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The Iliad of Homer
Homer, Orlando Fleming
After nine years fighting the Trojan War, the Greeks sense imminent defeat. The gods have cursed them with a plague; the Trojans have set their ships on fire; and their best warrior, the impenetrable Achilles, has turned his back on them. But when the Trojans go too far and kill Patroclus, his beloved brother-in-arms, Achilles returns to the battlefield with a vengeance so terrible that it shocks even the gods.
Written by Homer more than twenty-five hundred years ago, The Iliad is among the oldest extant works of Western literature—the seminal epic narrative of infantry combat, the scars of battle, and the inevitability of fate.
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Public insecurity and widespread mistrust of police among citizens is associated with decreased police legitimacy, which has negative consequences for effective policing. Research has demonstrated that when police officers interact with citizens following principles of procedural justice, citizens leave those interactions—even contentious ones—with an increased perception of trust in the police, which enhances legitimacy and efficacy. The question remains, however, as to how a police force can institutionalize procedural justice as an organizational capability. In this study, researchers worked with the Ministry of Public Security of Mexico City to evaluate the impact of a procedural justice training for police officers. Preliminary results suggest that the training had significant positive impacts on how individual police officers perceived and practiced the principles of procedural justice. They also help reveal the specific mechanisms through which the training achieved its effects, thus providing important insights into likely avenues for effective police reform.
Citizen trust in public safety and in the police can have important implications for the quality of policing, as well as for trust in the state in general. Widespread feelings of insecurity among citizens are associated with a decreased perception of police legitimacy, which can make it difficult for the police force to recruit top talent, secure funding, and convey information to the public.Mistrust in police and perceptions of insecurity may also reduce citizens’ participation in public safety efforts, which can limit the police force’s understanding of citizens’ needs and reduce police officers’ motivation.
It has long been established that the most reliable predictor of citizen trust in the police is the extent to which police officers behave according to the principles of Procedural Justice, a framework that originally gained prominence in U.S. criminology in the 1990s.Procedural justice specifies four principles that determine whether citizens will perceive their authorities as legitimate: (1) voice (the opportunity to be heard prior to police decisions, to provide “their side of the story”); (2) police officer neutrality (the assurance that police officer behavior or decisions are in no way driven by physical appearance, gender, preferences, or other individual characteristics); (3) dignity and respect (the perception that police officers treat them as citizens with full rights and with a presumption of innocence); and (4) trustworthiness (clarity from the police about why they are doing what they are doing and what a citizen can expect next).
If these police officer behaviors are systematically associated with more positive interactions with citizens, then police forces should benefit if they were to institutionalize such behaviors through training programs, incentive and evaluation systems, internal communication methods, and other organizational processes. This requires, however, clarity on which types of interventions can truly improve outcomes and how.
Crime, violence, and a weak rule of law are among some of Latin America’s most pressing issues. Mexico in particular was ranked 99 out of 102 countries in terms of Order and Security in the 2017-2018 World Justice Project Rule of Law Index, and is the worst performer both within Latin America and among countries with similar income levels. Insecurity is also consistently listed as the top citizen concern, far above poverty, unemployment or public health.
Mexico City is the country’s largest city, with 8.9 million inhabitants and 4 million daily commuters. Although Mexico City has one of the lowest homicide rates in the country, and has a largely effective police force, citizen perception of public safety and the reliability of the police force is consistently low. For instance, in 2017, 85 percent of Mexico City’s inhabitants reported feeling unsafe and only 37 percent reported having confidence in the police.
Researchers worked with the Ministry of Public Security of Mexico City to conduct a randomized evaluation of the impact of a procedural justice training on police officers’ comprehension and internalization of the procedural justice framework, as well as on changes in their behavior.
Working together, the Ministry and the research team adapted the procedural justice model to the Mexican context and developed a training program (and accompanying manuals) to encourage line officers and commanders to apply the principles of procedural justice to their work. Researchers randomly assigned sixty police sectors of Mexico City to either receive the intervention, or not. In total, 966 line officers and their commanders in thirty sectors received the intervention, and 888 line officers in another thirty sectors did not.
Line officers and commanders who received the intervention participated in a nine-hour (twelve hours for commanders) training over three days that were tailored to their roles. The training sessions, which contained a maximum of 20 officers, focused on strengthening the capacities of police officers to apply procedural justice principles when interacting with citizens in a variety of different situations. The training also dedicated time to reflect on the several conditioning elements that could negatively influence police-citizen interactions, such as stereotypes, prejudices, social context, and historical cases of police misconduct; and that despite citizens occasionally treat police officers unfairly, it is the responsibility of the police, and of its officers, to restore citizens' trust. Following the training, line officers and commanders received reminders in the form of a pamphlet and card with a summary of the information covered in the training, acknowledgment of participation in the workshop, and five reminders of key training concepts via SMS.
The study measured line officers’ perceptions of the importance of procedural justice, whether they internalized procedural justice concepts, and their actual behavioral change in the streets. To evaluate the impact of the intervention on perceptions, researchers conducted baseline and endline surveys with participants, utilizing a structured questionnaire together with in-depth-interviews with photo prompts (called “photo journal”). To evaluate the impacts on behavior, researchers conducted a “mystery shopper” study that sent actors to simulate citizen interactions with line officers while wearing hidden cameras and microphones in both treatment and control police sectors. Initial surveys were conducted two to four weeks before the training. Follow-up surveys were conducted on average three months after the training.
Note: these results are preliminary and may change upon further data analysis.
Overall, preliminary results suggest that procedural justice training had significant impacts on the perceptions and behavior of individual line officers. Across all measures, researchers estimate that the training produced effects large enough to bring an officer whose performance with regards to procedural justice began in the bottom quartile of the distribution to the median.8
Perceptions: On average, officers who received the procedural justice training perceived greater importance for the four procedural justice principles—voice, neutrality, respect, and trustworthiness—than their counterparts in the comparison group. To estimate the overall impact of the training on officers’ perceptions, the research team measured officers’ perceptions of each principle and compiled them into an index, on which trained officers scored 4.8 percent higher than untrained ones.
Officers who began with more positive views about how citizens perceived their work benefited more from the training, suggesting the importance of empathy and understanding between police officers and citizens. Additionally, and taking advantage of a quasi-random variation in the timing of the training between line officers and commanders, the researchers show that the training was more effective for officers whose managers were trained as well.
Behavior: Three to twelve months after training, “mystery shoppers,” posing as citizens, interacted with 487 line officers—210 untrained officers and 277 trained ones. In these interactions, trained officers performed better than untrained ones, scoring an average of 4.1 percent higher on a procedural justice index as measured by external observers instructed in procedurally just behavior.
As with perceptions, the positive impacts on behavior were larger for officers who at the beginning of the study had more positive views on how citizens perceived them, as well as officers with more pro-social perceptions of their communities generally and those with higher job satisfaction.
Changes were smaller for officers patrolling relatively riskier (as measured by the number of reported crimes) areas than those in areas with lower crime rates. Further research is needed to determine whether officers with higher-risk assignments are less willing or able to behave in procedurally just ways or whether other forms or intensities of training could mitigate this effect.
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Why are cavefish a good example of evo-devo?
Jeffery: Scientists study all kinds of organisms in evolutionary developmental biology, but when I started working in the evo-devo field, I decided that in order to understand how development evolved, we would have to look at two closely related species that have diverged recently [developed in separate directions] or to look at the same species in the process of divergence. I looked around for models, and I found several of them. One of them happened to be in caves, and the species is called Astyanax mexicanus, the blind Mexican cavefish. This cave organism is one of the few in which the acknowledged ancestor is still present on the surface, and the descendent organism is still present in the caves. They are the same species but they are in the process of divergence. These species can breed with one another, which allows for the genetic study of interesting traits. This combination of special circumstances fits my criteria for ideal development models. We could determine what the ancestral situation looked like by studying today’s surface fish and examine what the derived species looked like by studying present cavefish.
After the divergence, how do the cavefish differ from their surface counterparts?
Jeffery: Well, actually, we can study this very nicely in caves, particularly in Mexico. Cavefish populations were founded independently of one another and at different times. Which means we have some populations to study that are relatively young, that were founded recently, in addition to some that were founded early on in their evolutionary history. We can look at both the early and the late populations, and we can get an idea of what happened almost immediately when some fish moved from the surface to live in caves.
Interestingly, two things that happened in the changed environment are that the cavefish started to lose its pigmentation [coloring], and it started to lose its eyes (fig. 1). This was not a sudden phenomenon; it took some time, and we know that because the intermediates still have a little bit of pigment, and they have bigger eye remnants than the older forms.
Figure 1. The teleost _Astyanax mexicanus_ has diverged into a surface form (left) and a cave form (right); the cavefish has lost pigmentation and eyes. Research and photos from the laboratory of William Jeffery.
To describe what happened, I would say that first there was a great separation by natural selection as to which organisms could survive and which could not. Second, those that could survive have exacerbated their chances for survival through inbreeding. Then selection acted upon the phenotypes [expressions of genetic traits] that were highly adaptive to their cave environment. This weeding out process is still going on. This is a classic example of survival of the fittest.
If evolution adapts for survival of the fittest, how is being eyeless a survival mechanism?
Jeffery: Well, eyelessness is not the survival mechanism—I think it is the by-product. When you first look at cave organisms, you are immediately aware of two features: lack of eyes and lack of pigment. But many other things are going on that are not obvious to the naked eye, and if you could look very closely, you would see that there are constructive features that have evolved as well. Some of these features are not found on the body surface—like changes to the brain or sensory organs. In some cases, the fish have a heightened olfactory sensitivity—the organisms can smell better, or they have evolved the ability to detect vibrations.
They detect vibrations along their lateral line, a characteristic unique to aquatic vertebrates that sense pressure changes and movement in the water.1 It is similar to the antennae on insects in its function. These fish have an increased ability to conserve energy and an increased ability to store metabolic products for sparse times. All of these things are beneficial for living in caves.
Now, how is the loss of things like eyes and pigment related to survival? This question has been a big question mark. My personal opinion from doing many experiments is that the lost features are a by-product of those features that are gained. For example, in the case of eyes, eyes are connected in development through a pleiotropic gene [a gene that controls many seemingly unrelated traits2] called Sonic hedgehog [Sonic hedgehog gene (SHh)] with the development of feeding structures, such as the jaws and the taste buds. These traits are enhanced in cavefish; for example, the jaw gets bigger, and perhaps, its function is improved as well. The improvements in this particular case could not have happened without a reduction in the size of the eye because that is just the way pleiotropy works. The evolution of cavefish has happened in a relatively short period during evolutionary time, and because it was so short, it is likely that the easiest changes were made. But there are by-products of those changes, and one of them happens to be the loss of the eyes. Of course, this could only happen in the dark, where eyes are useless anyway.
Did the enhanced features come first, and therefore, lead to the degenerating effects, or was it the other way around?
Jeffery: We cannot know for sure but I would say that based upon the theory of pleiotropy, it would be those features that were selected for constructive uses that would adapt a fish or any other animal to the cave. Then, as a by-product, other things were lost, or space was needed to put those other features into action.
When I refer to space, I mean morphological [structural] space. So, for example, to make bigger neuromasts, sensory organs in the skin of the head that are part of the lateral line system and detect water movements, you need more surface space, and with having large eyes there, it does not give you enough surface space. If you are going to have more taste buds, and more sensory structures, a better olfactory system, and a better gustatory system (that is the taste system), you need places in the brain that can integrate the information and convert it into behaviors. Organisms, therefore, need to create space in the brain that controls these places, as well. The space being used for visual input is now defunct, so that space can be taken over; there is only so much space that can fit in a head, and it can be taken over by some sensory functions that are more important now. This is an old idea; in fact, Theodosius Dobzhansky, an evolutionary biologist from the first part of the last century, had this idea but experiments have now been done to support it.
Are the cavefish becoming genetically different from their surface relatives as quickly as the morphological changes are happening?
Jeffery: Genetic changes would happen before morphological changes. So yes, they are changing genetically. The gene Sonic hedgehog has not mutated in cavefish—as far as we can tell, the sequences are the same in cavefish and surface fish. Therefore, an upstream gene must control Sonic hedgehog to make it expand its role in cavefish, and therefore, result in more taste buds and bigger jaws. Scientists are searching for these genes but they have not found them yet. When you do genetic crosses with cavefish, you can detect genes and you can study them. When you do crosses with cavefish and surface fish, you get progeny that are intermediate, as far as eyes are concerned—they have eyes, but they are smaller. Then, if you breed the progeny, you get a broad distribution, all the way from animals lacking sight to ones with big eyes. This tells you there are many genes involved in the process and that they segregate independently in that lineage. So, it is a genetic principle that allows you to find this. If there are many genes, there are probably many ways to destroy the eye, and we know a few of them. One example is a pleiotropic interaction with taste buds, but there are probably other examples to illustrate the selection pressure for this phenomenon. A mechanism probably affects eye development; although, in the case of space, we do not know what the exact mechanism is.
Without eyes, how do they sense food, movement, or predators?
Jeffery: This is the natural situation in caves. Without eyes, they probably sense food by using novel behaviors; for example, the behavior in which they are attracted to vibrations in the water. Vibrations in the water can result from many things, but often, they indicate food, wiggling crustaceans, which is the case for fish. Additionally, being able to get there quickly, before your competitor does, would be a good thing to do because that food is sparser in the cave than it is on the surface. This evolved behavior is risky for the cavefish because if you are guided to every movement, that is risky—you could be surprised by a moving predator rather than your prey. That would not work on the surface, but it works in the cave because there are very few organisms high in the pyramid of life that could serve as predators. Cavefish do not usually have macroscopic predators in the cave, so they can evolve these risky behaviors. Scientists use this behavior to their advantage. When they go to collect cavefish, they put a net in the water and the vibration alone will attract the fish. That is a risky behavior to have in any other place, and if I were a predator that would be the end of that cavefish.
Is vibration the same as the shadow effect?
Jeffery: No, the shadow effect is something entirely different. The shadow effect is something that is present in surface-dwelling fish [which typically flee from a shadow], as well as cave-dwelling fish. The effect is caused by a temporary shading of light, so it would not happen in a cave. When I talk about that shadow effect, which cavefish have retained, the question is, “Why have they retained it?” Selection is relaxed for anything like that—they have not seen the light for a million years. But those phenotypes are not completely destroyed during life in a cave—even if they are not used, they are kept. As for why they are kept, it may be that these traits are involved in some other phenomenon that we do not know about yet.
The shadow response is controlled by the pineal organ [an endocrine gland in the vertebrate brain, also known as “the third eye”3], which in fishes is responsive to light, particularly in photoperiods. The pineal gland produces melatonin, and as a result, organisms undergo circadian rhythms. As far as we know, this does not happen in a cave; although we are not so sure about that because all of the circadian rhythms we know about are dependent upon light. Other types of circadian rhythms that are dependent on things other than light may exist; for example, bats go in and out of caves according to light. When they go back into the cave in the morning, they go back to the roost, and they shake and things fall out, such as ectoparasites [parasites that subsist in or on the skin but not inside the body]. That would be a good time for a cavefish to be swimming right underneath the bat in a pool because of the food provided; so, cavefish can be in tune to things like that. There may be ways other than light in which circadian rhythms are controlled.
Is this loss of pigment a universal feature in cave creatures? And if so, why?
Jeffery: Well, loss of eyes is fairly universal too; but before we go on, I should make the point that some cave dwellers have not lost their eyes. Those animals are just as interesting as the ones that have lost their eyes, and examining them would help explain the loss of the eye too; but they are not studied very often. The situation with pigment is that there is a very broad convergence among different organisms that have lost their pigment in caves. Additionally, this happens not only in caves but also deep in the soil or manmade tunnels, or in parasites existing in the body of other animals. It is very common that pigmentation is lost in all sorts of groups of animals after lack of exposure to light.
Let me digress for a minute—this also happens in humans—there are many different types of albinos [people who lack of pigmentation] in humans. We can study them effectively because there is no natural selection against them, and so there is something that produces albinos frequently in nature, and in environments where it is not adaptive, albino organisms are filtered out. Now, why would they be filtered out? Well, one reason is pigmentation protects organisms from ultraviolet (UV) radiation, so in lighted environments, they could be filtered out because they have less offspring—because they have melanomas, for example. This is probably not so in caves, where UV radiation does not penetrate. So albinism can persist without dire consequences in the dark cave environment, and there may be something good about this trait too. Many bad phenotypes can have good features—sickle cell anemia and so forth. Anyway the question is, “What are these good features?” Well, we will get back to that in a second, but let us just start out with: What is the cause of melanism [dark coloration of skin]? We do not know the cause of albinism in every cave animal, and it is something I am very interested in, and trying to study.
We know a lot about it in cavefish thanks to the work of Meredith Protas, who was a graduate student in Cliff Tabin’s lab at Harvard University,4 several years ago, and she was able, through genetic analysis, to find out what gene was involved in the loss of pigmentation in cavefish. It is actually a longer story than that because perhaps twenty years before, genetic analysis, such as the type that I described to you for loss of eyes, was also done for loss of pigment in cavefish, and actually, a different result was obtained: a single mutated gene was found. To make the story short though, Protas did some crosses of phenotypes like in the earlier experiment. The pathway leading to melanin is very well known throughout the animal kingdom because there are not that many genes involved. It is a very simple, linear path, so Protas worked with just a few candidate genes. She mapped the candidate genes onto the place in the cavefish genome, and she discovered one candidate gene that mapped very closely with the genetic defect. This turned out to be a gene called, Oculocutaneous albinism type 2 (the reason for the long name is that it is an albinism gene that was already known), and it caused a loss of pigmentation in both the eyes and the skin of humans. Cavefish have naturally developed albinism using the same gene as humans have.
We know this gene is causing albinism in cavefish at least, but we do not know if it is the same gene in other cave animals; I suspect it might be. Maybe this is just a gene that has a high frequency of mutation. So it keeps appearing, keeps appearing, and keeps appearing. On the lighted surface, it is a deleterious feature [having harmful effect(s)] because UV radiation can kill; but in a cave, it is not. It is possible there is something else good about this the mutant form of this gene, but we do not know what it is, although there are a couple of possibilities.
Has any of your research been used to support human medical applications?
Jeffery: Yes, some of it does get used. I have a grant from the National Eye Institute [part of the National Institutes of Health], and they are very interested in the causes of cataracts, for example, and it turns out this happens to be a downregulated gene. Some genes are downregulated in the cavefish lens—one is called alpha-A-crystallin, and that gene is involved in cataract formation in humans.5 So studying the deficiency in alpha-A-crystallin could help us understand how cataracts are formed in humans.
The lens is an often neglected, but it is a very important organizer in the formation of the eye itself. The lens not only controls itself, it also controls other eye tissues around it, so for those tissues to prosper and develop normally, normal lenses are probably required. This has implications for human lens development. We are working on experiments to take a lens out of a surface fish to see what happens, We expect there would be some deficiencies in the retina when the lens is taken out. There may be clues here to understanding more about eye diseases because many eye diseases in humans involve the retina.
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The Arizona State Capitol in Phoenix, Arizona, United States, was the last home for Arizona’s Territorial government, until Arizona became a state in 1912. Initially all three branches of the new state government occupied the four floors of the statehouse. As the state expanded the branches relocated to adjacent buildings and additions. The 1901 portion of the Capitol is now maintained as the Arizona Capitol Museum with the mission to Connect People to Arizona Government – Past and Present.
See also the Wesley Bolin Memorial Plaza.
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Spring is bursting all over, bolstered by the warmest February on record. Heralding longer days outside (perfect for surveying), blossom on trees and the return of colour and scent to our woodlands and verges.
On the first day of spring, initial findings from woodlands surveyed over four years as part of the National Plant Monitoring Scheme (NPMS) show that the highly invasive, non-native Himalayan Balsam is reported more frequently than native wild flowers such as bugle, ramsons and woodruff.
Today marks the annual start of the UK’s biggest wild plant survey. The National Plant Monitoring Scheme relies on hundreds of volunteers across England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland to survey their local patch for over 100 wild flowers. The survey runs from March through to September and covers over 30 habitats found in the UK, from familiar woodland and hedgerows to blanket bog, flushes, heathland and streams. NPMS is run by a partnership of the Botanical Society of Britain & Ireland (BSBI), the Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (CEH), the Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC), and Plantlife.
Initial exploration from the first four years of woodland data suggest:
The Bad News...
- Just five species make up almost half the records: nettle, bramble, cleavers, hogweed and cow parsley. These are the dominant species in our woodland habitats, and are often associated with nitrogen pollution and under-management
- Garden escapee Himalayan Balsam is recorded more frequently in surveyed woodlands than bugle, wild garlic (ramsons) and woodruff: It can grow to over 2m tall and its rapid spread means it forms dense thickets, potentially shading out native species. Each plant produces about 2,500 seeds whilst an impressive trigger mechanism can fling seeds a considerable distance from the parent plant, with several parent plants together, seeds can occur at a density of between 5000-6000 seeds per square metre.
- Once common native beauties such as early dog-violet and marsh marigold are much less frequently recorded. Typically, these species are of low fertility areas and potentially being out-competed by nitrogen-loving nettles and brambles. Much of our native flora, which often thrives in low fertility conditions, is labouring under unnatural and unprecedented levels of nitrogen from air pollution, causing changes in the balance of our woodland flora.
- Bramble, hawthorn, ivy, blackthorn, hazel and holly make up almost a third of all records indicating an increasing shrub layer in woodland, which could be the result of a lack of management.
Cleavers (c) Luke Morton
The Good News...
- Bluebells were the most frequently seen wild flower in the woodlands surveyed. Other iconic native woodland species regularly spotted include greater stitchwort and yellow archangel.
- Some of the UK’s top pollinator food species were recorded including honeysuckle, ivy and red campion.
- Rare indicator species of woodlands have been found including spurge laurel, butcher’s- broom and hound’s-tongue. Butcher’s-broom is a really unusual plant, featuring ‘false leaves’ that are actually extensions of its stem, native only in the very south of England
- The NPMS is supporting the centenary of the Forestry Commission (#forests100). Out of all habitats surveyed by the scheme, woodlands are the most frequently visited, thanks in part to support from landowners like the National Trust and Forestry Commission. Volunteers therefore have access to previously unchartered land, across large, sometimes wild and isolated areas of the UK. Volunteers might be beginners, walkers, mountaineers, outdoor practitioners and land managers – those interested can register on the website to be allocated a local 1KM survey square.
Bluebells Red Campion - Silene dioica
Dr Oli Pescott at CEH says “The NPMS helps us to detect pressures on habitats and may also allow us to understand how these vary across time and space. Early findings are already providing much-needed data on the abundance of wild plants at local levels. We very much hope that, over time, the NPMS will allow us to understand more about how our wild flora is changing in response to pressures such as nitrogen pollution and invasive species.”
Plantlife’s Dr Trevor Dines who helped summarise the results warns: “These early data show a strong correlation between species frequency and soil fertility and are a stark reminder that more than 95% of the UK’s broadleaved woodlands are affected by excessive nitrogen deposition. The biodiversity of our woodlands is at stake whilst this ‘invisible pollution’ singles out species unable to cope with excessive nitrogen deposition. The Westminster government’s new Clean Air Strategy sets out promising commitments to tackle this problem in England, but urgent action is needed across the UK to save our much-loved native woodlands from the scourge of air pollution.”
David Bullock, Head of Species & Habitat Conservation at The National Trust says: “NPMS provides the opportunity to engage volunteers in tracking wild flowers on NT land and how their distribution and abundance might change over the short-term to long-term. We encourage volunteers to sign up for a NPMS monad on NT land – what better way to see how countryside changes than recording what flowers are in quadrats over decades?”
Dr Kevin Walker, BSBI's Head of Science says: "The great thing about this scheme is that it is inclusive to a wide range of volunteers at different levels of experience who are providing us with evidence of changes in our wild flower populations. It is a fantastic opportunity to develop botanical and field recording skills while contributing valuable data. It's just a great way for people to get involved in citizen science and learn more about our wild flowers".
PK Khaira-Creswell, Director of the Forestry Commission’s centenary programme said: “Monitoring schemes like this are essential fact-finding tools that help inform the work we are doing to care for, and improve, the rich ecosystems in our forests. This kind of work wouldn’t be possible without the gargantuan efforts of volunteers. We very much look forward to working with our valued volunteer team to launch England’s largest ever survey of forest wildlife - the Big Forest Find - later this year.”
The NPMS data are published annually and are increasingly used in ecological research. As these data accumulate, they will contribute to government’s understanding of how our countryside is faring and will highlight why certain habitats and species are threatened with decline.
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An Essay About Essays
An Essay About Essays
In this part of your introduction, you narrow your focus of the subject and explain why the attention-grabber is relevant to the specific space you will be discussing. You ought to introduce your particular matter and provide any necessary background information that the reader would wish to find a way to understand the issue that you are presenting within the paper. You can also define any key phrases the reader won’t know. Every essay or task you write must start with an introduction. It may be useful to consider the introduction as an inverted pyramid.
- I advocate starting the writing process two months upfront of your first college application deadline.
- Hurt that my dad and mom had deceived me and resentful of my very own oblivion, I committed myself to stopping such blindness from resurfacing.
- Read at least three essays by the inventor of the modern essay, Michel de Montaigne.
- She offers the admissions committee more insight into her interests beyond simply what was provided in her transcript or actions record.
I hope that at some point I can find a way to stop allergic reactions or no less than lessen the signs, in order that kids and adults don’t have to feel the same concern and bitterness that I felt. Use these outstanding faculty essay examples to learn how to write your personal essay about travelling assertion and supplemental essays for college purposes. When I read faculty software essays as a college advisor to the admissions committee at Douglass College, Rutgers, the nice essays have been few and much between, but I keep in mind them to this day.
Hurt that my dad and mom had deceived me and resentful of my own oblivion, I dedicated myself to stopping such blindness from resurfacing. Behold, some of the finest college essays of 2020 . College essays ought to reveal the real you, the complicated you, the individual who makes errors, not the goody-two-shoes you think you’re supposed to be. Colleges admit real individuals, not good individuals. I need to put in writing an essay about/on Indian religions . It is essential to emphasise that the creation of a draft document is the duty of a student.
Start Early And Write Several Drafts
Upon my father’s passing, he left us with funeral and medical expenses that his insurance would not cover. Because he didn’t have any form of life insurance, the financial burden of his death was now the accountability of my mother and me. Even though my mom works night shifts as a neonatal nurse and her commute is almost two hours, she was compelled to choose up further shifts to help my family.
These sentences, at least 4 of them, will clarify your subject sentence to your reader. COMMITMENT. Reading by way of the activities that Penn Quakers commit their time to (in addition to academics!) felt like drinking from a firehose in the greatest possible way. As a potential nursing pupil with interests outside of my major, I worth this degree of flexibility. I plan to leverage Penn’s liberal arts curriculum to achieve an in-depth understanding of the challenges LGBT folks face, particularly regarding healthcare access.
At the time I had no clue that I was breaking any legal guidelines, and I didn’t realize the reality that my life was going to alter endlessly. Growing up with a different citizenship state of affairs than my peers was and still is the biggest problem I have to face in my life. Unfortunately, the ordeal of dwelling with a continual sickness or present process a serious operation extends beyond the confines of the hospital.
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HTML and CSS Reference
1.13 Defining Acronyms and Abbreviations
You want to provide expanded definitions for acronyms and abbreviations.
Contain the abbreviation or acronym with abbr , and include the definition as the
<abbr title="Accessible Rich Internet Applications">ARIA</abbr>
In previous versions of HTML we had both the abbr and the acronym elements. Not
surprisingly in the always-ready-for-a-debate web world, these two elements caused
Part of the issue is that prior to version 7, IE didn't display the title value of abbr as a
tool tip (see Figure 1-6 ). To get around this usability limitation, authors simply started
using acronym , regardless of whether the content was actually an acronym.
Figure 1-6. Default rendering of <abbr> tool tip in Firefox 5.0
Another part of the issue was the argument about what was an acronym versus what
constituted an abbreviation.
Today, the debate is over (at least for practical purposes), as acronym has been dropped
completely from the HTML5 specification. The reasoning is that all acronyms are
shortened forms of words or phrases, which is the very definition of an abbreviation.
WHATWG's Living Standard's section on text-level semantics includes abbr at http://
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Chalk Talk: Dan Pugliese
The lifeblood of our democracy is civic engagement. And the key to civic engagement is education.
For Dan Pugliese, a high school biology teacher in Boston, this is something he thinks about a lot, especially with such a consequential election just around the corner on Tuesday, November sixth. “It’s the design of this country that we have influence over our government,” said Dan. “If we don’t, then democracy isn’t going to work. All citizens must realize how powerful our voices can be.”
Dan’s school uses a unique, civic-focused curriculum that seeks to prepare students to exercise their rights and responsibilities as democratic citizens. From special courses focused on public policy to school-wide town hall debates, each student learns their responsibility to question, act, and avoid complacency.
As a science teacher, Dan connects the importance of learning science with civic responsibility. “Having the ability to understand the issues, from the environment to human health, empowers you to make more informed decisions. I tell students on a daily basis, whether they become a scientist or not, knowledge is power.”
For Dan, however, the responsibility to question, to act, and to avoid complacency should not just be left to students - it’s on educators as well. “It’s imperative that educators are involved, engaged, and exercise their right to vote,” said Dan. “We have a truly unique perspective into what’s working and what’s not in education. We know our schools and our students. We know their strengths and what they need. When we vote, we have the opportunity and responsibility to advocate for the changes we and our students need to thrive in our schools.”
Earlier this year, Dan was one of twelve educators that helped develop Voices from the Classroom: A Survey of America’s Educators, a groundbreaking, nationally representative survey that captures the views and opinions of educators across the country on a wide variety of education issues.
Of the many interesting findings from this survey, one really stood out to Dan: teachers, no matter what part of the country they are from, want more opportunities to be heard beyond their classroom in order to shape education policy. With one of the most important ways to exercise their collective voices just weeks away, Dan hopes fellow teachers will join him at the ballot box. As he put it, “being civically involved and exercising our right to vote is one of the best ways teachers can be heard beyond our classrooms.”
If you need to register to vote, find your polling location, or just want to learn more about the voting process, check out vote.org. Join your peers and make sure teachers play a part in this election.
Spread the Word
Share this article with your social networks and encourage fellow educators to vote in November!
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Throat was W. Mark Felt, who, at the time of Watergate, was assistant director
of the FBI.
had been angry at Nixon's failure to promote him after J. Edgar Hoover died, and
at the speed of the investigation into Watergate.
two reporters from The Washington Post, Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein, ('Woodsetin')
gained legendary status because of their investigation in which they proved that
Nixon had conspired to cover up a bugging and intimidation campaign against his
had agreed to maintain Deep Throat's anonymity, and only ever consulted him on
extremely important issues. After fears that his telephone was being tapped, Felt
demanded that he meet Woodward in a parking garage at night, a scene played out
in the memorable movie All
the President's Men.
announcement that Felt was Deep Throat appears to have surprised Woodstein. The
announcement was made in an interview with Vanity Fair.
1973, the Washington Post won a Pulitzer Prize in public service for its coverage
of the Watergate scandal.
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Can I Patent That?
What Exactly Is A Patentable Creation?
What is Intellectual Property?Before discussing patents specifically, it is helpful to first have a general understanding of what exactly is intellectual property (“IP”). IP, stated broadly, is a “creation of the mind”[i] and includes things like logos, inventions, literary works, and designs.[ii] IP is a type of intellectual asset which, though intangible, plays a crucial role in providing businesses with a competitive advantage so that they can succeed in today’s increasingly knowledge-based economy.[iii] As a result, it is important for entrepreneurs to be able to identify their business’s value-creating IP and understand how to protect it.
There are various forms of IP protection in Canada, with each form focused on protecting a specific range of subject matter. Patents fit into this Canadian IP protection framework as being the form of protection that can be used to protect inventions… provided that those inventions meet certain criteria.
Defining Patents: The Criteria for PatentabilityAs mentioned above, patents are the form of IP protection concerned with protecting inventions.[iv] Inventions are defined in the Patent Act[v] as “any new and useful art, process, machine, manufacture or composition of matter, or any new and useful improvement in any art, process, machine, manufacture or composition of matter”[vi].
For an invention to be “new” it must distinctly demonstrate its novelty or ingenuity over a previous patent.[vii] This novel or ingenious use can includes a new use of an existing substance, such as discovering a new application for an existing drug.[viii] For a patent to be “useful” it must have a demonstratable utility or a sound prediction that it works at the time the patent application was filed. This can be a single or recurring use.[ix]
In addition to being new and useful, the subject matter of an invention must have not been obvious to a person skilled in the art or science to which the subject matter of the invention pertains at the time the patent application was filed.[x]
An Art is a broad category of subject matter which includes new and inventive methods of practically applying skills or knowledge to create commercially useful results.[xi] A Process is a mode or method of operation where the end product is produced from the application of physical or chemical action, element or power of nature, or of one substance to another.[xii] A Machine is a physical or mechanical embodiment of a process which, when used, can deliver a desired effect.[xiii] A Manufacture is the action or process of making articles or material through the application of physical labour or mechanical power.[xiv] And a Composition of Matter is a substance formed by a combination or mixture of various ingredients.[xv]
With these criteria of what constitutes a patentable invention in mind, lets now turn to some examples of subject matter that can fall within these parameters.
What Is and Is Not Patentable Subject Matter?If the subject matter of an invention meets the above the criteria, it is typically patentable. Consequently, patentable subject matter can range from door locks[xvi] to genetically modified cells[xvii]. However, there are some notable exclusions and areas of contention with respect to what can and cannot be patented. Some key examples of these are discussed below.
Unpatentable Subject Matter
Scientific principles and abstract theorems cannot be patented.[xviii] Moreover, creations of nature, like cross-bred plant species, cannot be patented since they are not deemed to have been invented by the discoverer.[xix] Presently, forms of energy such as electromagnetic and acoustic signals are not considered patentable either.[xx]
Broadly speaking computer programs are not patentable subject matter.[xxi] However, if the software is imbedded in a computer – such as in the form of algorithm tied to a physical, read-only computer chip – then it may be patentable.[xxii] It is also important to note that if a computer program is used to make an otherwise unpatentable discovery, the fact that a computer program was used to make the discovery does not change that unpatentable discovery into a patentable one.[xxiii] For example, the fact that a computer was used to discovery a new scientific principle does not make that scientific principle patentable.
Professional skills such as novel ways to describe and lay out land in a subdivision are also not patentable,[xxiv] nor are high life forms such as mice[xxv]. Medical and surgical methods are not patentable in Canada,[xxvi] however the medical products used in those processes can be patented.[xxvii]
Possibly Patentable Subject Matter
A business model can be patentable subject matter, however for a business model to be patentable it must meet all the criteria described in the above “Defining Patents” section and have physicality.[xxviii] This physicality requirement demands that the business model somehow physically exist beyond manifesting its usefulness through the application of a physical tool.[xxix] How this can be done exactly is not clear, however there is some United States case law which suggests that if a business model were imbedded in a software of some kind that it may be patentable.[xxx]
Alternatives to PatentingPatents are just one example of the intellectual property protections available in Canada. Copyrights, Trademarks, and Industrial Designs are other examples of other IP protection available in Canada. Protecting IP through keeping it as a trade secret is also an option for business, and is an IP protection strategy commonly used by start-ups and growth companies.[xxxi] As a result, if you cannot patent your invention, you may want to review the Clinic’s other blogs about IP or book an appointment with the Clinic to learn more about these other forms of IP protection!
Duncan Pardoe is a caseworker at the BLG Business Venture Clinic and a second-year law student at the Faculty of Law, University of Calgary.
[i] World Intellectual Property Organization, “What is intellectual property” (February 21, 2021) online: World Intellectual Property Organization < https://www.wipo.int/about-ip/en/> [WIPO: Defining IP].
[ii] WIPO: Defining IP.
[iii] Government of Canada, “Intellectual assets” (February 21, 2021) online: Canadian Intellectual Property Office < https://www.ic.gc.ca/eic/site/cipointernet-internetopic.nsf/eng/wr03585.html?Open&wt_src=cipo-ip-main>.
[iv] Government of Canada, “What is a patent” (February 21, 2021) online: Canadian Intellectual Property Office < https://www.ic.gc.ca/eic/site/cipointernet-internetopic.nsf/eng/wr03716.html?Open&wt_src=cipo-patent-main> [CIPO: What is a patent].
[v] Patent Act, RSC 1985, c P-4 [Patent Act].
[vi] Patent Act, at s 2.
[vii] Whirlpool Corp v Camco Inc, 2000 SCC 67, at paras 64-67.
[viii] Apotex Inc v Wellcome Foundation Ltd, 2002 4 SCR 153.
[ix] AtraZeneca Canada Inc v Apotex Inc, 2017 SCR 943 at paras 46; 53; 55-56.
[x] Patent Act, at s 28.3.
[xi] Progressive Games v Canada (Commissioner of Patents), 177 FTR 241, at para 16.
[xii] Canada, Government of Canada, Manual of Patent Office Practices (2020) online: Canadian Intellectual Property Office < https://s3.ca-central-1.amazonaws.com/manuels-manuals-opic-cipo/MOPOP_English.html#_Toc57035319>, at s 17.01.02 [MOPOP].
[xiii] MOPOP¸ at s 17.01.03.
[xiv] Harvard College v Canada (Commissioner of Patents), 2002 SCC 76 [Harvard College v Canada].
[xv] Harvard College v Canada.
[xvi] CIPO: What is a patent, at “What you can patent”.
[xvii] Monsanto Canada Inc v Schmeiser, 2004 SCC 34, at para 22.
[xviii] Patent Act, at s 27(8).
[xix] Pioneer Hi-Bred Ltd v Canada (Commissioner of Patents), 1989 1 SCR 1623.
[xx] MOPOP, at s 17.03.04.
[xxi] Schlumbereger Canada Ltd v Canada (Commissioner of Patents), 1982 1 FC 845 (CA) [Schlumbereger Canada Ltd v Canada].
[xxii] Re Motorola Inc’s Patent Application No 2,085,228, 1998 86 CPR (3d) 71 (Pat App Bd & Commissioner of Patents).
[xxiii] Schlumbereger Canada Ltd v Canada.
[xxiv] Lawson v Commissioner of Patents, 1970 62 CPR 101 (Ex Ct).
[xxv] Harvard College v Canada.
[xxvi] Tennessee Eastman v Canada (Commissioner of Patents), 1974 SCR 11.
[xxvii] Cobalt Pharmaceuticals Company v Bayer Inc, 2015 FCA 116.
[xxviii] Canada (AG) v Amazon.com Inc, 2011 FCA 328 [Canada (AG) v Amazon.com Inc].
[xxix] Canada (AG) v Amazon.com Inc.
[xxx] Alice v CLS Bank International, 573 US 208 (2014).
[xxxi] Bryce C Tingle, Start-up and Growth Companies in Canada: A Guide to Legal and Business Practice, 3rd ed (Canada: LexisNexis Canada, 2018) at 140.
Blog posts are by students at the Business Venture Clinic. Student bios appear under each post.
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Study redefines HPV-related head and neck cancers
Much of what we thought we knew about the human papilloma virus (HPV) in HPV-related head and neck cancers may be wrong, according to a newly published study by Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU) researchers that analyzed data from The Human Cancer Genome Atlas. Head and neck cancers involving HPV are on the rise, and many experts believe we are seeing the start of an epidemic that will only get worse in the coming years.
The Cancer Genome Atlas is a collaboration between the National Cancer Institute (NCI) and the National Human Genome Research (NHGR) Institute that makes publicly available genomic information on tumor samples from 33 different types of cancers. Its aim is to help the cancer research community improve the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of cancer.
It is thought that there are two main forms of HPV-related cancers, episomal and integrated. In episomal variants, the HPV genome replicates independently. Integrated HPV has become part of the DNA of the host cell and relies on it for replication. Previously, it was believed that most HPV-related head and neck cancers had integrated HPV, as is what is believed with HPV-related cervical cancers. However, Windle's study, recently published in the journal Oncotarget, found that HPV DNA is maintained separate from the human genome in the majority of HPV-related head and neck cancers, though, in many cases, the HPV genome can acquire a small piece of human DNA making it look like integrated HPV. This viral-human hybrid represents a new category of episomal HPV in HPV-related cancers.
"Our work challenges the idea that finding HPV DNA joined to human DNA means that HPV is integrated. With this new view of the state of HPV, we conclude that episomal HPV is the predominant state in HPV-related head and neck cancers," says Brad Windle, member of the Cancer Molecular Genetics research program at VCU Massey Cancer Center, professor at the Philips Institute for Oral Health Research at the VCU School of Dentistry and co-principle investigator on the study. "This is an important distinction because patients with episomal HPV cancer respond better to therapy than patients with integrated HPV cancer."
Windle's team analyzed the genomes of all 520 HNC samples in The Cancer Genome Atlas and found that 72 were HPV positive. The large majority of these cancers had a common type of the virus known as HPV16 present, so they focused on that virus type. The data showed that 75 percent of the HPV16 samples had the HPV genome in the episomal state, and about half of the genomes contained a piece of human DNA within their circular structure.
The researchers also found that 73 percent of the tumor samples were still dependent on proteins known as E1 and E2 for replication. This is important because when the HPV genome integrates with human DNA, expression of the HPV E2 protein–essential for independent replication–is lost. The presence of E2, or lack thereof, in tumor biopsies could be a reliable way for physicians to determine the cancer type and provide a more accurate prognosis.
"Perhaps our most striking outcome is the potential to target the E1 and E2 proteins for diagnosis and treatment," says Windle. With nearly three quarters of these cancers dependent on E1 and E2 for replication, we could develop drugs that target these proteins and promote cell death."
Windle's team plans to continue studying the integration of HPV in HPV-related head and neck cancers, and suggests that viral-human DNA hybrid HPV should be further explored in HPV-related cervical cancers. His team is currently working with Massey clinicians in order to use this information to assess patients' prognosis in the clinic.
Windle collaborated on this research with Iain M. Morgan, director and professor at the Philips Institute for Oral Health Research at the VCU School of Dentistry, member of the Cancer Molecular Genetics research program at Massey and co-principle investigator on this study; Tara J. Nulton, from the Philips Institute for Oral Health Research at the VCU School of Dentistry; Amy L. Olex, from the C. Kenneth and Dianne Wright Center for Clinical and Translational Research at VCU; and Mikhail Dozmorov, Ph.D., from the C. Kenneth and Dianne Wright Center for Clinical and Translational Research and the Department of Biostatistics at VCU.
This study was supported by a grant from the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, VCU's National Institutes of Health Clinical and Translational Science Awards (CTSA) grant UL1TR000058, and, in part, by VCU Massey Cancer Center's NCI Cancer Center Support Grant P30CA016059.
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Called ‘Ehuru ofia’ in Igbo language, ‘Gujiya dan miya’ in Hausa and ‘Ariwo’ in Yoruba, African nutmeg (Monodora myristica) is a perennial plant that belongs to the family of Annonaceae and its seeds are an aromatic spice that acts as a local nutmeg substitute.
The origin of the African nutmeg can be traced to African countries such as Nigeria, Kenya, Ghana, Uganda, Liberia, Cameroon, Angola, and Tanzania. It was later introduced to the Caribbean and other places.
Different countries have different names for the African nutmeg such as calabash nutmeg, ‘awerewa’, Jamaican nutmeg, ‘ehiri’, ‘airama’, ‘lubushi’, Ghana seeds or orchid nutmeg.
Ehuru seeds tree can attain a height of 35m and 2m in diameter with horizontal branches, the leaves are oblong in shape with a size of approximately 44 x 20cm. The leaves of African nutmeg are firstly purplish in colour before changing into greenish colour. The leaves are characteristically veined in nature.
The sepals are crisply red-spotted in appearance and the corolla comprises of six petals with curled margins and yellowish/reddish/green spots.
On maturation, the fruits are collected from the trees for the seeds to be dried and stored before usage. No part of the African nutmeg is a waste, while the aromatic fragrance of the seeds makes it suitable for spicing assorted food types such as vegetables, confections, sausages, sauces, meats and puddings etc, the leaves can serve as manure when decayed while the tree can be cut and used as firewood or for carpentry.
The seeds have an aromatic taste and odour that is similar to that of nutmeg, which makes it a popular West African spice. The aroma and taste tend to be stronger if the ehuru seeds are moderately roasted before usage.
Asides using African nutmeg spicing meals and preparing dishes such as goat meat pepper soup, goat meat stew, ‘Isi Ewu’, ‘Abacha ‘ (African salad), etc, it is used to relieve constipation, mild fever and control passive bleeding from the womb immediately after childbirth.
African nutmeg is rich in potassium, calcium, manganese, iron, zinc, copper, magnesium and vital B-complex vitamins, including vitamin C, folic acid, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin A and many flavonoid anti-oxidants that are essential for optimum health.
Studies have also shown that intake of African nutmeg helps in better intellectual performance (brain booster), controls heartbeat and blood pressure, treats kidney infections and dissolves kidney stones, increases sexual desire, treats insomnia (sleeplessness) and removes bad breath.
In traditional medicine practice, especially in many African countries, the African nutmeg is widely used to relieve a toothache, dysentery, dermatitis, headache and also serve as worm expeller.
So, when next you develop diarrhoea, that age-long cooking spice may be the way out. In fact, a new study titled, In vitro anti-sickling effects of nutmeg, has added African nutmeg to the list of food items that can help alleviate problems associated with sickle cell disease.
Other uses of African nutmeg include the treatment of body aches, chest pains and rashes due to river blindness and leprosy.
The pulp of the ehuru seeds contains essential oil such as; dipentene, pinene and camphene. These types of oil can be used industrially for manufacturing perfumes, soaps and washing detergents. The oil can also be used as cooking oil.
Having considered all the health benefits, it is pertinent to point out that African nutmeg should be taken in moderation because excessive intake can be harmful to the body.
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Feynman Diagram Techniques in Condensed Matter Physics
A concise introduction to Feynman diagram techniques, this book shows how they can be applied to the analysis of complex many-particle systems, and offers a review of the essential elements of quantum mechanics, solid state physics and statistical mechanics. Alongside a detailed account of the method of second quantization, the book covers topics such as Green's and correlation functions, diagrammatic techniques and superconductivity, and contains several case studies. Some background knowledge in quantum mechanics, solid state physics and mathematical methods of physics is assumed. Detailed derivations of formulas and in-depth examples and chapter exercises from various areas of condensed matter physics make this a valuable resource for both researchers and advanced undergraduate students in condensed matter theory, many-body physics and electrical engineering. Solutions to exercises are available online.
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Definition of backstretch in English:
1 another term for back straight.
- The son of Mr. Prospector, a $4-million yearling purchase, was angled to the outside leaving the backstretch and made a powerful run on the turn to reach the leaders.
- Fifth on the inside down the backstretch, he had to wait until midstretch before he could angle Perfect Sting between rivals and they just got up for the victory.
- On Sunday, the Kentucky-bred son of Pulpit stretched that streak to four when he rated a ground-saving fourth down the backstretch before plunging through a tiny hole on the inside to notch his second consecutive graded stakes victory.
1.1The area adjacent to a racecourse where the horses are stabled and stable employees have temporary living accommodation.
- The sale was conducted in a tent on the Saratoga Race Course backstretch with sale horses stabled at the track.
- Both riders were injured when their horses ducked into the inside rail when they saw an infield walking path used to bring horses from the backstretch to the saddling enclosure.
- It was not immediately known what effect, if any, the fireworks show had on the Breeders' Cup runners stabled on the nearby backstretch.
Definition of backstretch in:
- US English dictionary
What do you find interesting about this word or phrase?
Comments that don't adhere to our Community Guidelines may be moderated or removed.
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A new study by the University of Michigan Medical School and VA Ann Arbor Health System challenges the medical thinking that the lower the cholesterol, the better.
Tailoring treatment to a patient’s overall heart attack risk, by considering all their risk factors, such as age, family history, and smoking status, was more effective, and used fewer high-dose statins, than current strategies to drive down cholesterol to a certain target, according to the U-M study.
While study authors support the use of cholesterol-lowering statins, they conclude that patients and their doctors should consider all the factors that put them at risk for heart attack and strokes.
The findings will be released online Monday ahead of print in the Annals of Internal Medicine.
“We’ve been worrying too much about people’s cholesterol level and not enough about their overall risk of heart disease,” says Rodney A. Hayward, M.D., director of the Veterans Affairs Center for Health Services Research and Development and a professor of internal medicine at the University of Michigan Medical School.
The National Cholesterol Education Program recommends harmful LDL cholesterol levels should be less than 130 for most people. High risk patients should be pushed even lower -- to less than 70.
The U-M study took a different approach, called tailored treatment, which uses a person’s risk factors and mathematical models to calculate the expected benefit of treatment, by considering:
“These are the three factors that determine the net benefit of a treatment. Our fixation on just one factor, LDL cholesterol, is leading us to often treat the wrong people,” Hayward says.
In the recent study, U-M physicians who worked with Yale University School of Medicine used data from statin trials that included Americans ages 30-75 with no history of heart attack.
Study authors evaluated the benefit of five years of treatment that was tailored, on coronary artery disease risk factors such as age, family history, diabetes, high blood pressure, smoking status, and recently CRP, C-reactive protein.
The tailored approach was more efficient (more benefit per person treated) and prevented substantially more heart attacks, strokes and cardiovascular deaths than the currently recommended treat-to-target approaches.
The tailored strategy treated fewer individuals with high-dose statins and saved 500,000 more quality-adjusted life years.
“The bottom line message – knowing your overall heart attack risk is more important than knowing your cholesterol level,” Hayward says. “If your overall risk is elevated, you should probably be on a statin regardless of what your cholesterol is and if your risk is very high, should probably be on a high dose of statin,” the U-M physician says.
“However, if your LDL cholesterol is high, but your overall cardiac risk is low, taking a statin does not make sense for you,” Hayward says. “If your cholesterol is your only risk factor and you’re younger, you should work on diet and exercise.”
Research has increasingly emerged questioning the value of cholesterol targets and which of statins mechanisms is most important to preventing cardiac events. Cholesterol-lowering drugs work by blocking a key enzyme linked with LDL cholesterol production, but they initiate other changes in the body.
“Statins also affect inflammation on the inside of our blood vessels which is often what causes heart attacks and strokes – it’s not just a matter of cholesterol alone,” he says.
Additional authors: Harlan M. Krumholz, M.D., Yale University School of Medicine, and Donna M. Zulman, M.D., Justin W. Timbie, Ph.D., and Sandeep Vijan, M.D, all of the VA Center for Health Services Research and Development, VA Ann Arbor Health Care System.
Funding: VA Health Services Research and Development Service’s Quality Enhancement Research Initiative and the Measurement Core of the Michigan Diabetes Research & Training Center of the National Institutes of Health.
BACKGROUND: Although treating to lipid targets ("treat to target") is widely recommended for coronary artery disease (CAD) prevention, some have advocated administering fixed doses of statins based on a person's estimated net benefit ("tailored treatment"). OBJECTIVE: To examine how a tailored treatment approach to statin therapy compares with a treat-to-target approach. DESIGN: Simulated model of population-level effects of treat-to-target and tailored treatment approaches to statin therapy. DATA SOURCES: Statin trials from 1994 to 2009 and nationally representative CAD risk factor data. TARGET POPULATION: U.S. persons aged 30 to 75 years with no history of myocardial infarction. TIME HORIZON: Lifetime effects of 5 years of treatment. PERSPECTIVE: Societal and patient. INTERVENTION: Tailored treatment based on a person's 5-year CAD risk (simvastatin, 40 mg, for 5% to 15% CAD risk and atorvastatin, 40 mg, for CAD risk >15%) versus treat-to-target approaches that escalate statin dose per National Cholesterol Education Program [NCEP] III guidelines (including an intensive approach that advances treatment whenever intensification is optional by NCEP III criteria). OUTCOME MEASURES: Quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs). RESULTS OF BASE-CASE ANALYSIS: Compared with the standard NCEP III approach, the intensive NCEP III approach treated 15 million more persons and saved 570,000 more QALYs over 5 years. The tailored strategy treated a similar number of persons, as did the intensive NCEP III approach, but saved 500,000 more QALYs and treated fewer persons with high-dose statins. RESULTS OF SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS: No circumstances were found in which a treat-to-target approach was preferable to tailored treatment. LIMITATION: Model assumptions were based on available clinical data, which included few persons 75 years or older. CONCLUSION: A tailored treatment strategy prevents more CAD events while treating fewer persons with high-dose statins than low-density lipoprotein cholesterol-based target approaches. Results were robust, even with assumptions favoring a treat-to-target approach. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE: Department of Veteran Affairs Health Services Research & Development Service's Quality Enhancement Research Initiative.
Hayward RA, Krumholz HM, Zulman DM, Timbie JW, Vijan S. Optimizing statin treatment for primary prevention of coronary artery disease. Ann Intern Med. 2010 Jan 19;152(2):69-77. PMID: 20083825
University of Michigan Health System, Released: 1/18/2010
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Tooth gears have been a fundamental part of automotive engineering for decades. They are responsible for the transfer of power from the engine to the wheels, ensuring that a vehicle moves forward or backward. While their core purpose remains the same, their design, manufacturing, and materials have evolved significantly.
One of the most notable advancements in tooth gear technology is the development of precision manufacturing techniques. Computer Numerical Control (CNC) machining and 3D printing have revolutionized the production process, enabling gears to be manufactured with unprecedented precision and consistency. This level of accuracy translates into smoother gear transitions, reduced wear and tear, and increased overall vehicle efficiency.
Materials science has also played a significant role in tooth gear innovation. High-strength alloys and advanced composite materials have replaced traditional steel in many gear applications. These modern materials offer improved durability, reduced weight, and enhanced performance, contributing to more fuel-efficient and environmentally friendly vehicles.
Moreover, automotive engineers have been exploring the benefits of tooth gear designs, which reduce friction and improve energy transfer. Helical gears, for example, have curved teeth that engage gradually, reducing noise and wear while enhancing the smoothness of gear transitions. These innovations result in a quieter and more efficient ride for drivers and passengers alike.
Electrification is another driving force behind tooth gear innovation. Electric vehicles (EVs) rely on a different powertrain system compared to traditional internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles. As a result, new types of gears and gearboxes are being developed to cater to the specific requirements of electric propulsion. These innovations are essential for maximizing the efficiency of electric motors, extending battery life, and enhancing the overall driving experience.
