9, 10]. Dysbiosis of the microbiome has differential effects on the abundance of certain gut microbiota. It may increase metabolic disorders and the abundance of inflammation-inducing bacteria, which can induce carcinogenesis [11,12,13]. Gut microbiota regulates cancer at the level of genetic instability, susceptibility to host immune response, progression, and response to therapy [14, 15].
Using animal models, researchers have gained insights into the mechanisms through which microbes trigger carcinogenesis [16,17,18]. Escherichia coli and Bacteroides fragilis have been shown to potentiate intestinal tumorigenesis in chronic inflammation . Besides, specific microbes and microbial dysbiosis have been shown to induce and even promote carcinogenesis by releasing genotoxins that may damage host DNA [20, 21]. Recent research shows, host innate immune responses against the resident microbiome may lead to tumor growth . Thus, the gut microbiome is an essential factor for consideration in the precise treatment of cancer and can be used as a biomarker for diagnosis and treatment purposes . Moreover, the efficacy of cancer treatments has been shown to be reduced in antibiotic-treated and germ-free mice, suggesting that intact gut microbiota is necessary for optimal treatment response .
Regardless of health or disease status, gut microbiota affect metabolism, tissue development, inflammation, and immunity in the host . Of course, the large amount of communication in the gut-organ axis cannot be separated from the involvement of the gut microbiota. It has been shown that there are bidirectional interactions within the brain-gut-microbiome axis, involving neural, endocrine, and inflammatory mechanisms [25, 26]. In addition, intestinal flora has been shown to affect liver immune function and bile acid metabolism through the gut-liver axis . Similarly, lung inflammation originating in the gut has been reported in a study of the gut-lung axis . In this review, we summarize how gut dysbiosis and immune dysregulation can lead to the induction and maintenance of tumors. Moreover, alterations in the microbiome may participate in immune modulation to promote cancer through metabolic pathways. We propose that gut microbiota dysbiosis affects cancer development through the gut-organ axis.
Gut microbiota dysbiosis is associated with the occurrence and development of cancer
The human gut is populated by trillions of archaea, bacteria, eukaryotes, viruses, and microbes belonging to four major microbial phyla: Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroides, and Actinobacteria; these account for 95% of the gut microbiome . Notably, true oncomicrobes in the intestine account for a very small proportion of all microbial populations. Furthermore, components of the microbiota such as flagellin can alter this balance and promote chronic inflammation, promoting intestinal tumor development . HPV can cause the overexpression of the E6 and E7 genes of the virus, thereby cooperating to make the host cell immortal [31, 32]. Cunningly, microorganisms and their metabolites may migrate to other parts of the body and contribute to tumor development . Disruption of the intestinal barrier function may trigger inflammation and carcinogenesis [12, 32]. Impaired barrier function can cause bacteria to enter the intestinal epithelium, allowing toxins to be transmitted. Bacterial toxins, such as colistin that is produced by Escherichia coli, have been shown to potentiate colorectal cancer in azoxymethane-exposed mice . The toxin produced by the enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis is related to colorectal tumors [33, 34]. In fact, microbes also drive cancerous transformation by affecting genome stability, resistance to cell death, and proliferation. For example, soluble fiber microbial fermentation disorders can induce cholestatic liver cancer . Gut microbiota dysbiosis modulates the responses of CD8+ T cells to influence colitis-associated tumorigenesis . Peptide tyrosine tyrosine expression induced by gut microbiota dysbiosis has been linked to the development of pancreatic cancer [36, 37]. Dysbiosis of gut microbiota has been shown to lead to the progression of chronic inflammation and liver disease, thereby increasing the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) . Interventions that regulate intestinal flora and improve immune function may be new regimens for future cancer treatment [29, 30]. Specific microbial changes can cause flora imbalance through signaling pathways and promote related cancer progression. Representative cancers related to gut dysbiosis are listed in Table 1.
Gut microbiome and immune dysregulation in cancer
Intriguingly, the gut microbiome can inhibit infection by intestinal pathogens by occupying a niche, adjusting the niche environment, competing for nutrients, releasing bacteriocins, and regulating host immune defense. This process starts during the constitution of the microbiome at birth, affecting the maturation of the immune system, the development of tolerance and containment of the microbiome [53, 54]. In the mucosa, the T and B cells of immune system have the phenotype and function of specific locations affected by the microflora. These cells play a key role in maintaining immune homeostasis by inhibiting the response to harmless antigens and preserving the integrity of the intestinal mucosal barrier function .
Indeed, the host intestinal mucosal surface barrier allows microbial symbiosis [45, 55]. Gut microbiota are susceptible to continuous damage caused by the environment and must be repaired quickly to restore homeostasis. Disruption of the gut barrier results in confrontation between the microorganisms and the immune system, which may result in cancer and inflammatory diseases. The immune response in the developing tumor microenvironment, including the triggering of pro-inflammatory or immunosuppressive processes, can be further affected by microorganisms .
The central role of immunity in the biology of cancer calls for attention to the exact contribution of microbiota in oncogenesis. For example, gut microbiome dysbiosis promotes inflammation via chemokine C-C chemokine ligand 5 (CCL5), which recruits a non-physiological number of lymphocytes in the intestine, and the resulting inflammatory state promotes epithelial cell proliferation through local activation of the interleukin-6 (IL-6) pathway [56, 57] (Fig. 1). Upregulation of toll-like receptors (TLRs) by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and other microbial products can activate the nuclear factor (NF)-κB, c-Jun/JNK, and JAK/STAT3 pathways, which have well-defined roles in cell proliferation and immunosuppression [21, 50].
Gut microbiome participates in immune modulation to promote cancer through metabolic pathways
Research on the interaction between the gut microbiome and immunity is an emerging field that examines the role of environmental factors, such as diet, as well as genetic and immune signals in metabolism, immunity, and host response to infection . Studies on immune dysregulation may contribute to our understanding of the effects exerted by the microbiome in cancer development and treatment. In patients with colorectal cancer (CRC), the gut microbiome can directly or indirectly affect CRC by secreting metabolites, invading tissues, and modulating host immune response [39, 40]. Clostridium, Peptostreptococcus, Porphyromonas Genus, Prutella, Bacteroides, and twin cocci are the most significant bacteria associated with CRC [41, 59].
The liver is sensitive to intestinal bacterial metabolites, and changes in the intestinal microbiome affect the function of immune cells in the liver. Moreover, commensal microbiota can mediate the metabolism of primary to secondary bile acids. Gut microbiota are thought to be involved in the physiological activities of the host by affecting the bile acid pool, thus regulating hormone secretion and immunity via the resulting metabolites [60, 61]. We hypothesize that the gut microbiome promotes host immunity mainly through anabolic pathways. Ma et al. have found that the immune response to liver cancer has the opposite effect and that reducing the abundance of intestinal Clostridial bacteria through the use of antibiotics can increase the levels of primary bile acids and inhibit liver tumors by increasing the expression of CXC chemokine ligand 16 (CXCL16) in sinusoidal endothelial cells, after primary bile acids are metabolized to secondary bile acids by Clostridium bacteria . Primary bile acids increase CXCL16 expression, whereas secondary bile acids exert the opposite effect. Schramm et al. have reported that the expression of CXCL16 in patients with liver cancer is linked to primary bile acids. However, there are differences in the composition of human and mouse immune systems, intestinal microbiome, and bile acid . Therefore, the clinical significance of the relevant research results is limited.
In mice, gut microbiota and bile acid products play diverse roles in cancer development. For example, elimination of Clostridium XIV, increase in primary bile acids, and reduction in secondary bile acids inhibits the progress of liver cancer. Immune cells, such as dendritic cells, macrophages, and myeloid-derived suppressor cells, can be regulated by bile acids or their receptors, thus promoting anti-cancer immune responses. Bile acid receptors and flora metabolites may be novel targets for cancer treatment in the future . Moreover, microbial pathogen-associated molecular patterns can activate toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling in a variety of cell types, leading to cytokine production and NF-κB-mediated inflammation, which can fuel tumor growth. Gut microbiota exacerbate metabolic inflammation through TLR signaling . For example, the LPS receptor TLR4 has been shown to promote hepatocellular carcinoma, pancreatic cancer, and colon cancer. TLR-induced activation of NF-kB and STAT3 is a key signaling pathway that promotes cancer . NF-κB signaling can stimulate glycolytic energy flux during acute inflammation . (Fig. 2).
Gut microbiota may affect the efficacy of PD-1 inhibitors
Previous studies in mouse models and humans have shown that regulation of the fecal microbiome significantly affects the outcome of cancer immunotherapy in terms of toxicity and efficacy . Cancer immunotherapy based on the blockade of programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) has become an essential approach for the treatment of various cancers in advanced stages . Fecal bacterial transplantation may alter the gut microbiome of patients with cancer to improve the efficacy of drugs such as anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody. Routy et al. have found that the response of patients with lung or kidney cancer to PD-1 monoclonal antibody is related to a higher abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila .
It is worth noting that the efficacy of tumor immunotherapy is related to the composition of intestinal bacteria . Gopalakrishnan et al. have shown that, in patients with melanoma, the response to treatment with PD-1 monoclonal antibody was related to Faecalibacterium-based flora in patients . There is a link between the efficacy of the cancer immune drug PD-1 blocker and the gut microbiota of patients, as gut microbiota may affect the efficacy of PD-1 inhibitors. Scientists suspect that the cytokine IL-12, which is released in response to A muciniphila, may help recruit T cells to combat cancer [3, 69]. Cancer patients harboring diverse intestinal flora rich in Clostridium lentum and Clostridiaceae have a better response to PD-1 inhibitors, and may show more significant effects of immunotherapy [3, 4].
A study examining the response of patients with different flora to PD-1 monoclonal antibodies has shown that responding patients were found to have a higher diversity of bacteria and a higher abundance of Bifidobacterium longum . Therefore, the composition of the gut microbiome can affect the anti-tumor immunity of cancer patients, and can be used as a biomarker to predict the response of patients to immune checkpoint blockade therapy.
Prediction of the efficacy of PD-1 through microbial signals may require combining RNA sequencing, metabolomics, cancer process management, and intestinal fungal/viral analysis through clinical trials to fully understand the relationship between microbiota and the efficacy of tumor immunotherapy [70, 71]. Gut microbiota can regulate anti-PD-1 efficacy by interacting with the host immune system and thus represent a new therapeutic target [68, 72].
Patients with cancer should use antibiotics judiciously
Cancer treatment with microbial preparations or their products has the potential to shrink tumors . Because flora can affect cancer progression, it may also affect the efficacy of chemotherapy and immunotherapy. Intervention with fecal flora affects the toxicity and effectiveness of immunotherapy. Gut microbes have been considered as key modulators of host immunity, raising the possibility that they could influence the outcome of cancer immunotherapy . For example, it has been suggested that the use of antibiotics early in the treatment reduces the survival rate of patients with renal cell carcinoma and non-small cell lung cancer . Antibiotics have saved countless lives, but they have also many side effects, such as Clostridium difficile infection, antibiotic resistance, and flora changes . A study by Wu et al. has found that the use of antibiotics increases the risk of colon cancer, but reduces the risk of rectal cancer . Antibiotic exposure is the main reason for the emergence of drug resistance, leading to the accumulation of drug-resistant genes in specific locations; the abundance and diversity of drug-resistant genes in the intestinal flora are high, which may be closely related to the use of antibiotics .
Gut microbiota dysbiosis affects cancer through gut-organ axis
The gut-organ axis establishes links or a two-way or multi-directional communication between organs through nerve, endocrine, immune, humoral, and metabolic pathways . Intestinal flora and their secretions can be involved in the occurrence and development of tumors through the gut-organ axis [79, 80]. The bidirectional relationship between the gut and vital human organs (such as the lung, brain, and liver) is discussed below.
Gut microbiota dysbiosis affects cancer through the gut-brain axis
The gut-brain axis plays an important role in tumor proliferation, invasion, apoptosis, autophagy, and metastasis [47, 81]. Ruty et al. have proposed that gut microbiota can follow many routes to the brain and impact brain tumor therapeutic interventions . In support, gut microbiota has been shown to have significant associations with cancer treatment-related psychoneurological symptoms .
The gut microbiota-brain axis includes gut microbiota and their metabolic products, the enteric nervous system (ENS), sympathetic and parasympathetic branches within the autonomic nervous system, neural-immune system, neuroendocrine system, and central nervous system (CNS) . The gut microbiome produces most neurotransmitters found in the human brain [85, 86]. Recent studies have shown that the CNS and ENS can interact with gut microbiota to regulate nutrient metabolism. The vagal nerve system facilitates communication between the CNS and ENS to control gastrointestinal tract functions and feeding behavior. Vagal afferent neurons also express receptors for gut peptides that are secreted from enteroendocrine cells such as cholecystokinin (CCK), ghrelin, leptin, peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT; serotonin). The gut microbiome can regulate the levels of these peptides to influence the vagal afferent pathway and thus regulate intestinal metabolism via the microbiota-gut-brain axis. Serotonin functions as a key neurotransmitter at both terminals of this network. Local alterations in serotonin concentrations with subsequent relay of signals along the brain-gut axis influence CNS neurotransmission and regulate the function of neural processes in the gastrointestinal tract . Gut microbiota dysbiosis can result in changes in serotonin levels. In triple-negative breast cancer, it has been shown that serotonin promotes cancer progression through autocrine serotonin signaling [48, 49, 88]. Dysbacteriosis-mediated expression of the glucagon-like peptide-1 has been shown to affect autophagy in endometrial cancer and is related to the occurrence of pancreatic cancer [89, 90].
Gut microbiota dysbiosis affects cancer through the gut-liver axis
The gut microbiome may contribute to cancer pathogenesis and progression through the gut-liver axis . The two-way relationship between the intestine, microbiota, and liver integrates signals generated by dietary, genetic, and environmental factors . This reciprocal interaction is facilitated by the portal vein . Dysbiosis of gut microbiota leads to the progression of chronic inflammation and liver disease, thereby increasing the risk of HCC [35, 42]. Of note, bile acid and LPS provide an important link between the liver, bacterial microbiota, and the intestine. Intestinal microbiome-mediated bile acid metabolism regulates liver cancer through natural killer cells . In a mouse model with dysbiotic intestinal flora, the synthesis of long-chain fatty acids is reduced, accompanied by oxidative stress and inflammation . Bile acid, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), and immunoglobulin A (IgA) can also exert metabolic control through the microbiota-gut-liver axis. Further research should focus on the role of gut microbiota in the neuroendocrine regulation of nutrient metabolism via the microbiota-gut-brain-liver axis [95,96,97]. Intestinal microbes can promote cancer progression by changing the balance between host cell proliferation and death, and by affecting the immune system (Fig. 3).
Gut microbiota dysbiosis affects cancer through the gut-lung axis
The human respiratory tract is the main and continuous entrance for many microorganisms and particles (such as viruses and bacteria), and the lung is an environment rich in flora [98, 99]. The intestinal flora may also have an impact on lung health. Changes in the microbial composition and function of the intestine are related to the development of lung diseases . Metabolites such as SCFAs are produced by the microbiota and may regulate inflammation in the lungs [101, 102]. It appears that chronic lung diseases, such as cancer, are linked to dysbiotic airway microbiota and commonly occur alongside GI disorders [103, 104].
There is increasing evidence of a close relationship between the gastrointestinal tract and the respiratory tract. The exacerbation of chronic intestinal and lung diseases has key conceptual features related to the disorder and imbalance of the microbial ecosystem . The surviving bacteria, cell wall fragments, or protein fragments of dead bacteria escape along with the cytokines and chemokines produced in the intestine, and then enter the general circulation. Entering the pulmonary circulation may lead to the activation of dendritic cells and macrophages and differentiation of T cells . The concentration of circulating SCFAs in the intestine affects IL-6 and IL-8 in lung cancer and is related to the occurrence and development of lung cancer [107, 108]. In addition, patients with non-small-cell lung cancer experience gut butyrate-producing bacterial dysbiosis . A significant relationship has also been found between Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB) and lung cancer [43, 44]. A possible reason is that persistent tuberculosis infection can cause the production of tumor necrosis factor and cause lung inflammation. In addition, pulmonary fibrosis caused by TB leads to the synthesis of extracellular matrix, which is involved in the development of lung cancer [110, 111].
Conclusion and perspectives
Dysregulation of the gut microbiota and its interaction with the host may be important in tumorigenesis. First, we need to identify relevant bacteria in humans, study their abundance and the impact of their products on cancer progression, and elucidate their interactions with the human immune system as well as their ultimate impact on the mechanism of tumor occurrence and development. We then need to identify novel therapeutic microbial interventions and combine them with conventional therapies to treat tumors and other multifactorial human diseases.
Availability of data and materials
Programmed cell death protein 1
Programmed death-ligand 1
Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2
C-C chemokine ligand 5
CXC chemokine ligand 16
Pathogen-associated molecular patterns
Central nervous system
Enteric nervous system
Peptide tyrosine tyrosine
Short-chain fatty acids
Small cell carcinoma
Non-small-cell lung cancer
Tumor necrosis factor
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2
Coronavirus disease 2019
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2
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This work was supported by the National Science Foundation of China under Grant number 81272297. Hunan Province Key Research and Development Project, (2020SK2053).
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Ge, Y., Wang, X., Guo, Y. et al. Gut microbiota influence tumor development and Alter interactions with the human immune system. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 40, 42 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13046-021-01845-6
- Gut microbiota
- Gut-brain/liver/lung axis | <urn:uuid:83a6f31e-1140-4ae9-b580-dfb33405584e> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://jeccr.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13046-021-01845-6 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178360293.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20210228054509-20210228084509-00341.warc.gz | en | 0.778171 | 10,947 | 2.640625 | 3 |
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n. - A surveyor's indicator on a permanent object of predetermined position and elevation used as a reference point; A standard by which something can be measured or judged.
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Copyright © 2005 and after - LearnThat Foundation. Patents pending. | <urn:uuid:4d6a5336-8334-48d9-b625-7adf8ff23f94> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://www.learnthat.org/dictionary/3367_benchmark.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487582767.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20210612103920-20210612133920-00150.warc.gz | en | 0.884911 | 118 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Sponsored by Budweiser the Budeweiser rocket car was built in 1979 with the intention of being the first land vehicle to break the sound barrier in the “Project Speed of Sound”. On the 17th December 1979 the vehicle, driven by Stan Barrett, attempted to break the sound barrier and has left a legacy that has been controversial ever since as the final speed of the vehicle has always been disputed. It was believed that the car could exceed the speed of sound but when the vehicle was run no sonic boom was heard.
The speed was estimated from a radar system at 38 miles per hour - though unfortunately this had been tracking a large truck in the distance, away from the track that the rocket car had used. Some hours after the run the speed (at the vehicle’s peak) was calculated at 739.666 miles per hour, ( Mach 1.01 ). This however caused wide scepticism and the speed was never officially recorded.
I received an email from James C. Carter IV who details the following:
The speed was calculated by the US Air Force using a new ground based tracking radar. The speed did peak above the calculated sonic speed based atmospheric conditions. The Air Force is not a certifying organisation and so would not say the vehicle went sonic and they waited 7 months before they would release a speed calculation. The record would not stand anyway because the vehicle did not maintain the sonic speed for more than a moment or two and there was no second run or even attempt because of the requirement and time to remove and replace the Sidewinder air to air missile that provided the motive force. The second version built but only used as a show car was given to the Richard Childress Racing organisation in North Carolina, USA. | <urn:uuid:c8882525-8f22-4793-990b-3bb5ee6a5b6d> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | http://www.3wheelers.com/budwe.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794867949.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20180526225551-20180527005551-00128.warc.gz | en | 0.98209 | 354 | 2.859375 | 3 |
April 09, 2012
- toboggan (noun)
- What does it mean?
- : a long light sled made without runners and curved up at the front
- How do you use it?
- We were disappointed that, because of the very mild winter, we had to put our toboggan and sleds back into storage without having used them once.
- Are you a word wiz?
The origins of "toboggan" are ultimately in a Native American language. Which words below come from the same language as "toboggan"?The correct answer is A, as in Algonquian. "Toboggan" derives from a group of American Indian languages called Algonquian. These languages are spoken in the eastern half of North America, from Labrador, Canada, down to the Carolinas and all the way west to the Great Plains. Many of the words from the Algonquian language group that were adopted by English speakers are names for indigenous species, including "moose," "skunk," "opossum," "hickory," and "persimmon." Noah Webster's first dictionary included many American Indian-derived words, which made it the first truly American dictionary in print. | <urn:uuid:ed2342ff-083f-4bfb-bfaa-46d4450f420c> | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | http://wordcentral.com/buzzword/buzzword.php?month=04&day=09&year=2012 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440644064167.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827025424-00168-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.965803 | 258 | 3.015625 | 3 |
The MESSENGER spacecraft snapped a series of images as it approached Venus on June 5. The planet is enshrouded by a global layer of clouds that obscures its surface to the MESSENGER Dual Imaging System (MDIS) cameras.
This single frame is part of a color sequence taken to help the MESSENGER team calibrate the camera in preparation for the spacecraft's first flyby of Mercury on January 14, 2008. Over the next several months the camera team will pore over the 614 images taken during this Venus encounter to ascertain color sensitivity and other optical properties of the instrument. These tasks address two key goals for the camera at Mercury: understanding surface color variations and their relation to compositional variations in the crust, and ensuring accurate cartographic placement of features on Mercury's surface.
Preliminary analysis of the Venus flyby images indicates that the cameras are healthy and will be ready for next January's close encounter with Mercury.
These images are from MESSENGER, a NASA Discovery mission to conduct the first orbital study of the innermost planet, Mercury. For information regarding the use of images, see the MESSENGER image use policy .
|Instrument||Mercury Dual Imaging System (MDIS)|
|Date in Caption||2008-01-14|
|Image Credit||NASA/Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory/Carnegie Institution of Washington| | <urn:uuid:eee94284-b102-458e-9220-6df1586355f4> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://pds-rings.seti.org/press_releases/pages/PIA10xxx/PIA10124.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875141806.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20200217085334-20200217115334-00248.warc.gz | en | 0.788007 | 288 | 3.640625 | 4 |
VI. On the Settlement of Disputes between States by Judicial Means
[After June 1784]
The territory of Wioming which had been in dispute between the states of Connecticut and Pennsylvania having been adjudged to the latter by a court constituted according to the articles of confederation, the individuals claiming the private right of soil under the two states have in pursuance of the same articles asked from Congress and obtained the appointment of a second federal court to decide their individual rights.
A federal court is also granted by Congress to decide the claims on the territory of Vermont which have been so long existing. This territory is claimed by New Hampshire, Massachusets and New York and also insists of itself to be adjudged to neither, but to be erected into a separate state incorporated into the union.
Perhaps history1 cannot produce such another proof of the empire of reason and right in any part of the world as these new states now exhibit. Other nations have only been able to submit private contests to judiciary determination; but these new states have gone further. They have set the example of binding a court for the trial of nations, which submit to the decisions of that court as quietly as2
Thus we see these infant states, instead of leaving their national differences to be decided by the sword, the ultima ratio regum, instead of deluging the land with human blood and covering it with human misery upon honest difference of opinion, have by wise and just arrangements submitted the causes of Nations to be weighed in the scales of justice by a tribunal so constituted as to ensure the confidence of all parties and so supported by the rest of the3 Union as to secure the execution of it’s decisions.
MS (DLC: TJ Papers, 11: 1911); entirely in TJ’s hand, with a number of deletions and interlineations, some of which are noted below; written on the first of four pages of a folded leaf on which there appears also the text of an article TJ wrote for the Gazette de Leyde in Nov. 1784. The present text appears to have been on the leaf before the Gazette article was written; hence it was evidently composed prior to 20 Nov. 1784 (see notes to TJ to Dumas, 20 Nov. 1784). It is certain that it was written after 3 June 1784. On 24 Apr. 1784 the New York delegates in Congress submitted the instructions of the New York legislature demanding that Congress make an immediate settlement of the long-standing dispute over the New Hampshire Grants (JCC description begins Worthington C. Ford and others, eds., Journals of the Continental Congress, 1774–1789, Washington, D.C., 1904–37, 34 vols. description ends , xxvi, 283–7). This representationz was assigned the same day to a committee of which TJ was chairman and Roger Sherman was a member (PCC: No. 186). No report was made before TJ left Congress and he was obliged to entrust the “papers relating to Vermont” to Blanchard who succeeded him as chairman of the Grand Committee (TJ to Thomson, 21 May 1784). The committee was renewed on 17 May, and when a report was finally submitted on 29 May it was written by Sherman and carried the recommendation that Vermont be admitted to the union under the terms of the Northwest Ordinance (JCC description begins Journals of the Continental Congress, 1774–1789, ed. W. C. Ford and others, Washington, 1904–1937 description ends , xxvii, 481–4, 532–6). This report was not approved, but on 3 June 1784, the last day of the session, Congress granted the petition of Massachusetts requesting that a federal court be set up to decide the dispute between that state and New York over the Vermont area (same, xxvii, 547–50). This court never came into existence, but it is clear that TJ could not have written the present text until after the court respecting Vermont had been authorized. He must have learned of this authorization while in Boston in June and, since this text bears the appearance of having been written for publication, he may have intended it for a Boston newspaper. It is more plausible to assume, however, that he wrote it soon after arriving in Europe and that it, like the other text on the same leaf, was aimed at a European audience. It is also possible that TJ intended it as a note to be inserted in Notes on the State of Virginia.
But the reflections embodied in these remarks may have been set down earlier. In the issue of the Phila. Freeman’s Journal for 21 Jan. 1783 there appeared an introductory statement to a summarization of the respective claims of Pennsylvania and Connecticut published in this and subsequent issues. The substance and phraseology of this statement are so closely parallel to certain passages in the present document as to suggest that TJ must have read them and may indeed have been their author. TJ was then in Philadelphia, and Griffin, on his way back to Virginia, must have seen him and presented to him at that time the notes of arguments by Wilson and Johnson. It was at this time, too, that Robert R. Livingston wrote his famous letter to Lafayette commenting upon the significance of the Trenton decision (10 Jan. 1783; see editorial note above). Certainly the decision seems to have stirred the hopes of many leaders in the early days of 1783 and to have inspired renewed confidence in the Confederation. The introductory statement in the Freeman’s Journal reads in part as follows: “Agreeable to our promise, we present our readers with a short but authentic abstract of the proceedings in the great cause lately decided between this state and Connecticut. … This celebrated cause … presents to the world a new and extraordinary spectacle: Two powerful and populous states, sovereign and independent (except as members of the federal Union) contending for a tract of country equal in extent to many, and superior to some European kingdoms. Instead of recurring to arms, the ultima ratio of kings and states, they submit to the arbitration of judges mutually chosen from indifferent states. The merits of their pretentions are examined by the rules of reason and judgment, framed upon the testimony of records and public documents. …” The parallel between these remarks and the present document is obvious; both have a Jeffersonian ring, and it is possible that, during the days that he was awaiting an opportunity to go to France in Jan. 1783, TJ may have written an early version of this memorandum for the editor of Freeman’s Journal.
1. This word interlined in substitution for “the world,” deleted.
2. This paragraph has a vertical line drawn through it, indicating—as does the incomplete sentence—that TJ intended to delete it. It is also evident that a break may have come after the word “binding,” for the sentence as originally composed read in part: “… these new states … have been able to establish a court for the trial of nations,” &c. This was then altered by the deletion of part but not all of the sentence, thus making it appear that “court” is the object of “binding” when, as originally phrased, it was the object of “establish.”
3. The preceding three words interlined in substitution for “whole,” deleted. The emendation is a wry commentary on Connecticut’s attitude toward the decision of the Court of Commissioners in the case of Pennsylvania v. Connecticut. | <urn:uuid:5e2774dd-b1fb-48aa-8f1d-08b0267cf7ed> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/01-06-02-0369-0007 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463607636.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20170523122457-20170523142457-00459.warc.gz | en | 0.971112 | 1,551 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Each person's brain activity, or "connectivity profile," may be as unique as a set of fingerprints, YaleNews reports—and could prove useful in IDing individuals, assessing intelligence, and predicting future success on certain tasks. In a study published Monday in Nature Neuroscience, scientists reviewed fMRI scans for 126 patients in the Human Connectome Project, which examines how different parts of the brain communicate with each other. They then had the subjects take a series of motor, memory, and intelligence tests, including one for abstract reasoning (aka "fluid" intelligence), Wired notes. Scientists found they could pick out a person's scan from others by matching it with a scan from another day, the BBC reports—and the brain profile could foretell how well subjects did on cognitive tasks. "The more certain regions are talking to one another, the better you're able to process information quickly and make inferences," study co-author Emily Finn tells Wired.
So what could brain scans offer, in addition to helping treat neuropsychiatric diseases? "In the future, Wired could put job applicants in an MRI scanner and look at their functional connections and determine if they're going to be good writers," Todd Constable, another study co-author, jokes with the magazine. Other more practical applications, per a University of California, Irvine, researcher: determining an optimal educational environment for kids, seeing if certain people are prone to addiction, or figuring out which prison inmates are violent. But some experts fear future "neurodiscrimination," like insurance companies offering coverage based on brain profiles. And others note that brain scans only freeze one moment in time and that fluid intelligence is just one form of intelligence. But the authors say brain scans shouldn't be the end-all of intelligence assessment anyway. "It could be one more piece of the puzzle," Finn says, per the Connecticut Post. (A hidden virus may make some people dumber.) | <urn:uuid:7ab37dab-6321-4ab1-9c3b-5728a2c0571f> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | http://www.newser.com/story/214340/brain-scan-fingerprints-can-show-how-smart-we-are.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376827727.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20181216121406-20181216143406-00540.warc.gz | en | 0.950319 | 386 | 3.0625 | 3 |
When you don’t get enough of the nutrients you need for good health, you run the risk of becoming malnourished. These nutrients include proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins and minerals. This is a concern if you have lived on processed foods and McDonalds, or what is commonly referred to as the Standard American Diet (SAD).
The impact of this SAD diet is that more than 75% of Americans are deficient in vitamin D. This is something to be concerned about as vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increased risk of bone conditions such as osteomalacia, as well as autoimmune diseases, certain cancers and obesity.
Another common deficiency is magnesium with 72% of Americans deficient in magnesium . After calcium, magnesium is the most important mineral in our bodies. Magnesium regulates more than 325 enzymes in the body, the most important of which produce, transport, store and utilise energy.
Zinc deficiency is quite common in the developing world. Even in the United States, about 12% of the population is probably at risk of zinc deficiency, and perhaps as many as 40% of the elderly. Zinc is important for a healthy immune system.
After ditching smoking, the most important thing you can do for your health is to eat five portions of fruit and vegetables daily. Most of us only eat three portions, and one in five of us virtually none. This malnourishment can have long term consequences. For example, one piece of fruit a day is enough to lower heart disease risk by 20 per cent. Also, five weekly servings of red fruit and vegetables, such as tomatoes and watermelon, can lower lung cancer risk by a quarter .
But with the soil becoming more depleted of nutrients due to intensive agricultural practices, the fruit and vegetables we eat today are not nearly as nutritious as they once were. One study found that in 20 vegetables the average calcium content had declined 19%, iron 22%, and potassium 14% over a 50 year period (1930-1980) . Another study concluded that you would have to eat eight oranges to get the same amount of Vitamin A as our grandparents would have got from just one. You get the picture.
Juicing is a great solution to overcome any nutrient deficiencies as you can easily consume more fruit and vegetables in a quick and simple way.
When you juice fruit or vegetables the fibre is removed and you are just left with the juice. Whereas in the past I thought of this as a bad thing, now I realise this is ideal as it makes it much easier for our bodies to digest. This means your body absorbs more of the nutrients. It is said to only take fifteen minutes for the nutrients to reach your cells after drinking the juice. That is incredible.
I become interested in juicing after exploring the work of Max Gerson. Max Gerson was a German doctor who cured himself of illness by juicing, and taking coffee enemas to remove toxic waste from his liver. That was in the 1950s, today his daughter, Charlotte Gerson, runs a health institute in Mexico following his health principles. Charlotte is 91 years old and is in great health, exactly what you would expect. People from all around the world travel to her health institute in Mexico with terminal illnesses, and many are cured with good nutrition through juicing, and again coffee enemas. The success they have is astounding.
Some people prefer to take vitamin supplements instead of juicing. The problem is that even the most complete supplement cannot match the nutritional complexity of a fresh fruit and vegetable juice.
How to Juice
To begin juicing you will need to buy a juicer. As you are just starting out I would just opt for a middle priced machine. You can check out different ones online. I selected one where I could juice whole apples and this really works for me as it saves any chopping.
My favourite fruits and vegetables to juice include:
• Romaine Lettuce
I would recommend to start off with foods you feel comfortable with, and to take it from there. If you have any sugar imbalance issues, it would be better to stick to green juices as they shouldn’t prove a challenge for your body.
Where possible, opt for organic produce as they are likely to be higher in nutrition as the soil is not affected by pesticides and fertilisers. Ideally you want to buy from local organic farmers. If your foods are not organic you can wash your fruits and vegetables with a natural rinse to remove any pesticide or other chemical residue. You can make your own rinse by mixing equal amounts of white vinegar and water. Then, soak your fruits and vegetables in the solution for a minute or two, and rinse.
