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In this course, we have been carefully considering the concept of gender, how it is culturally situated, and how it is created through public acts of performing selves, themselves informed by cultural ideologies of gender. Now, for your final post, reflect on what you have learned about the relationship of gender and language—what knowledge have you gained thus far?
After your reflection, consider the relationship of the body to gender by reflecting on Laqueur’s idea that sex and gender are both “staged” according to cultural understandings of them:
- How does a discussion of the body complicate or enhance a discussion of gender?
- How does the film Is it a Boy or a Girl enhance our understanding of this relationship? Be sure and bring in examples.
- Where would you put the body in a theoretical understanding of gender and language?
The inclusion of biology in the discussion of gender necessarily complicates and enhances the context. Research efforts such as those we see in “Is it a boy or a girl” and Laqueur’s works illustrate, increasingly, the nature of sex, gender and sexuality as interconnected spectrums rather than dualities. So few things in nature are dualistic; it should be no surprise that there is little about humans that is dualistic. If forced to guess, I would hypothesize that the body is the platform for these three things. In one sense the body might be the necessary and hugely influential structural framework for gender and sexuality. Simultaneously, the body might be just the platform, from which any picture might emerge, depending on the other components.
With as much time as I have spent in the genderqueer, transgender, and intersex communities – either because of my identity or through my work – it seems that the body must be an active component of gender and sex (and sexuality). However, it’s equally apparent that the body does not play the role it is assumed to play by our dominant cultural gender ideologies. The role of the body is not cut-and-dry, nor is it dualistic in any sense. Even intersex might not be best described as ‘part boy, part girl,’ as sometimes happens in conversations. Rather, it could possibly be said that we are nearly all intersex to some degree, because nearly all of us fall short of the hegemonic gender ideals – there are no real Barbies and Kens, in other words.
Is it a boy or a girl highlighted the very interesting position that doctors are placed in when a child is born which is visually intersex (not all intersex individuals have external indications of being so – some are not discovered until the autopsy). At 3:52 of part 3 (as viewed on youtube – links below), the narrator begins a discussion of two people’s effort to instigate legislation against sex-assignment surgeries done during infancy. At 4:12, the narrator begins a somewhat-paraphrased quote of the American Academy of Pediatrics’ official position on the practice: in full, that quote is, “research on children with ambiguous genitalia has shown that a person’s sexual body image is largely a function of socialization, and children whose genetic sexes are not clearly reflected in external genitalia can be raised successfully as members of either sexes if the process begins before 2 1/2 years.” The sentiment behind that quote seemed somewhat dated (after all, “Doctor” Money’s work has long been known to be a travesty of false pretenses at best). Some snooping around on the AAP website revealed that they have actually updated their official position on the evaluation and management of intersex ‘disorders.’ Their new policy does reflect the more recent findings concerning the biological basis of gender, and subsequently they no longer support the erroneous claim that “a person’s sexual body image is largely a function of socialization.” (Links to the articles relevant to my findings are listed below.) I was mollified by their updated policy statements; it seems they are moving more toward an evidenced-based approach and away from the previous hegemonic ideology-based approach.
Is it a boy or a girl? – youtube version:
Intersex Society of North America – 1996 stance of
of Pediatrics (AAP): http://www.isna.org/books/chrysalis/aap American Academy
- “Research on children with ambiguous genitalia has shown that a person’s sexual body image is largely a function of socialization, and children whose genetic sexes are not clearly reflected in external genitalia can be raised successfully as members of either sexes if the process begins before 2 1/2 years.”
- At this time, the AAP made the potential fertility of the infant their primary decisive factor in determining the gender of the infant; surgery was performed to “correct” any aspect of the infant’s sex which might cause them to appear other than the sex which was most likely, in that individual, to prove fertile.
AAP revised policy (2000) http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/118/2/e488
- Still based on potential fertility; removes direct language concerning malleability of gender to social constructs, but indirect language remains and no counter statements are offered (this revision seems more political than functional).
AAP revised policy (2006) http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/118/2/e488.full.pdf
- Acknowledges limitations sociocultural as well as genetic influences on gender development of intersex people; seems to be a functional step forward.