In addition to improving efficiency, tooth gear innovations are also contributing to enhanced safety and reliability in the automotive industry. Modern gearboxes come equipped with advanced sensors and monitoring systems that can detect irregularities and wear in real time. This proactive approach to maintenance helps prevent unexpected breakdowns and increases the lifespan of vehicle components.
The applications of these innovations extend beyond traditional automobiles. They are making their way into various sectors, including aerospace, manufacturing, and renewable energy. The benefits of more efficient and durable tooth gear systems are not limited to cars but have a profound impact on a wide range of industries.
The tooth gear, a humble but crucial component of our vehicles, continues to evolve and adapt to the changing landscape of the automotive industry. Innovations in precision manufacturing, materials science, and design have led to more efficient and reliable tooth gear systems, benefiting drivers and the environment alike. As electric vehicles become more prominent, these innovations are poised to play an even more significant role in shaping the future of transportation. So, whether you're driving an electric car or a traditional one, you can be confident that the tooth gear under the hood is working hard to provide a smoother, more efficient, and safer ride.
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Let’s discuss the question: how to put a fuller on a knife. We summarize all relevant answers in section Q&A of website Activegaliano.org in category: Blog Marketing. See more related questions in the comments below.
What is a fuller in knife making?
A fuller is a rounded or beveled longitudinal groove or slot along the flat side of a blade (e.g., a sword, knife, or bayonet) that is made using a blacksmithing tool called a spring swage or, like the groove, a fuller. A fuller is often used to widen a blade.
What is a Fullering tool?
Definition of fullering tool
: a blacksmith’s fuller also : a tool for caulking metal plates.
Knife making tips – How to make a fuller without a milling machine – Fabrication d’une gouttière
Images related to the topicKnife making tips – How to make a fuller without a milling machine – Fabrication d’une gouttière
What is the purpose of a blood groove on a knife?
Gravity takes care of fluids and suction is going to happen anyway. Instead, blood grooves are worked into a blade to reduce its weight without sacrificing length. This helps a knifemaker or designer achieve better balance. Blood grooves may also be used for looks, since people think they’re badass.
Why do knives have dimples?
These depressions, called kullenschliff or a Granton edge, reduce friction and help prevent food from sticking to the blade. As a result of the santoku’s popularity, manufacturers have started adding the dimpled edge to other knives, too. Now you can get a kullenschliff edge on all sorts of knives.
What is Jimping on a knife?
Jimping. Small notches or filework cut into the back of a blade or put on the choil or other portions of the knife. Jimping is used to prevent your fingers from sliding when using the knife.
What is the use of fuller?
The fuller is a forging tool, used to spread the metal. The fuller is placed against the metal stock, and then either the fuller (for an upper fuller) or the stock (for a lower fuller) is struck with a hammer. The rounded nose of the fuller spreads the metal more efficiently than the flat face of the hammer.
Did katanas have Fullers?
Koshi-hi: This fuller style used in the katana and other traditional Japanese swords features a short groove towards the bottom of the blade that’s rounded on all sides.
What is a spring swage?
Spring swages, sometimes called “Clapper dies” are top and bottom dies for doing specific tasks in forging. The top and bottom dies are meant to work together to form your work. Many of these spring swages are designed to make reproduceable parts.
What is edging in forging?
” Edging” is the process of concentrating material using a concave shaped open-die. The process is called “edging” because it is usually carried out on the ends of the workpiece. ” Fullering” is a similar process that thins out sections of the forging using a convex shaped die.
What is bending in forging?
Bending: Bending operation is the most common and easiest forging. It is done to give a turn a shape to a metal rod or plate.
What is a bleeder on a knife?
The medical tool known as a bleeder, which was used on humans, has a spring-powered fleam blade about 1/4″ wide mounted in a small case with a trigger which releases the blade with force.
Putting a Fuller on a Bowie Knife 1-28-21
Images related to the topicPutting a Fuller on a Bowie Knife 1-28-21
How does a fuller strengthen a blade?
A fuller is NOT a “blood grove”
Instead, the purpose of a fuller is to lighten and strengthen the sword blade. The grooves are consistent in structure to an I beam, lessening the weight of the sword yet keeping structural integrity and strength.
What is a 9 ring sword?
9 Ring broadsword (Jiu Huan Dao), made of a metal alloy, recommended for training, competition and exhibitions. This broadsword is a traditional and popular Chinese weapon originated from the Qing dynasty, used to block and trap the attack of the swords of the enemies amongst the rings and to cause distraction.
Why do knives have serrated edges?
Serrated edges are blades that have some kind of toothed or saw-like edge ground into the cutting surface. These are intended to be used much like a small saw with a back-and-forth motion. They’re great for cutting through belts and ropes, fabric and various other textured materials.
Why use a serrated knife?
Serrated knives, with their scalloped, toothlike edge, are ideal for cutting through foods with a hard exterior and softer interior, such as a loaf of crusty bread. The principle behind a serrated knife is similar to that of a saw: The teeth of the blade catch and then rip as the knife smoothly slides through the food.
Why do Japanese knives have holes?
The hole design on the blade, close to the tips, makes it less likely for food items to stick when cutting and bringing the knife out too.
What is a knife belly?
The belly of a blade is the curving part of the blade edge. See the circled area on the picture. Some knives do not have a belly, such as a dagger. Others are almost all curve, such as a skinner.
Why do knives have notches?
On a pocketknife blade, the knife choil is the notch between the cutting edge and the blade tang and serves to notify you where to stop sharpening the blade.
What does bolster mean on knives?
A knife bolster is a thick junction between the handle and the knife blade which provides a smooth transition from the blade to the handle. A bolster strengthens the knife, adds durability, and provides a counter-balance.
What’s fuller’s soap?
A fuller’s job was to cleanse and whiten cloth. In Jerusalem, the cleansing process took place in a fullers’ field outside the city because of the smell. Dirt and oils were removed from the wool so that it would be pure white and ready to be dyed, if desired.
Images related to the topicGrinding Fullers
How do you make Fullers Earth?
- 1 heaped teaspoon of Fullers Earth.
- 2 teaspoons of Fairy Liquid.
- 2 teaspoons of glycerin.
Does Fullers Earth lighten skin?
Moreover, using fuller’s earth can control skin oiliness, treat acne, prevent clogging of pores, and strengthen the hair. This substance is popular for its skin-lightening effects that reduce dark spots. Fuller’s earth can also be used as an antiaging mask, aiding in the reduction of wrinkles and fine lines.
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Writing your dissertation chapter by chapter
The introduction is the first chapter of your dissertation, and it’s essential to draw the reader in with a strong beginning. Set the stage for your research with a clear focus and direction.
The overall purpose of a dissertation introduction is to tell your reader what you’re writing about, why it matters, and how you approach it. To write your introduction, you can break it down into five steps:
- Topic and context: what does the reader need to know to understand the dissertation?
- Focus and scope: what specific aspect of the topic will you address?
- Relevance: why is this research worth doing?
- Aims and objectives: what did you aim to find out and how did you approach it?
- Overview of the structure: what will you cover in each chapter?
Introduce the topic and context
Begin by leading into your broad topic and giving any necessary background information. Aim to spark interest and show why this is a timely or important topic for a dissertation (for example, by mentioning a relevant news item, debate, or practical problem).
Show the relevance of the research:
You need to explain your rationale for doing this research, how it relates to existing work on the topic, and what new insights it will contribute. What is the relevance of this dissertation to your academic field? Does it have broader social or practical relevance? In short, why does it matter?
Give an overview of the dissertation’s structure
To help guide your reader through the dissertation, end with an overview of its structure, summarising each chapter to clearly show how it contributes to your central aim.
It’s best to keep the overview concise. A few sentences should usually be enough to describe the content of each chapter. However, if your research is more complicated or does not follow a conventional structure, you might need to elaborate a full paragraph for each chapter.
A literature review is a survey of scholarly sources on a specific topic. It provides an overview of current knowledge, allowing you to identify relevant theories, methods, and gaps in the existing research.
Conducting a literature review involves collecting, evaluating and analysing publications (such as books and journal articles) that relate to your research question. There are five main steps in the process of writing a literature review:
- Search for relevant literature
- Evaluate sources
- Identify themes, debates and gaps
- Outline the structure
- Write your literature review
A good literature review doesn’t just summarise sources – it analyses, synthesises, and critically evaluates to give a clear picture of the state of knowledge on the subject.
Begin by introducing your overall approach to the research. What problem or question did you investigate, and what kind of data did you need to answer it?
- Quantitative methods (e.g. surveys) are best for measuring, ranking, categorising, identifying patterns and making generalisations
- Qualitative methods (e.g. interviews) are best for describing, interpreting, contextualising, and gaining in-depth insight into specific concepts or phenomena
- Mixed methods allow for a combination of numerical measurement and in-depth exploration
Depending on your discipline and approach, you might also begin with a discussion of the rationale and assumptions underpinning your methodology.
- Was your aim to address a practical or a theoretical problem?
- Why is this the most suitable approach to answering your research questions?
- Is this a standard methodology in your field or does it require justification?
- Were there any ethical or philosophical considerations?
- What are the criteria for validity and rigorousness in this type of research?
In a quantitative experimental study, you might aim to produce generalisable knowledge about the causes of a phenomenon. Valid research requires a carefully designed study with controlled variables that can be replicated by other researchers.
In a qualitative participant observation, you might aim to produce ethnographic knowledge about the behaviours, social structures and shared beliefs of a specific group of people. As this methodology is less controlled and more interpretive, you will need to reflect on your position as researcher, taking into account how your participation and perception might have influenced the results.
Your results will look different depending on the research methodology you used. In some types of research, it might not make sense to include a separate results section – for example, in desk research that focuses on interpretation of texts or analysis of case studies.
But in most dissertations based on experimental research or collection of primary data, it’s a good idea to report the results of your study before you move onto the discussion of their meaning. This will give the reader a clear idea of exactly what you found.
The results section should be written in the past tense. Its length will depend on the amount of data you collected and analysed, but make sure you only include information that is relevant to your research problem and questions.
Results of quantitative research (e.g. surveys)
The easiest way to report your results is to frame them around any research sub-questions or hypotheses that you formulated.
For each sub-question, present the relevant results, including any statistical analysis you conducted, and briefly evaluate their significance and reliability. Observe how each result relates to the question or whether the hypothesis was supported. You can highlight the most important trends, differences, and relationships among the data, but do not speculate on their meaning or consequences.
If you have results that are not directly relevant to answering your questions, or any extra information that will help the reader understand how you gathered the data (such as the full survey design), you can include them in an appendix.
Tables and figures
In quantitative research, it’s often helpful to include visual elements such as graphs, charts and tables, but only if they accurately reflect your results and add value to the story you are trying to tell.
Make sure you refer to all tables and figures in the text, but don’t simply repeat information. Tables and figures can be used to condense lots of complex data or clearly illustrate a trend in the results, while the text should summarise or elaborate on specific aspects. Give your tables and figures clear, descriptive titles and labels so the reader can easily understand what is being shown.
Results of qualitative research (e.g. interviews)
In qualitative research, the results might not be directly related to specific sub-questions or hypotheses. In this case, you can structure your results section around key themes or topics that emerged from your analysis of the data.
For each theme, make general observations about what the data showed. For example, you might mention recurring points of agreement or disagreement, patterns and trends, and individual responses that were particularly significant to your research question. You can clarify and support these points with direct quotations.
Example: Write-up of qualitative interviews
When asked about video games as a form of art, the respondents tended to believe that video games themselves are not an art form, but agreed that creativity is involved in their production. The criteria used to identify artistic video games included design, story, music, and creative teams. One respondent noted a difference in creativity between popular video game genres:
“I think that in role-playing games, there’s more attention to character design, to world design, because the whole story is important and more attention is paid to certain game elements […] so that perhaps you do need bigger teams of creative experts than in an average shooter or something.”
It is clear from the responses that video game consumers consider some types of games to have more artistic potential than others.
Discussion of results
The discussion chapter is where you delve into the meaning, importance and relevance of your results. It should focus on explaining and evaluating what you found, showing how it relates to your literature review and research questions, and making an argument in support of your overall conclusion. There are many different ways to write this section, but you can focus your discussion around four key elements:
- Interpretations: what do the results mean?
- Implications: why do the results matter?
- Limitations: what can’t the results tell us?
- Recommendations: what practical actions or scientific studies should follow?
There is often overlap between the discussion and conclusion, and in some dissertations these two sections are included in a single chapter. Occasionally, the results and discussion will be combined into one chapter. If you’re unsure of the best structure for your research, look at sample dissertations in your field or consult your supervisor.
Length of the conclusion
Depending on the type of dissertation, the conclusion should typically be around 5-7% of the overall word count. An empirical scientific study will often have a short conclusion that concisely states the main findings and recommendations, while a humanities dissertation might require more space to conclude its analysis and tie all the chapters together in an overall argument.
Answer the research question
The conclusion should begin from the main question that your dissertation aimed to address. This is your final chance to show that you’ve done what you set out to do, so make sure to formulate a clear, concise answer.
Don’t repeat a list of all the results that you already discussed, but synthesise them into a final takeaway that the reader will remember.
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Mimulus or Monkey Flower is a genus of free flowering annuals, perennials and shrubs and is popular for its ornamental flowers. Most species of Mimulus are sun loving plants that grow in a moist soil and produce abundance of flowers in spring.
Besides a few plants that grow as evergreen shrubs, Mimulus usually perform well when grown in containers. However, plants growing in containers should be provided with ample exposure to sunlight and plenty of water. Grow them in a regular soil mix and provide with general fertilizer for prolific flowering season. To keep the plants in good shape, prune back overgrowth of plants after flowering season ends.
Some popular species of Mimulus include:
Mimulus sanguines: Evergreen shrub (up to 5 feet) with deep orange flowers that appear year round in warmer climates.
Mimulus aurantiacus: Evergreen and bushy growth (up to 5 feet), flowers are light orange or pale yellow; prefers direr growing environment.
Mimulus cardinalus: Perennial plant growing up to 3 feet, produces red flowers.
Mimulus guttatus: Prefers wet or waterside spots, produces bright yellow flowers with red throat.
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120,000-year-old fossils in Israel link to human family tree
This undated image provided by Tel Aviv University in June 2021 shows a virtual reconstruction of a human ancestor mandible found in Nesher Ramla, Israel. On Thursday, June 24, 2021, scientists reported that bones found in an Israeli quarry are from a branch of the human evolutionary tree and are 120,000 to 140,000 years old. (Ariel Pokhojaev, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University via AP)
Christina Larson, The Associated Press
Published Thursday, June 24, 2021 12:41PM EDT
WASHINGTON (AP) -- Bones found in an Israeli quarry are from a branch of the human evolutionary tree and are 120,000 to 140,000 years old, scientists reported Thursday.
A team of anthropologists spent years analyzing the fragments of a skull, lower jaw bone and tooth that were uncovered in Nesher Ramla in 2010, comparing them to hundreds of fossils around the world from different eras.
The researchers determined that the fossils likely came from a hominin group closely related to Neanderthals and sharing many of their features, such as the shape of the lower jaw. The scientists also believe that there are enough similarities to link this group to other populations found in prior cave excavations in Israel dating to around 400,000 years ago.
"The teeth have some unique features that enable us to draw a line between these populations," said Tel Aviv University dental anthropologist Rachel Sarig, a co-author of the paper published Thursday in the journal Science.
This group probably inhabited the region from around 400,000 to 100,000 years ago, said Tel Aviv University physical anthropologist Israel Hershkovitz, another co-author. He said the remains found at Nesher Ramla are likely from "some of the last survivors of a once very dominant group in the Middle East."
Prior research has shown that homo sapiens -- modern humans -- also lived in the region at the same time.
Many scientists believe that the arrival of homo sapiens in Europe presaged the decline of Neanderthals there, but the story may have been different in the Levant region -- the crossroads between North Africa and Eurasia.
The new findings add to research showing that homo sapiens and Neanderthal-like groups overlapped in the Middle East over a significant amount of time, probably tens of thousands of years.
There were likely cultural and genetic exchanges between the groups, the paper authors suggest. "The Neanderthal story can no longer be told as a European story only. It's a much more complicated story," said Hershkovitz.
Sheela Athreya, a Texas A&M University paleoanthropologist who was not involved in the study, said the new research "gives us a lot to think about in terms of the history of population groups in this region, and how they may have interacted with populations in other regions, in Europe and North Africa."
The Nesher Ramla fossils "look like something on a lineage heading toward Neanderthal," said Eric Delson, a paleoanthropologist at Lehman College in New York who was not involved in the study. He characterized the findings as "fossils of what appears to be an intermediate variety -- this group may be predecessors to Neanderthals in this area."
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Warming Risks Extinction of 46 US Coral Species
US: 56 coral species face extinction danger from warming, acidic seas
msnbc. April 16, 2001
More than half of 82 species of coral being evaluated for inclusion under the Endangered Species Act "more likely than not" would go extinct by 2100 if climate policies and technologies remain the same, federal scientists concluded.
The experts cited "anthropogenic," or manmade, releases of carbon dioxide as a key driver of warming seas and oceans absorbing more CO2, in turn making waters more acidic.
"The combined direct and indirect effects of rising temperature, including increased incidence of disease and ocean acidification, both resulting primarily from anthropogenic increases in atmospheric CO2, are likely to represent the greatest risks of extinction to all or most of the candidate coral species over the next century," the experts concluded in a report released Friday by the National Marine Fisheries Service.
The report was part of a process to determine which species, if any, merit protection. The Center for Biological Diversity in 2009 had petitioned for the review of 82 species it considered in jeopardy.
Of the 82 species, all of which are in U.S. waters, 46 are "more likely than not" to face extinction by 2100, while 10 are "likely," the report stated.
The authors did note that the limited science of corals meant that "the overall uncertainty was high."
The fisheries service will next seek public comment as it considers the petition for listing.
the Center for Biological Diversity, which in 2006 petitioned and got protection for staghorn and elkhorn corals, said conditions have only worsened for corals.
"Coral reefs are home to 25 percent of marine life and play a vital function in ocean ecosystems," the center said in a statement. "Since the 1990s, coral growth has grown sluggish in some areas due to ocean acidification, and mass bleaching events are increasingly frequent."
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Treatment starts the same way as a regular in vitro fertilization (IVF) cycle and involves stimulating the woman’s ovaries with fertility medications. Normally, during the reproductive years, a woman’s body releases one egg from the ovary in the middle of each menstrual cycle. By stimulating the ovaries with fertility medications, we are usually able to have multiple eggs reach maturation during a single treatment cycle.
Fertility medications are self-administered as a daily injection for about 10 days, during which time monitoring of the ovarian response is necessary through visits to the institute where blood tests and ultrasound examinations are carried out. During this time, the patient may experience some abdominal discomfort.
Once the eggs are mature oocyte retrieval procedure, is performed. The retrieval is performed under mild sedation and takes about 15 minutes to complete. The number of oocytes retrieved varies from woman to woman and is dependant on a woman’s age and how the individual woman’s body responds to the fertility medications.
After the eggs are retrieved, they are brought to the embryology laboratory where they are initially evaluated for health and then frozen or cryopreserved.
Freezing Eggs for Medical Indications
An example of egg freezing for a medical indication would be a woman between the ages of 15 and 41 years who is diagnosed with a treatable malignancy that will require chemotherapy or radiation treatments to a part of the body near the ovaries. Another example would be a woman who requires surgical removal of her ovary(ies) for a benign or questionable disease process. In these cases, if time permits and the treating doctor(s) approves, the patient can undergo a treatment cycle to cryopreserve eggs.
It is important to know that the timing of egg freezing treatment is, in part, determined by your internal reproductive hormones and that the treatment is generally started at the beginning of the menstrual cycle (if you have a uterus). If cancer is diagnosed and you are interested in freezing eggs, it is important to call your cancer doctor and Florida Fertility as soon as possible so that cancer and egg freezing treatments can be coordinated. The oocyte cryopreservation treatment takes about two weeks and usually fit in between your initial diagnostic procedures and your cancer treatment.
Freezing Eggs for Elective Indications
An example of elective egg freezing would be a woman who is between the ages of 21 and 43 years old who is not in a situation conducive to childbearing at present and wishes to defer reproduction.
Some women elect to undergo more than one treatment cycle to increase the number of eggs they have frozen. This is reasonable and will be discussed with you by your doctor, if appropriate. One useful indicator of oocyte health is a hormone blood test performed on the second or third day of the menstrual cycle looking at the follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), estrogen (estrodiol) levels, and antimullerian hormone (AMH) levels.
It is important to know that the timing of egg freezing treatment is, in part, determined by your internal reproductive hormones and that the treatment cycle is generally started at the beginning of the menstrual cycle. A oocyte cryopreservation treatment cycle takes about 6 weeks to complete and, during that period, your schedule needs to be relatively flexible. you need to be available for monitoring of the egg development and for the oocyte retrieval procedure.
If you are interested or need more preliminary information about egg freezing Contact Us.
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Blessed John Henry Newman often sets before others the holiness of God and his beauty, the reflection of that holiness. Here he explains that Mary is called Mater Amabilis or Lovable because she “never committed even a venial sin” and thus she shares in a unique way in the holiness and beauty of God.
“Of course her face was most beautiful; but we should not be able to recollect whether it was beautiful or not; we should not recollect any of her features, because it was her beautiful sinless soul, which looked through her eyes, and spoke through her mouth, and was heard in her voice, and compassed her all about.”
He continues: “Her innocence, her humility and modesty, her simplicity, sincerity, and truthfulness, her unselfishness, her unaffected interest in everyone who came to her, her purity—it was these qualities which made her so lovable.” And this is so that were we to see her now, rather than ask what she could do for us, we would exclaim “Oh, how beautiful!” and our second thought would be, “Oh, what ugly hateful creatures are we!”
Mater Amabilis, your beauty speaks volumes of God’s holiness: How beautiful God is!
May 7 Mary is the “Mater Amabilis,” the Lovable or Dear Mother
WHY is she “Amabilis” thus specially? It is because she was without sin. Sin is something odious in its very nature, and grace is something bright, beautiful, attractive.
However, it may be said that sinlessness was not enough to make others love her, or to make her dear to others, and that for two reasons: first, because we cannot like anyone that is not like ourselves, and we are sinners; and next, because her being holy would not make her pleasant and winning, because holy persons whom we fall in with, are not always agreeable, and we cannot like them, however we may revere them and look up to them.
Now as to the first of these two questions, we may grant that bad men do not, cannot like good men; but our Blessed Virgin Mary is called Amabilis, or lovable, as being such to the children of the Church, not to those outside of it, who know nothing about her; and no child of Holy Church but has some remains of God’s grace in his soul which makes him sufficiently like her, however greatly wanting he may be, to allow of his being able to love her. So we may let this question pass.
But as to the second question, viz., How are we sure that our Lady, when she was on earth, attracted people round her, and made them love her merely because she was holy?—considering that holy people sometimes have not that gift of drawing others to them.
To explain this point we must recollect that there is a vast difference between the state of a soul such as that of the Blessed Virgin, which has never sinned, and a soul, however holy, which has once had upon it Adam’s sin; for, even after baptism and repentance, it suffers necessarily from the spiritual wounds which are the consequence of that sin. Holy men, indeed, never commit mortal sin; nay, sometimes have never committed even one mortal sin in the whole course of their lives. But Mary’s holiness went beyond this. She never committed even a venial sin, and this special privilege is not known to belong to anyone but Mary.
Now, whatever want of amiableness, sweetness, attractiveness, really exists in holy men arises from the remains of sin in them, or again from the want of a holiness powerful enough to overcome the defects of nature, whether of soul or body; but, as to Mary, her holiness was such, that if we saw her, and heard her, we should not be able to tell to those who asked us anything about her except simply that she was angelic and heavenly.
Of course her face was most beautiful; but we should not be able to recollect whether it was beautiful or not; we should not recollect any of her features, because it was her beautiful sinless soul, which looked through her eyes, and spoke through her mouth, and was heard in her voice, and compassed her all about; when she was still, or when she walked, whether she smiled, or was sad, her sinless soul, this it was which would draw all those to her who had any grace in them, any remains of grace, any love of holy things. There was a divine music in all she said and did—in her mien, her air, her deportment, that charmed every true heart that came near her. Her innocence, her humility and modesty, her simplicity, sincerity, and truthfulness, her unselfishness, her unaffected interest in everyone who came to her, her purity—it was these qualities which made her so lovable; and were we to see her now, neither our first thought nor our second thought would be, what she could do for us with her Son (though she can do so much), but our first thought would be, “Oh, how beautiful!” and our second thought would be, “Oh, what ugly hateful creatures are we!”
Meditations and Devotions, see www.newmanreader.org
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Obesity prevention in early life: can nurses help?
With childhood obesity remaining one of the biggest public health challenges worldwide, new and innovative strategies are needed to address the problem. A group led by Rachel Laws identified maternal and child health nurses in Australia as having a unique opportunity to promote obesity prevention by educating children and their parents during routine consultations.
Their study, published in BMC Nursing this November, aimed to investigate the extent to which this is currently happening and how it can be fully utilized in the future. The group showed that almost a quarter of nurses were reluctant to discuss weight issues and less than half promoted active behaviours. Laws and colleagues argued that this is a key missed public health opportunity and identified areas such as building confidence among nurses as starting points for the implementation of this practice in the future.
Are school community nurses effective at reaching students?
In another study looking at the youth of Australia, Michelle Banfield and colleagues evaluated the effectiveness of a pilot study in which registered nurses were integrated into school communities to deliver health promotion geared towards sexual health, diet, alcohol and tobacco. Through interviews with students, teachers and nurses, it was shown that the pilot study was both feasible and effective at reaching students, and the study now serves as valuable evidence to the Australian government to support the expansion of the programme, enabling many more young people to benefit.
Recognizing acute delirium in the clinic
For nurses working with older patients in long-term care facilities, the detection of delirium has been lagging far behind research settings for some time. Although reliable and valid tools exist, such as the confusion assessment method (CAM), these have not been effectively transferred from the laboratory to the clinic. The group led by Philippe Voyer provided a validation of the newly developed RADAR screening tool, which was shown to be efficient, reliable and well accepted by nursing staff. It was demonstrated to be a significant improvement on previous methods because it focused on practical aspects such as a reducing the time to administer. Now validated in long-term care facilities, the group plans to move on to evaluate different populations and settings.
What are nurses descriptions of caring?
BMC Nursing is not only concerned with the outcomes of nursing, but also with research concerning nurses as people. As Andersson and colleagues note in this research article, although nursing has come a long way since the days of Florence Nightingale and Mary Seacole, it is reasonable to assume that caring remains at the core of the profession. In light of the various changes in the 21st century, the group decided to investigate whether these changes have altered the essence of nursing.
Through a qualitative methodology speaking directly with nurses, they found that the modern nurse understands caring to mean being primarily person-centred or having an acknowledgement of the person behind the patient. The authors put forward the point that placing an emphasis on care in the clinic will contribute to a safer and better quality of care.
The mental health of nurses
In another study focussing on the human aspect of nursing, Lin Perry’s group assessed the mental health of nurses in an acute teaching hospital setting. As an emotionally demanding profession, nurses are at a high risk of developing stress, anxiety and depression, so much needs to be done to monitor individuals and populations to gauge mental health and identify interventions to reduce their prevalence.
The results showed that 65% of nurses had experienced symptoms sometimes or often in the previous 12 months and 6% were currently being prescribed psychoactive medication. They also reported that nurses with a partner, or with better general health, were likely to have fewer symptoms. They conclude that managers should strive to create workplaces that are able to promote good mental health in an environment where they can be openly discussed without stigma.
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The only army commander operating against the Army of Northern Virginia to earn the personal animosity of Robert E. Lee was John Pope. The Kentucky native had spent his entire career in the military service. Receiving an appointment to West Point from Illinois, he was graduated in 1842 and was posted to the topographical engineers. Performing creditably, he was considered a top soldier. The Mexican War brought him two brevets and he continued to rise regularly in rank.
His Civil War-era assignments were somewhat less happy and included: captain, Topographical Engineers (since July 1, 1856); brigadier general, USV June 14, 1861, (to rank from May 17); commanding District of North Missouri, Western Department (July 29-October 1861); commanding 2nd Division, Army of Southwest Missouri, Western Department (October-November 9, 1861); commanding 2nd Division, Army of Southwest Missouri, Department of the Missouri (November 9-December 186 1); commanding District of Central Missouri, Department of the Missouri (December 1861-February 18, 1862); commanding Army of the Mississippi (February 23-june 26, 1862); major general, USV (March 21, 1862); commanding Army of Virginia (June 26-September 2 1862); brigadier general, USA (July 14, 1862); and commanding Department of the Northwest (September 16-November 28, 1862 and February 13, 1863-February 13, 1865).
Having served in the escort of Lincoln to the Washington inaugural ceremonies, Pope was named to be a brigadier of volunteers and performed organizational duties in Illinois before serving under Fremont in the Western Department. His capabilities being displayed in Missouri, he was eventually given charge of the operations along the Mississippi River.
In early 1862 he scored major successes at New Madrid and Island # 10 and the advance on Memphis. He then led one of the three field armies serving under Henry W. Halleck in a painfully slow advance on Corinth, Mississippi. In the meantime he had been awarded a second star in the volunteer service and was marked for advancement. With the scattered forces in northern Virginia unable to contain Stonewall Jackson's small mobile command in the Shenandoah Valley and thus unable to advance on Richmond from the North, Pope was called east.
Three departments were merged into his newly formed Army of Virginia. His former commander, Fremont, refused to be one of his corps commanders and was relieved. Pope was then advanced to a brigadier generalship in the regular establishment. Not taking command of his scattered forces in the field until late July, he lost the faith of his men when he made an address praising the western armies and disparaging the efforts of the eastern forces up to that time. In bombastic fashion he declared his headquarters would be in the saddle. This led to a quip that he didn't know his headquarters from his hindquarters.
His proposals on how to deal with the secessionist population raised the ire of his opponents, especially Lee. Part of Pope's command was defeated at Cedar Mountain. Later that month his command and parts of McClellan's Army of the Potomac fought at 2nd Bull Run. Pope had no idea of the true situation on the field and was routed.
Blaming the defeat upon his subordinates, he came into conflict with those officers who were McClellan partisans. He charged Fitz-John Porter with disobedience of orders in failing to launch an attack which was in fact impossible. Nonetheless Porter was cashiered, but Pope also lost his command on September 21 1862, and the Army of Virginia was merged into the Army of the Potomac 10 days later.
While there was recognition of a lack of support from McClellan and his officers, Lincoln felt he had little choice but to give the consolidated command to McClellan in the face of the Confederate invasion of Maryland. Pope then spent most of the balance of the war commanding the Department of the Northwest and dealing with the Sioux uprising. He performed his job ably and in 1865 was brevetted a regular army major general for Island #10.
Mustered out of the volunteers on September 1, 1866, he held departmental commands in the regular army, mostly in the West, until his 1886 retirement. Four years later he was named a full major general. (Ropes, John C., The Army Under Pope and Ellis, Richard N., General Pope and U.S. Indian Policy)
Source: "Who Was Who In The Civil War" by Stewart Sifakis
RETURN TO BIOGRAPHY PAGE
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English: Humpback whale
Spanish: Ballena jorobada, ballena yubarta
Length: 16 - 18 m
Weight: 40 ton
Habitat and distribution:
Humpback whales undertake long migrations (up to 18,000 km annually) between tropical coastal waters where they mate and calve during the winter months to feeding grounds in colder waters (mid and high latitudes), mainly in continental shelf waters, during the summer. In the Southern Hemisphere, humpback whales appear to feed predominantly on krill (Euphausia superba) around Antarctica. Some humpback whales don't seem to migrate all the way to Antarctic waters, instead feeding in prey-rich coastal upwelling areas in southern Chile, such as off Isla Chiloé or the Fueguian Archipelago.
Although commercial whaling seriously depleted all humpback populations, most (but not all) populations have increased since the end of whaling. Today, small numbers only are taken by 'subsistence' whaling operations in the Caribbean and off Greenland, but illegal and urepoted catches might occur elsewhere. Humpback whales are one of the best known whale species not least because of their popularity with the global whale watching industry. Intense and poorly regulated whale watching activities have the potential to cause disturbance to whales during important times such as breeding or feeding. Migration paths along the coast brings humpback whales into frequent contact with human activities. There are regular entanglements in static fishing gear which can cause injury and also death. Like all large whales humpback whales are subject to ship strikes which are often fatal. Shipping and other noisy human activities (e.g. seismic exploration, sonar) in the ocean can interfere with their sophisticated communication.
- Acevedo, J., C. Mora and A. Aguayo-Lobo (2014). Sex-related site fidelity of humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) to the Fueguian Archipelago feeding area, Chile. Marine Mammal Science 30(2): 433-444.
- Hucke-Gaete, R., D. Haro, J. P. Torres-Florez, Y. Montecinos, F. Viddi, L. Bedriñana-Romano, M. F. Nery and J. Ruiz (2013). A historical feeding ground for humpback whales in the eastern South Pacific revisited: the case of northern Patagonia, Chile. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 23(6): 858-867.
- Reilly, S.B., Bannister, J.L., Best, P.B., Brown, M., Brownell Jr., R.L., Butterworth, D.S., Clapham, P.J., Cooke, J., Donovan, G.P., Urbán, J. & Zerbini, A.N. (2008). Megaptera novaeangliae. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2015.2.
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Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a type of autoimmune disease where the body’s own immune system attacks the healthy tissues by mistake. Lupus means ‘wolflike’ describing the distinctive rash over the cheeks and bridge of the nose appearing in most patients.
The exaggerated autoantibody production in SLE is caused by the abnormality of the suppressor T-cell function. When these cells are destroyed, immune complex deposition takes place ensuring damage of the tissues. When tissue damage takes place, inflammation occurs which triggers antigens. These antigens are responsible for stimulating additional antibodies that attacks normal, healthy cells.
Although, the exact cause of SLE is not fully known, the disturbance in the immune regulation of the body is brought about by the combination of factors:
- Hormonal (onset of disease is during the child-bearing years)
- Environmental (sunlight child-bearing years)
- Some Medications such as Hydralazine (Apresoline), Procainamide (Pronestyl), Isoniazid, Chlorpromazine and a few anticonvulsants
Because of the hormonal factor, SLE is considered to be more common among women. It may appear at any age, but most occurrences took place between ages 10 and 50.
Occurrence of symptoms from one SLE patient to another vary. People remain undiagnosed for a long period of time if the onset occurs slowly. For others, it may appear suddenly or mildly. In most cases, patients with lupus have mild disease characterized by ‘disease activity’ otherwise known as ‘flares.’ It is during this time the symptoms get worse and after a while improve or completely disappear for a period of time.
Most common symptoms of SLE are:
- Weight loss
- Arthritis (joint pain, stiffness and swelling)
- Butterfly-shaped rash on the face (cheeks and bridge of the nose)
- Photosensitivity (Manifested as skin lesions appearing or worsening when exposed to sun)
- Raynaud’s phenomenon (Fingers and toes turn blue or white when patient is stressed or exposed to cold)
- Chest Pain
- Shortness of breath
As enumerated above, the clinical manifestations of SLE involve more than one body system only. Other symptoms depend on which body system is affected.
Arthralgia and arthritis or synovitis are the common presenting features of SLE. In addition, joint swelling, tenderness and pain when moving are commonly experienced by patients, accompanied by morning stiffness.
The most common skin manifestation which occurs in about 50% of SLE patients is the presence of butterfly-shaped rash in the bridge of the nose and cheeks. Types of clinical manifestations may include subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus (SCLE) and discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE). Often, these lesions worsen during exacerbation of the disease which is triggered by sunlight or artificial ultraviolet light. The initial skin involvement in some cases leads to the involvement of other body systems.
Presence of oral ulcers in the hard palate may occur too. Often occurring in crops, their presence is linked to the exacerbations which goes with skin lesions.
Cardiovascular and Respiratory Manifestation
Pericarditis (inflammation of the pericardium) is present in about 30% of the patients. Cardiac manifestation may be asymptomatic and often is accompanied with pleural effusions. The involvement of lungs and pleura occur at about 20% to 40% in affected individuals.
Terminal arterioles may also be inflamed in SLE. Inflamed terminal arterioles produce papular, erythematous purpuric lesions which may be seen on the elbows, fingertips, toes and lateral sides of the hands. The main concern when terminal arterioles are involve is how it may progress to necrosis or the death of the tissues.
Lymphatic and Renal Manifestation
About 50% of SLE patients have lymphadenopathy. During the course of illness about 32% of patients develop kidney damage. This is caused by the damage of kidney’s glomeruli. The kidney damage in SLE is reversible.
Generally, patients affected with this illness develop changes in their behavior and cognitive ability. They frequently develop depression and psychosis too.
SLE is diagnosed by conducting a complete history and series of blood tests. Diagnosis is made easier because of the fact that every SLE patient is positive for antinuclear antibodies (ANAs). Presence of ANAs is detected through immunofluorescence test. The basis for the diagnosis of SLE is the presence of four (4) or more criteria together. The 11 criteria for the diagnosis of SLE are detailed on the chart below:
Criteria for the Diagnosis of SLE ( The Disease Is Present When Four of These Criteria Are Met )
|Malar Rash||Erythema over the cheekbones|
|Discoid Rash||Raised scaly patches on skin|
|Photosensitivity||Skin rash on exposure to sunlight|
|Oral Ulcers||Ulcers in oropharynx and/or nasopharynx (usually painless)|
|Arthritis||Acute inflammation in two or more peripheral joints|
|Serositis||Acute inflammation of the pleurae or pericardium|
|Renal Disorder||Loss of protein in urine; blood cells or hemoglobin in tubule|
|Neurologic Disorder||Seizures or psychoses without other identifiable cause|
|Blood Disorder||Deficiency of platelets or white cells, anemia from red blood cell lysis|
|Immune Disorder||Various antibodies identifiable|
|Antinuclear antibody||Antibodies to DNA in 50% of non-drug induced SLE|
The management of SLE depends on the clinical onset of the illness – acute and chronic. Interventions for acute disease are focused on controlling the progressing disease activity or the exacerbations which may involve multiple systems of the body. Disease activity (flares) is composed of clinical and laboratory features reflecting presence of active inflammation due to SLE. If the condition is chronic, periodic monitoring is involved. Changes in the clinical manifestations should be recognized in the course of treatment, to assess disease activity (flares), evaluate effectiveness of therapy and adjust the management given to patient. Educating the patient about the condition is important too.
Goals of SLE treatment is focused on the following:
- Prevention of progressive loss of organ function
- Reduction of the occurrence of acute disease
- Minimize disabilities caused by the illness
- Preventions of therapy complications
Drug therapy for SLE is focused on treating local inflammation which is caused by the exaggerated immune response. The medication given and dosage varies from patient to patient. NSAIDs are administered for minor clinical manifestations. Frequently NSAIDs are given with corticosteroids.
Corticosteroids are the most important medication available for SLE treatment. For skin manifestations, they are applied topically. However, for minor disease activity they are administered in low doses orally. For a high disease activity, high doses are given which can also be administered via Bolus IV.
To manage skin, musculoskeletal and mild clinical features of SLE effectively, antimalarial drugs are given. Immunosuppressants are administered because of their effect on the immune function. However, these are only given for patients with serious SLE conditions and for those who have not responded to conservative therapies.
Originally posted 2014-11-26 11:50:28. Republished by Blog Post Promoter
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The Shutdown Standoff Is One of the Worst Crises in American HistoryRoundup: Historians' Take
tags: Weimar Republic, shutdown
The current government shutdown threatens to stall the already slow economic recovery from the Great Recession. But more is at stake here. Political philosophers from Aristotle to Locke have defined the nation-state as the highest form of political community. Locke, whose views are embedded in America’s Declaration of Independence, saw government as a result of a communal compact—a social contract—among peoples. What is happening in America is that this social contract is being voided, largely through the initiative of rightwing Republicans from the deep South and rural Midwest. America is not likely to become Afghanistan, but it could easily become Italy or Greece or even Weimar Germany.
There is no simple explanation for why this is happening now, but there are precedents in American history for the kind of assault on government that the Republicans are mounting. First, there is the South of John Calhoun, which Sam Tannenhaus wrote about in The New Republic. Calhoun developed the doctrine of nullification—that states, claiming a higher Constitutional authority, could refuse to obey federal laws—in order to justify South Carolina’s opposition to tariffs adopted in 1828 and 1832. Calhoun’s doctrine became the basis of the state’s rights argument against attempts by the federal government to limit the expansion of slavery and a century later to enforce racial desegregation....
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More than 420 million people worldwide suffer from diabetes. In the US, we have over 30 million with the CDC projecting that by 2050, 1 in 3 Americans will likely have diabetes. All of us know someone who has diabetes. Currently we spend over $ 245 billion annually on the cost of diagnosed diabetes. By some estimates, 50% of the US population might be currently diabetic or pre-diabetic, but many don’t know it. It is fair to say that unless we do something, this disease will reach epidemic proportions in short order.
How is technology impacting the diagnosis, management, treatment and cures for diabetes?
Some of what technology is bringing to bear is truly astounding and game-changing. From genetic software engineering and mapping, to bioinformatics, biotechnology, mobile technologies, wearables and devices in the new “Internet of Things” – a myriad of technology vectors is primed for an attack on diabetes.
Diabetes management with technology
Advances in wearables and mobile technology have made real time self-management tools possible. These devices take readings, capture data, and communicate with medical providers.
Dr. Deng, a UVA graduate who now works in Taiwan, has developed a diabetes management app called Health2Sync that allows patients to download data from their glucometers to a phone and then generates graphs for monitoring glucose levels and even helps analyze blood pressure, food, exercise and insulin injections. He has received millions in funding from Alibaba, China’s largest e-commerce company.
Deng believes that technology and data management plays a key role in solutions for diabetes.
Other mobile solutions include one from Medtronic that also supports patient data connectivity through a Samsung S Health Mobile app. Similarly, WellDoc has an FDA approved product that requires a prescription but allows integration with Samsung and provides data and coaching to people with Type 2 diabetes.
Some radical new developments
Google has a plan to develop smart lenses that when worn, can continuously monitor glucose levels and transmit this information via companion software on a smart phone. Engineers at the University of Washington have recently developed a new technology called “interscatter communication” to allow contact lenses, or even brain implants, to send signals to the phone. Expect Apple and others to produce more apps and tools for monitoring and managing diabetes as well.
Unmanaged hyperglycemic episodes are dangerous, especially while driving. Ford and Medtronic have teamed up to deploy a Bluetooth enabled monitor in the car that can keep the driver informed about glucose levels and prevent chances of a driver blacking out.
Another interesting invention is the flexible skin tattoo that checks glucose levels in the skin and delivers the drug as needed.
Game changing strategies
The development of an artificial pancreas is now a reality. Recently, 16 British women with Type 1 diabetes were provided an artificial pancreas during their pregnancy (a high risk complication for a diabetic) as part of a Cambridge University trial. Each recipient successfully gave birth to a healthy infant. They are the first to use the device which regulates insulin and is controlled from a mobile device.
The next step, which is not too far away, is the delivery of drugs powered by implantable nano-systems. The idea is to use nanoparticles with magnetic cores circulating in the bloodstream with recognition molecules to detect disease. One researcher has been able to cure Type 1 diabetes with such nanobots.
MIT spinoff Microchips Biotech has partnered with Teva Pharmaceuticals to commercialize a wireless, microchip based device that stores and releases drugs to treat diabetes.
One of the challenges has been to deliver treatments for diabetes in areas with poor supply chains. In July 2016, MIT researchers with DARPA funding announced that they have developed a portable device to manufacture and produce individual treatment doses for a wide range of treatments, including diabetes.
Researchers at the University of Texas have designed an affordable “electronic nose” used for detecting chemical molecules in breath. This can be useful for Type 1 diabetes patients who have high concentrations of acetone in their breath.
Genetic clues to the disease are under aggressive investigation. 23andme, a company with a treasure trove of 450,000 customer’s DNA, is providing access to researchers at the drug companies like Pfizer, Genentech and others. Another group of 300 scientists in 22 countries are looking at data on 100,000 patients to understand the genetics roots of diabetes. The study was posted in Nature in July 2016. NIH’s Collins has suggested that this “big data” strategy has already yielded important new insights and genetic clues into diabetes treatment.
At Johns Hopkins, after a decade of work, they have developed a unique computer program that looks at mutations that cause diabetes and is key in advancing treatments for the disease.
Engineers at Oregon State University have used additive manufacturing to create an improved type of 3-D printed glucose sensor for patients with Type 1 diabetes, part of a system that should work better, cost less, and be more comfortable for the patient. The technology would create an “artificial pancreas” using a single point of bodily entry, or catheter, replacing existing systems, which require four entry points, usually packaged in a belt worn around the waist, according to Greg Herman, an OSU associate professor of chemical engineering. “This technology and other work that could evolve from it should improve a patient’s health, comfort and diabetes management,” said Herman.
The Joslin Diabetes Center was able to turn off the fat insulin receptor gene that tells your body to hold on to every calorie in the fat cells. That was a useful function 10,000 years ago when we did not know when we would get our next meal, but obviously no more. Today, this receptor becomes important for an epidemic of obesity, diabetes and heart disease. At the Center, they have been able to turn this function “off” in animals, who are able to eat ravenously and yet remain slim and even lived 20% longer.
The biggest of the “big data” processors, IBM Watson (of Jeopardy fame) is also playing a role to identify susceptible, potential patients. IBM research is building a “cognitive assistant” that uses artificial intelligence and advanced multi-media capabilities to detect disease. In June 2016, IBM announced they envision an online tool specific for early detection among demographics at risk of eye problems common for diabetic or even pre-diabetic patients.
Technologists are also finding untapped data sources. MIT researchers are sending Mario and Luigi, two sewer robots to inspect waste and collect data on city residents. They hope to use data to help map health, including diabetes, in different city sections to inform health policy. The EPA has suggested that this is a “pioneering” effort and if successful, represents a “seminal advancement in the prospects for monitoring public health in real time”.
Maximizing the capacity of the phones that we automatically attach to ourselves is an obvious avenue, but some applications can be truly unexpected. According to a recent study from the University of Leicester even Pokémon GO diabetic users benefit from the increased physical exercise involved with playing the game. Playing Pokémon GO as a diabetes management recommendation? The times are truly changing.
A new era in combating diabetes using technology is upon us. For those that suffer from this malady, better management is already here. But for those that are diabetic, know someone who is, or others who may be afflicted, a new era, driven by exponential technology solutions holds the promise of radically altering the landscape for beating the disease before it reaches truly epidemic proportions.
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Today on November 13, 1985 Colombia’s Nevado del Ruiz, volcano erupted with the ensuing mud slide killing 25,000 people and 15,000 animals making it one of the deadliest volcano eruptions in history.
The volcano is part of the Andes Volcanic Chain located in the western region of South America. It is the highest (over 17,500 ft) of all of Colombia’s volcanos. Nevado del Ruiz is considered a “stratovolcano” that typically generate moderate eruptions resulting in deadly volcanic mudflows.
Nevado del Ruiz is covered with snow and ice (hence its name Nevado) that melts in record time with strong eruptions which is exactly what happened on November 13, 1985. Though mother nature did provide warning with minor eruptions happening the year prior to the fatal November 13th eruption. Town officials called off an earlier evacuation order when volcanic ash stopped falling – forgetting the history of the volcano’s lethal mudslides.
The melting snow and glacier combined with the molten lava traveled 31 miles per hour flowing into nearby rivers,and bursting a key dam on the River Lagunillas. So two hours after the 3:00 p.m. eruption, the townspeople of Amero were swept away to their death. This was the third time in 400 years that Nevado del Ruiz reared its ugly head but this time it was the deadliest.
The Nevado del Ruiz eruption cost the government over $1 billion dollars, Amero lost its distinction as one of the country’s largest producer of cotton and most tragically the town lost most of its people. The image of 13-year-old Omayra Sanchez remains seared in the memories of many – as she was entombed in volcanic matter for 3 days and died when all efforts to save her failed. The picture taken of her heroic calm as she faced death won the World Press Photo of the Year.
Today the town is practically a ghost town with survivors having rebuilt their lives in nearby villages.
HSN Staff Writers
HSN staff writers are a group of enthusiastic and talented creative-types that generate great story lines and write about current events with a distinctively Latino voice always respecting the audience it writes for.
Say It Ain't So
Ready to Stop the NRA Funded Blood-Shed
The Latin from Manhattan
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Seedless ‘Tango’ Mandarins
Before this spring, the only way to get a seedless mandarin fruit, was to get one where the flower had not been cross pollinated by another seed-bearing citrus, such as lemon, grapefruit, or another mandarin. Bees are some of the best pollinators of citrus and are often responsible for creating seediness in mandarins. Recently, a new variety of mandarin (Citrus xnobilis ‘Tango’) was introduced to the trade from the University of California Citrus Clonal Protection Program in Riverside, California. ‘Tango’ was developed by inducing a mutation into the ‘Murcott’ mandarin, creating a “sport,” which has proven reliably seedless regardless of where it is grown. Through March of 2010, 1.6 million trees had been sold to California growers. The fruit should begin appearing soon in markets, perhaps under the already familiar brand names of “Cuties” or “Delites” or perhaps with the ‘Tango’ name. Trees will likely be available to home gardeners in the future.
University of California Riverside News, January 2010
An Unusual Laboratory, and a Fragrant Audience?
The giant cable television and online shopping entity QVC (“quality, value, convenience”), in an advertising spectacle, commissioned the London Philharmonic Orchestra to play beautiful music to more than one hundred plants at Cadogan Hall in central London. Although the “research” was mostly in fun, there is now available a downloadable selection of Mozart’s music that you can play to your own plants to see if classical music really does help them grow better. The YouTube video can be viewed using the following link: www.youtube.com/watch?v=E2mezHthquk.
Watching Evolution in the Process
A husband and wife team of researchers at the University of Florida became interested in a plant known to be a relatively newly formed species in the Pacific Northwest, where the couple had formerly lived. The new species (Tragopogon miscellus) is a naturally formed hybrid, generated about eighty years ago from two exotic species introduced to the Northwest in the 1920s from Europe. The hybrid plant was larger than either of its parents and spread rapidly in the environment. The hybridization occurred as a result of chromosome doubling, a common means by which new species are developed. The hybrid has been regenerated by the researchers and studied in the laboratory over many generations. The big surprise is that the initial offspring did not show the expected intermediate expression of genes from both parents. It was as if all of the genes from both parents were “turned on,” and the new species was going to find out, in subsequent generations, which genes were needed and which could be “turned off.” In other words, gene expression was relaxed in the beginning, the new species experimenting with what would, in later generations, become a more stabilized gene expression pattern. The research provides insight into the origin of major taxonomic groups of plants.
Current Biology, 21 (7) 551-556
Snails Aiding Robot Research
It’s an interesting challenge. Snails need to stick to surfaces and they need to move. Research at Stanford University, UC San Diego, and University of Madrid has shown that snails do not require slime to propel themselves forward. Though slime works like a glue to adhere snails to a surface when traveling upside down, pressure applied from their muscular foot changes the property of the slime to be more fluid. It was this feature of the mucus that was previously believed to allow forward movement. However, researchers have observed that a thin film of water was sufficient for snail movement on horizontal surfaces; the mucus is, perhaps, not required. A key feature of the wavelike muscular movement of the snail’s foot is that part of it lifts from the surface during forward motion, reducing friction-much like the way a caterpillar moves. Researchers in Japan are already working on a robotic endoscope for human diagnostics that would move like a snail does.
Journal of Experimental Biology, 213 (22): 3920-3933
Success or Not for Green Roof Plants
Substrate type and depth are two important variables in both the suitability for growing plants and in roof weight tolerances for the buildings on which they are placed. Five different types of rooftop plants were used in a Pennsylvania study to determine the influences of substrate type and depth on plant establishment and success. The five plants were two Sedum species, a Dianthus, a Delosperma, and a Petrorhagia. The two substrates included in the study were expanded shale and expanded clay. The substrate depths tested were 30, 50 and 120 mm. With certain exceptions, the plants in the study were most affected by substrate depth. Early drought conditions were hardest on the herbaceous perennials (Dianthus and Petrorhagia). The sedums preferred the expanded clay over the shale substrate.
HortTechnology 20: 395-401 (2010)
Not Just an “Animal-only” Pigment
Expanding on a previous discovery, Professor Cary Pirone from Florida International University has found the pigment bilirubin in the intensely orange-colored seeds of the popular bird-of-paradise (Strelitzia reginae). In animals, this pigment is responsible for the yellowish color of bruises and jaundiced skin. The orange color of bird-of-paradise seeds can remain unchanged for decades.
HortScience 45: 1411-1415 (2010)
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Linda Stewart sifts fact from fiction as a new book tells the story of one of our most famous landmarks
1That story about the kitchens falling into the sea during a storm, taking seven cooks with it, seems a myth. Extensive paintings from the late 18th and early 19th centuries reveal that the end of the castle was intact then.
2 An annual fair was once held in Dunluce but was closed down due to excessive bawdiness and debauchery.
3 The castle was originally built in 1500 by the McQuillans, who came from Scotland in the 1200s as hired mercenaries, and built the castle around 200 years later.
4 The McQuillans held the castle for about 55 years before it was taken by the MacDonnells, who came over from Islay in 1554. They still own the castle, but now live in Glenarm.
5 Dunluce was taken by force from the McQuillans by Sorley Boy McDonnell after the Battle of Orla in 1565. It’s said the McDonnells covered a bog with rushes and stationed a few men on firm ground, fooling the McQuillans into charging into the bog.
6 Over a 100-year period, the castle was besieged on numerous occasions by the English.
7 Gary Moore's 1989 album After The War features an instrumental titled Dunluce.
8 After their expulsion, the MacDonnells frequently besieged the castle. Finally, their forces scaled the cliff, climbed into the corner towers and hanged the English captain. His ghost is said to haunt a tower.
9 The castle also has links to the Girona, the Spanish Armada ship that foundered by the Giant’s Causeway. Sorley Boy MacDonnell retrieved the cannons from the shipwreck and mounted them in the castle.
10 The castle was once owned by Winston Churchill (below). It passed into the ownership of the Churchill family as a result of inter-marriage.
11 While the Plantation of Ulster was going on, the MacDonnells were allowed to effectively carry out their own private plantation, bringing Scottish settlers over to found the trading town of Dunluce.
12 The town, designed to rival Coleraine, was a cosmopolitan one, with Scottish, Irish, English and Welsh residents, along with Continentals.
13 The settlement was doomed to failure — with no port that could be used for trading, it could not have survived for long.