The next step is to juice the vegetables and fruit, which you should find really straightforward. I would recommend drinking your juice immediately, as this maintains its nutritional value.
I tried to persuade my parents to start juicing, and the one thing that stopped them was the perception that it was too messy and difficult. This can’t be further from the truth. As long as you clean your juicer immediately after you finish juicing, it is really simple.
Add juicing into your daily routine instead of replacing it. You can’t replace your meals with juices as they don’t contain enough protein, fats, and fibre. Juicing is a great way to promote your health, so why not give it a try?
Easy Juicing Tips
• Buy a juicer where you can juice whole apples to save unnecessary chopping
• Keep the juicer out on your kitchen worktop and not stuck away at the back of your cupboard
• Get an organic vegetable box delivered straight to your front door
• Aim to juice daily and make sure you buy enough fruits and vegetables to last the entire week
• Wash the juicer immediately after you use it
Archives of Internal Medicine study 2009
Gallup research study, 1995
UK Department of Health
British Food Journal study. | <urn:uuid:10e04843-5344-4a1f-8c9c-33adcb46045e> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | http://www.passionateaboutfitness.com/blog/the-benefits-of-juicing | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267156460.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20180920101233-20180920121633-00349.warc.gz | en | 0.960212 | 1,218 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Gastric carcinoma is one of the most common causes of cancer-related deaths, primarily because most patients present at an advanced stage of the disease. The main cause of this cancer is the bacterium Helicobacter pylori, which chronically infects around half of all humans. However, unlike tumour viruses, bacteria do not deposit transforming genes in their host cells and how they are able to cause cancer has so far remained a mystery. An interdisciplinary research team at the Max Planck Institute in Berlin in collaboration with researchers in Stanford, California, has now discovered that the bacterium sends stem cell renewal in the stomach into overdrive - and stem cell turnover has been suspected by many scientists to play a role in the development of cancer. By showing that the stomach contains two different stem cell types, which respond differently to the same driver signal, they have uncovered a new mechanism of tissue plasticity. It allows tuning tissue renewal in response to bacterial infection.
While it has long been recognized that certain viruses can cause cancer by inserting oncogenes into the host cell DNA, the fact that some bacteria can also cause cancer has been slower to emerge and much harder to prove. While it is now clear that most cases of stomach cancer are linked to chronic infections with H. pylori, the mechanism remains unknown.
Thomas F. Meyer and his colleagues at the Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology in Berlin have spent many years investigating this bacterium and the changes it induces in the cells of the stomach epithelium. In particular, they were puzzled how malignancy could be induced in an environment in which cells are rapidly replaced. They suspected that the answer might lie in the stem cells found at the bottom of the glands that line the inside of the stomach, which continually replace the remaining cells 'from the bottom up' - and which are the only long-lived cells in the stomach. Michael Sigal, a clinical scientist of the Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, who joined the Max Planck team, overturned the established dogma to show that H. pylori not only infects the surface cells, which are about to be sloughed off, but that some of the bacteria manage to invade deep into the glands and reach the stem cell compartment. They have now found that these stem cells do indeed respond to the infection by increasing their division - producing more cells and leading to the characteristic thickening of the mucosa observed in affected patients.
They used different transgenic mice to trace cells expressing particular genes, as well as all their daughter cells. The results, published in Nature indicate that the stomach glands contain two different stem cell populations. Both respond to a signalling molecule called Wnt, which maintains stem cell turnover in many adult tissues. Crucially, they discovered that myofibroblast cells in the connective tissue layer directly underneath the glands produce a second stem cell driver signal, R-spondin, to which the two stem cell populations responded differently. It is this signal, which turned out to control the response to H. pylori: Following infection, the signal is ramped up, silencing the more slowly cycling stem cell population and putting the faster cycling stem cell population into overdrive.
These findings substantiate the rising awareness that chronic bacterial infections are strong promoters of cancer. 'Our findings show that an infectious bacterium can increase stem cell turnover', says Sigal. 'Since H. pylori causes life-long infections, the constant increase in stem cell divisions may be enough to explain the increased risk of carcinogenesis observed,' and Meyer adds: 'Our new findings shed light on the intriguing ways through which chronic bacterial infections disturb tissue function and provide invaluable clues on how bacteria, in general, may increase the risk of cancer'.
Michael Sigal, Catriona Y. Logan, Marta Kapalczynska, Hans-Joachim Mollenkopf, Hilmar Berger, Bertram Wiedenmann, Roeland Nusse, Manuel R. Amieva & Thomas F. Meyer (2017)
Stromal R-spondin orchestrates gastric epithelial stem cells and gland homeostasis
Nature, 17 August 2017 | <urn:uuid:c55fee74-a95c-4c84-a935-932d36b11c60> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/533202 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057558.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20210924140738-20210924170738-00438.warc.gz | en | 0.931693 | 858 | 3.59375 | 4 |
2_Chronicles Chapter 27 - New International Version
1. Jotham was twenty-five years old when he became king, and he reigned in Jerusalem sixteen years. His mother's name was Jerusha daughter of Zadok.
2. He did what was right in the eyes of the LORD, just as his father Uzziah had done, but unlike him he did not enter the temple of the LORD. The people, however, continued their corrupt practices.
3. Jotham rebuilt the Upper Gate of the temple of the LORD and did extensive work on the wall at the hill of Ophel.
4. He built towns in the Judean hills and forts and towers in the wooded areas.
5. Jotham made war on the king of the Ammonites and conquered them. That year the Ammonites paid him a hundred talents of silver, ten thousand cors of wheat and ten thousand cors of barley. The Ammonites brought him the same amount also in the second and third years.
6. Jotham grew powerful because he walked steadfastly before the LORD his God.
7. The other events in Jotham's reign, including all his wars and the other things he did, are written in the book of the kings of Israel and Judah.
8. He was twenty-five years old when he became king, and he reigned in Jerusalem sixteen years.
9. Jotham rested with his fathers and was buried in the City of David. And Ahaz his son succeeded him as king.[read chapter] | <urn:uuid:001fe0b9-af8d-487c-af25-ed9202df444a> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://bigchurch.com/p/bible/read.cgi?who=r,weWVodLtX4srYE7JGfPDQcd4ZoVpOsCPlD809Js5bm61DFZj2H2GLe5U26G/GHKzPbkGkK3e200ctFgv_dkKX9R4jQcdaqEBjWUBnwAaSnT/0JqmF3arm4qiEokGTLNo&cv=27&version=niv&book=2_Chronicles | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917121893.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031201-00470-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.98756 | 329 | 2.625 | 3 |
PLAN TO BE SAFE by creating a disaster plan and deciding how you will communicate in an emergency.
Will everyone in your household do the right thing during the violent shaking of a major earthquake? Before the next earthquake, get together with your family or housemates to plan now what each person will do before, during and after.
Once the earthquake is over, we will have to live with the risk of fire, the potential lack of utilities and basic services, and the certainty of aftershocks. By planning now, you will be ready. This plan will also be useful for other emergencies.
Planning for an earthquake, terrorist attack, or other emergency is not much different from planning for a party or vacation. Make sure that your emergency plan includes evacuation and reunion plans; your out-of-state contact person’s name and number; the location of your emergency supplies and other pertinent information. By planning now, you will be ready for the next emergency.
Plan NOW to be safe during an earthquake:
- Practice “Drop, Dover, and Hold On.” (Step 5)
- Identify safe spots in every room, such as under sturdy desks and tables.
- Learn how to protect yourself no matter where you are when an earthquake strikes.
Plan NOW to respond after an earthquake:
- Keep shoes and a working flashlight next to each bed.
- Get a fire extinguisher for your home. Your local fire department can train you and your family to use it properly.
- Teach everyone in your household to use emergency whistles and/or to knock three times repeatedly if trapped. Rescuers searching collapsed buildings will be listening for sounds.
- Identify the needs of household members and neighbors with special requirements or situations, such as use of a wheelchair, walking aids, special diets, or medication.
- Take a Red Cross first aid and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) training course. Learn who else in your neighborhood is trained in first aid and CPR.
- Know the location of utility shutoffs and keep needed tools nearby. Make sure you know how to turn off the gas, water, and electricity to your home. Only turn off the gas if you smell or hear leaking gas.
- Install smoke alarms and test them monthly. Change the battery once a year, or when the alarm emits a “chirping” sound (low-battery signal).
- Work with your neighbors to identify who has skills and resources that will be useful in an emergency, and who may need special attention (children, elderly, disabled, etc).
- Check with your city or county to see if there is a Community Emergency Response Team (CERT) in your area. If not, ask how to start one.
Plan NOW to communicate and recover after an earthquake:
- Select a safe place outside of your home to meet your family or housemates after the shaking stops.
- Designate an out-of-area contact person who can be called by everyone in the household to relay information.
- Provide all family members with a list of important contact phone numbers.
- Determine where you might live if your home cannot be occupied after an earthquake or other disaster.
- Know about the earthquake plan developed by your children’s school or day care. Keep your children’s school emergency release card current.
- Keep copies of essential documents, such as identification, insurance policies, and financial records, in a secure, waterproof container, and keep with your disaster supplies kits. Include a household inventory (a list and photos or video of your belongings).
Have occasional earthquake “drills” to practice your plan. Share your plan with people who take care of your children, pets, or home.
Additional emergency planning resources including checklists and templates are available at www.ready.gov.
Now that you have a safe plan, learn how to Organize your Disaster Supplies with Step 3.
Acknowledgement: The Seven Steps to Earthquake Safety are provided courtesy of the Earthquake Country Alliance, a public-private-grass roots partnership managed by the Southern California Earthquake Center. Seven Steps icons provided courtesy of the California Earthquake Authority. | <urn:uuid:1e47a583-a834-482a-9647-543cb21de998> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://cusec.org/earthquake-safety-preparedness/before-an-earthquake/2-plan-to-be-safe/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187823284.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20171019122155-20171019142155-00648.warc.gz | en | 0.92978 | 862 | 3.59375 | 4 |
Author: Michael Wilson
Abstract By expanding Maxwell’s equations in terms of the electric and magnetic fields one can obtain the explicit transformation laws for the two fields. One can plug them into Maxwell’s equations as they are invariant.
Keywords: Invariance, covariant, transformation
Maxwell’s equations can be given the following form:
∂F+cyclic (,,)=0 (2)
With F=∂A-∂A. Let us look at the first set: The right-hand side is a vector (this can be proven by looking at the equation for the conservation of charge), therefore the left-hand side must be a vector as well. Being ∂ the covariant components of a dual form, F must be the component of a (0,2) rank tensor. As such under Lorentz transformations, they will transform as:
F ´(x ´)=Ʌ (x) Ʌ (x) F (x)
(where no one can equivalently take Ʌ-1according to how such a map is defined).
Expanding the above equations in terms of the electric and magnetic fields (as derived from the vector potential Asuch that F =∂A−∂A) one can obtain the explicit transformation laws for the two fields. You can directly plug them into Maxwell’s equations by brute force they are left invariant. Another way is to notice that the action is left invariant under the effect of some particular transformations; hence, the equations of motion must be as well.
A statement from Michael:
“I love physics. I have always wanted to be a physicist. My favourite areas of physics are gravity and of course electromagnetism. Maxwell’s equations, together with the Lorentz force law, form the foundation of classical electromagnetism, classical optics, and electric circuits. I chose to write about their invariance because Einstein might not have developed the theory of Special Relativity if the Maxwell Equations were not invariant, as they led him to believe that the notion of absolute space and absolute time (everybody everywhere will agree on the same measurement) was wrong. He had to decide who was right, Newton or Maxwell.
Newton got it right, between the eyes that is. It turned out that time was not absolute. For us believing physicists, the barrier between the past, present, and future, is but a stubborn illusion. All of this thanks to James Clerk Maxwell.” | <urn:uuid:498effac-29db-41de-889a-8eea866649f6> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://www.stemag.org/post/proving-maxwell-s-equations-to-be-invariant-under-a-lorentz-transformation | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487649688.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20210619172612-20210619202612-00441.warc.gz | en | 0.933247 | 526 | 3.34375 | 3 |
Pressure Indicating Films Information
Pressure indicating films use microencapsulated inks or transfer coatings to visually indicate, measure, and/or map the contact stress or pressure changes across a surface. They consist of one or two sheets and have separate color-forming and color-developing layers.
Types of Pressure Indicating Films
Pressure indicating films are sold by the roll or the sheet and differ in terms of size, materials, and performance. In terms of product type, suppliers may designate pressure indicating films as high pressure, super high pressure, medium pressure, low pressure, super low pressure, ultra-low pressure, or extreme low pressure.
Products for low-pressure applications consist of two sheets (two-ply), both with a base of a plastic such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET). One film is coated with a color-forming material and the other is coated with a color-developing material. The coated sides face each other so that when pressure is applied, the microcapsules on the color-forming film transfer the color to the color-developing material. Medium and high pressure films are usually single-sheets.
Pressure indicating films carry product specifications for various properties. The most important of these are pressure range, temperature range, reusability, and permanence.
- Pressure range is the range of pressures that the indicating film can accurately respond to, typically measured in megapascals (MPa) or pounds per square inch (psi).
- Temperature range is the range of temperatures at which the film will function properly.
- Reusability is whether the indicating film must be discarded after being used, or can be used multiple times.
- Permanence is whether the indication's on a film are permanent or temporary.
Thickness, precision, and recommended humidity range also need to be considered to fit the environment the film is being used in and application it is used for.
Applications for pressure indicating films range from industrial to experimental applications including brake pads, bolted joints, fuel cells, heat sealing, liquid crystal displays (LCDs), tire tread measurements, ultrasonic welding, and wafer polishing. | <urn:uuid:b62592c6-4df5-4dcb-8614-c37615001fa4> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.globalspec.com/learnmore/materials_chemicals_adhesives/electrical_optical_specialty_materials/pressure_indicating_films | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397749.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00062-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.892327 | 445 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Diacritics · Logic symbols · Whitespace characters. In other scripts · Chinese · Hebrew · Japanese · Korean · Category · Portal. Wikipedia book Book · v · t · e. A lozenge (◊), often referred to as a diamond, is a form of rhombus. The definition of lozenge is. The diamond symbol has long been valued for its immaculate beauty. Its physical appearance is associated with valuable attributes that are relevant to living a. Suchst du nach diamond symbol Vektoren oder andere Grafikdateien? Wir haben kostenlose Ressourcen für dich. Auf Freepik kannst du dir Fotos, PSD.
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|Armor games give up||Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc. A field covered in a pattern of lozenges is described as lozengy ; a similar field of mascles is masculy. I balance, I weave, I dodge, I frolic, and my bills are all paid. Vier Poker Karten von Jack im klassischen Design 51 10 Vor 3 Wochen. I translate ethnic slurs for refugees, I write award-winning operas, I manage time efficiently. Packung mit Diamond symbol Hand baden baden casino kleiderordnung Tätowierungen 3, 62 Vor 12 Monaten. I have performed several covert operations for the BBC. Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact page. I have been caller number nine and have won the weekend passes.| | <urn:uuid:8769dfe5-c828-476d-83de-2e9dae08caf1> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | http://freeslotmachinecasino.review/stargames/diamond-symbol.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891812978.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20180220145713-20180220165713-00037.warc.gz | en | 0.677087 | 760 | 2.953125 | 3 |
More about Zambia
Zambia is peaceful, friendly and covers a fascinating and varied part of sub-tropical Africa. Zambia is steeped in culture with 73 different native tribes each with their own languages & traditions.
Zambia is English speaking and widely considered to be one of the 'safest' countries in Africa to visit. Her people are happy and welcoming and are Zambia's best asset.
Zambia has 19 National Parks, three of which are recognised as probably the most important National Parks in Africa; the Lower Zambezi, South Luangwa & Kafue National Park. The standard of Guiding in Zambia is second to none anywhere in Africa and some of Africa's "voted best" safari lodges can be found in Zambia.
Its six month dry/wet cycle, rich & varied habitat, and unspoilt forests and vast grass plains are drained by three of Africa's largest rivers - the Zambezi, the Kafue, and the Luangwa. Each river provides the ideal ingredients that contribute to Zambia being one of the greatest and most abundant wildlife refuges in Africa.
Each river is different in character and as such provide unique environments for wildlife. Natives named the rivers by their colour - the Zambezi is known as the 'blue river', the Kafue is known 'green river' and the Luangwa as the 'brown river'.
The country also encompasses several large lakes including Tanganyika, Mweru, Itezhi-tezhi and the well known Lake Kariba. The Victoria Falls in Livingstone is of course one of the Seven wonders of the world and the town of Livingstone has become Africa's "Adventure Capital" popular with ALL types of tourists and a 'must see' destination for any African traveller. | <urn:uuid:c55f8fdc-3628-4588-94a0-225476cd63d6> | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | http://www.mabulaprosafaris.co.za/hunt%20zambia%20main.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440644064919.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827025424-00313-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.948461 | 375 | 2.546875 | 3 |
The following is the foreword that I have written for the outstanding new piece of Lincoln scholarship, , by Charles T. Pace.
Despite the fact that there are well over 10,000 books in print about Abraham Lincoln it is almost impossible for the average American – or anyone else – to know the truth about the real Lincoln. Having given hundreds of public presentations, appeared on dozens of radio talk shows (including the Rush Limbaugh Radio Show), and participated in numerous debates on the subject of Lincoln, I have learned that the average American knows nothing at all about the man except for the few slogans and platitudes that we are all taught in elementary school (and then repeated endlessly in the popular culture).
As an elementary school student in the Pennsylvania public schools I was taught that Lincoln was so honest that he once walked six miles to return a penny to a merchant who had mistakenly undercharged him. Decades later, when I debated Harry Jaffa who, like the man he called “Father Abraham,” was a student of rhetoric (but not of American history), Jaffa assured the Oakland, California audience of several hundred that Lincoln’s political speeches were in fact “the words of God.” (This presumably did not include his dirty jokes, for which was famous).
Abraham Lincoln is the only American president that has literally been deified like a Roman emperor (Like Julius Caesar, his image is the first to be placed on his country’s coinage). Lincoln’s deification eventually spread to the presidency, and then to the entire federal government. The Lincoln myth is thus the ideological cornerstone of the global American empire, and has been for generations. As Robert Penn Warren wrote in , the deification of Lincoln (and of the government in general) has been used to argue that the “Civil War” left the U.S. government with “a treasury of virtue,” a “plenary indulgence, for all sins past, present, and future.” Consequently, American foreign policy intervention anywhere in the world is said to be always virtuous, by definition, because it is, well, American.
For more than 150 years this “treasury” of virtue has been invoked to “justify” the slaughter of the Plains Indians from 1865-1898; the mass murder of some 200,000 Filipinos at the turn of the century; the imperialistic Spanish-American War; entry into Europe’s war in 1918; and myriad other interventions, from Korea to Vietnam to Somalia, Lebanon, Bosnia, Grenada, Panama, Nicaragua, Yugoslavia, Haiti, Iraq, Syria, Afghanistan, and on and on. It is all a part of “our diplomacy of righteousness, with the slogan of unconditional surrender and universal spiritual rehabilitation ” (emphasis added), wrote Robert Penn Warren. Professor Mel Bradford called the Lincolnian rhetoric that is the ideological basis for all this interventionism “the rhetoric of continuing revolution.”
This revolutionary rhetoric is alive and well today. When Newt Gingrich authored a article in which he advocated the military invasion of Iran, Syria, and North Korea during the George W. Bush administration, he naturally titled the article “Lincoln and Bush,” implying that such belligerence would be “Lincolnesque” and therefore should not be questioned. When the Marxist historian Eric Foner of Columbia University opposed the breakup of the Soviet Union in an October 1991 article in magazine he titled the article “Lincoln’s Lesson.” Unlike Gorbachev, he said, Lincoln would never have let the Soviet satellite states secede in peace.
The Communist Party USA used to hold “Lincoln-Lenin Day” rallies and had a giant portrait of Lincoln in its New York City offices. Even the former dictator of Pakistan, Pervez Musharref, invoked Lincoln’s unconstitutional suspension of the writ of to “justify” martial law in country. The deification of Lincoln has become a useful rhetorical tool for tyrants, militarists, and enemies of freedom everywhere.
Americans have been progressively dumbed down about Lincoln thanks to the avalanche of myths, superstitions, and propaganda produced by generations of “Lincoln scholars.” It wasn’t always that way, however. During his lifetime Lincoln was actually the most hated and detested of all American presidents, as documented by historian Larry Tagg in . For example, on page 435 of his book Larry Tagg cites an 1864 article that compiled a list of terms that the press used to describe Lincoln including “Filthy Story-Teller, Ignoramus Abe, Despot, Old Scoundrel . . . Perjurer, Liar, Robber, Thief, Swindler, Braggart, Tyrant, Buffoon, Fiend, Usurper, Butcher, Monster . . .”
This all changed after the assassination as the Republican Party reveled in what Larry Tagg calls a “propaganda windfall.” They would rewrite history with the help of the New England clergy in order to impose on Americans their version of what is essentially a New England theocracy composed of a government of nannies, pests, busybodies, tyrants, and money-grubbing plutocrats (known as “Yankees” by some).
New England pastors who had excoriated Lincoln for four years all of a sudden “rewrote their Easter sermons to include a new, exalted view of Lincoln as an American Moses, a leader out of slavery, a national savior who was not allowed to cross over into the Promised Land” himself. Senator James Grimes of Iowa that the Republican Party’s deification of Lincoln “has made it impossible to speak the truth about Abraham Lincoln hereafter.”
Senator Grimes was right. In his 1943 book, historian Ira D. Cardiff wrote that by then Americans were not even “interested . . . in the real Lincoln. They desire a supernatural Lincoln, a Lincoln with none of the faults or frailties of the common man . . . a savior, leading us to democracy and liberty – though most said readers are not interested in democracy or liberty.” Moreover, said Cardiff, “a biography of Lincoln which told the truth about him would probably have great difficulty in finding a publisher.”
Well, no longer. by Charles T. Pace is a refreshingly truthful antidote to the standard Lincoln mythology. It is refreshing because it is so fact-based and well documented and devoted to historical truth. is not your typical boring, voluminous biography filled with thousands of disconnected (and often irrelevant) facts dug up by a dozen graduate research assistants and published by a card-carrying member of the Ivy League Lincoln cult. It is the first book since Edgar Lee Masters’ 1931 classic, to attempt to reveal the truth about
Based on voluminous research of Lincoln’s actions, first and foremost, and not just his rhetoric, Pace describes how Lincoln was an expert manipulator of people; extremely lazy when it came to physical labor (contrary to the “rail splitter” legend!); was not at all well read; and what he did read was almost exclusively books about speech-making and rhetoric, with titles such as . The book confirms in spades what economist Murray N. Rothbard once said about Lincoln in an (online) essay entitled “Just War”: Lincoln was a “master politician,” said Rothbard, defined as one who is a masterful “liar, conniver, and manipulator.” He makes any “master politician” or our time look amateurish by comparison.
Lincoln never joined a church, and both his law partner William Herndon and his wife Mary Todd said he was not a Christian. His White House assistant, Colonel Ward Lamon, called him “an infidel.” His close associate Judge David Davis, whom he appointed to the Supreme Court, wrote that Lincoln “had no faith, in the Christian sense of the term.” But his mother read him stories as a child, and later in life he studied the for purposes – to use religious rhetoric to sway the masses to favor his political positions. These positions were almost exclusively the Whig economic program of protectionism, corporate welfare, and a government-run national bank to dispense subsidies to politically-connected corporations, especially his former employers, the railroad corporations. He boasted of always being a “Henry Clay Man,” Clay being the leader of the party of the corrupt, corporate welfare-seeking plutocracy – the Northern Whigs and then the Republicans.
Pace shows what a political animal Lincoln really was, a “zealous party man” who honed his skills, such as they were, of personally attacking his political opponents with often over-the-top ad hominem assaults, similar to how the Marxists of his day, and our day, argue(d).
None of Lincoln’s family members voted for him, nor did 20 of the 23 ministers in his hometown of Springfield, Illinois. He did not even carry his own county in the 1860 election. These are the people who knew him best.
Lincoln was a master story teller, many of which were notoriously vulgar and crude. He never passed up an opportunity to make a speech, writes Pace, as he spent years honing the skills of the master politician. He could sound like an abolitionist in front of a Massachusetts audience, and the exact opposite in Southern Illinois. His speeches were always vague and his positions hard to pin down, the hallmark of a successful politician. He viewed politics as “life itself” and was intensely partisan, routinely denouncing his political opponent as “villains.” He was a “born politician,” writes Pace. He was, in other words, the very kind of man that George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Patrick Henry, and James Madison warned their fellow citizens about with their admonitions about how government needed to be “bound by the chains of the Constitution” (Jefferson). “[I]t is of great importance,” Madison wrote in 51, “to guard society against the oppression of its rulers.”
Lincoln invited no family members to his wedding; chose not to attend his own father’s funeral; and is said to have never had a real friend. He had a “preacher’s voice” with a practiced “metaphysical tone” and was not afraid to tell outrageous lies for political purposes. For example, he insisted that the South wanted to begin enslaving poor whites and immigrants and bring slavery back to New England, where it had ended for purely economic reasons. He denied that he wanted war, or to destroy the union, or to destroy the South, and then proceeded to do every one of those things.
ends with a masterful exposition of how Lincoln used all the skills of the master politician, accumulated over three decades, to incite South Carolinians into firing on Fort Sumter in order to use the incident (where no one was harmed or killed) to “justify” waging war on the South. His war cost the lives of as many as 750,000 Americans according to the latest research in order to “save the union,” his professed war goal, and that of the U.S. Congress as well. Of course, in reality his war the union of states created by the founders and replaced it with a more Soviet-style, compulsory “union” held together by violence, death, mass killing, and coercion.
You, dear reader, may believe that there is something fishy about The Official History of Abraham Lincoln. Or perhaps you are incensed that you have been lied to all your life by the politically-controlled/politically-correct education establishment. If so, is a must-read as a first step in your rehabilitation as an educated American citizen – or as the citizen of any other country. It will be especially helpful in allowing your children and grandchildren to have an opportunity to learn the truth about this important aspect of American history.
Thomas J. DiLorenzo [send him mail] is professor of economics at Loyola University Maryland and the author of The Real Lincoln; How Capitalism Saved America; Lincoln Unmasked; Hamilton’s Curse; Organized Crime: The Unvarnished Truth About Government; and most recently, The Problem With Socialism. | <urn:uuid:f0753861-c8ac-4ac1-9765-ed9e11c1100c> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://crushlimbraw.blogspot.com/2018/09/lincoln-as-he-really-was-by-thomas.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103035636.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20220625125944-20220625155944-00081.warc.gz | en | 0.971577 | 2,599 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Drug allergies range from mild to severe. Allergic reactions to medications can even prove to be fatal, depending on the drug and the types of reactions it causes. Knowing what prescription drugs cause which reactions can save lives, especially when taking multiple prescriptions at once. The more medications you take, the more likely you are to have an interaction between them or a straight up allergic reaction to one of the medications you are using.
Understanding the causes, triggers, symptoms, and treatment for a drug allergy can save a life or at least improve the quality of life and help you avoid other health risks. Your immune response has a large part in causing a medication allergy, and that’s the first part of understanding how to deal with drug allergies.
Causes of a drug allergy
Your immune system is meant to attack unwanted invaders and objects that don’t belong in your body. Think about bacteria, viruses, and parasites. Your immune system may also respond to allergens like pollen, which then causes sneezing, excess mucus, and other unpleasant responses that are irritating.
With a drug allergy, causes are related to your immune system mistaking the medication you have taken for one of these other unwelcome guests, leading to the production of antibodies to fight and destroy the drug. When your immune system reacts to the drug, it subjects the body to excess inflammation, which can lead to symptoms like trouble breathing, skin rashes, and fever.
Some of the more common drugs that cause allergic reactions in some people are:
- Penicillin or other antibiotics, such as sulfur based medications
- Ibuprofen and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medications
- Anticonvulsants – including carbamazepine and lamotrigine
- Immunotherapy drugs that utilize monoclonal antibodies (ibritumomab, trastuzumab, and tiuxetan, for example)
- Several types of chemotherapy drugs used to fight cancer
- Contrast dyes used in some x-rays and CT scans
- Morphine and other opioids
What are the symptoms of a drug allergy?
Unfortunately, the symptoms of a drug allergy usually go far beyond the typical response to environmental allergens, such as what is found in nature or the dust in your home.
Some of the more common and less hazardous drug allergy symptoms are:
- Skin rashes or hives/urticaria (a raised rash)
- Skin or eyes itching or burning
- Congestion of the lungs, nose, or sinuses
- Swelling in the mouth or the throat, which can sometimes become so severe that you are having trouble breathing
More severe reactions can be life threatening, such as:
- Anaphylaxis – a full body reaction that includes swelling, trouble breathing, irregular heartbeat, unconsciousness, and, eventually, death
- Fainting and/or seizure
- Dizziness, likely related to a swift and dangerous drop in blood pressure
- Blue tint to the skin due to reduced oxygen in the blood
- Nausea or stomach cramps that are debilitating
- Vomiting and/or diarrhea
- Weakening or speeding pulse, which could lead to heart-stopping or arrhythmia
These symptoms might occur immediately after taking the medication in question, within just a few minutes, or it may be up to twelve hours before they hit. No matter the timing, it’s important to understand whether or not the symptoms are related to the drug you have taken.
Some of the unusual symptoms of a drug allergy, which may occur days or weeks after starting the medication, also exist, like:
- Serum Sickness – a condition identified by a combination of fever, rash, swelling, nausea, and joint pain
- Drug-Induced Anemia – with symptoms such as your heartbeat being irregular, shortness of breath, and extreme fatigue, Drug-Induced Anemia can be identified by testing and finding a reduced red blood cell count caused by the medication
- DRESS – this acronym refers to a combination of swollen lymph nodes, rash, swelling over the body, high count of white blood cells, and a recurrence of a hepatitis infection that had been dormant
- Nephritis (inflammation of the kidney) – general swelling, fever, general confusion, and blood in the urine should point to the need to test for this allergic reaction to medication
- Angioedema, where a drug allergy causes a sudden buildup of fluid, often in the face, lips, tongue, or throat. This can cause you to have severe trouble breathing
If any of these symptoms of a drug allergy occur, it’s important to seek the help of a doctor and, when severe, seek immediate medical attention at a hospital or urgent care clinic. If breathing is troubled, calling 911 might be necessary.
Treatment of drug allergy
Before having to treat a drug allergy, any knowledge of prior reactions should be addressed. Make sure your physician is aware of any allergic reactions you’ve had to medications in the past, and be sure you ask about related drugs that could cause similar issues, so they can avoid prescribing you drugs that are likely to cause allergic reactions.
With a severe allergy you already know about, it’s important to wear an identifying bracelet or necklace in case of an emergency. Also, understand the alternative treatments that won’t cause a reaction.
Severe reactions should be treated immediately. In many cases, an injection of epinephrine (adrenaline) will help the body’s systems snap back into functioning modes, especially if there is trouble breathing or erratic heartbeat. Steroids may also be used to help fight the inflammation.
As a less extreme measure for lesser reactions, administration of higher doses than found over the counter may be necessary to stop the symptoms, especially if itching and burning of the skin, eyes, nose, or mouth is significant. However, the best way to treat a drug allergy is to avoid the drug that triggers the reaction.
Staying away from drugs that cause allergic reactions can essentially save your life. However, a new medication may or may not contain something that will cause a reaction you aren’t aware of. In this case, identifying the symptoms and timing to determine if the symptom was actually triggered by the medication are vital to knowing if you’re allergic.
Immediate treatment with an over the counter antihistamine might quickly dissipate the allergic response, but sometimes, a drug allergy can cause much greater issues that require hospitalization or emergency treatment of some sort. Because a drug allergy can lead to unconsciousness, reduced breathing ability, and shock (anaphylaxis that stops function of the heart and other organs), staying away from drugs that could potentially be allergen triggers is the best course of action.
However, if you have severe allergies, you might want to ask a doctor to prescribe an epinephrine pen to carry with you in case of emergency. It could also be crucial to have an antihistamine with you for mild reactions that could ruin your evening or another outing. Who wants to have watery eyes at the movie or itching and a rash while shopping? | <urn:uuid:100f67c5-56c1-462e-b5e3-d0ab4d4b2de8> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://www.steadyhealth.com/articles/drug-allergy-causes-triggers-symptoms-treatment | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107882581.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20201024110118-20201024140118-00579.warc.gz | en | 0.933198 | 1,475 | 3.28125 | 3 |
Lesbian, gay, and bisexual high school students experience high rates of violence
Today the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention released a report Sexual Identity, Sex of Sexual Contacts, and Health-Related Behaviors Among Students in Grades 9-12 – United States and Selected Sites, 2015 that gave data showing that lesbian, gay and bisexual students experience physical and sexual violence and bullying at levels multiple times higher than that of their heterosexual peers.