This is the book referred to as the work of Laqueur:http://www.amazon.com/Making-Sex-Gender-Greeks-Freud/dp/0674543556/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1372916642&sr=1-1
Also, for more information on John Money’s experiments with gender, this is a decent starting point (after wikipedia): http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF01541983?LI=true
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Elihu Adds to the Argument
1 Then Job’s three friends gave up trying to answer him, because he was so sure that he was innocent.
2 But there was a young man there named Elihu son of Barakel. He was a descendant of a man named Buz. Elihu was from the family of Ram. He became very angry because Job kept saying he was innocent—that he was right and God was wrong.
3 Elihu was also angry with Job’s three friends because they could not answer him, and yet they still considered him guilty of doing wrong.
4 Elihu was the youngest one there, so he had waited until everyone finished talking.
5 But when he saw that Job’s three friends had nothing more to say, his anger forced him to speak.
6 So here’s what Elihu son of Barakel the Buzite said:
“I am only a young man, and you are all older.
That is why I was afraid to tell you what I think.
7 I thought to myself, ‘Older people should speak first.
They have lived many years, so they have learned many things.’
8 But it is the spirit in people, the breath from God All-Powerful,
that makes them understand.
9 Old men are not the only wise people.
They are not the only ones who understand what is right.
10 “So please listen to me,
and I will tell you what I think.
11 I waited patiently while you men talked.
I listened to the answers you gave as you searched for the right words.
12 I listened carefully to what you said.
Not one of you proved Job wrong.
Not one of you answered his arguments.
13 You men cannot say that you have found wisdom.
The answer to Job’s arguments must come from God, not people.
14 Job was arguing with you, not me,
so I will not use your arguments to answer him.
15 “Job, these men lost the argument.
They don’t have anything more to say.
They don’t have any more answers.
16 I waited for them to answer you.
But now they are quiet.
They stand there with nothing more to say.
17 So now I will give you my answer.
Yes, I will tell you what I think.
18 I have so much to say
that I cannot hold it in.
19 I feel like a jar of wine that has never been opened.
I am like a new wineskin ready to burst.
20 I must speak so that I will feel better.
I must answer your arguments.
21 I will treat you the same as I would treat anyone else.
I will not praise you to win your favor.
22 I cannot treat one person better than another.
If I did, God my Maker would punish me!
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A panel of experts shares their professional insight during Black History Month to foster better conditions for Black America in 2021.
A new U.S. presidential administration, ongoing civil unrest, the impact of the coronavirus pandemic, and a struggling economy are among areas to keep watching in 2021, according to African American experts sharing their assessments as the nation observes Black History Month this February. One key conclusion reinforced in their analysis is that Black citizens continue to suffer disproportionately from the effects of COVID-19.
According to the National Urban League’s 2020 State of Black America Report, the economic devastation wreaked havoc on Black America, highlighting deeply rooted inequities in the economy. Black and Latino Americans are overrepresented in low-wage jobs that offer the least flexibility in working accommodations and increase their risk of exposure to the coronavirus.
Unreliable information is another concern identified by the group. “In many cases, the Black community is flooded with misinformation,” said Dr. Daryl Green, a business strategist and author. “Yet, we have some brilliant people within our community. Therefore, it is important that Black professionals share their expertise in order to propel this generation.”
Dr. Trina Jackson, an Associate Professor in the School of Business, Logistics and Entrepreneurship at Ivy Tech Community College in Northwest Indiana, also identified communications hurdles, stated, “Understanding what’s going on in your communities is relevant in real-time. The challenge is being able to analyze and communicate this information.” Jackson noted that service workers are especially susceptible during this pandemic. “The least paid and the least acknowledged!”
Political climate and media performance are part of the debate.
“Right at a time when the public needs credible information on urgent matters such as the pandemic and the economy, the U.S. is experiencing a crisis of public trust,” said Caesar Andrews, a former editor and current educator in Nevada. “President Joe Biden promised a more forthright approach in managing key issues. And building community trust in factual news coverage is a significant preoccupation for journalists,” Andrews added.
Dr. Xan Polk, an Associate Professor in the School of Business, Economics, and Technology at King University, described a positive outcome of disruptions. Some historically Black Colleges and Universities are experiencing a surge in attention. According to Forbes magazine, 2020 was the year of the HBCU.