14 Excavations carried out over the past five years have discovered a cobbled street stretching through the town towards the castle, with a blacksmith’s forge. Horseshoes lay by the anvil and a chisel had been left by the forge.
15 There were plenty of signs of wealth and luxury in the town remains, including coins from the days of Elizabeth I and Charles I, bone combs, dress fastenings, thimbles and gaming pieces.
16 The archaeologists also found a wine glass stem.
17 A bronze tuning pin used to tune harps was found, too, suggesting musicians were travelling there to amuse the residents.
18 The castle was visited by martial arts star Jackie Chan (right) during filming of his 2003 comedy The Medallion.
19 The dig uncovered a Scottish merchant’s house, built in the first two decades of the 17th century, fronting onto the cobbled streets. The walls survive to waist height with plastered walls, an internal privy and a fireplace.
20 A 16th century Polish coin, kept as a token by the merchants, provides a reminder of the Scottish migrations to Poland.
21 The town also held a courthouse and a dungeon.
22 An early soutterain has been discovered — a passage dating back to 1,500 years ago. It is the site’s earliest known occupation.
23 The castle had its own gallows.
24 No-one knows what the original name means. ‘Dunluce’ translates as ‘fort of the fort’, but the meaning of the earlier name ‘Dunliphis’ is a mystery.
25 The castle is perched high on sheer basalt cliffs and approached by a bridge. The spectacular Mermaid’s Cave is a huge cavern 25 metres below the castle.
26 Maeve Roe, the only daughter of Lord McQuillan of Dunluce, was imprisoned in the north-eastern tower by her father after refusing to take Rory Og as her husband. On a wild and stormy night, she and her true love, Reginald O’Cahan, fled to the Mermaid’s Cave beneath the castle and set off by rowing boat but were dashed against cliffs. Maeve’s ghost still sweeps her prison tower.
27 Sorley Boy MacDonnell’s son Randal and his countess frequented the royal court in London and filled the castle with riches including curtains from Cardinal Wolsey and chairs of State.
28 The countess is credited with establishing St Cuthbert's Church near the castle. It was originally thatched and the signs of the zodiac were painted on the ceiling plaster.
29 St Cuthbert’s was the only church in Ireland with that name and is thought to be linked to the cult in Northumbria. St Cuthbert’s in Bushmills takes its name from the Dunluce church.
30 The MacDonnells became impoverished after the 1690 Battle of the Boyne, when they had taken the side of James II. They abandoned Dunluce Castle.
31 On a clear day you can see across the sea to Islay.
32 The castle appeared on the artwork of Led Zeppelin’s 1973 LP Houses Of The Holy.
33 I t is reputed to be the inspiration behind the royal castle of Cair Paravel in Ulster-born writer CS Lewis’s Narnia stories.
34 The castle doubles as the looming reaver stronghold of Pyke on the Iron Islands in TV series Game Of Thrones
35 Dunluce also featured in the film Your Highness.
36 A medieval hall was found within the castle.
37 General Munro arrested and imprisoned the Earl in 1642 and ransacked the castle, which was reoccupied by the Earl after 1666. One of his visitors was Oliver Plunkett, Archbishop of Armagh, who was later beheaded.
38 An O’Cahan from Dunseverick came to town to attend Mass but went drinking instead. He had consumed three or four bottles when he heard the town was going to be attacked by Scottish covenanters, whereupon he ran to the castle, seized the key, locked himself in and refused to open the gates for two days.
39 The covenanters were nowhere to be seen — they were in Bushmills.
40 The castle was later attacked for real by Scottish forces in 1642, but they were unable to gain entry. Two soldiers took umbrage at this failure and burned down the village.
41 That effectively marked the end of the town of Dunluce. For years the remains lay buried under a green field until archaeologists began digging it up five years ago.
42 Scottish settlers were buried in the local graveyard and their names can still be seen inscribed there.
43 Mills operated in Dunluce in the 13th century.
44 Dunluce also boasts a waterfall to the west, which few visitors have seen recently.
45 Victims of the Girona sinking are said to have been buried in St Cuthbert’s graveyard.
46 Conservation work began in 1928, the same year the castle came under State care.
47 During World War Two, the site was occasionally used as a lookout to monitor shipping.
48 One of the first BBC outside broadcasts in Northern Ireland came from Dunluce Castle in the early 1970s.
49 Dunluce has a potato named after it. The seed potatoes were first bred by Jack Clarke in 1976. Dunluce potatoes are round to oval in shape, eyes shallow and skin and flesh white.
50 A number of poems have been written about Dunluce, including this by Edward Lear: “There was an old man of Dunluce, who went out to sea on a goose. When he’d gone out a mile, he observed with a smile, it is time to return to Dunluce.”
Dunluce Castle, History And Archaeology, by Colin Breen, is launched today by Environment Minister Alex Attwood
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The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), a federal agency, considers an injury work-related if the injury is caused, contributed to, or significantly aggravated by an event or exposure in the work environment. Work-related injuries usually occur at the workplace (office, factory), but may also occur in another work-related location, such as on the road during a delivery, or on a telephone pole during a repair.
A work-related injury may be the result of a single event, such as a fall, or of constant exposure to a toxin or stressor. Work-related injuries must be reported to the employer within 30 days of an accidental injury or within 30 days of the date the employee learned that the illness or injury was job-related. Otherwise, the employee may not be able to successfully file for workers’ compensation.
Where Workers Are at Elevated Risk?
While workplace injuries can occur in any business or facility, they are more common in certain occupations. Workers are at greater risk of injury if they work in one of the following:
- Construction, especially roofing
- Electrical power-line installation
- Farming and Logging
- Health Care
- Police or fire departments
- Sports (athletes, coaches, referees)
Airline pilots, flight engineers and drivers of trucks, taxis or limousines, are also at elevated risk of being injured on the job.
Causes of Work-Related Injuries
Causes of injuries or health problems suffered at the workplace or during the course of the workday are varied. They may include:
- Airborne toxins
- Improperly maintained machinery
- Repetitive stress to a body part
- Excessive noise, light, odor or vibration
- Faulty safety equipment
- Improper facility maintenance (slippery floors, jutting objects)
- Overcrowded conditions
- Absence of instruction or cautionary rules
The underlying cause of work-related psychological injuries is often managerial tolerance of, or even participation in, an atmosphere of taunting, disrespect, or harassment.
Types of Work-Related Injuries
There are several types of work-related injuries. They may be categorized as immediate or ongoing.
Immediate injuries occur as isolated events and may include falling, cutting, scraping, burning, ingesting a poisonous substance, being hit by a person or object, or being involved in a vehicular accident. Workers may suffer one or more of the following as a result of an immediate injury:
- Cut or puncture wound
- Fracture or dislocation of a bone
- Sprain or strain of a ligament, tendon or muscle
- Injury requiring amputation
- Thermal, chemical or electrical burn
- Concussion or spinal cord injury
- Crush injury
- Disease due to unsanitary conditions
Such injuries require emergency care and may cause temporary or permanent disfigurement and/or disability.
Ongoing injuries include injuries that cause persistent stress to a body part or to the psyche.
- Exposure to an inhaled toxin, such as lead, asbestos, coal or smoke
- Repetitive stress to a body part
- Constant harassment or bullying by a supervisor or co-worker
- Frequent exposure to excessive noise, vibration or light
- Exposure to illness due to poor sanitary conditions
Ongoing problems in the workplace may result in disease conditions, such as black lung, lung cancer, or asbestosis from inhaling toxins, carpal tunnel syndrome from repetitive stress to the wrist, psychological trauma from racial or sexual harassment, or loss of hearing or vision due to exposure to excessive noise or light.
Treatment of Work-Related Injuries
A wide range of treatments is available for work-related injuries, including urgent care, such as suturing or administration of oxygen and ongoing therapies that may include medication, physical, occupational, or respiratory therapy, or surgery. Psychotherapy or psychiatric intervention may also be necessary.
Prevention of Work-Related Injuries
Although not all work-related injuries can be avoided, the following steps can go a long way to minimizing accidents and exposure of workers to danger:
- Keep the work place clean and clear of debris
- Install safety and emergency devices
- Train employees properly and retrain them when necessary
- Avoid overcrowding of the workplace
- Check air quality of the workplace frequently
- Keep facility, equipment, and vehicles clean and well-maintained
- Check employee health regularly
- Use ergonomically designed furniture or equipment where possible
- Create and maintain an environment where harassment is not tolerated
Work-related injuries not only debilitate individual employees, they lower productivity and morale. It is, therefore, in the best interests of owners and managers to make sure that the risk of work-related injuries is kept to a minimum.
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There are plenty of reasons to avoid fructose (a.k.a. sugar, the subject of the cover story in this month's issue of National Geographic magazine) and its even more vilified twin, high-fructose corn syrup.
For athletes, these sweeteners provide much-needed energy. For the rest of us, they're high-calorie, zero-nutrition temptations that can lead to obesity and a host of related conditions—diabetes, high cholesterol, heart disease.
When sugar has a rap sheet like this, alternative sweeteners start to look appealing. For diabetics, most of these substitutes don't cause the dramatic blood sugar spikes associated with the real thing. For weight watchers, zero (or dramatically reduced) calories are a dieter's boon.
But which to choose? There are scores of sugar substitutes; most fall into one of four categories: natural sweeteners, artificial sweeteners, dietary supplements, and sugar alcohols. And there's a new hybrid sweetener—tagatose—that is natural and has fewer calories than sugar.
As a category, natural sweeteners are a less processed, better-for-you-option than fructose. Like sugar, they produce energy when metabolized by the body. Unlike sugar, they have some nutritional value in the form of trace vitamins and minerals.
There's agave from the eponymous plant, honey (actually sweeter than sugar, so you don't need as much), molasses, and the syrup family (barley, malt, brown rice, cane, corn, golden, maple). Over the years I've performed enough tests to know that while there are taste and textural differences, most of these more distinctive sweeteners are fine stand-ins for sugar.
Dieters take note: This category of sweeteners is not low-cal. For diabetics, however, many of these sweeteners have a low glycemic index, which means they don't cause the highs and lows that come with sugar and high-fructose corn syrup.
Artificial sweeteners (or zero-calorie sweeteners) include the big three: Sweet'N Low, Nutrasweet, and Splenda. These synthetically produced food additives offer sweetness without calories—but having no calories means they give your body no energy. These sweeteners pass through the body undigested. And they're so intensely sweet that they must be diluted with fillers like dextrose or maltodextrin to approximate the sweetness—and bulk—of sugar.
Almost all artificial sweeteners have a distinct aftertaste, but regular users find them to be good sugar substitutes in drinks and tend to be passionate about their favorite.
But do these sweeteners bake up well? To test their performance, I made simple yellow cakes from a standard 1-2-3-4 cake formula (1 cup butter, 2 cups sugar, 3 cups self-rising flour, 4 eggs).
As a category, artificial sweeteners did not impress in the oven. They may mimic the taste of sugar in a latte, but they don't perform like sugar in a cake. There are two issues. Artificial sweeteners lack sugar's bulk. Compared with sugar-sweetened cakes, artificially sweetened ones are dense and squat. You could solve the volume problem by increasing the batter, but that means more flour and butter (carbs and calories). Artificial sweeteners don't melt like sugar, so the cake's texture is often dense, dry, and lumpy—more like a biscuit than a cake.
Here's how the artificial sweeteners stack up in baking.
Acesulfame potassium (or acesulfame K or ace-K) is about 200 times sweeter than sugar and has no calories.
Brand names: Sunett, Sweet One (very limited retail distribution, available only in small packets)
Used for baking: Yes, at temperatures below 400°F. (Because Sweet One is not available in my area and comes only in small retail packets, I did not test this brand.)
Aspartame is also about 200 times sweeter than sugar and is completely broken down by the body into its two component amino acids—aspartic acid and phenylalanine (and a small amount of methanol or wood alcohol). It actually contains 4 calories per gram, but since so little is used there are only trace calories per serving.
Aspartame is not safe for those with the rare but serious metabolic disorder phenylketonuria (PKU). Those with PKU cannot process the amino acid phenylalanine, and too much of it in the body's system can lead to mental retardation, low IQ, and behavioral problems.
Brand names: NutraSweet, Equal, Sugar Twin, and the lesser-known brands Spoonful and Equal-Measure
Used for baking: Some sources said yes; others said heat caused it to lose its sweetness. The latter, in fact, is true. The cake I baked was not sweet.
Neotame is made by Nutrasweet. The newest of the artificial sweeteners, it is about 40 times sweeter than aspartame (making it 8,000 times sweeter than sugar) and is metabolized like aspartame.
Brand name: Neotame (not available to consumers)
Used for baking: It is said to be much more stable than aspartame for baking and cooking. (Since it is not available in retail outlets, I did not test it.)
Saccharin (or benzoic sulfimide), the oldest of the artificial sweeteners, was accidentally discovered by a chemist working on coal tar derivatives more than 100 years ago. Depending on its use, it can be 200 to 700 times sweeter than sugar.
Brand names: Sweet'N Low, Sweet Twin, and Necta Sweet
Used for baking: Yes. Although the cake I baked was dense and lumpy, it was surprisingly tender and very sweet, with that unmistakable metallic Sweet'N Low aftertaste.
Sucralose (or chlorinated sugar) was accidentally discovered in 1976 by a researcher and was approved for use in the U.S. in 1998. It is 600 times sweeter than regular sugar and is marketed as a sugar substitute that can fill in for the real thing in any capacity, including cake baking.
Brand name: Splenda
Used for baking: Splenda is popular because it can retain its natural sweetness when heated to high temperatures. The cake I baked had a biscuit-like texture, consistent with that of cakes baked with the other artificial sweeteners. The aftertaste is not as strong as Sweet'N Low's but is noticeable.
Stevia is a virtually calorie-free sweetener that is 200 times sweeter than sugar; it has been used for centuries as a sweetener in South America. In the 1980s, tests on stevia had problematic results: Animal studies linked stevia to a negative impact on fertility and possible genetic mutations. As a result, pure stevia is categorized as a dietary supplement not approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. In 2008, however, the makers of Truvia and PureVia petitioned the FDA, which ultimately granted GRAS (generally recognized as safe) status to the highly purified extract of stevia called rebaudioside A (also known reb A or Rebiana).
Even though it is derived from a plant, some consider it artificial because it is so highly refined. For now, FDA-approved stevia products like Truvia and PureVia are widely available. For pure stevia, head to a health-food store or vitamin shop.
Brand names: Truvia, PureVia, SweetLeaf, Rebiana, Sun Crystals (a stevia-sugar blend)
Used for baking: Yes, but like many of the artificial sweeteners, pure stevia doesn't have the bulk to deliver appealing baked goods. The cake made with Truvia was acceptable, but there was a mild vanilla aftertaste that is apparently added to disguise the more obvious licorice finish.
Lo Han Kuo (or monk fruit) is an ancient Chinese fruit about 200 times sweeter than sugar; it received FDA GRAS status in 2009. Stirred into a drink, the Nectresse brand blend most closely approximates sugar and was one of my favorite no-calorie sweeteners.
Brand name: Nectresse (actually a blend of monk fruit, erythritol, sugar, and molasses)
Used for baking: Yes. Nectresse performed similarly to the other no-cal sweeteners, producing a cake that was tender but lumpy, dry, and biscuit-like.
Not all non-nutritive sweeteners are artificial. Sugar alcohols, or sugar/alcohol hybrids, are natural, not chemically derived. Since they are not completely absorbed by the body, these plant-based sweeteners have fewer calories than sugar does. The body absorbs sugar alcohols more slowly than it absorbs sugars, so these products are lower on the glycemic index.
It's easy to identify sugar alcohols on packaging labels because most of them end in "ol"—glucitol, sorbitol, maltitol, mannitol, glycerol, lactitol. Many of them have a cool, fresh finish associated with mints, gum, and cough syrups, so it's no surprise that these are the sugars used to sweeten those products.
Products containing sugar alcohols can be labeled "sugar free" or "reduced calorie," so be aware that sugar free does not necessarily mean calorie free. Consuming excessive amounts of sugar alcohol can cause gas and/or diarrhea, which I have confirmed with regular users.
The two most common sugar alcohols available to consumers are no-calorie erythritol and reduced-calorie xylitol, both of which baked up into very respectable cakes. Although there was some criticism that sugar alcohols don't brown when heated, I didn't find it to be true. Perhaps it was from the butter and milk, but both the erythritol and the xylitol cakes were golden brown.
Erythritol has the calorie advantage over xylitol—zero calories compared with xylitol's nine calories per teaspoon. Of all the zero-calorie sweeteners, erythritol was my overall favorite in its baking performance and clean flavor.
Brand names: ZSweet, Sweet Simplicity, Zero
Used for baking: Yes—the erythritol-sweetened cake was a runner-up in my personal baking contest. Though not as good as the xylitol-sweetened cake, it was far superior in taste and texture to the cakes made with other zero-calorie sweeteners.
Xylitol is five percent less sweet than sugar, but it has 40 percent fewer calories (9 calories versus sugar's 16) and a low glycemic index. It can be made from many different things, but it's primarily extracted from corncobs and hardwoods. It is increasingly difficult to find the better-for-you xylitol made from hardwoods. The bulk of xylitol is made from corn and imported from China.
Brand names: XyloSweet, XyloPure, Miracle Sweet, Nature's Provision
Used in baking: Yes. Xylitol looks like sugar, tastes like sugar, and responds like sugar in baking. Among the sugar substitutes, xylitol is my favorite. Though it was not as sweet as the cake sweetened with sugar, the xylitol cake's texture was tender and cake-like and the flavor was pure.
The New Hybrid
Tagatose is a new naturally occurring sweetener found in milk. It's 92 percent as sweet with only a third of the calories of sugar. Like yogurt, it contains probiotics, which means it helps the good bacteria in the digestive system multiply. It has a clean neutral taste, and it browns very well in baked goods.
Brand name: PreSweet
Used in baking: Yes. Although the tagatose-sweetened cake was very tender, the crumb was gummy with a slightly sour finish. A xylitol-tagatose blend could be a winning combination.
Conclusion: Weighing Risks and Benefits
Although no hard link between artificial sweeteners and cancer has been established, suspicions linger from the famous 1970s experiment showing that lab animals given extremely high doses of a cyclamate-saccharine combination were prone to bladder cancer. Subsequent studies seemed to limit the artificial sweetener/cancer connection to lab animals only, and to date no direct correlation between artificial sweeteners and cancer in humans has been shown.
An interesting link, however, has been reported between artificial sweeteners and weight gain. Despite the apparent logic, research and repeated studies point to artificial and no- and low-calorie sweeteners actually causing weight gain. It appears that once we get a hit of sweet taste without the calories, it increases our food cravings, and we eat more.
For diabetics, sugar substitutes are a necessary and pleasurable alternative. For those trying to shave a few calories out of their daily diet, the occasional diet soft drink or artificially sweetened cup of coffee is fine, and lower-calorie xylitol is a great option for baking.
As for those who habitually use artificial sweeteners to lose weight—yet without success—the path to actual weight loss may be the counterintuitive one: making peace with sugar.
Pam Anderson is a New York Times best-selling author. Her most recent book is Cook Without a Book: Meatless Meals. She's working on a new volume with her two daughters. The three of them blog at threemanycooks.com.
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David Lives in Philistine Territory
1David thought, "Some day the powerful hand of Saul will destroy me. So the best thing I can do is escape. I'll go to the land of the Philistines. Then Saul will stop looking for me everywhere in Israel. His hand won't be able to reach me."
2So David and his 600 men left Israel. They went to Achish, the king of Gath. He was the son of Maoch. 3David and his men settled down in Gath near Achish. Each of David's men had his family with him. David had his two wives with him. They were Ahinoam from Jezreel and Abigail from Carmel. Abigail was Nabal's widow.
4Saul was told that David had run away to Gath. So he didn't look for David anymore.
5David said to Achish, "If you are pleased with me, give me a place in one of your country towns. I can live there. I don't really need to live near you in the royal city."
6So on that day Achish gave David the town of Ziklag. It has belonged to the kings of Judah ever since that time. 7David lived in Philistine territory for a year and four months.
8Sometimes David and his men would go up and attack the Geshurites. At other times they would attack the Girzites or the Amalekites. All of those people had lived in the land that reached all the way to Shur and Egypt. They had been there for a long time.
9When David would attack an area, he wouldn't leave a man or woman alive. But he would take their sheep, cattle, donkeys, camels and clothes. Then he would return to Achish.
10Achish would ask, "Who did you attack today?" David would answer, "The people who live in the Negev Desert of Judah." Or he would answer, "The people in the Negev Desert of Jerahmeel." Or he would answer, "The people in the Negev Desert of the Kenites."
11David wouldn't leave a man or woman alive to be brought back to Gath. He thought, "They might tell on us. They might tell Achish who we really attacked." That's what David did as long as he lived in Philistine territory.
12Achish trusted David. He thought, "David has made himself smell very bad to his people, the Israelites. So he'll serve me forever."
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In ‘Plato’s defence of Forms in the Parmenides’ (on my website) I’ve argued that Plato wrote the Parmenides after his return from Syracuse in 366 B.C., and that he wrote it for his disciples in the Academy to fortify them against any possible attacks against the theory of the Forms after his planned return to Syracuse. He did so by exposing the theory of Forms of a very young Socrates, with which the latter challenged Parmenides’ ‘All is one’ thesis, to Parmenides’ criticism. The discussion was diligently rehearsed by Plato’s half-brother Antiphon; in the dialogue Plato’s brother Adeimantus (and implicitly his brother Glaucon, who accompanies Adeimantus) vouches for it. This means that Plato himself, like his brothers was well aware of all those arguments against the Forms; these arguments had no relevance to Forms that he himself discovered. And so he can let his Parmenides step out of his historical persona, predict the coming of an exceptional man who will discover Forms immune against all ‘refutations’ (Parm. 133b4-135b2).
Plato returned to Athens in 366 B.C. with the intention to return to Syracuse in a year. When his stay in Athens became protracted, Plato had to think of finding ways how to fortify Dionysius against the attacks against his theory of Forms by sophists with which Dionysius surrounded himself. The Parmenides became suddenly primarily important in Plato’s relation to Dionysius. But there was a problem. The Parmenides as it was originally written for Plato’s disciples in the Academy pointed to the Republic as its necessary companion. This connection became problematic, for the main tenet animating the Republic, the postulated unity between philosophy and political power, became the main target of Plato’s detractors in Syracuse, and thus of Dionysius’ suspicions: ‘What does Plato really want?’ Moreover, Plato needed to present Dionysius with a dialogue that nothing the sophists around him could offer him might match. And so he wrote the Symposium in which he conjures up an ideal philosopher in the guise of a priestess Diotima, whom nobody can accuse of hankering after political power. As Plato’s stay in Athens became even more protracted, this point had to be made more strongly and more explicitly. And so Plato wrote the Sophist in which the Eleatic Stranger maintains that Sophist, Statesman, and Philosopher are different from each other.
In the Parmenides itself Plato did his best to show that Parmenides’ arguments against the Forms only looked like saying something important, but in fact were a pack of falsities; he emphasized this by the fact that Parmenides’ arguments against the Forms diligently memorised by Antiphon did not turn the latter to philosophy; Adeimantus in the preamble to the dialogue mentions that when Antiphon grew up he devoted himself to horsemanship (Parm. 126c). This point is emphasised in the Symposium; in its preamble we meet with Glaucon who was interested in doing anything else but philosophy. Obviously, Parmenides’ arguments against the Forms he heard Antiphon memorizing turned him away from philosophy; it was Socrates’ speech on love presented at Agathon’s banquet, which Apollodorus narrated to him, that made him a worthy partner in discussion with Socrates in the Republic.
As Plato secured the connection between the Parmenides and the Republic in the preamble to the Parmenides, and the connection between the Symposium, Parmenides, and the Republic in the preamble to the Symposium, so he secured the all-important connection of the Sophist to the Parmenides in the preamble to the Sophist. Theodorus opens the dialogue by introducing the Eleatic Stranger to Socrates as ‘a disciple of Parmenides and Zeno’ (hetairon tȏn amphi Parmenidȇn te kai Zȇnȏna, 216a3-4), and Socrates asks the Stranger whether he prefers to define the Sophist, Statesman, and Philosopher my making a long oration, or by the method of questions (di’ erȏtȇseȏn), ‘which Parmenides employed when he was going through very beautiful arguments (diexionti logous pankalous) in a discussion at which I was present as a young man; he was at that time already very old’ (217c).
The whole point of the Parmenides is to show that arguments Parmenides had raised against the Forms were falsities (Parm. 133b7) and only appeared to be ‘saying something’ (dokein ti legein, 135a6), while in fact they were empty talk. It appears that in the Sophist Plato strongly re-emphasizes this point. For in the Parmenides, Parmenides ends his criticism of the theory of Forms of the young Socrates by pointing to him that he began to define the Forms too early: ‘Train yourself more thoroughly while you are still young; drag yourself more through what is generally regarded as useless, and condemned by the multitude as idle talk (adoleschia).’ (Parm. 135d, tr. R. E. Allen) Adoleschia ‘idle talk’ comes to the fore in the Sophist within the framework of the Stranger’s definition of the Sophist as an Eristic that differs from the adoleschikos, the man of ‘idle talk’, only in so far as he earns his money by getting engaged in disputations, whereas the adoleschikos neglects his own affairs and gets impoverished because of his delight in disputations (Soph. 225c-d). In the Sophist the Eristic is characterised as antilogikos (225b10), a man pitting argument against argument. When Socrates asks Parmenides what does this training, viewed as adoleschia, consist of, the latter explains: ‘It is necessary to examine the consequences that follow from the hypothesis, not only if each thing is hypothesized to be, but also if that same thing is hypothesized not to be.’ (135e9-136a2, tr. Allen).
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At the heart of nudging is the idea that we don’t have unlimited amounts of free will and energy. No, we get lazy, tired, worn out and sometimes just don’t pay attention. However, to coerce people would be immoral. We all have our right to choose – no matter how bad the choice. That’s why nudging focuses on the choice architecture. That means changing the decision situation so that people will in fact choose better, i.e. they are more likely choose what they want in the long term, instead of succumbing to the willpower or attention deficits in the immediate situation. It’s like building hallways that make more sense, and lead you more directly to where you want to go. You can still choose to go someplace else, getting what you (usually) want has just been made a little easier.
The main finding from the last decades is that we have two main ways to make choices. The first is System 1, which is a fast, associative and unreflective way. System 1 is the one we use most of the time, because it’s easy and requires little effort. System 2, on the other hand, is slow, reflective, and requires a lot of effort. That’s one big reason why we cannot use System 2 all the time. As it stands, System 1 is quite error-prone: with bad decision architecture, it can focus on wrong cues and lead to really stupid choices. But with a good architecture, choosing is smooth sailing. Choosing with System 2, on the other hand, is tough and effortful, but should in most cases lead to a good choice.
This very rough and simplified theory leads to two main ways to nudge: improving the architecture for a better System 1 choice, or engaging System 2 for the choice. Both are legitimate and powerful options. Which to use – well, that depends on the context. Let’s look at some known examples:
The 20 second rule
You’re at home, watching your favorite TV show with pleasure. As often is the case, you feel a slight twinge of hunger – a snacking hunger. What do you eat? Usually, at this point people go to the kitchen and get somethinIg that’s in easy reach and doesn’t need preparing – like chocolate, or chips. What if the chips were on the top shelf? Would you still get them?
A variation of the 20 second rule is to create default routines. That means creating patterns, which will be beneficial for you and which you will execute even when tired. For example, our PhD seminars have time and again told us to write in the morning, every day you come to work. For one thing, writing is important, and this pattern ensures I’ll have time for it. For a second thing – and I think this is even more important – having writing as a default routine ensures I’ll start writing even when tired, confused or just “not feeling like it”. But usually, once I get off the ground, I’ll be in the mood.
Blocking easy cues
For engaging System 2, it can help to block cues that System 1 would like to use. For example, a known problem is the halo effect, meaning perceiving one good attribute will cause us to evaluate other attributes more highly, too. For example, people tend to think better looking people are also more intelligent. If you’re evaluating project proposals, you could hide the names of the proposers and evaluate the proposals just on their own terms. Having the names visible might influence you in a bad way. After all, you wouldn’t want to approve a project just because it’s been proposed by a colleague you like to play tennis with? Or, to remove the effect of visual design, have the proposals submitted on a template, so they all look alike (a lot of foundations seem to do this). Making decisions based on template proposals without names is going to be harder - but that’s the point. Necessarily, you will have to focus on the content, since System 1 doesn’t have a lot to go on anymore. And, being a diligent person, your System 2 choices will outperform the System 1 choices.
So, as a wrap-up, here are the two main pathways to nudging towards better choices:
1. Helping System 1 to better options by better choice architecture
2. Engaging System 2 by blocking System 1
Which option to go for depends on the case. The more complex the decision at hand, the better option 2 is going to be. In contrast, the more often a choice situation occurs, the more sense it makes to use System 1 on that, saving energy.
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How do teachers know that programs they are using to educate students are successful? How do they track data to ensure they are employing and funding the best and most efficient software available for the students?
This is what a new tool being used by Elkin City Schools will help with, said Dr. Myra Cox, superintendent, and Cynthia Altemueller, chief academic officer, of LearnPlatform.
“What LearnPlatform is, is an edtech management system,” explained Altemueller.
The program allows teachers and administrators to vet their digital resources to see how well they are working, how successful they are, if they are getting the results they desire for the price they are paying and how the tools stack up against other available programs being used at school systems also contracting with LearnPlatform, she said.
LearnPlatform was so impressed with how quickly and efficiently Elkin City Schools came on board with the process and implemented it, that it used the local school system in a case study to market its product across the nation, Cox said.
The superintendent first learned of LearnPlatform during a conference about a year ago. “I thought how interesting it is, because Cynthia is right, classroom teachers are always searching for new resources, and they should, but then we have a myriad of resources being used, some of which we know about and some of which we don’t. Then, like Cynthia said, those that we don’t know about that we don’t purchase for them, they come up and say, ‘I’ve been using this for the past year and I love it. Can the district buy it?’”
The issue with that is, once the free trial is up, no one else in the school system knows the program’s effectiveness, Cox said, and it puts Altemueller and Chief Technology Officer Britt Shaw in a position of whether they should purchase the program or not.
The program allows teachers to enter the resources they are using and rate it, or are interested in using, and then the school administrators and teachers can follow the data, research it and vet it for future use.
“We are looking for a correlation between our digital resources used as supplemental sources in the classroom and how that’s impacting students. It helps us monitor, number one, our financial resources, are we spending our money on the best products,” said Cox. “Number two, it will help us determine whether or not teachers are using the products that we have purchased with fidelity, because if so, there should be a correlation between the amount of usage the kids are using the products we are purchasing with supplemental support and test scores.”
She said, “It is a real management tool so we can ensure our teachers are using the best digital resources, because as you know, they are a dime a dozen.”
“The flip side of that is, if we’ve purchased a product several years ago and we really thought we had the great sales pitch and we bought it, now we can look at the program and compare it to our data,” Altemueller said. “If we’re spending money on something and we’re not getting out of it what we should, why are we spending money on that?”
She said the program “is impact focused.”
In the case study for LearnPlatform, Altemueller said, “LearnPlatform is not another program to raise test scores, rather it is a management system that will allow us to organize, streamline and analyze the validity of all tech tools being used.”
Wendy Byerly Wood may be reached at 336-258-4035 or on Twitter @wendywoodeditor.
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Electricity and magnetism are amazing universal forces that sustain not only this planet but the entire solar system. This combination of electromagnetic forces is evident all around us and available to us every moment of our life. One only has to think of the everyday tasks that we perform in the home, office or factory to realise how much we depend upon electricity and magnetism. Yet neither of these great forces originates in the instrument that organises them. In other words, electricity does not originate in the electrical plug, the light switch or the television set and magnetism does not originate in the fridge magnet or a child’s toy.
Radios, televisions and mobile telephones are receivers and transmitters of invisible waves vibrating at various frequencies throughout space. A light bulb provides illumination to a room through it being a conduit of electricity. A fridge magnet or a child’s toy is an object of magnetic attraction; not the source of the magnetic force itself. In a similar manner, our physical human body is a receiver and transmitter of unseen energy. The energy that animates and sustains the human body is known as life energy, or ‘life force’. Just like electricity this life energy is also intrinsically connected to the laws of magnetism.
Magnetic objects within a magnetic field either attract or repel. When two magnets or magnetic objects are close to each other, there is a force that attracts opposite poles together. This is the force of magnetic attraction. When two magnetic objects have the same poles facing each other, magnetism pushes them apart: the force of magnetic repulsion.
Culturally and socially, attraction generally means alluring; repulsion generally means distaste. In physics, attraction means the force that draws bodies or their particles to each other while repulsion means a force that holds off, or repels. As an electrical charge, the positive produces the electrical charge while the negative regulates, moderates or negates the charge.
Human beings are what are called ‘soft’ or ‘impermanent’ magnets within the magnetic field. Individually, a human being produces a magnetic field and responds to the magnetic field produced by another human magnet. In human energetic terms, the positive pole is known as masculine and the negative as feminine. The masculine charges energy, the feminine moderates energy. The result is harmony and balance: magnetism.
In intimacy, as in the Laws of Magnetism, two similar poles are imbalanced and will produce repulsion; pushing away, or negation. Simply put, if both partners are expressing feminine energy there may be a level of intimate connection but comparatively low level of sexual charge. On the other hand, if both partners are expressing only their masculine energy there will be high levels of sweat, aggression and physicality but low levels of intimacy. The result of such combination of like-poles will rarely be true magnetism or attraction. Conversely, the dance of two poles of energy combining and alternating produces high levels of both intimacy and sexual charge. The result will usually be magnetic and attractive.
Personal magnetism and attraction can be strengthened consciously. The first step is to gain a greater awareness of the factors that negate or repel other human magnets. The second step is to learn what attracts and magnetises them.
A magnet cannot attract stone; even dirt on a magnet will weaken the strength of the magnetic attraction. By removing the sources that disrupt your personal magnetism, you will discover that your natural attraction is automatically strengthened. It will seem like a miracle to you while, in fact, you are simply connecting more fully to one of the wonderful forces of the universe.
The eyes, lips and tongue, hands and genitals have enormous magnetic qualities.
It is not how articulate a person is that repels or attracts; it is how open you are in saying what you are thinking. There is a particular magnetic resonance when mind and speech are synchronised. Muttering repels; open, honest and audible conversation attracts. Knowing what you want and asking for it seldom brings rejection while being overly subservient is not attractive. False humility repels, as does brash arrogance or haughty pride. Truthful speech is attractive.
The eyes are the light of the body; they also reflect the light of the energy within the body. Dull eyes that hide from others repel. Anger can be seen in the eyes of an angry person; it repels. Jealousy, envy, resentment can all be revealed through the eyes; all of these emotions repel.
Conversely, eyes can ‘smile’. Tears of love or joy from compassionate eyes are very attractive. Clear eyes that connect with others are attractive. Eyes say “Hello”, even to a stranger. All people who have established love relationships have found magnetic attraction through the eyes. Practising eye gazing together can strengthen your personal magnetism. If you find this difficult to do with your partner at first, eye gaze with your own image in the mirror.
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The loss of natural heritage, mainly due to poaching, has long been a thorn in the side of national and provincial conservation agencies and the spotlight is firmly on rhino and elephant because of massive increases in animal losses over recent years.
But what of other species which are also at risk including antelope and, high on the endangered scale, pangolin and wild dogs?
An answer, in part, comes from the Peace Parks Foundation (PPF) which points out that a snare, in a person’s hand, doesn’t look like much.
“It’s just a piece of wire with a loop here and there. Place this wire in the hands of wildlife poachers and it becomes one of Africa’s most deadly weapons.
“Snares and traps kill millions of animals across the world each year. In Africa snares are mostly used to capture antelope for bush meat. In some instances, the goal is to target key high value species for trafficking body parts.
“Snares do not discriminate, catching anything,” the Stellenbosch-headquartered NGO said.
“A recent find in Mozambique’s Limpopo National Park was again evidence of this sad fact. Strategically concealed in a high density antelope movement area, a snare line claimed a waterbuck and three endangered African wild dogs,” a PPF spokesman said.
“It was clear from analysis of the scene the dogs were not targets of this trap. The carcasses were intact with no body parts removed. Most likely responding to the distress calls of the trapped waterbuck the dogs ended up caught in the snare line.”
Wild dogs are one of the most endangered carnivores in the world with only a few thousand still found in mostly southern and eastern Africa. African wild dogs are particularly susceptible to becoming by-catch in snares as, if a dog is caught, the rest of the pack are most likely to look for the missing individual and become ensnared.
“This is a setback to Limpopo National Park’s concerted efforts to protect wild dogs and other keystone species roaming the million hectare park.
“Often dubbed the ‘forgotten side of poaching’, the relevance of snares as a critical danger to wildlife populations has long been acknowledged by Mozambique’s conservation authority, the National Administration of Conservation Areas (ANAC). Working in collaboration with PPF, ANAC intensified efforts to rid protected areas of what it calls ‘wildlife landmines’.
“It is not easy removing snares. They are well-hidden, anchored either to the ground or around a tree, in the path of high animal activity. Combine that with the size of conservation space rangers have to cover and it is a daunting task,” the spokesman said.
A number of operational activities in Limpopo National Park address challenges including that of snares. Along the park’s western border, a boundary shared with Kruger National Park, an intensive protection zone (IPZ) was established to enable focused tactical application of 80% of anti-poaching resources. The IPZ safeguards the section of the park with the largest concentration of game and most potential for tourism development.
A central command centre equipped with the latest technology has been established with the help and support of the Dyck Advisory Group (DAG) and 29 additional rangers employed. The rangers are trained at the Southern African Wildlife College and many are experienced trackers with an eye for finding snares and traps. Over the past two years the number of monthly patrols executed also more than doubled.
Additionally, a partnership with Panthera, a specialised anti-poaching team was launched in the park last year. It is a unit dedicated to assisting the park and the Greater Limpopo Carnivore Programme with wild cat and canine conservation. Part of the park’s over-arching anti-poaching strategy, the unit patrols carnivore range areas, removing snares and responding to other risks threatening the lives and well-being of all carnivores, especially the park’s lions and wild dogs.
The compounded impact of these interventions has made an impact. Over the past five years more than 5 000 snares were removed from Limpopo National Park. The collaboration between ANAC and PPF has seen more than 12 000 snares removed from Zinave and Banhine national parks over the past three years. With Limpopo National Park, Zinave and Banhine form the core Mozambican components of the Great Limpopo Transfrontier Conservation Area.
“It’s not just about snares as boosted anti-poaching efforts improve response to poaching on all levels in the park and as part of cross-border collaboration with Kruger. Augmented by joint wildlife crime strategies and integration of systems protocols between South Africa and Mozambique, strengthened law enforcement approach in Limpopo National Park has directly contributed to an almost 70% decrease in poacher incursions from the park into Kruger over the past six months. A helicopter PPF, GEOS Foundation and DAG recently acquired for Limpopo National Park is addressing a shortage of aerial support and compliments similar aerial response across the border in Kruger.
“The impact of a more effectively secured park on wildlife populations is evident. A steady recovery of game numbers across Limpopo National Park is noticeable, which in turn are able to sustain higher predator numbers. The region’s wild dogs, known for the large range areas they roam are not only returning to the park, but choosing to den in the IPZ,” the spokesman said.
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The Village of the Gorilla Guardians is a unique replica of how the people of Rwanda lived in similar, small villages scattered around the countryside. The village is warm and alive with happy villagers all playing their part. Several of the males are the once poachers. Edwin's curiosity and intuitive belief that there was more to the story and that the poachers were not "natural born criminals," led him to the actual village where the men and their families lived so that he could ask them one simple question. Why do you poach. The answer was given to him by the man they call the elephant man. The answer was a simple one, yet, also a complex one.
The Twa people were the original inhabitants of the country now called Rwanda. They lived in the forests and subsided in the forest, taking only what they needed to live. They never exploited the forest or the other creatures that lived there. with them. Instead, as we know the indigenous people of our United States, the native Americans also lived, so did the Twa.
Because the Twa lived in harmony with their surroundings they were penniless, so to speak. The Tutsi were herds people. Their capitol was their herds of cows. The Hutu were farmers. Their capitol was their produce and the milk from the cows they acquired after arriving in Ruanda-Burundi. Thus, in the modern world of colonialism and post colonialism the Twa remained penniless. They had to find work wherever they could. They still needed to feed their families. When offered an opportunity to earn quick cash by capturing and selling a baby gorilla, they took that chance and committed their crime as it was defined by those in post colonial Rwanda.
Go to this website address (https://www.cnn.com/videos/intl_tv-shows/2015/04/21/spc-african-voices-edwin-sabuhoro-b.cnn/video/playlists/intl-african-voices/) and watch as CNN interviews Edwin for his 2015 Hero of the Year debut. As you listen to Edwin speak you can intuit how I immediately became attracted to this special young man. Edwin is extremely intelligent. He's a thinker and his thinking and proclivity for compassion made him question his actions and the results of those actions. He built the Gorilla Guardian Village for the Twa people so they could live a legitimate life and earn an honest, good living. As you visit with the people of the village you get a strong sense of the love the men and women who perform for the public love their employer, Edwin Sabuhoro. It's very obvious that everyone loves what they do for a living. The village is a happy place. I miss it. I miss the people of the village. I miss the love and harmony I felt while staying at the village.
When we first arrived to spend the night at the village, I learned that Edwin had a surprise for me. You can see that surprise below. All the huts are named in honor of special people who live to help protect and study the gorillas. On the door of my hut is the name of Dian Fossey. I slept in the hut named for her tireless work learned all she could about the gorillas she gave her life to protect. I was honored to stay in the hut after her namesake. Thank you, Edwin.
And...thanks to all the wonderful people in the village who are their to commemorate and protect the beautiful beings who live in the volcano mountains that surround the village. I will always remember my two nights in the beautiful village with beautiful human beings.
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NOAA Teacher at Sea
Aboard NOAA Ship Oscar Dyson
July 22 – August 9, 2013
Mission: Pollock Survey
Geographical Area of Cruise: Gulf of Alaska
Date: Thursday, July 25, 2013
Current Data From Today’s Cruise
Weather Data from the Bridge (at 6:00 am Alaska Daylight Time)
Sky Condition: Fog
Temperature: 12° C
Wind Speed: 11 knots
Barometric Pressure: 1017.5 mb
Sun and Moon Data
Sunrise: 5:51 am
Sunset: 10:40 pm
Moonrise: 10:57 pm (July 24, 2013)
Moonset: 10:37 am
Longitude: 148° 47.7′ W
The ship’s position now can be found by clicking:
Science and Technology Log
How can you determine the population size of species? You could count every member of the population. This would be the most accurate method, but what if the individuals in the population move around a lot? What if the population is enormous and requires too much time to count each individual? For example, krill is a small crustacean (usually between 1 and 6 cm long) that accounts for 400-500 million metric tons of biomass in the world’s oceans. Would you want to count all of the krill in the Gulf of Alaska?
Often, ocean populations of animals are just too large to count. Sampling, or collecting a manageable subset of the population and using the information gathered from it to make inferences about the entire population, is a technique that ocean scientists use. There are a variety of ways to sample.
One method is called mark and recapture. In this method, one catches individuals from the population, tags them, and releases them in a certain area. After a set amount of time, an attempt is made to recapture individuals. Data are compiled from the recaptures and the population is mathematically calculated. Tuna populations in some areas are monitored this way; fishermen are required to report any fish that are recaptured. (Photo courtesy of Western Fishboat Owners’ Association)
Another method is quadrat sampling. The organisms in a subset area (quadrat) are counted and then the overall population in the entire area is calculated. For example, in the picture below, one quadrat would be randomly selected and the organisms counted. From this count the overall population would be extrapolated. (Photo courtesy of BBC Bitesize Biology)
The sampling method used on the Oscar Dyson employs the use of a transect line. The picture below illustrates the use of a transect line. On various increments along the transect line, samples of populations are taken. Imagine the Oscar Dyson’s path on the sea as the measuring tape and the trawl net is the sampling square. (Photo courtesy of Census of Marine Life Organization)
The overall survey area of the pollock study this summer is the northern Gulf of Alaska between the shore and the continental break. Within this area transect lines were established. These are pathways that the Oscar Dyson will travel along and periodically take samples of the fish.
The current set of transects are 25 nautical miles apart and are parallel, but transects in other areas may be 2 or 5 nautical miles apart. One nautical mile is equal to 1/60 of a degree (or 1 minute ) of latitude. Transects that we are following now are located on the shelf and are perpendicular to the coastline. Transects in inlets and bays may run differently, perhaps even zigzag.
If fish are located through acoustics monitoring off the transect line, the ship might break transect (a mark is made on the map), circle around to the desirable position, and collect a sample by trawling. The population of pollock can then be mathematically calculated from counting the sample. After trawling, the ship will return to the break and continue along the transect line.
Most days, scientists hope that the Oscar Dyson will finish a transect line by nightfall and then the ship can be at the next transect by sunrise. This maximizes the time for detecting fish acoustically and trawling to collect samples.
Food is available in the galley. It is planned for and shopped for before the mission. Chief Steward, Ava, and Second Cook, Adam, do an excellent job preparing and executing delicious, healthy meals at set times during the day (Breakfast: 7 to 8 am, Lunch 11 am to noon, Dinner 5 to 6 pm). Since the staff on the ship are working around the clock, there is always food available (salad bar, cereal, yogurt, peanut butter and jelly sandwiches) if meal time is missed for sleeping. Below is a photo of the galley. (What are those neon yellow things on the bottom of the chair legs for, do you think?)
Water is needed for in several capacities on the ship. The staff on the ship needs potable water to drink and to cook with. Additionally, water is needed for washing dishes, bathing, flushing toilets and doing laundry.
To get clean drinking water, we pump the salt water from the ocean into a desalination unit (a distiller). The distilled water is then sent to a 10,000 gallon holding tank. When water is needed, it is pressurized so that it will move to the faucets, drinking fountains, showers, and so on.
Water is also needed on the ship in the lab and on the deck to clean up after the catch is hauled in and processed. The water used here is salt water and is pumped onto the boat directly from the ocean.
Half of the staff on the ship is working around the clock; the other half is resting. For the science staff, there are two shifts, a morning shift (4 am to 4 pm) and an evening shift (4 pm to 4 am). The shifts are staggered at these hours so that the evening shift will be able to share two meals with the rest of the staff (usually lunch and dinner). In most cases, two people share a stateroom: one works days and the other works nights. Because the quarters are close on a ship, this gives each person some time alone in the room to sleep, bathe, and take care of other personal needs. A stateroom consists of a bunk bed, a desk, two lockers, and a bathroom/shower. Below are some photos of the stateroom that I share with my roommate, Abby. (Note: Because rooms are small and space is shared, it is not advisable to bring a large purple suitcase that won’t fit inside one’s locker.)
There are two workout areas on the ship. One workout area has a treadmill, an elliptical machine, a bike, and a yoga mat; the other has a treadmill, a rowing machine, and some free weights. There are limited walking spaces on the ship, so these machines provide a way to stretch one’s legs, so to speak.
Etymology is the study of the origin of words. Many of the words in science originate from ancient languages such as Greek or Latin. For example, the word etymology comes to us from two Greek words: etymon meaning “the true sense of a word“ combined with logia meaning “doctrine, study.” Combining these two roots gives us “the study of the true sense of words,” which can be said to be the meaning of the word etymology.
Here are some root words I came across today all originating from Greek words:
zoo-from zoion meaning “animal”
phyto-from phyto meaning “plant”
plankton-from planktos meaning “drifting” or “wandering”
vorous-from vorous meaning “eating”
In the blogs thus far, I have discussed two species: walleye pollock and one of their prey, krill. Krill are classified as zooplankton, literally “animals that drift. ” Krill eat phytoplankton, or “animals that drift.” Pollock are considered to be zooplanktivorous, or “drifting animal eaters.” An award winning short video explaining The Secret Life of Plankton can be viewed by clicking on the link.
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Steiner’s third lecture course to physicians has a character completely different from previous presentations. Delivered in response to a group of young doctors, it offers unique, groundbreaking insights into the practice and art of healing. According to Dr. Peter Selg,
The title Rudolf Steiner chose for the first medical course within the School for Spiritual Science...was “Morality in the Study and Practice of Medicine (Esoteric and Exoteric).’” He gave these lectures in the presence of the members of the “esoteric Executive Council,” whom he asked to sit at a table facing the audience (as he had done at the Christmas Conference). “The main subject was the inner orientation of those who wish to devote themselves to medicine,” Rudolf Steiner wrote later.... He planned a three-stage academic course (or future training), referring to the individual stages as “exoteric,” “esoteric,” and “moral.” (Rudolf Steiner, Life and Work, 1924–1925: The Anthroposophical Society and the School for Spiritual Science,vol. 7)
Steiner speaks about the influence of cosmic and earthly forces—the periphery and center—on the human being. Proper understanding of these processes enables the physician to comprehend the actions of plants and minerals used in anthroposophic medicines, and thus to prescribe appropriate and individually specific remedies. Steiner paints a picture of the human being as a complex confluence of the forces of heredity, forces from the cosmos, and an individual’s unique spiritual nature. The physician has to understand these relationships in order to be able to help effectively when they are out of balance. Steiner stresses the importance of personal development for physicians, and offers plentiful instructions for a meditative practice intrinsic to their work.
Among a wealth of other topics, Steiner addresses inflammation and excessive growth; the scarlet fever and measles; the importance of a child’s food and breast milk; the functions of the liver, heart, head, and skeleton; the incarnation process; karma as a guide for the physician; morality as a force flowing in from the cosmos; the cosmic trinity of Saturn, Sun, and Moon in healthy and sick people; and the human heart’s involvement in thinking.
Included here are Steiner’s answers to questions and the first newsletter from the Medical Section, with a key meditation for physicians. This volume also features 18 full-color plates of Steiner’s blackboard drawings, a comprehensive introduction, index and notes.
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Getting Active at Work
Sitting is the new smoking. Studies show that sitting for long periods will increase your risks of type 2 diabetes, heart disease, cancer, and early death.
We spend hours sitting at a desks, in lectures, watching films, reading or driving. These sedentary hours can have a detrimental impact on our health, even if you regularly exercise.
The human body loves to move and research suggests you need to move for two to five minutes at least every hour.
Take action, Get moving
Here are some easy tips to break the sitting cycle.
Get Up for Lunch and Coffee Breaks.
Take a stroll to a break room or coffee shop.
Get up to grab a drink: Use a smaller cup: You’ll need frequent refills more often.
Eat lunch and take breaks with a co-worker: Team up to encourage you both to get a change of scene.
Drink more water: Staying hydrated reduces mental fatigue and cramping, and you will take more bathroom breaks.
Move while you microwave: while you heat your food, go for a brisk stroll down the hall and back,or spend a minute or two dancing.
Active food prep: assemble your food while you are standing at a counter or table.
Take a 15-minute moderately-intense walk, Do this twice a day and you will achieve the minimum 30 minute daily physical activity recommendation.
Take a Lunchtime Walk: Use your lunchtime for a 30-minute walk as recommended to reach daily physical activity goals.
Short Activity Break Ideas:
Move for one to five minutes every half hour to break up sitting time and reduce your health risks of sitting.
Dress for Activity
Shoes: If your dress shoes make walking painful, switch to comfort shoes or bring runners.
Clothes: If your skirt or trousers are too tight, loosen up so you can move freely. Your wardrobe could literally be keeping you deskbound.
Add Activity to Your Routine
Don’t text or call co-workers who are just a short walk away. Get up and talk to them instead.
Stand up every time you read or write a text or make calls.
Stand up every time you press send for an outgoing email. How about a flourish—toss a paper airplane and then go retrieve it?
Take walking meetings instead of sitting.
Make stretch breaks part of long meetings or presentations.
Meet colleagues at their desk instead of your own, suggest a meeting spot so you both have to walk there.
Not paperless yet? Stand up whenever you need to print, scan or copy.
Don’t use the closest bathroom, take a longer stroll to one farther away.
Time to Move
Use an app or activity monitor to signal you to move, when you get that alert you can:
March in place: this gets your major leg and hip muscles moving and the blood flowing.
Stand and stretch: Work out the kinks.
Walk while listening to a song: It can brighten your mood and get you moving. Make it functional! Take a stroll to top off your water bottle, coffee or tea.
It’s easy to get caught up in work or watching videos and not realise you’ve been sitting for over an hour.
inactivity alerts are being built into activity monitors, smart watches, and apps. A warning message or alarm gets your attention and prompts you to move.
Studies show walking for two minutes after every 20 minutes of sitting improved glucose control and the body’s insulin response after a meal and improved resting blood pressure. Five minutes of walking each hour improved blood flow in the legs.
Some activity monitors give inactivity alerts if you have been seated or inactive for 45 minutes to an hour. Newer models of Fitbit have vibrating alarms when you’ve been inactive during the hour and haven’t achieved 250 steps.
Use a Treadmill Desk
Set your laptop at a treadmill desk and walk slowly while you work. If you use a tablet, you probably just prop it on the console of most treadmills without modification.
Treadmill manufacturers are producing treadmills without standard consoles, so you can use them with a standing desk. They are also making all-in-one treadmill desks.
If you have a treadmill, you can build your own treadmill desk or buy a kit that will fit over most treadmills.
The key to using a treadmill desk while still working productively is to walk slowly, at one mile per hour or less. This burns more calories throughout the day. You can also use a treadmill while watching video or gaming. Slow walking beats sitting for recreational activities as well as work.
Sit Less Using a Desk Cycle
If you don’t have space or money for a treadmill desk, a cycling desk, under-desk cycle or elliptical pedal machine is a great option to keep your muscles active. You may be able to modify your existing stationary bike or bike trainer to use a tablet or a laptop on an over-bike shelf while slowly cycling. FitDesk makes a desk attachment to fit most stationary bikes. Cycling and pedaling use the major muscle groups in your legs, and logically they are light activity and not sitting still.
Seated Pedaling Study
A study used an under-desk elliptical pedal device for sedentary, overweight office workers and found those who pedaled more were more likely to realise improvements in weight, total fat mass, resting heart rate, and body fat percentage. The workers pedaled an average of 50 minutes during the workday, usually in five-minute bouts. The device recorded that most of the pedaling were at a light intensity, similar to walking at an easy pace. They burned an average of 107 calories, no problems with muscle pain or reduced work productivity. They had fewer sick days. At the end of the 16-week study, most of the group opted to keep the pedal device as they enjoyed using it.