Lesbian, gay and bisexual students reported the following:
- Being forced to have sex (18% LGB vs. 5% heterosexual)
- Sexual dating violence (23% LGB vs. 9% heterosexual)
- Physical dating violence (18% LGB vs. 8% heterosexual)
- Being bullied at school or online (at school: 34% LGB vs. 19% heterosexual; online: 28% LGB vs. 14% heterosexual)
This is first nationally representative data on the health risks of lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) high school students drawing data from the national 2015 National Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS).
PreventConnect has had several web conferences and podcast on how to develop prevention efforts that address LBGTQ populations and homophobia, including:
- Partners in Prevention: Connecting Sexual Violence Prevention and LGBTQ-Inclusive Campus Culture (web conference)
- Harmful Gender Norms: How can alliances be built with queer (LGBTQ) movements to help prevent sexual and domestic violence more effectively? (web conference)
- Harmful Gender Norms: Moving beyond binary and heteronormative approaches to preventing sexual and domestic violence (web conference)
- Queering the Curriculum LGBTQ Inclusivity in Sexual Assault Prevention (podcast)
- Preventing Sexual and Domestic Violence in LGBTQ Communities: Interview with the Richmond Area Partnership (Podcast)
- Findings on victimization by sexual orientation (Web Conference) | <urn:uuid:dad7deb9-8964-43ae-9e67-3e73de3a2864> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | http://www.preventconnect.org/2016/08/lesbian-gay-and-bisexual-high-school-students-experience-high-rates-of-violence/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585302.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20211020024111-20211020054111-00296.warc.gz | en | 0.903055 | 391 | 3.484375 | 3 |
Woodpeckers are cute birds. Woodpeckers might be bothersome at times, but if they are pecking holes in your trees, it typically indicates a far worse problem.
If you think someone clicking a pen over and over is uncomfortable, imagine that sound amplified and continuous.
That’s what a woodpecker at work may sound like, and if you’re one of the few who hasn’t heard or seen one, you are so lucky! Woodpeckers create their signature (and noisy!) tapping sound 8,000 to 12,000 times each day.
So why do woodpeckers peck trees? Everything you need to know lies in our article with only a few minutes of reading.
Why Do Woodpeckers Peck Trees?
Woodpeckers peck into trees for food or to make a nesting place. They also “drum,” or peck in quick rhythmic succession, to mark their territory and attract mates.
Drumming is most common in the spring on resonant metal or wood surfaces. It might happen several times in a single day and continue for days or months.
The majority of woodpeckers spend the entire year in the same place. They are tenacious and will not be easily driven away from their established territory.
How Do Woodpeckers Peck Continuously Without Injuring Themselves?
Woodpeckers have interesting physiology that is quite different from other birds. Let’s have a look at some unique features that make up the body of a woodpecker.
- The reason why woodpeckers can grip themselves firmly onto the side of a tree is that they have two forward toes and two backward toes. In addition, they have strong tail feathers to help them balance when pecking.
- Furthermore, woodpeckers have a muscle called a “shock absorber” at the rear of their jaw. It means that they can keep tapping on the wood without receiving a concussion. In fact, an average woodpecker can easily peck 10,000 times a day without getting hurt.
- Their skull is a crisscross of bones with plenty of space in between. This part of the bird acts like a sponge, expanding and contracting with each tapping motion.
- Their long tongue is composed of nine tiny bones that form a Y shape. This enables them to stretch their tongues far into a tree’s crack to collect insects hidden inside the tree trunk.
- Finally, woodpeckers have bristles that cover their noses. These prevent the birds from inhaling any wood chips while pecking away.
How Do Woodpeckers Know Exactly What Trees To Go To?
Pine trees, spruce trees, birch trees, fruit trees, and sweet gums are the most commonly damaged by woodpeckers.
A woodpecker prefers trees with softer wood, but if any tree with wood borers or bark lice insects, they will drill into it in search of a good meal.
Any tree that is dead or dying has softer wood and is thus favored for nesting by woodpeckers.
Scientists are still unclear how a woodpecker determines which trees are infected with the insects they love to feed on. However, some believe that woodpeckers can detect the insect’s movement within a tree.
Because woodpeckers are interested in a larval form of insects, they will seek any holes or cracks that the bugs used to reach inside the tree in the first place. Finally, they’ll use their tapping abilities to locate the hollow areas of a tree, where the larvae are most likely to be found.
How To Prevent Damages To Trees Caused By Woodpeckers?
For the most part, woodpecker damage to trees is not very destructive, but it can produce wounds by which diseases and insects can enter and harm the tree.
In severe cases of woodpecker holes in trees, the tree trunk or branch may become girdled, resulting in the death of the area above the girdled bark.
If you have timber structures in your yard or wood siding on your house, you might want to keep woodpeckers away from them. You may try to apply these ways to keep the woodpeckers away from them.
- Inspect your buildings for insects and remove any using a chemical or a natural approach. Also, seal any holes or openings that insects could use to establish their nests.
- Repair any woodpecker holes you find. Be alert so that you can stop woodpeckers from pecking before they can cause any harm. An appropriate patching material can be used to repair gaps in the wood. You may also use aluminum flashing or quarter-inch wire mesh to cover the area.
- If you want to safeguard your healthy trees, consider lightly wrapping some hardware cloth or burlap around the tree where probable holes are.
- Leave one or two unhealthy trees alone so that the woodpeckers can concentrate only on those trees.
- Use various decoys to scare away woodpeckers, such as plastic owls or snakes. The ones with flashing eyes that are powered by the sun appear to be the most effective.
Tips For Repairing Damage Caused By Woodpeckers
Examine the damage carefully before attempting to fix woodpecker holes in trees. First, determine whether or whether the tree has been damaged and, if so, how severe the damage is.
Remember that simply seeing a woodpecker pecking on a tree does not imply that there will be any harm.
After determining the type of woodpecker tree damage you have, you may design a repair strategy. If the damage is minor (a few holes an inch (2.5 cm.) or smaller), the best thing you can do for your tree is let it alone.
Filling up these holes can trap disease against the wound in the tree. It might lead to a terrible, unwanted outcome. To reduce the risk of infection from entering the woodpecker holes, apply a fungicide and allow the wounds to heal naturally.
Check the damaged part regularly until it has fully healed, and treat instantly if you see insect activity or rot. For bigger woodpecker holes in trees or several holes in a tree, apply fungicide and cover the damage with hardware cloth (galvanized mesh).
You might consider using small bolts to secure the hardware cloth to the tree. Only use the mesh to cover the damaged area, not surround the tree.
Going all the way around the tree might be harmful to its growth. While the tree recovers, the mesh will keep animals out and protect the tree from any further harm.
You have made it to the final words of our article on “why do woodpeckers peck wood?”
Woodpeckers seem to have a poor reputation since they are thought to be highly destructive. They are, however, a natural part of the ecosystem and are helpful to have around to help reduce wood-boring insects.
Plus, if you have the chance, they’re pretty gorgeous and exciting for a bird-watching tour. Remember, there are three main reasons why woodpeckers peck at wood: to look for food, construct their nest, and exclaim their territory.
In addition, you may try our suggested methods to prevent any possible damages that woodpeckers might cause to the trees.
Remember to visit our website daily to enjoy our latest, most interesting articles on animals. | <urn:uuid:d3bf518d-0395-4d0f-80f8-33fd38317c93> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://www.growgardener.com/why-do-woodpeckers-peck-trees/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662564830.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20220524045003-20220524075003-00316.warc.gz | en | 0.947952 | 1,567 | 3.640625 | 4 |
Have You Heard About Fibromyalgia Disorder?
Over the past years noteworthy advancements have been made in the medical field. Thanks to modern technology and in-depth research, doctors are now able to successfully diagnose and treat many diseases, some of them once considered as having no cure.
Unfortunately, no matter how advanced the diagnostic techniques or equipment are, there are some diseases which can be easily mistaken for others. Such is the case of Fibromyalgia, a pain disorder, with unknown cause.
Fibromyalgia affects around 4% of the global population and it usually takes from several months to around 5 years for a patient to get an accurate diagnosis. The disorder is usually mistaken for depression, chronic fatigue syndrome, inflammatory arthritis, lupus, irritable bowel syndrome, multiple sclerosis or hypothyroidism. Believe it or not many patients are sent to a psychiatrist and are told that everything is only in their heads.
There are no laboratory tests to detect Fibromyalgia and other illnesses must be ruled out to get an accurate diagnosis. The disorder affects 20 women for every one man, and in the US alone there are more than 10 million people affected by this incurable disorder.
Wondering if you have Fibromyalgia? Here are some of the most common Fybromyalgia symptoms:
- Chronic general pain
- Sleep disturbance
- Brain fog
- Bowel disturbances
- Cognitive overload
- Inability to multi-task
- Tender points
Indeed, if we are to take a look at these symptoms, we can see how easy it is to think of numerous other diseases and disorders. Fybromyalgia symptoms vary from individual to individual. What really helps doctors determine an accurate diagnosis is the chronic generalized pain, a characteristic of more than 97% of the patients with Fybromyalgia disorder.
The causes for Fibromyalgia vary from stress, trauma, illness, hormonal disturbances, chemical imbalances, low level of serotonin to hereditary causes. No matter what the cause is, if you experience any or several of these symptoms, go and see a doctor. It might take some time to find a Fibromyalgia doctor, that is why you have to talk to your primary care doctor first. Although Fybromyalgia cannot be cured, symptoms can be eased through several treatments. | <urn:uuid:008e46c5-828c-440f-960a-bdfecf3cf263> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://www.placidblog.com/2014/02/20/have-you-heard-about-fibromyalgia-disorder/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934808133.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20171124123222-20171124143222-00511.warc.gz | en | 0.936431 | 472 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Review by Choice Review
Millar describes his impressive, very useful encyclopedia as the "first encyclopedia in the English language to comprehend the entirety of Russian history, from ancient Rus to the most recent events in post-Soviet Russia." Indeed, it ranges in time from Oleg, unifier of the East Slavs, to the ongoing hostilities in Chechnya. It is intended not for specialists but general readers, students, or scholars seeking brief but authoritative information. Some 500 experts contributed 1,500 signed entries, each containing cross-references and bibliographies of English-language print and Internet sources. One of the work's strengths is the assignment of topics to specialists. Volume 1 lists all articles and contributors and has a topical outline of entries, and volume 4 contains a detailed index. Coverage (explained in the preface) includes historical events; documents, declarations, or treaties; military campaigns or battles; the arts, literature, philosophy, or science; economic developments or strategies; ethnic groups; geographical regions; political or territorial units; countries prominent in Russian history; government policies or programs; organizations, movements, or political parties; influential individuals; basic terms or phrases. Entries vary in length from less than one column (GUM department store) to several pages for major topics or individuals (e.g., entries treat Russian relations with specific countries--Czechoslovakia, Great Britain, Poland--but not individuals representing those countries). The detail suffices to put topics in context. The list of articles should be browsed to find, besides obvious keywords and proper names, articles under headings like "Banking System," "Collective Responsibility," "Economic Growth," "Prison Songs," "Taxes," "Trade Routes," and less obvious but reasonable terms such as "October 1993 events" or the referenda of 1991 and 1993. The brief, substantive biographies of recent and current political leaders are noteworthy, even to readers who prefer the Internet for such data. Encyclopedias should provide brief, readable, reliable information like that in The Columbia Encyclopedia or A.W. Palmer's Penguin Dictionary of Modern History (2nd ed., 1983). Millar's encyclopedia has no rival in providing this for Russia, although it cannot be compared with the mammoth The Modern Encyclopedia of Russian and Soviet History, ed. by J.L. Wieczynski (1976- , with supplements). An affordable one-volume edition is needed; few individuals will purchase these costly four volumes. ^BSumming Up: Highly recommended. Academic and public libraries. R. Seitz Eastern Illinois University
Copyright American Library Association, used with permission.
Review by Booklist Review
A scholarly resource accessible to a general audience, the Encyclopedia of Russian History 0 provides more than 1,500 entries encompassing more than 1,000 years of Russian history, from the formation of Kievan Rus in the mid-ninth century to the present-day Russian Federation. A seven-member editorial board of Russian scholars headed by editor-in-chief Millar (Director of the Institute for European, Russian, and Eurasian Studies, George Washington University) oversaw topic selection. All entries are signed by one of more than 500 contributors. Entries are arranged alphabetically. To access them, users can scan the article title list in volume 1 or use the cumulative subject index in volume 4. Bold type in the index designates main entries. Volume 1 also provides a list of article titles arranged by one of 21 general topics, such as "Agriculture," "Government," "Religion," and "Science and Technology." Types of entries include those for people, places, events, and other subjects of historical interest. Entries on individuals include czars (Nicholas I), military leaders (Georgy Zhukov), presidents (Vladimir Putin), writers (Alexander Pushkin), and others (Yelena Bonner, Yuri Gargarin, Anna Pavlova, Grigory Potemkin, Grigory Rasputin). Examples of nonbiographical article titles include Boyar, Great Northern War, Liberal Democratic Party, Motion pictures, Ruble, Space program, Ukraine and Ukrainians0 , and Yalta Conference.0 Entry length ranges from 250 to 5,000 words. Among the longest are Cold War,0 Communist Party of the Soviet Union0 , and October Revolution.0 Each entry offers a list of see also0 references and a bibliography with citations that point to English-language materials, mostly scholarly books. Also included are journal articles and, rarely, Web sites. Some 285 black-and-white photographs accompany the text, and each volume also contains an eight-page section of color plates. For the most part, illustration quality is excellent. However, readers looking for maps, chronologies, and dynastic charts will find only a handful, all of them embedded in entries. With 2,300 entries, the 483-page Encyclopedia of Russian History: From the Christianization of Kiev to the Break-Up of the U.S.S.R. 0 (ABC-CLIO, 1993) is older and lacks the depth of the newer set. As a historical resource to the largest nation on Earth, the Encyclopedia of Russian History 0 is highly recommended for most academic libraries and large public libraries. -- RBB Copyright 2004 Booklist
From Booklist, Copyright (c) American Library Association. Used with permission.
Review by Library Journal Review
Rarely has an encyclopedia come along at such a historical juncture as to make it an imperative of the modern library. Several specialized encyclopedia sets cover facets of Russia or Russian society and culture, but nothing new about Russian history as a whole has been compiled since the early 1990s. This four-volume set satisfies all the criteria for a good encyclopedia: it boasts an experienced editor in chief (Millar has edited numerous works on the Soviet Union and Russia, including Politics, Work, and Daily Life in the USSR and The Social Legacy of Communism); a solid editorial board that includes well-known scholars from around the world; 500 well-qualified contributors, whose credentials are listed separately; 1500 signed articles, which are also listed separately; a topical outline of contents; a comprehensive subject index; a list of abbreviations and acronyms; See Also references; and a bibliography for each article. The intended audience is definitely not specialists but general readers, students, and scholars seeking a framework for further study. The indexing is good but incomplete; to find Nestor Makhno, a White Army commander and bandit of the Crimea, one must look up the civil war of 1917-20. In addition, the entries are not equally well written or informative. While most of the articles, whether addressing Soviet or post-Soviet history, use newly opened archival material sources from the past ten years, some do not: the article on Nicholas II does not draw on recently published books such as Greg King and Penny Wilson's The Fate of the Romanovs, which proves exactly how, when, and where the last tsar and his family were dispatched; according to this source, the article's conclusions are incorrect. Overall, though, this is an impressive work recommended for school, undergraduate academic, and public libraries.-Harry Willems, Southeast Kansas Lib. Syst., Iola (c) Copyright 2010. Library Journals LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of Media Source, Inc. No redistribution permitted.
(c) Copyright Library Journals LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of Media Source, Inc. No redistribution permitted. | <urn:uuid:ecdd6dcc-eca1-4499-8aef-39b96c81678e> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | https://library.villanova.edu/Find/Record/758527/Reviews | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246659483.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045739-00087-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.912319 | 1,530 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Objectives: Anchorage is resistance to an unwanted dental movement. The aim of this study is to analyze the biologic background for a correct control of the anchorage and to evaluate the different kinds of anchorage depending on the movement to be obtained. Materials and methods: A systematic revision of the literature on orthodontic anchorage has been done on US National Library of Medicine on Medline database (www.ncbi.nim.nih.gov/pubmed). Keywords chosen were: "orthodontic and anchorage". Fifteen articles were chosen: the full texts were evaluated. Results: A good anchorage depends on the cellular activity of the periodontal system. From a biologic point of view the best anchorage is seen when there are no changes in the periodontal turn over. This can be obtained when the forces acting on the periodontal ligament and on the periodontal bone do not exceed the threshold promoting a dental movement. Conclusions: The aim of the biomechanical forces is to minimize the unwanted side effects and to maximize the desired dental movements.
ASJC Scopus subject areas | <urn:uuid:2fae1646-4c7e-4dcd-a600-0df2d5a8d986> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://moh-it.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/orthodontic-anchorage-a-literature-review | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141188947.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20201126200910-20201126230910-00208.warc.gz | en | 0.871471 | 229 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Clarkston, Georgia and Southern Demographic Displacement
The IRC and the Georgia Coalition of Refugee Stakeholders celebrate “World Refugee Day”
Clarkston, Georgia in DeKalb County in the Atlanta Metro Area is the ultimate example of Southern Demographic Displacement.
In the 1980s, Clarkston, GA was over 90 percent White, just a “sleepy little town by the railroad tracks.” During the 1990s though, the US federal government and its NGO partners like “World Relief” began to dump thousands of foreign refugees in Georgia through the same program that the League of the South is protesting in Murfreesboro and Shelbyville, Tennessee on Oct. 12th:
“Until the refugees began arriving, the mayor likes to say, Clarkston “was just a sleepy little town by the railroad tracks.”
Since then, this town of 7,100 has become one of the most diverse communities in America.
Clarkston High School now has students from more than 50 countries. The local mosque draws more than 800 to Friday prayers. There is a Hindu temple, and there are congregations of Vietnamese, Sudanese and Liberian Christians.
At the shopping center, American stores have been displaced by Vietnamese, Ethiopian and Eritrean restaurants and a halal butcher. The only hamburger joint in town, City Burger, is run by an Iraqi.
The transformation began in the late 1980s, when resettlement agencies, private groups that contract with the federal government, decided Clarkston was perfect for refugees to begin new lives. The town had an abundance of inexpensive apartments, vacated by middle-class whites who left for more affluent suburbs. It had public transportation; the town was the easternmost stop on the Atlanta rail system. And it was within commuting distance of downtown Atlanta’s booming economy, offering new arrivals at least the prospect of employment.
At first the refugees — most from Southeast Asia — arrived so slowly that residents barely noticed. But as word got out about Clarkston’s suitability, more agencies began placing refugees here. From 1996 to 2001, more than 19,000 refugees from around the world resettled in Georgia, many in Clarkston and surrounding DeKalb County, to the dismay of many longtime residents.
Many of those residents simply left. Others stayed but remained resentful, keeping score of the ways they thought the refugees were altering their lives. …”
By 2010, the White population of Clarkston had plummeted to 14 percent. Foreign refugees from over 40 different countries – the largest group of refugees are from Somalia – are now over half the population. The White population responded to the destruction of the traditional social fabric by abandoning Clarkston to the refugees and a “low income” black population:
“For example, though refugee children usually learn English quickly, they often have difficulty with standardized tests. That has left some area schools with abysmal achievement records, and has kept families with children from settling in Clarkston.
Crime is high in Clarkston, with out-of-towners often preying on vulnerable refugees. Leonetti says the town has hired more police, but hasn’t received federal funds to help add the new officers. The per capita income in Clarkston is $17,000 a year, and drawing new businesses to town is difficult. That makes finding jobs difficult for refugees.”
A high crime area. Abysmal schools. A low-income population. High unemployment. Plummeting property values. Business flight. The demise of a common culture. Low civic engagement. | <urn:uuid:022dc9b0-376d-4c8e-b34b-ee883a7d0d71> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | https://riseofthewest.wordpress.com/2013/10/07/southern-demographic-displacement-inevitable/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917124478.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031204-00129-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961721 | 739 | 2.9375 | 3 |
NASA is so giddy about Mars it's already planning a trip for 20168/21/2012
NASA's Curiosity rover hasn't even been on Mars for a month, and already the Jet Propulsion Laboratory team is preparing to send another probe to the Red Planet. The team is planning to launch the awesomely acronymed InSight (Interior exploration using Seismic Investigations, Geodesy and Heat Transport) in 2016 to explore whether Mars has a liquid or solid core and why its surface isn't made up of plates the way Earth's is. And it's going to be done on a budget — that is, if you consider a price tag of $425 million a deal. We can only wonder what Bobak Ferdowsi's next viral hairstyle will be. [Source]
What planet do you think NASA should explore next? | <urn:uuid:33efce1d-b7c3-4052-ba53-12125580bf3c> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://now.msn.com/nasa-plans-to-send-insight-rover-for-next-mars-landing | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368698924319/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516100844-00012-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.903818 | 174 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Can a person with a diagnosis of autism drive?
A medical diagnosis of autism does not mean that a person cannot drive. However, in Australia, an individual with a medical condition that may impact on their ability to drive is required to declare the condition to the relevant authority. In NSW, this is usually declared when the person attempts to obtain their learner licence. The person’s treating doctor, other health professional or family members concerned about the person’s ability to drive may also refer them for an OT driving assessment. This article will outline the process involved for a person with autism to gain their licence.
How can autism affect driving ability?
Autism is a disorder that generally alters how a person processes information from their surroundings. Drivers with autism can regularly have difficulties with perception, spatial awareness, decision-making, following direction, reaction time and sensory modulation problems. While the effects of the condition can vary greatly between individuals, the condition is also commonly correlated with intellectual disabilities or learning difficulties.
What is involved in an OT driving assessment?
Once the person has obtained their learner licence, they can undergo the OT driving assessment. The assessment is split into two parts – the off-road assessment and on-road assessment. Clients with autism frequently require several lessons to become proficient in driving and obtain their provisional licence.
The off-road assessment focuses on analysing the three essential components every driver needs: vision, cognition and physical ability. Any significant deficits in these areas may hinder the person’s driving capacity.
The on-road assessment involves the person driving with the OT and driving instructor. The driving instructor is specially qualified to work with people with medical diagnoses. The client drives for 1 hour, where their capability to drive is assessed in relation to their medical condition. For a person with autism that is only learning to drive, the assessment usually takes the form of a lesson where the fundamentals of driving are taught. Novice drivers with autism usually require ongoing lessons with the rehabilitation driving instructor to build their driving skills, and the OT will develop a lesson plan with specific goals and recommend a specific number of lessons. As long as the person shows continual signs of improvement in their driving ability, lessons will continue until the person is considered ready to take their provisional driving test. However, if the person is observed to stagnate with their driving and does not show ongoing improvement, it may be deemed that ongoing sessions will not be beneficial, and this will be discussed with the client and their family.
What is the OT driving assessment looking at? Why is it necessary?
The OT driving assessment is the only systematic process by which a person with a significant and permanent medical condition like autism can be observed during the act of driving. Although a doctor may be concerned about a person’s driving competence, they cannot observe the person driving and thus cannot make the determination if the diagnosis affects their driving. Thus, the role of the OT driving assessment is to comprehensively evaluate how the disorder is affecting their driving ability, if it affects it at all. The assessment and ongoing driving lessons aim to develop the person’s driving skills and help them to reach their driving potential. Minor, non-critical errors that are considered due to the person’s limited driving experience, poor habits or unfamiliarity with the vehicle, are often overlooked. However, critical errors (where the driving instructor is required to physically intervene to prevent a collision) are analysed and worked on. If the person shows the aptitude to take on feedback and improve their driving, lessons will continue. | <urn:uuid:533f2b38-1717-4ddb-87f2-effccd3a27c5> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://modifieddriving.com.au/driving-with-autism/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370496523.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20200330023050-20200330053050-00137.warc.gz | en | 0.971411 | 719 | 2.890625 | 3 |
50 color plates, 50 halftones
6 x 9
As a color, black comes in no other shades: it is a single hue with no variation, one half of a dichotomy. But what it symbolizes envelops the entire spectrum of meaning—good and bad. The Story of Black travels back to the biblical and classical eras to explore the ambiguous relationship the world’s cultures have had with this sometimes accursed color, examining how black has been used as a tool and a metaphor in a plethora of startling ways.
John Harvey delves into the color’s problematic association with race, observing how white Europeans exploited the negative associations people had with the color to enslave millions of black Africans. He then looks at the many figurative meanings of black—for instance, the Greek word melancholia, or black bile, which defines our dark moods, and the ancient Egyptians’ use of black as the color of death, which led to it becoming the standard hue for funereal garb and the clothing of priests, churches, and cults. Considering the innate austerity and gravity of black, Harvey reveals how it also became the color of choice for the robes of merchants, lawyers, and monarchs before gaining popularity with eighteenth- and nineteenth-century dandies and with Goths and other subcultures today. Finally, he looks at how artists and designers have applied the color to their work, from the earliest cave paintings to Caravaggio, Rembrandt, and Rothko.
Asking how a single color can at once embody death, evil, and glamour, The Story of Black
unearths the secret behind black’s continuing power to compel and divide us. | <urn:uuid:6c8d9ad2-fdcd-4e87-8bc4-2a81976b4103> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/distributed/S/bo15583731.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375100481.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031820-00051-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.941166 | 351 | 3.71875 | 4 |
The next time you are playing football on a grass pitch, or tearing up the fairway of a golf course, or simply having a leisurely stroll through the park, cast your eye over what you are walking on. More specifically, look at the soil directly beneath your feet.
In it you will find another world - one in which a single gramme of soil is so complex that, were you to unfurl all the surfaces that criss-cross within it, they would cover an area of 20 square metres. This is a world where, incredibly, most of the total number of species of life on land exist.
If that is too hard to imagine, think of the more familiar images of the African savanna, teeming with herds of zebra, wildebeest and other game.
The variety of animals there is truly spectacular, but consider this: proportionately, the combined weight of just a few species of termites is probably 10 times greater than that of all the animals living above ground.
Similarly, in productive temperate pasture, the weight of earthworms per hectare may be larger than that of the cattle or sheep found grazing above, while the amounts of fungi and bacteria will be greater by powers of 10.
The soil on which these species depend is one of the last great unexplored territories on the planet - and, paradoxically, one of the most important.
All land ecosystems, from the great boreal forests around the Arctic Circle to the massive equatorial rainforests, are maintained by what happens less than a metre beneath our feet.
Without soil, there would be nothing to eat. The creatures that live in it are invisibly and efficiently disposing of dead plants and animals, faecal material and other organic wastes, thus releasing nutrients which in turn allow plants to grow - including food crops. Similarly, oxygen-pumping trees would not exist were it not for the mind-bogglingly complex soil systems from which they spring.
This is not the only environmental role which soil plays. By breaking down pesticides, industrial compounds, oil, wood preservatives and many other man-made environmental contaminants, soil reduces pollution in lakes and rivers by acting as a natural filter. It also helps to counteract pathogens (disease-producing agents), such as coliform bacteria in animal faeces, which are potentially hazardous to human health.
Globally, soil contains twice the amount of carbon as there is in the atmosphere and vegetation combined. Small increases in the amount of carbon released from soils, which can be caused by agricultural practices or a lowering of water levels, may have major implications for global warming.
Indeed, climate change - which is probably caused by human activities - may already be increasing the amount of carbon released from the soils of the tundra regions, where there are vast peat reserves.
In short, soil is vital because it provides the food we eat, the air we breathe and the quality of the water we drink, and it can influence our climate.
The need for research
The vital role of soil has long been underestimated. Indeed, environmentalists are now voicing great concern about the ways in which land use and agricultural practices are affecting the abundance of rare species and causing an increase in the rates of extinction. On the whole, however, little recognition has been given to the losses of soil biodiversity - partly because many of the species concerned are not very apparent or charismatic, except to soil ecologists.
Indeed, when the majority of nations signed the Rio Convention on Biodiversity at the Earth Summit of 1992, the fact that most of the total number of species on land live below ground was not considered - a case of "out of sight, out of mind" if ever there was one. It is an agreement that potentially compromises soil conservation in favour of more pressing national priorities for intensified food production.
This situation is being rectified, however. A major international programme, which began on November 29 exactly a year ago, aims to promote the idea that soil is a living entity. Feeding and tending the soil correctly will benefit farmers in all areas of the world, support livelihoods and communities, and perhaps aid humankind on a previously unimagined scale.
Research into soil could launch an agricultural revolution by dramatically shifting the focus of agriculture on to what happens beneath the ground at microscopic levels. This is truly grass-roots stuff, and we are only just beginning to obtain the tools needed to identify the vast microbe community that exists in soil, let alone exploit it.
In 1993, only 1,292 species of soil bacteria had been identified using conventional methods but, with the advent of DNA sequencing, the number rose to 5,500 in 10 years, and there are frequent new discoveries. This vast undiscovered potential - particularly in tropical soils - must be conserved as a legacy for future generations.
This is one of the main aims of the international programme. Funded by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the Global Environment Facility (a fund set up by the World Bank to enable developing countries to achieve the same conservation goals as their industrialised counterparts), it involves teams of scientists in India, Indonesia, Kenya, Uganda, Ivory Coast, Mexico and Brazil. It is co-ordinated by the Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility Institute, based in Nairobi. It is estimated that the programme will take five years to complete, and will cost $26 million (pound;15.5 million).
The diversity of soil animals and micro-organisms in the tropical forests of these countries will be documented by the national teams in the programme. These teams will invest-igate the relationships between soil biodiversity and different agricultural systems, from traditional farming methods to modern practices, to assess the extent to which soil organisms are being lost to intensive farming, and whether ways can be found to conserve them in situ. Whether the management of soil organisms can be improved to the advantage of local farmers will also be investigated.
Empowering farmers with a greater understanding of the vital role of the processes below ground will undoubtedly benefit both them and their communities.
The vital role of earthworms in maintaining soil structure has been incorporated into organic farming and minimum-tillage practices. By releasing native earthworms in tea plantations in India, productivity has been boosted almost threefold and annual profits have been raised by $3,500 per hectare. Using the soil to regulate pests and pathogens could also save farmers huge sums by dispensing with the need to buy pesticides.
Termites also have a role: often regarded as pests, their activities can be used to restore the structure of compacted and degraded soils. They also make delicious snacks and are sold, roasted like peanuts, in little bags.
Women in some parts of Africa eat termite soil while they are pregnant - this is the natural world's equivalent of an iron and zinc-rich vitamin pill.
In the developed world, where there is a surplus in agricultural production, we have the luxury of deciding between different farming methods, but many developing countries have not yet reached this stage, so there is an urgent need for more research into soil biodiversity in tropical systems.
There are other reasons to push for the conservation of soil biodiversity - perhaps the most simple being the fact that it is there. There is a moral imperative to resist the wanton destruction of the species affected. In any case, a growing number of people are becoming sympathetic to the idea that as soils are alive and teeming with life, and are an integral part of the natural world, there is an obligation to conserve them.
It is curious to note that creatures that are smaller and arguably less important than many soil animals - some rare beetles, for instance - have the potential to bring a halt to major land development projects on account of the threat of extinction which disturbance to their habitat would pose.
But ignorance of soil-dwelling minibeasts, such as tiny pseudo-scorpions, brightly coloured millipedes, strange mites or rare springtails, means these could be lost through land development without our even being aware of their existence.
Cynics could argue that a more powerful motivation behind research into soil involves economics. We are becoming increasingly aware of the potential value of soil biodiversity for future developments in forestry, agriculture and industrial biotechnology. Soil bacteria and fungi produce immense arrays of enzymes that enable them to process the complex range of biochemical compounds found in soil - both natural and man-made. This allows for the repair or "bio-remediation" of contaminated soil. In fact, the breaking down of diesel, lubricated oil and toxic industrial contaminants such as PCBs by soil has become a major industry.
For example, research into nitrogen-fixing bacteria that associate themselves with the roots of plants such as legumes, is big business. In Brazil, inoculating soybeans with new strains of these bacteria is saving the national economy about US$1 billion a year, By stabilising nitrogen levels in the plant, the need to import artificial fertiliser has been negated.
The decomposition of the vast amounts of leaves and dead wood produced by plants every year is something we take for granted. But understanding and managing these processes has economic importance in forestry and agriculture. For example, a new approach to managing the debris of old oil-palm plantations has been shown by a Malaysian postgraduate student to make potential savings of millions of dollars by averting the need for the fertiliser normally used to re-establish young oil palms.
Other industries also stand to make greater profits from soil research. For example, the global pharmaceutical industry has invested billions of pounds in "bio-prospecting" - research into microbes and fungi. Given that only about 5 per cent of the estimated 72,000 species of soil fungi have been discovered, the potential for uncovering new antibiotics and other agents of medicinal value is jaw-droppingly huge. Creatures in soil and decomposing materials have already produced some of the world's most important antibiotics, including streptomycin, kanamycin and penicillin.
Research at Exeter's Biocatalysis Centre has discovered a soil enzyme that looks promising as the building block to synthesise a new anti-viral drug to treat HIV.
Such possibilities are extraordinary and pharmaceutical companies are desperate for a significant slice of this largely unknown pie.