“African-American students are returning to HBCUs in record numbers,” Polk said, despite the pandemic. “Financial struggles have distressed all universities and colleges. Despite the distress, HBCUs continue to shine a light that seemingly beacons African Americans ‘back home.’”
Nurse Betty H. Blackman of Knoxville, Tenn., highlighted lingering health disparities in African American communities: “COVID exposed the glaring inequities as it relates to healthcare in the United States. The epidemic of diabetes and obesity, as well as other health disparities, have existed for years. This pandemic has put this matter at the forefront of society. It shows a true need to focus on changing conditions and outcomes for underserved communities.”
“African Americans’ lack of trust in the medical system is a decades-old barrier to proper health care,” said Dr. Lepaine Sharp-McHenry. “If we are going to address health disparities through a holistic approach, then families, churches, schools, healthcare agencies, and governments must be willing to commit and make fundamental and/or systematic changes at every level to address health disparities in every context!”
Sharp-McHenry recommended a more diverse corps of health professionals. “The need for more African American and Latino doctors, nurses, and other allied healthcare providers is greater today than ever before. Diversifying our healthcare providers will provide a workforce that minorities can feel supported by and trust.”
Dr. Gloria Thomas Anderson, assistant professor of social work at North Carolina State University and leading advance care planning expert, noted that disparities persist across the full spectrum of the health system. “Research shows that minoritized groups receive a lower quality of health care than non-Blacks. There are barriers to informed healthcare decision-making in the Black community, such as misinformation, myths, and mistrust of mainstream healthcare systems.”
“The patterns continue even during end-stage scenarios,” continued Anderson, whose expertise includes end-of-life care. “African Americans, in particular, are less likely to talk about end-of-life care issues. Making medical wishes known in advance, however, can lead to a better quality of healthcare that aligns with desired treatments and outcomes.”
Each panel member brought a unique perspective on Black America.
To reach this panel of experts, please contact Dr. Green at [email protected].
About These Panel Members:
Dr Daryl. D. Green, DSL:
Owner with wife Estraletta of AGSM Consulting LLC, based in Tennessee. Professor and Dickinson Chair of Business at Oklahoma Baptist University. Retired from the U.S. Department of Energy in 2016, after 27 years as a senior engineer. Speaker and author of several books, including Job Strategies for the 21st Century, Small Business Marketing, and Marketing for Professionals.
Dr. Gloria Thomas Anderson:
Assistant professor of social work, North Carolina State University, and author of a CDC-recommended resource book for advance care planning called The African-American Spiritual and Ethical Guide to End-of-Life Care. She works extensively with healthcare and hospice organizations on implementing equitable healthcare decision-making strategies that include advance care planning (ACP) and end-of-life (EOL) care options for African-American communities.
Professor and Distinguished Chair in Media Ethics and Writing, Reynolds School of Journalism, University of Nevada, Reno. A former editor for Gannett Co. at newsrooms in Florida, Washington, D.C., Pennsylvania, New York, and Detroit.
Betty H. Blackman:
Nurse, Knoxville, Tenn. Owner of Health Spectrum Worksite Solutions, which provides health and safety training and consulting. The past executive director of People Empowering People Project (PEPP), which raises health awareness within the community. Consultant for corporate and private organizations.
Dr. Trina Jackson:
An Associate Professor in the School of Business, Logistics and Entrepreneurship at Ivy Tech Community College in Northwest Indiana; U.S. Army veteran; doctorate dissertation was on “Community Response to Veterans Overcoming Barriers to Education.” Continuum of Care organization focused on homelessness in Northwest Indiana.
Dr. Lepaine Sharp-McHenry:
Nursing administrator; registered nurse since 1981. Worked in various clinical and management positions in long-term care, medical/surgical, and psychiatric mental health settings. Founding president of the Arkansas Directors of Nursing Administration in Long Term Care Association, nursing consultant, and past vice president of the National Association of Directors of Nursing Administration in Long Term Care.
Dr. Xan Polk:
An Associate Professor in the School of Business, Economics, and Technology at King University. She has over 15 years of professional management and marketing experience. Her research focuses on consumer behavior, marketing management, innovation, corporate social responsibility, and persuasive communication. Her work has been published in various peer-reviewed academic journals.