Sit Less With a Standing Desk
You can set up a fixed-height standing desk that will be at the correct height for good ergonomics. You may also have a sit-down desk, and alternate between them, there are many adjustable desks that you can raise or lower throughout the day. Sit when you want, stand when you want. The research doesn’t yet say whether it is enough to stand still rather than sit still. It may take more activity to reduce the health risks of sitting still. If you don’t eliminate your sit-down desk, you can still form habits to stand up during the workday. Stand up during each phone call. Stand up to text or read texts on your mobile phone.
Stand up when a co-worker visits your office or cubicle.
Try an unstable surface to engage your core muscles and lower body muscles while sitting. Many office workers give this a try.
The research has yet to verify whether sitting on an unstable surface is better. Most of the studies just don’t get down to that fine of a detail as to what people are using as a chair. The exercise ball is the classic unstable seat. It keeps you awake at your desk!
If you spend more than 30 minutes sitting during your commute, look for ways to break up that sitting time or to ensure you get two to five minutes of walking before and after.
Before Your Commute
tidy up, take out the bins and recycling, hang out laundry, make sure you have everything you need for the day.
Car commuters: Walk a few minutes before you get in your car.
Bus/rail commuters: Think about boarding at the next stop down the line to get more of a walk.
During Your Commute
Stand up for part of your commute. Give your seat to an elder or pregnant woman. If you stop for coffee or breakfast, park and get out of the car rather than going through a drive-thru.
Get off the bus or rail a stop early and get a little longer walk to your destination. Park farther from your destination so you get a longer walk to work.
After Your Commute to Work
Plan to arrive early and ensure you have at least a five-minute walk before you get to your desk. Enjoy a pre-work walk with a co-worker. Schedule it three or more days per week.
Plan stops on the way home to do some shopping or run errands. Get out of the car and off the bus or train. Take a quick walk to clear your brain of job stress and ease into a pleasant evening.
Walk or Bike to Work
Start an active commute on foot or on the bike to get your heart pumping. It can be a useful tool to get you energized in the morning or help you to clear your mind after a busy day.
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Why do some people approach the future with a positive emotional state, a sense of challenge, and expect success?
Do these high-hope people end up accomplishing more in life? If so, what can we learn from these lifestyle leaders?
The tendency to view life positively has long been associated with mental and physical health (Fromm, 1968). Yet the scientific study of hope was not introduced until the 1960s (Steed, 2002). Today there is an increased emphasis in psychology on defining and measuring positive constructs such as hope and optimism (Seligman & Csikszentmihalyi, 2000). This new work in cognitive psychology complements existing research in organizational psychology, including goal-setting theory (Locke & Latham, 1990), expectancy theory (Vroom, 1964), self-efficacy (Bandura, 1977) and future time perspective (Jaques, 1990).
Hope theory has become well-known in this stream of quantitative research. Snyder defines hope as “a cognitive set that is based on a reciprocally derived sense of successful (a) agency (goal-directed determination) and (b) pathways (planning of ways to meet goals)” (Snyder et al, 1991, p. 571). Quantitative definitions, conceptualizing, and measuring have been central to Snyder’s work (1995). Snyder claims:
Higher as compared to lower hope people have a greater number of goals, have more difficult goals, have success at achieving their goals, perceive their goals as challenges, have greater happiness and less distress, have superior coping skills, recover better from physical injury, and report less burnout at work” (p. 357-358).
Hope theory, as quantitatively defined by Snyder is a cognitive disposition (1994). Emotions are considered a byproduct of how effective people pursue their goals. While Snyder considers his conceptualization of hope “phenomenological in nature” (1995, p. 355), no qualitative studies of hope have been done in the workplace.
Snyder has demonstrated that the construct of hope can be understood externally using quantitative methods. However, “qualitative research aims at understanding the phenomenon or event under study from the interior” (Flick, 2002, p. 25). In keeping with the recent philosophical developments in poststructuralism (Denzin & Lincoln, 1998), this paper proposes that a qualitative study of hope in the workplace be undertaken.
To support this qualitative research on hope, this proposal will: (a) summarize the results of a recent quantitative study on hope theory, (b) explain why quantitative research might provide new insights into leadership, and (c) outline a qualitative research design that addresses the setting, the participants, the data collection processes, and the data analysis procedures.
You have just read the introduction to this paper. I’d like to carry out this qualitative hope research. I am looking for organizations where interviews like this might make sense, (ie. insurance industry, customer service industry, self-help industry). If you are in management of a mid-size organization that depends upon your workers growth in personal goal-setting and persistence, then I’d like to send my full proposal to you. I am looking for a setting to administer 100 Hope Surveys, along along with a dozen or so opened ended interviews. The surveys could be a personal growth opportunity for your colleagues and help my research.
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However, as with most fruit trees, your Avocados will each produce more fruit with two trees. Keep in mind, though: You will need to use a different type of tree for your avocado yield to increase. You want an A type and a B type tree to produce the most fruit.
Will a single avocado tree produce fruit?
So one reason why an avocado won’t produce fruit is simply because it is not a mature grafted variety. … Avocados have a unique flowering behavior called ‘protogynous dichogamy. ‘ All that this cumbersome phrase means is that the tree has both functional male and female organs in each flower.
Do avocado trees need to grow in pairs?
For the best yields of fruit, two avocado trees are required. … Both flower types produce and are receptive to pollen at different times of day, and the best pollination and fruit set occur when type A and B avocado cultivars grow together.
Do you need 2 avocados to fruit?
People also often say “do I need to have two trees to get fruit, and the answer is no, but if you have two trees you will increase your chances of getting more fruit. The reason for this is that avocado trees actually have male and female flowers on the same plant.
How long does it take for an avocado tree to bear fruit?
Whether you start from seed or a nursery-grown tree, one essential for success is patience. Plant a tree, and you’ll wait three to four years for fruit. Start with a seed, you may wait 13 years or more. Even so, there’s something special about homegrown avocados that make them worth the wait.
Do you need two trees to make fruit?
Most fruit trees require pollination between two or more trees for fruit to set. Pollination occurs when the trees blossom. Pollen from the anthers (the male part of the plant) has to be transferred to the stigma (the female part of the plant). Completed pollination fertilizes the tree and fruit grows.
Do Hass avocado trees self pollinate?
Hass avocado trees are self-pollinating, but if you want a more plentiful harvest, consider planting another type of avocado tree. … Hass avocado trees are type A, meaning that they flower from February through May. When the flowers first open in the morning, they are female until they close in the afternoon.
Is Wurtz avocado self pollinating?
The variety Wurtz is a A flowering type. It is very self-fertile but planting a B type nearby may improve fruit set in cooler climates (Fuerte and Sharwill are suitable B type pollinators).
Will a potted avocado tree bear fruit?
Do not expect fruit when growing avocados in containers. Indoor plants need cool nights to force blooming and fruiting. They can also take up to ten years to get to fruiting stage. If you do get fruit, the flavor is not as good as those commercially produce from rootstocks.
Do avocado trees need another tree to pollinate?
The avocado pollen of one tree is compatible with itself and quite capable of pollinating its own flowers — known as self-pollination. … Other trees open first in the afternoon as functionally female, close and then reopen the next morning as functionally male (type B flowering sequence).
How many times do avocado trees produce fruit in a year?
A mature avocado tree (5 to 7 years old) can produce 200 to 300 fruits per year. Here we can see avocado buds. Avocado trees will not produce fruit for at least a few years after planting.
How far apart should avocados be planted?
If you have soil that doesn’t drain well, work in sand or other gritty matter to increase its drainage. Also, you need to leave 8 to 10 feet (2.5 to 3 m.) from buildings and up to 30 feet (10 m.) of space apart when planting avocado trees.
How do you know if an avocado tree is male or female?
Each flower is female when it first opens. That is, its stigma will receive pollen from other avocado flowers, but its stamens (male organs) do not shed pollen at this first opening. The petals and sepals, which look alike in the avocado, protect the delicate sex organs while they develop.
How many avocados does a tree produce a year?
The California Avocado Commission says an average tree in that state typically averages 150 avocados a year, totaling 60 pounds of avocados, although a single tree is capable of producing 500 avocados, weighing 200 pounds, in one year.
How big do avocado trees get?
Outdoors, this fruit-bearing tree will reach heights of 15 to 20 feet and a width of 5 to 8 feet at full maturity. But when it’s container-grown, it will reach a height between 5 to 7 feet, allowing easy harvesting.
What is the fastest growing fruit tree?
Top 10 Fastest Growing Fruit Trees
- Apple Trees. USDA Zones: 3-8. …
- Citrus Fruit Trees. USDA Zones: 8-10 (in-ground) …
- Apricot Trees. USDA Zones: 5-8. …
- Mandarin Fruit Trees. USDA Zones: 8-10 (in-ground) …
- Cherry Trees. USDA Zones: 4-7. …
- Fig Trees. USDA Zones: 8-11 (in-ground) …
- Pear Trees. USDA Zones: 3-10. …
- Moringa Trees. USDA Zones: 8-10.
Can a apple tree pollinate a pear tree?
An apple tree cannot pollinate a pear tree, or any other non-apple tree for that matter. Pollination in plants is just like sexual reproduction in animals: the species need to be the same for pollination or offspring to occur.
Do you have to plant more than one fruit tree?
Do you have to plant fruit trees in pairs? Often, but not always. Most fruit trees need to be pollinated with at least two or three compatible trees. This means if possible, you should plant a couple of trees to encourage pollination, giving them about 50-feet of space between the trees.
Do fig trees self pollinate?
Almost all figs are self-pollinating, Marc, the only exception I know of is a variety grown in California from which them tasty Fig Newtons are made. But variety choice is important for other reasons, namely the type and color of figs produced and the number of crops you can expect in a season.
How many fruit does a Hass avocado tree have?
Hass avocado yield per tree
A unit of tree if irrigated well will provide 1,000 fruits per year. Proper pest and disease control, plant density and soil fertility are the major factors affecting the yields of hass avocado.
How many fruits does a Hass avocado tree produce?
Hass avocado investment is bigger than coffee. One properly watered tree of hass avocado can give you 1,000 fruits a year, which comes to Sh8,000.
Do avocado trees need bees to pollinate?
Honeybees Lend a Helping Hand
In doing so, they often transfer pollen from the male flowers of one tree to the female flowers of another, thereby achieving pollination and – in some cases – fruit set. Honeybees aren’t the only insects that participate in avocado tree pollination, but they are among the most helpful.
What does a Wurtz avocado tree look like?
The tree has a distinctive weeping growth habit with a dense cover of leaves and small limbs. This is an A-Type avocado and will produce fruit on its own.
|Skin Color When Ripe||Green|
How big do Wurtz avocado trees get?
Compared to other avocado trees, which can grow up to 80 feet, a Wurtz avocado tree grows to about 10 feet. Due to its small size, the Wurtz avocado tree can be grown in a large container (such as a half wine barrel) and is a good option for smaller front and back yards.
How much fruit does a Wurtz avocado tree produce?
The “Wurtz” is small enough to grow in a container. The tree produces dark green fruits 8 to 14 ounces.
Can you keep an avocado tree small?
With a small number of cuts done every year, and possibly some pinches, you can keep an avocado tree down to 15 feet (my Hass), 12 feet (my Reed), even 10 feet. … And if the pruning cuts are done at the right place and in the right time, our trees will still make quite a lot of fruit for their small size.
Can I grow a fruiting avocado tree indoors?
It’s a challenge. Avocado trees are evergreen and need good light year round to bear fruit. Indoor trees need the sunniest, most south-facing windows in the house. … The resulting tree bears fruit identical to that from which the branch was taken, and does so within only two or three years of planting.
Are avocado plant indoor or outdoor?
Avocado trees (Persea americana) can grow indoors in any growing zone, making great low-maintenance houseplants. However, it can take up to 10 years for the tree to bear fruit in its natural growing conditions, and it can reach 40 feet tall or more when grown in the ground.
How long does it take for an avocado to grow from a flower?
Taking up to eight months between bloom and harvest, you will see edible fruits between June and October, depending on the growing conditions and local environment.
What temperature is too hot for avocado trees?
How hot is too hot for avocado trees? Protect them when over 75 degrees? Fortunately, avocado trees can thrive in heat well above 75 degrees as long as they’re watered sufficiently.
Can I plant an avocado tree next to a citrus tree?
Plant dwarf or semidwarf cultivars of sweet orange (Citrus sinensis), avocado (Persea americana) and mango (Mangifera indica) trees to ensure there’s enough room for your trees, especially since the avocado tree width can shade an entire garden when mature.
Are avocado trees hard to grow?
Avocado trees are the most difficult to plant of any tree I know. This is mostly because avocado roots are uniquely brittle. It’s difficult not to break any during planting, and yet, breaking roots during planting sets the tree’s growth back.
How many avocado trees can be planted in an acre?
According to the society, a farmer can plant 100 trees in a one acre piece of land. In this, one tree can yield between 600 to 800 fruits per season meaning a farmer can harvest between 60,000 and 80,000 fruits per acre in two and half years’ time.
Are eggshells good for avocado trees?
Eggshells can also be used as planters for small seedlings and be put directly in the ground for planting. … They are particularly useful on those plants for which you would apply an ‘acid food’ such as evergreens, azaleas, roses, camellias, avocados, and certain fruit trees.
Can I plant two avocado trees in the same hole?
Planting two trees of different varieties in one hole is a great option for a yard with little space or for a person or couple who only need one tree’s worth of avocados.
What does a pollinated avocado flower look like?
Avocado Won’t Fruit? How To Pollinate An Avocado Tree For Self …
How much do avocado farmers make?
According to Currier, “an extremely good” grower might get 15,000 pounds per acre, but the average for the state is more like 5,500 pounds. Fallbrook grove owner Folkedale says the profit from every 60 or 70 avocado trees equals about $3,000 per year after expenses, not including taxes.
Why do small avocados fall off the tree?
2- water stress, either too much or too little, can cause the fruit to drop. Avocado trees require well-draining soil, so overwatering can cause root rot. Too little water, especially in hot weather can also cause stress and fruit drop.
Can you overwater an avocado tree?
In general, avocado trees need little water, so overwatering them can produce a bevy of issues, such as avocado tree leaves curling. Identifying an overwatered avocado tree is not difficult, however.
Can I cut the top off my avocado tree?
Snip the top of the avocado tree off when it reaches approximately 12 inches in height, cutting the tree back to 6 inches. … When the tree has produced several crops of fruit, it is desirable to remove the entire top of the tree, then prune yearly to maintain the tree at a workable height.
What is the hardest fruit tree to grow?
Some fruits are easier to grow than others, but all will require special care. Fruits listed, from the easiest to grow to the most difficult, are: apples, pears, sour cherries (sweet cherries do not grow well here), plums, apricots and peaches.
What’s the easiest fruit tree to grow?
Pears are THE easiest fruit to grow on a tree! The round, gritty “sand pears” (derived from Asian pears) are among the easiest fruit bearing trees to grow.
What trees are self pollinating?
Depending on the variety you choose, some fruit trees are self-pollinating and some require a pollinator. Self-pollinating fruit trees include apricots, nectarines, peaches, and sour cherries, whereas fruit trees that require pollinators include apples, pears, plums, and sweet cherries.
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Anyone who has ever tried to become an expert at stunt design knows how challenging it can be. That's because, no matter how long you have been doing stunts, there is always something new to learn.
But, luckily for beginners and those who are looking to get a refresher on the basics, this article have put together a few tips on what you should know about stunt design. You can get the stunt design training via https://cbtstunts.com/.
A stunt is a dangerous or foolhardy action that is intended to entertain or impress onlookers. They can be performed by both amateur and professional actors, and can take many different forms, from simple falls to elaborate stunts involving vehicles and stuntsmen.
Here are some tips for beginners when it comes to stunt design:
– Think about the risks involved in each stunt. Make sure that the danger posed by a stunt is warranted by the entertainment value it provides. For example, a falling act that results in serious injury would not be appropriate for a children’s show, while a comedic fall involving two people could be suitable for an adult comedy show.
– Choose stunts that are achievable by the performer and those that will be visually appealing. For example, an actor may want to avoid performing extreme stunts that require extensive training or equipment, as these may not look realistic on camera. Instead, consider stunts that are easier to perform but still provide an impressive appearance on screen.
– When designing a stunt, consider how it will be executed. Will it require multiple takes? How will the actor be supported during the performance? These factors will affect the cost and scheduling of a stunt.
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How many times you heard a famous piece of classical music and you didn’t dare to pronounce the name of the composer? How about the opera you love so much? Can you pronounce the name of the genius who wrote it? Here is a list of the most famous composers of all time and the pronunciation of their names.
Ludwig van Beethoven
The German composer and pianist, baptised in 1770, December 17, is one of the most important and influential composers of all time. He wrote 9 symphonies, various concertos for piano, for violin, piano sonatas, and string quartets. That’s the reason why you have to pronounce his name correctly.
Click and listen Ludwig van Beethoven
The Italian opera composer, born November 3, in 1801, was one of the most important musicians in Italy and his name is one of the easiest to pronounce. He wrote 10 operas: the most famous are La sonnambula (The Sleepwalker), I puritani (The Puritans) and Norma. The delicious Italian dish, pasta alla norma (a pasta dish from Sicily with fried eggplants and tomato sauce), was named after the famous Sicilian composer. The Bellini cocktail as well, invented by Giuseppe Cipriani, founder of the Harry's Bar in Venice, was named after him.
Click and listen Vincenzo Bellini
Hector Berlioz, the French composer born in 1803, December 11, wrote Symphonie fantastique (Fantastical Symphony) and Grande messe des morts (Requiem). Berlioz, not that easy to pronounce it correctly, gave a big contribution to the modern orchestra: he wrote Grand traité d’instrumentation et d’orchestration modernes, a technical study on musical instruments and orchestration.
Click and listen Hector Berlioz
Georges Bizet, born Alexandre César Léopold Bizet, was born in Paris in 1838, October 25. The pronunciation of his name can be tricky due to the final “t”. He died early, at 37, but the cause of his sudden death was never clear: it could have been a heart attack or a depression which led him to kill himself. His most important work is Carmen, based on a novella by French dramatist Prosper Mérimée.
Click and listen Georges Bizet
The Italian composer, Gaetano Donizetti, born in 1797, November 29, was from Bergamo in Lombardy. He was a very important exponent of the bel canto, literally translated in English beautiful singing. He wrote his first opera, Il Pigmalione (Pygmalion), when he was 19. Years later he wrote Lucia di Lammermoor. His last name may sound difficult to pronounce to English speaking world.
Click and listen Gaetano Donizetti
The Czech composer, born September 8, 1841, started playing violin at the age of 6. He wrote nine symphonies, ten operas, chamber music and piano music. He was famous worldwide. Antonín Dvořák is the composer with the most difficult name to pronounce.
Click and listen Antonín Dvořák
The German composer Joseph Haydn, born in March 31, 1732, was a famous symphonist and he was also the inventor of the string quartet. He was a music teacher as well: his most renowned pupil was Ludwig van Beethoven. His name is still one of the most mispronounced ones: the majority of people think that his last name is of British descent.
Click and listen Joseph Haydn
The hungarian composer, born in 1811, October 22, 1811, was also a conductor, a pianist, and teacher. He became a virtuoso pianist after attending to a concert by Italian violinist Niccolò Paganini. Liszt wanted to be as good with his piano as Paganini was with his violin... and he made it!
Click and listen Franz Liszt
Jacques Offenbach, born in 1819, June 20, in Germany, spent almost all his life in France and his given name Jacob became Jacques. His last name is now pronounced in French. Offenbach wrote about 100 operettas, a genre of light opera, and an unfinished opera The Tales of Hoffmann.
Click and listen Jacques Offenbach
Giacomo Puccini, born Giacomo Antonio Domenico Michele Secondo Maria Puccini was one of the most prolific and celebrated composers of all time. Born in Tuscany in 1858, December 22, Puccini composed the most famous operas: Manon Lescaut, La bohème, Tosca, Madama Butterfly, and Turandot. Why so many operas dedicated to women? Because Puccini was an unrepentant womanizer.
Click and listen Giacomo Puccini
The Italian composer, with a given name tough to pronounce, was born in 1792, February 29. He was a very prolific composer: he wrote 39 operas. The most famous are Il barbiere di Siviglia (The Barber of Seville), La Cenerentola and Guglielmo Tell (William Tell). He was nicknamed The Italian Mozart.
Click and listen Gioachino Rossini
Franz Peter Schubert
Franz Peter Schubert was an Austrian composer born in January 31, 1797. He had syphilis and he died very young, at 31, but he left a huge legacy. His most important symphonies are Die schöne Müllerin (The beautiful girl from the mill), Die Winterreise (The Winter Journey), and the Great C Major Symphony.
Click and listen Franz Peter Schubert
Richard Strauss, the most important Romantic German composer and conductor, was born in 1864, June 11. He wrote operas, symphonic poems, but what we all know is his famous Frühlingsstimmen, an orchestral waltz written in 1882.
Click and listen Richard Strauss
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Discarded feeding structures of larvaceans
contribute food to the deep seafloor
How do deep sea animals get enough to eat? Over the years, researchers have suggested a number of possible additional food sources for deep-sea organisms that might make up for the lack of food observed in sediment traps. Some researchers have theorized that additional food washes into the deep sea from shallow coastal areas or river plumes. Others have suggested that algal blooms or the sunken carcasses of whales and other large animals could provide the “missing” food. Marine biologists at the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute (MBARI) addressed this question, at least for animals that live on the deep seafloor off the coast of Central California. After analyzing hundreds of hours of deep-sea video, MBARI scientist Bruce Robison and his colleagues found that "sinkers"—the cast-off mucus nets of small midwater animals called larvaceans—are a significant source of food for deep-sea organisms.
Larvaceans are small, tadpole-like animals related to the tunicates or "sea squirts" found in tide pools. The "giant larvacean" of the genus Bathochordaeus is about 50 millimeters (two inches) long, and is widely distributed in both the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. Like most larvaceans, it feeds on tiny food particles in the surrounding seawater. Bathochordaeus lives inside two net-like mucus filters, which are collectively called its "house." The outer filter, which can be up to one meter (three feet) across, traps coarse particles in its mesh. The inner filter has slightly tighter weave, and traps small particles that the animals eats. The larvacean constantly pumps water through both filters, which typically become clogged after about 24 hours of use. At that point, the larvacean abandons its house and swims off to create a new one. The cast-off larvacean house deflates like a punctured parachute and sinks rapidly toward the seafloor, with its accumulation of debris and the tiny animals that colonize the mucus.
Scientist Robison had observed hundreds of these cast-off larvacean houses (called "sinkers") while exploring the waters of Monterey Bay using MBARI's remotely operated vehicles (ROVs). After seeing how common sinkers were, Robison wondered if they might be a significant source of food in the deep sea. As he explained, "When it became apparent that sinkers might be important carbon sources, we went around asking other oceanographers if they had seen these things [sinkers] in their sediment traps. It turns out that, although sinkers are relatively common, the odds of a sinker even hitting a sediment trap in the open ocean are extraordinarily small. In addition, sinkers often simply disintegrate when they contact a solid object. So either the scientists were not seeing sinkers at all, or if they did see them, it was in the form of a big glob in the bottom of the sediment trap, which they would typically throw out, assuming it was contamination."
To estimate how much carbon these sinkers might be delivering to the seafloor, Robison first needed to find out how common they were. For 10 years (from 1994-2003), he and his research team conducted monthly surveys of the midwater at ten different depths in Monterey Bay using MBARI's ROV Ventana. As part of their study, they pored over hundreds of hours of video taken during these surveys, counting both inhabited larvacean houses and sinkers themselves.
Knowing the volume of water that was observed during each midwater survey, Robison, Rob Sherlock, and Kim Reisenbichler were able to estimate the overall abundance of sinkers in Monterey Bay. Over the 10-year period, they observed an average of about four sinkers per day for every square meter of deep seafloor. In other words, a patch of seafloor the size of a large dinner plate might receive carbon from about 100 sinkers over a year's time.
To complete their study, the scientists also needed to know how much carbon each sinker transported to the seafloor. First they collected some sinkers, relying on MBARI's skilled ROV pilots to do the job. Catching bits of drifting mucus using a three-ton underwater robot was no easy feat. As Robison put it, "We collected more than a hundred of these things, and every one of them was a major challenge. About one in four attempts was successful. The patience and skill of those pilots was just amazing."
Back in the lab, the researchers carefully measured the amount of organic carbon in each sinker. Finally, by multiplying the number of sinkers reaching the seafloor times the average amount of carbon per sinker, they were able to estimate how much carbon the sinkers were carrying to the seafloor. To their surprise, Robison and his colleagues found that sinkers were delivering almost as much carbon as was the detritus being collected in sediment traps. They had found an additional food source that was more than adequate to feed all those hungry deep-sea animals.
These findings may seem esoteric, but they have global implications. The inability to account for all the carbon reaching the seafloor has been a major concern not only to oceanographers but also to some climate modelers who are trying to understand global warming. The global carbon cycle is like a complex jigsaw puzzle with many interlocking pieces. Robison's research may supply a significant piece of the puzzle that has long been missing.
MBARI participants: Bruce Robison, Kim Reisenbichler, and Rob Sherlock
- "Sinkers" provide missing piece in deep-sea puzzle
- Robison, B.H., K.R. Reisenbichler, and R.E.Sherlock (2005). Giant larvacean houses: Rapid carbon transport to the deep sea floor. Science, 308: 1,609-1,611
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Pick a Region:. . The Middle East
Economic growth is a broad term used to describe an improvement in the economic situation of a state. Common measures include increases in national wealth, increases in personal wealth, or improvements in the standard of living.
Islam is a monotheistic religion that draws upon Judaism and Christianity. Islam was founded by the prophet Muhammad (570-632 CE) in the town of Mecca in present-day Saudi Arabia. People who practice Islam are called Muslims. Their scripture is the Koran, which was revealed to Muhammad by god, Allah. Muhammad is seen as the last in a series of prophets beginning with Adam and including Abraham, Moses, and Jesus. Soon after Muhammads death, the religion split into several sects, the two central ones being the Sunni and the Shia.
Islam spread throughout the Middle East, Asia, Africa, and Europe. Presently about 1 billion people in the world practice Islam. Islam is the fastest growing religion in the world.
League of Nations is an international organization created in the aftermath of World War I to act as an international collective security mechanism. Never terribly successful, the League disbanded during World War II and was effectively replaced by the United Nations.
League of Nations mandate system is a program designed to administer the colonies and other territories taken from the defeated states of World War I (Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire). Its stated goal was to gradually move these territories to full independence. The mandate system was interpreted by some as a mechanism for the extension of colonial control by the victorious powers of the war.
Ottoman Empire is the Turkic empire founded in 1300 by Othman in present-day Turkey. In 1453 the Ottomans captured Istanbul and made it their capital. At its height the Ottomans controlled North Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, the Middle East, and southeast Europe. Challenged by both foreign aggression and internal decay, the Ottomans gradually lost power throughout the 1700s and 1800s. Joining with Germany and Austria-Hungary in World War I, the Ottoman empire was split up after the war and its territories were either granted independence or were given over to the victorious European states under the League of Nations mandate system. The modern state of Turkey emerged from the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire.
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Silverfish bugs are little, wingless insects with a silvery appearance and quick motions. While they offer no substantial health hazards to humans, they may be bothersome when they invade our homes. Understanding what attracts these tiny critters can help us prevent infestations and keep our surroundings pest-free. This blog post will explore what attracts silverfish bugs and reveal their preferred hiding places.
Moisture and Humidity
Silverfish bugs need lots of moisture to survive and breed. Their favored habitats are damp locations such as basements, bathrooms, kitchens, and laundry rooms. Leaky pipes, condensation, and insufficient ventilation can all contribute to high humidity levels, producing an ideal breeding environment for silverfish bugs.
Darkness and Warmth
Silverfish bugs are photophobic, which means they prefer dark environments and avoid direct sunlight. They are frequently discovered hidden in shady nooks, gaps, and crevices. They also like warm surroundings, so they are commonly seen around heating systems, water heaters, and electrical appliances.
Silverfish bugs are drawn to a variety of food sources. They have been observed feeding on carbohydrates, including sugars, starches, and cellulose. Paper products, books, cardboard boxes, wallpaper glue, clothing, and food crumbs are common attractants. Silverfish infestations are widespread in pantries and storage rooms with inadequately sealed food containers.
Clutter and Nesting Materials
Cluttered areas provide several hiding places for silverfish bugs, allowing them to reproduce and multiply unhindered. Silverfish are drawn to stacks of paper, old newspapers, magazines, and cardboard boxes because they provide adequate refuge and food sources. Closets, attics, and storage rooms that accumulate unneeded stuff can become breeding grounds for silverfish.
Construction can affect silverfish bug presence. Gaps and gaps in walls, baseboards, and floors give simple entry locations for these insects. Faulty weatherstripping around windows and doors can also provide gaps for silverfish to crawl in. Furthermore, buildings with a history of moisture problems or previous infestations are more likely to be infested by silverfish bugs.
Are Silverfish Harmful to Humans?
Silverfish are not generally dangerous to people. They do not bite, sting, or carry infections that can harm humans. While the presence of silverfish may upset some, they are regarded as nuisance pests rather than harmful. However, silverfish can cause harm to personal belongings such as books, paper, and fabrics, making them a nuisance in that aspect.
How To Get Rid Of Silverfish?
It is critical to address the variables that attract silverfish to eliminate them properly. You can create a less desirable habitat for these pests by reducing moisture levels, repairing leaks, boosting ventilation, and using dehumidifiers. Cleaning, decluttering, and proper food storage regularly will help eliminate potential food sources. Sealing cracks, gaps, and entry spots will keep them out of your house.
If you have a persistent silverfish infestation or require professional assistance, consider contacting Vinx Pest Control. Our skilled specialists can give effective treatments suited to your unique requirements, ensuring a silverfish-free environment. We understand silverfish’s distinct behaviors and habits, allowing us to pinpoint their hiding places and destroy them at the source. You can rely on us to secure your house and provide peace of mind with our tried-and-true procedures and ecologically friendly treatments.
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The Answer for Big Data Storage
Big Data analytics delivers insights, and the bigger the dataset, the more fruitful the analyses. However, big data storage creates big challenges: cost, scalability, and data protection. To derive insight from information, you need affordable, highly-scalable storage that’s simple, reliable, and compatible with the tools you have.
What Is Big Data Storage?
Big data storage is a compute-and-storage architecture you can use to collect and manage huge-scale datasets and perform real-time data analyses. These analyses can then be used to generate intelligence from metadata.
Typically, big data storage is composed of hard disk drives due to the media’s lower cost. However, flash storage is gaining popularity due to its decreasing cost. When flash is used, systems can be built purely on flash media or can be built as hybrids of flash and disk storage.
Data within big data datasets is unstructured. To accommodate this, big data storage is usually built with object and file-based storage. These storage types are not restricted to specific capacities and typically volumes scale to terabyte or petabyte sizes.
Big Data Storage Challenges
When configuring and implementing big data storage there are a few common challenges you might encounter. All these challenges take different shape when running on the public cloud vs. on-premises storage.
|Challenge||Cloud vs. On-Premise|
Size and storage costs
Big data grows geometrically, requiring substantial storage space. As data sources are added, these demands increase further and need to be accounted for. When implementing big data storage, you need to ensure that it is capable of scaling at the same rate as your data collection.
|Public cloud storage services like Amazon S3 offer simplicity and high durability. However, storage is priced per GB/month, with extra fees for data processing and network egress. Running big data on-premises delivers major cost savings because it eliminates these large, ongoing costs.|
Data transfer rates
When you need to transfer large volumes of data, high transfer rates are key. In big data environments, data scientists must be able to move data quickly from primary sources to their analysis environment.
|Public cloud resources are often not well suited to this demand. On-premises, you can leverage fast LAN network connections, or even directly connect storage to the machines that store the data.|
Big data frequently contains sensitive data, such as personally identifiable information (PII) or financial data. This makes data a prime target for criminals and a liability if left unprotected. Even unintentional corruption of data can have significant consequences.
|To ensure your data is sufficiently protected, big data storage systems need to employ encryption and access control mechanisms. Systems also need to be capable of meeting any compliance requirements in place for your data. Generally, you’ll have greater control over data security on-premises or in private clouds than on public clouds.|
Regardless of what resources are used, you need to ensure that data remains highly available. You should have measures in place to deal with infrastructure failures. You also need to ensure that you can reliably and efficiently retrieve archived data.
|Public clouds have strong support for this requirement. When running on-premises, ensure your big data storage solution supports clustering and replication of storage units, to provide redundancy and high durability on par with cloud storage services.|
Big Data Storage Key Considerations
When implementing big data storage solutions, there are several best practices to consider.
Start by inventorying and categorizing your data. Take into account frequency of access, latency tolerance, and compliance restrictions.
Use Data Tiering
Use a storage solution that lets you move data to lower-cost data tiers if it needs lower durability, lower performance, or less frequent access
Set policies for data backup and restoration, and ensure storage technology meets your Recovery Time Objective (RTO) and Recovery Point Objective (RPO).
Cloudian® HyperStore® and Splunk SmartStore reduce big data storage costs by 60% while increasing storage scalability. Together they provide an exabyte-scalable storage pool that is separate from your Splunk indexers.
With SmartStore, Splunk Indexers retain data only in hot buckets that contain newly indexed data. Older data resides in the warm buckets and is stored within the scalable and highly cost-effective Cloudian cluster.
Elasticsearch Backup and Data Protection
Elasticsearch, the leading open-source indexing, and search platform, is used by enterprises of all sizes to index, search, and analyze their data and gain valuable insights for making data-driven business decisions. Ensuring the durability of these valuable insights and accompanying data assets has become critical to enterprises for reasons ranging from compliance and archival to continued business success.
Optimize Your Big Data Analytics Environment for Performance, Scale, and Economics
Improve data insights, data management and data protection for more users with more data within a single platform
Combining Cloudera’s Enterprise Data Hub (EDH) with Cloudian’s limitlessly scalable object-based storage platform provides a complete end-to-end approach to store and access unlimited data with multiple frameworks.
Leading Swiss Financial Institution Deploys Cloudian Storage for Hadoop Big Data Archive
- Certified by HortonWorks
- Scale compute resources independent of storage
- No minimum block size requirement
- Reduces big data storage footprint with erasure coding
- Increases performance with replicas that mimic HDFS
- Compress data on the backend without altering the format
- Enables data protection and collaboration with replication across sites
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The best housing and environments for any small animal are those that incorporate your pet’s natural behavior in the design. For example, hamsters are very active and therefore require a housing environment with enough room to run inside an exercise wheel. In contrast, guinea pigs require little exercise; however, they like to look at what’s going on around them. Therefore, housing environments with a shelf are ideal for guinea pigs, as they can take a look around and then scurry back down to the bottom of the cage if they feel frightened.
Ferrets, pet rats and chinchillas have a natural instinct to climb. Therefore, when selecting the ideal housing for this natural instinct it is best to choose a tall cage which allows for plenty of vertical space. For pet rats, take special note to select a cage with half-inch wire spacing, as they are able to squeeze between very small spaces and escape.
For pet rabbit, the bigger the cage is the better! Cages do not need to be vertically tall, but instead, should offer plenty of length. Rabbits are very active and energetic animals that need enough space to live comfortably. Also essential to a pet rabbit’s housing is a deep base with high sides to minimize scattered bedding and food outside the cage.
In addition to picking the right housing environment, it’s also important to include toys and accessories that meet the natural instincts of small animals. For example, most small animals have teeth that continually grow. Therefore, it is very important to purchase chews that allow your pet to gnaw and keep its teeth short, healthy and trim.
Like chews, toys are very important to keep your small pet from boredom, which can often lead to destructive and aggressive behaviors. For example, ferrets and rabbits are very playful by nature. Toys should be especially designed for all small animal species, to be constructed of non-toxic material and large enough to prevent choking or blockage if swallowed. With a high level of natural curiosity, ferrets and rabbits are easily intrigued by toys that make noise, can tackle, toss and easily handle. Kaytee provides many specially designed small animal toys to include inside your pet’s housing environment.
All small animals requiring a housing environment with designated food and water stations. Food bowls should be heavy enough to prevent your pet from tipping the food over and spilling it throughout their cage. Kaytee offers a variety of food possibilities to meet the nutritional needs of your particular furry friend. Water bottles should be large enough to provide your pet with enough water throughout the day, with sipper tubes that prevent leakage. Ideally, pet owners should provide a clean, fresh water supply daily to prevent the growth of bacteria. Kaytee offers numerous sizes, styles and designs of water bottles and food dishes to meet your small animal’s needs.
Finally, position your small animals housing environment in your home where your pet can receive daily attention and care easily. Like people, small animals need companionship and want to socialize with their family. Place your critter's home in a place where you can enjoy your pet and give it the special attention it deserves.
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MIDI stands for Musical Instrument Digital Interface. Put simply, a MIDI controller is used to digitally control a piece of software in real time using physical knobs and buttons. There are many different shapes and sizes with myriad different controls to choose from. Note that these devices are usually just MIDI signal generators and don't feature any samples or patches like a digital piano or keyboard would. They are used solely for software control purposes.
The most common type of studio MIDI controller is the MIDI keyboard controller, which is used to input musical notes into a MIDI track in a DAW recording session on the fly while the song is playing (or step by step if the recording program allows for it).
Another common MIDI controller is the DAW MIDI control interface, which consists of knobs, sliders, buttons and sometimes a transport control section to play, stop record, etc. within the session.
And then there's the MIDI drum pad controller, which is similar to the keyboard controller in that it will input MIDI notes into your software, but its designed to be played percussively with the fingers to play in realistic percussive beats in real time.
There are also MIDI controllers that combine all 3 functions into an all in one MIDI controller and keyboard, allowing the user to play MIDI instruments, navigate a session, and adjust controls all from one interface.
All these different types can be connected (either via a USB cable or a 5-pin DIN MIDI cable) to your studio software and communicate with MIDI signals to perform various tasks. If the software allows for it, each button or knob or fader can be assigned to it's own unique control, be it a synth's cut off frequency, a track's mute or solo function or panning / volume control.
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The P-47 G Thunderbolt was one of the most successful American fighters of WWII. The Thunderbolt, also known as the Juggernaut, or the Jug, escorted relentless bombing runs over Germany, battling interceptors to protect Allied bombers. Get your own P-47 G Thunderbolt PlaneTags .
The P-47, manufactured from 1941 to 1945, was a United States World War II fighter. It was the largest, heaviest, and most expensive single piston engine fighter in history. It was effective as a short-to-medium range escort fighter aircraft, as well as a low altitude fighter-bomber. It served in nearly every war theater as a part of several Allied armies. It became one of the United States Army Air Force’s main fighters during the war. It was regarded for its sturdy construction, ruggedness, and ability to suffer severe battle damage and make it home. Its roomy, armored cockpit and bubble canopy provided excellent visibility, making it a pilot favorite. Ultimately, 15,660 Thunderbolts were produced before the war’s end.
Curtiss P-47G-10-CU "Thunderbolt" / Republic P-47D-5 built under license by Curtiss-Wright Aircraft, Buffalo, New York. Designated P-47G (sn 42-25068) flickr photo by aeroman3 shared with no copyright restrictions using Creative Commons Public Domain Mark (PDM)
They were built by Republic Aviation. The demand became so great that Republic built a second plant in Evansville, Indiana to produce the P-47D. Ultimately, Curtiss built 354 of the P-47G variant, which were identical to the Republic version and were mostly used stateside for training.
A closer look at the P-47 G:
Our P-47, serial number 42-25068, tail # N47FG began its long and exciting life when it was accepted by the USAAF in September 1943 and sent to Florida to be used for Air Force training. In June 1945, released from its wartime duties, it was then bought by Aero Industries Technical Institute in Oakland, CA where it was used to teach hydraulic and electrical systems until 1952.
In 1953, it was then rented out by its owner Jack Hardwick for a film called Fighter Attack, by Allied Artists, as well as used as a ground engine test rig. It remained parked in El Monte, California until 1975.
After that, it changed registration several times, to N42354, N47DG and 28476, during which time the plane was fully restored and took flight again in April 1982. The next leg of its journey brought it to the UK, where it remained in storage until 2006. It belonged to The Fighter Collection in Duxford, UK through 2013, then joined the Comanche Warbirds, Inc. in 2014. It was seen in the film The Monuments Men, playing the part of P-47D/42-74742 SNAFU. It remains an airworthy example of wartime ingenuity.
When MotoArt owner Dave Hall found out that there was original skin available from a fighter with such an interesting history he knew he needed it for the PlaneTags collection. “It came from the restoration and there wasn’t a lot of material to work with but I was glad to get what I could.”
The team was able to make a very small run of PlaneTags. “Sometimes we’re asked if it's worth it to go through all of what we do to release a new one for such a limited run, “ said Hall. “Absolutely! This is an incredible plane and we know that our customers will appreciate being able to add it to their collections. We are so pleased to add it to our Encyclopedia of Aircraft.”
The newest additions to the fleet come mostly in military green, though there are a few color variations. They are numbered to 280 and come attached to a colorful display card with a brief history. They make a perfect Father’s Day present or pilot gift.
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|Search Engine Optimization (SEO) Information Tony|
Google ? A Bit of History
The first question most people have is, "What the heck is a "Google?" It is a play on the word "googol," which is the mathematical figure 1 followed by 100 zeros. Depending on the level of your love for math, this is either the greatest or lamest name for a search engine. Regardless, the clever kids at Google have turned it into a cultural standard.
Larry Page and Sergey Brin co-founded Google in January of 1996, then known as BackRub. The boys were in the early twenties and classic computer geeks. Sergey was born in Moscow, alum of the University of Michigan and visiting Stanford. Larry was assigned to be his guide. During this visit, they obviously hit it off or today nobody would give a hoot about linking strategies.
Although two men and the name "BackRub" may raise some questions, the name actually referred to a method for producing search engine rankings. Specifically, the BackRub search engine was designed to analyze the "back links" to a site. Although BackRub developed a following with those in the know, nothing much happened for a few years.
As with most new businesses, the boys needed some serious cash. The brass at Yahoo was interested, but initially passed. Sun Microsystems, of all companies, provided an answer. Andy Bechtolsheim was one of the founders of Sun and, thus, had the necessary deep pockets. $100,000 later, the new search engine company was on the way to stardom.
A New Name
As legend has it, BackRub became Google for a rather humorous reason. Apparently, Bechtolsheim accidentally made the $100k check out to "Google, Inc." You can make your own guess as to which one of the boys said, "Hey, I have an idea for a new name." In September of 1998, Google opened a small office in Menlo Park, California. The rest, as they say, is history.
Today, Google is based in Mountain View, California. Google prefers email communication, but you can get a live voice by calling (650) 623-4000. If you really want to talk to them, refuse a charge from the company on the credit card you use for Adwords. They will contact you pretty quickly!
The company went public in 2004 [Symbol: GOOG] and has a stock value of around $250 per share. Larry and Sergey are sickeningly wealthy. One can assume that Andy Bechtolsheim is also doing all right.
In the last year or so, Google has certainly received its fair share of criticism. PageRank is almost useless in relation to ranking in search results. At the time of this writing, PageRank hasn't worked for three days, which means a change, shuffle, dance or whatever you want to call it is coming.
On the competition front, things are a bit murky. It seems a week doesn't go by without a patent lawsuit being filed against the company. MSN and Yahoo have started to raise the level of competition and more will be coming. Google's reliance on AOL as a traffic source is also a bit troubling given the continual loss of market share by the company that nearly brought Time Warner down. Gmail is dogged by patent issues, not to mention questions about violations of the privacy of users. All and all, things are not as rosy compared to a few years ago, but they can hardly be called bad.
Your guess is as good as mine when it comes to predicting if Google will become just another search engine. Personally, I think it will, but not because of any of the above. Instead, the evolution of the Internet suggests there will be a next "big thing." Who knows, maybe Google will get a Grub [Grub.org] in its Nutch [Nutch.org].
Halstatt Pires is with http://www.marketingtitan.com - an Internet marketing and advertising company comprised of a search engine optimization specialist providing meta tag optimization services and Internet marketing consultant providing internet marketing solutions through integrated design and programming services.
LSI and Link Popularity
When Paypal's official Web site no longer ranked #1 in Google on a search for "paypal," it was obvious that Google had become more aggressive in penalizing sites with "unnatural" backlink anchor text. Although the high-profile Paypal example has since been rectified, thousands of webmasters are suffering the consequences of not ranking for even their official company name, let alone their top keywords. It is important for search engine optimizers to understand both how anchor text penalties are being applied and how LSI ensures that anchor text variance will not dilute a link popularity building campaign.
Beyond Search Engines
Some webmasters report that search engines account for 75% or more of their total website traffic. However, it's important not to become too dependent on search engines for new business. Achieving a top listing from a major search engine is becoming more and more difficult over time. The competition for top spots is intense and it's getting harder every day to get listed at all. Also more and more search engines are moving to a pay-per-click model, and paying for top listings may not be in your budget.
How To Really SEO Your Site
Search engine optimization is one of most popular online marketing tool for any website. With more websites coming online every day the competition gets larger, so you have to make sure you can out SEO them before they out do you. In this article I will tell how to increase your ranking and how to out do your competition.
Ten Critical Website and Search Engine Promotion Mistakes
When it comes to promoting your website, you might think that anything you can do to get people to your website is worthwhile. However, you should think again because some shady practices will actually hurt you. Also, other SEO tactics could reduce the amount of potential visitors simply because you do not have a clear understanding of how the Internet and search engines work. Read the following tips on what not to do when promoting your website and if you are doing some of these things stop immediately and learn how to effectively promote your site.
How to Protect Your Search Engine Placement by Keeping Up-to-date on Industry Changes
There's no denying it: Search engines are a dominating force on the Internet, with millions of people going online to search on their topics of interest every single day.
The Great Search Engine War, Where Content is King
When search engines first appeared, they were simple affairs consisting of a relatively basic database containing small amounts of information about websites. The search engine database allowed web-surfers to search for specific words or phrases. The search engine would then provide a list of hyperlinks to websites containing those words or phrases in several Search Engine Results Pages (SERPS). The basic concepts of a search engine are still the same, but much has changed since those innocent days.
SEO Help: Dont Try to Fool the Search Engines
Writing articles is all the rage these days on the web. Or should I say getting other people to write articles for you, joining membership sites that provide "private label" rights -- that is all the rage.
Search Engine Marketing 101 For Corporate Sites
When most people want to find something on the web, they use a search engine. Millions of searches are conducted every day on search engines such as: google.com, yahoo.com, msn.com and many others. Some people are looking for your website. So how do you capture people searching for what your site has to offer? Through techniques called search engine marketing (SEM).
Search Engine Optimization - A Beginners Guide
Getting your site listed in the top search engines, such as Google, Yahoo, or MSN is no small job. There is lots of work that needs to be done to guarantee the highest placement possible, and even more work is needed to keep your ranking for any period of time. Here are some simple tips and strategies to keep your site listed, and listed well, without spending any extra cash on pay per clicks.
What You Can Expect From Search Engine
Search engines will be a way for you to generate from as little as 20% to as much as 60% of your business online (depending on what other marketing techniques you use).
Its Not Just All About Google Anymore
Those webmasters that stick to the old ways and focus entirely on Google are missing out on a lot of search traffic these days if they are not also well ranked by Yahoo and MSN.
High Google Rankings: Frequency vs. Positioning
There's an assumption that the higher a ranking or positioning you have with major search engines; the more people will beat a path to your web doorstep. But based on my experience, that's simply not true! There's another factor that is just as important and may actually drive more traffic to your site.
?Web Content Management System fr Window?: Search Engine Typos
Oops! I meant "web content management system for windows." Do search engines understand consumer search engine typos? Typing something so close to what you are looking for, like typing "web content management system fr window" instead of "web content management system for windows" may not seem like a big deal, but search engine bloopers alter consumer searches more than we know.
Why Search Engine Optimization is Not Enough
OK. So you've created a nice website with lots of interesting products and information. Now all you need is visitors.
Part I : Getting Free Hits Using These Simple Tips & Tricks
Search Engine Optimization
PageRank and How It Gets Assigned
We know that each and every website page is assigned a Google Page rank, based upon a mathematical algorithm. Pages rank on a scale of 0 (zero) the lowest, and 10 (ten) the highest. Linking between websites both internally and externally pass a value or Page Rank.
Search Engine Optimization Tips For 2005 - Part Three
Welcome to part three of our series of articles on search engine optimization. In the third and final part of our series of articles on search engine optimization we cover the topic of links, the types of links and what makes them so important.
Whats Link Popularity?
Link popularity is just one of the ways you can try to promote your website with the intention of getting to the top of the search engines.
Link Building Services
In today scenario when we talk about Search Engine Optimization, we also talk about one of the most important aspect of SEO, which is Link Building. But there are different types, aspects and limitations of Link Building, which would be discussed now under
Professional SEO: Hand Off to Bob or Outsource the Job
We are often asked if professional SEO (search engine optimization) can be done effectively utilizing in-house talent. Despite our obvious self-interests on the subject, our answer is always a qualified "yes"? you can achieve professional SEO results using existing talent. However, for every company we have known that has met with great in-house SEO success, we know of many more that have seen their in-house efforts fail. We have also discovered the companies that have succeeded share some common traits.
|home | site map|
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A tiny cabin built with beetle-infested wood
Design studio HANNAH turned beetle-infested waste wood into a sculptural cabin
US-based design studio HANNAH found a way to avoid wasting huge quantities of beetle-infested timber from ash trees. The practice built a tiny cabin in upstate New York as a study of the material. It offers a sustainable construction solution.
An invasive Emerald Ash Borer beetle infestation results in timber that is not suitable for processing by timber mills. This is because the logs have an irregular shape. The waste wood is dealt with by being burnt or is left to decompose. Both methods add to the overall carbon footprint of this ash timber.
The practice gave the timber a new purpose with precision 3D scanning and a robotic arm with a bandsaw attachment. ‘It’s a combination of our design research and thinking in response to the urgent condition of our natural environment and possible modes of intervention,’ says Leslie Lok, Hannah’s co-principal.
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About Lumbar Stenosis
Lumbar Stenosis is a condition marked by the narrowing of the spinal canal in the lower back, the channel for the nerves. This can cause compression of your lumbar spinal nerves and lead to nerve irritation. Lumbar stenosis often replicates symptoms of vascular insufficiency or sciatica. Symptoms of lumbar stenosis include pain and/or tingling that radiates down both legs while standing or walking. The pain is often relieved while sitting or lying down, or when leaning on objects such as a shopping cart. These patterns of symptoms are called neurogenic claudication. Although conservative management, medications, and physical therapy have a role, significant lumbar stenosis is usually best treated with surgery.
Lumbar stenosis is common in people ages 50 and over. It is estimated that over 400,000 Americans suffer from pain caused by lumbar stenosis.
Common Symptoms of Lumbar Stenosis
The most common symptom of lumbar stenosis is increasing pain in the back and legs. Pain is usually experienced most when walking. Severity of symptoms depends on each case, with symptoms typically fluctuating in severity and frequency.
Lumbar stenosis symptoms may include:
- Back pain
- Leg pain
- Leg pain when walking
- Tingling/weakness/numbness in the lower back into the buttocks and legs.
Diagnosis of Lumbar Stenosis
Lumbar stenosis is diagnosed through a thorough clinical history and exam in conjunction with results from an MRI or CT scan. There are three main types of stenosis, making it essential that the right type is diagnosed to ensure proper treatment. The three types of stenosis are:
- Lateral stenosis – most common type – caused by a compressed nerve root that lies along the periphery of the spinal canal
- Central stenosis – occurs when the central canal in the lower back is narrowed
- Foraminal stenosis – caused by a nerve root compressed as it exists the spine
Treatment Options for Lumbar Stenosis
Non surgical treatment options for lumbar stenosis include:
- Activity modification
- Anti-inflammatory drugs
- Epidural injections
If a patient is unable to participate in daily activities and symptoms are not reduced, surgery should be considered. Some surgical options include:
- Lumbar laminectomy – removal of part of the lamina and facet joint to relieve pressure and provide access to explore for any displaced disc material.
- Foraminotomy – removal of part of the facet joint to decompress the nerve as it exits the spine
- Microdecompression – minimally invasive procedure used to decompress affected nerves
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PUBLIC INFORMATION OFFICE
JET PROPULSION LABORATORY
CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION
PASADENA, CALIF. 91109. TELEPHONE (818) 354-5011
Contact: Mary A. Hardin
FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE April 20, 1995
JPL TO CELEBRATE 25TH ANNIVERSARY OF EARTH DAY
The Jet Propulsion Laboratory will open its doors from 10 a.m. to 4 p.m. on April 22, in celebration of the 25th anniversary of Earth Day.
Earth Day began in 1970 as a series of environmental "teachins" on college campuses. The event helped create the modern environmental movement and gave rise to the first environmental legislation for the Clean Air and Clean Water Acts.
Today nearly 25 percent of the work being done at JPL is in support of NASA's Mission to Planet Earth -- a global-scale examination of Earth using space-based remote sensing techniques.
"At JPL, we have an aggressive and well-rounded program of Earth-related instruments, missions, related technologies and scientific studies," said Mike Sander, deputy director of JPL's Space and Earth Science Programs Directorate. "In addition, we have a highly respected community of scientists specializing in Earth observations working here.
"JPL is a major contributor to the Earth Observing System (EOS) program in the form of the many instruments we are building for the various EOS satellites," Sander continued. "We are the home of one of the distributed archives for EOS data. We have built and flown a number of major Earth- observing instruments on the space shuttle and are considered a key technology center for spaceborne radar and its applications. Moreover, JPL is the project center for the ongoing TOPEX/Poseidon mission, the highly successful ocean-observing satellite."
The use of remote sensing techniques in the study of the home planet will increase in the years ahead.
"The future NASA Earth missions seek to capitalize on the new wave of smaller, very technically advanced satellites and instruments, an approach which is a very natural match to JPL's planetary program," Sander said.
During JPL's Earth Day celebration, scientists from several of the Laboratory's Earth- related missions will be on hand to discuss and demonstrate how they are studying Earth with the same sophisticated equipment they have used to explore space.
The public will have a chance to look at the current and future plans for JPL's Earth- observing missions at the Earth Day celebration: Members of the TOPEX/Poseidon team will talk about how the TOPEX satellite monitors El Niņo and other features in the ocean that influence the world's climate. Scientists from the Spaceborne Imaging Radar-C mission will show off three-dimensional videos of volcanoes, as well as other radar views of Earth taken during their 1994 shuttle flights. Geologists using the Global Positioning System satellites will demonstrate how they use GPS monitors to study earthquakes. Several of the instruments being built for the Earth Observing System will be on display. Computers will be set up so that the public can access various Earth-related Internet sites.