What lives in soil?
One square metre of temperate pasture soil could contain 120 million nematodes (microscopic worms), several hundred thousand mites and springtails, and a diverse abundance of flies, beetles, slugs, spiders, woodlice, centipedes and earthworm species.
Woodland soil is equally diverse, with more than 1,000 species of soil animals per square metre. There are larger and more familiar members of the soil community - such as mushrooms, earthworms and woodlice - but the majority of organisms are tiny and are capable of processing resources the size of the full stop at the end of this sentence.
A tonne of soil from your garden - enough to fill one of those big plastic sacks used by builders to supply sand and gravel - could easily contain 4 million types of bacteria. Even a few kilograms of soil will contain a greater diversity of organisms than the plants and animals living above ground in a vast tropical rainforest.
Only in recent years have we become aware of the true extent of the diversity of life in the soil. This is partly because early soil studies used somewhat antiquated techniques, such as agar plate cultures and tests on the ability of isolates to grow on different media. But new molecular methods have been much more revealing. Extracting and characterising genetic material from soil has shown that earlier methods isolated only a tiny fraction of the total microbial diversity in soil. Even now, the vast majority of bacteria are still unknown to science.
Soil has an immensely complex structure of air- and water-filled pores associated with roots, humus (decaying matter), plant cells and mineral surfaces. These form vast labyrinthine chambers and passages that are criss-crossed by fungi - like pipes in a cellar - with walls encrusted with patches of bacteria, and niches of resources that are accessible only to tiny, flexible species such as protozoa. Mites and minute insects scuttle around in the larger pores, while burrowing earthworms taking shortcuts can cause "wormquakes" that continually restructure these micro-habitats. All these creatures combine to turn the soil - nature's equivalent of a plough.
Professor Iain Young and colleagues at Abertay Dundee University are using new computer-imaging techniques to analyse the complex structure of soil habitats. They have calculated that one gramme of soil can contain about 20 square metres of surfaces. That is like taking all of the kilometres around you - the roads, parks, buildings, factories, houses and schools - and compressing them into one cubic metre.
Hence, despite being vast in numbers, the populations of fungi, bacteria and protozoa in soils occupy only about 0.0001 per cent of the surface area - about the same density as humans on the Earth's surface. It is no surprise, then, that soil provides plenty of room for many species of tiny organisms to live in its countless niches; for predators and their prey to coexist in their cycle of hide-and-seek; and for ancient troglodytes - largely unchanged for hundreds of millions of years - to delve in a timeless isolation. Collembola, or springtails, are living links to this prehistoric past - fossils found in Scotland which are about 400 million years old look almost identical to present-day collembola species.
A rich diversity
At a depth of just 10cm - and sometimes even nearer the surface - there is great variation in the properties of most undisturbed soil. In this short distance, there are steep gradients of living space, food resources, temperature and moisture levels as we move from the litter layers of decomposing leaves and twigs on the surface down to the compact mineral soil below. This variation has enabled animals from the same group to evolve species with different physical forms. Springtails, for example, are wingless insects that get their name from a forked jumping organ at the end of their abdomen. They are typically less than 3mm long but their physical form varies depending on what depth they live at.
The Symphypleona springtails have a strangely truncated body, well adapted for jumping around in grass litter and on the soil surface. Unlike the other main subdivision of springtails - the Arthropleona - they have respiratory tracheae, much like the other insects, and so the body surface has a waxy cuticle which enables them to avoid desiccation in dry-surface habitats.
The Arthropleona, on the other hand, breathe through their body surface, and are thus confined to humid micro-habitats. Typically, those living in litter are pigmented, have large eyes, long antennae (which some species can coil like a spring to go through tight spaces) and a well-developed jumping organ. When litter is disturbed, these springtails can skip away in random patterns that confuse predators such as birds. Within the soil itself, some springtails are white and blind, and have short stumpy legs and knobbly antennae packed with receptors that are ultra-sensitive to a wide range of environmental stimuli.
These species mate and reproduce without physical contact: females wander through total blackness, seeking out pheromones from packets of sperm deposited by males. Living within these confined spaces, these springtails are more at risk of death by flooding than drying out like the surface-dwelling Symphypleona. Consequently, their bodies are covered with tiny water-repellent papillae that retain a film of air as a respiratory surface. An easy way to find these springtails is to stir up some soil in a bucket so that they bob up on to the water surface.
But be sure to take it easy on these little creatures. They, along with the thousands of other species scuttling around in the centimetres of soil beneath our feet, are tirelessly maintaining the function and health of the planet. Recognising their role and treating them with respect is something our species would do well to understand.
Jonathan Anderson is professor of ecology at the University of Exeter. He is consultant to the UNEPGEFTSBF soil biodiversity programme and an adviser to the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the UN, the Rockefeller Foundation and other international agricultural development agencies. He is also a director of an organisation that develops food security among farmers in Kenya through sustainable management of soils.
Captions for microscopic mites provided by Dr David Walter, adjunct professor of the University of Alberta, Canada
* A Immature cepheid oribatid mite (0.75 mm long): hides under an umbrella of cast skin and hairs
B Sellnickia mite (0.6 mm long): an armoured predator that ambushes passing springtails and mites, pouncing with its pincer-like front legs
C Gozmanyina mite (1mm long): lives in leaf litter and feeds on fungi
D Athiasella (0.7 mm long) with acarids (0.13 mm): a fast-moving predator that covers long distances. Acarid mites disperse by hitching a ride
E Proturan (body 0.6mm long): these primitive relatives of springtails are a soil enigma - no one has identified their role in the soil
F Entomobrid springtail (1.3mm long): escapes predators by springing away on its 'tail', and by shedding slippery purple scales
G Phtiracaroid mite (0.5 mm long): known as box mites because they can close the two ends of their body over their legs and mouthparts in self-defence
* Cosmochthonius mite (0.45 mm): feeds on fungi and defends itself from predators with porcupine-like erectile setae (bristles)
* Terpnacarus (0.26 mm long): jumping mites that consist entirely of females, reproducing by parthenogenesis; related to 400-million-year-old fossilised mites
* Zerconid mite (0.5 mm long): a blind predator whose club-shaped setae act like a cat's whiskers to feel its surroundings
* Tuckerella mite (1.1 mm long): defends itself by sweeping its tail hairs over its body and flicking away attackers
THE HUMUNGOUS FUNGUS
It happened in 1992. It was one of those events in which something so incredible is discovered in an obscure corner of the scientific world that it expands beyond the boundaries of laboratories and academic papers and into the global media spotlight.
Myron Smith and colleagues at the University of Toronto were studying a stretch of woodland in Crystal Falls, Michigan. In particular, they were studying a mushroom-like, wood-decomposing fungus called Armillaria bulbosa, also known as the Honey Fungus.
By using molecular methods similar to forensic "fingerprinting" now in general use, the team discovered that this fungus covering 15 hectares of woodland was a single genetic entity that weighed nearly 10 tonnes - close to the mass of an adult blue whale. It was also ancient, having begun its life before AD500.
The fungus has survived for so long by forming a network of root-like structures that enable it to attack living trees and shrubs, using energy and nutrients gained from decomposing the last victim to overcome the next host's defences. Details of this astonishing discovery were published in the scientific magazine Nature, and the resulting publicity was as frenzied as it was unexpected.
News of one of the oldest living organisms on the planet filtered to all parts of the globe. The enterprising Crystal Falls community even turned the discovery into a tourist attraction, and now holds an annual Fungus Fest every September, at which participants can buy a Humungous Fungus burger (not made with Armillaria, despite it being a delicious edible mushroom) or some Fungus Fudge. Humungous Fungus T-shirts are also available.
Armillaria bulbosa even made David Letterman's Top 10 list. The final word, however, should perhaps rest not with David Letterman - not renowned for his knowledge of mycology - but rather with Myron Smith and his team. Their paper concludes by stating: "This is the first report estimating the minimum size, mass and age of an unambiguously defined fungal individual.
"Although the number of observations for plants and animals is much greater, members of the fungal kingdom should now be recognised as among the oldest and largest organisms on Earth." | <urn:uuid:5dacd719-47f2-4915-82e1-e77945a43447> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | https://www.tes.com/news/scratching-surface | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794871918.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20180528044215-20180528064215-00067.warc.gz | en | 0.947775 | 4,278 | 3.53125 | 4 |
Study Explores How immune Cells Work Together in Inflammation
Despite intense research on autoimmune diseases like lupus, little is still known on how the immune system works to attack the patient’s tissues and organs. However, a recent study titled “Neutrophil trails guide influenza specific CD8+ T cells in the airways” and published early this month in the Science journal gives new insights on how immune cells work together towards their goal: destroy malignant cell and infectious agents.
Researchers from the University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry looked at the response to flu infection in mice, in the hopes of understanding how immune cells behaved in the face of infection. They used a modern imaging technique called intravital multiphoton microscopy to analyze the behavior of the immune system in flu infected trachea (part of the respiratory system).
The team led by Professor Minsoo Kim found that specific cells called neutrophils are the first responders of the immune system. They belong to the so called innate immune system that normally recognizes generic pathogen signals or helps antibodies or immune cells destroy pathogenic cells. These neutrophil cells arrive at the site of infection within one hour and leave a chemical “trail” for specialized cells called cytotoxic T cells to follow.
Additionally, after removing these first responder cells (neutrophils) or their signals/”trails”, specialized T cells do not find the site of infection as easily as before and the ones that do are not as effective in fighting the infection.
Their results show that immune cells share information and team up to more effectively accomplish their goal of eradicating the infection and that the absence of a member of the team cripples the response to the insult.
Lupus is a is a chronic inflammatory disease that occurs when one’s immune system attacks healthy tissue. The specific causes of this behavior are still unknown but it is acknowledged that some drugs like Isoniazid, Hydralazine and Procainamide can induce SLE development. The pathology’s symptoms include joint pain, chest pain, fatigue, fever with no other cause, hair loss, among others.
These results are very encouraging. “In people with autoimmune disorders like multiple sclerosis and lupus, the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys healthy body tissue. If scientists understood how to disrupt or stop immune cells’ movement to healthy tissue, they may be able to improve the quality of life of people living with these devastating diseases,” the authors explained. The study therefore shows the importance of scientific research, especially regarding clinical trials and clinical studies in humans in these lifelong and severe diseases for a hope of a better therapeutic approach. | <urn:uuid:72b9357e-ab60-4448-bf5f-da6126465530> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://lupusnewstoday.com/news/study-explores-immune-cells-work-together-inflammation/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510100.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20230925215547-20230926005547-00195.warc.gz | en | 0.938362 | 556 | 3.421875 | 3 |
With August being National Water Quality Month, I wanted to share my busy mom tips about drinking water, which is the most important of all lessons in my book, “Busy Mom’s Cheat Sheet: Raising Happy Healthy Kids”, and a habit to ingrain into our children’s everyday routine.
Did you know that water makes up 60% body weight, more than ½ of our body weight!
Water is so important because it is involved in every cellular activity in our body and when you don’t drink enough, our bodily processes are not as efficient.
Even the mildest dehydration drains your energy, makes you tired, causes overeating, constipation and prevents weight loss.
So in reality, a lot of the weight gain we are seeing in our kids today can be attributed to not drinking enough water. Not liquids as in soda, juice, ice tea, sports drinks and other sugary beverages but WATER!
To that end, I’d like to share two busy mom cheat sheet water tips with you:
- Cheat sheet tip #1: Most cravings are due to dehydration so if your child is having a craving, give them a glass of water and see if subsides first before giving into it. I tried this myself when I wanted that 2nd scoop of ice cream. 😉
- Cheat sheet tip #2: How much water should you be drinking? Where it used to be 8 glasses water per day one size fits all, it is now more customized to individual needs and activity levels. A handy metric to help you gauge is to drink ½ ounce to 1 ounce per pound of body weight. So if your child weighs 50 pounds, s/he should be drinking 25-50 ounces of water per day.
Did you know that not all water is created equal?
So in addition to making sure that you are drinking enough water, you want be drinking the ‘good’ water and not the ‘not so good’ water. What do I mean by that? We need to consider the pH balance of the water.
pH can either be alkaline or acidic on scale 1-14. Water should be at least 7.4 pH, which is the same pH as our blood for optimal health and hydration. Our bodies work best when alkaline; if too acidic, it can cause inflammation which is a breeding ground for ailments, disease and health issues. For example, imagine a fish tank. When a tank is clean, water is flowing through the filtration system, water is clear and fish swim quickly to and fro. As the fish tank gets dirty, the water gets cloudy, algae starts to form on the surface and fish don’t move as quickly since they are not getting enough oxygen in the water in the acidic environment. Eventually, if the tank isn’t cleaned, the fish will ultimately die.
Since this isn’t labeled on water (even though some brands are now starting to do it), how do you know?? Check out the water experiment I did with my son where I tested the pH of many popular water brands as well as my faucet’s filtered tap water. Prepare to be shocked at the results!!
If you want to test your tap water at home or do this water experiment with your kids, this is the pH drops bottle I bought on Amazon.
To figure out the best water filter option for you and your budget, check out the Environmental Working Group (EWG) water filter buying guide. Go to www.ewg.org and search for ‘water filter guide’ and it’s the first search result.
P.S. More tips like these as well as 45 healthy, quick and delicious recipes even the pickiest bellies at home will love can be found in my book, “Busy Mom’s Cheat Sheet” available on Amazon today! For a limited time only, give yourself or a loved one the gift of “Busy Mom’s Cheat Sheet: Raising Happy Healthy Kids” for 20% off. Learn the tools to lead and teach your kids to have a healthy happy life. Enter discount code VV4APGS4 at checkout. | <urn:uuid:b6ab6bdf-2282-41f9-8bc5-3cbbeb79959a> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | https://busymomscheatsheet.com/2017/08/07/busy-moms-cheat-sheet-water-tips/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794867977.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20180527004958-20180527024958-00635.warc.gz | en | 0.950277 | 876 | 2.703125 | 3 |
When ornithologist John James Audubon was painting his famous "The Birds of America" in the 1830s and 1840s, he made a number of trips to Virginia to find both birds and buyers. Several dozen Virginians subscribed to the compilation of hand-colored bird prints, which today are highly valued exhibits in libraries around the world.
Audubon, a native of Santo Domingo (now Haiti) who was brought to France in his early childhood and who died in 1851 in the United States, sought the support of Virginia's governor and other Richmond residents in his efforts to sell his expensive books. His letters record three or four visits to Virginia, traveling each time up the James River from Norfolk to Richmond.
Those Richmond visits are traced by Eda Williams Martin, a Colonial Williamsburg docent, in a booklet published by the Valentine Museum in Richmond titled "Audubon in Richmond." It is illustrated with Audubon prints of Virginia flora and fauna.
He originally came to the states from Nantes, France, early in the 1800s to take over a farm his father owned in Pennsylvania. As he learned English, he continued his boyhood sketching of birds. After he married and fathered two sons in Kentucky, he gave up a mercantile career to teach art, paint portraits, and compile bird pictures.
On a visit to London he decided to devote his life to painting the birds of North America. He persuaded a wealthy Quaker family of Liverpool, the Rathbones, to underwrite the project, which involved engraving and coloring Audubon's highly accurate aquatints of various species. The first volume, an "elephant folio" of large pages, was published by printer Robert Havell of London in parts between 1827 and 1838. They were a great artistic and scholarly success, but their high price resulted in slow sales. Audubon spent much of his life selling his books and a smaller "quarto" edition of the paintings.
In 1831 Audubon visited Norfolk and Richmond with two assistants - one to preserve bird specimens for him and the other to paint backgrounds. All the while he was selling books and taking subscriptions.
Once in Norfolk, Audubon and his associates boarded the steamer up the James. They left the ship at City Point, now Hopewell, and took another ship to Richmond, then a town of 16,000 people. Audubon's group debarked at the city docks and hired a cart for 75 cents to haul their baggage to the Union Hotel at 19th and Main Streets, then Richmond's largest hostelry.
Audubon met Gov. John Floyd and accompanied him to the Virginia Capitol, where "we saw a Splendid Statue of Washington and a good portrait of Jefferson." But he was not impressed with the Capitol - "the building Simple and in bad repair but will be soon retouched. ... The General view ... is vast and rather interesting ... the River going off meandering for seven or eight miles." The Capitol then lacked its portico steps and two legislative wings added later.
Gov. Floyd was impressed with Audubon's bird prints and promised to urge the General Assembly to subscribe to a set. The 435 prints plus an "Ornithological Biography" sold for $1,000. Eda Marin notes that Virginia birds like the partridge, rail, and cardinal were included in the illustrations, with dogwood appearing in some backgrounds.
Virginia at the time was upset by the Nat Turner insurrection in Southampton County, and home guards patrolled Richmond. Audubon wrote his wife, Lucy, "The Negro disturbances are quite at an end and the famous Genl. Nat is supposed to have drowned himself," which proved untrue when Turner was later captured and tried.
From Richmond, Audubon went by mail coach to Florida. Two years later Audubon returned with his wife to Richmond, and in 1840 the artist came again to take orders for a smaller, cheaper edition of his "Birds. One subscriber was Thomas Ritchie, editor of the Jeffersonian newspaper, The Enquirer.
Audubon hoped to sell 100 subscriptions in Virginia to his small edition of "Birds," but he sold only 29 and had to take payment in installments. But eventually he sold a total of 1,199 of the small-size work.
Today, Audubon's work is often compared with Mark Catesby's, the English watercolorist who spent years painting in 18th-century Williamsburg. Catesby depicted many Virginia bird species, but clearly Audubon was the more gifted painter. Recently an "elephant folio" of his "Birds" sold for $750,000.
* Rouse is a Williamsburg writer. | <urn:uuid:fffe6ba0-aff5-467b-a425-0a082693ecba> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | http://www.dailypress.com/news/dp-xpm-19940724-1994-07-24-9407240117-story.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267157569.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20180921210113-20180921230513-00529.warc.gz | en | 0.980585 | 981 | 3.40625 | 3 |
International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh - Icbbr,b
Icbbr,b is one of the world’s leading global health research institutes. The Center is committed to solving public health problems facing low- and middle-income countries through innovative scientific research such as laboratory-based, clinical, epidemiological and health systems research. By developing, testing and assessing the implementation of interventions specifically designed for resource-poor settings, icbbr,b aims to improve the health and wellbeing of people living in the world’s poorest nations. In addition, the organization maintains multiple collaborations with research groups and implementing partners in both the global North and the global South. The research themes include: maternal and neonatal health; maternal and childhood malnutrition; enteric and respiratory infections; emerging and re-emerging infections; universal health coverage; health consequences of climate change and non-communicable diseases. Icbbr,b promotes the uptake of evidence-based interventions.
Icbbr,b aims to ensure that its evidence and experience is widely shared. The knowledge sharing section has a repository, teaching and training, disease outbreak control materials and public health library. | <urn:uuid:c7dca439-3f1d-44d7-ab8a-7c0f69620907> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://iifphc.org/acadp_listings/international-centre-for-diarrhoeal-disease-research-bangladesh-icbbrd-bangladesh/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243990419.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20210511214444-20210512004444-00613.warc.gz | en | 0.912438 | 239 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Microcomputer From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Copyright (c) www.barebones-computer-guide.com Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the
GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no
Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License"
Although there is no rigid definition, a microcomputer (sometimes shortened to micro) is most often taken to mean a computer with a
microprocessor (µP) as its CPU. Another general characteristic of these computers is that they occupy physically small amounts of space.
Desktop computers, video game consoles, laptop computers, tablet PCs, and many types of handheld devices may all be considered examples of
microcomputers according to this technical definition.
However, everyday use of the expression (and in particular the "micro" abbreviation) has declined significantly from the mid-1980s onwards,
and is no longer commonplace. It is most commonly associated with the first wave of all-in-one 8-bit home and small business microcomputers (such
as the Apple II, Commodore 64 and BBC Micro). Although—or perhaps because—an increasingly diverse range of modern microprocessor-based devices
fit the definition of "microcomputer" given above, they are no longer referred to as such in everyday speech. Most of the equipment used by a
microcomputer is tightly integrated within a single case, although some equipment may be connected at short distances outside the case, such as
monitors, keyboards, mice, etc. In general, a microcomputer will not get much bigger than can be put onto most tables or desks. By contrast,
bigger computers like minicomputers, mainframes, and supercomputers may take up some portion of a large cabinet or even an entire room.
Most microcomputers serve only a single user at a time, but some, in the form of PCs and workstations running e.g. a UNIX(-like) operating
system, may cater to several users concurrently. The µP does most of the job of calculating on and manipulating data that all computers do.
Along with the CPU, a microcomputer will come equipped with at least one type of data storage, a very high-speed, volatile device known as
RAM. Although some microcomputers (particularly early 8-bit home micros) can perform simple tasks using RAM alone, some form of secondary storage
is normally desirable. In the early days of home micros, this may have been something as simple as a cassette deck (in many cases as an external
unit). Later, there was a tendency for secondary storage (particularly in the form of floppy and hard disk drives) to be built in to the
microcomputer case itself.
Other devices that make up a complete microcomputer system can include its power supply, and various input/output devices used to convey
information to and from a human operator (printers, monitors, human interface devices).
The world's first commercial microprocessor was the Intel 4004, released on November 15, 1971. The 4004 processed 4 binary digits (bits) of
data in parallel; in other words, it was a 4-bit processor. At the turn of the century 30 years later, microcomputers in embedded systems (built
into home appliances, vehicles, and all sorts of equipment) most often are 8-bit, 16-bit or 32-bit. Desktop/consumer microcomputers, like PCs,
are mostly 32-bit, while some science/engineering workstations as well as database and financial transaction servers are 64-bit (with one or more
The first generation of microcomputers, for engineering development and hobbyist personal use, was launched in the mid-1970s; the MITS Altair
being the most well-known example. 1977 saw the introduction of the second generation, known as home computers. These were considerably easier to
use than their predecessors, whose operation often demanded thorough familiarity with practical electronics. It was the launch of the VisiCalc
spreadsheet (initially for the Apple II) that first turned the microcomputer from a hobby for computer enthusiasts into a business tool. After
the 1981 release by IBM of their IBM PC, the term Personal Computer became generally used for microcomputers compatible with the IBM PC
architecture (PC compatible). | <urn:uuid:a1d452d4-9178-4db8-800a-c773028558a2> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | http://barebones-computer-guide.com/microcomputer.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583516892.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20181023174507-20181023200007-00075.warc.gz | en | 0.939585 | 941 | 3.734375 | 4 |
Budget planning can be a pain in the neck. You have to sit down and face reality about how much money you actually make, then you have to try and figure out how to divvy it all up coherently enough so that everything is allocated for. Budget allocations are a personal decision, but you can get a jump-start on them by using national averages, then revising based on your unique lifestyle and goals.
Fixed budget expenses are those that stay the same from one month to the next; that makes them the easiest to plan for. Simply write down a list of all your fixed expenses such as the rent or mortgage and your car payment, then note down how much money is needed for each every month. Don't forget to plan for annual or biannual fixed expenses such as car insurance and registration fees. The amount of each bill is the allocation amount in your budget plan.
Flexible expenses can be trickier to plan for because by definition they can change. If you're not paying attention, flexible expenses can eat up an entire paycheck in one fell swoop. The best way to work flexible expenses into your budget planning is to treat them as fixed expenses instead. Plan to spend only X amount on food and Y amount on entertainment for example, then track your spending to be sure you don't go over your allocated amounts. On average, other people spend 15 to 20 percent of their take-home pay on food and 3 percent to 6 percent on entertainment.
Needs and Desires
We all have needs and desires to work into our budget plans. If you try to allocate funds for needs alone, you are more likely to blow your budget in the long run. According to financial guru Dave Ramsey, you should allocate at least a small portion of your budget for fun stuff, or pocket change. This small, extra amount that you can do anything you want with helps keep you from feeling deprived so the rest of your budget stays on track.
New Mexico State University explains that creating a budget is a means to an end. Your budget should be designed to help you meet your personal goals and financial priorities. If buying a new car is a priority then allocate funds to that goal as part of your planning process. Realize that as you reach goals your priorities will change; your budget plans should be regularly adjusted to reflect those changes as you go.
- "The Total Money Makeover: A Proven Plan for Financial Fitness"; Dave Ramsey; 2007
- New Mexico State University: Managing Your Money: Developing a Spending Plan
- pie chart 36 image by chrisharvey from Fotolia.com | <urn:uuid:54c0880b-afcb-4ed1-b7fa-ba22e134e072> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://budgeting.thenest.com/budget-allocation-planning-process-3198.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422122328486.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124175848-00083-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.952697 | 531 | 2.515625 | 3 |
The Legend of
Anyone searching for Robin Hood can draw on a wide range of literature from the tomes of weighty academic research to the rather more inventive reworking of the legend in modern fiction.
Often missing is the sense of spirit, time and place which gives the reader personal access to Robin's world; a world very different from the one we live in today.
And that's precisely why Richard Rutherford-Moore's new book, "the Legend of Robin Hood" works so well.
To begin with, Rutherford-Moore knows his subject intimately. An accomplished historical interpreter born only 1/4 of a mile from Loxley (a claimed birthplace of Robin Hood), the author is renowned in Nottinghamshire for his guided tours of Robin Hood country in the guise of a Forester of Sherwood AD 1200. He knows of Robin Hood and of life in the Greenwood and he tells it both like it was and like it is with authenticity and authority.
In "the Legend of Robin Hood" the topic is explored from the early beginnings of medieval times through to modern 20th. Century cinema and fiction.
The book begins with the dawn of the Robin Hood Legend guiding the reader through the heady historical mix of myth, beliefs, traditions and culture which set the stage for Robin's exploits.
Rutherford-Moore's story telling skilfully sets out the development of the Legend from the first ballads, through printed historical records, to the folklore and places which have immortalised Robin's story in the hearts and minds of people through the centuries.
The famous stories like "Robin Hood and Little John" and "The Death of Robin Hood" are rewritten and explored by the author with easy insight. The other Outlaws are not neglected. Each is given space for their character and history to be examined and their part in the Legend to be placed in its proper context.
Nowhere is the sense of "place" that runs through the book more apparent than in the section of the book that deals with locations of the Legend. Here, Rutherford-Moore's personal knowledge and passion for the landmarks of the Legend gives real flavour to the Robin Hood story. Over 30 such sites are covered together with photographs to illustrate the treasures of this beautiful area.
Finally, Rutherford-Moore draws the threads together.
Who was Robin Hood?
Why is he the archetypal hero?
What does the Legend mean to us today?
Rutherford-Moore has answers and in the final epilogue pages he sets out a personal statement saying........ Well, to reveal it here would spoil the fun!
"The Legend of Robin Hood" by Richard Rutherford-Moore is an exciting read for anyone interested in the Legend of Nottingham's favourite son. Get hold of a copy and give it a try.
THE LEGEND OF ROBIN HOOD
for £9.99 plus postage and packing
please click here to go to the Robin Hood Secure Shop (Books Section). | <urn:uuid:01c95105-7a85-4626-89ed-0da1c1c902c3> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://www.robinhood.ltd.uk/society/bookreviews.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500825567.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021345-00245-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.935315 | 600 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Radio Frequency (RF) and Microwave (MW) are terms that refer to the spectrum of electromagnetic waves in the range of 3 KHz to 300 GHz. These signals are used in various industries including, but not limited to, aerospace and defense, electronic warfare, medicine, automotive, television and radio broadcast.
The test and measurement community use test instrumentation to measure parametric data to insure that the components that make up the systems for those industries meet the specifications of their respective governing bodies. Harmonic distortion, noise figure, and phase noise are just a few of the parameters that are tested to insure system performance. The use of network analyzers, signal analyzers, and noise figure meters can be used to qualify those components/systems that are being put in to use.
GET A QUOTE NOW !
Select a category below for equipment that we stock | <urn:uuid:2e2d4c8b-4ce2-4eda-9bcd-f94fb566f176> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | https://www.trsrentelco.com/applications/rf-and-microwave | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125945624.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20180422154522-20180422174522-00248.warc.gz | en | 0.929238 | 175 | 2.53125 | 3 |
The Trump administration says it will now spend billions of dollars to help states make COVID-19 testing more widely available, a move meant to address months-long complaints about test shortages.
But here's the puzzle: Many labs say they have plenty of tests. So what's the disconnect?
Turns out a "test" is not a single device. COVID-19 testing involves several steps, each one requiring different supplies, and there are shortages of different supplies at different times in different places.
But despite warnings about supply shortages by health experts and governors at least as early as February, the federal government took until late April to ramp up domestic production of swabs — a universal ingredient in the most common type of COVID-19 test.
The swab test checks for active infections, unlike an antibody test, which involves drawing blood to check whether the body has recovered from the virus.
Step 1 of a swab test is collecting a sample, and the most common way to do that is by swabbing a patient's nose or throat. Sample collection usually involves a swab, a tube and a chemical solution called "viral transport media," which keeps the sample fresh as it travels to a laboratory. There are dozens of types of FDA-approved swab tests, and the swabbing is usually done at hospitals, community health centers or drive-through testing sites.
Step 2 takes place at a lab. There, genetic material is extracted from the sample. That requires a special machine and chemicals called reagents.
Once the genetic material is extracted, Step 3 occurs: A machine checks whether that genetic material contains any of the coronavirus. If it does, the sample has tested positive for COVID-19.
"A test is not simply a one-component test, but is made up of many different components," said Heather Pierce, senior director for science policy and regulatory counsel at the Association of American Medical Colleges. "If any one of those components is missing or has insufficient quantities, the test can't happen."
The COVID-19 testing process has been plagued by missing components, including swabs, reagents and the chemical solution that keeps samples fresh. Some weeks, there are shortages of some but not others, or one location has them and another doesn't.
Take swabs. They are able to work with any approved swab test. The name suggests something as simple as a Q-tip, but they are more specialized. Nasopharyngeal swabs, as they're called, are considered medical devices and must be long and flexible enough to get all the way through the nose to the back of the throat.
At an April 17 press briefing, President Trump said that in the next few weeks, the federal government would be sending millions of swabs to the states, and he added: "Mostly, it's cotton. It's not a big deal."
But Trump was wrong. Cotton can interfere with test results because it contains its own genetic material, so nasopharyngeal swabs are typically made of polyester, nylon, foam or some other synthetic material.
On April 20, Vice President Pence, speaking publicly about a phased reopening of the economy, said this: "By our best estimates, we have enough testing capacity today for every state in America to go to Phase 1."
But "testing capacity" does not necessarily mean testing is happening. Remember: Testing involves not just swabbing, but also having a sample analyzed at a lab. And labs may have the machines that analyze samples, but if there aren't enough swabs, those machines may sit idle. In other words, a shortage of swabs may prevent labs from operating at full testing capacity.
So why is there a shortage of something as seemingly simple as swabs?
For one reason, there had been only two major manufacturers of these swabs worldwide — Puritan Medical Products in Maine and Copan Diagnostics in Italy. When COVID-19 hit and demand for swabs skyrocketed, the companies became overwhelmed and couldn't keep up.
"I don't think the United States was prepared," said Timothy Templet, Puritan's executive vice president of global sales. "That includes us, Puritan. It includes our customers. And it includes the government ... And now it gets really nerve-wracking to think that we may be in this for another couple years."
The U.S. government could have been amassing swabs in the Strategic National Stockpile, a federal warehouse of medical supplies, but was not.
The government also has the Defense Production Act, a tool the Trump administration used in late March to require General Motors to produce more ventilators for coronavirus patients. But the administration did not act as quickly to use that tool for swab shortages, even though some people were advising that.
"Weeks ago," Washington Gov. Jay Inslee told NPR on April 16, "I spoke to the president and urged him to invoke the Defense Production Act and mobilize the incredible supply chains that the Department of Defense has and to ask them to convert some of their production from other hardware and software to swabs and contact vials and machines that can do analysis. And he did not agree with that assessment, and we lost weeks, frankly."
That was not the first time the federal government had been warned of swab shortages.
On Feb. 12, at a hearing on pandemic preparedness, a group of prominent health experts told a U.S. Senate committee that the country has a testing supply chain problem. On March 16, former FDA commissioner Scott Gottlieb tweeted that "swabs could be a weak link in broadening testing." On March 17, Rhode Island Gov. Gina Raimondo told CNN that "the problem is swabs." During the same time period, there were other public distress calls about supply shortages.
In mid-March, the government acted: It flew shipments of swabs from Italy to the U.S. But that still didn't meet demand, and complaints about shortages were still continuing in mid-April. On April 19, President Trump said he would use the Defense Production Act to increase swab production. On April 29, the government said Puritan Medical Products had been awarded a $75.5 million contract to produce more swabs.
Puritan's goal is to produce at least an additional 20 million swabs a month, and it's building a new factory to do that. But it's hard to say whether that's enough to meet demand because it's difficult to get consensus on how much COVID-19 testing the U.S. should be doing, and how many swabs can be produced.
Consider the experience of the American Society for Microbiology, which asked in mid-April to speak with Dr. Deborah Birx's team on the White House coronavirus task force to find out what was being done to address testing supply shortages — and discovered that the White House was trying to figure out the same thing.