Source : AGSM Consulting LLCCategories : EducationTags : Black America , Black History Month , African American History Month , 2021 Market Trends , 2021 Emerging Trends , Covid-19 , Coronavirus , US Economy , Daryl D. Green , Oklahoma Baptist University
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Goats are perhaps the most unpretentious in relation to feed domestic animals. The basis of their diet is - in descending order - coarse, juicy and concentrated feed. You can also give these animals swipes from food waste from the owners table. In this article we will examine in detail how to feed a goat and how many times a day it should be done.
Basic dietary guidelines
The amount of feed given to goats depends on many factors - on the size, age, season, period of dryness, etc. But there are general rules:
- a large goat is fed more than a small goat
- adult animal - less than the same weight, but growing,
- Suegnaya goat feed give more than barley,
- milk - more than dry,
- giving a lot of milk - more than low-milk.
Goats love variety in feed. In this case, animals quickly feel satiated, they gain weight better and give more milk. Of course, all feed must be fresh. You can not give goats moldy or rotted hay and poor quality root vegetables. Feeding of stale, sour feed leads to the development of various kinds of diseases, deterioration of the quality of milk and a decrease in its quantity, miscarriages and other similar troubles. Next, let's understand what to feed the goat, young animals and male producers in more detail.
Hay, straw and twigs
The basis of the diet of goats, as well as any other ruminant animals, is coarse feed. In the summer it is grass and branches, in winter - hay, straw and brooms. In the warm season, the lion's share of goat roughage is obtained by grazing. These animals eat almost any kind of grass. However, the tasteless, watery plants of the nisin prefer an odorous variety of meadow. Graze goats need in those places where there is access to water. Be sure to feed animals carrot and beet tops. In the fall, you can give and potato.
Branches of trees and shrubs are also excellent food for goats. In particular, these animals like willow, poplar, willow, aspen, linden. Goats and birch branches eagerly eat. However, too much of their animals should not be given. A large number of birch branches in the diet can lead to kidney disease. Hay goats harvested in the usual manner. Dry it right on the field.
Harvested branches should have a length of about 50-60 cm and a thickness on the cut of the order of 1 cm. The bundle should not be thicker than 10-12 cm, otherwise it will dry out badly.
The amount of roughage
On the day, one milk goat in a pasture can eat up to 9 kg of grass. In winter, a slightly larger amount of concentrated feed is introduced into the diet of animals. Therefore, the percentage of hay in the menu is less. Experienced farmers advise giving adult animals 1-5 kg of such feed per day. According to nutritional value, one kilogram of hay corresponds to two kilograms of branches. Often, in winter, goats are given foliage collected in autumn. Such food is more nutritious than branches, it can be given less.
Hay for goats harvested in the usual way. Most often, on one head, the owners of household plots dry about 500-550 kg. You can also prepare 250-275 kg of such feed and 500-550 kg of brooms or 400 kg of leaves.
What to feed the goat yet? Of course, it is necessary to include in the diet of the animal and vegetables. Very willingly, these animals eat beets, carrots, potatoes, cabbage, etc. The amount of such feed should be about 2-4 kg per day. All vegetables, except potatoes, are given raw. You can include in the diet of animals and cleaning from the kitchen table. To increase their appetite, they should be sprinkled with purchased balanced feed or bran. You can not give animals green potatoes and tubers with large shoots.
On the question of how to feed a goat so that there is more milk, there is simply a wonderful answer. The animal should receive enough protein. Therefore, be sure to give the goats concentrated feed. Of cereals in the diet usually include oats and barley. Dredged goats digested much better than whole grains. Oats contribute to the rapid growth of young and increases the sexual activity of adult animals. Barley helps accelerate weight gain. In order to avoid obesity, goats are usually fed this type of crushed meat in a mixture with corn. In addition to oats and barley, such concentrated feeds as soybeans, beans, peas, and lentils (wholemeal) can be given to animals.
Be sure to include in the diet of animals and bran. This is an easily digestible food, which contains a huge amount of protein goats. In particular, the bran will be useful for young and nursing queens.
The number of concentrated feed
Cereal animals usually give about a kilogram per head per winter for an adult animal and about 0.5 kg for a kid. In the summer, this dose can be slightly reduced. Goat manufacturers, for example, give about 300 grams. cereals per day. Increase their number (up to 1 kg) for a month and a half before mating.