JPL is located at 4800 Oak Grove Drive in Pasadena.
The Laboratory's Earth-observing missions are sponsored by NASA's Office of Mission to Planet Earth.
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THE FOOD SAFETY MODERNIZATION ACT PRODUCE SAFETY RULE is the first ever set
of federal regulatory standards for the production, harvest and handling of fruits and vegetables.
The Georgia Department of Agriculture’s
(GDA), Farm Safety Program, focuses on
supporting and training Georgia’s produce
growers. The GDA is committed to the success
of Georgia growers while ensuring the safety
of consumers. Therefore, our devoted team
of inspectors is responsible for implementing
and enforcing the Produce Safety Rule (PSR).
The rule went into effect in 2016 and seeks
to prevent contamination of agricultural
commodities often consumed raw. Georgia’s
first PSR inspection happened in June and has
This year, the only farms inspected fell within
the requirements of the PSR and have average
annual produce sales over the previous three-year period of $500,000 or more. Produce farm
operations with average annual produce sales
of $25,000 or more over the previous three-year
period may also be subject to PSR compliance.
get rule ready.
Do you grow produce? Then you need to
To help growers, the Georgia Department of Agriculture
offers free On-Farm Readiness Reviews (OFFR).
OFRR consists of a voluntary, non-regulatory,
The goal is to provide farmers with a free
educational opportunity intended to walk growers
through what an actual inspection on their farm
may look like before a real inspection is conducted.
This is not an inspection
but about educating
Any notes taken on
the farm will remain
with the farmer.
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How a Canadian FCO with 1 million members and a $40 million annual budget can be formed
WHAT IS THE FINANCIAL CONSUMER ORGANIZATION (FCO)?
The Financial Consumer Organization (FCO) is a proposed federally chartered, non-profit organization designed to represent and educate consumers on financial services issues. The FCO will advocate for fair service from financial institutions before the industry regulators, the government and the courts. It will also educate financial consumers on issues such as service charges, credit cards, and mutual funds.
The FCO model is based upon Citizen Utility Boards (CUBs) which have been established in four states in the U.S. In these states, all of the utilities were required to enclose a one-page pamphlet in their billing envelopes inviting people to join the CUB. About five percent of consumers usually join the CUB at a $40 annual membership fee. CUBs are independent, broad-based watchdog groups that are run democratically by their members and represent consumers' interests in the marketplace. For example, in Illinois the CUB has 150,000 members, a $1.5 million annual budget, and has saved consumers about $9 billion since 1983 by opposing rate hikes by utilities.
According to a
of Canadians, 64% of Canadians support the creation of
the FCO using the pamphlet method.
As well, the Task Force on
the Future of the Canadian Financial Services Sector
recommended in its September 1998 Report
that the federal government create an FCO using the
pamphlet method (See Recommendation #56(b) on page 208
of the Report). The House of Commons Finance
Committee, and Senate Banking Committee, endorsed the
Task Force recommendation in their December 1998
WILL THE FCO BE SET UP AND HOW WILL IT WORK?
institutions could volunteer to enclose the pamphlet,
and as long as enough large institutions volunteered
enough financial consumers would receive the pamphlet
to make the FCO viable.
The pamphlet will describe
the FCO and invite financial consumers to join at a
nominal annual membership fee ($40 -- with a lower fee
for people with low incomes). The government can
either lend or grant to the FCO the funds needed to
print the first pamphlet. After the first flyer,
however, the FCO will pay all the costs of the
pamphlet. As a result, the FCO can be set up at
little or no cost to government or the financial
As well, the government can
require financial institutions to hand out the
pamphlet to customers when they come in do banking at
a branch or teller.
If only five percent of Canadian bank and insurance customers join the FCO, it will have one million members and a $40 million annual budget. With these resources and large membership base, the FCO will be strong enough to counter the power of banks, trusts and insurance companies.
The FCO will be a
democratic organization, controlled by its members
through the election of regional delegates and the
FCO's board of directors. The board will hire
the FCO's professional staff and determine the group's
WILL THE FCO DO?
The FCO will also educate
consumers through price surveys, public forums,
shopping guides and various other publications.
IS THE FCO NEEDED IN CANADA?
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Pastoral care is difficult to define because it is a phenomenon that is both simple and complex. Our Head of Counseling, Dr Tom Cerni, is accurate when he points to its essential simplicity, with its one essential aim of helping people to know love, both as something to be received and something to give.
The pastoral paradigm
Etymologically, pastoral care has its roots in the teachings and organisation of the Christian church. From the Latin root ‘pascere’ (to feed) and articulated by the powerful metaphor of the Good Shepherd, pastoral care describes the spiritually and morally sustaining concern of the leader for their flock.
The ‘pastoral paradigm’ can, in fact, have a significant integrative function in relation to much of the life of the human community. It has played a very important role in the life and focus of a school like The Scots College for over 125 years.
The five pastoral care functions
It is necessary, therefore, to clarify this area of investigation by way of a definition. Pastoral care consists of helping acts, done by representative persons, directed towards the healing, sustaining, guiding, reconciling and nurturing of persons whose troubles and concerns arise in the context of daily interactions and ultimate means and concerns.
- Healing – a pastoral function that aims to overcome some impairment by restoring the person to wholeness and by leading them to advance beyond their previous condition.
- Sustaining – Helping a hurting person to endure and to transcend a circumstance in which restoration to their former condition or recuperation from their malady is either impossible or so remote as to seem improbable.
- Guiding – assisting perplexed persons to make confident choices between alternative courses of thought and action, when such choices are viewed as affecting the present and the future state of human wholeness.
- Reconciling – seeking to re-establish broken relationships between man (sic) and fellow man and between man and God. Historically, reconciling has employed two modes – forgiveness and discipline.
- Nurturing – enable people to develop their potentialities, throughout the life journey with all its valleys, peaks, and plateaus. Nurturing and guiding are the pastoral care functions in which education and counseling are most intertwined. Many teachers and parents in schools see this function as critical in the achievement of their community’s educational mission.
Implementing pastoral care in schools
The full development of pastoral care depends on utilising all five strands. It depends on the vigorous interaction and balanced development within an educational, institutional and/or community of faith, of each of these caring functions, applied to the special needs of young people in our rapidly changing and challenging society.
Caring is an ordinary human activity; human beings care for one another and for the world in which they live. Unfortunately, we also fail to care for one another and our world. We also care for the tradition and the memory of human history, of which we are custodians. We care for it by remembering it and passing it along through language, myths, symbols, and stories.
Henri Nouwen speaks of care in terms of reaching out to others. To reach out to others and to care for them in some way we must, he says, be hospitable and welcoming. Caring means protecting or being the custodian of another, not by enclosing it or locking it away, but by making a larger space for it.
The custodian of a painting, for example, cares for it by making it available to others so they can see and appreciate it. Custodians of museums must occasionally lock away a painting, but the impulse of a good curator is to show a painting in the larger space of a gallery.
Good custodians or curators want to share with others; they must be the kind of people who are generous with possessions and hospitable to others so they also can enjoy what is being cared for. They must love the things they care for.
When we adopt love as our goal and caring as our moral orientation, we are also led to examine our own practices as teachers. Care is not necessarily a matter of logic or justice, but more a matter of caring within a circle or web of responsibility. An ethic of care is not unconcerned with individual rights, the common good or community traditions, but it de-emphasises these concepts and recasts them in terms of relation.
Pastoral care at Scots
If our College’s practice of care provision is to be worthy of being called pastoral care, it must challenge, support and restore the most profoundly human aspects of our students’ lives and offer them the possibility of a new beginning (renewal) and restored strength (repose) for the task Christ calls them to in this world.
We are about to embark on an amazing journey as we seek to lead and serve educators and families in their understanding and practice of pastoral care and the development of character.
To learn more about our approach to pastoral care, download your copy of our Prospectus.
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A decreased ability to identify odors might indicate the development of cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease, while examinations of the eye could indicate the build-up of beta-amyloid, a protein associated with Alzheimer's, in the brain, according to the results of four research trials reported at the Alzheimer's Association International Conference® 2014 (AAIC® 2014) in Copenhagen.
In two of the studies, the decreased ability to identify odors was significantly associated with loss of brain cell function and progression to Alzheimer's disease. In two other studies, the level of beta-amyloid detected in the eye (a) was significantly correlated with the burden of beta-amyloid in the brain and (b) allowed researchers to accurately identify the people with Alzheimer's in the studies.
Beta-amyloid protein is the primary material found in the sticky brain "plaques" characteristic of Alzheimer's disease. It is known to build up in the brain many years before typical Alzheimer's symptoms of memory loss and other cognitive problems.
"In the face of the growing worldwide Alzheimer's disease epidemic, there is a pressing need for simple, less invasive diagnostic tests that will identify the risk of Alzheimer's much earlier in the disease process," said Heather Snyder, Ph.D., Alzheimer's Association director of Medical and Scientific Operations. "This is especially true as Alzheimer's researchers move treatment and prevention trials earlier in the course of the disease."
"More research is needed in the very promising area of Alzheimer's biomarkers because early detection is essential for early intervention and prevention, when new treatments become available. For now, these four studies reported at AAIC point to possible methods of early detection in a research setting to choose study populations for clinical trials of Alzheimer's treatments and preventions," Snyder said.
With the support of the Alzheimer's Association and the Alzheimer's community, the United States created its first National Plan to Address Alzheimer's Disease in 2012. The plan includes the critical goal, which was adopted by the G8 at the Dementia Summit in 2013, of preventing and effectively treating Alzheimer's by 2025. It is only through strong implementation and adequate funding of the plan, including an additional $200 million in fiscal year 2015 for Alzheimer's research, that we'll meet that goal. For more information and to get involved, visit http://www.alz.org.
Clinically, at this time it is only possible to detect Alzheimer's late in its development, when significant brain damage has already occurred. Biological markers of Alzheimer's disease may be able to detect it at an earlier stage. For example, using brain PET imaging in conjunction with a specialized chemical that binds to beta-amyloid protein, the buildup of the protein as plaques in the brain can be revealed years before symptoms appear. These scans can be expensive and are not available everywhere. Amyloid can also be detected in cerebrospinal fluid through a lumbar puncture where a needle is inserted between two bones (vertebrae) in your lower back to remove a sample of the fluid that surrounds your brain and spinal cord.
Greater Neurodegeneration Associated with Worse Olfactory Function in Cognitively Normal Elderly
There is growing evidence that the decreased ability to correctly identify odors is a predictor of cognitive impairment and an early clinical feature of Alzheimer's. As the disease begins to kill brain cells, this often includes cells that are important to the sense of smell.
Matthew E. Growdon, B.A., M.D./M.P.H. candidate at Harvard Medical School and Harvard School of Public Health, and colleagues investigated the associations between sense of smell, memory performance, biomarkers of loss of brain cell function, and amyloid deposition in 215 clinically normal elderly individuals enrolled in the Harvard Aging Brain Study at the Massachusetts General Hospital. The researchers administered the 40-item University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT) and a comprehensive battery of cognitive tests. They also measured the size of two brain structures deep in the temporal lobes - the entorhinal cortex and the hippocampus (which are important for memory) - and amyloid deposits in the brain.
At AAIC 2014, Growdon reported that, in this study population, a smaller hippocampus and a thinner entorhinal cortex were associated with worse smell identification and worse memory. The scientists also found that, in a subgroup of study participants with elevated levels of amyloid in their brain, greater brain cell death, as indicated by a thinner entorhinal cortex, was significantly associated with worse olfactory function - after adjusting for variables including age, gender, and an estimate of cognitive reserve.
"Our research suggests that there may be a role for smell identification testing in clinically normal, older individuals who are at risk for Alzheimer's disease," said Growdon. "For example, it may prove useful to identify proper candidates for more expensive or invasive tests. Our findings are promising but must be interpreted with caution. These results reflect a snapshot in time; research conducted over time will give us a better idea of the utility of olfactory testing for early detection of Alzheimer's."
The Harvard Aging Brain Study is funded by the U.S. National Institute on Aging and the Alzheimer's Association.
Odor Identification Deficits Linked with Transition from Mild Cognitive Impairment to Alzheimer's
Davangere Devanand, M.B.B.S., M.D., Professor of Psychiatry (in Neurology and in the Sergievsky Center) at Columbia University Medical Center and colleagues investigated a multi-ethnic (34% White, 30% African-American, 36% Hispanic) sample of 1037 non-demented elderly people in New York City, with an average age of 80.7, and assessed them in a variety of ways at three time periods - from 2004-2006, 2006-2008, and 2008-2010. UPSIT was administered in English and Spanish between 2004 and 2006. During follow-up 109 people transitioned to dementia (101=Alzheimer's); there were 270 deaths.
At AAIC 2014, Devanand reported that, in 757 subjects who were followed, lower odor identification scores on UPSIT were significantly associated with the transition to dementia and Alzheimer's disease, after controlling for demographic, cognitive, and functional measures, language of administration, and apolipoprotein E genotype. For each point lower that a person scored on the UPSIT, the risk of Alzheimer's increased by about 10%. Further, lower baseline UPSIT scores, but not measures of verbal memory, were significantly associated with cognitive decline in participants without baseline cognitive impairment.
"Odor identification deficits were associated with the transition to dementia and Alzheimer's disease, and with cognitive decline in cognitively intact participants, in our community sample. The test was effective in both English and Spanish," said Devanand. "If further large-scale studies reproduce these results, a relatively inexpensive test such as odor identification may be able to identify subjects at increased risk of dementia and Alzheimer's disease at a very early stage, and may be useful in identifying people at increased risk of cognitive decline more broadly."
Eye Exam for Beta-Amyloid Correlates with Levels in the Brain and Detects People with Alzheimer's
Recent studies have identified beta-amyloid plaques in the retinas of people with Alzheimer's - similar to those found in the brain - suggesting the possibility of simple, non-invasive methods of early detection.
At AAIC 2014, Shaun Frost of the CSIRO (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Australia) and colleagues reported preliminary results of a study of volunteers who took a proprietary supplement containing curcumin, which binds to beta-amyloid with high affinity and has fluorescent properties that allow amyloid plaques to be detected in the eye using a novel system from NeuroVision Imaging, LLC, and a technique called retinal amyloid imaging (RAI). Volunteers also underwent brain amyloid PET imaging to correlate the retina and brain amyloid accumulation.
An abstract prepared by the scientists for AAIC 2014 gives the results for 40 participants out of 200 total in the study. The full study is expected to be completed later this year.
Preliminary results suggest that amyloid levels detected in the retina were significantly correlated with brain amyloid levels as shown by PET imaging. The retinal amyloid test also differentiated between Alzheimer's and non-Alzheimer's subjects with 100 percent sensitivity and 80.6 percent specificity.
Furthermore, longitudinal studies on an initial cohort demonstrated an average of 3.5% increase in retinal amyloid over a 3.5-month period of time demonstrating promise of the technique as a means for monitoring response to therapy.
"We envision this technology potentially as an initial screen that could complement what is currently used: brain PET imaging, MRI imaging, and clinical tests," Frost said. "If further research shows that our initial findings are correct, it could potentially be delivered as part of an individual's regular eye check-up. The high resolution level of our images could also allow accurate monitoring of individual retinal plaques as a possible method to follow progression and response to therapy."
The trial is a collaboration between CSIRO, Edith Cowan University, McCusker Alzheimer's Research Foundation and California-based NeuroVision Imaging. The project is part of the Australian Imaging and Biomarkers Lifestyle Study of Aging (AIBL).
Amyloid Detected in the Lens of the Eye Strongly Correlates to Amyloid Levels Detected in the Brain
At AAIC 2014, Paul D. Hartung, M.S, President and CEO of Cognoptix, Inc. and colleagues reported the results of a study of a novel fluorescent ligand eye scanning (FLES) system that detects beta-amyloid in the lens of the eye using a topically-applied ointment that binds to amyloid and a laser scanner.
The researchers studied 20 people with probable Alzheimer's disease, including mild cases, and 20 age-matched healthy volunteers; all participants' Alzheimer's status was masked from the observers. The ointment was applied to the inside of participants' lower eyelids the day before measurement. Laser scanning detected beta-amyloid in the eye by the presence of a specific fluorescent signature. Brain amyloid positron emission tomography (PET) scanning was performed on all participants to estimate amyloid plaque density in the brain.
Using results from the fluorescent imaging, researchers were able to differentiate people with Alzheimer's from healthy controls with high sensitivity (85 percent) and specificity (95 percent). In addition, amyloid levels based on the eye lens test correlated significantly with results obtained through PET brain imaging. No serious adverse events were reported, according to the scientists.
"There is a critical need for a fast, dependable, low-cost and readily available test for the early diagnosis and management of Alzheimer's disease," said Pierre N. Tariot, M.D., Director of the Banner Alzheimer's Institute in Phoenix, and a principal investigator in the study.
"The results of this small Phase 2 feasibility study validate our previously reported results and demonstrate the ability of the FLES system to reproduce the findings of clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's with high sensitivity and specificity," said Hartung. "This system shows promise as a technique for early detection and monitoring of the disease."
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|Contributor: || Byeong-Ha Lee at the University of Arizona |
|This protocol describes a method for isolating DNA from plant tissue. |
| 1. Preheat the CTAB Isolation Buffer at 60°C. |
2. Grind 2 g of fresh, leaf tissue to a powder in Liquid Nitrogen in a chilled mortar and pestle.
3. Scrape the powder into a chilled 50 ml tube.
4. Add 3 to 5 ml CTAB Buffer per gram tissue to the tube.
5. Incubate the sample at 60°C for 30 min with occasional gentle swirling.
6. Add the same volume of Phenol:Chloroform to the sample, gently swirling.
7. Centrifuge at 16,000 X g at room temperature for 10 min.
8. Remove the yellow, aqueous phase with a wide-bore pipette to a new 50 ml tube (see Hint #1).
9. Add the same volume of Chloroform:Isoamyl Alcohol to the tube, gently swirling.
10. Centrifuge at 16,000 X g at room temperature for 10 min.
11. Transfer the upper, aqueous phase to a new 50 ml tube.
12. Add two-thirds volume of cold 100% Isopropanol to the tube and mix gently to precipitate the nucleic acids (see Hint #2).
13. Centrifuge at 5,000 X g at room temperature for 10 min.
14. If any strands of DNA are visible, spool the non pelleted DNA with a glass hook. Discard the supernatant.
15. Add 5 to 10 ml Wash Buffer to the DNA pellet, including the spooled DNA collected with the glass hook.
16. Incubate for a minimum of 20 min (see Hint #3).
17. Centrifuge at 16,000 X g for 10 min.
18. Pour off the supernatant and allow the DNA pellet to dry.
19. Resuspend the pellet in 2 to 3 ml TE (see Hint #4).
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From Bernoulli's theorem, the change in pressure is given by:
Suppose you have a pitot tube with a pressure reading at 13 mm Hg at an air speed of 225 km/h. Refer to the figure
What will the pressure reading be when the wind speed is 345 km/h in mm Hg?
Frequently Asked Questions
What scientific concept do you need to know in order to solve this problem?
Our tutors have indicated that to solve this problem you will need to apply the Bernoulli's Equation concept. If you need more Bernoulli's Equation practice, you can also practice Bernoulli's Equation practice problems.
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(AP) More women are getting the word that they may have breasts too dense for mammograms to give a good picture. What's not so clear is what to make of that information.
This summer, New York became the fourth state to require that women be told if they have dense breasts when they get the results of a mammogram. That's because women whose breast tissue is very dense have a greater risk of developing breast cancer than women whose breasts contain more fatty tissue. Plus, it can be harder for mammograms to spot a possible tumor.
Monday, scientists reported a bit of good news about yet another question: Do denser breasts also signal a worse chance of survival? A National Cancer Institute study tracked more than 9,000 breast cancer patients and concluded those with very dense breasts were no more likely to die than similar patients whose breasts weren't as dense.
"It's definitely reassuring," said NCI lead researcher Dr. Gretchen Gierach, an epidemiologist who reported the results in the Journal of the National Cancer Institute.
Yes, tumors might be found later in the most dense breasts, but once diagnosed they apparently weren't more aggressive or harder to treat, explained co-author Dr. Karla Kerlikowske, a professor of medicine and epidemiologist at the University of California, San Francisco, who has long studied breast density.
"That risk factor doesn't affect her ability to respond to treatment, and treatment is good," Kerlikowske said.
In fact, researchers were surprised to find an increased risk of death only in certain women with the least dense breasts - those who also were obese or had large tumors. Perhaps it has to do with increased hormones that accompany obesity, Gierach speculated, stressing that the finding needs further study.
Whatever the explanation, the research illustrates just how much more there is to learn about breast density's complex role in cancer.
"There's a large proportion of women who have dense breasts, but most of those people don't get breast cancer," Kerlikowske cautioned.
Mammograms can show if your breasts are made up mostly of dense tissue - milk-producing and connective tissue - or of fatty tissue. Fatty tissue appears dark on the X-ray. Dense tissue appears white. So do potentially cancerous spots, meaning they can blend in.
Density tends to decrease with age. Half of women younger than 50 and a third older than 50 are estimated to have dense breasts. It's not clear how many know it since mammogram providers give that information to doctors, not directly to women.
The new state laws were spurred by cancer survivors outraged that they weren't told their dense breasts might have masked the earliest signs of tumors on supposedly clean mammograms. Connecticut, Texas, Virginia and New York have passed laws requiring that mammogram providers notify women if they have dense breasts when they mail out the exam's results. Similar legislation has been introduced in other states and Congress; an advocacy group is keeping track at http://www.areyoudense.org.
The consumer conundrum: What do women do next? Other exams, such as ultrasounds or MRIs, sometimes detect tumors that mammograms miss - but there's no data showing that the expensive extra testing saves lives, one reason some doctors' groups have lobbied against some of the laws. Cost aside, those extra tests also tend to trigger more false alarms, leading to needless biopsies. California's governor cited such concerns in vetoing breast density notification there last year.
In Connecticut, insurers are required to pay if a doctor orders a breast ultrasound, and early reports suggest demand for that test is rising.
New York's new law, scheduled to take effect at year's end, sidestepped explicit next-test advice by requiring the notification to say: "Use this information to talk to your doctor about your own risks for breast cancer. At that time, ask your doctor if more screening tests might be useful, based on your risk."
Another big concern: There's no standard way to measure breast density - it's a judgment call that can vary from radiologist to radiologist, and from one year's mammogram to the next, said Dr. Otis Brawley of the American Cancer Society.
Radiologists divide density levels into four categories. According to the American College of Radiology, about 10 percent of women have almost completely fatty breasts. Another 10 percent have extremely dense breasts, the level that Kerlikowske said is linked to a higher risk of developing cancer. The rest are in between, with about 40 percent having scattered areas of density and 40 percent having fairly widespread density, categories especially difficult to classify.
"We're making policy in a gray area where the experts and doctors don't know what it means," said a frustrated Brawley.
To help women make sense of the debate, the American College of Radiology this month developed a brochure for mammography centers to distribute:
UCSF's Kerlikowske said knowing you have dense breasts could be valuable, if the information is used properly. It's one more factor to weigh along with things like whether your mother or sister had breast cancer, if you've had previous biopsies, and your reproductive history - all information that helps doctors determine your overall risk.
Beyond that, Kerlikowske is leading a major study to try to determine the best screening approach for women with high breast density and a variety of risk factors.
"I hope in a year or two we can make some intelligent recommendations," she said.
Leading medical groups offer differing recommendations on mammograms.
The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force, a group of medical doctors who advise the government on treatment guidelines, recommend women ages 50 to 74 get a mammogram every other year.
The American Cancer Society recommends women ages 40 and older should get a mammogram every year and should continue to do so for as long as they are in good health.
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The fun and easy way(r) to understand, pronounce, and apply medical terminology
Don't know a carcinoma from a hematoma? This friendlyguide gets you up to speed quickly on medical terminology fundamentals, helping you master definitions, pronunciations, and applications across all medical fields. Once you understand medical prefixes, suffixes, and root words, you'll approach even unfamiliar medical terms with confidence.
* Recognize common root words - identify words that apply to body regions, organs, anatomy, and pathology
* Pronounce and use terms with ease -grasp the phonics of medical terms and understand the context of words, from hospital to pharmacy to test lab
* Break words down - understand unfamiliar words by defining their elements and recombining them; and get familiar with prefixes and suffixes, plurals and multiples
* Get a handle on anatomy and systems - bone up on terms that describe and are related to the body's systems, from skeletal and muscular to gastrointestinal and endocrine
* Learn the lingo - familiarize yourself with common terms used in the ER, OR, pharmacy, and lab
* Get to the source- understand Greek and Latin sources of medical terms
Open the book and find:
* Tips for understanding unfamiliar medical terms
* Explanations of Greek and Latin roots and structures
* Definitions of common prefixes and suffixes
* Guidance in pronouncing medical terms
* Word roots commonly used in hospitals, pharmacies, and labs
* Terms for diseases, lab tests, and medications
* Useful mnemonic devices
* Helpful word-building activities
Confused by medical terms? Don't know a carcinoma from a hematoma? "Medical Terminology For Dummies" gets you up to speed quickly on medical terminology fundamentals and helps you master medical definitions, pronunciations, and applications across all health care fields. Once you understand medical prefixes, suffixes, and root words, you'll approach even unfamiliar medical terms with confidence. This plain-English guide to language that can be just plain confusing clears up the meanings of the Greek and Latin sources of medical terms. You'll get a handle on how these mouthfuls are constructed, and discover how to decipher any medical term, no matter how complex or unusual. You'll also get plenty of help in pronouncing and remembering medical words, and you'll find out how and why the terminology changes from hospital to laboratory to pharmacy.
You'll discover how to: understand word foundations and origins; grasp the essential meanings of unfamiliar terms; define common prefixes and suffixes; identify and pronounce medical terms; deconstruct words to grasp definitions; use plurals and multiples with ease; describe medical conditions accurately; bone up on terms that describe the anatomy; use mnemonic devices to remember medical terms; know when words refer to diseases, injuries, treatments, and more; and, use medical terminology in the real world. Complete with a list of essential references on medical terminology as well as helpful word-building activities "Medical Terminology For Dummies" puts you in the know in no time.
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Here are some reasons why I believe it is important to explore our Perthshire Roots. As we become a more integrated society the less we look at the history of our country as an important part of our heritage. Families have been dispersed from being a closely knit communities that was normal a hundred or even fifty tears ago.
Two World Wars were partly to blame for this, as well as the sociological changes which have rapidly changed the world as a whole. Prior to the wars, Victorian Britain was racing to increase the size of the Empire. The sense of adventure and the ever growing new trading opportinites throughout the Empire sparked a surge in migration away from community living in Britain. The world had become so much smaller and easily accessible in both travel time and cost. Thousands jumped at the opportunity to find a better life. Mechanisation and commercial goods were replacing manual labour at an alarming rate, so people had to move further and further away from their communities to seek alternative work. The previous barriers between the rich and lower classes in society were gradually being removed. There was never a true saying spoken than,'The World is your oyster'.
Society has changed without a doubt over the past century! It is a fact that from the start the population rarely left the boundaries of towns and villages where they had been born, along with other generations of the family. People have always migrated, but only for short distances to find work. Many had stayed in the community generation after generation.
Moving away from that static existance has become a much greater part of todays' modern society. In the latter part of the twentieth century, it is rare to have remained in the same house for more than a decade. We now move around the country, or even move abroad, far more than we ever did. We are a society on the move. We no longer have time to put down Roots.
In the early days, when people moved away, they did retain a connection with their families, as a sense of belonging. Then they knew where they were from, who the people around them were, parents, grandparents and neighbours, and back through the generations. But that has now all but disappeared and maybe the explanation why there is a growing desire to know who and where our families originated from. You could say a sense of belonging, knowing who our ancestors where, what hey did and where and how they lived. Over this first decade of the twenty first century, there has been a growing surge of interest in the population to explore their roots What has changed society to make us intrigued with wanting to find out about the past history of our Perthshire family ancestors. Why do we need to know?
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Basics of Medicaid Eligibility
By: Anthony J. Enea, Esq.*
I. OVERVIEW OF MEDICAID
In 1965 the Federal Medicaid Assistance Program commonly known as “Medicaid” was created as part of the same legislation that created the Medicare program. Medicaid was created as a health insurance program for the poor. It is a “means tested” entitlement program wherein individuals are entitled to benefits if they are financially categorically eligible. It is a jointly financed federal‑state program.1
In 1966, New York State Statutorily adopted the Medicaid program.2 New York’s program encompasses virtually every medical program available. New York elected to give the responsibility for administering Medicaid to the Counties.
For every dollar spent on Medicaid in New York, fifty (.50) cents comes from the Federal Medicaid Program, twenty-five (.25) cents from New York State and twenty-five (.25) cents from the Counties.3
The Medicare Catastrophic Coverage Act of 1988, effective October 1, 1989, made significant changes to the structure of the Medicaid program in three main areas: (1) the transfer of assets rules, (2) the rules regarding the treatment of assets owned by the spouse of an institutionalized patient and how the assets of that spouse would effect the eligibility for Medicaid of the institutionalized patient, and (3) the rules regarding the amount of income and resources the spouse living in the community would be allowed to keep.
Additional changes to the Medicaid program were later enacted as part of the Revenue Reconciliation Act of 1993 (often referred to as “OBRA 93” which became effective on August 10, 1993. These changes were adopted by the New York Legislature and signed into law on June 9, 1994. OBRA 93 applied to transfers of assets made after August 10, 1993, and with respect to applications for and recertifications of eligibility for medical assistance submitted on or after September 1, 1994.
II. Categories of Medicaid Coverage
A. Community Medicaid ‑ Physicians, dentists, pharmaceutical, nursery services and other professional services provided to individuals on a clinical or outpatient basis for individuals who are eligible; and
B. Home Care Services ‑ Home health services, such as personal care services, nursing, physical therapy, occupational therapy and home health aid services; and
C. Institutional Services ‑ Hospitals, other medical facilities, nursing homes and services under the Lombardi long‑term home health care program. (A waivered program).
III. Eligibility for Medicaid
A. Medicaid may be authorized for individuals whom are:
a. Medically needy;
b. Categorically needy;
c. Legal U.S. Residents
B. To be eligible for Medicaid, the applicant must be:
a. A legal U.S. resident, citizenship is not a requirement. There is no durational residency requirement.
– The Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act of 1996 established new standards for ‘qualified’ and ‘unqualified’ aliens. Both “qualified” and ‘unqualified’ aliens within the first five (5) years of their entry into the U.S. are not eligible for Medicaid benefits, except for emergency care.
– On October 26, 2004, ADM 04-OMM/ADM-07 was issued to clarify DSS’s policies relevant to Medicaid for non-citizens and aliens. The ADM provides a detailed historical overview of prior legislation relevant to Medicaid eligibility for non-citizens and aliens, and creates the guidelines as to how the Medicaid program will continue to be available to immigrants.
The ADM can be found at www.health.state.ny.us/nysdoh/medicaid/publications/docs/adm/04adm-7.pdf.
– The applicant must be a resident of the state and county where the application for Medicaid is made. Residency requires a physical presence within the state and the “intent to remain.” Any person age twenty-one (21) and over is a resident of New York State,4 if he or she is living in the State and:
(i) intends to remain permanently or indefinitely; or
(ii) is unable to state intent unless he or she is in an institution, and another state made the placement.5
b. Under the age of twenty-one (21) or over the age of sixty-five (65) and disabled.6
If you are between the ages of twenty-one (21) and sixty-five (65) you can be eligible for medicaid, only if you are:
1. Disabled – a physical or mental incapacity which prevents you from any gainful employment, which is expected to endure for at least one (1) year;7
2. Blind – certified blind by NYS Commission for Blind and Visually handicapped.8
3. Eligible for Public Assistance – either receiving or be eligible to receive safety net assistance or family assistance, thus, must be below the public assistance income and resource levels;9 or
4. Recipient of Supplemental Security Income “SSI”
If receiving SSI from the Social Security Administration, you will be automatically eligible for Medicaid. No application for Medicaid is necessary.10
C. Medicaid is a “means tested” entitlement program, thus, there are both resource and income eligibility requirements. Applicant must have income and assets below specified amounts.11
Factors considered in determining financial eligibility
1. Size of the household of the applicant, i.e., is applicant single or married;
2. Income – available to the applicant during period for which Medicaid is requested.
– Medicaid counts most income with certain specified exceptions, irrespective of whether the income is earned or unearned.12 Certain income is exempt (not counted as available) for Medicaid eligibility purposes.13 For example, the first twenty ($20) dollars per month of income whether earned or unearned is exempt. German and Austrian reparation payments, Nazi Persecution Funds, State Crime Victims Assistance Funds as well as other income sources are totally exempt, so long as they are kept segregated from other funds.14
– Income can be “deemed” or attributed to another irrespective of whether it is actually paid. “Deeming” is only applied to legally responsible relatives, i.e., husband and wife, parents and a child under age twenty-one (21). However, deeming not applicable in “Spousal Refusal” cases.15
3. Resources available to the applicant during period for which Medicaid is requested.
A. Available Resources
– Resources are defined to include property of all differing kinds, e.g., personal property, (cash, IRA’s, stocks, bonds) real property, tangible, intangible, liquid or illiquid “real property”
– NYS DSS Administrative Directive: 96 ADM – 8, “assets” for purposes of Medicaid are defined as all income and resources of the individual applicant and the applicant’s spouse.
– Income and/or resources which the applicant or the applicant’s spouse is entitled to, but does not obtain because of action or inactions takes by (a) the applicant or his or her spouse, or (b) a person, Court, administrative body with legal authority to act on behalf of applicant or applicant’s spouse; or (c) a person, Court or administrative body acting at the direction or request of the applicant or applicant’s spouse.
Examples of actions taken which would cause resources or income not to be received, but still considered as an available resource or income pursuant to NYS DSS 96 ADM – 8 are:
a. Renunciation of an inheritance or waiver of spousal right of election;
b. Waiving pension income irrevocably; and
c. Waiving or not accessing personal injury or tort settlements.16
B. IRA’s KEOGH’s and 401K’s
– Are considered available as illiquid resources for Medicaid eligibility purposes.17
– Medicaid will not consider the IRA or retirement account as an available resource if the applicant places the account into “payout status” (begins taking the minimum required distribution or MRD). However, Medicaid will count the income received as available income.18
– If an IRA is cashed out, even before age 59 1/2, the net proceeds (after payment of any taxes or penalties) are considered an available resource for eligibility purposes.19
– Annuities are a type of investment wherein one (“annuitant”) in consideration for his or her investment will receive the right to receive fixed periodic payments either for a term of years or for life.
– If the projected return “payout” from the annuity is reasonably proportionate “actuarially sound” to the investment made (based on life expectancy and rate of return) for Medicaid purposes the purchase of the annuity will be considered a compensated transfer, thus, not creating a period of ineligibility for Medicaid. However, if the projected return is proportionately less than the investment made, Medicaid will consider the purchase of the annuity as a trust related transfer in an amount less than fair market value, which creates a period of ineligibility for Medicaid nursing home.20 – Health Care Financing Administration, State Medicaid Manual Transmitted No. 64 (November 1994) and HCFA Pub. 45-3 (HCFA Transmittal No. 64) delineates how annuities are treated under the trust/ transfer provisions.
– If the annuity is (actuarially sound( and the annuity has been reduced to an income stream (a “fixed annuity”, no period of ineligibility for Medicaid would be created under the trust/transfer provisions. However, the monthly payout will be considered and counted as available income.21
D. Exempt Resources
The following have been determined to be (exempt resources(, therefore, they are not considered or counted for purposes of Medicaid eligibility:
(1) “Homestead” – “primary residence” (not a second or vacation home) which is occupied by the applicant, applicant’s spouse, minor, blind or disabled child.22 A one, two or three family home, condo, co-op, mobile home is considered to be a homestead. The homestead can be income producing property, or even attached or contiguous to income producing property. Although the primary residence will be considered as an exempt homestead, however, any income will be counted and treated as available.23
– If the applicant is institutionalized and expresses the intent to return home, the homestead will not lose its exempt status. However, the homestead can still lose its exempt status if the applicant is declared to be in “permanent absent status.”24 A declaration of permanent absent status can be made upon the applicant entering the nursing home, or if applicant remains in a hospital for more than six (6) months. By declaring the individual to be in permanent absent status, Medicaid could attempt to place a lien on the homestead.25
(2) Burial Allowance – $1,500 cash or face value of life insurance. Must be in a separate account designated as “burial allowance.”26
(3) Burial Space and Irrevocable Burial Trust – Applicant may own in addition to the $1,500 burial allowance, a burial space, grave, crypt, mausoleum, headstone, casket, without effecting medicaid eligibility.27
– Effective January 1, 1997 NY Law was amended to permit the applicant/ recipient of Medicaid to pre-pay his or her funeral and burial expenses with a funeral home director by using an Irrevocable Trust Fund. There is no dollar limit on the amount that can be placed in the Irrevocable Trust. However, it is not recommended that the trust be over funded, because any monies not utilized for the funeral and burial must be turned over to Medicaid.28
(4) Personal Property – The applicant’s personal
belongings and furnishings are exempt. No valuation is made for Medicaid eligibility purposes.29
One automobile, irrespective of its value is also exempt.
(5) $4,000 of Exempt Resources for the year 2005. Was $3,950.00 for 2004, a/k/a “Luxury Fund”.
4. Comparison of Applicant’s Net Available Income and Resources to the Eligibility Standards for His or Her Medicaid Household Size.
If the applicant’s net available resources exceed the eligibility standards for his or her household size, then he or she will be ineligible for Medicaid until he or she has incurred medical expenses equal to or greater than the amount of his or her excess resources. Similarly, if the applicant’s net available income is above the income standard for his or her Medicaid household size, he or she will be ineligible for Medicaid until medical expenses are incurred equal to or greater than the excess income.
V. Income and Resource Eligibility Requirements for 2005
A. Income Levels for a Single Individual
(i) For Community/Homecare Medicaid – $667 per month plus $20 per month disregard.30
(ii) For Nursing Home – all of the recipients monthly income (except exempt income) in excess of $50 per month “personal needs allowance”,31 must be paid to nursing home as an offset to the services provided by Medicaid.
– NY is an income spend down state.
B. Income Levels for a Couple (i) For a Couple receiving Community/Home Care Medicaid – $975 Plus one $20 per month disregard.32
C. Resource Levels for a Single Individual
– $4,000 Total33 – Known as “Luxury Fund”
D. Resource Levels for a Couple for Community/Homecare Medicaid
– $5,850 34
E. Income and Resource levels for the Community Spouse of an Institutionalized (Nursing Home) Medicaid Recipient
– Minimum Monthly Maintenance Needs Allowance (MMMNA)
– $2,378 per month35
– Community Spouse Resource Allowance “CSRA”
On a sliding scale from a minimum of $74,820 to a maximum of $95,100 total.36
V. Spousal Impoverishment Provisions
As part of the Medicare Catastrophic Coverage Act “MCCA” of 1988, changes were made to prevent the impoverishment of the Community Spouse. Congress granted the states the authority to establish income and resource levels for the community spouse of an institutionalized Medicaid recipient. However, the law established a maximum level that could be utilized by the states.37 New York has adopted and consistently selected the Federal maximums.38
VI. Community Spouse Income Allowance
The Community Spouse is permitted a Minimum Monthly Maintenance Needs Allowance “MMMNA”, the maximum MMMNA for 2005 is $2,378 per month. If the Community spouse’s income falls below the MMMNA, the Community Spouse is permitted to receive total income up to the amount of the MMMNA by deducting income of the Institutionalized Spouse. However, the income can be made available to the Community Spouse only if it is actually made available to or for his or her benefit.39
96 ADM-11 of the NYS Dept. Of Social Services provides that income (not the resources of the Institutionalized Spouse) should be transferred first to the Community Spouse to allow the Community Spouse to receive income up to the MMMNA. DSS’s position on this issue was tested in Golf v. NYS Dept. Of Soc. Services, 221 A.D. 2d 997, 634 N.Y.S. 2d 581 (4th Dept 1991) order reversed, 91 N.Y.3d 656, 674 N.Y.S. 2d 600, 697 N.E. 2d 555 (1998). In Golf, the Court of Appeals in reversing the Appellate Division Fourth Department held that the “income first” approach of the Dept. of Social Services and the Federal Statutes had to be applied. The Community Spouse must first seek an income contribution from the Institutionalized Spouse, before the Institutionalized Spouse’s resources are utilized to increase the income of the Community Spouse to the MMMNA level.
If the Community Spouse requests income in excess of the MMMNA and a State Court orders said increase, the MMMNA can then be increased to the Court established amount.40
In Robbins ex rel. Robbins v. DeBuono, 218 F. 3d 197 70 Soc. Sec. Rep. Serv. 408 (2nd Circuit 2000), cert. Denied, 531 U.S. 1071 121 S. St. 760, the Second Circuit decided that the (income first( approach does not apply to the Social Security income of the Institutionalized Spouse. The Court determined that the application of the “income first” approach to the Social Security income resulted in the alienation of Social Security benefits, which amounted to a violation of federal law.41
The effect of Robbins was that a Community Spouse would not be required to raise his or her MMMNA by a contribution from the Institutionalized Spouse’s Social Security benefits, thus, perhaps, permitting him or her to apply for an increased Community Spouse Resource Allowance “CSRA” in an amount that would be sufficient to increase his or her MMMNA to the $2,378 amount for 2005.
On January 12, 2005, the NYS Dept. of Social Services in GIS05MA/002 rescinded GIS00MA/027 relevant to the “Treatment of Institutionalized Spouses’ Social Security Benefits and Requests for Additional Allowances,” which dealt with Robbins and the provisions of 01 OMM/ADM-4 related thereto. The Department of Social Services decided that it would no longer treat Institutionalized Spouses with Social Security Income differently than other Institutionalized Spouses. Thus, Community Spouses with income less than the MMMNA will not be allowed to retain resources in excess of the maximum CSRA in order to generate income that could be provided by the Institutionalized Spouse from his/her Social Security Benefits; irrespective of whether the Institutionalized Spouse makes the Social Security benefits available to the Community Spouse. The decision to give a Community Spouse a higher CSRA continues to necessitate resolution by a fair hearing or a Court Order. The Department of Social Services went on to further state that an Institutionalized Spouse is not required to transfer Social Security benefits to the Community Spouse. He or she is allowed, but not required to make it available. The Department of Social Services relied upon the 2003 U.S. Supreme Court Decision in Washington State Dept. Of Social Services v. Guardianship Estate of Keffeler, 537 U.S. 371 in support of its position.
VII. Enhanced Income Allowance
If the Community Spouse wishes to seek an increase of the permitted MMMNA ($2,378 for 2005) he or she must either at a fair hearing or in a family court proceeding establish that there exist “exceptional circumstances which result in significant financial distress”. If the above is established Medicaid must permit an amount adequate to provide additional necessary income to the Community Spouse from the income of the Institutionalized Spouse.42
In Gomprecht v. Sabol, 86 N.Y.2d 47, 629 N.Y.S. 2d 190 (1995), the NY Court of Appeals severely limited the ability of Community Spouses to increase the MMMNA in a state Court proceeding. The Court determined that the fair hearing “exceptional circumstances” test was to be utilized by the Court in support proceedings. The Court opined that “exceptional circumstances” must be the result of “true financial hardship that is trust upon the Community Spouse by circumstances over which he or she has no control.” See Schachner v. Perales, 85 N.Y. 2d 316, 624 N.Y. 3d 558 (1995)
VIII. Community Spouse Resource Allowance
The spouse of an Institutionalized Spouse, whom is residing in the community (a/k/a “community spouse” is granted by Federal Law a Community Spouse Resource Allowance “CSRA” which is set by the State. The CSRA can be adjusted annually pursuant to the Consumer Price Index “CPI”.43
IX. Computation of CSRA
Commencing on the first date the Institutionalized Spouse begins a period of institutionalization, which is likely to endure for at least 30 days, the following resources of the Community Spouse are calculated to determine his or her CSRA:44
(i) Total value of resources to the extent either the Institutionalized Spouse or the Community Spouse has an interest. All of the resources held by either or both the Community and Institutionalized Spouse are deemed available to the Institutionalized Spouse to the extent they exceed the maximum CSRA;45 and
(ii) A spousal share that is equal to one-half (1/2) of the total value of the resources.46
In 1996 NY amended how it calculates the CSRA. In NY the Community Spouse is permitted available resources in an amount equal to the greater of the following:
(i) $74,820; or
(ii) one-half (1/2) of the total value of the available resources the husband and wife have, commencing during the month of the first continuous period of institutionalization of the Institutionalized Spouse to an amount no greater than $95,100 for the year 2005. Thus, if husband and wife have $190,200 in available resources, the Community Spouse may retain $95,100.47
X. Enhanced Resource Allowance
Pursuant to the Federal Statute if it can be established that the CSRA is an amount which is insufficient to raise the community spouse’s income to the MMMNA level, then Medicaid must permit as the CSRA an amount sufficient to do so.48 Again, as per the Court’s decision in Gomprecht, it must be established at either a fair hearing, or by Court order that there exists exceptional circumstances which result in significant financial distress. For example, if a Community Spouse only has $1,000 of monthly income, he or she could argue that he or she should be entitled to retain resources in excess of the $95,100 CSRA permitted in 2005, so as to generate sufficient income to allow her to achieve the $2,378 MMMNA for the year 2005.
XI. Transfer of Asset Rules
A. Penalty and Look Back Periods
Because Medicaid is a “means tested” entitlement program, if assets are “transferred,” i.e., given away by the applicant or his/her spouse without the receipt of something of equivalent value in return “uncompensated transfer”, within thirty-six months immediately prior to the application for Medicaid, a period of ineligibility for Medicaid nursing home care will be triggered, unless the transfer is deemed to be an exempt transfer.49
The transfer of asset rules contain two separate and distinct components, being, the “look back period” and the “penalty period”. Pursuant to the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993 (“OBRA 93”),50 a thirty-six (36) month “look back period” was created for outright transfers of assets. Thus, Medicaid will “look back” thirty-six (36) months immediately prior to the date of the Medicaid application to determine whether or not any uncompensated transfers of assets have been made. OBRA 93 created a “look back” period of sixty (60) months for any transfer made to or from a “lifetime trust”.51
The second component of the transfer of asset rules is the (penalty period(. The “penalty period” commences on the first of the month following the date of the uncompensated transfer,52 and is a number of months determined by taking the value of the uncompensated transfer and dividing it by the average monthly cost of a nursing home for the applicants Medicaid district as determined by Medicaid. New York is divided into seven Medicaid districts. (See Regional Rates infra)
For example, for 2005 the average monthly cost of a nursing home for Westchester County is determined by Medicaid to be $8,332 per month. Thus, a $100,000 uncompensated transfer would create a twelve (12) month penalty period for Medicaid nursing home care.53 An uncompensated transfer of $300,000 would create a thirty-six (36) month period of ineligibility. Thirty-six (36) months will be the maximum period of ineligibility for Medicaid nursing home care that is created by an outright transfer (not to or from a lifetime trust), so long as no application for Medicaid is made until all periods of ineligibility have expired. Sixty (60) months is the maximum period of ineligibility for Medicaid nursing home care that is created for all transfers to or from a lifetime trust, so long as no application for Medicaid is made until all periods of ineligibility have expired.
B. Regional Rates for 2005
The regional rates pursuant to the Regulations are to be updated on January 1 of each year by Medicaid.54
REGION MONTHLY RATE
Central $ 5,988
Long Island $ 9,612
New York City and Five Boroughs $ 8,870
Northeastern $ 6,501
Northern Metropolitan (Westchester,
Putnam, Orange, Rockland, Dutchess) $ 8,332
Rochester $ 6,981 – The regional rate which is in effect at the time the Medicaid application is made, not the date of transfer, is used to calculate the ineligibility period.55
C. General Rules as to Transfers of Assets and Income.
– The transfer of asset rules apply to the assets and income of the applicant or his or her spouse as well as any income or assets that they are entitled to receive, but do not receive because of any action or inaction on their part, court or administrative body, or person acting on their behalf, such as, waiving pension income, renunciations of inheritance, waiver of right of election.56
– In New York the transfer of asset penalty periods do not apply to Medicaid homecare. OBRA 93 permits the states to extend the penalty periods to the Medicaid home care program.
– In New York jointly owned assets are presumed to be owned entirely by the Medicaid applicant. However, this presumption can be overcome by evidence that the joint owner actually owns part or all of the property.57 Joint owner would need to submit documentary proof, i.e., deposit slips.
– If assets are held by the applicant as a tenant-in-common, an asset transfer will be deemed to have occurred when any action is taken which reduces or eliminates his or her ownership interest or control. The act of placing another’s name on an asset is not in and of itself a transfer of assets.58
– Penalty periods are imposed for a partial month.59
– When multiple transfers are made, and the penalty periods created by the transfers overlap, the period of ineligibility commences on the first of the month following the month in which the first transfer is made. The period of ineligibility is determined by adding together the total value of the uncompensated transfers and dividing it by the applicable regional rate.60
– When multiple transfers are made and the penalty periods do not overlap, each transfer will create a separate period of ineligibility for Medicaid.
– Within the look back period, if a transfer of property is made with the retention of a life estate (right to use property for his or her lifetime), it will be deemed a partially uncompensated transfer. The dollar value of the uncompensated transfer is the value of the remainder interest (value of right to possession or ownership when life tenant dies)61 at the time the life estate is created. The life estate and remainder interest tables are provided by the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services in its State Medicaid Manual.
– If the life estate holder transfers or relinquishes his or her life estate during a look back period, it will be necessary to determine if fair market value was received for the life use. If fair market value or less than fair market value was not received it will be necessary to impose a penalty period for the uncompensated transfer by utilizing the applicable regional rate.
– Life estates are not available/countable resources for purposes of Medicaid eligibility.62
– When real property or assets are transferred to a lifetime trust, the value of the life estate retained is not subtracted for purposes of determining the value of the uncompensated transfer for purposes of calculating the period of Medicaid ineligibility.63
D. Exempt Assets and Transfers
There are transfers of assets which can be made by the Medicaid applicant which do not trigger a period of ineligibility for Medicaid:
1. If an asset other than the homestead is transferred to: (a) the applicant’s spouse, or to another for the sole benefit of the individual’s spouse;64 (b) from the applicant’s spouse to another for the sole benefit of the individual’s spouse;65 (c) disabled child;66 or (d) to a trust established solely for the benefit of an individual under 65 years of age who is disabled;67 the transfer will be an exempt transfer which does not create any period of ineligibility for Medicaid.
2. If the homestead is transferred to: (a) the spouse of the applicant;68 (b) a child of the applicant who is under age 21;69 (c) a child of the applicant who is blind or disabled, regardless of age;70 (d) the sibling of the applicant who has an equity interest in the home, and who has resided in the home, and is using it as his or her primary residence for at least one (1) year prior to applicant’s admission to a long term care facility;71 or (e) a child of the applicant who has resided in the home as his or her residence for at least two (2) years immediately prior to applicant’s admission to the long term care facility and has provided care to his or her parent,72 “caretaker exempt transfer” the transfer will be an exempt transfer that does not create a period of ineligibility for Medicaid.
3. Transfers Made by the Community Spouse
If after the institutionalized spouse has been residing in the nursing home for thirty (30) days and receiving Medicaid, any non-exempt transfer of assets made by the community spouse will only effect his or her eligibility for Medicaid and not the eligibility of the institutionalized spouse.73
4. Transfers Made For Purposes Other Than Qualifying for Medicaid
If the applicant can factually establish that the asset transfer was made for purposes other than qualifying for Medicaid for nursing home care, i.e., catastrophic illness occurred unexpectedly after transfer was made; the transfer will be an exempt transfer for Medicaid eligibility purposes.74
5. Imposition of Penalty Period Creates an Undue Hardship
If it can be established that the imposition of an eligibility period would cause an “undue hardship” upon the applicant, Medicaid is prohibited from denying nursing home benefits to the applicant.
In order to establish an “undue hardship” it must be shown that:
a. The applicant is otherwise eligible for Medicaid;
b. Applicant and/or applicant’s spouse are unable to have transferred assets returned despite their efforts to do so;
c. The denial of care would endanger the applicant’s health or life.75
The granting of Medicaid based upon “undue hardship” rarely occurs in New York.
6. Assets Comprising the Non-Exempt Transfer are Returned to Applicant
If prior to a decision being made as to Medicaid eligibility, all of the assets comprising the non-exempt transfer are returned, a period of ineligibility will not be imposed.76
If only a portion of the assets comprising the non-exempt transfer are returned prior to a decision being made on Medicaid eligibility, the value of the uncompensated transfer is reduced by the value of the portion returned.77
XII. Spousal Refusal In New York
As part of the Medicare Catastrophic Act of 1988, Congress passed the “spousal impoverishment” rules. This allowed the spouse who remained at home “community spouse” to retain resources and income above the levels permitted to unmarried individuals without impacting the eligibility of the spouse applying for Medicaid. The statute created a Minimum Monthly Maintenance Needs Allowance (MMMNA), which for the year 2005 in New York is $2,378 per month and a maximum Community Spouse Resource Allowance (CSRA) which for 2005 is $95,100. More importantly, Congress permitted the community spouse to refuse to contribute his or her assets above the CSRA without jeopardizing the eligibility for the nursing home spouse, provided that the State was assigned the nursing home spouse’s “institutionalized spouse” right of support.78
The State of New York codified these “spousal refusal” rules so that the community spouse may keep resources and income in excess of the CSRA once two documents are executed:79
a. A “spousal refusal” letter, signed by the community spouse, stating that he or she refuses to make available his or her resources to the institutionalized spouse; and
b. An “assignment of support” which is signed by the institutionalized spouse, or if the spouse is unable to sign, a statement explaining the medical reason is to be provided.
The signing of the “assignment of support” authorizes the Department of Social Services “DSS” to commence an action for support against the refusing spouse. DSS will be able to assert its claim against the refusing spouse once the application has been approved and Medicaid services provided.