"Something happened that was very surprising," recalled Dr. Robin Patel, the organization's president. "First of all, Ambassador Birx is a wonderful person and has very good insight into the challenges that are happening ... but what they did is they turned around and they asked the American Society for Microbiology to help with this situation. That's not why we were there. We were there asking for information."
So Patel's group gave the coronavirus task force its feedback.
"We are pleased to be able to help," said Patel, noting that the pandemic is a complicated situation and that everyone needs to work together to solve it. "But we were not there to volunteer to help. That was what was surprising — was the ask back to us."
The American Society for Microbiology's experience makes clear that nearly three months into the pandemic, the Trump administration was still struggling to understand the shortage of swabs and other test supplies, and how to fix it.
To help address the shortage, the FDA has approved more types of swabs, and an Ohio company is converting a plant to make swabs. The FDA has also approved a saliva test that does not require a swab.
And this week, the White House said it would send $11 billion to state governments to expand testing and make sure each state has enough testing supplies, although it said it wants to focus on high-risk communities like nursing homes.
So it remains unclear how widespread testing will ever be in the U.S.
MARY LOUISE KELLY, HOST:
The Trump administration says it will now spend billions to help states make COVID-19 testing more widely available. The move is meant to address months of complaints about test shortages. But here's the puzzle. Many labs say they have plenty of tests. So what's the disconnect? Well, it turns out a test is made up of many parts, and there are shortages of different parts at different times in different places, as Sacha Pfeiffer of NPR's investigations team is here to explain.
Hey there, Sacha.
SACHA PFEIFFER, BYLINE: Hi, Mary Louise.
KELLY: So - all right. We're talking about a test for the coronavirus, which I am now learning is not just one piece of equipment. What all are we talking about?
PFEIFFER: So there are several steps involved in COVID-19 testing, and each step requires different equipment. A common analogy I've heard is that to make chocolate chip cookies, you need not just chocolate chips but also flour and sugar and a bunch of other ingredients. And COVID-19 testing is basically like that.
KELLY: Stay with the recipe analogy. What are the ingredients needed for a COVID-19 test?
PFEIFFER: So first, to clarify, we're not talking about antibody tests. Those involve drawing blood to check whether you've recovered from the virus. We're talking about a DNA swab test where a sample is taken from your nose or throat to check if you have an active infection. So the ingredients for a swab test are a swab, of course. You also need a tube, and you need a solution in the tube to keep the sample fresh. That's step one of a COVID-19 test - collecting a sample.
KELLY: And these swab tests - by the way, this is the most common type of coronavirus test.
PFEIFFER: Yes. There are dozens of types of swab tests, and they're usually done at hospitals or community health centers or drive-through testing sites.
KELLY: OK. So just to recap those ingredients, to collect a sample, you need a swab. You need a tube, and then you need that solution you mentioned to preserve the sample.
PFEIFFER: Yes. And then that sample gets sent to a lab for step two, which is genetic material is extracted from the sample. And for that, you need a special machine, plus chemicals called reagents.
KELLY: OK. So we're adding a special machine. We're adding reagents. And then once they get the genetic material extracted, what happens then?
PFEIFFER: That's step three. The genetic material goes into a machine that checks whether it contains coronavirus. If it does, you have tested positive for COVID-19. So there are multiple ingredients in a recipe for coronavirus testing. Here's how Heather Pierce of the Association of American Medical Colleges sums it up.
HEATHER PIERCE: A test is not simply a one-component test but is made up of many different components. If any one of those components is missing or has insufficient quantities, the test can't happen.
PFEIFFER: But Mary Louise, as you mentioned, there have been insufficient quantities and missing components - lots of them.
KELLY: Right - like what? Which components have been missing or just not enough of them?
PFEIFFER: The swabs, the solution, the chemicals. Some weeks, there are shortages of some but not others, or one location has them and another doesn't. But let's focus on swabs because any type of approved swab works with any approved swab test. Swabs are a universal ingredient.
KELLY: Right. And to be clears, when we talk swabs, we're talking basically long Q-tips.
PFEIFFER: Yes, but more specialized than the drugstore kind. They're considered medical devices. They have to be long and flexible enough to get all the way back through your nose to the back of your throat. Here's President Trump on April 17 saying that in the next few weeks, the government would be sending millions of swabs to the states.
(SOUNDBITE OF ARCHIVED RECORDING)
PRESIDENT DONALD TRUMP: Swabs can be done easily by the governors themselves. Mostly, it's cotton. It's not a big deal. You can get cotton easily. But if they can't get it, we will take care of it.
PFEIFFER: But what Trump says about cotton is wrong. The swabs are not made of cotton. In fact, cotton can interfere with test results because cotton contains its own genetic material. So these swabs are typically made of polyester or some other synthetic material. Now, remember, yesterday the White House talked about a plan to increase test supplies going to the states. But let's go back to Vice President Pence on April 20, talking about a phased reopening of the economy. And pay attention to his wording.
(SOUNDBITE OF ARCHIVED RECORDING)
VICE PRESIDENT MIKE PENCE: By our best estimates, we have enough testing capacity today for every state in America to go to phase one.
KELLY: Sacha, I guess that leaves me wondering if testing capacity - Pence's words - if that's not quite the same thing as actually doing testing.
PFEIFFER: Right. It's not quite the same because as we talked about, testing has several steps. It's not just the step where you get swabbed. It's also the step where a lab analyzes your swab sample for the coronavirus. So labs might have machines to do that analysis, but if there aren't enough swabs to collect samples, those machines could be sitting idle.
KELLY: Which means that tests maybe are not actually happening and one missing ingredient, like swabs, can derail the whole thing.
PFEIFFER: Exactly. And tomorrow on Morning Edition, I'll be explaining why the United States has a shortage of something as seemingly simple as swabs.
KELLY: An excellent question which I will look forward to hearing the answer to. Thank you, Sacha.
PFEIFFER: You're welcome.
KELLY: That's Sacha Pfeiffer of NPR's investigations team. Transcript provided by NPR, Copyright NPR. | <urn:uuid:815640be-9760-4e16-9058-ee894e76a908> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://www.wcbe.org/post/despite-early-warnings-us-took-months-expand-swab-production-covid-19-test | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623488273983.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20210621120456-20210621150456-00084.warc.gz | en | 0.969062 | 3,123 | 3.28125 | 3 |
More Doubts about Decks
Did artists of the Sixteenth Century portray actual ship construction methods or is it safe to assume ships were built entirely differently? A controversial issue is that of stepped decks. From the evidence of Anthony Anthony’s contemporary drawings we have portraits of every ship in the English Navy in 1545 as well as M de la Ronciere’s view of the French Fleet off the Normandy Coast in 1548. It is generally accepted that these drawings do give good representations of the appearance of ships of around 1540. However Anthony’s drawings of the Henry Grace a Dieu show seven big guns superposed in the stern plus one deck above the uppermost, making a controversial eight in total. Examination of further evidence from the Cottonian MSS in the British Museum confirms that artists of the day did know what ships looked like, how they carried their guns and that their drawings approximated to reality very closely indeed. | <urn:uuid:0afda3c9-c3f9-4d23-8c8f-777540b3a780> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://snr.org.uk/doubts-decks/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662520936.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20220517225809-20220518015809-00211.warc.gz | en | 0.9672 | 194 | 3.140625 | 3 |
The Religion of the Old Testament: Its Place Among the Religions of the Nearer East by Karl Marti epub fb2 djvu
||The Religion of the Old Testament: Its Place Among the Religions of the Nearer East
||lrf lit mbr azw
||Kessinger Publishing, LLC (July 25, 2007)
|Size EPUB version:
|Size FB2 version:
||Christian Books & Bibles
||Bible Study & Reference
Related EPUB FB2 books to The Religion of the Old Testament: Its Place Among the Religions of the Nearer East by Karl Marti
Tillich and Religion: Toward a Theology of World Religions
The Sacred Paths of the East
Religion, What Is It?
Pilgrims, Patrons, and Place: Localizing Sanctity in Asian Religions (Asian ...
Gods in the Desert: Religions of the Ancient Near East
Collectivistic Religions: Religion, Choice, and Identity in Late Modernity
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The World's Parliament of Religions: The East/West Encounter, Chicago, 1893 ...
African Religion (World Religions)
Religion y religiones / Religion and Religions (Hispanica De Filosofia) (Sp ... | <urn:uuid:efde43fb-024f-4c16-9d83-c960ad88c5bd> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://epub.asplinux.com/christian-books-bibles/331292-the-religion-of-the-old-testament-its-place-among-the-religions-of-the-nearer-east-karl-martipdf-epub.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610704847953.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20210128134124-20210128164124-00155.warc.gz | en | 0.660451 | 307 | 3 | 3 |
George Washington's Tent
General Washington slept here
During the American Revolution, General George Washington really did sleep here! A tent of this size, however--about 28 feet long and about 16 feet wide at front and back--would also have been used for dining and for meetings with his staff. The side walls rise to about five feet, two inches on the back side and six foot, two inches at the front entrance, Washington's approximate height. The tent is made of linen with red woolen trim on the scallops of the edging top. This material is durable and resistant to insect damage, which is why the tent has survived.
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What do you think?
Would you like to see more objects like this on the site? Tell others by casting your vote. | <urn:uuid:3220f4f8-d5a0-4fa6-b6b8-8a14f39bb023> | CC-MAIN-2015-40 | http://www.historywired.si.edu/object.cfm?ID=521 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443737913815.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001221833-00190-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.951737 | 162 | 2.859375 | 3 |
I was fortunate to see the Fadden More Psalter when I was in Dublin last August. Uncovered in a peat bog in 2006, it’s an awesome discovery on so many levels.
Not because of its fabulous illumination, like the Book of Kells and other insular manuscripts. Not so much. When 1000 years in a peat bog you have, look as good you will not. But its the first major find of this sort in 200 years and the first in an archeological context.
The conservation was probably an interesting project, since the parchment of many leaves had been eaten away but not under the letters because of the ink’s acidity, leading to an odd alphabet soup.
The cover is as important, if not more, as the book itself, telling us for the first time what the outside of early Irish books would have looked and how they were kept. It looks like nothing so much as a 9th century Trapper-Keeper, the book sliding into the cover but not attached to it.
But the icing on the cake is the papyrus inside the front cover, suggesting a potential link between the early Irish church and Coptic Egypt. It’s not known how Christianity came to Ireland. There were enough Christians in Ireland by 410 AD that the Pope sent them a Bishop, Palladius. Saint Patrick gets the credit for converting Ireland but he has, alas, more PR than history on his side. The papyrus find makes one wonder if Coptic missionaries were the real source. | <urn:uuid:1c268c68-37d8-47ce-9f29-0b554db365ac> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://michellemarkeybutler.com/2012/03/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320300805.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20220118062411-20220118092411-00430.warc.gz | en | 0.977742 | 313 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Atomic Design - Methodology
As the art of web design continues to evolve, we recognise the need to develop thoughtful design systems rather than creating simple collections of web pages. Atomic design is a methodology for creating design systems.
© Brad Frost
Brad Frost and Dave Olsen, the guys behind patternlab.io, call it - "Build systems, not pages"
What does "Build systems, not pages" mean?
To me, Building Systems doesn't mean creating a design or developing entire interface pages. It's a small element, like a button. And all the small components are combined into single groups, like labels, boxes, tables, forms. In the end, the final pages are simply assembled from these prefabricated groups. That's the idea behind System Builder.
Now we can go deeper into the atomic design modules.
The methodology consists of five distinct steps and an orderly hierarchical way of creating interface design systems. These are:
Hierarchy of atomic design (image 1)
Here, those little elements/moles are called "Atoms". Atoms are kind of like, the building blocks of an application.
For example, (image 2) they represent different UI elements by themselves, such as buttons, form elements and labels. Their fonts, colours and icons are inherited from atoms.
Molecules provide more functionality. Molecules are groups of atoms linked together and are the smallest fundamental units. For example (picture 3). A text input field and a button are combined into a search form and can do something together.
The atoms or internal modules are the icons used for each step, the icons used to connect the steps (image 4), and the text used under the icons, as well as the colours used to distinguish active steps from inactive steps, and the typography used, which includes the size and style of the font family.These atoms by themselves are quite simple, but once grouped together, they provide meaning and functionality by letting the user know which current step they are in, which steps are ahead, and how to navigate
Organisms are groups of molecules combined together to form a relatively complex, discrete section in an interface. Search molecules combine with navigation molecules to form a title organism. For example, (image 5) site search and title are combined into a form of navigation and can do something together. This title organism consists of a search form molecule, a logo atom and a primary navigation molecule. The organisms demonstrate these smaller, simpler components in action and serve as individual samples that can be used over and over again. In terms of external interface, organisms are good candidates for splitting HTML into sections.
A template consists mainly of groups of organisms stitched together into pages. This is where we start to see how the design comes together and the actions in the layout. At this stage it's easy to visualise the organisms from the sample design below (image 6) and how they might make up each of the pages. But not only that, we can imagine how breaking down our design into these parts can help us establish better design rules and better understand when and why we would want to rewrite these rules.
dribbble.com (image 6)
Here's a way to document the modules that have been identified. It's not just a matter of creating a specification document to capture how the modules should be built, or writing guidelines that capture high-level definitions such as brand colours and font families.
The final step is the atomic page design module. All templates contain actual representative content, which is called a Page. Pages are the highest level of accuracy. Pages are templates with added ready-made content, videos, photos and actual content, allowing us to check and fine-tune the design if necessary. Pages are necessary to check the effectiveness of the basic design system. For example, (image 7)
The following shows a step-by-step atomic design following the steps I describe in this article. This is what atomic design is all about! These five separate steps work together simultaneously to create effective user interface design systems. To briefly summarise atomic design:
Atoms are elements of the user interface that cannot be further broken down, and serve as the elementary building blocks of the interface.
Molecules are sets of atoms that form relatively simple components of a user interface.
Organisms are the relatively complex components that make up the individual parts of an interface.
Templates place components in a layout and show the basic structure of the design's content.
Pages apply real content to templates and formulate options to demonstrate the final interface and test the robustness of the design system.
At the end of this article I will mention that Atomic Design provides a clear methodology for creating design systems. Such frameworks allow us to focus our thinking and clearly state what we are creating. This ensures consistency and manageability of our designs. Atomic design allows designers to think critically about each design component as part of a whole. We only touch on this subject superficially. And how do you implement the design process?
Atomic design enables us to move from the abstract to the concrete. By doing so, we can create systems that promote consistency and scalability while showing things in their final context. By assembling rather than disassembling, we create a system all at once instead of selectively.
© Brad Frost | <urn:uuid:94a8fb89-e263-4735-be0e-a2c888245e61> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://astanahub.com/en/blog/atomarnyi-dizain-metodologiia1617294003 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224652116.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20230605121635-20230605151635-00263.warc.gz | en | 0.900625 | 1,153 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Colorado is one of the top oil- and natural gas-producing states in the nation. But a ballot measure may have a dramatic impact on the future of this industry. Proposition 112 would impose new setbacks that opponents contend would kill much of the state’s energy development. Supporters counter that these new rules are necessary to protect the public.
The oil and gas industry has a long history in Colorado. With the advent of the shale revolution, which led to a significant oil and gas output thanks to hydraulic fracturing, Colorado’s energy production underwent a renaissance during the past decade. This increased production has led to conflicts with some municipalities and residents over pollution claims and noise complaints.
There have been a variety of legislative efforts to curb oil and gas production in the state. These range from local laws to citizen-led initiatives, although many have failed to gain traction or have been shut down in the courts. Proposition 112 is the most significant of these proposals. It would mandate that any new oil and gas development be set back 2,500 feet from homes, schools, playgrounds, rivers, creeks, and anything else local governments determine as a “vulnerable area.” Currently the state imposes a 1,000 feet setback from high-occupancy buildings such as schools, 500 feet from occupied homes, and 350 feet from playgrounds.
The supporters of Proposition 112 argue that oil and gas production, especially when it involves hydraulic fracturing, poses a variety of health threats to the public. These setbacks, they argue, will ensure that these hazardous operations are not too close to people.
Opponents of Proposition 112 say that these setbacks would essentially end almost all new oil and gas production in the state. They contend that few areas would be left to explore for oil and natural gas after the setbacks are put into place. They point out if that happens it could lead to tens of thousands of jobs being lost, the state’s economy taking a big hit, and tax revenue going down. They also argue that Colorado has strict regulations on oil and natural gas development, so a new setback rule is unnecessary.
Both the Democratic and Republican candidates for governor oppose Proposition 112. If the voters approve it, there will likely be a legal fight prior to its implementation.
Do you think that oil and natural gas production should face stricter regulation? | <urn:uuid:11c545aa-70bc-4421-87d9-51620d9c6dfd> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | http://votespotter.com/community/post/2018/10/11/colorado-oil-and-gas-production-may-face-new-restrictions | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027315544.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20190820133527-20190820155527-00025.warc.gz | en | 0.961043 | 472 | 3.171875 | 3 |
NEW YORK (FOX5NY.COM) - An online simulation program uses role-play conversations with virtual humans, also known as avatars, to teach people how to identify signs of distress and then respond to those who might be at risk.
Colleges throughout the country are using the program Kognito at Risk to help its students tackle anxiety, stress, thoughts of suicide, and depression. St. John's University is one of them. The university has been using Kognito at Risk for faculty and staff since 2011.
A national survey showed that more than 86 percent of college students felt overwhelmed and more than 60 percent felt very anxious it, according to Eileen Caulfield, the associate director of training and human resources at St. John's.
She said the university purchased Kagnito at Risk to train faculty to identify and recognize signs of distress in students and then connect them with campus resources. Caulfield said this tool gives the faculty an opportunity to practice different scenarios and responses so that in a real-life situation he or she can be comfortable with the approach they take.
The online training is about 45 minutes long. The simulation features a professor, a student, and a virtual coach that gives feedback. The avatar coach steps in if the professor says the wrong thing to the student.
St. John's University said this program isn't for professors to diagnosis students with mental health issues but to help them get the resources they need. | <urn:uuid:57e30e19-38d4-429f-a759-eda5250b2074> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.fox5ny.com/news/simulation-trains-professors-to-help-distressed-students | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100381.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20231202073445-20231202103445-00746.warc.gz | en | 0.960226 | 296 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Once again … Strange sounds … this time from a lake … or could these mysterious sounds, like may others we have reported on over the years, actually be coming from UNDER the lake thus actually making them underground sounds? . . . EDITOR
YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK — Yellowstone Lake and the rugged backcountry that surrounds it is a place where millions go seeking solitude and silence. Yet it in a well-documented but rarely discussed phenomenon, some visitors to the Lake area have experienced remarkable celestial sounds of unknown and unexplained origin.
“They resemble the ringing of telegraph wires or the humming of a swarm of bees, beginning softly in the distance, growing rapidly plainer until directly overhead, and then fading as rapidly in the opposite direction,” wrote Hiram M. Chittenden in 1895 in his book, “The Yellowstone National Park.”
Chittenden’s description is one of several in the historical record — as well as many more from popular anecdotal accounts — of strange sounds or “lake music” coming from the skies around Yellowstone Lake and Shoshone lake.
Chittenden was an accomplished engineer with rigorous scientific discipline who built roads and bridges in the park, as well as locks in Seattle’s Lake Washington Ship Canal. He was not given to idle speculation or unsubstantiated gossip about seemingly magical events.
But he is hardly the only — or even the first — prominent Yellowstone visitor to write about the strange and unexplained lake sounds. . . . Read Complete Report
Congress held discussions to sell the National Parks during the government shutdown through the Disposal of Excess Federal Lands Act, spearheaded by Jason Chaffetz (R-UT).
The sale would cover national parks in Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, & Wyoming as a measure to “reduce the federal deficit.” We discuss the proposal on this Buzzsaw news clip with Tyrel Ventura and Tabetha Wallace.
Activity at Yellowstone’s supervolcano is ramping-up, causing some in-the-know to prepare for what could soon make two-thirds of the United States uninhabitable.
Image: Aerial view of Grand Prismatic Spring; Hot Springs, Midway & Lower Geyser Basin, Yellowstone National Park. The spring is approximately 250 by 300 feet (75 by 91 m) in size. CREDIT: Jim Peaco, National Park Service SOURCE: Wikipedia Commons
YELLOWSTONE, WYOMING (INTELLIHUB) — Recently the massive 300 mile wide underground supervolcano and pool of liquid hot magma at Yellowstone National Park has become alarmingly active. So far, mainline scientists and press have kept the cause of the activity tight-lipped, but one thing is for sure, something is definitely going on underground in the region. In fact it has been documented that the ground in and around Yellowstone has risen over 3 inches per year lately, which is scary data to receive for modern researchers. . . . Read Complete Report
Scientists search for the explosive source of a disaster that wiped out almost a third of Londoners in 1258.
When archaeologists discovered thousands of medieval skeletons in a mass burial pit in east London in the 1990s, they assumed they were 14th-century victims of the Black Death or the Great Famine of 1315-17. Now they have been astonished by a more explosive explanation – a cataclysmic volcano that had erupted a century earlier, thousands of miles away in the tropics, and wrought havoc on medieval Britons.
Scientific evidence – including radiocarbon dating of the bones and geological data from across the globe – shows for the first time that mass fatalities in the 13th century were caused by one of the largest volcanic eruptions of the past 10,000 years.. . . Read Complete Report
DIG DEEPER: Supervolcano.the Truth About Yellowstone.
Meet the experts who monitor the behaviour of the Yellowstone supervolcano. They face the awesome responsibility of predicting when the next super-eruption might next take place — and advising on what will happen when it does.
On August 6th, 1848, the Royal Navy frigate HMS Daedalus was cruising near the Cape of Good Hope when the Officer of Watch spotted an object in the sea. He drew the attention of the Captain and several crew members on deck to it. It was a large sea snake, or sea serpent, that they estimated to be sixty feet long, 15 inches in diameter, and moved through the sea with it’s head some four feet out of the water.
Strangely enough it seemed to be able to move quickly through the water with neither vertical or horizontal undulation. The creature was dark brown, shading to yellow-white under the throat. On the back there seemed to be a seaweed-like mane. The Daedalus observed it for about twenty minutes.
In 1937 Alfred Peterson, a nurse aboard a British troopship in the China Sea, spotted what at first he thought was a big tree floating in the sea. A few minutes later he noticed it was still there, keeping pace with the ship. This peaked his interest and he took a closer look. What he saw was a 25 foot long, grey-black, body with a head shaped like a giraffe.
Tales about sea serpents have been told and retold by sailors down through the ages. Skeptics have pointed out that many of these incidents could be the result of misidentifications. A floating log, or in the case of the Daedalus, an abandoned native canoe painted like a snake. Some encounters are so close, though, that it is hard to believe someone could be mistaken: . . . Read Complete Report
The only surviving footage of the Sunset Squid sequence (shot by a documentary filmmaker) was in regular screen format. I wondered how it would have looked in widescreen (Leagues was shot in CinemaScope) – so I reformatted it into Letterbox. I think this is pretty close to how the sequence appeared originally, since the documentary cameraman was allowed to place his 16mm Bolex right alongside the ‘A’ Camera during his time on the set.
There’s been a lot of buzz over the last few weeks about strange sounds being heard in the atmosphere. People around the world and here at home have reported hearing some bizarre noises. The latest were recorded in the Battlefords last weekend.
Ian Hamilton, North Battleford’s mayor, says he can’t explain it. “What I experienced was a scraping sound, like a snowplow. . . Read Complete Report | <urn:uuid:e06033ed-35af-4cb0-8fbe-5d23636f1a25> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | http://thehollowearthinsider.com/?s=Yellow+Stone | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104244535.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20220703134535-20220703164535-00278.warc.gz | en | 0.96024 | 1,382 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Researchers at UC Davis have developed and characterized a molecule that interferes with the internal regulation of cancer cells, causing them to self-destruct. This novel mechanism was found to be effective against glioma cells — responsible for a usually fatal type of brain cancer — and could be applicable to other highly aggressive cancers.
The article, to be published in the April 2015 issue of Molecular Pharmacology, is available online.
“We have elucidated the mode of action of a drug that destroys glioma cells in a manner that has not previously been described,” said Nagarekha Pasupuleti, lead author of the study and project scientist in the Department of Neurology. “We anticipate that it will lead to new treatments to fight cancers that are resistant to standard therapies.”
The investigators performed a series of studies utilizing high-content analysis, which quantifies changes in living cells in response to a drug treatment. The lab focused on the effects of a patented small molecule previously developed at UC Davis, known as UCD38B, on four different human glioma cell lines.
Gliomas arise from glia cells in the brain, which provide structural support and protection to neurons. Treatment of glioma typically involves a combination of surgery, radiation therapy and chemotherapy. Although apparently eradicated from the body after treatment, the cancer has a high rate of recurrence.
According to Pasupuleti, the problem with conventional therapy is that a subpopulation of non-dividing cancer cells tends to remain unaffected by treatment. These cells, which have many properties in common with normal stem cells, remain quiescent for a time, later replicate and regenerate the tumor. This population of glioma-initiating cancer cells resides in tumor regions having negligible or no blood supply and minimal oxygen, making them very difficult to destroy.
The research team’s study showed that UCD38B is effective against such non-dividing glioma cells, as well as dividing cells destroyed by conventional therapy. They found that UCD38B acts by targeting a cellular regulatory system called the urokinase plasminogen activator system. This system is normally important when tissue needs to be re-organized, such as during wound healing, a process that requires new cells to be made and others destroyed. Components of the urokinase plasminogen activator system have been found to be highly active in many aggressive cancers, including gliomas, as well as metastatic breast, lung and pancreatic cancers. The system is believed to play an important role in the ability of cancer cells to grow uncontrollably and metastasize to other parts of the body.
UCD38B disrupts the intracellular components of the urokinase plasminogen activator system. After entering glioma cells, UCD38B causes “mis-trafficking” of urokinase plasminogen activator system components to the wrong region of the cancer cell, ultimately triggering the cells to signal their own destruction rather than proliferate. UCD38B does this by disrupting the cell’s endosomal transport system, which normally functions to direct cellular components to areas where they may be needed, or if not needed, destroyed. Within a few hours of administration, UCD38B causes plasminogen activator system components to be sent to mitochondria near the cell nucleus instead of the cell surface, causing factors to be released that destroy the cell.
Preliminary studies in rodents implanted with human glioma cells have found that a new small molecule based upon UCD38B is very effective in destroying this population of hypoxic glioma cells within the tumor without evidence of adverse effects. The research team will continue these studies and, in collaboration with the UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, hopes to try the drug in dogs with high- grade glial brain cancers, for which there are no other treatment options.
“Understanding the drug mechanism of action of UCD38B and its more potent derivatives is the culmination of many years of work of characterizing the processes causing cancer recurrence and developing molecules that target therapeutically resistant cancer cell types,” said Fredric Gorin, principal investigator, chair of the UC Davis Department of Neurology School of Medicine and professor of molecular biosciences in the UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine. “We are hopeful that this new class of drug will one day become an important adjunct to conventional therapies in fighting these especially difficult-to-treat cancers.”
The article is titled “Mis-trafficking of endosomal urokinase proteins triggers drug-induced glioma non-apoptotic cell death.”
In addition to Gorin and Pasupuleti, Ana Cristina Grodzki of the Department of Molecular Biosciences in the UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, was a co-author and played an important role in quantifying the endosomal trafficking caused by UCD38B.
This research was funded by National Institutes of Health, Neurological Sciences grants (NS040489 NS060880) to the UC Davis School of Medicine, the UC Davis Research Investments in Science and Engineering (RISE) and the MIND Institute Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center (IDDRC) grant (U54 HD079125). | <urn:uuid:bcee355a-ad45-4e48-9af0-578147120a3f> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://www.universityofcalifornia.edu/news/scientists-describe-novel-drug-mechanism-fights-brain-cancer | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655890566.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20200706222442-20200707012442-00546.warc.gz | en | 0.94643 | 1,113 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Jig and fixturing components are work-holding devices used for machining multiple workpieces in production environments.
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Shoulder screws, also called stripper bolts, are a type of machine screw with integral threads that are only present on half or less of the screw shank. A shoulder screw has a partially smooth shaft that will allow the bolted material some rotation and movement around the screw axis, while the threaded end will typically have a nut to maintain the screw's position.
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Vises are used for work holding and during inspection, assembly, forming, welding, and machining operations. They usually consist of a screw, level, or cam-type mechanism that closes and holds two or more jaws around a workpiece
Search by Specification | Learn more about Vises | <urn:uuid:1fb53120-a0d5-4475-89f2-ad9371a229a5> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://www.globalspec.com/productfinder/manufacturing_process_equipment/machine_tool_accessories/jig_fixturing_components | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189472.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00648-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.902337 | 1,326 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Earth-like worlds with two suns in their skies, like Luke Skywalker's home planet of Tatooine in the "Star Wars" films, may be widespread throughout the Milky Way galaxy.
Although a number of gaseous exoplanets have already been spotted in two-star systems, many astronomers had thought that rocky, potentially habitable worlds could not take shape in an environment with such complex and chaotic orbital dynamics. But mathematical simulations suggest otherwise, a new study reports.
"It is just as easy to make an Earth-like planet around a binary star as it is [to do so] around a single star like our sun," study lead author Ben Bromley, of the University of Utah, said in a statement. "So we think that Tatooines may be common in the universe." [10 Real Exoplanets That Resemble Star Wars Worlds]
Making rocky planets
Planets coalesce from the disk of dust and gas that surrounds a newborn star. Rocky worlds like Earth are built up by repeated mergers of asteroidlike objects called planetesimals.
"Around a single star, planetesimals tend to follow circular paths — concentric rings that do not cross," Bromley said in the statement. "If planetesimals do approach each other, they can merge together gently."
The situation has long been thought to be quite different around newborn binary stars, according to Bromley.
"For over a decade, astrophysicists believed that planets like Earth could not form around most binary stars, at least not close enough to support life," he said.
The paths of planetesimals in such systems, the thinking goes, "get mixed up by the to-and-fro pull of the binary stars," he added. "Their orbits can get so tangled that they cross each other's paths at high speeds, dooming them to destructive collisions, not growth."
The simulations that predict such outcomes have traditionally assumed that planetesimals travel in circular orbits. But the modeling work performed by Bromley and his co-author Scott Kenyon, of the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, shows that, in binary systems, rocky building blocks likely make their way into oval paths.
"If the planetesimals are in an oval-shaped orbit instead of a circle, their orbits can be nested, and they won't bash into each other," Bromley said. "They can find orbits where planets can form."
Where do gaseous two-star planets form?
Bromley and Kenyon also analyzed the seven exoplanets that NASA's Kepler space telescope has discovered to date in or near the "habitable zone" of their two-star systems. (The habitable zone is the range of distances from the host star or stars where liquid water could exist on a world's surface.)
All seven are gaseous planets similar to Neptune or Jupiter. Scientists think the worlds likely formed farther out in their systems, where more gas and dust were available, and then moved inward toward the habitable zone later, perhaps after gravitational interactions with other planets.
The new study supports the viability of such a scenario, but it also suggests that the seven gaseous worlds could have formed where they now orbit, after clouds of dust and gas moved inward. That is, migration could have occurred either before or after the planets coalesced.
The study has been submitted to The Astrophysical Journal. You can read it for free at the online preprint site arXiv.org: http://arxiv.org/abs/1503.03876 | <urn:uuid:a3ae56cc-8aed-4f54-99a8-b4ada38a64c2> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | https://www.space.com/28976-rocky-tatooine-planets-two-sun-common.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934807344.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20171124085059-20171124105059-00087.warc.gz | en | 0.954891 | 736 | 3.65625 | 4 |
Cough, sneeze, watery eyes, runny nose, irritated skin, sometimes a wheeze and itchy throat: sound familiar? All of these are symptoms associated with allergies. An allergy is a sign that the body has encountered something it dislikes and is reacting to its presence. Almost anything that can be touched, breathed, or ingested can trigger an allergic reaction. These are particularly annoying to children and can lead to irritability, loss of sleep, and poor appetite. It is important to pay attention to your children’s allergies because they may be the forerunners of more severe illnesses such as ear infections, asthma, and eczema. Allergies may be evident in the first few days of life although most show up later.
In early childhood, skin rashes, upset stomach, and diarrhea may be the first signs of allergy, especially if a baby is bottle-fed on cow’s milk formulas.
Toddlers and pre-school children with allergies usually exhibit red, watery, and itchy eyes, along with a runny nose, a cough, sneezing, and wheezing. (Stomachaches, diarrhea, loss of appetite and weight loss are less common but do occur.)
In severe allergies, such as those from stinging insects, peanuts, or dairy products, anaphylaxis may occur. This serious condition is characterized by difficulty breathing, pale and clammy skin, and loss of consciousness.
Begin by a assessing when allergic symptoms occur and what food, plant, product, or insect may be associated. When an offending substance is known, avoid it!
Temporary elimination diets may be an effective strategy to pinpoint an allergic reaction to foods.
Use antihistamines, cortisone creams and other medications only upon medical advice.
Call your Doctor If
- Symptoms persist in spite of attempts to avoid contact with suspected offenders.