How to feed a goat: supplements
Mineral feed these animals do not need too much. However, it is imperative to put a piece of salt salt in the stall. On one head should be about 6-8 grams per day. In the second half of the womb, the uterus must be given chalk (10 grams each). Such a mineral supplement is required for kids from a month old (7 grams). Chalk can be replaced by bone meal.
As already mentioned, it is allowed to give goats and waste from the home table of the owners. It can be cereals, soups, peeling, boiled potatoes, etc. The feed of this type must be fresh. Do not give goats waste containing bones, rags, paper, etc.
With what to feed a goat, young and goats, we figured it out. Now let's look at how to properly water these animals. Do it at least three times a day. Water must be clean and fresh. Its daily rate is about 8-12 liters. It is best to give the animals water, the temperature of which is equal to t of air in the stall. Drinking cold can easily lead to the development of colds. It is not necessary to give goats and too warm water. It will pamper the animals. The result will be the same - frequent diseases.
How many times a day to feed a goat?
Of course, when raising these animals, a certain feeding schedule should be followed. In order to get as much milk from goats as possible, feed them at least three times a day. For the first time they do it at 6-7 in the morning, in the second - at 12-13 o'clock, in the third - at 18-19 o'clock. In summer, during the pasture period, additional goats can be fed only in the morning and evening. Milking is done after the goat has finished eating. In the morning and in the afternoon usually rough feed is fed, in the evening they give juicy, concentrated and good hay. Goats are gradually transferred to grazing in spring.
Than to feed a goat that there was more milk, you now know. The development of a balanced diet primarily contributes to higher yields. Animals should receive a sufficient amount of grain, hay and grass, as well as vegetables. Proper feeding will contribute to a rapid increase in livestock, a set of goats weight and reduce morbidity.
Feed and features of their cottages
Larger breeds and larger goats need more feed, as well as growing goats.
The basis of goat feeding in summer is green grass, which is the best succulent feed for these animals, and in the winter months - coarse feed. Especially small cattle loves to eat forest and meadow hay. Rough feed adult goat should receive per day from 1 to 3 pounds. 50% of the daily hay can be replaced with dried wood brooms.
Brooms need to be harvested in the first two months of summer. Goats eat brooms from birch, linden and aspen, alder, poplar and willow, hazel, as well as maple, elm, acacia, and mountain ash. Harvested branches should be half a meter long, no more than 1 centimeter thick. The thickness of the beam is about 10 centimeters. Two weeks of bunches of branches are dried in a place protected from direct sunlight and moisture - in the attic or under a shed.
In the photo there is a device for feeding goats in a common herd (so that everyone can get a cut-out for the approach of a separate animal)
When feeding goats in the winter they are given 3-5 brooms from tree branches per day (2-3 in the daytime and 1-2 before night.
Worthy food for goats is cabbage leaves and tops of carrots and beets. They give up to 4 pounds per day per head. You can also give skewed potato tops - at the rate of up to 2 kilograms per day.
Cabbage, fodder beets and potatoes, vegetable waste - all this is the best feed in the stall period. Per day, goats are given 1-2 kilograms of boiled potatoes (sometimes they can be given raw), chopped root vegetables - up to 4 kilograms. Avoid feeding green potatoes - goats can get poisoned!
Feeding the goats
In the off-period, producers need to provide the following feed ration:
- 1 kilogram of potatoes or root vegetables (succulent feed).
- about 2.5 kilograms of high-quality hay (roughage).
- concentrates in the amount of 300 grams.
In summer, goats are fed with the same number of concentrates. For a month - one and a half before mating, goats are grazed on pasture with high-quality grass and give 0.85-1 kilograms of concentrates.
And last - pay special attention to the quality of the food intended for goats. Sour, mildewed and spoiled ingredients of the diet - not suitable, they can cause illness, lead to miscarriages or dramatically reduce the quality of goat milk!
Types of feed
Goat milk in its nutritional value compared with the female. A large number of "usefulness": calcium, phosphorus, five basic vitamins turn milk into a natural safe medicine and delicacy even for the youngest children. To preserve the unique composition and good fat content - do not be lazy and initially develop a “goat” diet. Even though goats are picky and eat almost any food.