From a practical perspective, the decision of whether or not to file the “spousal refusal” is more often than not a purely financial decision. Obviously, if the surviving spouse has income and resources only slightly above the MMMNA and CSRA, the community spouse may consider alternatives other than utilizing the “spousal refusal”, e.g., funding an irrevocable burial trust, creating a “luxury fund” or making improvements to the homestead. However, when the resources and income are significantly in excess of the permitted amounts and the prospect of spending in excess of $100,000 per year for the nursing home looms in the background, “spousal refusal” may be the only viable alternative. Additionally, the election of “spousal refusal” will allow the nursing home spouse to be eligible for Medicaid immediately without necessitating a spend down of the community spouse’s resources. This is especially important when the community spouse is younger than the institutionalized spouse, and requires significant resources to be able to continue to reside in the community.
B. Executing a Spousal Refusal
1. In order to qualify the institutionalized spouse for Medicaid nursing home benefits, the institutionalized spouse will generally need to transfer his or her resources to the community spouse who will then often own non-exempt resources in excess of the current maximum CSRA level of $95,100 and/or have monthly income above the current MMMNA level of $2,378. Thus, an otherwise Medicaid eligible institutionalized spouse will be deemed ineligible for Medicaid. The community spouse will then need to execute a “spousal refusal”.
A transfer of assets between spouses will not affect the applying spouse’s right to secure Medicaid. Said transfer is commonly known as an “inter-spousal transfer”.80
2. Under Federal law, the community spouse may exercise “spousal refusal”, and may thereby retain resources and income in excess of the CSRA or the MMMNA without jeopardizing the institutionalized spouse’s Medicaid eligibility, provided that:81
a. As to Resources – (i) the institutionalized spouse assigns to the state any right of support from the community spouse;82 or (ii) if the institutionalized spouse is unable to execute an assignment of support due to physical or mental impairments, in which case the state may commence a support proceeding against the community spouse without the assignment;83 or (iii) the state finds that the denial of eligibility would “work an undue hardship”.84
b. As to Income – The exercise of a “spousal refusal” necessitates that during any month in which an institutionalized spouse is in the institution, except as provided in certain specific circumstances, no income of the community spouse shall be deemed available to the institutionalized spouse.85
c. Statutorily Authorized in New York To Establish Medicaid Eligibility Through the Execution of a “spousal refusal”
1. “Medical assistance shall be furnished to applicants in cases where, although such applicant has a responsible relative with sufficient income and resources to provide medical assistance as determined by the regulations of the department, the income and resources of the responsible relative are not available to such applicant because of the absence of such relative or the refusal or;
failure of such relative to provide the necessary care and assistance. In such cases, however, the furnishing of such assistance shall create an implied contract with such relative, and the cost thereof may be recovered from such relative in accordance with title six of article three and other applicable provisions of law.”86
d. “spousal refusal” can be used in the context of not only Medicaid nursing home benefits, but also other types of community-based Medicaid in which case the non-applying spouse can have no more than $667 in monthly income and $4,000 in non-exempt resources. For example, the Lombardi Long Term Home Health Care Program.
3. Impact of (Spousal Refusal)
a. Medicaid may only consider the income and resources of the applying spouse.
b. The community spouse must disclose information about his or her resources and income, as well as any personal information which must be included as part of the Medicaid application.
c. If a husband and wife were living “separate and apart” from one another at the time that the applying spouse was institutionalized, he or she may be unable to obtain information as to the income and resources of the non-applying spouse.
d. Refusing spouse does not have to sign the Medicaid application on behalf of the institutionalized spouse.
4. Spousal Recovery Suits
– If the non-applying spouse has resources and/or income above the allowable levels, and exercises his or her “spousal refusal” to render the ineligible applying spouse, eligible for Medicaid, the refusing spouse may be sued by Medicaid for the benefits paid on behalf of the spouse receiving Medicaid.87
– In New York Medicaid also relies on Social Services Law (101 in asserting its right to seek reimbursement from the “responsible relative”.
– Social Services Law ‘101 provides the refusing spouse have “sufficient ability”, which infers that the refusing spouse must only have resources or income above the allowable Medicaid levels.
– Spousal recovery cases are pursued both in State Supreme Court and Family Court, although there is no authority for Medicaid to bring such proceedings in Family Court under the Family Court Act.
5. Spousal Recovery Cases
a. Matter of Shah, 95 N.Y.S. 2d. 148, 711 N.Y.S. 2d 824(2000), the Court of Appeals recognized the doctrine of “spousal refusal” and upheld the refusing spouse’s right to transfer all of the institutionalized spouse’s assets to her, and to thereafter execute a “spousal refusal” to render the institutionalized spouse eligible for Medicaid nursing home benefits.
b. Department of Social Services v. Fishman, NYLJ July 23, 1998, p.21 (Supreme Ct. NY Co.), reversed, 713 N.Y.S. 2d. 152 (1st Dept. 2000). The trial court dismissed the complaint filed by Medicaid seeking reimbursement from the refusing spouse on that ground that they did not plead that income and resources of the refusing spouse were above the allowable levels at all times during the period that Medicaid had paid for the institutionalized spouse’s care. The complaint had instead only plead that there were excess resources at the time that eligibility was established.
c. The Appellate Division, First Department reversed, finding that: (Since “the furnishing of such assistance” to an applicant who has a “responsible relative with sufficient income and resources…as determined by the regulations of the department” who has failed or refused to provide assistance “creates an implied contract with such relative,” the implied contract is created at the time the responsive relative refuses to make his or her income available to provide care to the institutionalized spouse. A contrary interpretation would engraft on to the statute a requirement that DSS make continual reassessments of the responsible spouse’s “ability to pay.” 713 N.Y.S. 2d. At 154.
d. Commissioner of the Department of Social Services v. Mandel, N.Y.L.J., September 14, 2001, p. 18, col. 1, Supreme Court, New York County): Medicaid was awarded summary judgment on its claim that the community spouse owed Medicaid $319,656.50 for benefits paid on behalf of the institutionalized spouse. The Court held that the community spouse (assets exceeding $1.5 million) had sufficient ability to pay for his wife’s care. The community spouse’s argument that his assets included illiquid commercial real estate that should be considered exempt was rejected by the Court. The Court also ordered interest be paid.
e. Matter of Craig, 82 N.Y. 2d 388, 604 N.Y.S.2d 908 (1993), in which DSS sought recovery from the estate of the refusing spouse of a Medicaid recipient, the Court of Appeals held “recovery” against the refusing spouse’s estate in the nature of an implied contract for support is possible against the estate of the refusing spouse who was possessed of “sufficient ability” to provide support to the institutionalized spouse at the time that Medicaid paid benefits out on behalf of the institutionalized spouse. “The plain import of the Social Services Law (366(3)(a),… allows the belated recovery [emphasis added} from the responsible relative only if that party had sufficient means during that period of medical assistance was rendered.” 82 N.Y.2d at 393, 604 N.Y.S.2d at 911.
f. Matter of the Estate of Lois Link, 718 N.Y.S.2d 758 (App. Div. 4th Dep’t 2000): Medicaid was allowed to recover monies from the estate of the community spouse that it had paid on behalf of an institutionalized spouse. The Court opined that the community spouse had sufficient income and resources to pay for the institutionalized spouse’s care. It also determined that Medicaid was also entitled to interest at the rate of 9 percent per year from the date of each separate payment of medical assistance made on the institutionalized spouse’s behalf.
6. Recovery Against the Estate of a Refusing Spouse
– Claims against the estate of the institutionalized spouse are not permitted if he/she survived by the refusing spouse. However, at the time that the refusing spouse dies, a lien for the amount paid on behalf of the Medicaid spouse can be placed against the refusing spouse’s estate.88
– New York only seeks to recover against assets which are part of the Medicaid spouse’s estate and passing under a valid Last Will or in intestacy (does not include property passing by operation of law).89 However, this regulation would not protect the refusing spouse’s estate in the event that Medicaid seeks reimbursement for monies paid out on behalf of the Medicaid spouse.
– A 10 year statute of limitations prohibits Medicaid’s recovery of benefits paid 10 years or more after the Medicaid spouse’s death also applies to the refusing spouse and his or her estate.90 If the refusing spouse survives the Medicaid spouse by more than 10 years, and if Medicaid benefits were paid on behalf of the Medicaid spouse when he or she was 55 years or older, Medicaid has no claim against the refusing spouse or the refusing spouse’s estate.91
– In the event that the refusing spouse predeceases the Medicaid spouse, then a lien may be placed against the refusing spouse’s estate for benefits paid on behalf of the Medicaid spouse as long as Medicaid can show that the refusing spouse had “sufficient ability” to pay for the Medicaid spouse’s care during the period in question. Matter of Craig, supra (i.e., that the refusing spouse had resources and/or income above the CSRA and MMMNA levels respectively).
XIII. Spousal Right of Election
The elective share of a spouse is $50,000 or one-third (1/3) of an estate, whichever is greater. If the institutionalized spouse is receiving nursing home Medicaid and the refusing spouse dies without any provision in his or her Last Will for the institutionalized spouse, then Medicaid has the institutionalized spouse’s right to enforce his or her right of election (usually 1/3) against the deceased refusing spouse’s estate.92 The inaction of the surviving institutionalized spouse in not exercising the right of election may be deemed a transfer of assets or the failure to obtain an available resource, thus, rendering the institutionalized spouse ineligible for Medicaid.93
XIV. Waiver of the Right of Election
If the institutionalized spouse is receiving Medicaid benefits, the refusing spouse should consider not making any provision for the institutionalized spouse in his or her Last Will, in the event that the refusing spouse should predecease the institutionalized spouse. If the couple has simple wills leaving their estates to each other, the assets of the refusing spouse’s estate would be inherited by the institutionalized spouse, thus, disqualifying the institutionalized spouse from Medicaid.
However, Medicaid will have the right to assert the institutionalized spouses right of election of up to one-third (1/3) of the refusing spouse’s estate. A waiver of the right of election by the institutionalized spouse could prevent Medicaid from exercising the institutionalized spouses elective share.94 However, the waiver of the right of election will be deemed an
uncompensated transfer by Medicaid and a period of ineligibility for Medicaid will be imposed for the dollar value of the elective share waived.
142 U.S.C. (1396 et seq.1 42 C.F.R. (430 35 et seq.
2Soc. Serv. L. “363 et seq., 18 NYCRR ” 360.1 et seq.
(2005 ENEA, SCANLAN & SIRIGNANO, LLP
3Soc. Serv. L. (62.
4Soc. Serv. L. “117,18 NYCRR ” 349.4, 360.2.
518 NYCRR ( 360-3.2(g)(5).
6Soc. Serv. L. (366(1),(2),(3).
7Soc. Serv. L. (366 (1)(a)(2), 18 NYCRR (360-3.3 (a)(3).
818 NYCRR (368.13.
9Soc. Serv. L. (366 (1)(a)(4),(7)
10Soc. Serv. L. (366 (1)(a)(2)
1218 NYCRR (360-4.3 (b)(2) and 18 NYCRR (360-4.3(b)(3).
1318 NYCRR (360-4.6 (a).
1418 NYCRR (360-4.6 (b)(2)(iv), 18 NYCRR (360-4.6(a)(1) (xxii)
1518 NYCRR (360-1.4(e)
1626 U.S.C.A (408
1718 NYCRR “360-4.4; 4.6 (b)(2)(iii)
18GIS 98 MA/024
22Soc. Serv. L. (366 (2)(a); 18 NYCRR “360-1.4 (f), 4.7 (a)(1)
2318 NYCRR (360-1.4 (f), 18 NYCRR (360-4.3 (d)
2418 NYCRR (360-4.10
2518 NYCRR (360-7.11 (a)(3)
2618 NYCRR (360-4.6 (b)(1)
2718 NYCRR (360-4.7
28Soc. Serv. L. (209 (6)(b), General Business Law (453 (1)(b)
2918 NYCRR (360-4.7 (a)
30GIS 04 MA/031 Exhibit A
3118 NYCRR (360-4.9 (a)(1)
3742 U.S.C. (1896R-5(d)
38Soc. Serv. L. (366-c.2(h)
3942 U.S.C. (1396r-5(d)(1)(b); Soc. Serv. L. (366-c.4 (b)
4042 U.S.C. (1396Rr-5 (d)(5); Soc. Serv. L. (366-c.2 (g)
4122 U.S.C.A. (407
4218 NYCRR (360-4.10 (b)(6)
4342 U.S.C. (1896-5 (c)(1)
4518 NYCRR (360-4.10 (c)(2); Soc. Serv. L. (366 – c.5(a)
47Soc. Serv. L. (366-c.(2)(d), 42 U.S.C. (1896-5 (c)(1)
48Soc. Serv. L. (366-c.8(c)
49Social Security Act (1917, 42 U.S.C. (1396 p, Soc. Serv. L. (366.5.
50P.L. 103-66, 1993 H R 2264.
5118 NY CRR (360-4.4(c)(2)(i)(C),NYS Dept. of Soc. Serv. 96 ADM-8.
53Soc. Serv. L. (366.5(d)(4).
5418 NY CRR (360-4.4(c)(2)(iv)(a),GIS 04 MA/033.
55NYS Dept. Of Soc. Serv. Administrative Directive: 95 ADM-14.
5618 NY CRR (360-4.4(c)(2)(i)(a),(360-4.4(c)(2)(i)(a)(1), Soc. Serv. L. (366.5(d)(1)(i).
57Soc. Serv. L. (366(5)(d)(5).
58NYS Dept. Of Soc. Serv. 96 ADM-8.
6018 NY CRR (360-4.4(c)(1).
6418 NY CRR (360-4.4(c)(2)(iii)(c)(1)(i); Soc. Serv. L. (366.5(d)(3)(ii)(A).
6518 NY CRR (360-4.4(c)(2)(iii)(c)(1)(i); Soc. Serv. L. (366.5(d)(3)(ii)(A).
6618 NY CRR (360-4.4(c)(2)(iii)(b)(1)(iii); Soc. Serv. L. (366.5(d)(3)(i)(C).
6718 NY CRR (360-4.4(c)(2)(iii)(b)(1); Soc. Serv. L. (366.5 (d)(3)(i)(D).
6818 NY CRR (360-4.4(c)(2)(iii)(b)(1); Soc. Serv. L. (366.5 (d)(3)(i)(A).
6918 NY CRR (360-4.4(c)(2)(iii)(b)(2); Soc. Serv. L. (366.5 (d)(3)(i)(B).
7018 NY CRR (360-4.4(c)(2)(iii)(b)(2); Soc. Serv. L. (366.5 (d)(3)(i)(B).
7118 NY CRR (360-4.4(c)(2)(iii)(b)(3); Soc. Serv. L. (366.5 (d)(3)(i)(C).
7218 NY CRR (360-4.4(c)(2)(iii)(b)(4); Soc. Serv. L. (366.5 (d)(3)(i)(D).
73NYS Dept. Of Soc. Serv. Administrative Directive: 96 ADM-11.
74NYS Dept. Of Soc. Serv. Administrative Directive: 96 ADM-8.
7518 NY CRR (360-4.4(c)(2)(iii)(e); Soc. Serv. L. (366.5 (d)(3)(iv).
7618 NY CRR (360-4.4(c)(2)(iii)(d)(1)(iii); Soc. Serv. L. (366.5 (d)(3)(iii)(c).
77NYS Dept. Of Soc. Serv. Administrative Directive: 96 ADM-8.
7842 U.S.C. (1396K(a)(1)(A)
79Soc. Serv. L. (366(3)(a).
8042 U.S.C. (1396 P(c)(2)(A)(i).
8142 U.S.C. (1396K(a)(1)(A).
8242 U.S.C. (1396R 5(c)(3)(A); Soc. Serv. L. (366-C.5(b)
8342 U.S.C. (1396R-5(C)(3)(B).
8442 U.S.C. (1396R-5(c)(3)(C); Soc. Serv. L. (366-C.5(b)
8542 U.S.C. (1396R-5(b)(ii)
86Soc. Serv. L. (366.3(A)
87Soc. Serv. L. (366(3)(a)
8818 NY CRR (360-7.1(b)(2)
89Soc. Serv. L. (366(6)
90Soc. Serv. L. (104(b)
9118 NY CRR (348.4, (352.31(d)(5)
9318 NY CRR (360-2.3 (c)(1)
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When we look at the literature on virtual organizations, we see that attention is primarily focused on virtual organization as a network organization, include changes in the nature of organizational boundaries. Network technology facilitate the processes of in- and exclusion of people and resources. Therefore, typologies virtual organization forms are often focused on the description of the specific pattern of the communication network. The question can be posed if the network metaphor is prominent enough to describe a virtual organization, the virtual organizations resemble too much idea of network planning. One reason reflects the idea of electronic networks and network organizations are essentially the same; or a virtual organization mirrors the electronic network which is seen as the basis for the development of a virtual organization. Other typologies are based on a combination of success reached factor. In all these typologies a deterministic relationship is suggested between development, environment, performance ,. … Est. virtual organization and some obstacles and how to solve it. However, doubt whether this is a promising perspective. Virtual Corporation Similar to the Virtual Business, Virtual Corporation can operate without physical identity (on-line business, such as Amazon.com).
2. The term virtual organization
Looking at the literature on virtual organizations, one stumbles on a variety of definitions; a variety that does not induce systematic research in this new organizational phenomenon. In the literature, are virtual entities described by a point on the following characteristics:
– The actual layout of the network setup. In this approach the emphasis lies on location independent and separate temporary cooperation which is based on the concept of cohesion. Information and communication technology (ICT) supports cooperation between these organizations by facilitating the exchange, dissemination and sharing of information, knowledge, know how and other scarce and valuable resource.
– The virtual organization which fact and fiction. Virtuality points on the concept of “something seems to be when in fact it is not.” The virtual organization points out situations where people or facilities that are not part of an organization affiliated with it as it was. In this approach the emphasis lies in the contrast between people and resources in some cases, are clearly part of the organization, but in other cases they are not.
– The virtual organization as an organization in cyberspace. Cyberspace represents a particular real and imaged space where people meet in electronically mediated and simulated space. The focus lies on the establishment of ‘information space’, which is created through the connection of computers and computer networks. The creation of this space facilitates the sharing of information and knowledge, as well as electronic communication. This relationship results in the creation of spaces flow, is compressed in time -Describes virtual organizations that space flows, which are subject setup time lease social practices that work through flows (of information, resources, images, sounds, symbols and communication) between agencies and individuals.
– The virtual organization as the organization of memory. Central is the idea of the dynamic allocation of data processing capacity within a network connected computers and computer networks. Time-sharing, made possible by the connection of computers and networks, makes syndication and the use of information and knowledge within the service. Connecting data processing capability enables organizations to develop a common memory, across organizational boundaries.
3.new policy (challenges) of Virtual Organizations company
Undoubtedly, the main advantage of a virtual organization is that it can be combined very qualified people without restrictions location. Other reasons an organization would want to consider a virtual rather than traditional is to utilize the skills of organization, providing customers with “best and brightest” Balance work / home relationship, Vista setup overhead costs
real teams and real institutions obviously facing many of the same opportunities and challenges. However, the actual structure is a higher risk of failure, with higher risk as well. The high internal demand of virtual team result in a higher degree of performance. A virtual organization, however, will be somewhat more diluted in a particularly interactive, because there will be many teams working on many projects, and requires even more work to do all the team feels more connected.
It requires a new management approach and extraordinary awareness of the issues and challenges that could cause its demise. In a recent focus group of representatives of twenty-one members of the virtual organization, but located in many places the site, the following subjects were recorded, Communication, Leadership / management, knowledge transfer, Processes, Infrastructure. As you might guess, good relations must evolve to become excellent communicators and core competency. For this particular company, it is actually a Communication Manager who has developed numerous communication vehicles, including: the internal network with the ability to share files, face-to-face group, team, and leader-ship meetings. In addition to all of the extra programs and vehicles for the agency, real workers to “go the extra mile” to keep others informed. It is a cultural shift for many and important personal and professional growth in a real organization. The organization and employees need to become active and constant communication. This leads to the second challenge this focus group – Infrastructure. Issues within the infrastructure included: Lack of proper backup tools, wasted administrative time (not on-site IT support), knowledge (loss of “water cooler” effect), and a need for connection.
As you can see there is an overlap of the two areas, especially waste administrative time and corporate connectivity. Bottom line is the virtual organization needs to invest in technology and training. It will provide employees with the right tools and support to promote success. At this particular company Virtual Help Desk was available to all members of this focus group. So turn my attention to what I believe is the most critical success factor of a virtual organization – the active and constant communication. It will be interesting to see the evolution of the virtual organization can be a wonderful alternative to traditional organization with many advantages to their employees provided management recognizes the challenges
4.Virtual Organization Success Factor cover
4.1 Structure, environment and transport
the structure affect the performance of institutional and structural dimensions are appropriate performance virtual organizations. It has long been argued that more dynamic external environment organization, the unpredictability of customer requirements, resources supply and similar factors, successful organizations would sink to less mechanistic and more flexible or organic structures. Successful companies appear to adopt structures that favor less form mount, more decentralization, and coordination of mature units, so try for increased organist. But such structural properties crucial in organizational performance. It has been shown turbulent external environment to affect the structure of the strategy chosen by companies to manage their market dynamics. Subject to mitigate strategic choice, extant literature has suggested that successful, high-performance organizations (large and small) in dynamic or turbulent environments tend to have certain characteristics structure. These properties are measured by the size of the design of such centralization, form attachment and complex. It has also been shown the relationship between structure and strategy to be meaningful in organizations facing dynamic environments. This relationship is also defined as “fit” between the structure and regulations and policies adopted by the agency. Simply stated, organizations that employ organic and flexible structure are likely to support changes in the strategic choice in a dynamic environment. Therefore, the adoption of strategic transformation, such as turnaround and reinvention, resulting in the rapid adaptation to environmental changes. For virtual organization, these findings are important guiding principles. Facing turbulent and highly dynamic environment, they must behave in a design that will “fit” the requirements of such an environment may impose on strategic behavior. Therefore, a design that provides flexibility and organist will be correlated with strategic capabilities and successfully and performance. There is a new project organizations concluded that new projects in emerging industries (such as virtual organizations) have a high correlation between their performance and their level of organist.
4.2 Virtual teams
The group is generally defined as a “small number of people with complementary skills who are committed to a common purpose, performance goals, and approach that they hold themselves mutually accountable.” The creation of groups, that is, the team, “is a normal part of the social behavior of people.” their importance for the organization lies in the fact that the team can make the organization “flexible, quality-conscious and competitive. According to” organizations recognize the impact on productivity of teams can use that knowledge to their advantage. “The virtual team (VT) is one of the forms, characteristic for virtual organizations. It can be often heard that virtual teams represent the basic cell of the virtual organization. There are various definitions of a virtual team. What most of these definitions have in common is fact that they focus on the members of the group are, in addition to being members of the team, separated (in space and / or time) and they communicate primarily by email. So, the real point is defined as “team (s ) of people who primarily interact electronically and who may meet face to face sometimes “or” self-managed knowledge team with distributed expertise, forms and dissolved to address specific organizational objectives “and” a group of people communication through interactive projects guided by common purpose “that” works across space, time and organizational boundaries with links strengthened by webs of communication technologies “.
it is precisely this definition, it is four essential issues basic model of VT “to keep something like a distributed network and something immediately as a virtual point-people associate with the purpose of time”. The point is important in any organization, will be key to virtual organizations and groups, as it is the “glue” that holds them together. In fact, it needs to establish a cooperative targets, individual projects and specific results. People make up the heart of the virtual team. One of the most importance factors is the high degree of autonomy or independence, the need for collaboration internally and is also recognized.
The relationship between the team members are important and must be able to be both face-to-face communication through information technology (ICT). Calendars are team-specific result deadlines, task-completion milestones and scheduled events, as well as holidays and other logistic significant dates that affect timing.
They are three elements to define virtual teams, geography Different places members: Virtual team members can be located in different places in the city or in different parts of the world. As distance increases and the more time zones are crossed, window synchronicity in working day narrows. And team members from different organizations are parts of the Agency: Team members may be from different institutions from different parts of the same organization. Finally, different length of time that members work together as a team: Depending on the role, the virtual team united around a project that lasts a few days, months or years. There are different variations of the virtual team.
Certain authors (see :. Snow et al, 1999, p.18) speak of, so called, “swarms” and some variants of the so-called “cross-organizational teams”. Distributed teams are (team) consists of people in the same organization who work in different locations, either interdependently, or separately. The basic variant of distributed teams are “task forces and project teams (as temporary items). Such teams are formed specifically to solve a particular problem or to perform a specific task. When the problem is resolved, or the task completed, the virtual team disappears (and team members return to normal duties). the basic variant of the so-called “cross-organizational teams” are “collocated cross organizational teams” are “distributed cross-organizational teams”. “collocated cross organizational teams consist of people from different organizations that work together in the same place. On the other hand, so-called “distributed cross-organizational teams” taking people from different agencies who work in different places.
4.3 Training advice
Training consultants interact with users to understand education requirements and define them in a way that can be used to build a personalized training programmed. And training / eLearning providers are also integrators, building bespoke training packages and co-ordination number of delivery to the end user content providers which are modular resources that can be used with training packages. The eLearning operator, the operator provides additional services, such as specialized portal, payment through a bank, etc., as well as private services that support strong security and contract management operational VO.
4.4 Properties of
Business difference lies in network capacity and virtuality. It is a great use of information and communication technologies that allow for portability, instant communication anywhere, anytime, and the ability to offer access to unlimited databases, information products and services. The distinction between business-to-business (B2B) and business to customer (B2C) also allows for the instant exchange of information, regardless of location and time of day, and the ability to process an unlimited amount of data in virtual storage. Clearly, passenger-reaching consequences for the organization and management of the marketing function, and such issues as “business model,” the role of brands, and the cost of entry.
Networks allow for immediate orders and information to what is termed: The “24 7 at home.” Net also facilitates cooperation between dealer and customer. Such developments require changes in the process of communication, management and product flow within the virtual organization-thus affecting the composition of its value chain. Another feature of virtual organizations is networking beyond the boundaries of the enterprise, thus forming inter-organizational workflows, along with the problems associated with technical standards, connectivity, and cultural differences. This phenomenon of “extended enterprise” creates a myriad of development challenges (Eliezer Geisler, 2001)
5. virtual organization successful creation steps
(1) The virtual organization is created by people with common idea that over a period of time associated with ICT. Even the first contacts, which are the result of a common idea, there is a need for the establishment of team identity. The name of the team symbolically represents its identity.
(2) After the establishment of the identity of the VO there follow the activities whose aim is to show the purpose of the existence of the team. The team projects need to be developed in due time, that is, it has to be understandable and it is particularly important, it must be approved by each member VO. Having that in mind, the task goes out must come out with precision and accuracy. For some, this means writing down the purpose of the formal order; for some it is a list of results; still others will embrace diagram or picture that captures the essence of what the team is about. Any instructions and pro-posed result of sitting inside in a wider perspective, whether direct or indirect. Written down, the vision serves as the preamble projects and goals.
(3) For many teams, real or not, during the period from the first rapid vision to set out a clear objective can take as long as all the rest of your team. Commissioning can be frustratingly long or bewilderingly short. Set Destination represents the accelerated pace and advance preparation for implementation.
(4) Limit serve as headings for groups of projects and results. Well- conceived goals mark the major ingredients of the staff, and the seeds around which the team take shape to actually do the work.
(5) The team is the result of a goal-oriented people. If the team comes with the accuracy of certain information in accordance with its objectives, it, at the same time, it is advised that they should be hidden. The table with the names of the team members represents a very practical model file of the virtual organization members (which can also be used to create so-called virtual directory structure). The start list of the team members is rather dynamic. The people who entered the team having the original idea does not have to be regular members. Important people have to be hired, and the team may identify the places that are not filled, and called for the necessary education, experience, or representation. Lists of names give some necessary information about the team (eg team size).
In order to contact people in the virtual world, one must know their addresses. Contact data addresses are crucial for team activities and they usually provide the following: office location, post code, telephone number (office, home, car, cellular), fax number, e-mail. People who are included in the VO to be carefully selected. They have the necessary skills Posse is such, so-called “virtual behavior”, which allows them to be the strong? “Team players” and also confirms that the necessary flexibility. The VO members have to posses skills of information management, running on line meetings and discussions and were able to cope with technological change. What is more important, the team members to have a whole set of modes of behavior which included includes a daily “logging”, formal and informal communication, the ability to deal with an overdose of data, etc.
(6) What is extremely important for the creation of a successful VO is the creation of the corresponding relationship between the members. These relationships are the following: who will contact each and what the goal of mutual contacts will be. That is why the teams, especially those newly established, are advised to see the mutual relations of its members by forming, so-called, “Connection Card” that are required for VO goal accomplishment. The idea that each member VO should participate in all team project is a very serious risk of the team. That is why the need to establish clearly which projects require team members to be with and how.
(7) a very important moment in the creation of VO is the choice of a suitable medium (roads or means of communication and information). When choosing an appropriate medium, different things have to take into account: functionality that members make, the media are already used, settings soldier is to certain media, prepared team members to accept the media who are not instant use, etc. There are three main media type: face to face, the actual same time (synchronous), real asynchronous.
6. VO problems and how to solve them
The fact is that the process of creation and activity of the virtual organization are not simple. They are accompanied by various problems, from those arising from cultural differences between team members, sometimes quite unreal expectations of what they and other team members can and can not do, the problems relating to the coordination of all virtual organization members. Still, the following can be major problems:
(1) The problem (UN) trust among team members, it is supposed to be essential problem of the virtual organization is not physical, but was so called, psychological distance, among the members. The all present danger in most real point is that members who are from different parts belonging to different cultures and received different levels of technological feel some kind of fear of the way that their information will be used, or whether other members of the team will give the same contributions to the implementation mutual projects, etc. trust that prevents physical from psychological barrier will be communicating with team members. It takes some time to develop “on-line” trust, if little time is usually spent on it.
(2) Problems of communication inside the virtual organization different problems concerning communication represent a serious problem in the operation of a virtual team. One such problem is the inability to see the whole project. The members of the virtual team know what they do as individuals, but they are not always sure whether and how the results of their work “fit” as a whole, the overall impression of the team project. As a result, it sometimes can increase problems like delay in the information needed to complete certain tasks, and accordingly delay to finish all the work. Specific communication within virtual organization could even create some situations where a member of the virtual organization is not under stand the received message completely. What is needed to solve or moderate, reduce, the aforementioned problem of the virtual organization is very satisfactory control.
(3) The development of trust. This question has to be of central importance to the team managers. It is a fact that the old-fashioned ways of management based on continuous monitoring and control are not suitable for the actual situation.
(4) encourage direct (face to face) contacts, if at all possible. It is often pointed out that the virtual organization managers to organize at least one inaugural for virtual organization members, so that they can meet each other in person and develop some personal contacts. Such meetings, if they are possible at all, do human interaction and communication among virtual organization members stronger.
(5) To introduce the team members in the process and timetable for the project implementation. The basic idea is to enable team members to realize their own position on the whole team. This can be done by showing the whole plan through electronic means.
(6) In order to find a model how to avoid “delays”. This model can include, for example, obliged reply to the question, or the need to provide necessary information for the stated period (24 hours or 48 hours, etc.), or the obligation to send reports to any son for the answer that question has the right Ad-dress and giving the answer will take some time.
(7) To take records of each team member. Although it can be difficult to remove files every day, it is advisable to communicate the absence of a team member with other members (away from home, town) of time ..
(8) A framework for trust, security and contract management of a new economy based on virtual organizations requires an environment where business can quickly come together to share resources and work together to achieve the project objectives. Negotiation, monitoring and enforcement of contracts and agreements that takes into account the reliability of account, accounting, security and other issues, such as the ITA, will be an important factor in this environment. Moreover, there is a need for services to replace the trust inherent in the operation within an integrated real organization (trust colleagues, even when it is not known personally, confidence measures and procedures, etc), and trust between clients and an established service providers with clear legal identity and brand / reputation.
We expect the virtual organization concept will be widely adopted. It offers great business opportunities to provide services, in particular the current operators of telecommunications networks, data centers and application infrastructure. The existence of actual, type environment to create opportunities for companies and other organizations to form the enterprise network and other communities on a commercial or public foundation. The literature on traditional and sustainable institutions has been instrumental to the structure dimensions play in the performance and success of such organizations. The same results can be implemented in real organizations. These organizations are better served when they adopt a structure that offers flexibility and organist-measured with a design dimension form mount, department tion, centralization and complexity.
Thus, virtual organizations can learn from the experience. The relationship between environment, strategy and structure is as relevant to real organizations to get traditional institutions. As we accumulate experience knowledge in this regard, we can now address the unique characteristics of virtual organization claimed that this knowledge is highly relevant to their development and their success. Every organization, when faced with the challenges of a very dynamic external environment, will be at the design dimension in a way to provide it with sufficient agility and organ city, so radical strategic choices can be implemented in a timely and successful manner. Virtual organization is one of the forms of items typical for virtual organizations.
The virtual organization represents a group of people that primarily interact electronically and who may meet face to face sometimes. It is the team that, thanks to the special features of, above areal, temporal and organizational boundaries, and with numerous advantages enables an organization to achieve better results. The virtual organization creation represents a rather complicated process involving several stages: Create identity, draft projects, Slate mile-stones, set goals, identify the members, establish contacts and select media. The actual organization of the activities included a number of problems can be successfully solved only with satisfactory operation of the virtual organization management.
Source by Alla Talal Yassin
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With the rapid rate of change that new technologies have brought us, it is important to invest wisely and thoroughly in upskilling staff to support them to engage learners and raise achievement through the effective use of digital technologies for learning.
There are many means by which schools can access and design professional learning and development for all staff. Here we suggest ways to utilise in-house expertise to plan, implement, and evaluate professional learning and development initiatives.
This information is intended for senior and/or middle leaders with responsibility for teacher professional learning and development in the area of digital technologies for learning/e-learning.
Twenty‐first century teacher professional development needs to combine and integrate individual and organisational development: it needs to build individual learning, but it also needs to focus on individuals working together — to build their current “community of practice” as teachers, but also to move forward together in “learning communities”.
Professional learning and development should be responsive and respectful to individual needs whilst also meeting the vision for whole school development. There should be a strategic plan that allows for growth, development and, crucially, cohesion and alignment across the various initiatives schools may focus on at one time. Professional learning and development should be collaborative and take place within the culture of a whole-school learning community.
Develop and nurture in-school expertise to ensure that professional learning and development is sustainable as well as cost-effective. Ensure that where in-school expertise is used to provide professional learning and development, adequate time, support and resourcing is given to those involved. These staff should have their individual learning needs met as well, for example through coaching and mentoring. Using external support could be one way to meet the various professional learning needs of all staff. Centrally-funded professional learning and development is available through the Ministry of Education. See the relevant section in this guide for some more information.
You will need to plan professional learning and development with staff based on their needs, current strengths, and inquiries. To do this effectively, it is useful to check in with staff to ascertain their levels of confidence and competency, as well as strengths and needs around the use of digital technologies to help inform your strategic planning. There are various ways in which you might do this, such as a survey, or whole staff or small group discussions. The e-learning planning framework may be a useful tool for this purpose, as might a design thinking approach .
The following questions may be worth considering as you start to plan to provide professional learning and development around digital technologies for learning:
Based on research, the components that contribute to effective professional learning and development for teachers include:
It may also be useful to keep in mind Malcolm Knowles’ 6 principles of adult learners :
Whole staff professional learning and development can be counterproductive. Just as with students, teachers are learners and not all ready at the same time for the same information. As we know from the principles of Universal Design for Learning , staff rooms, like classrooms, are places of “predictable variability”. They will include the full range of competence and confidence around integrating digital technology, and this is entirely normal.
Additionally, designing professional learning and development initiatives is a golden opportunity to model modern learning practices. These are practices that are future-focused, agentic, personalised, accessible, and inclusive. As such, it is important that professional learning and development is not "one-size fits all".
Keeping this in mind, the professional learning and development you design with teachers may well include a range of approaches. These could include:
To support a focus on professional learning and development around using digital technologies for learning, it may be possible to apply for centrally-funded professional learning and development from the Ministry of Education. An external facilitator can act as a "critical friend" who supports the school to develop a holistic view of the professional learning development so that it is integrated and meaningful. Information for principals and school leaders about this is available from the Ministry’s Professional learning and development website .
Once your professional learning and development initiatives have started, it is important to focus on ways to sustain a positive learning culture. You could consider:
Effective professional learning involves ongoing cycles of evidence-informed inquiry. It begins with leaders and teachers collecting and analysing a range of evidence that will help them answer the question, ‘What is going on for students in relation to the outcomes that we value?’ The perspectives of students, parents and whānau will be included in this evidence along with that of professionals.
It is important to monitor and evaluate your professional learning and development initiatives in order to evolve them based on feedback and identified need, and to ensure that the initiatives are having the desired impact on raising staff capacity and student achievement. You will need to consider ways in which to reflect on, and assess, the outcomes of the professional learning and development. Therefore it is crucial to have clearly articulated goals and success criteria before starting any initiative. Using frameworks such as the e-Learning Planning Framework , Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK) , or Puentedura’s SAMR model are useful to determine progress and identify possible next steps.
Another important consideration to monitor and evaluate your initiatives, is to ask both staff and students for their input and voice. Ideally, professional learning and development is co-designed with teachers, and student voice should play a key role in identifying learning priorities. Additionally, effective professional learning and development is not only linked to the school’s strategic goals, but also to its appraisal system, ideally through an inquiry process. Staff should reflect on their professional learning journey and keep a record of this towards gaining or maintaining their practicing teacher certificate.
Educational consultant, Julia Atkin, discusses the process of leading e-learning in a school. She explains the importance of creating a shared vision that reflects the competencies students need to develop, and identifying teacher needs to ensure the vision can be put into practice.
Principal Melissa Bell and the e-learning leaders at St Hilda's Collegiate describe the professional development they have in place to support teachers with teaching and learning.
Grant's Braes School principal, Chris McKinlay describes how iPads were introduced first to staff then into the classroom.
Dr Cheryl Doig, director of Think Beyond Limited, talks about the importance of having a shared language and understanding of what e-learning is before integrating it into the school vision.
Chris Allen and Mike Wilson Sacred Heart Girls' College share why they chose to use a teacher inquiry model as a focus for professional learning and why that approach has been so successful.
LwDT facilitator, Anna Harrison discusses the value of the teaching and inquiry model as a basis for PLD for e-learning.
Teachers discuss tailored professional learning to enhance literacy e-learning needs using a blended model.
Wairakei school principal, Shane Buckner explains how positive feedback from teachers and parents helped the school decide to make their Year 5 and 6 classes one-to-one BYOD (iPads) and Year 3 and 4 classes optional.
Teacher Kate Friedwald explains how whole school PD at Wairakei School, based on the Teaching as Inquiry model, is being applied to ICT.
Gavin Burn and Cathie Zelas explain their process of moving from a traditional learning environment to an innovative learning environment at Halswell School.
Woodend School Deputy Principal, Adrienne Simpson explains using the spiral of inquiry as a framework identify how to move forward with innovative learning practices and learning with digital technologies.
e-Learning co-ordinator, Allistair Williamson explains key steps for implementing BYOD at Pakuranga College.
Ben Britton, lead teacher ICT at Wellington High School, discusses how they use the SAMR model to evaluate plan for effective use of technologies in the classroom.
Dominic Killalea, Deputy Principal at Wellington High School, discusses the importance of making time for professional learning.
Pakuranga College principal, Michael Williams describes their intensive PLD programme.
Allister Williamson explains his role as e-Learning coordinator at Pakuranga College, which involves overseeing their professional learning programme.
Pakuranga College principal, Michael Williams explains their school systems and roles for building staff capacity to use digital technologies to support learning and teaching.
Pakuranga College DP, Billy Merchant explains taking staff with you on the e-learning journey is number one. Not all staff will move at the same pace and in the same way so they provide lots of different channels and different avenues for support.
Pakuranga College principal, Michael Williams explains their system for PLD. Using their rubrics teachers can identify their strengths and next steps. e-Mentors support teachers with their inquiries into using digital technologies effectively.
Principal, Michael Malins shares how they use their SMS to document teacher inquiries.
Wellington High School Principal, Dominic Killalea explains the pedagogy behind their BYOD approach which supports lifelong learning.
Hampden Street School principal, Don McLean describes their approach to professional development.
e-Learning lead teacher, John O'Regan explains their professional development focus on using e-learning tools to support learning.
Pegasus Bay School Principal, Roger Hornblow, talks about the ways that whole-staff PLD benefited them when taking the Te Reo Puāwai course.
Pegasus Bay School principal, Roger Hornblow explains how Huakina Mai and Te Reo Puāwai helped them build culturally responsive practice schoolwide.
Sonya van Schaijik, Newmarket School, explains how TeachMeet works and the benefits it provides for teachers to connect and share their practice.
Rotorua Central Kāhui Ako leader, Nancy Macfarlane explains how their community of learning developed their action plan and strategic framework.
Kāhui Ako leader, Nancy Macfarlane and Hinemoa Anaru, Ngā Pūmanawa e Waru Education Trust, explain how they have used evaluative thinking and developed theories of improvement to provide direction for their community of learning.
Principals, Tracey Simeon and Lee Whitelaw, talk about how they share teacher practice between the schools in their cluster and what their learning focuses on.
Ashhurst School Principal, Heath Chittenden, explains how they got teachers and parents prepared before rolling out flipped learning in their school. “Flipped learning is really important to be a school-wide focus because it actually is a pedagogical change to how you approach teaching.”
Ashhurst School Principal, Heath Chittenden, shares how important it is that all staff are trained to use the flipped learning model and the resource bank that is available to them.
e-Learning coordinator, Sandy Bornholdt, explains how their planning and PLD supports their design learning model and collaborative practices.
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My response is, “When your arm hurts, you don’t want the doctor to study it, you want it to feel better!” The professional’s examination, clinical impression and experience, will determine the patient’s outcome, not a research paper.
After 3-1/2 decades of treating high-risk pregnancies, infants and children, I have made various observations that have enabled me to identify infants at the earliest stages of non-typical behaviors and form theories about what has changed that might be contributing to the epidemic that we call ASD.
In the last decade of the previous century, studies indicated that placing infants on their back would decrease the incidence of SIDS. That sea change in infant care, while decreasing the overall incidence of a terrifying cause of infant death, has resulted in the genesis of other unexpected outcomes.
Plagiocephaly, “characterized by a flat spot on the back or one side of the head caused by remaining in the supine position for too long” is diagnosed more frequently now. Additionally, there is an epidemic of GERD, leading to the increased use of antacids and PPIs.
How do the bacteria that live in the gut respond to changing the acid-base level of stomach contents and what does that do to the stool pattern, digestion, and reabsorption of vitamins in the intestine? There are no studies to answer that question.
When infants experience reflux up the esophagus, some of the food, mucus and acid can get into the back of the throat and eventually end up in the internal ear canals, leading to infection, which is called otitis media. Such infants can have signs and symptoms of colic and behavioral disturbances such as painful screaming episodes or non-responsiveness to their concerned parents.
Children can be diagnosed with “formula intolerance,” requiring frequent changes. Affected infants are likely to show a poor suck or constant irritation because they are not satiated with normal amounts of food. These could be additional reasons for vitamin and mineral deficiencies.
Chronic ear infections are accompanied by the copious use (one could say, “overuse”) of antibiotics. Repeated infections mandate not only frequent antibiotic usage, but changes to stronger or multiple preparations. Frequently, “tubes” are required to prevent future infections, even in patients as young as one- or two-years old.
Often, the tonsils or adenoid lymph nodes are surgically removed “to improve drainage.” In the meantime, the affected children are generally sick and often miserable, and their parents are not able to provide satisfactory interactions for typical development.
The normal bacteria that are expected to populate the young G-I system will be altered by such an antibiotic diet, enabling pathogenic strains, fungus or perhaps viruses to take hold. There are no studies that address this phenomenon, or to elucidate what this might do to young infants and children living in an already toxic world.
Eight of the eleven children who first presented to Dr. Kanner in the 1930’s were described as having feeding difficulties. More than one-half of the young children who present to The Child Development Center have a clinical history that includes formula intolerance and other gastrointestinal signs and symptoms.
Although there isn’t research that specifically supports this topic, there is a lot of experience and evidence that, how we position infants to decrease the incidence of one outcome (SIDS) is not so simple or innocuous as once thought.
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To those of you who follow my blog, the recent study demonstrating a remarkably increased risk for stroke, as well as Alzheimer’s disease, in relation to consumption of artificially-sweetened beverages should not come as a surprise.
First, let me break down what the researchers did, and learned. The stroke portion of the study evaluated 2,888 adults (age 45+), while the dementia arm focused on 1,484 adults (age 60+). The researchers reviewed food frequency questionnaires for the years 1991 to 2001 and determined how often the participants consumed artificially-sweetened beverages.
The report reveals that the risk of stroke in those consuming one or more artificially sweetened sodas a day was almost tripled, with a similar finding for Alzheimer’s risk.
These are breathtaking findings because clearly, when it comes to stroke as well as Alzheimer’s disease, modern medicine has precious little to offer patients.
The reason these findings should not come as a surprise is because both stroke and Alzheimer’s disease share a similar mechanism in terms of their cause. Both of these issues are primarily inflammatory disorders. As I have discussed earlier, research indicates that the changes induced in the gut bacteria in humans when they are exposed to artificial sweeteners creates a much more inflammatory environment. This explains, for example, why there’s a dramatically increased risk for both obesity as well as diabetes (both are inflammatory disorders) in relation to consumption of these artificial sweeteners. And both of these diseases are powerfully related to both stroke and Alzheimer’s in and of themselves. The authors stated:
Artificial sweeteners have been shown to cause glucose intolerance in mice by altering gut microbiota and are associated with dysbiosis and glucose intolerance in humans.
So, let’s be clear: there’s no advantage to drinking sugar-free, low- or no-calorie this or that, despite what the advertisements and commercials might lead you to believe.
Always be kind to your gut microbes!
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Worry and stress: A message for young people
22 Jul 2020 By Gordon McKinlay, Head of Schools for Renfrewshire Council
I didn’t do particularly well at school. Every report card said that I was “easily distracted”. I did enough to get by but never so much that anyone would notice. My exam results weren’t brilliant, just enough not to be noticed by my mum.
It was a bit odd then when I became a teacher and tried to encourage young people that they really needed to work hard so that they could get good qualifications. I don’t work in schools now, but I still love to see people flourish and my work means I get the chance to encourage lots of different people in lots of schools.
This year has been really difficult for everyone. When schools closed in March and it was announced that the exams would be cancelled, young people didn’t know what was going to happen. Uncertainty can be really horrible to deal with and there are lots of emotions that get in the way of thinking clearly.
When I get anxious about something that I think might happen, I find my stomach gets itself tied in knots and it becomes easy to focus on everything that might go wrong. I am not going to do as well as I thought, I’m not going to get that job or everything is going to end up in a mess.
When I am feeling like this, I find it very easy to get a bit snippy with people or to retreat and hide away so that no one can get anywhere near me. Recently I completed a university course and every time the results were due out everyone knew about it. I went very quiet and folk wondered what they had done wrong!
Scientists tell us that cortisol helps us deal with stress. It works with parts of our brain to control our mood, motivation and fear. It is best known for our “fight, flight or freeze” reaction when something scary happens. Normally this is a good thing as it protects us from danger. However, when it builds up and doesn’t disappear it can have more negative impacts on our wellbeing.
There are lots of things we can do to help. I have found that going for a walk can clear my head and make me feel as though I am in control again. I wonder what works for you?
I have been asking myself how I would have reacted if I had been sitting my Highers this year. Nothing could have prepared any of us for what has happened over the past few months.
As we wait for the results to come out, the important thing to remember is that a piece of paper from the SQA does not define us. If you do well, congratulations. If you don’t do so well, remember that there will be other ways, other opportunities and other chances. If you are worried or upset then talk to someone or go for a walk like me. Bottling it all up really won’t help.
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Abimelek conspired with his uncles to become the ruler of Shechem. They convinced the citizens of Shechem that Abimelek should be their leader; and money was withdrawn from the temple of the god Baal and given to Abimelek. He used the money to hire scoundrels to help him murder seventy of his brothers. Then the citizens of Shechem crowned him their king.
In a few years opposition arose between Abimelek and some citizens of Shechem. Abimelek destroyed the city of Shechem and went on to conquer a nearby city when a woman dropped a millstone on his head and cracked his skull. The wickedness of Abimelek and the citizens of Shechem was avenged by God. [Reflection based on the Bible Reference – Judges 9:1-57]
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Much is known about coffee plantations’ effects on Costa Rica’s agricultural landscape, but their impacts on nature–specifically tropical bird biodiversity–have largely remained a mystery until now.
While some coffee plantations are able to host a surprising number of bird species, they can’t maintain bird biodiversity, according to a new paper published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
“This work was designed to see how we can integrate nature into the vast regions devoted to agriculture,” said study coauthor and Stanford Biology professor Gretchen Daily.
“It’s two sides of a coin,” said study lead author and University of Utah ornithologist Çağan Şekercioğlu. “These tropical agricultural habitats that are mostly deforested still maintain large numbers of tropical species. But the flip side of the coin is, in the long term, most of these species are still declining.”
See Şekercioğlu’s photos of Costa Rica birds, including the rare turquoise cotinga, at https://unews.utah.edu/costa-rica-coffee-birds/
Over 11 field seasons, between 1999 and 2010, Şekercioğlu trekked through the forests and coffee fields of Costa Rica, painstakingly banding individual birds. Such long-term studies are rare, partially because of the research timeline of a typical graduate student. Doctoral students in biology may be able to collect four years of data before compiling their research into a dissertation to complete their degree. But Şekercioğlu wanted more than four years. To get the long-term trends he wanted, he needed at least six years. Ten would be even better.
With the blessing of his doctoral advisory committee at Stanford, Şekercioğlu set out for Costa Rica in 1999 for the first field season. Between 1999 and 2010, he and his team set up stations in both protected forests and in coffee plantations where they extended nearly invisible nets. The “mist nets” allowed the researchers to temporarily capture birds and affix an ankle band, or check for an existing band, before releasing the bird. Banding allows each bird to be individually identifiable—an essential element of fine-grained population surveys. “These are small, often secretive songbirds we’re talking about,” Şekercioğlu says. “You need the bird banding. It’s labor intensive, but there’s really no substitute.”
After earning his doctorate in 2003, Şekercioğlu remained at Stanford, first as a postdoctoral scholar and then as a senior research scientist, to keep the Costa Rica project going. Over the years, with the support of his co-authors including Gretchen Daily and Paul Ehrlich, Stanford Woods Institute for the Environment Senior Fellow and Bing Professor of Population Studies, he and his colleagues mist netted 57,255 birds from 265 species in 19 different study sites. In 2009, after securing a position at the University of Utah, he wrapped up his field work in Costa Rica before moving to Salt Lake City in 2010 to found the Biodiversity and Conservation Ecology Lab.
Diversity can be deceiving
In this new paper, the authors present their results. First, some definitions of the land types in the study:
The results of the study are a mix of bad news and good news.
The bad news: over the study period, 61% more bird populations declined than remained stable or grew, and this trend held in all study sites except those in the large La Amistad International Park.
“If you really want to conserve the native tropical forest bird community, there’s really no replacement for big forest reserves like La Amistad,” Şekercioğlu said. “You really need at least 1,000 hectares (3.86 square miles) of native primary forest.”
The good news: coffee plantations host nearly as many bird species as forests, with 230 species recorded in forest sites and 185 recorded in coffee sites.
But just looking at the number of species can hide some bad news—species richness isn’t always descriptive of how diverse an ecosystem really is, or a habitat’s value for conservation.
“These plantations get spillover species from the nearby intact rainforest,” Şekercioğlu said. “That adds to the richness.”
Other species present in the coffee plantations include those that prefer open habitat as well as those who can inhabit a variety of habitats. “Their populations are not declining,” he added. “In fact, many have globally increasing populations. But a lot of the species missing from these coffee plantations are the most sensitive specialist species. Any study of the conservation value of a habitat has to look at the details of the community composition and not just the sheer number of species detected.”
The coffee plantations redeem themselves, somewhat, with a little bit of good news to end on. The researchers found that shaded plantations (again, not shade coffee, just shaded—to be clear) with an average of about 13% tree cover hosted double the number of forest specialist birds and half the number of open-habitat birds compared with plantations with only an average of 7% tree cover. In other words, a small increase in tree cover results in a significant increase in bird habitat.
Are shaded coffee plantations an answer to the threat of deforestation? “No” Şekercioğlu said. “In the long term, by themselves, they are not enough to preserve tropical biodiversity. We need a combination of agricultural areas with as much tree cover as possible and extensive primary forest reserves.”
Despite the labor-intensive nature of a bird banding study and the relative rarity of such a long-term project, an undertaking like this is necessary to get a more accurate picture of bird population compositions and trends. “These days it would be very hard to do a study like this,” Şekercioğlu says. A “snapshot study” might have concluded, for example, that the number of bird species in the Las Cruces Forest Reserve indicated a healthy forest, when in fact Şekercioğlu’s study found more than three-fifths of the bird species in decline.
“But there is hope,” said Daily. “Even modest increases in tree cover—along streams and on steeper slopes—can greatly improve the chances for birds and other wildlife, while benefitting people with services of pest control, crop pollination, water purification and flood protection, as well as the stunning beauty of birds in flight.”
The study’s coauthors were Chase D. Mendenhall of the Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Federico Oviedo-Brenes of the Organization for Tropical Studies, Joshua J. Horns of the University of Utah and Paul R. Ehrlich and Gretchen C. Daily of Stanford University.
The study was supported by grants from the Moore Family Foundation, the National Geographic Society, the Wildlife Conservation Society and the Winslow Foundation.
Gretchen Daily is the co-founder and faculty director of the Stanford Natural Capital Project, Bing Professor in Environmental Science at the school of Humanities and Sciences, and a Senior Fellow at the Stanford Woods Institute for the Environment.
This story is modified from the original University of Utah press release.
Media Inquiries: Contact Sarah Cafasso, Natural Capital Project Communications Manager, 978-944-1946 or [email protected]
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Back pain – this word is common to almost all of us. We’re actually familiar with not only this word, but also the pain. Back pain, or back bone pain, is a condition that almost all of us suffer from at some stage in our lives, particularly at older ages, although there is no denying that infirmity has now been discovered in younger people as well. Normally, regular and small patients sometimes suffer from greater pain later due to neglect or sometimes consideration of this disorder.Have a look at Awesome Physiotherapy Of Richmond Hill to get more info on this.
To help your back pain, physiotherapy
How will this ruffian be gotten rid of? One word, physiotherapy, is the answer to this query. It has been found that physiotherapy is effective against this disease. Actually, the prescription of repetitive exercises from the infected region is what a physiotherapist does to alleviate the patient from discomfort and eventually complete healing is achieved.