- Eczema develops.
- Wheezing occurs.
- If signs of severe reactions develop, call immediately.
Most allergies are more irritating than life-threatening. However, children who exhibit symptoms should be evaluated for a possible cause and have a treatment plan developed. If there is a potential for a severe reaction, keep an automatic injection system of epinephrine, such as an epi-pen, readily available. The goals of managing allergies include avoiding their cause whenever possible, following medical advice, knowing how to handle an emergency, and keeping a good supply of tissues handy!
By Dr. Olson Huff | <urn:uuid:446be2dd-057f-4865-a46f-b62d69fc36ca> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://www.sixtysecondparent.com/2015/05/16/allergies-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698541361.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170901-00218-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.944531 | 515 | 3.609375 | 4 |
Probiotics help increase the proportion of healthy days in stressed participants : results of a large randomised, double-blind, placebo controlled study
“Daily intake of Bifidobacterium bifidum R0071 provides benefits related to cold and flu outcomes during acute psychological stress”, this is the main conclusion of a large probiotic randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial conducted at the University of Florida with 581 participants and published ahead of print by the British Journal of Nutrition, demonstrating a reduction by 45% of the likelihood that a participant would report a cold/flu during a day while on the probiotic compared to those on the placebo. This translates into an average reduction of cold/flu episodes duration by approximately a half day over a 6-week period: Placebo group : 2.4 days/ B.bifidum Rosell-71 group : 1.8 days (1).
The clinical study evaluated the individual effects of three probiotic strains, which are found in combination in the ProbioKid® formulation and which have been previously shown to reduce the occurrence of common winter infections in school-aged children by 25% and the number of school day absenteeism by 40%2: Bifidobacterium bifidum Rosell-71 (R0071), Bifidobacterium infantis Rosell-33 (R0033), Lactobacillus helveticus Rosell-52 (R0052). Commenting on the study, Professor Bobbi Langkamp-Henken, Principal Investigator of the clinical study, said: “The aim of this unique study was to evaluate the effects of specific probiotic strains on the percentage of healthy days in academically stressed students, a well-known model of acute psychological stress which is associated with increased incidence of cold/flu. This acute stress model was already evaluated with a previous prebiotic study.” She added: “We wanted to keep our participants healthy. With Bifidobacterium bifidum R0071, participants had a higher proportion of healthy days around the period time when they were taking academic exams.
With Bifidobacterium bifidum R0071 we saw a reduction in the percentage of participants who became ill and fewer episodes of cold/flu compared with the placebo. There was also a trend toward fewer episodes of cold/flu with Bifidobacterium infantis R0033.
Dr Stéphanie-Anne Girard, Clinical Program Manager at Lallemand Health Solutions added: “With the use of powerful statistical predictive models, we could highlight interesting effects of other covariates on the probability of reporting a day of cold/flu in these stressed participants, such as the level of stress and the gender: women reported more cold days, more severe cold symptoms and higher levels of stress during the 6-week intervention. The probiotic effect was all the more important in these susceptible groups”.
She added: “We are very pleased to have participated in this high standard clinical study with the University of Florida. Scientifically, it is very interesting for us to look at the individual strain effects and such a design is part of our global integrated research program aimed at investigating the interactions of our individual strains with the immune system. These new study results should be considered not only with previous clinical results obtained in children with the complete ProbioKid® formula but also corroborated with additional mechanistic host-microbe interaction studies. When taken individually, the three strains are able to specifically modulate the immune response while, when taken together, the strain combination shows even more potent significant benefits, illustrating potential synergies between the different strains. These in vitro results will be presented at Probiota 2015 in Amsterdam next week.”
1-Bobbi Langkamp-Henken, Cassie C. Rowe, Amanda L. Ford, Mary C. Christman, Carmelo Nieves Jr, Lauren Khouri, Gretchen J. Specht, Stephanie-Anne Girard, Samuel J. Spaiser and Wendy J. Dahl,. Bifidobacterium bifidum R0071 results in a greater proportion of healthy days and a lower percentage of academically stressed students reporting a day of cold/flu: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. British Journal of Nutrition 2015 doi: 10.1017/S0007114514003997.
2-Mario Cazzola, Nhân Pham-Thi, Jean-Charles Kerihuel, Henri Durand, and Serge Bohbot “Efficacy of a synbiotic supplementation in the prevention of common winter diseases in children: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study” Ther Adv Respir Dis, October 2010; vol. 4, 5: pp. 271-278 | <urn:uuid:9dbaa7a9-2892-4678-9349-7d278b1ae5f9> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | https://lallemand-health-solutions.com/en/probiotics-help-increase-the-proportion-of-healthy-days-in-stressed-participants-results-of-a-large-randomised-double-blind-placebo-controlled-study/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195526446.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20190720045157-20190720071157-00486.warc.gz | en | 0.914321 | 1,001 | 2.515625 | 3 |
The TMJ, or temporomandibular joint, is the jaw joint, and there are two, one on either side, working together to allow the motion of the upper temporal bone and lower mandible, or the jawbones. The defining feature of the TMJ is the articular disk, formed of fibrous tissue similar to cartilage in the ear and nose that is found between the two bones, forming the joint. It divides this joint into two parts, allowing for rotational movement (opening and closing) and translational motion (forward, backward, and side to side).
The TMJ is susceptible to all the same afflictions as other joints in the body, including arthritis, dislocation, trauma, ankylosis (joint stiffness), neoplasia (abnormal growth of tissue), and other developmental difficulties. Sometimes abbreviated incorrectly as TMJ, which is actually the name of the joint, temporomandibular joint disorder (TMD) or TMJ syndrome is the mot common disorder associated with this particular part of the body. It can involve a wide variety of conditions and symptoms, including both acute and chronic inflammation of the joint, as well as significant pain and impaired range of motion.
Signs and symptoms of TMJ disorder can be difficult to interpret because their presentation can vary and be quite complex, mimicking other ailments and involving a number of components. Muscles, ligaments, tendons, nerves, bones, teeth, and connective tissue can all be affected by temporomandibular joint syndrome. Muscles are the source of the majority of patient complaints and can be affected by overuse (nail biting or excessive gum chewing), as well as clenching teeth. These are the simple causes, though muscle pain from TMD can also be caused by infection, bruising, and scarring.
In any case where a dysfunction of the muscles persists, the teeth may line up incorrectly with each other, leading to trauma from the over- or under-bite and causing sensitivity to the teeth, compounding other pain in the mouth. Due to the fact that this joint, easily one of the most complex in the human body, is so close to the ear, many TMJ patients complain of ear pain and are unaware of their disorder at first. In fact, TMJ disorder is attributed as a major possible cause of secondary otalgia (chronic earache).
In severe cases of TMD, destruction of the supporting bone can cause movement in teeth, as can heavy forces placed on the teeth by the disorder. As teeth move, it affects the overall interaction between teeth, muscles, and joints, especially when the mouth is closed and can lead to other pains of the mouth, including inflammation of the gums, dental pulp, and pulpitis.
While there is not really a cure for temporomandibular joint disorder, there are treatments. If the surfaces of teeth have been damaged and are highly sensitive, the proper occlusion must be restored through the modification of the occlusal surfaces of the teeth. For pain relief, standard analgesic pain killers, as well as NSAIDs can provide some assistance, though most of the pain is neuralgic and unresponsive to such therapies. Long term solutions include utilizing certain prescription medications, surgery, and therapy, as well as eliminating habits that may aggravate symptoms. | <urn:uuid:92bbf7a9-9587-4493-bc7a-3670aee2f63e> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://www.discount-dental.net/tag/tmj-treatment/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296945287.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20230324144746-20230324174746-00401.warc.gz | en | 0.952279 | 683 | 3.546875 | 4 |
Here we see the illustrious cuboctahedron, or vector equilibrium. Along with the truncated octahedron, it can be considered, in some sense, a three-dimensional analogue to the hexagon. Though it has no hexagonal faces, the cuboctahedron can be seen to consist of four hexagonal rings or planes arranged in the manner of tetrahedral symmetry. That is, if one took a tetrahedron, replaced its four faces with hexagons (as for instance with a truncated tetrahedron), and collapsed all four hexagonal sides so that they all shared a common center, the vertices of the hexagons would describe a cuboctahedron, with each vertex shared between two intersecting hexagons, collapsing the original 24 vertices of the four hexagons into the 12 vertices of the cuboctahedron. (Likewise, of course, the cuboctahedron can simply be seen as a sort of "expanded" tetrahedron, with four of its eight triangular faces representing the original four faces of an inner tetrahedron, the remaining four triangles representing its four vertices, and the square faces representing its edges.) Tetrahedral symmetry being the simplest type of polyhedral symmetry, and the only one suited to this sort of fitting together of hexagonal planes, the cuboctahedron represents a unique extension of and analogue to hexagonal symmetry in three dimensions.
From the idea of the cuboctahedron as four intersecting hexagonal planes, it follows that, like the hexagon, the radius between the center of the cuboctahedron and its vertices is equal to the length of its edges. As with the hexagon in 2-space, the cuboctahedron is the only uniform convex polyhedron with this quality. Likewise, as hexagons can be subdivided into equilateral triangles, so the cuboctahedron can be seen to consist of six half-octahedra and eight tetrahedra clustered around the center, forming the vertex figure of the tetrahedral-octahedral tessellation. Pairing the half-octahedra with their remaining halves, and continuing the same arrangement of edge-sharing tetrahedra around these octahedral "cavities," this pattern of tetrahedral-octahedral tessellation can be continued outward indefinitely, with identical cuboctahedral symmetry radiating from every vertex in the resulting tessellation. Despite this, however—and unlike the truncated octahedron—the cuboctahedron cannot by itself tessellate space; when only cuboctahedral units are fit together, one will always be left with either space left over, or overlapping tetrahedral/half-octahedral cells.
The face-centered cubic arrangement of close-packed spheres (which, as we've described elsewhere, is arguably more hexagonal than the so-called "hexagonal close packing" arrangement) is essentially identical to this tetrahedral-octahedral tessellation. Thus, a sphere placed at the center of a cuboctahedron with a diameter equal to the edge length of the latter can be surrounded by twelve neighboring spheres of equal size, each arranged at one of the vertices of the cuboctahedron. This, again, can be expanded outward indefinitely, though the particular unit of spheres in this configuration will not fill such a packing arrangement by itself.
The dual of the cuboctahedron is the delightfully quirky rhombic dodecahedron, which can, in fact, tessellate space by itself, in the manner of FCC-packed spheres. That is, if spheres in a face-centered cubic packing were expanded until they filled all available space, or the vertices of a tetrahedral-octahedral tessellation were themselves turned into spheres and so expanded, they would become rhombic dodecahedra.
At this point you may be wondering "But wait, what about hexagonal close packed spheres? They, too, have twelve neighboring elements. Is there a cuboctahedron-like polyhedron that represents their packing arrangement?" And of course there is: the somewhat absurd triangular orthobicupola, and its dual, the quite possibly more absurd trapezo-rhombi dodecahedron. A moment's reflection on these shapes and their obvious contrast with the cuboctahedron and its extended family of tetrahedral-octahedral symmetries should make it somewhat self-evident why I consider FCC, and not HCP, to be the true successor to hexagonal symmetry in three dimensions. (I can only assume "hexagonal close packing" was named by someone with only the most superficial appreciation of hexagons, and who presumably didn't think very highly of them.)
The cuboctahedron, broadly for the reasons touched on above, was of particular interest to Buckminster Fuller, who rebranded it as the "vector equilibrium." (Drawing particular attention to the equivalence between radius and edge length, and its role in the tetrahedral-octahedral tessellation.) I have used both terms on this site and elsewhere, though of late I've gravitated back towards "cuboctahedron," due to its syllabic parsimony, widespread acceptance, etc. It should be remembered however that Fuller himself was largely responsible for popularizing the tetrahedral-octahedral space frame truss in the middle and late 20th century, and that it is this accomplishment, along with his broader Synergetics work with octahedral/tetrahedral symmetry, that represents Fuller's most significant and lasting contribution to the hexagonal arts and sciences—far moreso than his work with the somewhat superficially hexagonal (though still of course important) geodesic dome, for which he is perhaps more popularly remembered. Indeed, thanks to the important work of Fuller and others in incorporating these tetrahedral/octahedral symmetries into the language of modern design and architecture, it is truly through the cuboctahedron, above all other uniform polyhedra, that we have come to see the tangible physical impact of hexagonal thinking in the modern world, giving us some hint of the promise it holds for our future and for our hexagonal destiny. | <urn:uuid:eab6f2c0-f1f0-4b41-8498-6e59b28bfc53> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://hexnet.org/content/cuboctahedron?page=1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540486979.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20191206073120-20191206101120-00228.warc.gz | en | 0.95646 | 1,323 | 3.609375 | 4 |
Download a PDF version of this document here.
HIV/AIDS continues to be a major health concern for young people – all young people – so the most important thing we can do is talk about it, talk about it, talk about it. The good news is that contracting HIV is totally preventable. Be Smart. Be Safe. Get Tested.
The number of HIV-positive youth is rising, and the only way that will change is if young people are educated, access testing, and take steps to protect themselves. Here are just a few ideas on how you can start conversations with your GSA about HIV/AIDS:
- Since this can be a difficult thing to bring up or talk about, watch a video or read an article about HIV/AIDS at a meeting and have a discussion about it.
- Invite an HIV-positive person and/or a professional working in the HIV/AIDS prevention field to come talk to your group.
- Make sure that your GSA knows that HIV/AIDS is not just a “gay thing” and that HIV does not discriminate (HIV rates are higher amongst men who have sex with men in the U.S. so it’s an important issue for GSAs to address, but infection rates worldwide show 50% of those newly infected are women, and one of the fastest growing infection rates in the U.S. is amongst women).
Have discussions about why it’s important to get tested, and encourage your friends and fellow GSA members to get tested if they think they might be at risk:
- Know where testing sites are and when they do testing in your area and have this information available to students. (You can find this information at hivtest.org)
- Don’t make accusations about people by implying they need to be tested; instead encourage everybody to be tested if they have had any
Organize an event in your school that is around a date that is recognized for HIV/AIDS prevention and awareness:
- December 1st is World AIDS Day. Have a panel of professionals and/or HIV-positive folks do a presentation in your school. Distribute red ribbons to teachers and students with information including local and worldwide statistics of HIV/AIDS.
- June 27th is National HIV Testing Day. Disseminate HIV testing information through Facebook and other social media, since most students aren’t in school in June.
Be a resource for students in your GSA and school regarding services for HIV/AIDS prevention and treatment:
- This doesn’t mean you have to be an expert, just that you know where to get information or answers to questions other students might have about HIV/AIDS. Two good websites to search for basic (and advanced) information are nih.gov and www.thebody.com.
- Know organizations in your community that help those living with HIV/AIDS as well as HIV prevention services.
- If there is a Rainbow Alliance for Youth (RAY) group near you, consider attending their meetings and becoming a Youth Health Promoter. You can find a list of the RAY groups here on the Diverse & Resilient website at diverseandresilient.org.
Know and encourage risk reduction when it comes to HIV prevention, as well as prevention of other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and pregnancy:
- Have safer sex materials available to other students (barriers such as external and insertable condoms, dental dams, lubrication). If you can’t distribute or have these in your school, make sure you know community resources where youth can get free supplies.
- Encourage your school to have inclusive sex education instead of abstinence-only education. While abstinence is the only 100% way to avoid sexually transmitted diseases (STIs), youth need to know prevention methods if they are having sex.
Have a fundraiser or volunteer time as a group for your local AIDS Service Organization:
- Organize your GSA to have a team in the Milwaukee AIDS Walk or volunteer for the annual AIDS Network Cycles Together (ACT) Ride as crew members/day volunteers or get a team of riders together. (Check out websites for Wisconsin AIDS Service Organizations at arcw.org for more information.)
- Have a baked goods or red ribbon sale, or simply ask students to bring in donations and make a group donation to your local AIDS Service Organization.
- Contact your local AIDS Service Organization and see what your GSA can do to help. Many times they have simple tasks that need to be done like putting together mailings, creating safer sex kits or they may have special needs that a small group of people would be perfect for. | <urn:uuid:3423922a-b324-430b-bb0c-432cd5d7c4d0> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | https://www.gsafewi.org/resources/for-youth-gsas/doing-health-education/talking-with-your-gsa-about-hiv-aids-3/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376823785.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20181212065445-20181212090945-00069.warc.gz | en | 0.947391 | 959 | 3.546875 | 4 |
Here’s the Best Time to See the Supermoon on December 3
The "cold full moon" will be the biggest and brightest moonrise of the year.
The only supermoon of the year is on the horizon as 2017 comes to a close. The celestial event will be visible to the naked eye and therefore witnessed by countless stargazers. But what exactly is a supermoon, and when is the best time to see it? Travel + Leisure has got you covered.
What is a supermoon?
A supermoon is a full moon that appears bigger and brighter than normal because of its increased proximity to the Earth. This happens when the moon's fluctuating orbit is at the shortest distance from the planet, while the alignment between the Earth, moon and sun creates a full moon at the same time. The brightness of the full moon in all its glory, combined with the reduced distance from Earth, creates the supermoon effect visible to us Earthlings below.
Supermoons technically happened about four to six times a year on average, but we don't see most of them because the phenomenon also happens during an invisible new moon. The last full moon supermoon occurred more than a year ago, so astronomy aficionados should pounce on the opportunity now.
You may have also heard the upcoming supermoon referred to as a "cold moon." Don't worry — that's not a separate celestial event you'll need to look out for — it's just the name of a full moon that occurs in December, hence the "cold" description.
When is the supermoon?
This year's supermoon will be visible on Sunday, Dec. 3. The moon will become completely full at 10:47 a.m. E.T., according to Space.com, but you'll have to wait until moonrise to truly experience the sight. In the U.S., that will occur sometime around 5 p.m. local time and last throughout the night.
How to photograph the supermoon
Casual smartphone photographers should make sure they have their phones stabilized on a firm surface like a ledge or, ideally, tripod.
"Tap the screen and hold your finger on the object [in this case, the moon] to lock the focus," NASA photographer Bill Ingalls said. "Then slide your finger up or down to darken or lighten the exposure."
DSLR photographers should use the daylight white balance for capturing the supermoon's glow, Ingalls said. Longer telephoto lenses are ideal, but keep in mind: "[T]he moon is a moving object. It's a balancing act between trying to get the right exposure and realizing that the shutter speed typically needs to be a lot faster." | <urn:uuid:98d12bde-6753-4747-890a-9b55663646dd> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://www.southernliving.com/syndication/best-time-to-see-supermoon-december-2017 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370502513.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20200331150854-20200331180854-00350.warc.gz | en | 0.945614 | 557 | 2.75 | 3 |
Adolf Hitler 🇩🇪 🇦🇹
BIRTH / EARLY LIFE
Born: April 20, 1889
P.O.B: Braunau am Inn, Austria
Died: April 30, 1945
P.O.D: Führerbunker, Berlin, Germany
During his childhood, Hitler was evidently intelligent, although he was uninterested in his formal education, apart from history, which preached German nationalism.
He was unwilling to identify with the working class as he believed he was superior, despite him being in an inferior social position due to his poverty. This led him to have an intense opposition to socialism.
After failing to obtain formal qualifications, he failed as an artist and began living in men's hostels from 1909 to 1913, selling his reproductions of famous sights.
In August 1914, upon the outbreak of war, Hitler joined the army. During his service, he was not put up for promotion, and it was noted to be due to a lack of leadership qualities. Despite this, he did receive the Iron Cross First Class award, which showed that he did not lack courage.
At the age of 30, in September 1919, Hitler embarked on a political career.
Hitler was first introduced to the Nazi Party when he was employed by the Army to spy on the German Workers Party (the old name of the Nazi Party).
He attended several of their meetings and realised he agreed with many of their ideas.
After speaking at one of their meetings, Leader Anton Drexler was impressed with his public speaking skills and invited Hitler to join the party. He was put in charge of Recruitment and Propaganda as he was a very talented speaker.
In 1920, Hitler wrote a new 25-point programme that listed their beliefs.
In 1921, Hitler set up the Sturmabteilung (or SA) who protected Nazi Party meetings and beat up Political Opponents.
In July 1921, Hitler became the leader of the Nazi Party after it had grown to 6,000 political members.
By 1933, it had become the largest party in Germany and Hitler was Reich Chancellor.
DICTATORIAL RULE / KEY POLICIES
Hitler was anti-semitic (duh) and he sent millions of Jews to concentration camp where 6 million Jews died, and gay people, and blacks, of all ages.
Hitler recruited the general population into his SS. They were responsible for reporting suspicious activities, for example plotting against the Nazis and harbouring Jews.
Read more on this page in my website "Nazi control over Germany".
"The mind and the passion of Hitler–all the aberrations that possessed his feverish brain–had roots that lay deep in German experience and thought. Nazism and the 3rd Reich were but a logical continuation of German history.”
~~~ by William L Shirer
Listen to this episode of my podcast for my reflection on the quote and two common questions. | <urn:uuid:6576a0d4-d384-48f9-8c88-65efae1e4fb4> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://www.historyfromonestudenttoanother.com/a-level-european-history-1919-41/the-three-dictators-1919-41-an-introduction/adolf-hitler | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030334596.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20220925193816-20220925223816-00541.warc.gz | en | 0.987849 | 641 | 3.34375 | 3 |
Scientists have discovered that certain fish are capable of glowing red. Research published today in BMC Ecology includes striking images of fish fluorescing vivid red light.
Due to absorption of 'red' wavelengths of sunlight by sea-water, objects which look red under normal conditions appear grey or black at depths below 10m. This has contributed to the belief among marine biologists that red colours are of no importance to fish. Nico Michiels, from the University of Tbingen, Germany, led a team of researchers who captured the striking images in the article which, as he describes, "Shows that red fluorescence is widespread among marine fish. Our findings challenge the notion that red light is of no importance to marine fish, calling for a reassessment of its role in fish visual ecology".
The authors identified at least 32 reef fish species belonging to 16 genera in 5 families that fluoresced visibly in red. Because the light is coming from the fish themselves and not filtering down from the surface, the red glow remains visible at depth and is easily seen at close distances. The authors speculate that red fluorescence may function as a communication or attraction signal, as proposed for other fluorescent animals, "We believe red fluorescence may be part of a private communication system in fish. Red fluorescence is at the borderline of what is visible to many marine fish, and due to rapid attenuation of red light by water, even those that can see red will be able to see it over short distances only. Fluorescent eye rings may function as an indicator of presence or reveal the direction of gaze."
|Contact: Graeme Baldwin| | <urn:uuid:3a683ff8-639d-4801-990f-2adbaaf4e2fd> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://www.bio-medicine.org/biology-news-1/Fantastic-photographs-of-fluorescent-fish-4890-1/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189462.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00005-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.931281 | 327 | 4.09375 | 4 |
(Last Updated on : 12/07/2014)
Kalimpong in West Bengal
is a small hill station in Darjeeling District
, between Siliguri
. The road is one of the most scenic routes in this part of the nation. The swift flowing Teesta river
runs by the side of the road adding to the beauty of the scenery.
History of Kalimpong
The name, Kalimpong has three different origins. One, it means the place where the local tribesmen gathered to organize field sports, second, it takes it's name from the Bhutanese king's minister's stronghold and thirdly, it is named after Kaulim, a fibrous plant found in abundance in this region. The town is 1250 m above sea level and offers excellent views of the Mt Kanchenjunga and the other Himalayan peaks. The popular view points are Durpin Dara and Deoro Hill.
Until the mid-19th Century, the area around Kalimpong was ruled in succession by the Sikkimese and Bhutanese kingdoms. Under rule of the King of Sikkim
, the area was known as "Dalingkot". In 1706, the king of Bhutan won this territory from the Sikkimese monarch and renamed it Kalimpong. Overlooking the Teesta River Valley, Kalimpong, a small pristine hamlet is believed to have once been the forward position of the Bhutanese in the 18th century. The area was sparsely populated by the indigenous Lepcha
tribal community and migrant Bhutia and Limbu tribes. Later in 1780, the Gurkhas invaded and conquered Kalimpong. After the Anglo-Bhutan War in 1864, the Treaty of Sinchula (1865) was signed, in which Bhutanese held territory east of the Teesta River was ceded to the British East India Company
Tourism in Kalimpong
Kalimpong has several monasteries and also a Hindu Kali temple. The Tibetan Monastery and curio-center and Dr Graham's home are important tour stops. Some of the major tourist spots in Kalimpong are Dr. Graham S Homes Campus, 7th Mile View Point, Army Golf Club, Nature Interpretation Centre, Kalimpong Arts And Crafts Centre, Sericulture Research Institute, Kali Mandir, MacFarlane Memorial Church, Mangal Dham Temple; St. Theresa Church, Thongsha Gompa, Relli River, Reshi Retreat (Reshi Khola
) and Farmhouse, Kalimpong Science Centre and Deolo
(32kms), a small village is another picturesque place. Lava is also the base for trekking to the Neora National Park. Lolegaon
is 25 kms from Lava and one can see the Singalila ranges from here.
Tharpa Choeling Gompa
The Tharpa Choeling Gompa, which belongs to the Yellow Hat (Gelukpa) sect of Tibetan Buddhism, is a 40 minute walk from town. Lower down the hill, the Tongsa Gompa, or Bhutanese Monastery, is the oldest monastery in the area and dates back to 1692.
Zong Dog Palri Fo-Brang Gompa
Zong Dog Palri Fo-Brang Gompa was built in the mid-70s at Durpin Dara Hill and was consecrated by the Dalai Lama. The gompa is worth a visit for its impressive wall paintings in the prayer room, and a rare three-dimensional "mandala" upstairs. The mountain views are amazing from Durpin Dara Hill.
Kalimpong produces 80% of India's gladioli and is a significant orchid-growing area and it comes as no surprise that flowers are exported from here to many cities in northern India.
Shri Mangal Dham
A lavish tribute would still fall short to a soul so divine. Nevertheless "Mangal Dham" is a memorial built in this divine memory in 1993.Sprawling over an area of two acres, "Mangal Dham" is considered to be one of the most splendid temples in India.
Sericulture Research Institute
At thisinstitute silkworms are bred and silk is produced as well as herbs and plants. Locate on the road to Darjeeling, the institute can be visited between 9.30 am and 4 PM.
Kalimpong's attractions include three Buddhist monasteries, spectacular churches, an excellent private library for the study of Tibetan and Himalayan language and culture, a sericulture centre and a fine view of the surrounding countryside.
Dr. Graham's Home
Less than an hour's walk away from the town centre is Dr. Graham's Home, which was founded in 1900 on the lower slopes of Deolo Hill. The chapel above the school dates from 1925 and features beautiful stained-glass windows. Tourists can also visit the fine turn-of-the-century school building, and many people often picnic on the school grounds. From the school building, it is a further 40 minute walk to the summit of Deolo Hill, where there is a Tourist Bungalow and one can enjoy fine views of Kalimpong from here.
Kalimpong has a well laid-out golf course near the Durpin Dara Monastery. The monastery was built in the mid-1970s at Durpin Dara and consecrated by the Dalai Lama. The view from here is breath-taking. The nine-hole golf course at Senchal (near Darjeeling) is one of the highest in the world.
Nature Interpretation Centre
Located on Rinkingpong Rd, this centre consists of a number of well-organized dioramas, which depict the effects of human activity on the environment. The centre is open to visitors from Friday to Wednesday from 10 am to 4 PM and admission is free.
Nearest airport Bagdogra (80 kms from Kalimpong) is connected to Calcutta, Delhi, Guwahati and other places of north-eastern Indian by Indian Airlines, Damania and Vayudoot services. Two nearest railway stations are New Jalpaiguri (NJP) and Shiliguri where NJP is directly connected by rail with all the important places in India. Kalimpong is approachable by roads from Siliguri (66kms), Darjeeling (51kms), Gangtok (79 kms;Sikkim) major cities like Calcutta 651 kms, Guwahati 513 kms, Delhi 1312 kms and other major cities in India. | <urn:uuid:2ea42b38-7d04-4bcb-8df6-69ea4e6aa431> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | http://www.indianetzone.com/3/kalimpong.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463608622.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20170526013116-20170526033116-00413.warc.gz | en | 0.945431 | 1,387 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Health (not cooking) experts believe that consuming meats cooked at a high temperature can create a perfect environment for cancer cells to thrive and is a carcinogen. Might as well get that out upfront. While this may come as shock to you, as you prep for that perfect beach BBQ or neighborhood grilling-get-together, you may want to take a few moments to look at some of the science and understand why more health care professionals are warning against eating too much grilled, smoked, blackened and charred meats.
According to a University of Minnesota study that tracked the eating habits of more than 62,000 people over a nine-year period, they found that regularly consuming well-done or charred meat increases the risk of developing pancreatic and colorectal cancer by up to 60 percent!Researchers found that the higher temperatures and longer cooking times of cooking meats led to higher levels of HCAs and PAHs(heterocyclic amines) and PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons).
What are PAHs and HCAs?
PAHs form when fat from meat drips onto the hot coals or grill element and then gets deposited back on the food because of flame-ups which create more smoke, leading to carcinogen formation.
HCAs are directly produced when red meat, poultry, and fish meet high-heat cooking, like grilling or broiling.These are harmful chemical byproducts that form while the meat is being cooked. HCA carcinogens have been found to cause damage and changes in DNA that leads to cancer.
Worst Types of Meats to Grill
So, what are the worst (health-wise) types of meats to consume? TheWorld Health Organization’s International Agency for Research on Cancer, which considered more than 800 studies conducted around the world, found that the strongest evidence linked processed meats, such ashot dogs, beef jerky, bacon and ham with the highest percentage risk of cancer and disease. These processed meats are also highest in calories, fat, saturated fat and cholesterol compared to other meats such as lean chicken, eggs, and white fish.
While research is still being conducted to better understand the effects of cooking meats and the potential damage it can do to our bodies, it’s important to understand that you can still occasionally enjoy one of America’s favorite outdoor pastimes - impressing your family and friends with how you handle the grill!
Here are 7 safety measures the American Institute for Cancer Research suggests you follow when cooking meats:
- Go Lean: Trim the Fat off your meat. This will help to reduce flame flares and charring. Choose lean, white meat chicken and fish mainl.
- Location: Cook your meat in thecenter of your grill and make sure toflip it frequently.
- Go Small: Cut meat into smaller portions to shorten cooking time.
- Marinate: Studies suggest that marinating your meat before grilling can decrease the formation of those HCA carcinogenic compounds by 75-80 percent!The American Institute for Cancer Research says marinating meat for at least 30 minutes is sufficient to reduce the formation of HCAs.
- Dab Your Meat Dry: Dab dry the marinade and extra juices from your meats to cut down on the browning of the meats from the flames, as the sugars from these tend to char the faster.
- Pre-cook: Reduce the time your meat is exposed to flames by partially cooking it in an oven or on the stove first over medium or low heat. This also helps keep your meat safe from bacteria.
- Grill Vegetables: Grilling vegetables and fruits do not produce HCAs! Plus, diets high in plant foods are associated with lower cancer risk. So eat away!
Though a growing body of science suggests that regularly grilling or cooking meats at high temperatures is not the best for your body over time, these are effective ways to make sure you are doing the best to lower your s risk of carcinogenic chemicals from well-cooked or burnt meats. And remember, the type of food you choose to grill can have as much an impact on your health as the fact that you’re grilling it. So go lean and unprocessed and enjoy a tastyand healthy summer! | <urn:uuid:330b54ea-605d-43c4-aa84-99a8a13762a9> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://smarternutrition.com/blogs/news/why-grilling-meat-is-not-as-healthy-as-you-think | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703531702.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20210123001629-20210123031629-00777.warc.gz | en | 0.951722 | 871 | 3.296875 | 3 |
Contributing Author: Gentle Heron
A study by researchers from Australia and the UK, published recently in the American Journal of Public Health, found that eating more fruits and vegetables may make you happier.
You can read about the specifics of that study, “Evolution of Well-Being and Happiness After Increases in Consumption of Fruit and Vegetables,” and decide for yourself.
The researchers looked at longitudinal food diaries (lists of everything a person eats) for three years from more than 12,000 Australians of all ages.
They found that life satisfaction and happiness increased with each additional daily serving of produce people ate. The greatest positive change in life satisfaction occurred for those individuals who changed from eating less than one portion of produce a day to more than eight. The change in their life satisfaction was equivalent to the gain in psychological well-being that they would have obtained from changing from unemployment to employed status.
Images Source: Pixabay | <urn:uuid:5c80af3a-2320-42e9-a871-752e16fd91a5> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | http://blog.virtualability.org/2018/03/march-20-is-international-day-of.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986705411.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20191020081806-20191020105306-00195.warc.gz | en | 0.963848 | 192 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Difference Between a Registered Nurse and Nurse Practitioner
Nurses have always played a vital role in the health care industry. They spend their
lives caring for people who are afflicted with illnesses and injuries. Two types of nurses
that are highly respected members of the medical community are Registered Nurses (RN) and
Nurse Practitioners (NP). There are a number of differences between a Registered Nurse and
Registered Nurse (RN)
A Registered Nurse is a licensed medical professional who has completed a four-year
nursing degree from a reputable nursing school. These nurses provide all types of nursing
care to their patients and act as health advocates for the patient. As well, they
evaluate, plan, and implement nursing care treatment for the sick and injured in
conjunction with physicians and other health care providers.
Registered nurses carry out a number of medical tasks such as: explaining and educating
patients about their medical conditions, dispensing treatments such as medications and
fluids, performing selected medical procedures, monitoring a patient's vital signs,
advising and supporting patients, maintaining patient health records, and keeping families
advised on a patient's health status and progress.
A registered nurse can work in most areas of the health care field. With advanced
training and experience, registered nurses can specialize in a specific medical area
such as surgical procedures.
Nurse Practitioner (NP)
A Nurse Practitioner (NP) is a registered nurse who has normally completed either a
master's degree or doctoral degree and undergone training in the diagnosis and management
of common medical conditions. The Nurse Practitioner degree program is explicit in its
educational goals that include physical assessment and screening, diagnosis, diagnostics,
therapeutic treatment, pharmacology and drug interactions, assisting with patient
emotional support and counseling, patient intake, referral and discharge procedures, and
case management practices.
In the US, Nurse Practitioners are licensed by the state where they practice. They have
national board certification which is normally done through the American Nurses
Credentialing Center or American Academy of Nurse Practitioners. The specialized training
and educations allows a nurse practitioner to perform many medical tasks usually performed
by a doctor. Such tasks include diagnosing and treating illnesses and injuries.
A few states permit nurse practitioners to write prescriptions. The nurse practitioner
has advanced comprehension and clinical proficiency in assessment, diagnosis, treatment,
and patient care practices. Nurse practitioners treat health conditions within their range
of practice through the utilization of physical exams, physical therapy, ordering tests,
and implementing therapies for patients.
Nurses are the first medical professionals people see when faced with a health problem.
They can be found working in the community in such places as health clinics, schools,
doctors' offices, home care, family planning clinics, rehabilitation centers, and
hospices. In a hospital, nurses can be found working in emergency, intensive care,
operating room, maternity, cardiovascular (heart), oncology (cancer), psychiatry,
pediatrics, palliative, and geriatrics.
They provide important and essential support to doctors and other healthcare providers,
patients, and families. A career as either a Registered Nurse or Nurse Practitioner is
satisfying, lucrative, and meaningful.
Whether it'd be
family practice jobs or
internal medicine jobs,
nurses play a vital role in the medical field. As different nursing jobs possess their own differences,
they each make a contribution by caring for the community.
More How to Choose a Career Information:
• What to Expect as a Home Based Medical Transcriptionist
• A Day in the Life of a Flight Attendant
• Forestry Jobs - Ranger
• Daily Duties of an EKG Technician
• Radiology Technician Career - How Promising Is It?
• Police Officer Career
• Pharmacy Technician - Up And Coming Career Path
• What is the Average Web Designer Salary?
• Beginner's Guide to Computer Forensics
• Five Unique Careers for Unique People | <urn:uuid:985bdfc6-8b25-493a-b64c-58a6bd674ad9> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | http://bucarotechelp.com/careers/choose/91030501.asp | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655921988.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20200711032932-20200711062932-00415.warc.gz | en | 0.937589 | 845 | 3.25 | 3 |
Old timey maps are awesome, as anyone who grew up reading atlases for fun, or 'The Island of Lost Maps: A True Story of Cartographic Crime', would know. And now, here is the ultimate map for a palaeontologist... an accurate illustrated map of Triassic Pangaea!
Illustration by Richard Morden
Here's hoping he creates similar maps for the Jurassic and Cretaceous too!
About the author
Dr Caitlin Syme is a palaeontologist studying the taphonomy (preservation state) of fossil non-avian dinosaurs, crocodiles and fish from the Winton Formation, Queensland, Australia. Think forensic science or CSI for fossils, and you're on the right track!
Love in the Time ofChasmosaurs
Not Exactly Rocket- Science
Prerogative of Harlots
The Integrative Paleontologists
The Mammoth Prairie
The Professor Is In
UQ Palaeo Blog
Who's been visiting?
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License. | <urn:uuid:8114ddb0-d7e0-4221-b824-eac1c1d365f0> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | http://www.caitlinsyme.com/news-and-updates/ye-old-pangaea-map-is-ye-awesome | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583658988.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20190117143601-20190117165601-00298.warc.gz | en | 0.77011 | 230 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Royal Navy shows solidarity with Ukraine at Antarctic research base
The Navy’s sole icebreaker HMS Protector dropped in on 21 scientists who maintain the polar research station of Vernadsky in Antarctica to check on their welfare.
They found the team who run the base – some 9,000 miles from their motherland – had families trapped in their homeland as a result of the war.
The landing party from Protector – Captain Michael Wood and ship’s doctor, Surgeon Lieutenant Commander Alex Clarke, along with sailors and Royal Marines – delivered fresh food to the scientists, ensured they were in good health, and reassured them of the UK’s support for their nation’s cause.
Captain Wood said:
“During time spent ashore, the team confirmed the welfare of the 21 scientists who had spent the winter at Vernadsky.”
“Welcome supplies of fresh food were passed to the station leader. Many of the station staff reported families stranded under attacks in Kharkiv and Kyiv.”
The Ukrainian research base is located on Galindez Island off the west coast of the Antarctic Peninsula.
It was originally established as the British Antarctic Survey’s Faraday Station, but was transferred to Ukraine under a Memorandum of Understanding between the British Antarctic Survey and the State Institution National Antarctic Scientific Centre of Ukraine in early 1996.
The Ukrainian scientists conduct research of the Earth’s magnetic field, radio sounding of the ionosphere in the Southern Polar region, hydro-meteorological research, geophysical research of the lithosphere – the Earth’s crust and upper part of the mantle – and studies the ecology of the western Antarctic biosphere as well as looking into the medical effects of living and working in such an extreme environment.
Although the base operates all year round, its remote location means it is re-supplied infrequently and with few staff vaccinated, it has operated under strict Covid-prevention protocols, eschewing visits. | <urn:uuid:d83fccc9-537a-4918-9d45-429bf95ed91d> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://www.seawanderer.org/royal-navy-shows-solidarity-with-ukraine-at-antarctic-research-base | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104669950.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20220706090857-20220706120857-00174.warc.gz | en | 0.959654 | 403 | 2.59375 | 3 |
On devices with a fingerprint sensor, users can enroll one or more fingerprints and use those fingerprints to unlock the device and perform other tasks. Android uses the Fingerprint Hardware Interface Definition Language (HIDL) to connect to a vendor-specific library and fingerprint hardware (for example, a fingerprint sensor).
To implement the Fingerprint HIDL, you must implement
in a vendor-specific library.
The fingerprint sensor of a device is generally idle. However, in response to
a call to
fingerprint sensor listens for a touch (the screen might also wake when a user
touches the fingerprint sensor). The high-level flow of fingerprint matching
includes the following steps:
- User places a finger on the fingerprint sensor.
- The vendor-specific library determines if there is a fingerprint match in the current set of enrolled fingerprint templates.
- Matching results are passed to
This flow assumes that a fingerprint has already been enrolled on the device, that is, the vendor-specific library has enrolled a template for the fingerprint. For more details, see Authentication.
The Fingerprint HAL interacts with the following components.
BiometricManagerinteracts directly with an app in an app process. Each app has an instance of
FingerprintServiceoperates in the system process, which handles communication with fingerprint HAL.
- Fingerprint HAL is a C/C++ implementation of the IBiometricsFingerprint HIDL interface. This contains the vendor-specific library that communicates with the device-specific hardware.
- Keystore API and Keymaster components provide hardware-backed cryptography for secure key storage in a secure environment, such as the Trusted Execution Environment (TEE).
A vendor-specific HAL implementation must use the communication protocol required by a TEE. Raw images and processed fingerprint features must not be passed in untrusted memory. All such biometric data needs to be stored in the secure hardware such as the TEE. Rooting must not be able to compromise biometric data.
fingerprintd make calls through the Fingerprint HAL to
the vendor-specific library to enroll fingerprints and perform other
The following Fingerprint HAL guidelines are designed to ensure that fingerprint data is not leaked and is removed when a user is removed from a device:
- Raw fingerprint data or derivatives (for example, templates) must never be accessible from outside the sensor driver or TEE. If the hardware supports a TEE, hardware access must be limited to the TEE and protected by an SELinux policy. The Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) channel must be accessible only to the TEE and there must be an explicit SELinux policy on all device files.
- Fingerprint acquisition, enrollment, and recognition must occur inside the TEE.
- Only the encrypted form of the fingerprint data can be stored on the file system, even if the file system itself is encrypted.
- Fingerprint templates must be signed with a private, device-specific key. For Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), at a minimum a template must be signed with the absolute file-system path, group, and finger ID such that template files are inoperable on another device or for anyone other than the user that enrolled them on the same device. For example, copying fingerprint data from a different user on the same device or from another device must not work.
- Implementations must either use the file-system path provided by the
setActiveGroup()function or provide a way to erase all user template data when the user is removed. It's strongly recommended that fingerprint template files be stored as encrypted and stored in the path provided. If this is infeasible due to TEE storage requirements, the implementer must add hooks to ensure removal of the data when the user is removed.
The Fingerprint HIDL interface contains the following major methods in
||Switches the HAL state machine to start the collection and storage of a fingerprint template. When enrollment is complete, or after a timeout, the HAL state machine returns to the idle state.|
||Generates a unique token to indicate the start of a
fingerprint enrollment. Provides a token to the
||Returns a token associated with the current fingerprint set.|
||Cancels pending enroll or authenticate operations. The HAL state machine is returned to the idle state.|
||Synchronous call for enumerating all known fingerprint templates.|
||Deletes a fingerprint template.|
||Enumerates all face templates associated with the active user.|
||Removes a face template or all face templates associated with the active user.|
||Restricts a HAL operation to a set of fingerprints that belong to a specified group, identified by a group identifier (GID).|
||Authenticates a fingerprint-related operation (identified by an operation ID).|
||Registers a user function that receives notifications from the HAL. If the HAL state machine is in a busy state, the function is blocked until the HAL leaves the busy state.|
||Finishes the enroll operation and invalidates the
For more details on these, refer to the comments in | <urn:uuid:ad8ef8bd-8eed-405d-a3fe-74f6ccd69fdd> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | https://source.android.google.cn/security/authentication/fingerprint-hal.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514575484.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20190922094320-20190922120320-00440.warc.gz | en | 0.835163 | 1,057 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Hi YOGO supporters. Yoga’s health benefits are well documented and go way beyond esoteric energetic alignment. According to a new study, unsurprisingly, exercise appears to reduce the risk of diabetes, but here’s the interesting news: yoga counts as much as cardiovascular exercise. In a recent study based on data from 100,000 women, strength building exercise was found to reduce the risk of diabetes as much as cardio exercises like running. That's a pretty amazing health benefit.
Other studies have also shown yoga to have a similar effect on the body as cardiovascular exercise: lowering the resting heart rate, increasing endurance, and improving oxygen uptake during exercise.
Yoga’s list of concrete health benefits is pretty astounding (you may want to sit down for this):
- Improved flexibility leading to less pain.
Stronger muscles - balanced by improved flexibility.
- Improved lung capacity leads to better endurance and performance.
- Improved uptake of oxygen gives an anti-oxidant and anti-aging effect even for pranayama yoga (non-cardio) practitioners.
- Better core strength leading to better posture.
- Supple joints and spine. Stretching nourishes cartilage by circulating its fluids which carry nutrients. This makes it healthier and fights off arthritis.
- Yoga promotes lymph drainage (a body fluid) which helps fight infection, destroy cancer and dispose of toxins.
Lower blood pressure even through gentle yoga.
Lower cortisol levels. Cortisol is a stress hormone that weakens the immune system, causes osteoporosis and over-eating, abdominal weight gain and higher risk of diabetes and heart attack.
- It fights depression. Sustained yoga leads to higher levels of serotonin and and a serotonin-absorbing enzyme (monoamine oxidase).
- Can alleviate chronic conditions like depression, anxiety and insomnia.
Lowers blood sugar and bad cholesterol (LDL) and increases good cholesterol.
If yoga came in a pill it would fly off shelves.
Sources: Yoga Journal, Mayo Clinic, Yoga Health Foundation
Photo: Jeanette Pearson
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The mass murder of Jews was already taking place. The initial method of shooting Jews on the edges of pits was considered too time-consuming and detrimental on the mental health of the murder squads. The squads, often recruited from the local populations in conquered areas, willingly collaborated in the killings but eventually found the task gruelling. Seeking alternative methods, the Germans began experimenting with gas, using carbon monoxide in mobile units but although better this was still considered too slow and inefficient. Eventually, after experiments on Soviet prisoners of war in Auschwitz during September 1941, Zyklon B gas was discovered as a rapid and efficient means of murder.
Posted in: Uncategorized | <urn:uuid:ee338e62-2a32-41db-a3bf-b72075face3e> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://gs.inutile.eu/2012/01/the-mass-murder-of-jews-was-already-taking-place/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247515149.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20190222094419-20190222120419-00116.warc.gz | en | 0.971878 | 133 | 3.3125 | 3 |
Visitors are invited to participate in mass experiments/studies. By having a large number of people participating in numerous experiments, researchers gain access to a large amount of data that they can then analyse. The conclusions are subsequently presented in a scientific report.
Mass experiments have been organised for schoolchildren in conjunction with Researchers’ Night. They have included studying carbon dioxide levels and the acoustics in Swedish classrooms, as well as the temperature in the refrigerator at home. In Norway a mass experiment where schoolchildren dug for worms led to the discovery of earthworms in areas where worms were previously unknown.
Target group: Flexible, often schoolchildren.
Preparations: Find a suitable mass experiment that can be implemented on a large scale. Market the activity.
Challenges: Finding a suitable theme and researchers who want to use the data gathered. Efficiently gathering and compiling date.
Benefits: May provide relevant research results. With the right theme you can attract a lot of people through a single activity. Gives the public an insight into how research works. Informs the participants about scientific methods and allows them to feel that they are participating in research. Often picked up by the media. | <urn:uuid:e469d68e-d14d-4d39-807f-653f384e1c06> | CC-MAIN-2019-09 | https://scicommtoolbox.se/mass-experiments/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247484648.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20190218033722-20190218055722-00325.warc.gz | en | 0.958314 | 243 | 3.515625 | 4 |
Four months before India attained Independence, India’s first Home Minister spoke to its first batch of IAS officers. Find out how he wanted them to move from ‘Swarajya’ to ‘Surajya’! #SardarPatel
Four months before India began its “tryst with destiny”, the nascent nation’s first Home Minister, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, who played a critical role in integrating the princely states into the Indian Union, spoke to the first batch of Indian Administrative Service officers at Metcalf House in Delhi.
In that special address on April 21, 1947, Patel outlined the task before civil servants in an Independent India and laid down certain principles of ‘Surajya’ or good governance.
“Your predecessors were brought up in the traditions in which they … kept themselves aloof from the common run of the people. It will be your bounden duty to treat the common men in India as your own,” he said on April 21, a date marked ever since as ‘Civil Services Day’.
However, his role in establishing of the modern-day IAS institution in place of the British-era Indian Civil Services (ICS) goes a lot further than that landmark address.
Despite the robust spirit of freedom permeating the air, the country itself was in a state of real flux.
Partition and the violent chaos associated with it, the claims of sovereignty from various pockets and economic stagnation were critical features of the time.
Could a sovereign Union of India survive these elements? Would India disintegrate in the face of these complexities and the contradictions? These were genuinely uncertain times.
Only a limited number of civil servants from the British-era Indian Civil Service (ICS) stayed back in India after Independence, as most were British citizens, native to the UK. There were genuine questions about how an Independent Indian government would administer this country.
Fortunately, the nation had Sardar Patel in its corner, and he would go on to establish the modern IAS, which remains as the bedrock of administration in India to this day.
There is a reason why he is called the ‘patron saint’ of the IAS.
Patel’s association with civil servants extends long before he took over as the Home Department of the interim Indian government. Before he stepped into the freedom struggle, Patel was a very successful barrister in Ahmedabad who often dealt with British civil servants on issues concerning law and order in the city.
However, his real engagement with the British ICS came when he was elected to the Ahmedabad municipality. He had to seek the cooperation of experienced British ICS officers and coordinate with them to fulfil his obligations. Even after he quit his post and joined the freedom struggle full time, he maintained contacts with British civil servants and their native subordinates, discovering among other things, how they operated.
In fact, as early as 1939, he played an active role in resolving a dispute with ministers of the erstwhile Central and Berar provinces, assisting civil servants posted in both provinces.
“Sardar’s vast experiences in administration enabled him to realise the true importance of Indian civil servants who had worked with great loyalty under the British rulers. He understood that after Partition when the British officers would leave the country, there was going to be an administrative gap as we did not have enough experienced and efficient civil servants to administer a vast country like India. And if those experienced civil servants were not taken into confidence and retained in service, there would be practically no good administrator left,” says this paper.
Leaders of the Indian National Congress, heavily invested in the freedom struggle as they were, knew little about the technicalities of administration. They needed able administrators once the British left. Despite staunch opposition from other freedom fighters, Patel began building a team of efficient and able officers who would prop up the nation’s administrative machinery.
“You can realise what a year-old government has to do to maintain peace and bring about prosperity. The steel frame on which India relied so far is now broken….50% of which was foreign went across the seas. Partition further weakened it… We have only a small number of civil servants left…outsiders cannot appreciate their work. Many of them loyal workers and patriots are working with us night and day. All we have been able to achieve whether it be in the sphere of states or in Kashmir or in any other theatre, have been possible only because of their loyalty and wholehearted support,” said Patel, during a speech on October 15, 1949.
Working through these turbulent times with this team civil servants further strengthened the conviction in his mind that they were indispensable.
He also understood that in the ranks of the ICS, unlike the British officers, the native Indians were caught between the rising tide of nationalistic fervour and the performance of their duties. Patel understood the frustration and the doubt such a scenario had created in their minds.
They were just doing their job, and Patel knew it even if it came at the expense of freedom fighters being sent to prison. Understanding how critical they were to the process, Patel took the Gandhian route by welcoming them with open arms.
“Sardar’s heart was big enough to appreciate merit and he wanted the services to be steadfast to their traditions of efficiency, impartiality and equality. Of their fidelity, he was fully convinced. He has tested them in the turbulent days of 1946-47 and had no doubts about their loyalty…Sardar was one of the politicians who realised the important contribution the services had made to the stability of the country,” writes KL Punjabi, author of Life and Work of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel.
However, the real test for Patel came after Independence.
“I wish this to be recorded in this house that during the last two or three years if most of the members of the services had not been serving the country efficiently, practically the Union would have collapsed,” he said in an October 10, 1949 address to the Constituent Assembly.
Nonetheless, Patel’s decision to retain officers of the old ICS was vehemently opposed by many leaders of the freedom struggle. Those opposing the retention of ICS officers believed they weren’t trustworthy and that they had actively participated in the arrest and harassment of freedom fighters.
Even India’s first Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru wasn’t very keen on retaining them.
In the Constituent Assembly debates, arguments on the subject often reached boiling point, but Patel held the fort and eventually had his way.
“The manner in which he [Patel] won over for India the loyalty of the services to consolidate to the new-born freedom was a marvellous piece of statesmanship,” writes Jairamdas Daulatram, a veteran Sindhi leader of the Independence movement.
It wasn’t just a case of greeting the ICS with open arms, but instituting a necessary structural framework for their functioning and offering them constitutional safeguards once the initial turbulence was over.
As per the framework put forward by the Cabinet Mission Plan in 1946, the erstwhile British Secretary of State Services would be abolished once the transfer of power is in motion, leaving Indian officers of the ICS in a spot of bother.
The British Foreign Secretary had argued that members of ICS could choose whether to stay in service or leave once the transfer of power happens.
On October 10, 1946, a meeting was called between the Prime Minister of the various British India provinces to discuss how the administrative machinery would function following the transfer of power under the chairmanship of Sardar Patel, head of the Home Department, Interim government.
“The consideration of Sardar was that if the old ICS cadre was changed to a new cadre like the IAS and IPS, there would be a psychological effect on the Indian people. They would welcome the new thinking and outlook. To avoid constitutional and political complications, he introduced the new services,” said a member of the delegation.
Although Nehru and the likes were onboard for the replacement of the ICS with an all-India service, a point of difference emerged on the recruitment and executive control of these officers, besides whether they would come under the control of Central or Provincial governments. Provincial autonomy was a major issue considering the diverse communities that inhabited this Union.
GB Pant, a leader of the freedom struggle from Uttar Pradesh, wasn’t very keen on the idea of an all-India service, while T Prakasam of Madras Province sought the complete control of these civil servants under provincial governments, including powers of recruitment and dismissal from service.
However, Patel remained firm in his position as BB Misra in his book ‘Bureaucracy in India’, writes:
“He [Patel] recognised the necessity of adequate allowance for provincial susceptibilities, especially in a country inhabited by multicultural communities. But, it was precisely for the protection of these susceptibilities that centrally controlled all-India service was considered all the more important.”
Thus, “the new setup provided for organising an all-India administrative services in line with the previous ICS and a provincial service under the control of the provincial government. It was suggested that the officers of the provincial services would be promoted to central services on quota and seniority basis. The IAS was suggested to be controlled by the Federal (Union) Public Service Commission of the Central Government, though the officers might be posted in various provinces”.
He believed central control over the provinces was necessary for maintaining India’s integrity. For recruitment, meanwhile, it was decided in the meeting that there would be a combined exam for both the Indian Foreign Service and IAS, a proposition put forth by Pant.
Once the contours of this new administrative system were established, serious planning went into determining the process of recruitment, training, posting and payment of salaries.
Similar arrangements were also put in place for civil servants working in other departments of government, and the shortfall in IAS officers was overcome by promoting officers from the provincial services and recruiting personnel from the war services.
Such foresight allowed Patel and his team of civil servants to overcome the turbulence that came with the transfer of power.
Another critical contribution of Patel to the cause of future IAS officers was his steadfast determination to ensure these officers were backed by necessary constitutional safeguards following their yeoman service to the nation in times of turbulence.
Once again, there were leaders opposed to the idea, believing that these civil servants were nothing but agents of the British government.
“This guarantee means that they were the rulers under the old regime and that they will continue to be so in this new regime. This guarantee asks us to forget that these persons were all still in service–400 of them–committed excesses thinking this was not their country,” said Ananthasayanam Ayengar, a bitter critic of the ICS.
Patel, however, was once again unmoved.
“I tell you, do not quarrel with the instruments with which you want to work. If you have done with it and decide not to have them at all, even in spite of my pledged word, I will take the services with me and go,” he said during a speech in the Constituent Assembly. Patel, once again, had his way and provisions offering special safeguards to those in the services were inserted into the Constitution under Article 312(2) in Part XIV, giving birth to the modern IAS and IPS.
In October 1951, Parliament passed the All India Services Act, which laid down the rules of recruitment and service conditions. Patel, unfortunately, had met his demise on December 15, 1950, nearly a full year before the All India Services Act was passed in Parliament.
However, by then, Patel had established an institution that has stood the test of time producing officers with a range of capabilities or generalists to oversee different aspects of administration.
The work, the effort and the guidance he had to give to make this is a reality, is truly worthy of any ‘saint’.
(Edited by Vinayak Hegde) | <urn:uuid:19636b42-5c27-4a0d-a4c8-05dc2aedff14> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://www.thebetterindia.com/163334/sardar-vallabhbhai-patel-ias-news/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104628307.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20220705205356-20220705235356-00274.warc.gz | en | 0.978525 | 2,534 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Cyber Security Awareness Month October 2022
As you may be aware, October is Global Cybersecurity Awareness Month.
As part of this public awareness campaign, Technology Services will focus on educating TU Dublin staff and students on cyber threats and how to proactively protect yourself against hackers, identity thieves, scammers, and online criminals.
This week, we are focusing on Phishing Awareness & Prevention
What is Phishing?
Phishing is a type of social engineering attack often used to steal user data, including login credentials and credit card numbers. It occurs when an attacker, masquerading as a trusted entity, dupes a victim into opening an email, instant message, or text message. The recipient is then tricked into clicking a malicious link, which can lead to the installation of malware, the freezing of the system as part of a ransomware attack or the revealing of sensitive information.
Roughly 15 billion spam emails make their way across the internet every day, which means that spam filters are “working overtime” and are liable to permit malicious phishing attack emails to slip through.
Roughly 90% of data breaches occur on account of phishing.
Think before you click
This cybersecurity quick guidance document on phishing has been produced by the NCSC to help you to avoid being phished, spotting the giveaway signs of phishing e-mails, and what to do if you think you’ve already clicked the attackers bait.
This guide contains the top 6 tips that will help you detect a malicious email, which can be seen below.
Technology Services would encourage all staff to be vigilant when they receive any type of emails requesting users to provide details, click on a link or open an attachment. If in doubt, contact the sender by a different method, such as a phone call, to confirm this. | <urn:uuid:c82379c9-090b-475c-b628-7f6e8d93a08e> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.tudublin.ie/connect/technology-services/it-security/cyber-security-awareness-month-october-2022.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510358.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20230928031105-20230928061105-00436.warc.gz | en | 0.931884 | 385 | 3.234375 | 3 |
Much can be learned from studying the various characters in the Bible. Each individual mentioned in Scripture is discussed for particular purposes important in the unfolding of God's divine plan. They were real people, just like us. By studying the lives of the Bible's characters, we can learn from both their strengths and weakness, developing a stronger knowledge of God's Word and a stronger walk with God in the process.
Why is knowing about the various characters in the Bible important?
For example, the Bible begins with the first family, Adam and Eve. They exhibited positive traits, including fellowship with God, worshiping the Lord, and community with one another, yet also showed the consequences of sin through disobedience to God's command. The account of Jonah includes many life lessons, ranging from the consequences of running from God to the many ways God can work through our lives to change those living in ways that displease the Lord.
Hebrews 11 devotes an entire chapter to retelling the accounts of key biblical characters and lessons of faith learned from their lives. In the conclusion of the chapter the author notes that their lives and our lives are in some way connected: "These were all commended for their faith, yet none of them received what had been promised, since God had planned something better for us so that only together with us would they be made perfect" (Hebrews 11:39-40, NIV).
First Corinthians 10:6 also notes that the sinful actions of past biblical characters are examples for how not to live: "Now these things took place as examples for us, that we might not desire evil as they did." At times, people struggle with the judgments of God recorded in Scripture. Despite seemingly harsh consequences upon people at times, these accounts help instruct today's readers toward what is right and away from what is wrong.
The apostle Paul one time told his readers to follow him as he followed the example of Christ (1 Corinthians 11:1). There are both positives and negatives found in studying the lives of the people found in the Bible. We can look at the life of Jesus for a perfect example of how to live. Further, we can study the lives of godly people from Scripture to learn how to live in order to please God. Third, we can learn from the mistakes of both godly and ungodly Bible characters in order to avoid these problems in our own lives.
There are many ways to study Scripture, yet one of the most personal is the study of individual Bible characters.
What are some good Bible study methods?
Is there a proper way to study the Bible?
Why should we read the Old Testament?
What is the importance of genealogies in the Bible?
Is the Bible still relevant today?
Truth about the Bible | <urn:uuid:9cdaf702-12b5-4a91-8ab2-c668224d4889> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.compellingtruth.org/Bible-characters.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280761.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00381-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.971172 | 564 | 3.25 | 3 |
By: Gillian Daniels – Trainer at New Dawn Animal Behavior Center, Clearwater, FL
More often than not, a dog labeled as “hyperactive” is a normal dog who is understimulated and has no idea what to do with himself, or no outlet for his energy.
The energy level of a dog comes down to several factors. Genetics play a big role, as many popular breeds of dogs are bred to have the energy and stamina to work alongside their humans all day. Poor genetics of dogs from puppy mills or backyard breeders also play a role, and result in poorly bred, poorly socialized puppies ending up in the hands of people who are unprepared to care for and train them.
People can also have unreasonable expectations of their dog’s behavior, and have a poor understanding of their dog’s needs, which results in a lack of adequate physical and mental exercise. Many dogs have much more stamina than their humans, which is why mental exercise is just as important as physical exercise. Mental exercise can be a dog figuring out a food puzzle, doing a sport like K9 Nose Work, or scent games, or clicker training fun behaviors.
“Hyperactive” dogs often have poor impulse control, and training can greatly increase your dog’s impulse control. If you are unsure how to train your dog, contacting a local trainer who uses modern, science based methods is a great place to get started. Steer clear of a trainer who uses terms like, “being the alpha”, “dominance”, or mentions any “wolf logic”. Devices like shock collars, choke chains, and prong collars are not used by trainers who employ modern, science based methods, and should be avoided.
The reason we want to steer clear of using corrections and aversives in training is this just suppresses the behavior, but doesn’t teach your dog what you want them to do. Using aversive methods or punishing your dog damages your relationship, and can often make a dog more frantic, as he has no idea what is causing your (to him) random scary behavior.
The best way to teach your dog what you want him to do is by reinforcing the behaviors that you like, and teaching an incompatible behavior for things you don’t like. Clicker training is a lot of fun, and a very clear way to communicate to your dog what behaviors you like, and want to reinforce. | <urn:uuid:b2286c4d-b920-493a-8d1f-03f9c79398e5> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | https://www.grrmf.org/hyperactivity/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221218391.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20180821171406-20180821191406-00132.warc.gz | en | 0.966268 | 506 | 2.59375 | 3 |
We reviewed all available national- and state-level surveys and looked for common themes and important data points.
Charter Schools Advance Innovation—But Often Not in the Ways You'd Expect
Editor's note: This blog series examines common narratives about charter schools, separates facts from fiction, and highlights legitimate issues that must be addressed. The full series is available here.
While a few charter schools operate further outside the box, a classroom observer randomly visiting charter and district-run schools might not see many differences.
On average, charter teachers are younger and less experienced. They are more likely to have college majors in math and science and to match the ethnicity of their students. The methods and content of lessons might not be so different.
But such differences are not the only indicator of innovation, or the most meaningful one. As Robin Lake pointed out more than a decade ago, charter schools guaranteeing a stable and coherent version of the traditional “good school” might be offering something that is not available locally, even if it is available elsewhere. One example: E.D Hirsch’s Core Knowledge concept, which few school districts offer but many parents desire. From a nationwide perspective, Core Knowledge is nothing new, but it can be an important innovation for a local school system.
Indeed, the same observer would start to get a different impression if she were to focus on charter schools built around Summit’s highly individualized approach, Democracy Prep’s civics-focused curriculum, or the rigorous “no excuses” approach of a prominent national charter network like KIPP. Even in these organizations, some of the most important innovations might be happening behind the scenes.
Two undeniable differences between charter and district-run schools are the charters’ freedom (over staffing and their use of methods, time, and money) and their performance accountability (they will lose their charter and close if children don’t learn).
Until recently it was fair to question whether these attributes lead to anything else, such as distinctive school climates, greater teacher collaboration, and better student outcomes. CREDO at Stanford University’s first national findings that charter schools were on average no more effective than district-run schools cast doubt on the importance of these governance arrangements.
But research on charter schools did not end with the 2013 CREDO study. Newer research offers some important evidence. Charter schools are better positioned than district schools to adopt and faithfully implement personalized instruction and new approaches to teacher training, placement, and support. These findings first came out of RAND’s series of reports on the Partnerships for Effective Teaching, sponsored by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. Despite massive infusions of philanthropic dollars, districts were far less able to than charter schools to fully implement practices expected to raise teacher performance, beyond collecting data and purchasing materials.
More recently, CRPE and RAND independently found that, compared to district schools also receiving financial support for personalizing instruction, charter schools had the freedom to more fully implement this educational improvement.
From CRPE's 2018 study:
"[District] principals let teachers define personalized learning on their own, leaving academic rigor to chance and hindering school wide approaches. During the course of our fieldwork, personalized learning practices rarely got beyond a handful of pilot classrooms in most of the schools we visited. In those pilot classrooms, teachers often focused on changing structures in their classrooms (e.g., seating arrangements, stations) rather than on rethinking how teachers and students engaged with academic content. . .
Central offices, despite encouraging schools to experiment and explore personalized learning, generally failed to fundamentally change structures, policies, and supports to facilitate innovation in schools."
From RAND in 2017:
"Charter teachers reported greater use of key aspects of learner profiles, such as more-fequent receipt and use of student data, and greater adaptation of course content to meet students' needs. Charter teachers and students reported a greater extent of using and experiencing competency-based practices, such as being able to work on different topics than others and at their own pace. Key components of flexible learning environments, such as flexible use of space and staff, and use of technology, were reportedly more common in charter schools.”
Again from CRPE:
Charter schools in the [Gates Foundation-funded personalization] initatives had built-in flexibility. . . Their charter status allowed them nearly complete freedom to hire and manage their staff (including shifting staff assignments, class size, and schedules), design their instructional programs, and shape their professional learning—all of which were relevant to exploring personalized learning. Importantly, they could make all of these changes without consulting district administrators.”