Physiotherapy in general often accompanies medical care in the form of medications or even surgery, for example. This juncture speeds up the patient’s rate towards absolute back bone ache recovery.
In most cases, back pain means pain very extreme to make the patient a bed patient entirely. And the primary goal of the physiotherapist is to get the patient out of the pain. Thus, physiotherapist looks for the reason of the pain that typically becomes apparent after initial diagnosis, but if the cause of the pain is not explained, then physiotherapist recommends some tests and as soon as possible reaches the reason for the pain.
The best strategy for combating back pain is recommended by the doctor, which may differ case by case. The precise consequences of the case depend on medications, treatment, exercise, physiotherapy or whatever the doctor suggests. Physiotherapy is widely prescribed as it has also been shown to be very effective against back bone ache. The case is then presented to a physiotherapist.
In addition to prescribing medications, the sole physiotherapy doctor also actually requires the patient to conduct household chores. These may be technically effective painkillers or some other form of drug to relieve the patient from the disease.
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Credibility: Building your Credibility, Builds your Leadership, Builds your Teams, Builds your Organization!
by Micki K. Lewis MS-MOB, PCC
As a leader it is our task to OWN credibility, that’s a given… and how about our teams? How do you help them instill stronger credibility with their teams? How about across the entire organization?
Defining credibility is both simple yet complicated. There are so many factors determine a Leader’s Credibility and remember it’s all about actions!
- Behaviors: Past experiences we have with or have seen by our leader.
- What expertise they bring to the table.
- What is their background, education?
- What about their People Skills?
- How believable and reliable are they?
- What actions demonstrate being trustworthy and honest?
According to Webster’s dictionary, Credibility is “the quality of power of inspiring belief.” The Oxford dictionary defines credibility as “the quality of being trusted and believed in, and, the quality of being convincing or believable.”
Wikipedia denotes, “Credibility comprises the objective and subjective components of the believability of a source or message.” “Credibility has two key components: trustworthiness and expertise … each have objective and subjective components.”
“I knew credibility would come only in time and through earnest performances.” Dwayne Johnson
Additionally, research shows there is a strong correlation between a successful company and a credible leader. Each goes hand in hand. According to Reference.com, “when a leader is not credible, others are less likely to believe what they say or teach. Being credible also helps people truly believe that the leader of person in charge is worth of the job at hand. Credibility is also important for people who do not lead, since it portrays the person in question is trustworthy and believable in whatever tasks they do. The team benefits as well as the associate can be counted on.”
We all are aware of these elements of being a leader: First in order is to be authentic – real – not glib (fake), individualistic, egotistical – thinking only about yourself. It is our privilege to Think and Do for others, acknowledge others. There is another great quote from Les Brown that talks about success. “Help others achieve their dreams and you will achieve yours.” These factors will build the company, influence others and impact your credibility.
If you aren’t sure about where you stand regarding credibility, reach out to trusted colleagues and ask them where you stand on a scale from high credibility or solid credibility (10) to a (1) being having low or poor credibility. Ask them to personally rate you AND THEN how they think OTHERS might rate you. You may be surprised what they say AND what they observe. Do your best not to be defensive– remember you asked them!
It’s easier to build credibility using objective elements since they are easier identified. Subjective elements take more time and are much slower to be visible to others. Since both trust and believability are a part of both, where can you build your credibly affecting both subjective and objective elements? Below you will see both objective and subjective ways to impact your own credibility.
Objective Actions to Enhance Credibility
- Identity a place where you can showcase your background, knowledge and expertise.
- Author “in the loop” communication or articles either internally or externally sharing your knowledge on a subject or process or innovative way of thinking.
- Department Newsletter
- Organization Newsletter
- External Article
Subjective Actions to Enhance Credibility
- Who are the key stakeholders or influencers at your company? Seek them out and build solid relationships with them by offering your services or adding to what they may be searching as an extra support person. Find ways to align with them – whether it be part of a specific project or maybe a community service org. they belong.
- After you have built that rapport, identify where you might find an outlet for them to talk about you and share their trust and believability in you with others.
Both Subjective and Objective
- Building relationships truly affects both the Objective and Subjective sides of credibility. It’s not going to happen overnight – so give it some time. It will probably be one the best avenues with a limited amount of time!
Of course, doing these things and being transparent with your motives as not being viewed in a negative light is most important to building your credibility and will take time. It’s not going to happen overnight!
What action step will you take right now? Here is a quick plan to immediately implement credibility you and your team.
- ASSESS: Check in with your colleagues and get a flavor of where you stand regarding your/ your team’s Credibility.
- FOCUS: Keep Credibility as a focus area – both for yourself and each of your team leaders (and their teams!).
- BRAINSTORM, DEFINE and SHARE a common definition of Credibility with you and your team.
- COACH: Your teams on future focus – on building up their Credibility – use this exercise as a thought-starter, a learning moment at next team meeting.
- ACTION: Have each team member identify ONE action item to focus upon, all write down, all share with entire group for commitment and then use that action when a coaching moment emerges – whenever those low credibility gremlins show up!
- OBSERVE AND 1:1 CHECK IN: With your leaders on how they are focusing on their Credibility and what they will do differently if you noticed a time when their Credibility was at stake or could be stronger.
- MONTHLY: At monthly team meetings – put Credibility on the agenda for minimum 3 months to keep you and your team’s Credibility in check. Making Credibility a priority builds higher awareness – allowing the team and you to create a solid environment for success.
For more help with building your own credibility, contact Micki for a consultation.
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Palaeontologists generally agree on one broad aspect of animal evolution: the central role of predation versus defence in animal diversification to occupy different ecological niches. Indeed that co-relation has to an extent been responsible for the diversification of potentially habitable niches themselves. Armour and arms form a dialectic within the animal world, but one that only rose to dominate when hard materials became an integral part of animal morphology, allowing some to bite, gnaw or rasp and others to develop shelly or horny skeletons. The Kingdom Animalia within the domain of the eukaryotes – organisms based on cells that bear a nucleus – is united by one life style, that of feeding directly or indirectly on other living things. They are heterotrophs unable to generate energy and tissue through the fundamental harnessing of chemistry and physics to use the inorganic world directly, as do autotrophs. One of the earliest discoveries about the history of animals was that fossils in the widely accepted meaning of the word appeared suddenly in the geological record, earlier rocks containing virtually no tangible signs of life: fossils explode in numbers from the start of the Cambrian Period at 542 Ma. Subsequently, geologists did discover imprints of clearly quite complicated organisms in rocks a few tens of million years older than the start of the Cambrian. But these were flaccid, bag like creatures that recent research has shown to rely on filtering microorganisms from water or directly absorbing organic matter through their skin.
Another feature of sediments of the oldest Cambrian is that in many parts of the world they rest with or=profound unconformity on deformed older rocks of Precambrian age. Throughout Britain the lowest Cambrian rocks are almost pure quartz sandstones that rest upon older more complex rocks ranging from only a few tens of million years older than 542 Ma to some of the oldest rocks in Europe, the Lewisian complex dating back 3 billion years. Many of the hills of North West Scotland have a gleaming white cap of Lower Cambrian quartzite above what has been termed the Great Unconformity where it occurs in Arizona’s Grand Canyon. Sedimentary sequences that continuously record the Precambrian to Cambrian transition and the biological explosion at the juncture are rare. But they show two curious features in sediments that immediately predate those bearing recognisable fossils: a complete lack of evidence for burrowing and millimetre-scale shell-like bodies made of calcium phosphate and carbonate, which are thought to have adorned the skins of otherwise unprotected animals.
Calcium, while a very common element is one of the most dangerous to life. Traces are essential for the signalling that goes on in cell metabolism, and too little snuffs out those vital processes. Yet too much – still a very low concentration in cell cytoplasm – results in the growth of minute mineral crystals within cells, also spelling cell death. This results from the limited solubility of calcium in water, compared with those of other common metals. At an early stage in evolution cells developed means of restricting the admission of calcium ions and efficient means of expelling excess amounts of calcium. The ubiquitous occurrence of Ca-rich marine limestones throughout the geological record bears witness to two things: the abundance of calcium ions in seawater; a closer look reveals that a great many limestones, going back some 3.5 billion years show traces of biomineralisation that helped form the limey sediments. In the second case, the calcium carbonate in most Precambrian limestones was secreted by photosynthetic blue-green bacteria in minutely thing layers, probably in the form of a slimy film excreted to avoid calcium toxicity. Palaeontologists have long suspected that the earliest skeletal materials formed by animals evolved from the need to excrete biomineralised films by turning a metabolic necessity into functional and integral parts of their body plans: arms and armour. Yet limestones are not rare signs of the presence of a dissolved calcium threat, so why the sudden adoption of waste products in this way?
A fairly old hypothesis is that calcium in seawater must have risen above a threshold that posed toxic threat to all living things and excretion had to increase to maintain the balance, perhaps matched with increasing sizes of animals in the late Precambrian. Only recently has support been found for this suggested evolutionary trigger, initially from analysis of brines trapped in crystalline materials within sediments, such as salt (NaCl). But the very presence of such halite in a sediment is a universally accepted sign of evaporation increasing ionic concentrations in isolated seawater lagoons, whereas a general increase in marine calcium would be needed to present sufficient chemical stress that the whole of animal evolution would require a step-change for survival. It turns out that support for the hypothesis stems from two isotopic systems most usually associated with dating the formation and weathering of continental crust: those of strontium and neodymium. The global record of ratios of 87Sr/86Sr and 143Nd/144Nd show unusually large changes in the run-up to the Cambrian Period, the first rising to the highest level recorded in geological history and the second reaching a historic nadir during the Cambrian. This anti-correlation signifies the greatest chemical weathering of older continental crust in the history of the Earth (Peters, S. & Gaines, R.R. 2012. Formation of the ‘Great Unconformity’ as a trigger for the Cambrian explosion. Nature, v. 484, p. 363-366). Not only would this have poured dissolved ions, including those of calcium, into the oceans and raised their concentrations in seawater, but vast areas of the continents would have been eroded to form huge coastal plains, ripe for marine inundation. The last is exactly what the near-universal unconformity at the base of the Cambrian signifies. Presaging this long drawn-out grinding of continents to their gums had been a protracted bout of continental assembly to form the Rodinia supercontinent around 1000 Ma though collision and mountain building. Then Rodinia broke apart, its fragments being driven by plate tectonics to reassemble, along with vast chains of new crust formed in volcanic island arcs, by yet more orogenesis: tectonically high-energy times matched by the processes of denudation on land.
A nice example of planetary interconnectedness on the largest scale with the greatest conceivable consequences, for we vertebrates anyhow. This comes as a great comfort to me in the twilight of my career, since in 1999 I stuck out my neck with a similar concept in Stepping Stones only to meet a suitably stony silence.
- Missing rocks may explain why life started playing shell games (arstechnica.com)
- 560 Million Year Old Animal (weeklyworldnews.com)
- The Great Unconformity (quantumtunnel.wordpress.com)
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Hampton Roads Wildlife Specialist
The raccoon, sometimes called the common raccoon to distinguish it from other species, is a mammal native to North America. It is the largest of the procyonid family, having a body length of 40 to 70 cm, and a body weight of 5 to 26 kg.
Wild Animal Removal Specialist
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Copyright © 2011-2019 A. A. Animal Control. All Rights Reserved.
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- from Pompeii
On August 24, A.D. 79, a festival was happening in Herculaneum, a town near Pompeii.
People were celebrating the late Emperor Augustus. It would have been his birthday, but he’d been dead for 65 years. Jugglers, musicians, and acrobats were playing for big audiences. Athletic events were on in the sports arena. Plays were being rehearsed for the evening shows. Snack bars were selling walnuts, almonds, figs, dates, and hot foods to big crowds.
As in Pompeii, a sudden loud sound pierced the air. Sensing danger, many began running to the beach. But there they were trapped. They found themselves caught between the ocean and the superhot river of pumice, ash, rocks, and gases that eventually destroyed their town.
The volcanic outpouring sealed everything in. It left people and things just as they were when disaster struck. As a result, we have a perfect time capsule of life in Herculaneum over 1,900 years ago.
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Turning up the volume doesn’t always resolve hearing loss problems. Here’s something to consider: Many people are capable of hearing really soft sounds, but can’t understand conversations. That’s because hearing loss is frequently irregular. Certain frequencies are muted while you can hear others without any problem.
Hearing Loss Comes in Numerous Types
- Conductive hearing loss is triggered by a mechanical problem in the ear. It could be a result of too much buildup of earwax or caused by an ear infection or a congenital structural problem. In most circumstances, hearing specialists can manage the root condition to enhance your hearing, and if required, recommend hearing aids to fill in for any remaining hearing loss.
- Sensorineural hearing loss is more common and caused by problems with the fragile hairs, or cilia, in the inner ear. These hairs move when they sense sound and send out chemical impulses to the auditory nerve, which passes them to the brain for interpretation. These little hairs do not heal when damaged or destroyed. This is why sensorineural hearing loss is usually a result of the natural process of aging. Over the course of our lives, sensorineural hearing loss develops because we expose ourselves to loud noise, have underlying health problems, and use certain medications.
Sensorineural Hearing Loss Symptoms
You may hear a little better if people speak louder to you, but it’s not going to completely deal with your hearing loss challenges. Particular sounds, like consonant sounds, can become hard to hear for people who suffer from sensorineural hearing loss. Despite the fact that people around them are speaking clearly, somebody with this condition may think that everyone is mumbling.
When somebody is dealing with hearing loss, the frequency of consonants often makes them difficult to distinguish. The frequency of sound, or pitch, is calculated in hertz (hz) and the higher pitch of consonants is what makes them harder for some people to hear. For example, a short “o” registers at 250 to 1,000 Hz, depending on the voice of the person speaking. Conversely, consonants like “f” and “s” register at 1,500 to 6,000 Hz. Due to damage to the inner ear, these higher pitches are difficult to hear for people who have sensorineural hearing loss.
Because of this, simply speaking louder is not always helpful. If you can’t understand some of the letters in a word like “shift,” it won’t make much difference how loudly the other person speaks.
How Can Wearing Hearing Aids Help With This?
Hearing Aids go inside your ears helping sound reach your auditory system more directly and get rid of some of the outside noise you would normally hear. Hearing aids also help you by amplifying the frequencies you can’t hear and balancing that with the frequencies you are able to hear. In this way, you attain more clarity. Modern hearing aids also make it easier to hear speech by blocking some of the unwanted background noise.
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The National Institutes of Health (NIH) defines a clinical trial as a “Research study where one or more human subjects are prospectively assigned to one or more interventions to evaluate the effects of those interventions on health-related biomedical or behavioral outcomes.”
More simply, a clinical trial is a study in which researchers administer medication or treatment to willing participants to test patient safety and effectiveness. Interventions utilized in a trial process can be in the form of medications, surgery, or behavioral therapy.
Key Stakeholders – Who Is Involved in Clinical Trials?
Running a clinical study requires an experienced research team. The size of the team depends largely on the scope of the study and the number of participants recruited. The research team typically includes doctors, nurses, social workers, and other healthcare professionals. These individuals can take on a variety of roles including the principal investigator, research nurse, research pharmacist, study coordinator, and more.
Funding is an important component of all clinical operations, as research can be quite costly. Funds can cover the discovery, development, and packaging processes as well as drug improvements, upgrades, and clinical testing.
Sponsors keep science moving forward by providing funding. These sponsors may include:
- Pharmaceutical companies invest heavily in research and development, spending over $83 billion in 2019
- Academic medical centers, health maintenance organizations, and other healthcare institutions
- Voluntary organizations, individuals, and companies
- Federal agencies, such as NIH, the US Department of Defense, the National Science Foundation, and the US Department of Health and Human Services.
Where Do Clinical Trials Take Place?
Unlike other types of scientific research that take place in laboratories, clinical trials can take place in a variety of locations, such as hospitals, universities, healthcare offices, and community clinics.
The location of a clinical trial depends on who is performing the study. It is common for clinical trials to take place in several locations to allow researchers to recruit a diverse group of participants.
The Scale of a Clinical Trial
Researchers have traditionally performed clinical trials in North America, Western Europe, and Oceania, which includes Australia and New Zealand. Scientists are increasingly performing clinical trials in other areas of the world. Expanding the global network helps improve the ethnic and genetic diversity of the study participants.
Clinical trials can vary widely in scale to include:
- Regional studies held in a small geographic area
- National studies, like those performed by the National Institutes of Health
- Global studies that include large populations and a diverse participant pool
The Drug Development Process
Discovery & Development
Researchers discover new drugs in a variety of ways. They may gain new insight into a rare disease, for example, and use the information to develop a drug that stops or reverses the effects of the disease. Technological advances can lead to the discovery of innovative products that work in new ways, such as manipulating genetic material or delivering medical products to specific sites within the body. Researchers may investigate the unanticipated effects of existing treatments to find out if the treatment may work for conditions other than for what they were originally developed. Scientists may also discover new drugs by testing large groups of compounds to determine if the chemicals have any beneficial effects on the thousands of diseases still awaiting a cure.
Thousands of compounds are potential candidates for development at this stage, but only a handful make it through to development.
The development phase requires more testing to determine:
- How the body absorbs, distributes, metabolizes, and excretes the compound
- The mechanisms of action
- The potential benefit
- The optimal dosage
- The best route of administration (oral, IV, etc.)
- Potential side effects
- Its effects on different groups of people, such as gender or race
- Potential drug interactions
- Its effectiveness compared with similar drugs
Also known as clinical trial material manufacturing (CTM), clinical manufacturing focuses on producing pharmaceuticals for use in clinical trials.
Manufacturing pharmaceuticals for clinical trials is substantially different from producing medications in the standard healthcare market. Clinical trials typically have a much smaller consumer base that translates into a lower volume of production. Manufacturing pharmaceuticals for clinical trials is also different in that it requires a high level of flexibility – formulation changes and regulatory updates can change even well-established plans.
Product development typically begins when researchers discover an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API). By the time they enter product development, manufacturers have often developed the formulation and dosage of a product, but their clinical trial material may not include a finished drug product. To expedite the process of bringing a drug to market, manufacturers may use drug substances or particle-engineered intermediates for their research while they are developing and finalizing formulations and dosages.
While the FDA does not require manufacturers to include a finished drug product in their clinical trial material, the federal agency does recommend the use of:
- Disposable equipment to reduce the risk of contamination
- Pre-sterilized containers and materials to reduce the use of specialized cleaning equipment
- Closed process equipment to prevent environmental exposure of the drug during processing
- Current good manufacturing processes (cGMP) testing laboratories and manufacturing facilities
Supply Chain Management in Clinical Trials
Understanding and optimizing clinical logistics ensures clinical trials have the materials necessary to complete the study without interruption due to missing drugs, equipment, or supplies. The key components of the clinical supply chain include drugs, materials, equipment, and packaging.
The Clinical Logistics Market is a huge part of the success of a clinical trial. According to Grand View Research, the global clinical supply and logistics market is projected to reach USD 6.3 billion by 2030 due to an increase in innovation, regulations, and demand in recent years. There are many different logistics solutions on the market, from packaging to storage to transportation, all of which address certain steps in clinical supply logistics and combat key challenges faced throughout the process.
Logistical Challenges in Clinical Studies
Running a clinical trial can be challenging, even for the most seasoned research team. Most recently, COVID-19 has created transport and logistics issues for clinical research. Other factors, such as the availability of raw materials, transportation, packaging, and allocation of medical supplies, can slow or even stop clinical trials.
As biotechnology and biopharmaceutical manufacturing continues to evolve, they are becoming the focus of clinical trials around the world.
The cost of supplies and equipment, transportation and logistics, regulatory compliance, and complex procedures are increased when dealing with biologics. Creating a cost-effective supply chain can include early incorporation of trial supplies, packaging, and labeling products correctly with dosage and expiry date, and establishing local and international supply pipelines.
Along with cost, the sensitivity and risk of environmental contamination increase with the use of biopharmaceutical products. These compounds tend to be highly sensitive to temperature ranges and can become easily contaminated. Ensuring environmental control throughout storage and transportation is essential, yet difficult to achieve without the right packaging solutions and strategy.
Regulations govern multiple aspects of clinical trials, including the development of study protocols, participant selection criteria, informed consent procedures, monitoring of adverse events, and reporting of results. These regulations aim to protect the rights and welfare of human subjects and promote the scientific validity and integrity of clinical trials. Compliance with regulations is critical for the success of clinical trials.
Clinical Packaging & Materials in Clinical Trial Logistics
Packaging and materials are critical components of the clinical trial supply chain, as they ensure the safe and effective delivery of investigational medicinal products (IMPs). Clinical trial materials increasingly handle biologic drugs, often administered via injections and therefore under more stringent packaging requirements than other forms of drugs. What’s more, a growing number of clinical trials now use direct-to-patient services, which affects how materials are packaged and makes tracking even more important. Today’s packages and materials must balance user requirements and protect the quality of the product.
Creating a Resilient Clinical Trial Supply Chain
A resilient clinical trial supply chain can prevent delays and disruptions. Features of a resilient supply chain include:
- Diversity – having several suppliers and transportation affiliates to reduce disruptions in the clinical trial supply chain.
- Efficiency – delivering quality, cost-effective, and timely products is a key part of success.
- Compliance – ensuring suppliers meet regulations and abide by local and international laws is mandatory.
- Traceability – the ability to track the movement of supplies and drugs will promote transparency, efficiency, and confidence in your trial.
How Medical Packaging Inc., LLC Serves The Clinical Trial Market
Medical Packaging Inc., LLC (MPI) is a valuable partner in clinical trial logistics and operations. With complete medication packaging solutions tailored to the unique needs of clinical services, MPI systems promote the highest level of efficiency, compliance, and traceability throughout the manufacturing, transportation, and administration process.
As a leading manufacturer of unit dose packaging and labeling systems, equipment, software, and materials, our solutions help deliver the right medicine and dose to the right patient at the right time. They also aim to minimize possible contamination during the transportation and handling process while decreasing the probability of medication errors and protecting costly products.
Packaging Solutions for Clinical Trials
FD-Pharma® Unit Dose Packaging System
MPI’s FD-Pharma® Unit Dose Packaging System features a built-in printing and pumping system, which creates an automated, barcoding packaging solution for unit dose oral liquid medication. Along with its small footprint and even smaller price point, this revolutionary approach offers precise dosing of liquid medicine into a convenient, unit dose cup. FD-Pharma®’s production speed can reach up to 35 cups per minute, for top-level efficiency. FD-Pharma® is appropriate for clinical trials of all sizes, low production to full production modes, all in a single machine.
The optional die cut feature brings some unique benefits to the machine as an external device that trims the lidding to the perimeter of the cup leaving one tabbed section.
Stakeholders throughout the clinical trial process appreciate the FD-Pharma® for its ability to slash packaging costs, increase operational efficiency, and decrease medication errors.
Read more about the features, options, and benefits of our FD-Pharma® system.
Fluidose® Series 6 Unit Dose Packaging System
With a built-in syringe pump mechanism, the MPI Fluidose® Series 6 Unit Dose Packaging System is an automated, barcoding packaging solution for unit dose oral liquid medication. This system is designed to adhere to strict technical guidelines and assure the safe packaging of oral liquid medication while producing up to 22 doses per minute.
MPI-certified materials assure that there is no degradation to the contents and that all medication will be adequately protected from external environment effects, such as light or moisture, and a clear, legible, fully-sealed unit dose package is produced every time.
Packaging that Provides Speed-to-Market Capabilities
Time is of the essence in the drug development, implementation, and testing process. Waiting for critical support files can lead to costly delays.
After completing a Type III Drug Master File (DMF) submittal, MPI is proud to deliver speed-to-market capabilities. Establishing a DMF enables us to rapidly support customers’ compliance and filing needs within the pharmaceutical industry as well as meet the needs of pharmaceutical drug manufacturers and contract drug manufacturing organizations (CDMOs) for FDA-compliant liquid cup packaging capabilities.
Contact MPI to Learn More About Our Clinical Trial Packaging Solutions
When it comes to clinical trial components and packaging materials that drive the clinical research process, Medical Packaging Inc. is changing the landscape. For more information about clinical trials, logistics, and packaging materials, contact MPI.
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Doberman Pinscher: Training and Care
Intelligent and athletic, the Doberman Pinscher has long been popular as a guardian, police dog, and war dog. The Doberman is affectionate, loyal, and obedient. They can make a good family dog but much depends on where you obtain your Doberman, as some lines are better than others in terms of temperament.
History of the Doberman Pinscher
The Doberman Pinscher is said to have originated in Apolda in the state of Thuringia, Germany around 1890. The breeder was a man named Karl Fredrick Louis Dobermann. Dobermann wanted to create a breed for protection when he collected taxes. He is also said to have run the local dog pound so had access to many different breeds of dogs. Later others continued to work with the Doberman dog that Louis Dobermann created. It’s believed that the dogs used to create the Doberman Pinscher included the Rottweiler, the German Pinscher, the Beauceron, the Thuringian Sylvan Dog, the Greyhound, the Weimaraner, the Great Dane, the German Shorthaired Pointer, the Old German Shepherd Dog, and the Manchester Terrier. In Germany and Britain the dog is known as the Doberman, without the word “pinscher” as pinscher means “terrier” in German and the dog is not a terrier. However, in the United States the word “pinscher” is still part of the breed’s name. The Doberman Pinscher was recognized by the American Kennel Club in 1908.
The Doberman Pinscher typically lives between 10 and 14 years. The breed is known to suffer from some serious health problems, though not all dogs have these problems. Problems that may appear include von Willebrand’s disease (a bleeding disorder which is similar to hemophilia in humans). A test has been available for this disease for several years to help breeders avoid using animals that carry the gene for the disease. Dilated cardiomyopathy can appear in the Doberman. Dilated cardiomyopathy is believed to be more prevalent in Dobermans than in other breeds and it can be fatal to Dobermans. It appears to affect Dobermans more severely than other dogs.
Cervical vertebral instability (CVI) also appears in Dobermans. Prostatic disease is also possible. The Doberman is believed to be more susceptible to this disease than other breeds. Other issues include hip dysplasia and hypothyroidism.
If you are thinking of getting a Doberman Pinscher you should talk to the breeder about health issues in the breed and find out what health testing they have done on their dogs. Ask what health problems have appeared in their bloodlines, how long their dogs have lived, and what the causes of death were.
Temperament and Training
Although many people believe Dobermans are a fierce and aggressive breed, they are normally very sociable toward people and they can get along quite well with other dogs. Studies show that Dobermans are not likely to show aggression toward their owners. They are more likely to show aggression toward strangers and other dogs but they aren’t among the breeds most likely to do so. They were originally bred to be personal protection dogs and they can be quite intimidating to strangers. They are brave and they will defend their owners but they are normally very obedient dogs. Breeders in the United States and Canada have worked for decades to make sure that Dobermans have reliable, stable temperaments. These dogs are loving, loyal, and gentle and can make excellent family dogs as long as they are well socialized when they are young.
However, not all Doberman Pinschers are properly socialized when they are young. If you get a Doberman Pinscher from a bad breeder or if you get a puppy and you do not socialize it properly, then you can have a dog who has temperament problems. The dog may be too aggressive toward strangers and it may not be properly obedient to the owner or gentle enough with the family. The Doberman is a large, powerful dog and it’s important that these dogs are well socialized from the time they are puppies. Good training is very important with this breed and they should at least learn basic obedience commands from a young age.
Doberman Pinschers are extremely intelligent dogs, ranking number 5 on the list of intelligent dog breeds according to Dr. Stanley Coren’s book The Intelligence of Dogs. They are usually easy to train. If you get a Doberman Pinscher puppy then it’s a good idea to sign up for a puppy preschool or puppy kindergarten class so your puppy can have some socialization with friendly people and other puppies. Then continue with a good basic obedience class.
Dobermans can excel at many dog activities and dog sports such as obedience, agility, rally, musical freestyle, tracking, herding, frisbee, flyball, and the list goes on. They are very bright, easy to train, and they enjoy working so you can really do almost any kind of sport or activity with these dogs. They love to play and they have fun doing things with their owners.
The Doberman Pinscher is very easy to groom. They have a short, sleek coat that needs to be brushed about once a week to remove any loose or dead hair. You can run a hound glove or damp cloth over the coat to keep it looking sleek. They are average seasonal shedders so brush your dog more when they are shedding to keep dog hair from accumulating in your home. Bathe as necessary.
You should clean your dog’s ears weekly to prevent ear infections.
Trim your dog’s nails on a weekly basis to keep them short. If you trim them each week, removing just a small amount of nail, then you won’t cut the quicks or harm your dog.
Special Needs or Care
Most people don’t realize how playful Dobermans are, possibly because they are afraid of them. But these dogs love to play like big puppies. They need lots of regular exercise. They can be good apartment dogs as long as they get plenty of exercise. They are sensitive to cold weather so you sometimes see a Doberman wearing a sweater or jacket.
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Information for 10652IIED
Understanding children’s risk and agency in urban areas and their implications for child-centred urban disaster risk reduction in Asia
This paper presents the findings of a study that IIED undertook in partnership with Plan International on urban children’s risk and agency in four large Asian cities: Dhaka (Bangladesh), Kathmandu (Nepal), Manila (the Philippines) and Jakarta (Indonesia). The study involved focus group discussions with street children, working children and squatter and slum children; and key informant interviews with relevant local, national and international agencies involved in child rights and/or disaster risk reduction in each city.
The findings show that girls and boys who live and work on the streets or in low-income informal settlements are among the most vulnerable and susceptible to environmental hazards, disasters and the impacts of climate change, primarily because of their poor-quality living and working and environments. Yet, the majority of disaster risk reduction programmes in urban areas of Asia are dominated by preparedness, early warning and response – and fail to address the particular risks facing boys and girls.
This paper therefore argues for a much greater focus on linking disaster risk reduction with long-term action that can address the provision of protective infrastructure and basic services as key determinants of child-health and disaster and climate resilience. It concludes by outlining a set of priority action areas for Plan International and other child-centred organisations that seek to reduce children’s long-term risks in Asian cities.
The Asian Cities Climate Change Resilience Network (ACCCRN) is an eight-year, multi-country initiative working with cities across the world to increase resilience to climate change. IIED is a regional partner within ACCCRN.
More at www.iied.org:
Strengthening knowledge on urban climate resilience
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The page covers:
The plate by Giuseppe Vasi
S. Gregorio Magno (S. Gregorio al Celio)
The Atrium and its Renaissance Monuments
The Three Chapels
Tribuna di SS. Giovanni e Paolo
Exhibits from the Museums
In the XVIIIth century the Caelian Hill, one of the seven historical hills of Rome, was remote from the centre of the city and it
housed almost only monasteries which had been built next to very ancient churches. Those covered in this page were redesigned in the early XVIIth century.
The view is taken from the green dot in the small 1748 map here below. In the description below the plate Vasi made reference to: 1) Triclinio di S. Gregorio (aka S. Barbara); 2) SS. Marta e Andrea (best known as S. Andrea); 3) S. Silvia; 4) Tribuna (apse) di SS. Giovanni e Paolo; 5) Clivo di Scauro. 5) is shown in another plate. The small map shows also 6) S. Gregorio Magno (aka S. Gregorio al Celio).
The view in June 2009
The area has retained most of the aspect it had in 1756 at the time Vasi made this etching; the view over S. Gregorio Magno and the three chapels is almost unchanged.
A view from the Aventine Hill (Monument to Giuseppe Mazzini)
From the northern side of the Aventine which overlooks Circus Maximus it is possible to include S. Gregorio Magno and the apse of SS. Giovanni e Paolo in the same view. The image shows that the actual church of S. Gregorio Magno is preceded by an atrium and that the imposing fašade is a theatrical entrance to the latter.
View towards the Palatine Hill from the staircase leading to S. Gregorio Magno
Monastery: (left) corridor leading to the church; (right) detail of the courtyard
The monastery was founded by St. Gregory the Great in ca. 575 by modifying his father's house and a nearby theological school (Biblioteca di Agapeto) built by his relative Pope St. Agapetus I. The site chosen was facing the Palatine, which at the time was the residence of the Byzantine governors of Rome. The monastery was for a long time assigned to the Benedictine order; in 1573 it passed to the Camaldolese, a branch of that order, named after the hermitage of Camaldoli near Arezzo (see their website - it opens in another window). The monastery was redesigned in 1715 and its decoration makes reference to the heraldic symbols (three mountains and a star) of Clement XI, the reigning pope.
(left) Fašade; (right) atrium
In 1629-633 Giambattista Soria designed an atrium which was preceded by a staircase and a grand fašade at the request of Cardinal Scipione Borghese. An illustration in a 1588 Guide to Rome shows that the church had a small bell tower on its left side.
Details of the fašade showing the heraldic symbols of Cardinal Scipione Borghese
During the French occupation of Rome some coats of arms of popes and cardinals were erased by the French troops; this occurred to the coats of arms of Cardinal Borghese at the top of the fašade and in the garden of the monastery. The soldiers did not realize that his heraldic symbols were everywhere in the decoration of the fašade (or maybe they did not dare to erase them). So eagles and dragons were spared. They show the power and wealth Cardinal Borghese retained after the death of his uncle (Pope Paul V) in 1621, thanks to his friendship with Urban VIII, the reigning pope.
Interior: (left) main nave; (right) chapel at the end of the left nave
The interior of the church was redesigned in 1725-730 by Francesco Ferrari, an architect who is best known for the use he made of stucco decorations. This was due to a general lack of resources and materials (there were no longer many columns and marbles to be taken from the ancient buildings). Because of the redesign some XVIth century funerary monuments were relocated to the atrium whereas others were moved to the monastery.
Cappella Salviati: (left) main altar; (right) ceiling
Cardinal Antonio Maria Salviati belonged to a rich family from Florence. He promoted the renovation of Spedale di S. Giacomo in Augusta and for the Jubilee Year 1600 he commissioned the construction of a large side chapel at S. Gregorio Magno. Similar to S. Giacomo in Augusta it was designed by Francesco da Volterra and completed by Carlo Maderno. The ceiling was painted by Giovan Battista Ricci who was involved in the decoration of many Roman churches and chapels, including the transept of S. Giovanni in Laterano.
Cappella Salviati: (left) marble altar; (right) detail of a fresco showing Castel Sant'Angelo
Cappella Salviati features a fine marble altar which was made in 1469 and stood in the church until its redesign by Ferrari. In its upper section it most likely shows Castel Sant'Angelo as it was prior to the changes made by Pope Alexander VI at the end of the XVth century. In a fresco by Ricci the castle is shown in another moment of its long history.
St. Gregory's Chair
According to tradition St. Gregory rested on this marble chair. It is dated Ist century BC and it is decorated with a relief showing a bearded genius holding two elaborate baskets between two winged lions. It might have been part of the furniture of the Roman houses which have been found under nearby SS. Giovanni e Paolo.
Interior: (left) sections of the church Cosmati pavement (XIIIth century); (centre) fragment of a fresco in the monastery; (right) gravestone of a bishop which was moved from the church to the monastery
(left) Funerary monuments which were relocated from the church to the atrium in the XVIIIth century; (right) monument to Sir Edward Carne (1561)
Many of the funerary monuments which were relocated to the atrium are related to members of foreign communities; their long inscriptions sometimes shed light on political events of the XVIth century.
Sir Edward Carne was a Welsh diplomat who was involved in missions to Emperor Charles V and to Pope Paul IV. After the death of Queen Mary I of England in 1558 he chose not to serve under Queen Elizabeth I and to remain in Rome: the design of his sarcophagus follows a pattern first introduced by Michelangelo in the Medici tombs at Sacrestia Nuova di S, Lorenzo in Florence (it opens in another window).
Monument to Antonio and Michele Bonsi by Luigi Capponi (1500)
Antonio and Michele Bonsi were two Florentine brothers: in 1498 Antonio was the Republic's Ambassador to Pope Alexander VI; his brother Michele was the owner of a fine collection of antiques he gathered in Rome. Their monument is a work by Luigi Capponi, the preferred pupil of Andrea Bregno who was the leading sculptor in Rome until the arrival of Michelangelo. Both Bregno and Capponi excelled in low reliefs.
Monument to Andrea Gentili (1525)
Andrea Gentili was from Genoa: he died at the age of 59. He was portrayed in his sleep in line with a traditional way of depicting the dead; in this case however the posture of Gentili is that of someone having a nap, rather than being immersed in his eternal sleep (it might have inspired the XIXth century funerary monument to Devereux Plantagenet Cockburn). During the Renaissance there was little room for the gruesome symbols of death which characterized many monuments of the following century.
Monument to Lelio Guidiccioni (1643) which makes use of a former monument to Imperia, a courtesan
The monument to Canon Lelio Guidiccioni (d. 1643) is rather peculiar because while its lower part shows a flying hourglass, which is typical of XVIIth century monuments, the reliefs in its upper part have a Renaissance grace. They are thought to come from the tomb of Imperia, a famous courtesan. She lived in a palace in Via Giulia where she died at the age of 26 in 1512. Her beauty was such that Gian Francesco Vitale, a minor poet who knew her wrote: "The gods made two gifts to Rome: Mars gave the Empire and Venus Imperia". Agostino Chigi, a rich banker, is known for having been one of her clients and it is said that she posed for Raphael in The Triumph of Galatea (it opens in another window), a fresco at La Farnesina, Chigi's villa.
Exorcism by St. Gregory, fresco traditionally attributed to il Pomarancio
In 1614 Pope Paul V approved the publication of Rituale Romanum, a comprehensive revision of all ceremonies and practices of the Roman Catholic Church. It included guidelines for exorcisms: it is interesting to note that the foreword to these guidelines had a word of a caution about the appropriateness of exorcisms: In primis, ne facile credat, aliquem a daemonio esse obsessum (First of all, one should not easily believe that a person is possessed by evil spirits). The atrium is decorated with a cycle of paintings showing events of the life of St. Gregory including one where an exorcism is performed. One of the preferred formulas is said to have been introduced by St. Benedict: Vade retro Satana (Step back Satan).
(left to right) S. Barbara, S. Andrea and S. Silvia
In the little graveyard of the monastery two medieval chapels dedicated to St. Barbara and St. Andrew were restored by Cardinal Cesare Baronio in 1602-603; he added a third chapel dedicated to St. Silvia, mother of St. Gregory, in order to compose a symmetrical complex. Cardinal Scipione Borghese completed the restoration.
(left to right) S. Barbara, S. Andrea and S. Silvia
S. Barbara is aka Triclinio di S. Gregorio because St. Gregory used it as a soup kitchen; for this reason the lintel bears the inscription Triclinium pauperum (Dining room of the poor). St. Gregory is known for having developed an effective system for managing estates of the church to increase their revenue in order to assist the starving population of Rome.
S. Barbara: interior with a IIIrd century AD marble table, a statue by Nicolas Cordier portraying St. Gregory and much worn out frescoes by Antonio Viviani
The chapel was built in the XIIth century above ancient Roman structures. Its current aspect is the result of the restoration commissioned by Cardinal Baronio. According to tradition St. Gregory had arranged the table for twelve poor when an angel in disguise made his appearance. After having eaten his meal he told St. Gregory how much God praised what he was doing (the miracle was depicted by Paolo Veronese as a lavish banquet personally attended by Jesus - it opens in another window).
S. Andrea - interior
The monastery where St. Gregory spent part of his life was dedicated to St. Andrew and Cardinal Borghese commissioned two large frescoes depicting his martyrdom. The two painters who made them (Domenichino and Guido Reni) were among the leading ones of their time and until the mid of the XIXth century their works were "must see" for all foreign travellers.
S. Andrea: details of the frescoes by Domenichino (left) and Guido Reni (right)
In 1786, on his way to Rome, J. W. Goethe stopped at Bologna, the hometown of Domenichino and Reni:
The main obstacle to understanding these painters is their absurd subjects, which drive me mad, though I would like to admire and love them. (..) It is always the same, even with a genius like Guido. You find yourself in the dissecting room, at the foot of the gallows, on the edge of the corpse pit. His heroes always suffer and never act. Italian Journey - translation by W. H. Auden and E. Mayer - Collins 1962.
One of the first things Goethe did in Rome was to see the ceiling painted by Domenichino at S. Andrea della Valle with scenes of the life of St. Andrew.
(left) Portal of the enclosure of the three chapels; (right) Biblioteca di Agapito
In 1607 Flaminio Ponzio designed a new portal (you can see the inscription on its lintel in the image used as background for this page) on the site of the old entrance to the monastery (which was rebuilt to the right of the church); the ruins of a basilica stand between this portal and the three chapels. They are known as Biblioteca di Agapito and they are thought to have been built by Pope St. Agapetus I; the lower part of the walls belong to an earlier building.
Apse of SS. Giovanni e Paolo
The left part of the plate shows the apse of SS. Giovanni e Paolo which was decorated in the early XIVth century with a gallery in Lombard style. The brickwork of the cornice is dated XIIth century.
Musei Capitolini: Temple to Mars
In 1878 minute fragments of painted terracotta were found during the enlargement of the street which linked Piazza del Colosseo with S. Gregorio Magno. The fragments which archaeologists were able to piece together indicated that they were part of the front decoration of a IInd century BC temple made by Etruscan artists. These had achieved a high level of skill in making terracotta statues and sarcophagi. Based on the statue at the centre of the tympanum some archaeologists believe it might have been a temple dedicated to Mars.
Excerpts from Giuseppe Vasi 1761 Itinerary related to this page:
Siede questa chiesa sul pendio del monte Celio, anticamente chiamato Clivus Scauri, dove propriamente
il s. Pontefice ebbe la casa paterna, la quale egli ridusse in monastero, e vi abit˛ anche egli da religioso,
menando una vita sý austera, che solamente si cibava di una scodella di legumi, macerati nell'acqua,
mandatigli ogni giorno da santa Silvia sua madre abitante alla cella nuova. Vi eresse ancora una chiesa
in onore di s. Andrea Apostolo; ma dipoi essendo riedificata, fu dedicata al medesimo s. Gregorio.
Il Card. Scipione Borghese nel 1633. vi fece il gran prospetto e portico con disegno di Gio. Batista
Soria, ed ultimamente i monaci Camaldolesi, che vi risiedono, hanno rinnovato il chiostro, e la chiesa;
sotto i portici sonovi varj depositi ornati di marmi, e di metalli, e nella chiesa delle pitture di buona mano.
Il quadro nella seconda cappella Ŕ di Franc. Imperiale; quello sull'altare maggiore di un Bolognese, e
quello nell'ultima e di Pompeo Battoni.
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In William Shakespeare's play Macbeth, the character of Lady Macbeth is a very decisive, controlling of her husband Macbeth, and ambitious woman during the course of the first act. One reason that Lady Macbeth is decisive is because she has made up her mind for her husband Macbeth to become King of Scotland. It does not matter to her how he attains the title, it only matters that he does. When Lady Macbeth realizes her husband's uncertainty, she wishes for the spirits to "unsex me here,/And fill me from the crown to the tow, top-full/of direst cruelty" (1.5.39-41). In other words, she wishes that she could be released of the tenderness of a woman so that she could be even more heartless and cruel so as to murder King Duncan, the present King of Scotland, in order for Macbeth to reign. A second characteristic of Lady Macbeth is that she is very controlling of her husband Macbeth.
Lady Macbeth realizes that her husband is uncertain of their mutual decision to murder King Duncan. When Macbeth claims that "we will proceed no further in this business" (1.7.31), Lady Macbeth threatens his masculinity in order to manipulate his emotions toward the situation. She tells him that he cannot back out of his promise now, and that she would even kill a baby that she was nurseing if she had sworn to her husband that she would.
I have given suck, and know
How tender 'tis to love the babe that milks me:
I would, while it was smiling in my face,
Have plucked my nipple from his boneless gums,
And dashed the brains out,
Had I so sworn as you
Have done to this (1.7.54-59)
A third characteristic of Lady Macbeth is that she is very ambitious. She wants nothing...
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What is 4D BIM?
What is 4D BIM and how can it add value on building information modelling (BIM) projects?
In simple terms, BIM is the process of creating information models or data sets formed of graphical and non-graphical information in a shared digital space known as a Common Data Environment (CDE). The information builds in richness as the project stages progress until that complete data set is handed over to the Client and/or end user at completion.
As you create an information model, you can add scheduling data to different components, generating accurate programme information and enabling step-by-step visuals of your project’s development. It is this is process that is known as 4D BIM.
Linking of scheduling data to components of an information model in a Common Data Environment (CDE).
4D BIM involves time-related information being associated to different components of an information model. For a specific element or work area, that could include details on its lead-time, construction and installation period, curing and drying allowances, sequencing or its interdependencies with other areas.
Scheduling data linked to the foundation components of a graphical model.
With this data included, Planners can quickly develop accurate programmes for projects, based on one reliable source of federated information. The specific activities and items within those programmes can be clearly linked to their graphical representations.
“Planners can quickly develop accurate programmes based on one reliable source of federated information”
The inclusion of time-related attribute data also enables 3D visuals of a project’s development to be created, showing how it will be constructed and how both the structure and surrounding site will appear at each phase. This is hugely beneficial in terms of planning work in a safe and logical way that maximises efficiency on site.
Step-by-step 3D visualisation of a construction methodology.
With programme and visual information like this to hand, project teams can effectively prototype assets in a virtual environment first and provide rapid feedback on design or methodology changes to their colleagues.
“This is hugely beneficial in terms of planning work in a safe and logical way that maximises efficiency on site”
Such an approach helps to negate last minute on-site design co-ordination and rework, ultimately eliminating waste from the delivery process and helping to speed it up. This is key as construction sites are expensive to run and represent a significant proportion of the total cost for many projects. The efficiency generated can streamline the cost base for project teams and increase their capacity, whilst reducing overall delivery costs for Clients.
4D BIM is also a powerful tool for communicating the impact of built assets with local Stakeholders during delivery and once completed. Everyone can see and comprehend a clear impression of how the asset will appear, rather than having to envisage that from plans or Gantt charts.
A 3D visualisation of a new asset under construction.
You can work with 4D at any stage of a project, and it can add a lot of value and influence at the front end when assessing the feasibility of schemes. It’s also useful during tendering if you want to quickly understand a project or demonstrate and build confidence around your methodology as part of the selection process. Clearly, the information you’ll gain will be quite high-level in the early stages and will build in detail as your project progresses.
It is important to note is that ‘4D BIM’ refers to a particular way of linking data to an information model; an additional ‘dimension’ of data. It is different to the Bew-Richards BIM Maturity Levels that run from 0 to 3 (and beyond) describing the supply chain’s ability to exchange information in a digital way. 4D, 5D and 6D considerations can all occur within BIM Level 2.
Fred ends with a message for Planners worried that 4D BIM could replace them: “That really isn’t the case. 4D BIM actually brings Planners in closer to the heart of the project team. Rather than creating programmes that require several iterations as proposals develop, Planners play a greater role in shaping those proposals in the first place” he says. “They effectively add more value and become more respected by their peers”.
“4D BIM won’t replace Planners. It actually brings them in closer to the heart of the project team”
Why not have a go at 4D BIM on a pilot project? Try to learn as much as you can from that experience and steadily build your capabilities from there.
This video features footage of Asta Powerproject, learn more here.
This video contains extracts of PAS 1192-2: 2013, © 2013 The British Standards Institution, © 2013 Mervyn Richards OBE and © 2013 Mark Bew MBE.
We welcome you sharing our content to inspire others, but please be nice and play by our rules.
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The role of Spain in the birth of the United States is a little known and little understood aspect of U.S. independence. Through actual fighting, provision of supplies, and money, Spain helped the young British colonies succeed in becoming an independent nation. Soldiers were recruited from all over the Spanish empire, from Spain itself and from throughout Spanish America. Many died fighting British soldiers and their allies in Central America, the Caribbean, along the Mississippi River from New Orleans to St. Louis and as far north as Michigan, along the Gulf Coast to Mobile and Pensacola, as well as in Europe.Based on primary research in the archives of Spain, this book is about United States history at its very inception, placing the war in its broadest international context. In short, the information in this book should provide a clearer understanding of the independence of the United States, correct a longstanding omission in its history, and enrich its patrimony. It will appeal to anyone interested in the history of the Revolutionary War and in Spain's role in the development of the Americas.
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The Effects of Global Warming
Together we can save the planet.
We Have the Power to Impact Our Future, and We’re Doing Something About It
They have planted crops according to seasonal rainfall and frost and colonized islands, thinking them pristine and safe from outside interference. In the 20th century, however, these certainties have been called into question. The effects of global warming will likely cost human society dearly.
Over the last 10,000 years, temperatures have remained remarkably stable across the globe-changing by little more than 2F (1 ‘F equals approximately 1.8C) on average. Even during the Little Ice Age, which lasted from the 14th to the 19th century and left a legacy of advancing glaciers, stunted crops, and death from exposure in Europe, mean temperatures were little more than 2F ( older than (hey are today. The effects of global warming could change average temperatures five times as much as the Little Ice Age did-though in the opposite direction.
Over the next century, the rate of The effects of global warming should follow a steep upward curve-heating up just a bit in the 1990s and progressively more each decade thereafter-until the earth’s temperature rises to the sweltering levels that occurred hundreds of thousands of years ago. Such catastrophic temperature changes do occur every 80,000 or 90,000 years, when the earth’s orbit swings it far enough away from the sun to create an ice age, but the biosphere has thousands of years to prepare for it.
Although most scientists agree that the globe will heat up between 2f and 9F by the year 2050, the computer climate models that generate these warming predictions are still too clumsy and simplistic to predict regional climates. A typical model can predict climate change across an area of hundreds of thousands of square miles. All the countries of central Europe might be subject to the same climate prediction even though each country’s seasonal temperature, rainfall, and snowfall patterns are unique. Using even the best climate model to make such specific forecasts is a hopeless task at present.
Computer climate models can, however, predict climate trends across the globe under higher temperatures.
They can determine that The effects of global warming will make summers drier in mid-latitude areas across the planet-even though they might not be able to foretell the average summer rainfall in California in the year 2050. These predictions sketch a general picture of how The effects of global warming will affect climates across the face of the globe and how such changes might disrupt civilization and the biosphere.
The earth’s northern latitudes should feel the most dramatic effects of The effects of global warming. As the Arctic and Antarctic ice packs shrink and the exposed tundra and seas absorb heat that was once reflected back into space, the poles will probably heat up at an accelerated rate. Climate models predict that if The effects of global warming raises temperatures by 3.5�F on average, then temperatures in the Arctic could warm up by as much as 7�F. (Where as Arctic winters will be especially warm, Arctic summers will grow only slightly warmer.) The equatorial regions, on the other hand, will be less subject to The effects of global warming, perhaps heating up a degree less than the global average. As the world’s oceans are fed by melting glaciers and ice caps, sea levels will rise by as much as 3 feet (1 meter) within the next 100 years.
As temperatures rise, the oceans will evaporate more quickly, creating more clouds and more rainfall. According to Jonathan Wiener, author of The Next One Hundred Years, 500,000 cubic kilometers of water rise and fall between the oceans and sky every year-an amount that could increase by 25,000 cubic kilometers under The effects of global warming. (One cubic kilometer is equal to a volume of space about 12 city blocks long, 12 blocks wide, and 12 blocks high.) However, this extra rain may fall when and where people least need it. Subtropical areas, such as India, may be hit with heavy floods and monsoons, and vulnerable farmlands in temperate climates will experience droughts.
At high latitudes, in areas such as Canada, warmer temperatures will mean longer growing seasons and more rainfall. Soviet climatologist Mikhail Budyko, one of the earliest investigators of The effects of global warming, believes that this process will bring food and prosperity to vast areas of the globe that have been desolate for thousands of years. Central Asia, he predicts, will receive 50% more rain, and the Sahara may receive 12 inches (30 centimeters) more rain every year by the late 1990s. Altogether, he believes that increased rainfall and agricultural productivity (rising CO2 levels will also increase the rate of photosynthesis) should raise world food production by 50% in the year 2050. Such optimism is rare among scientists studying The effects of global warming.
Whereas mountain snow packs in latitude areas such as California and Colorado should melt earlier-meaning more rainfall and river water in the spring-midsummer, when crops need the water most, will be drier. Together with the increased probability of heat waves, these conditions could lead to frequent droughts and spreading deserts in areas such as the Great Plains and Western Europe.
Given these general outlines, it is possible to imagine endless environmental disasters caused by The effects of global warming. Will Antarctica’s western ice shelf drop into the ocean? Will California become a true desert? The initial effects of The effects of global warming need to be looked at in more detail.
Opposing Viewpoints global warming is a threat?
Some scientists believe that global warming is not a threat and the world is essentially cooling. They argue that the factors causing the problem and the measures are not fully understood, and it is impossible to draw conclusions if global warming is a purely natural event. These people believe that the trend is a hoax and that is not a sign of a global disaster ahead. In addition, the strengths of the industry assert that human beings can adapt to the changes caused by global warming, but they refuse to talk about something about the environmental impact of climate change.
Other opponents of the global warming theory believes that most of the changes are due to the sun’s energy is fluctuating. Large sunspot activity is held partly responsible for the \ “Little Ice Age \” from 1450 to 1850. This climate change is well documented in history, with many effects on civilization in Europe, including famines. Fluctuations in temperature was only 2 degrees Fahrenheit. Also, some researchers believe that the smoke from the burning of tropical forests and meadows leads to a cooling of the strong force on the climate. The cooling effect could almost as much as your brain power built by greenhouse gases created by the fires.
Furthermore, as regards the question sea level rise, it is important to realize that increases in various coastal areas are rising and sinking due to geological factors. Thus, the oceans can not increase as much as we think, as a continent may be sinking.
In addition, some researchers believe that global warming is foreshadowing a future ice age. The last glaciation occurred when the Earth \ ‘is global warming. In the Arctic regions, larger quantities of water evaporate in the summer and fall to the ground as snow in winter. Winters would not be as warm as to melt all this snow, which would increase the glaciers. In addition, some compounds of carbon dioxide are released into the atmosphere can help prevent global warming. These particles reflect sunlight, which is redirected into space.
Effect of Global Warming – The way to reduce global warming.
There are several things you can do directly after reading this document. However, some of the actions that we must all take a slight decrease in your current standard of living.