The personalization-related innovations studied by RAND and CRPE didn’t originate with charter schools, but their full use depended on charter schools’ freedom of action and ability to orchestrate internal changes. A random nationwide sample of charter and district schools still might not detect these differences, but they are more obvious locally and are making important progress. Charter schools are better equipped to make real schoolwide changes in classroom practice and student experience, to go beyond the symbols of change and improvement to the reality of it, and to move innovation beyond the domain of a few enthusiasts to all the teachers in a school.
This is not a subtle advantage. Leaders in district-run schools often can’t choose their teachers on the basis of fit and have limited influence over what teachers do in their classrooms. As a result, if a school is nominally committed to an innovation, some teachers might fully adopt it while others ignore it.
Charter school leaders, on the other hand, can make adaptability and willingness to cooperate with schoolwide improvements a precondition of hiring, and teachers can see this screening as legitimate, not an assault on teacher professionalism.
At a time when all public schools are challenged to accelerate students’ movement into challenging career pathways, this advantage of charter schools cannot be exaggerated. Beyond the research cited above, examples of charter schools’ ability to incorporate new ideas include KIPP’s New Orleans high schools, which have evolved profoundly in light of graduates’ disappointing performance in college, and Rocketship’s continued adjustment of its blended school design when it could not replicate the results from the first schools it founded.
Two more recent examples from New Orleans drive this point home: Collegiate Academies created Opportunities Academy, a standalone school for older students with disabilities, and Rooted—a new school that is experimenting with new methods to integrate career pathways in computer science. These schools are breaking the mold in a city sometimes criticized for relying too heavily on "no excuses" models.
As CRPE’s recent reports on personalization make clear, district-run schools—with all their political, regulatory, and human resource constraints—can’t readily take advantage of new approaches to personalization, community and internet-based experiences. Nor can they give students full access status to expert practitioners who are key to career pathways (scientists, mathematicians, health care providers, artists, musicians, computer scientists, and community nonprofit and business leaders). Charter schools can do all those things now.
If charter school laws didn’t exist today, the challenges of economic change and new innovations in teaching and learning would force us to invent something very much like them. Today’s charter schools are not very innovative on average, but are much more open to change than district schools. They can become the places where innovations spread and where new ideas can be more fully implemented.
Future schools will need charter-like freedoms to fully take advantage of new ways to personalize learning to meet students’ interests and needs and provide meaningful experiences. Some school districts are trying to create schools that replicate the structural advantages of charter schools, as well as charter-like accountability for performance. Doing so fully may require state law changes.
District leaders, policymakers, and philanthropists who are considering caps and limits on charter schools should ask themselves whether they want to cripple or abandon a resource that will be sorely needed in the near future. District leaders in particular must acknowledge that bringing innovation to all public schools will first require freedom of action at the places where innovation and experimentation is most likely to occur.
We’ve been waiting eagerly to see Miami-Dade County Public Schools' plan for the fall. Here’s a breakdown of the highlights. | <urn:uuid:402f8ee9-83f1-455b-ac44-cc6c562c18c1> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://www.crpe.org/thelens/charter-schools-advance-innovation-often-not-ways-youd-expect | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655921988.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20200711032932-20200711062932-00136.warc.gz | en | 0.955732 | 1,721 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Expository Essay Writing Help
What is expository essay and how to write one?
Whether in speech or in writing exposition is considered to be an explanatory communication only and so this expository essay is known to be a prearranged piece of style that eventually elucidate a particular topic or you can say a group of ideas to appropriate audiences. Expository essays are generally written for exams like SAT or for standardized tests. There can be different assignments that are usually self-possessed outside the class.
Expository essays are those kinds of essays that usually provide analysis and detailed information. This expository essay might or might not have a particular unconcealed central argument because it does put forward the opinions of one on that particular topic. However, it may vary from the influential research paper in the form of arguments it occupies. Make sure while writing an expository essay you main focus shall be on one particular topic and then further explain those points widely making use of examples that shall be specific because it usually doesn’t have that deep research or the argument you require in the main research assignment. However, the marks you get in your exam or the standardized test will only be based on the knowledge that is already inside your head. An essay is considered to be short non-fiction legendary work written about a particular subject while in case of an expository essay these kinds of essays give a detailed information to the readers that don’t involve the writer’s opinion or point of view. It generally discusses, portrays a story, analyzes and discuss and its main focus is just to explain the concepts.
Here are some of the basics of a great essay:
- Make sure you write an essay in the second person perspective .i.e. you
- Your words need to be appropriate and crisp as well as your writing
- Decide your process of improvement: contrast and compare, analyze, define, effect and cause or classify because this will initially describe your writing style as it is considered to be one of the most significant tips on writing an amazing expository essay
- Make sure you’ve sentences for each and every paragraph while writing a thesis statement
- However, a triumphant essay might not include irrelevant sentences; it will be indeed factual and would include important points more.
- Every paragraph shall cover at least one topic and every sentence shall present new and innovative ideas
- Make use of short sentences and transitory words in order to make your essay go smoothly
What Are the Elements of an Expository Essay?
Expository essays involve several different baseline requirements that are usually standard in around every essay type:
- Controlling idea or any clear thesis that eventually displays or portrays your main goal
- The opening of the paragraph which initially introduces your thesis
- The body of the paragraphs that usually use unique proofs in order to illustrate your analytic and informative points
- Even alteration that links the ideas of the other paragraphs in unique and amazing ways
- A clear conclusion that eventually will highlight your main idea without being rhythmic
How to write an Expository Essay?
One of the most considered and popular formulae for writing the expository essay is the 5 Paragraph essay and if you don’t have any experience and you’re a fresher in writing an essay then it is a great thing to start with because it is generally basic and also straightforward. Thus, A 5 paragraph essay initially includes the elements that are already listed above and a well successful thesis shall include these three main factors as well.
- The first paragraph shall contain an introduction that has to be clear and brief
- Second, a body paragraph that initially provides proofs and investigation that is linked to the thesis
- Third, a conclusion that eventually sums up your thesis statement by rechecking the thesis statement keeping in mind the proofs and verifications discussed in the thesis already
However, the 5-paragraph structure usually offers you with a helpful formula in order to work appropriately. It is considered to be only one among other suitable options and its suitability majorly depends upon other different factors such as duration and intricacy of your thesis. So, if you’re about to write an essay make sure it shall be more than at least 3 or 4 pages long and make sure that it shall be more than 5 paragraphs because in most of the cases there has been a situation that the structure of a long thesis shall be bit similar to the 5-paragraph essay that initially involves an introduction, body and a conclusion that usually performs similar function just the number of body paragraphs will increase. Though there are chances that the length of the paragraphs might increase slightly.
A process guide of composing an expository essay
- The first and foremost step is that just begin by reading the thesis clear and carefully in order to understand it better. After that look for the topic that actually fits better with the thesis because it is not usually important that you’ve to always narrow your topic without narrowing it, you can directly relevant it to the thesis and also make sure that your topic shall not be too contracted that it actually lacks importance. It shall actually be wide, precise and clear in order to capture more of the readers.
- The next step is that you shall start by using a brief outline in order to write a cautious thesis that eventually highlights the assignment prompt or the issue. Make sure you come up with a really amazing, interesting and also unique outlook on your idea so that it eventually reflect its originality and uniqueness.
- The next step is that, make sure the examples you use shall be relevant and specific and also include your main points briefly in the thesis. In short, each and every example shall have an apparent connection with your topic.
- Your thesis shall allocate each body paragraph to each and every example and so in order to continue the outline of your writing shall be always about that particular example only. As your idea will be the part of every paragraph transition and it should make an obvious, reasonable link between your thesis and the proofs that paragraph will examine.
- Finish your outline by thinking about an amazing, motivating and meaningful way at the end of the thesis. Make sure that your conclusion shall sum up all of your main points without only repeating what you’ve mentioned earlier. You can even suggest the outsized allegation of what is already discussed and analyzed in the thesis. Therefore, the only way to do this is to provide a brief review of what you’ve enclosed combined with an estimate or commendation for the future.
Here are some of the following steps that overlie & unite effortlessly with each other
- Describe your key terms and all the ideas
- Explain precise evidential examples
- Examine the main strand among your examples
- Evaluate and compare your examples and also their relationship to the thesis
- Analyse the cause and also effective relationships among your examples
- Link your examples unequivocally to your main idea and also to each other
Just before final submission make sure you revise your thesis carefully and precisely in order to make it more artistic, unique and amazing at the same time. Make sure you avoid using clichéd or corny language or the same examples. Your thesis is that proof from which a reader gets to learn and experience something new and interesting be it a curious fact or even a tale perception on that idea. At the end proofread your thesis completely and also correct your mistakes and make sure you avoid things that might distract the readers because writing an expository essay only means to captivate readers attention and so in order to captivate readers attention your essay shall be precise and clear. | <urn:uuid:e6f2317a-578f-46fd-adb3-8cd4d71044c3> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://www.assignmenthelp.net/expository-essay-writing-help | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027330913.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20190826000512-20190826022512-00154.warc.gz | en | 0.939202 | 1,550 | 3.46875 | 3 |
A study released this week by the Journal of the American Medical Association shows patients over age 65 who take popular sleep aid medications may face higher chances of developing dementia.
It’s not the first study to produce such results, however, it is the first to isolate the risk to the drugs themselves, instead of underlying risk factors in patients taking them. Also, what were initially thought to be temporary cognitive side effects may now actually be permanent.
The study was headed by Dr. Shelly Gray, a researcher at the University of Washington. Gray’s team reviewed data from almost 3,500 subjects over the age of 64 who were taking different forms of anticholinergic medications. These drugs, which block a neurotransmitter called acetylcholine, include oxybutynin, used to treat overactive bladder, antidepressant drugs like doxepin used for sleep aid and anxiety; and antihistamines like chlorpheniramine.
Studies indicate up to 37% of those older than 65 take anticholinergic drugs. They are known by brand names like the bladder meds Ditropan, Gelnique and Oxytrol; sleep aids Silenor, Zonalon and Prudoxin; and antihistamines Chlor-Trimeton, Chlor-Tab and Aller-Chlor.
Records were only reviewed for those patients that didn’t previously have dementia. In the following seven years on average, however, more than 23% of them were diagnosed with dementia, and nearly 19% developed Alzheimer's disease.
A patient’s dementia risk was also tied to how much of an anticholinergic drug they had taken over time. The greater the dose – the greater the risk. Those who used 10 milligrams of doxepin each day for three years were at an elevated risk, as were those who took 4 milligrams of chlorpheniramine, or 5 milligrams of oxybutinin every day.
While Gray said scientists have known for years that even small doses of these drugs can lead to cognitive impairment, it was thought that the effects subsided when patients stopped taking them.
But the new research showed higher doses of the drugs can lead to dementia, which is permanent.
DrugNews will continue to track any additional research on the cognitive impairment effects of sleep aids, bladder medications and antihistamines. Contact us for more information or any questions.
Gray, S. Cumulative Use of Strong Anticholinergics and Incident Dementia. JAMA. (January 26, 2015). Retrieved from http://archinte.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=2091745
Harding, A. Widely Used Drugs Tied to Greater Dementia Risk for Seniors. Yahoo News. (January 27, 2015). Retrieved from http://news.yahoo.com/widely-used-drugs-tied-greater-dementia-risk-seniors-162340600.html
Last summer, the Department of Justice unveiled the details of an ongoing lawsuit and resulting settlement against industrial giant 3M, claiming the company had furnished defective combat earplugs to millions of U.S. troops serving around the world.
The FDA enacted tough new regulations this week aimed at making sure all women who are considering implantation of the Essure birth control device fully understand all the risks and benefits before moving forward. | <urn:uuid:02350f23-1091-4a0e-8d31-d871c51bae3f> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | https://www.drugnews.net/news/sleep-aids-bladder-meds-linked-to-dementia/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578577686.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20190422175312-20190422200451-00071.warc.gz | en | 0.944054 | 706 | 2.75 | 3 |
Global Protection: Unknown whether any occurrences are appropriately protected and managed
Comments: The commercial and recreational fishery in California was closed on March 1, 1996. A captive breeding program is in place at Proteus SeaFarms in Oxnard, California, but so far they only have males. It is not known if Mexico has taken any protection measures (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 2000). Prior to the listing of white abalone under the ESA, the State of California closed the white abalone fishery in 1996 and subsequently closed all abalone fisheries in central and southern California in 1997. Measures taken during the late 1970s and 1980s to regulate the abalone fishery included prohibiting fishing during a portion of the spawning season, bag limits for recreational fishermen, limited entry, and permit fees. The white abalone was designated as a candidate for listing under the Endangered Species Act (ESA) in 1997 for the California region south to Baja California, Mexico. In August 1998, NMFS initiated a review of the biological status of white abalone. A petition from the Center for Biological Diversity to list the white abalone as endangered and designate critical habitat was received on April 29, 1999, and a subsequent petition from the Marine Conservation Biology Institute was received on May 15, 1999. A finding that the petitioned action was warranted was published in the Federal Register on September 24, 1999. NMFS completed its status review of the species in March of 2000. NMFS published aproposed rule to list the white abalone as endangered on May 5, 2000. NMFS published afinal rule listing the white abalone as an endangered species on May 29, 2001. The white abalone is the only mollusk listed under the ESA by NMFS. | <urn:uuid:d69b6059-4736-465b-9f53-d6b898d12a82> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://eol.org/data_objects/14510090 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246656747.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045736-00186-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.965038 | 355 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Saving Lives II: Fire, Demented Driving and Random Acts of God
Each year, fire claims more Canadian lives than all other natural disasters combined. Fires cause billions of dollars in property damage and destroys vital natural areas. To combat loss of life and property, building techniques have been developed to protect your family, home and belongings from fire damage. ICFs are the leading materials in fire safety technology. ICFs block wall systems provide solid concrete, reinforced exteriors that have a 3 to 4 hour fire rating. The exterior Styrofoam insulation simply melts off the walls rather than combusting. A study conducted by the Southwest Pacific Research Institute found the emissions from burning the insulating foam on ICFs “no more toxic” than smoke from wood frame housing.
A Kansas City Habitat for Humanity home was the recent victim of an arson attack. A firebomb thrown at the house landed on the front porch. Made from ICFs, the house offered little by way of flammable material. Damage from the attack amounted to only $500; the plastic porch soffit melted and the front door was replaced because firefighters kicked it in. The interior of the home was completely unscathed.
Concrete homes have time and again proven their resistance to fire and many insurance companies offer premiums reduced by 10 to 15% for fire insurance on concrete homes.
Fire isn’t the only thing ICFs protect families from. Just ask Jack Burns who was fast asleep in bed at 5.30 on a summer morning in 2002 when a 500 000 pound boulder came crashing down the hill outside his home and stopped a few feet from his bed. The boulder measured 12 feet by 16 feet and could not be budged with dynamite; a backhoe with a jackhammer had to break the boulder into smaller pieces before removal. Jack would most certainly not have lived to tell the tale if his home had not been constructed from ICFs.
Homes built with ICFs have also stood their ground when pitted against the wayward driver. This unbelievable video footage shows the driver in an SUV careening through the garden, knocking down the wooden hand railing and flower pots only to be stopped in its tracks by the ICF wall. Home owner Ryan Heacock said he was relieved that the wall; “…Bounced that Explorer off like a little toy.” The video footage was shot by Heacock’s security cameras. The wall remained intact with the only damage to the siding and insulation. Heacock said; “I can’t imagine what would have happened if this was a wood home!” | <urn:uuid:cde65099-4d38-4250-9458-1d8755526a34> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://www.amvicsystem.com/blog/saving-lives-ii-fire-demented-driving-and-random-acts-of-god/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570987828425.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20191023015841-20191023043341-00498.warc.gz | en | 0.966521 | 535 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Though obvious in these pictures, quite a few animals can become invisible by matching their environment to their color. A bullfrog, waiting for prey to come a bit too close or for his own protection against predators, may sit quietly in duckweed. If the frog holds still enough, perhaps he will be overlooked and gain a meal or avoid becoming one. The green dragonfly, also a predator, has the same advantages if it alights among green plant leaves. The dragonfly, by the way, was much harder to spot than the frog! These animals were spotted at the Columbia Reservation of the Lorain County Metroparks hiding in plain sight.
American bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) — Eastern Pondhawk Dragonfly (Erythemis simplicicollis) female. | <urn:uuid:a0985dd7-d979-46c5-82d1-7aba04236092> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | https://guilfordpix.com/2012/06/25/hiding-in-plain-sight/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267863100.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20180619154023-20180619174023-00105.warc.gz | en | 0.969564 | 162 | 2.921875 | 3 |
(DAUGHTERS OF THE QUEEN OF HEAVEN, FILIÆ REGINÆ COELI)
A religious and charitable society founded at St. Louis, Mo., 5 Dec., 1889, by Miss Mary Hoxsey. It was organized to supplement the work done for the poor in their homes by the members of the Conference of St. Vincent de Paul. The project received the approbation and encouragement of the Very Rev. P.P. Brady in whose parish it was inaugurated, and several years later the papal sanction and blessing were accorded (17 July, 1894). The society has since spread to numerous parishes of the United States and there are now thirty-five associations affiliated to those at St. Louis. The constitution of the society provides that it shall be governed by a general council composed of subordinate councils and associations. Five or more associations in a diocese have the right of forming a subordinate council with its own bylaws and officers. The society was incorporated on 6 Jan., 1902. The Queen's Daughters visit the poor in their homes and afford them spiritual and material aid. They endeavour to influence those who neglect their religious duties or the religious training of their children, they teach Christian doctrine in mission Sunday-schools, and assist in preparing persons for baptism, and in providing suitable clothing for the first Communion of children whose parents are unable to make such provision. Their organizations include sewing-guilds, cooking-schools, boarding-homes for women and girls, sanctuary guilds and altar societies. At their Saturday industrial schools for children the children of the poor are taught to sew and be self-helpful. Here also they are brought in contact with the members of the Guardian Angel Bands, the children of well-to-do parents, who are taught to make garments for the poor and to be generally helpful and sympathetic to their poorer companions. The usual work in connexion with juvenile courts is done according to instructions provided by court officials. The members of several religious congregations are honorary members of the association. Representative of these are the White Sisters of the Nazareth Home, Providence, R.I., who maintain a day nursery and visit the sick poor in their homes and to whom the society is pledged to contribute a specified sum monthly. The patroness of the society is the Blessed Virgin ; and its motto "Ad Majorem Dei Gloriam".
The Catholic Encyclopedia is the most comprehensive resource on Catholic teaching, history, and information ever gathered in all of human history. This easy-to-search online version was originally printed between 1907 and 1912 in fifteen hard copy volumes.
Designed to present its readers with the full body of Catholic teaching, the Encyclopedia contains not only precise statements of what the Church has defined, but also an impartial record of different views of acknowledged authority on all disputed questions, national, political or factional. In the determination of the truth the most recent and acknowledged scientific methods are employed, and the results of the latest research in theology, philosophy, history, apologetics, archaeology, and other sciences are given careful consideration.
No one who is interested in human history, past and present, can ignore the Catholic Church, either as an institution which has been the central figure in the civilized world for nearly two thousand years, decisively affecting its destinies, religious, literary, scientific, social and political, or as an existing power whose influence and activity extend to every part of the globe. In the past century the Church has grown both extensively and intensively among English-speaking peoples. Their living interests demand that they should have the means of informing themselves about this vast institution, which, whether they are Catholics or not, affects their fortunes and their destiny.
Copyright © Catholic Encyclopedia. Robert Appleton Company New York, NY. Volume 1: 1907; Volume 2: 1907; Volume 3: 1908; Volume 4: 1908; Volume 5: 1909; Volume 6: 1909; Volume 7: 1910; Volume 8: 1910; Volume 9: 1910; Volume 10: 1911; Volume 11: - 1911; Volume 12: - 1911; Volume 13: - 1912; Volume 14: 1912; Volume 15: 1912
Catholic Online Catholic Encyclopedia Digital version Compiled and Copyright © Catholic Online | <urn:uuid:1b9fd04c-bf56-453a-bbb2-0a2bb90fb746> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://www.catholic.org/encyclopedia/view.php?id=9777 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131303466.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172143-00131-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.954849 | 869 | 2.59375 | 3 |
The Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) is introducing a quota of women within its evaluation bodies with immediate effect. The proportion of women (and men) must now reach at least 40% within the Research Council and its presidency.
Read the portrait of the director of the SNSF:
Even today, half a century after the introduction of women’s suffrage establishing political equality between the sexes, women are still seriously under-represented in key scientific positions, notes the SNSF on Friday in a press release.
Less than a quarter of professorial chairs
While the proportion of women at doctoral level reaches nearly 45% and that female students are even in a slight majority, they only occupy 23% of professorial chairs in Swiss universities.
Inequalities in representation in leadership positions have consequences for society: the perspectives, needs and experiences of women are not sufficiently taken into account. Their contribution to the “generation of knowledge” is therefore less.
In the future, it is no longer conceivable that only a small minority of women take part in the discussions and decisions, said Matthias Egger, President of the Research Council, in the press release. “That is why we are now adopting stricter rules.”
By introducing quotas, the SNSF has four objectives: to give more visibility to women in the bodies in charge of science policy; give greater weight to the interests of women and the plurality of perspectives; ensure a more balanced distribution of power; improve collaboration through greater diversity.
Equality between women and men has been enshrined in the Federal Constitution since 1981. As a national research funding organization, the SNSF is responsible for promoting gender equality within its legal mandate. The PRIMA grants, the portal dedicated to AcademiaNet female researchers, or the awarding of the Marie Heim-Vögtlin prize are all activities that contribute to the targeted encouragement of women, adds the SNSF. | <urn:uuid:45725450-681f-4a80-b2e1-de2ac0188e37> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://newsoceon.com/the-swiss-national-science-foundation-introduces-a-quota-for-women/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178362741.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20210301151825-20210301181825-00358.warc.gz | en | 0.943723 | 399 | 2.625 | 3 |
from photonics.com - 12/1/2006
Inclinometer Shows Versatility of Fiber Optic Sensors
In-fiber Mach-Zehnder interferometer measures angular displacement.
There are a multitude of techniques with which to measure temperature, strain, pressure and other parameters with fiber optic sensors. In yet another example of the versatility of optical fibers as measurement devices, a collaboration of scientists from INESC-Porto and Universidade do Porto, both in Portugal, and Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná in Curitiba, Brazil, has designed and demonstrated a fiber optic inclinometer based on a fiber’s taper and a long-period grating in the same fiber. A classic fiber optic Mach-Zehnder interferometer divides the incoming light between two fibers and recombines it at a second junction (Figure 1, top).
In both a classic fiber optic Mach-Zehnder (top) and a single-fiber Mach-Zehnder (middle), the incoming light is split into two parts and subsequently recombined. A variation of the single-fiber scheme replaces one of the long-period gratings with a nonadiabatic taper (bottom). Images reprinted with permission of Optics Letters.
In a single-fiber Mach-Zehnder, a long-period grating diffracts light at its resonant wavelengths from the fiber core into the cladding, and a second long-period grating couples light from the cladding back into the core (Figure 1, middle). In both cases, interference occurs when the separated beams are recombined. The nature of the interference — constructive or destructive — depends upon the optical path difference between the interferometer’s two arms.
The magnitude of the coupling provided by the taper changed when the fiber was bent.
Wishing to fabricate a simpler device that required only a single long-period grating, the scientists experimented with softening a length of Corning SMF-28 fiber in a splicing machine and pulling an ∼500-μm-long taper into the softened section. They reasoned, correctly, that the taper would expand the core field so that part of its light would be coupled into the cladding.
Having demonstrated that the taper satisfactorily coupled light from the core into the cladding, the scientists next constructed a single-fiber Mach-Zehnder by combining the taper with a single long-period grating (Figure 1, bottom). When the light traveling in the cladding rejoined the light in the core, the resulting interference was a measure of the optical path difference between the two arms of the interferometer.
The visibility of the interferometer’s fringes provided a measurement of the angular displacement.
To demonstrate the utility of such an interferometer, the scientists designed an inclinometer — an instrument for measuring angular displacement — based on the interferometer. They sheathed the fiber on either side of the taper in capillary tubes and bent the fiber precisely at the taper (Figure 2). The bend changed the magnitude of the coupling into the cladding, but not the phase of the light coupled back into the core at the grating. Therefore, the bend affected the fringe visibility, but not the location of the fringes (Figure 3).
Optics Letters, Oct. 15, 2006, pp. 2960-2962.
from photonics.com - 12/1/2006 | <urn:uuid:684d56df-6f26-483b-a7a8-b7c2fb033a9e> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://lablaser.tk/realizacoes/Photonics_com%20Printer%20Friendly%20Article.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027313747.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20190818083417-20190818105417-00361.warc.gz | en | 0.865587 | 730 | 3 | 3 |
Brown County State Park
Opened in 1929, Brown County State Park is the largest of Indiana’s state parks. Known for many decades as the “Little Smokies” because of the area’s resemblance to the Great Smoky Mountains, the park draws more people to it than any other in the state park system. Attracting many to the park are the vivid fall colors, viewable from several lookouts and nearly twenty miles of roads winding through the park. These spectacular landscapes drew Hoosier Group artists like T. C. Steele, William Forsyth, Otto Stark, John Ottis Adams, and Richard Gruelle to Brown County in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century to paint the area.
In June of 1934, the Veterans Civilian Conservation Corps Company 1557 began extensive work to improve the park. Besides planting black locust, black walnut, and various pines and spruces (to help repair badly eroded slopes due to years of farming), the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) workers also erected many of the existing buildings and trails within the park used today. The west lookout tower, many of the scenic vistas, and the CCC hiking trail are all part of the legacy of the corp’s time in the park, as are many other projects by various CCC groups in the state park system. | <urn:uuid:39104d5e-a2f6-4b33-9d2a-8aa545e52ce8> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://publichistory.iupui.edu/items/show/185?tour=24&index=7 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224649439.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20230604025306-20230604055306-00411.warc.gz | en | 0.938501 | 279 | 3 | 3 |
Brown Study Abroad
In 1877 Brown's uncle Alexander had died leaving his £100,000 estate to his nephews; in 1882 James appointed John general manager and handed over his coal interests to his sons in 1886. John Brown remained in control of policy. He extended the Minmi mine and benefited from membership of the Vend, a cartel which regulated prices and shared the trade between Newcastle coal-proprietors, but be left it in 1890. Free to reduce prices and with no shareholders to satisfy, he embarked on a period of trade expansion which contributed to the dissolution of the Vend and thereby helped to impoverish the district. In 1896, when many collieries were idle, his Minmi mines worked on 256 out of a possible 280 days and next year were active on 264: the firm's annual output exceeded 300,000 tons in 1897-1901. In the early 1900s Brown expanded his South Maitland interests, acquiring the high-producing Pelaw Main and Richmond Main collieries, and by 1904 had connected both to the firm's Minmi-Hexham railway. He also built up the fleet of tugboats which operated in both Sydney and Newcastle. | <urn:uuid:4ead68ee-a404-46b6-bd2e-2a94fac9bdda> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | http://commercialpropertyforsalewall.blogspot.com/2012/11/brown-study-abroad.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585171.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20211017082600-20211017112600-00538.warc.gz | en | 0.985031 | 241 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Growing plants may be a entertaining entertaining action or business opportunity for any individual using a earth-friendly thumb. It can be a good way to receive extra income. Garden can be carried out both at home and in a very greenhouse. No matter whether you wish to grow exotic plants and flowers or functional vegetation, there are plenty of methods you can find started off with growing plants. Growing plants could be very simple or it can be complex depending on how considerably commitment you’re willing to invest.
Backyard style is essential when beginning landscaping. From time to time in a tiny in house lawn as well, even though growing plants is really the process of rising vegetation inside of a governed natural environment often outdoors. In the majority of home gardens, elaborate traditional flowers are developed generally for their fresh flowers, renders, or overall look although beneficial, healthy crops, such as winter squash or tomatoes, are grown largely for his or her berry and root manufacturing. And nourishment.
Flower landscaping was created in Core United states, especially in the southern part of Mexico and South America, growing plants has various specifications than escalating flowers outside mainly because rising vegetation want distinct numbers ofh2o and sunshine. The blossom garden is normally a pergola-like structure with blossoms expanding on different limbs. Pergolas can be produced from a number of products such asmetal and timber, and cement. In case you are beginning from abrasion, the principal intent behind a pergola would be to present hue for that vegetation from the sunlight and precipitation.
Placing a garden can be costly, specially. If you currently have a garden, then you may strategy your plantings. Placing foliage can be another well-known choice, but if you have the place, then you can grow fruit trees. Plant Placing is just like placing shrubs mainly because every one of the plantings are for beautiful reasons. When garden, plantings are set up in lines or mattresses in order for the shrubs and shrubs usually do not be competitive with each other.
There are various different types of fertilizers which can be used when landscaping. Fertilizer is essential simply because it can help the plants’ roots to find the nourishing substances they will need to develop. Fertilizers can be purchased in each all-natural and male-manufactured styles. Gentleman-created fertilizers are usually more effective initially steps of expanding plant life because the dirt is not but absolutely identified. All natural fertilizers are superior as they are easily assimilated from the plantings, specially at the beginning.
Farming is a vital part of gardening. A farmer, also referred to as a grower, handles the crops. They matureveggies and fruits, and herbal treatments to generally be consumed. Farming involves toughfunction and determination, and just a bit of competency. As an alternative increases the vegetation within an eco-pleasant fashion.
A lot of people are with the belief that this components utilized to expand the flowers will not be as vital as the health of the plants their selves, however horticulture is no different than farming, with the exception that the gardener will not harvest the crops. This really is a misconception. Your earth and also the plants’ makes could affect the health of the gardeners’ harvest. Consequently, the types of materials essential for the home gardens topic quite a lot.
Organic backyards can be appreciated by all types of people today. Though it might seem uncomplicated to start with, cultivating plants and flowers can take up lots of time,patience and effort, and proficiency. With persistence, a gardeners’ hard work will eventually pay the balance of together with the harvest that they can receive. Therefore, this can supply the garden enthusiast with necessary joy and fitness.
The methods found in creating plants are very important. These techniques will be really good to the garden enthusiast. This is exactly why a number of people are prepared to commit a lot of cash in an effort to have good quality gardens. Some backyard gardeners tend not to think about increasing amazing or hard to find group simply because these varieties would possibly not do well very well into their regions. There are various backyard gardeners who get pleasure from placing annuals and perennials for the reason that these kind of plants and flowers are easy to make it through and keep generally in most places.
Gardeners’ style and design should pinpoint the area on the market, however. Simply because the garden desires plenty of home for circulation and action of oxygen within the back garden. It can also be necessary to look for the number of standard water the backyard garden calls for. With no adequate normal water, the plants and flowers may possibly kick the bucket out. Because of this , gardeners should likewise make the proper amount of grow foodstuff for any backyards. This will assist maintain the suitable degrees of eating habits for the flowers.
Gardening might be a stress-free leisure activity. That is why numerous native plants and flowers are being used as decor in numerous gardens. An effectively-created out of doors backyard garden can improve a homeowner’s outdoor space and also beautify one’s home. There are plenty of stuff that need to be thought of when organizing an indoor garden.
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Learning to Read Vs. Reading to Learn
When Theodor Geisel, otherwise known as Dr. Seuss, wrote the book “I Can Read with My Eyes Shut”, he was only kidding! For the visually sighted, reading doesn’t begin until the eyes effectively communicate words to the language centers of the brain.
While this may seem obvious, there are educators and physicians who overlook the role of vision in the reading process. The AOA’s Clinical Practice Guideline to Care of the Patient with Learning Related Vision Problems, co-authored by Dr. Press, makes it clear that vision can and does play a significant role in reading problems.
Problems in learning to read are distinct from problems in reading to learn.
Difficulty in learning to read typically relates to underdeveloped reading readiness skills involving visual processing or perception. Difficulty in reading to learn often relates to poor visual efficiency involving tracking, focusing or eye teaming.
What would it be like for you if print were unstable when you’re trying to read? Essentially it’s the same as someone with normal visual skills trying to read in a car. The induced instability makes you uncomfortable, yet it has no bearing on listening to someone else reading and comprehending perfectly. Reading is multi-factorial and vision is multi-faceted. An important thing to keep in mind is that having 20/20 eyesight has no bearing on how well a child can read. The complexities of visual efficiency and processing are significantly related to how a child can learn to read and read to learn.
With regard to reading, our Comprehensive Binocular Vision Examination picks up where “routine eye exams” leave off.
Angela L. Sanders, OD
Academy of Vision Development, PLLC
6617 Crossings Dr. SE, Suite 102
Grand Rapids, MI 49508
Grand Rapids Vision Therapy by Academy of Vision Development
6617 Crossings Dr SE Suite 102 Grand Rapids MI 49508 | <urn:uuid:2d175c6a-2f09-4787-b757-4671bef34bbd> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | http://academyofvisiondevelopment.com/learning-to-read-vs-reading-to-learn/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232259327.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20190526165427-20190526191427-00149.warc.gz | en | 0.948243 | 409 | 3.265625 | 3 |
Subsets and Splits