First, since most of the electricity in the United States is produced by burning coal, we should try to cut down on our electricity demand. (See chart No. 4) coal creates the largest quantity of CO2 per unit of energy of a fossil fuel. Coal and oil together represent 80% of the U.S. supply of fuel used to generate electricity. When we reduce the use of electricity, we save money, breathe cleaner air, and to help reduce the problem of global warming. Every kilowatt-hour of electricity saved retains 1.5 to 2 kilograms of CO2 from the atmosphere. Americans waste more energy than any other country. I think it is time to take our lives, factories, houses and more efficient. Look around at home and in your workplace, and there are many ways in which you can reduce the use of electricity. For example, planting trees on the south side of your home where they can provide shade during the hot summer months. Also, installing a thermostat for energy efficiency, with a timer day and night.
Global warming is big business. Some economists argue that global warming could benefit from some crops and farming communities. However, although insurers are worsening forecasting storms caused by global warming could eventually the insurance industry into bankruptcy. Insurance companies are now trying to form strategic alliances, and to pool resources that could bring serious economic losses from climate change.
In addition, the cost worldwide to implement a plan to reduce the production of CO2 and other gases that contribute to global warming would cost approximately 3 percent of the world \ ‘total GDP . However, there is a dispute whether the industrialized world should be responsible for the major economic contribution to clean this planet. It is important to realize that many less industrialized countries can not afford measures to avoid an increase in CO2 emissions, and the fact that they have no incentive to reduce carbon emissions causing \ “Greenhouse \”. Many less industrialized countries argue that the developed world has been authorized to use nature in the creation of well-being, and that it is morally right now for them to do the same. I believe that the funds provided under the former Cold War must be used for the Global Ecology.
Second, reduce the use of your car. If you can \ ‘t afford to buy a new car fuel-efficient in the coming years, consider selling or junking your gas demanding and buying a smaller car, effectively used car. In addition to saving money on gas, oil, tires, parts and repairs, you can help reduce greenhouse gases. In addition, regardless of the vehicle type, remember to function effectively, try to carpool to work or ride the bus, keep your car tuned up, walk or ride your bike for short distances, and the park on foot are not using \ “Cross” services.
Thirdly, try to follow the aftermath of the environmental policy of \ “Reduce Reuse …. ….. Recycle. \ “Reuse of all is the easiest and the best way to recycle. Save containers, bags, anything you can use in the future. Also, the use of toilet and cloth napkins instead of paper, and the use of rechargeable batteries instead of disposable ones.
In addition, you can reduce the need to recycle paper down on junk mail lists. Why trees should be destroyed for messages that you do not even want to receive? In addition, always remember that recycling is only effective when you purchase products made from recycled materials. Otherwise, what’s the point of recycling?
Also, remember that every time you make a purchase, you either strengthen poor product, or you encourage a good thing. I think people should try to buy quality products that can be used for a long time, buy products with minimal packaging and not buy disposable products. We certainly have to make up our minds that our success as an individual must not be based on the quantity of our consumption, or the quality of our natural environment.
I think it is time to revisit our moral values. To examine our attitudes with regard to our natural world. Each of us must ask the question: What makes us really happy? What makes us feel safe? It is very questionable if the money and other items make us happier, it is even possible that we tend to be less satisfied with our life \ ‘s where we have a lot of money and other maintenance . Our research has increasingly materialistic consumption caused us to forget that we are living human beings? We must realize that we have much more in common with plants, animals, air and water that we have with the mechanical, chemical and electronic world, we have created around us.
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Is resurgence in the interest in history a sign of the time? It seems so as two initiatives to promote the importance of history and heritage of New York both use signs as a means to the end.
At the 2012 conference of the Association of Public Historians of New York State on Long Island, the William G. Pomeroy Foundation used that opportunity to announce that their organization was taking their interest in historical markers statewide. Read more →
An obituary from 1865 led me to investigate the life of Ira T. Brum, who enlisted in the 185th New York Volunteers in June 1864. The regiment was full of young men from Onondaga and Cortland, and some few from elsewhere in the state. Company F contained mostly men from Cortland who enlisted together that spring. The 185th participated in the siege of Petersburg and was part of the Appomattox Campaign, fighting at Quaker Road, Gravelly Run, Five Forks and at Appomattox Court House. There, on April 9th, 1865 members of the 185th saw the “white flag come out and was glad to see it.” First Lieutenant Hiram Clark of Marathon gathered his men and sang “Hail Columbia.” As the men settled against a fence, a shell came over and killed Clark, the “last man killed in the army of the Potomac.” The 185th camped outside of Washington and Company F was mustered out on May 30th. On June 1st, Ira Brum died. According to his obituary, he was the only “colored man in his company, and possessed the confidence and good will of his officers and comrades.” He was reported to be a good soldier and “had distinguished himself in many of the hard-fought battles which preceded the fall of Richmond and Lee’s surrender.” Brum was just thirty years old and left a wife and daughter in Cortland County and his mother, father and siblings in Ithaca. The Brum family monument is in the Ithaca City Cemetery.
New York State agreed to allow African Americans to enlist in United States Colored Infantry in the fall of 1863 and these men fought in federal units. The 20th USCT was recruited in New York City- the 26th USCT was filled with many men from the Southern Tier.
In the spring, the Tompkins County Civil War Sesquicentennial Commemoration Commission will repair the Brum grave, now in pieces in the Ithaca City Cemetery.
It would be interesting to know if other African American men fought in white New York regiments.
Photo: Above, reunion ribbons from the 185th New York Regiment- below, the 185th’s service during the war.
Jermain Wesley Loguen, famous “Underground Railroad King” of Syracuse, will be inducted into the National Abolition Hall of Fame and Museum at Saturday, October 22, 2011 ceremonies to be held at Colgate University in Hamilton NY. Milton C. Sernett Ph.D. professor emeritus of African American Studies and History, Syracuse University, provides a brief history of the new inductee: Born into slavery in 1813 “Jarm” stole his master’s horse in 1834 and escaped to Canada West where he farmed for a few years. In 1837 he went to Rochester, NY and worked as a hotel porter. Later he attended Beriah Green’s abolitionist school at Whitesboro, NY and while there he started a Sunday school for African American children in Utica. He married Caroline Storum in 1840 and they had six children, one of whom (Amelia) married Lewis Douglass, the son of Frederick and Anna Douglass.
The Loguens moved to Syracuse in 1841. Jermain taught school and became a licensed preacher of the African Methodist Episcopal Church, serving congregations in Syracuse, Bath, Ithaca, and Troy. He was as much an abolitionist activist as a minister and became one of the nation’s most active agents of the Underground Railroad. He assisted the Rev. Samuel J. May, a Unitarian clergyman in Syracuse, with Underground Railroad work. The Loguen house near the intersection of Pine and Genesee Streets was a principal station on the Underground Railroad. Loguen placed letters in the Syracuse press openly discussing his activities and asking for donations to assist fugitives. Loguen is said to have aided more than 1500 freedom seekers.
Donna Dorrance Burdick, historian for the Town of Smithfield, relates, “In 1844 Frederick Douglass introduced Loguen to Gerrit Smith. On September 1, 1846, Loguen joined Henry Highland Garnet and Samuel Ringgold Ward as a recipient of common Peterboro property.” The passage of the Fugitive Slave Law in 1850 brought Loguen’s response of, “It outlaws me, and I outlaw it.” Following his participation in the Jerry Rescue of October 1851, he was one of five African Americans indicted in the incident. He fled to Canada returning to Syracuse in the spring of 1852 and resumed his Underground Railroad activities.”
The Induction of Jermain Wesley Loguen begins at 1:30 p.m. in Golden Auditorium at Colgate University with I Owe My Freedom to the God Who Made Me: Jermain Loguen and the Struggle for Freedom presented by Carol Hunter PhD, professor of history at Earlham College in Richmond IN. Dr. Hunter’s 1989 doctoral dissertation at Binghamton University researched Loguen and the abolition movement in upstate New York. A revised and edited version of the work was published in 1993 as To Set the Captives Free: Reverend Jermain Wesley Loguen and the Struggle for Freedom in Central New York 1835-1872. Hunter’s lecture is one of the afternoon Upstate Institute Abolition Symposia programs supported by a grant from the New York Council for the Humanities.
Loguen’s official public nomination by Onondaga Historical Association, and others with Loguen connections, will be part of the October 22 evening ceremonies at 7 p.m. in Golden Auditorium at Colgate University. Loguen’s part in the Jerry Rescue of 1851 will also be included in John Rudy’s program The Jerry Level: Gerrit Smith and the Memory of the Jerry Rescue at 2 pm Satruday, October 1, 2011 at the Gerrit Smith Estate National Historic Landmark, 4543 Peterboro Road, Peterboro NY 13134-0169. (Admission: $2)
The public is encouraged to attend the Loguen sessions. Admission at the door for each of the lectures and the induction ceremony is five dollars. (Admission for all four symposia programs is eight dollars.) Information and registration forms for the day-long induction event are available at 315-366-8101 and [email protected] and www.AbolitionHoF.org.
Illustration: Portrait of Jermain Wesley Loguen created by artist Joseph Flores of Rochester NY for the National Abolition Hall of Fame and Museum for the occasion of the induction of Loguen to the Hall.
160 years ago on October 1st, a captured fugitive slave named Jerry was freed by a mob of Syracuse citizens. For seven years after that date Central New York abolitionists celebrated the Jerry Rescue with an event that commemorated its importance. In 1859 Gerrit Smith responded to the request of the Jerry Rescue Committee for him to speak with a refusal because people had not maintained the high level of commitment to abolition that the Jerry Rescue had demonstrated.
On October 1, 2011, exactly 160 years after the Jerry Rescue, John M. Rudy will present “The Jerry Level”: Gerrit Smith and the Memory of the Jerry Rescue at 2 p.m. Saturday, October 1, 2011 at the Gerrit Smith Estate National Historic Landmark, 4543 Peterboro Road, Peterboro NY 13134. October 1st, 1851, events in Downtown Syracuse drastically altered the course of the lives of countless Central New Yorkers. As abolitionists battered down the door to a Syracuse police station and freed the fugitive slave Jerry Henry, they embarked on a journey which would span the course of the next decade. The Jerry Rescue was a catalyst for Upstate’s abolition activity from 1851 until the dawn of the Civil War.
Among those who turned the freeing of one man on Clinton Square in Syracuse into mass action were Gerrit Smith and Jermain Loguen. Smith advocated living life to the “Jerry Level” regarding the need for radical action. Loguen took the Jerry Rescue as inspiration to become more active in the Underground Railroad in Central New York. Throughout the 1850s the two men grew more radical every year until, by 1859, civil war seemed inevitable.
On the event’s 160th anniversary, historian John Rudy will share some of the interesting tidbits of research that he unearthed during his thesis preparations, investigate Central New York in the turbulent 1850s, and recognize the enduring memory of the Jerry Rescue. Rudy’s thesis centers around four personalities who had connections to the Rescue. Daniel Webster, in his May 1851 speech in Syracuse which challenged the abolition community, leads off the study. The next chapter centers on Jermain Loguen, Syracuse’s “King” of the Underground Railroad. Third is a discussion of Gerrit Smith’s disillusionment with the Upstate abolition community over the course of the 1850s, and his eventual alliance with John Brown. The final chapter discusses Samuel May and the “death” of the Jerry Rescue spirit in Syracuse at the coming of the war. It seems that the abolition world, for about ten years, revolved around Syracuse and its personalities – Smith being key among that community of thinkers.
Gerrit Smith was one of the first five abolitionists to be inducted into the National Abolition Hall of Fame and Museum in 2005. Jermain Wesley Loguen will be inducted into the Hall of Fame on Saturday, October 22 in ceremonies at Colgate University.
A native of Pompey in Onondaga County, John Rudy has been studying the history of Upstate New York’s abolition community since 2005. John holds a Masters in Applied History from Shippensburg University and a Bachelors in History, with a minor in Civil War Era Studies from Gettysburg College. John currently lives in Gettysburg and works with the National Park Service’s Interpretive Development Program in Harpers Ferry, WV, creating training materials for park rangers across the entire park system.
The public is encouraged to attend the program at the Gerrit Smith Estate National Historic Landmark, 4543 Peterboro Road / 5304 Oxbow Road, Peterboro NY. Admission is two dollars. Students are free. This program is one of a series of programs provided by the Stewards for the Gerrit Smith Estate National Historic Landmark during 2011 and partially supported by a PACE grant from the Central New York Community Foundation. The Gerrit Smith Estate National Historic Landmark and the National Abolition Hall of Fame and Museum are open from 1 – 5 p.m. on Saturdays and Sundays from May 14 to October 23 in 2011. Admission to each site is two dollars. Stewards and students are free. For more information: Gerrit Smith Estate National Historic Landmark, 4543 Peterboro Road, Peterboro NY 13134-0006 www.gerritsmith.org 315-684-3262 and National Abolition Hall of Fame and Museum, 5255 Pleasant Valley Road, Peterboro NY 13134-0055 www.AbolitionHoF.org, 315-684-3262.
Photo: Jermain Wesley Loguen of Syracuse was one of the primaries in the rescue of Jerry McHenry from a jail in Syracuse on October 1, 1851.
The Matilda Joslyn Gage Center (210 E. Genesee Street, Fayetteville, Onondaga County) will offer a ‘-Gage Girls’ Summer Day Camp, August 15 – 19, from 9:00 a.m. – 3:00 p.m. for girls entering 6th through 8th grades.
Participants will explore the rooms in the home of 19th century activist Matilda Joslyn Gage through fun, thought-provoking and empowering activities including: Haudenosaunee Room – Outdoors for nature exploration and to learn about the culture of Central New York’s Native Americans and how they inspired Joslyn Gage in her work for social justice.
Women’s Rights Room – Create a special exhibit with a Seneca Falls doll house crafter and portrait artist and meet a local pioneer of science.
Oz Parlor & Local History Hall: Learn about the powerful girls of Oz, see what it was like to wear corsets and petticoats and take a look at today’s clothing styles.
Religious Freedom Room – Discover the rich diversity of people and religion in Central New York- learn about labyrinths- try meditation.
Underground Railroad Room – Uncover the secrets of the Underground Railroad- examine today’s bullying problem- try your hand at acting- join a drumming circle
Each day wraps-up with a Victorian tea party. Register by Saturday, July 30 ~ Space is limited. Call (315) 243-7667 or email [email protected]. The cost is $135.00 members, $150.00 non-members ~ Some scholarships are available. A $50.00 deposit is required to reserve a space, the balance due by Friday, August 5.
The Gage Foundation will celebrate the 185th birthday of Fayetteville, New York’s most famous women’s rights activist Matilda Joslyn Gage on Thurs., March 24, from 4-7 p.m. with an open house at the newly restored Gage Center, 210 E. Genesee Street, Fayetteville.
The event is free and open to the public. It will feature music and poetry written in honor of Gage. Winners of the annual Matilda Joslyn Gage essay contest will be announced at 4:15. Musical entertainment will follow, with local activist-artist Colleen Kattau performing a song she composed about Gage. The Eagle Hill Middle School girls’ chorus will perform music from Gage’s time, and Ed Nizalowski will play period flute music. Martin Willitts will read from his new poetry chapbook, “Protest, Petition, Write, Speak: Matilda Joslyn Gage Poems” and sign copies of the book at 6 p.m. Visitors will be invited to “Write on Our Walls”: to share their ideas for programs and exhibits by writing on whiteboard walls in each room. All will be treated to birthday cake provided by Connie Decker of the Chocolate Truffle.
A place of ideas, the Gage Center relies on dialogue to explore the social justice issues that Gage found most important and that still challenge us today.
Beginning March 26, the Gage Center will be open to the public Saturdays and Mondays from 10 a.m. to 4 p.m. and at other times by appointment. Admission is $7 for adults, $5 for students and seniors. Group rates are available. Watch their website to learn about upcoming events at the Gage Center. For more information contact (315) 637-9511 or [email protected].
In Pulling Strings: The Legacy of Melville A. Clark, musician Linda Pembroke Kaiser explores the extraordinary career of Melville A. Clark (1883–1953), a musician, inventor, entrepreneur, community leader, and collector whose colorful story is largely unknown. The story is told by Kaiser, a musician who performs on the harp, piano, and guitar. She has published articles in the International Folk Harp Journal and has published and recorded an album of harp music, Lullabies for Earth Children. Beginning with an account of Clark’s musical family, Kaiser chronicles the founding in 1859 of the Clark Music Company, of which Melville Clark became president in 1919. Originally just a tinkers shed, the business ultimately moved into a six-story building in the center of Syracuse. The Clark Music Company celebrates its 150th anniversary in 2010. Clark also combined his talents as a gifted musician and astute entrepreneur to start the first Syracuse Symphony Orchestra.
Kaiser recounts the development of the Clark Irish Harp, the first portable harp manufactured in the United States, that could easily play accidentals. There were other Clark inventions, such as the first nylon strings for instruments. In addition, Clark designed balloons that the British used in 1918 to drop more than 1,250,000 pamphlets over Germany.
Clark’s story unfolds in detail: a musical encounter with President Wilson, entertaining President F. D. Roosevelt, a visit to Buckingham Palace to present Princess Elizabeth with a music box, and the journey of a Clark Irish harp to Antarctica with Admiral Byrd.
Pulling Strings uncovers the life of a musical genius and also sheds light on a forgotten chapter in Syracuse history.
Note: Books noticed on this site have been provided by the publishers. Purchases made through this Amazon link help support this site.
In 1911, Civil War nurse Lucy Blanchard died in Fenton, Michigan. Her remains were brought back to Syracuse and she was buried in Oakwood Cemetery. For ninety-nine years, her grave was unmarked and the memory of her service faded. Thanks to the efforts of Michigan historian Len Thomas, Lucy’s life story has been researched in depth. With the help of the Daughters of Union Veterans of the Civil War, a government headstone has been placed on Lucy’s grave.
On Saturday morning, November 13 at 11 o’clock, all are invited to pay tribute to this courageous lady, so long forgotten. For more information and a map to the gravesite, go to:
Four new books provide readers with first person narratives of rural Upstate New York teenage life in the 1860s through the 1890s. These accounts of young peoples’ lives on the farm, or in the home, offers a unique perspective and serves as an important primary resource in the study of American history.
The first is A Darned Good Time by 13-year old Lucy Potter of Taylor, New York (in Cortland County) in 1868. She writes of classes, teachers, friends, boys, a new stepmother, an invalid aunt, and complains about upstate New York weather. Second in the series is My Centennial Diary – A Year in the Life of a Country Boy by 18-year old Earll Gurnee of Sennett, New York (near Skaneateles) in 1876. He writes of school, family life, social life, farm life, girlfriends, and hard work. His teacher gets arrested for being too brutal to children, he juggles two girlfriends, he plows, cuts hay, cleans out the horse barn…-.then wonders why his back hurts!
Third in the series, My Story – A Year in the Life of a Country Girl, is by 15-year old Ida Burnett of Logan, New York (in Schuyler County) in 1880. Ida churned butter, milked cows, sewed her own underwear, canned fruit, but also had time for boys and parties. She lived in the country in Upstate New York and in the whole year did not venture any farther than twenty miles from home. The book will be released soon.
The fourth (forthcoming) will be Home in the Hills by 14–year old Edna Kendall of Altay, New York (in Schuyler County) in 1891. It will be available in early 2010.
Records Revisited was packed floor-to-ceiling with discs of a vintage and variety that drew a steady stream of record buffs to 34 West 33rd Street. The shop, more like an archive than a store, held approximately 60 tons of swing, big band jazz and other styles on vinyl, forming one of the largest collections of 78s in the world.
The shop has been closed since Mr. Savada’s death in February. Last Thursday, his son, Elias Savada, was poring over a cardboard box, one of 1,300 being filled with records and put on waiting trucks. The collection will be sent to Syracuse University’s Belfer Audio Laboratory and Archive, which will now have the second-largest collection of 78s in the United States, after the Library of Congress, university officials said…-
The Syracuse University archivists couldn’t be more pleased with the obscure records arriving in numbered boxes. Not only is there a huge swing collection, but also recordings of country, blues, gospel, polka, folk and Broadway tunes. Suzanne Thorin, the university’s dean of libraries, said the truckloads of Mr. Savada’s records — at least, the tiny percentage sampled so far — has revealed fascinating auditory treasures, including Carl Sandburg reading his own poetry while accompanying himself on the guitar, and Hazel Scott, the pianist and singer. There are also many rare recordings preserved only on V-Disc records produced for American military personnel overseas in the 1940s.
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Piping plovers are little white and gray shorebirds. You might’ve seen them running around on the beach.
Sarah Saunders is a post-doctoral researcher at Michigan State University.
“The majority of the piping plovers in the Great Lakes region nest at Sleeping Bear Dunes,” she says. “The chicks look like little fluffy cotton balls on toothpicks because their legs are really long and they’re very cute. And they make a very high pitched piping noise.”
Piping plovers are on the federal endangered species list. Saunders says there were just 12 breeding pairs left in our region back in 1990. Now, there are 75. But in a new study in the Journal of Applied Ecology, she found the birds could end up doing worse over the long run.
That’s mainly because of a bird that loves to eat plovers, called the merlin. Saunders says the merlin population has been on the rise in recent years.
“Merlins nest in trees, so if they’re nesting on a beach where there’s a treeline pretty close to the water, the main source of prey for the merlins and their growing family during the summer is going to be the shorebirds that are nesting on that beach, which often happens to be piping plovers,” she says.
Small bird, big problems
Merlins eat adult plovers. Gulls, crows, and raccoons like to eat plovers too. Habitat loss is also a main threat to plovers – people like to build on the same beaches where plovers need to nest. And Saunders says the higher water levels in the Great Lakes in recent years have led to less beachfront for the birds to build nests on.
Elise Zipkin is an assistant professor at MSU, and she’s a co-author of the study. She says they were able to pinpoint merlin predation as one of the biggest threats to plover recovery.
“Basically, if the merlin population continues to grow in the next ten years the way it has been growing, then we might expect to see negative effects on the piping plovers in the Great Lakes,” says Zipkin.
The federal recovery goal for the piping plovers in our region is 150 breeding pairs. Saunders says when they ran their model without taking merlin predation into account, the plover population was projected to grow to 91 breeding pairs by 2026. But with merlins taken into account, the model predicted the plover population could drop to about 67 pairs.
Sarah Saunders says wildlife managers need to pay more attention to merlins.
“My recommendation would be to continuously adapt management going forward. Each year, re-evaluate not only what the piping plover population is doing but also what the main predator populations are doing including merlins,” she says.
And Saunders says the rest of us can help too, when we’re on the beach at Sleeping Bear. That means following the signs and staying away from nesting plovers.
“To keep your dogs on a leash is really important just so they don’t disturb the birds and get ahold of a chick that’s not able to fly yet,” she says.
The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service is the main agency in charge of managing piping plovers. The agency provided some funding for the study.
Vince Cavalieri is a biologist and the Great Lakes Piping Plover Coordinator with the Fish and Wildlife Service. He says the findings of the study are helpful.
“We have long suspected, or have long known, that merlins in particular, but other predator species as well, are a problem for our plovers here in the Great Lakes, and have had some management strategies trying to mitigate for these predators,” he says. “But this research really helped kind of verify what we believed and took it a step further.”
He says they've been doing a couple of different things to keep merlins in check.
“We’ve had a non-lethal control effort where we’ve worked with the Michigan Hawking Club to actually go out and capture merlins at certain locations and then they were allowed to keep those birds in some cases as a falconry bird," says Cavalieri. "We also work with USDA Wildlife Services to do some control efforts to do some lethal controls, including shooting the merlins in some cases."
He says the current merlin control efforts target 10 to 12 birds in a season.
"So it’s a relatively low number. We don’t ever anticipate trying to decrease the overall merlin population. This is just a very targeted effort trying to give the plovers a chance to successfully breed and move on to the wintering grounds," he says.
In this case, the agency is faced with a conundrum of sorts: controlling one native bird to help another survive.
"The anthropogenic changes to the Great Lakes – and much of the country – are so great that I think, unfortunately, in some cases we really need to step in. If we want to keep animals like the piping plover around, we have to make some choices about what we want to manage for," he says. "I think Great Lakes piping plovers are a very interesting part of our Great Lakes natural heritage, and I think a lot of people would like to keep them around, so we’re going to have to manage merlins and other predators in order to do that."
Cavalieri says they're always looking for volunteers to help out with plover recovery efforts. You can learn more here.
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The primary center of ossification is made through deposits of a transverse disk in the cartilage matrix, approx. at the level of the embryonal diaphysis center. The center of this calcified zone is immediately absorbed and it is then changed in the marrow canal. The width of the marrow canal increases at the same time than the large bore of diaphysis does. The secondary center usually appears after birth. The cartilaginous stripe interposed between diaphysis and the center of ossification, progressively decreases its thickness until it completely disappears when growth finishes. At this moment the epiphysis and the diaphysis join together in order to make up the adult bone. The normal ossification of the epiphyseal center is not an uniform process, because instead of an only center it can appear several osseous focus of small size which they later join together and make up a bigger osseous contour and of a bigger size. All the bones of the foot are being formed from a primary center, while phalanges, metatarsal and calcaneal have moreover, an ossification secondary center. The secondary nucleus of ossification shows a partial metaphyseal closing state at 12 years old until the possibility of 16 years old. In the fetal period ossification begins in the metatarsals followed by the distal, proximal and finally, the medium phalanx.
According to the stood clinical situation, we have some ossification trouble in the proximal phalanx of the first toe, thus I am more interested in observing the ossification of phalanges.
Phalanges begin to be seen by radiology in a proximal-distal and medium-lateral direction. The distal phalanx of first toe begins to be observed in the ninth week of the fetal life and continues through the distal phalanges of the remaining toes during the eleventh and twelfth week and through the proximal phalanges in the fourteenth week. It finishes through the medium phalanges at the end of the fourth month of the uterine life.
According to the provided survey it is considered that:
- The first secondary nucleus of ossification which appears is from the distal phalanx of first toe, that is to say, at two and two month years old and a bit later it is formed the secondary nucleus of distal phalanges of the remaining toes.
- In the first radius, the proximal phalanx receives the vascular contribution from the dorsal digital artery while the distal phalanx irrigates through the plantar artery.
I put a special emphasis in the growth of the foot’s size, where I can see that in birth, the foot’s dimension is between 20 and 34 % of the final adult size, being its size approx. 7 and 8 cm. In baby girls, about 12 months old and baby boys about 18 months old, foot raises half of the final length and at two years old the longitudinal arc of foot is completely developed (Tachdjian 1972 and 1999, Scheuer & Black 2000). This children’s foot between 1 a d 5 years old grows 0,9 cm. per year. At six years old foot has a double length (Vilato 1969). Between 5 and 10 years old foot catches up with 63 % of the whole growth and at 10 years old foot has about 81 % of the final length. At 14 years old, girls catch up with such length and boys at 15 years old, although Dr. Tachdjian states this theory in girls is at 12 years old and in boys at 14 years old and Dr. Robles asserts that in girls is at 13 years old and in boys at 15 years old (Robles 1997).
This means that in all periods of growth the size of foot is nearly the same than in adult size. Thus, factors which may change the growth of foot will affect very few the final size of foot, fact which doesn’t happen in the femur or the tibia (Tachdjian 1972. Ogden (2) 2000). The details in which most of the publications are based on come from the research made by Blais, Green and Anderson in 1956, who established the normal standards of the foot’s growth length after making a survey in 512 children between 1 and 18 years old, among American people in the 50’s (Blais et Al 1956), but as you can see, the ages in which it is produced generates constant controversies.
The bipartite proximal phalanx in an adolescent, sometimes is similar to a fracture, where you can think it may be caused by a lack of attachment in both bones, which can lead to a wrong diagnosis or even to splint unnecessarily the toe, or being operated surgically, bringing lesions in the growth cartilage with the total halt of the bone. Thus, we must consider the diagnosis very much and make radiographies in both feet to be able to compare and not to get wrong with a traumatism or Thiemann’s disease. In a nutshell, the best to distinguish is to watch carefully the radiography, the margines of the bone and in case it is clear, then it will be probably a bipartite bone.
There are few cases of wedges and bipartite phalanges, but according to the surveys which exist, we can say that those cases regarding to phalanges and wedges are more common in men and they are usually bilateral, strongly indicating the genetic component.
In a few words, after all the found and consulted bibliography I can see there are disagreements in the ossification chronology of the wedges (finally, appearing the third one later), primary and secondary ossification nuclei, chronology in the foot’s bones growth and moreover, great contraindications regarding the appearance of the distal phalanx of the fifth radius.
The congenital malformation of first proximal phalanx is because of a lack of fusion or ossification of the primary and secondary nuclei of the phalanx, which this lack of union entails to produce the bipartite.
The orthopedic treatment is effective for this kind of pathologies and must lead to reduce the patient’s symptomatology. The pressure of the proximal phalanx of the first radius in both feet has diminished.
If the treatment didn’t work in several years or the patient wouldn’t notice any relief with the orthopedic treatment, then it could be optional a surgical operation. In this case, the most valid and recommended option by the orthopedic surgeons, would be to join the two sides of the phalanx through a compression screw in order to give more stability to this phalanx, but obviously, the best is to wait that our adolescent patient has finished the whole growth and so reevaluate the whole situation according to the sequelae which he shows.
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| Manufacturing Home
SHEET METAL FABRICATION Sheet Metal Manufacturing Sheet Metal Cutting Sheet Metal Bending Deep Drawing Sheet Metal Sheet Metal Ironing Sheet Metal Spinning High Energy Rate Forming Of Sheet Metal MANUFACTURING PROCESSES Metal Casting Metal Forming Metal Rolling Metal Forging Metal Extrusion Metal Drawing Powder Processes
Rubber forming uses a flexible material, such as rubber or polyurethane, to form a sheet metal work piece. Often the rubber is incased in a steel container and serves as a punch. A work piece is placed over a rigid die. The punch forces the work into the rubber. Rubber is forced all around the work, creating pressure and forming the metal onto the die. This is known as the Guerin process. The location of the rubber can be switched between punch and die. In this case, a rigid punch presses a sheet metal work stock that is located over a die consisting of rubber incased in a steel container. The later process is illustrated below.
Rubber forming processes are limited in the depth of parts they can produce, (this is not true of hydroforming). Limitations in manufacturing exist because the pressure generated by the rubber is low, only 1500 lbs/in2, (10MPa). The same rubber punch or die can be used for many different forming blocks. Rubber forming is used in the aircraft industry to produce sheet metal components. Low cost tooling makes setup for rubber forming inexpensive. This manufacturing process is useful for the production of small quantities of parts.
Hydroforming Of Sheet Metal
Hydroforming is an effective sheet metal forming process. Hydroforming can typically obtain deeper draws than conventional deep drawing operations. Hydroforming uses a rigid punch to push a sheet metal work piece into a rubber membrane. Behind the rubber membrane is a chamber of pressurized fluid. When the work is pressed into the chamber, the rubber membrane surrounds it completely and the pressure of the fluid forces the sheet metal to form on the punch.
Fluid pressure can be controlled during the operation and can be as high as 15,000 lbs/in2, (100MPa). Due to the large amount of evenly distributed pressure on the work piece, very deep draws, (high percent reduction), can be performed with hydroforming. Friction acts to reduce tensile stresses in the material during the process.
Lubrication affects friction and is an important factor in any type of rubber forming, (this includes hydroforming), process. One advantage of manufacturing by a rubber forming process is that the rubber, or flexible material, will be less likely to damage the surface of the sheet metal part.
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Bosnia and Herzegovina Country Overview
Bosnia and Herzegovina, republic of the Balkan peninsula. It is limited to the north and west with Croatia and to the east and south with Serbia and Montenegro. It constituted the former Yugoslavia . It declared its independence in 1992, starting a civil war. It has a territory of 51,129 km2 controlled by several military forces. Its capital is Sarajevo.
The dinarian alps run across the north of the country. Much of the territory is located in Karst, a plateau consisting of limestone, with irregular formation. The main river is the Sava. There are large differences in temperature between summer and winter.
POPULATION AND FORM OF GOVERNMENT
Before the war, it had 4,124,000 inhabitants. Sunni Muslims are the largest ethnic group (44% of the population). Serbs were, before the conflict, 31% and Croats, 17%. The three groups speak Serbian-Croatian (see Yugoslavian languages). The main religions are Islam, Orthodox Christianity and Roman Catholicism. Sarajevo (with 415,631 inhabitants in 1991), Banja Luka (142,644 inhabitants) and Zenica (145,577 inhabitants) are the main cities. The 1974 constitution was revised between 1989 and 1991. The political system is multiparty and the legislative body is bicameral. After the Dayton agreements (1995), a Serbian Republic of Bosnia and a Croat-Muslim Federation coexist on Bosnian territory.
It is one of the poorest republics in the former Yugoslavia. In 1993, the economy was paralyzed and most of the population subsisted thanks to humanitarian aid from abroad. The economic deterioration has intensified due to the economic blockade on the part of Serbia and Croatia. The current currency is the former Yugoslavia Dinar. In 1991, the gross domestic product was 14 million dollars, but the real growth rate this year was -37%.
According to CARSWERS, the current territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina was part of Illyria. After the fall of the Roman empire, the Vandals and the Slavs conquered the territory, governing it until the 12th century. From that time, Hungary dominated the region and converted Bosnia into a banate under the control of a ban (viceroy), which extended Hungarian authority over the principality of Hum. Stephan Tvtko widened its borders and, in 1376 , proclaimed himself king of Serbia and Bosnia. After his death, a Bosnian leader took over the Hum region, which was renamed Herzegovina.
The two territories were provinces of the Ottoman empire from 1483 until the end of the 19th century, although there were conflicts between ethnic groups (Catholic Croats, Orthodox Serbs and Muslims). The Austro-Hungarian monarchy annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1908, turning the region into a center of nationalist unrest. In 1914 Francisco Fernando, heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, was assassinated in Sarajevo, a fact considered the trigger of World War I. In 1918, Bosnia and Herzegovina became part of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, under the monarchical regime of King Alexander. In 1929, the kingdom was renamed Yugoslavia (“country of the southern Slavs”).
During World War II, the Axis powers invaded and dismembered Yugoslavia. At the end of the war, Josip Broz (Tito) created a Yugoslav federation that had Bosnia and Herzegovina as one of the constituent republics. Ethnic tensions, contained during his long term, continued and even intensified after Tito’s death in 1980. Alija Izetbegovic was appointed president in 1990. When Croatia and Slovenia proclaimed their independence in 1991, several Serbs, residents of other republics, created the Serbian Autonomous Regions.
This attitude, contested by the Bosnian government, sparked armed conflicts that were aggravated when Macedonia declared its independence in September 1991. In a plebiscite that took place in February and March 1992, open to all ethnic groups (but boycotted by most Serbs), voters decided to separate from the former Yugoslavia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina declared their independence. Despite the recognition of independence by the UN (United Nations), the conflict has intensified. By May 1992, when Serbia and Montenegro were constituted as the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (RFI), Serbian forces had gained control of more than two thirds of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
The Bosnian government has requested UN intervention, and the international community has become aware of many human rights violations in the country (see War of the former Yugoslavia). According to the Dayton agreements, which ended the war, two semi-autonomous entities started to coexist in the new country: the Federation of Bosnia, made up of Muslims and Croats, and the Serbian Republic of Bosnia (Srpska). On September 14, 1996, the first elections were held, overseen by the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, from which the collective presidency formed by the Bosnian Alija Izetbegovic, the Serbian Moncilo Krajinisk and the Croatian Kresimir Zubak arose. Izetbegovic is simultaneously president of the Federation of Bosnia, while the presidency of the Serbian Republic (Srpska) corresponded to Biljiana Plavsic. NATO ) remain in the country to ensure compliance with the agreements.
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LCA (Landing Craft Assault) was the basic landing craft of the
Designed and produced in 1939, this craft was the English equivalent
of the American LCVP
and could transport between 30 and 35 equipped soldiers on various
The Hull was flat bottom and made of plywood. It allowed to dock
closest to the dry sand. Armor plates could be added to ensure
the good resistance of the landing craft. But because of its weight,
the speed was the most objectionable caracteristic of the LCA.
It rarely reached the theoretical speed of 8 knots.
The soldiers went out the LCA the same way than for the American
LCVP. But before landing, the men had to pass through a security
door with two wings that offered additional protection to its
The LCA was widely used by British and Canadian troops during
the Normandy Landing, but also by the American Rangers troops
and some other units (at the Pointe du Hoc).
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The United Nations Non-Governmental Liaison Service (UN-NGLS) is an inter-agency programme of the United Nations mandated to promote and develop constructive relations between the United Nations and civil society organizations.
“UNAIDS vision of getting to zero is feasible in the next 25 years – zero new HIV infections and zero AIDS-related deaths could become concrete goals (or at least targets or indicators) in the post-2015 agenda.”
As part of the “Global Thematic Consultation on Health,” starting in January 2013, the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) will hold a three week online consultation on HIV and global health. The consultation will provide civil society the opportunity to voice their ideas on how to include the HIV and AIDS debate into the post-2015 development framework, and to achieve UNAIDS’ vision of “Zero new infections. Zero discrimination. Zero AIDS-related deaths.”
Positioning HIV and AIDS within the post-2015 process is of high importance, according to UNAIDS. The organization indicates that the virus is the fifth highest burden of disease globally and is the leading cause of death among the world’s girls and women aged 15-39 (17%) and the second most common cause of death for boys and men in the same age bracket (12%). Moreover, in 2011 – year of the adoption of the Political Declaration on HIV and AIDS – 7 million people eligible for HIV treatment were not yet being reached; 34 million people were living with HIV globally; 1.7 million people died of AIDS-related causes; and 2.5 million people were newly infected with HIV.
UNAIDS explains that over the past 30 years, the HIV response has achieved an unprecedented impact on global health and development, mainly through a combination of technical and political action and mobilization guided by rights-based principles, solidarity and evidence. In its most recent World AIDS Day report, UNAIDS shows that since 2001, the number of new HIV infection has dropped by over 50% across 25 countries – of which more than half are in sub-Saharan Africa. Moreover, there were more than 700 000 fewer new HIV infections globally in 2011 than in 2001 and 8 million people are on antiretroviral therapy – a twenty-fold increase since 2003.
In the view of UNAIDS, lessons learned from the HIV response can help inform the entire sustainable development agenda (social, economic, environmental, human rights, peace and security) on how to speed up progress towards “Realizing the Future We Want for All,” as described in the report of the UN Secretary-General. UNAIDS has therefore drawn five key messages from the HIV response relevant for the new development agenda:
1) There can be no sustainable development without health, human rights and gender equality for all. The exercise of good governance and the protection of social justice are prerequisites.
2) The HIV response has been about people and not just a disease – in the same way, the future approach to development must be more people-centred.
3) The HIV response is pioneering a new paradigm of sustainable development and global health governance. It demonstrated that an intensive focus on a single cause of global significance can be a lever for transformative development and result in a transformative partnership agenda of shared responsibility and global solidarity.
4) With its innovative, cross-sectoral approach, the global HIV response has won unprecedented gains – while much more is needed to end the HIV epidemic.
5) The end of AIDS can be a distinctive triumph of the post-2015 development era. UNAIDS argues that its vision of getting to zero is feasible in the next 25 years and could be turned into concrete goals (or at least targets or indicators) in the post-2015 development agenda. Yet, to make this a reality, the focus should be on intensified political will, diversified investments, smart spending, flagship science, overcoming stigma and discrimination and scaling up what works to ensure that no one is left behind.
In developing a new development framework for after 2015, the United Nations strives for an inclusive process. As such, the Organization is leading various consultation processes, including: 1) country and regional consultations, 2) consultations with and for the UN Secretary-General’s High Level Panel of Eminent Persons on the Post-2015 Development Agenda, and 3) global thematic consultations. These consultations are being carried out in parallel, and most aim to close by March 2013 in order to contribute to the Panel’s first report to the Secretary-General, due in May 2013. In principle, each of the global thematic consultations is co-organized by two UN entities and two Member States – sometimes with additional input from other bodies within the UN.
As mentioned in the introduction of this article, UNAIDS is taking part in the “Global Thematic Consultation on Health. It will organize an online consultation on HIV and global health in January-February 2013 on the World We Want website.
The organization further envisages to:
1) secure the full participation of affected communities to amplify their voices in the debates on – and the design of – the post-2015 development agenda;
2) inform and support UN Member States to articulate the lessons learned, principles and systems established and gains made in realizing the commitments of the 2011 Political Declaration on HIV and AIDS in their countries; and to
3) engage in UN-led post-2015 processes to inform the post-2015 development agenda and debate to ensure HIV issues are covered and affected communities are consulted.
For more information on the consultations, visit the “Global Thematic Consultation webpage on Health,” which is accessible here.
For more information on UNAIDS, click here.Archive of this section
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William Pearson was horrified by the amount of plastic he saw floating in the seas. He started Ocean Bottle to do something about it.
William Pearson knew all about ocean plastic. But it was a year spent working at sea, and seeing the scale of the problem with his own eyes, that made him want to act.
Having recently graduated in engineering, Pearson felt like a break, and landed a job on a boat headed for the Maldives. Although he’d been sailing since he was a child, he was shocked by what he saw.
“I saw it everywhere. The people on the boat brought over 1000 plastic bottles just for drinking water. They were taken off to an island where they were burned – it was just smouldering in the distance,” Pearson says.
“We were in the most peaceful place in the world, but the plastic was ‘out of sight, out of mind’”
“It was a mad juxtaposition where we were in the most peaceful place in the world, but the plastic was ‘out of sight, out of mind’, and just handed over. There was no proper waste management,” he says. On a trip to Colombia, Pearson witnessed rivers full of plastic being flushed out to sea by rain.
No excuse for single-use
Around 22 million kilograms of plastic flows into the ocean each day, and the amount of plastic in the ocean is expected to quadruple by 2040. Waste infrastructure has not kept pace with production and consumption, particularly in poorer countries, where people then bear the brunt of the pollution. Driven to be part of the solution, Pearson developed a range of reusable water bottles to replace single-use plastic versions and help fund the collection of plastic rubbish, to prevent yet more of it ending up in our seas. Ocean Bottle was born.
“Ed Sheeran ordered a batch of bottles. We couldn’t actually believe it”
Launched in 2019, Ocean Bottle markets itself as “the reusable water bottle that actually makes a difference”. The bottle is mostly made from recycled steel and ocean-bound plastic, and its vacuum insulation keeps drinks either hot or cold. But it does much more than just replace the need for buying drinks in plastic containers. The purchase of each one funds the collection of plastic equivalent to another 1,000 bottles by people living in coastal communities. In return, these collectors trade plastic for money or digital credit to spend on goods, healthcare, tuition and access to microfinance via an organisation called Plastic Bank.
Becoming the bottle guy
Pearson became so obsessed with bottles, people began to refer to him as “the bottle guy”. The initial crowdfund and launch was very stressful, Pearson recalls. “You’ve put your whole life into it for a year, but you have no idea what’s going to happen, you could just fall flat on your face.”
In fact, people from 88 countries ordered bottles. “It was just amazing to see the message and the mission resonate so wide,” he says. “Ed Sheeran ordered a batch of bottles. We couldn’t actually believe it. He was one of the first customers.”
Now the company has funded the collection of almost two million kilos of plastic.
The collected plastic is sorted, weighed and turned into pellets locally to be sold and used by other companies. Ocean Bottle so far has collectors in Indonesia, Philippines, Haiti, Brazil and Egypt.
Pearson describes Ocean Bottle as “impact company first, reusable bottle company second”. The bottle effectively provides something tangible that connects people to meaningful action on the problem, he explains.
“People feel that they can’t have much impact as an individual. We’re really keen to reverse that sentiment”
“Unfortunately, people feel quite hopeless and that they can’t have much impact as an individual. We’re really keen to reverse that sentiment – it’s about enabling people to be more sustainable, and then amplifying their impact by encouraging their friends, family and colleagues to take action.” The bottle is a place to start.
While Pearson is pleased with their achievements so far, he admits they are “just scraping the surface” of the problem. The company’s target for 2025 is to prevent seven billion plastic bottles from entering the ocean. Ocean Bottle has partner businesses such as gyms and cafes who will fund further collection if people use their bottles there, meaning impact can be scaled up by using the bottle, not just through the initial purchase.
How plastic pays for school
The Ocean Bottle team has visited Indonesia to witness their impact first hand, and meet some of the plastic collectors. “It was incredible to hear their life stories, and the way that collecting plastic is creating impact for them. They are increasing their income by up to 60%, which means they can afford things like maternal care, or giving their kids a proper education,” he says.
Pearson admits that setting up the business has been personally challenging, and that there have been times when he felt like quitting. Though both his parents are entrepreneurs, they had always told their son not to start his own business, telling him it was an “absolute nightmare”. “I ignored them, and did it anyway, for better or for worse. But it’s incredibly difficult, you have no resources whatsoever, and you basically have to do everything yourself.”
Even when the company got a celebrity endorsement from Ed Sheeran, “we lost his bottles in the post! We had to drive them to him to get them to his concert on time.”
“There’s so much we need to do to ensure future generations have the same resources we’ve had”
Several bottles in the first batch produced also had a fault and ended up leaking, so the team had to check every one individually before sending them out. “There are so many challenges that get thrown at you in those initial phases,” he says.
The even bigger challenge now is accelerating solutions like this that seek to protect nature and reduce humanity’s impact on the planet. “Time is running out and there’s so much we need to do to ensure that future generations have the same resources that we have had,” he says. “There is rightly a lot of doom and gloom about our environment, but we have to move towards really scaling up solutions that are going to create positive impact, and enable us to solve these huge global challenges that we face. By getting people on board and taking a positive approach, we can conquer the problems,” he says.
One important way forward, he believes, is transparency, so customers know where their money is going. The company published its first impact report this year. “The issues that we face are largely due to opaque supply chains, and consumers really not knowing the impact of what they bought. The future is enabling customers to know what a product or service has actually done,” he says.
He’s optimistic. “We can’t believe the team we’ve got, where we’ve got to, and the impact we’ve created. I think we almost have the feeling that it’s still day one, and I’m just so excited for the impact that we’re hoping to create over the next few years.”
Ocean Bottle is a 5 partner
5 is an impact media foundation which helps its partners maximise their impact by telling their stories. In some cases we also provide financial or other support. We produce our content independently and we don’t take payment for coverage. Find out more about our work with Ocean Bottle and our other partners here.
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https://fivemedia.com/interview/the-man-with-the-bottle-to-take-on-the-ocean-plastic-problem/
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| 0.976171 | 1,632 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Bad breath is extremely common and can be a very embarrassing subject matter for those that have it and those who come into contact with someone who has it. Diet can play a factor in bad breath, for example if some one eats a very spicy meal, or one full of garlic. Certain foods and drink can make the breath smell less than fresh, but can easily be freshened up by using a mouthwash or sugar free gum. Bad breath that will not go away is often due to poor oral hygiene techniques. Bacteria and tarter in the mouth can start to smell very quickly and using a minty fresh piece of gum will only mask this in the short-term. The only way to get rid of bad breath is to clean the teeth twice a day and to regularly visit the dentist at least twice a year. At Clifton Dental of Bristol during patients check-up we are able to see oral decay not visible to the naked eye, which can cause a bad odour, so maintaining regular contact with your dentist and hygienist is very important. Look at the brush you are using and make sure it is doing its job properly, an old brush will not be as affective as a new brush, maybe think about using an electric brush and start flossing so that the teeth are thoroughly cleaned. For more help and information get in contact with us and banish that bad breath for good.
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<urn:uuid:43b16215-05fa-489b-9573-7c19e7cbdcac>
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CC-MAIN-2018-26
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https://www.cliftonsmiles.com/western-super-mare-says-no-to-smelly-breath/
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| 0.97042 | 286 | 3.015625 | 3 |
MELBOURNE -- This week London will become the center of the sporting universe with the first Summer Olympics 2012 event, a soccer match, being held today.
The Olympic Games is regarded as the world’s most prestigious sporting event, but economically speaking, is the host city/country always a winner?
According to Melbourne economist John Madden, the answer will vary between bidders and events.
Profit or loss?
Madden, the Deputy Director of the Centre for Policy Studies at Monash University, has conducted in-depth studies into the economic costs of mega-events, using Sydney 2000 as a case study. He is primarily focused on answering the question: Do the large economic benefits predicted for Olympics host countries actually materialize?
His research reveals that Sydney (2000 Games) incurred an economic cost roughly equal to the deficit involved in hosting the event. The on-budget Games operations resulted in a cost of $2.86 billion, which was covered by Games revenues.
However, off-budget costs, such as security and transport, meant that the Sydney 2000 Games operations ran at a net economic loss. After taking into account the cost of constructing venues and infrastructure, the total net cost of the Games was $2.2 billion.
This is not to say that being a "host" city or country cannot be profitable. In fact, Seoul made a record profit of $479 million for hosting the 1988 Summer Olympic Games, while Los Angeles banked $224 million for their efforts in the 1984 Games.
"Both are reported to have been quite profitable on the operating phase of the Games. Furthermore, Los Angeles made use of existing Olympic facilities, while South Korea (a less well-known tourism destination in 1988) has been estimated to experience an Olympics tourism legacy," Madden says.
Measuring the costs
To date, an accurate assessment of the economic impact of the Olympic Games has been a challenge.
Typically the economic analysis of the Games is carried out through an economic impact study, an exercise in which data on the construction and operating phases of the Games are input to an economic model to determine consequences for economic variables such as real GDP, export volumes, import volumes, inflation etc.
Madden argues that when done well, such studies can elucidate economic dimensions of the Games that would otherwise be very difficult or impossible to understand from the Games financial statements alone.
"Examples of these are the regional distribution of economic impacts, the scope for fiscal stimulus benefits during economic downturns or the crowding out of other economic activities during economic booms, and the impacts (via, for example, indirect exchange rate effects) on distant industries that are otherwise not connected to the Games."
However, Madden claims that inaccurate forecasts of the economic impacts of the Olympics, or of other sporting events, result from the use of estimating methods that fail to account fully, or sometimes hardly at all, for the displacement of other economic activities by the event.
"By and large, economic studies do not seem to figure prominently in pre-bid policy analysis by host cities/countries of the merits of making a bid to host the Games," Madden explains.
"Rather, they appear to form part of post-bid exercises to sell the Games to the taxpayers of the host city/country. This might create incentives to use modeling methods, or inputs to those modeling methods, that inflate the economic benefits of the Games."
Madden explains that prior to hosting an Olympics Games bidding cities will undertake budget estimates for hosting the Games. Revenue items include Olympic broadcasting revenue, ticket sales, advertising sponsorship, merchandise licensing, etc.
For some host cities, like Sydney, these revenues cover little more than the operating costs of running the Games (ticketing, transport, information systems, telecommunications, ceremonies, drug testing, and so on). Much of the cost of hosting a Summer Olympics is often made up of capital costs (new venues, transport infrastructure and urban renewal).
"Capital costs are often substantially underestimated at the bidding stage, with cost blow-outs often occurring in the rush to get venues completed in time for the Games," Madden explains. "At the time of the bid the overall cost of the London Olympics was estimated at £3.4 billion, but this now has escalated to perhaps as high as £11 billion."
Bad news for Londoners as Madden reports, "tax payers at the national, state/provincial and city level are required to cover any publicly incurred deficits from the Games."
Sydney 2000 vs. London 2012
Madden suggests that London is unlikely to experience an overall economic benefit from the 2012 Games. He points to the London Games having a much higher cost than Sydney. But he does concede that London might fare better than Sydney in providing wider economic benefits that might offset its higher costs. He outlines several reasons for this.
"In Sydney, the construction of purpose-built Games facilities involving expenditure of $1.9 billion (in year 2000 prices) accounted for the bulk of the cost of the Games to economic welfare," he explains.
Though Sydney's Olympic Stadium continues to be used, it still struggles to cover the operating costs and recoup the original construction costs. However, Madden speculates that the story might be different for a densely populated city like London.
"There are a number of factors that may cause the London Olympics effect on economic welfare to be considerably less than its accounting costs. These include the London Olympics having a large urban renewal component, and the likelihood that in a city of its size there is a greater chance of facilities and infrastructure built for the Olympics having a profitable post-Olympics use."
Venues such as London's new Olympic Stadium will continue to be used after the Games by the burgeoning population, and possibly sold to a local football club as a way to recover operational costs.
A benefit that some commentators contend is a tourism legacy arising from showcasing the host city. According to the IOC and official government figures, tourist visits to city of Sydney were up by 11% in 2000, with an additional 1.1 million people visiting Australia between 2000 and 2004.
However, Madden's research suggests something entirely different. He finds no evidence for an Olympics-induced tourism legacy for Sydney in the years following 2000. He argues that for cities with a high international profile (such as London), it is unlikely that the Olympics will give a further boost to tourism growth.
A final factor distinguishing the London Games from those of Sydney is the state of the overall economy. When Sydney hosted the Games, it was in a period of essentially high employment. Whereas, the 2012 London Games are occurring during a recessionary period.
"Unlike Sydney, it turns out that a good deal of Olympics expenditure is occurring during a recessionary period. The stimulatory effect of this expenditure may considerably lower the cost of hosting the Games."
Today it's not uncommon for large-scale renewal projects to be associated with the Games.
Sydney introduced a program of works around the Sydney Olympic Park that was focused upon Sydney's Homebush area which was an extensive wasteland.
However, the most famous case study is Barcelona; the 1992 Games created a long lasting positive legacy for one of Spain's most popular cities. The Games produced more than 200 parks, plazas, schools and other public facilities in Barcelona.
Most of these amenities were inserted into derelict areas where crime was high. In one area in particular, El Rival, buildings were retrofitted to house a modern museum, police station, and other amenities [Source: University of Washington]
In the bidding phase for 2012 Olympics, the then Mayor of London, Ken Livingstone, presented a similar vision.
According to a London East Research Institute report, there will be several Olympics-led regeneration initiatives for the five East London Olympic host boroughs: Newham, Tower Hamlets, Hackney, Waltham Forest and Greenwich). However, such claims have been met with some some skepticism.
Lastly, there are numerous benefits that cannot easily be prescribed a dollar value; Madden explains that these "intangible" makes hosting the Games appealing, despite the economic costs. These intangible effects are things like national pride, cultural unity, promotion of healthy living etc.
Until there is an economic assessment that takes into account all these variables -- applied universally -- it will be difficult to accurately assess the full economic impact of hosting the world's biggest sports event.
But we could say that whatever the economics costs and gains from hosting a mega-event like the Olympics, there are some clear winners: the athletes, who train hard to make their respective countries proud, and the sports lovers, who pay their way as taxpayers or tourists.
This post was originally published on Smartplanet.com
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CC-MAIN-2015-14
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http://www.zdnet.com/article/london-2012-is-the-host-city-a-winner/
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| 0.956698 | 1,777 | 2.59375 | 3 |
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