Balanced feed should consist of several types:
Attention! Goats do not need to be fed with horsetail, wild rosemary, daffodils, tansy, wormwood. These plants will give a bitter taste to milk.
- Dry food. It is basic in winter, when fresh grass and vegetables are not available. Hay, straw, which previously should be finely chopped. Goats with pleasure chew dry branches of trees which need to be prepared in advance. As a vitamin supplement, use needles or you can buy ready-made vitamin concentrates. For a variety of food, it is possible to feed the goat with ready-made dry mixes, which consist of grain and mixed fodder.
How to feed a goat and kids
Access to food from animals should be from 2 to 4 times a day. Power, as well as milking, is recommended to be carried out at clearly set hours. This will increase the volume of milk and improve its quality.
A pregnant goat feels the need for food with increased nutritional value of not more than 30-40 percent. Add more calcium and protein elements. All food must be fresh, do not use rotten or spoiled food. Eliminate sand or earth particles. Especially strenuously follow to feed the goat in the fifth month of pregnancy, when the future kid is actively gaining weight and height.
The diet of young kids is also special. Gentle digestive system requires soft and liquid feed. Of course, in the first days after the birth, the kid feeds on mother's milk, but after two weeks they need to be fed with milk porridge and hay. Juveniles require a lot of fluids, they should drink 3-4 times a day. The kids are able to graze on their own after 3 weeks, from now on you can include grated apples and root vegetables in the “menu”. Gradually add minerals and powdered powdered food to food. The goat goes to the “adult” diet at the age of 6 months.
Maintenance and care
Of course, getting a lot of goat milk depends on proper nutrition. But no less important and care, "psychological climate", created for animals. They should not be kept crowded; they should be provided with space for free movement. It is noticed that goats graze freely without a leash, milk is tastier and fatter.
Kozlyatnik should be bright, with opening windows, or through doors. Goats love fresh air. Put thick bedding on the floor where animals can lie down freely. For feeding it is necessary to equip the stalls, usually wooden. Each, measuring two meters for one animal, behind a separate partition. Drinkers are also needed, it is important to clean them regularly and provide goats with fresh water.
Attention! Even if the goatling is dry and warm, in the winter goats need compulsory walking at least 2 hours a day.
The proper milking process and preparation for it are also important. Wash udder should be washed with warm water and wiped dry with a soft, clean towel. Goats love sweet handling, then she will easily give away all the milk.
The origin of the goat from the mother with high rates does not play a major role in the big yield. The goat will give a lot of milk, only having excellent health, with proper maintenance and proper feeding. All in the hands of a caring owner!
What is recommended to feed the animal?
The specified animal is unpretentious in the care, maintenance and nutrition. They absorb almost everything that representatives of cattle and small ruminants eat: coarse and succulent fodder, leaves from trees and shrubs. Most of the diet is grass in the summer - grass, and in winter - hay. But if limited to only these components, then milk yield will not satisfy all your needs, therefore it is advisable to introduce various foods into the diet. Let's take a closer look at which foods you can put into the goat’s diet, and also which stern exist.
At all times of the year, the main emphasis should be placed precisely on succulent feeds, since they are enriched with plenty of nutritious and healthy components:
- Grass - this segment should be in the diet of the animal. Juicy grass belongs to the most affordable and cheap types of feed. Having brought animals to pasture in the forest, in the fields or meadows, they will be happy to feast on succulent grass.
- Garden tops. If you can get tops, then you should use it. Cabbage leaves, beet tops and other "waste" - is a storehouse of vitamins that are necessary for the animal for the proper functioning of the body. But It is worth noting that chalk should be added to greens in order to reduce the acid concentration, as a rule, 1 gram of chalk is taken for each kilogram of tops.
- Silage refers to a juicy feed and is considered one of the most useful food additives. Goats he has to liking and absorbed with great pleasure. The owner should carefully monitor the quality of the product, since quite often due to improper storage, he quickly sours. As for the calorie, nutritional value, saturation with vitamins, macro-and micronutrients, it is identical to fresh grass. Also, silage promotes the absorption of roughage, which we will discuss later. The daily consumption rate should not exceed 4 kilograms.
- Vegetables. In winter, cattle should be provided with a large number of vegetables, for example: fodder beets, potatoes, cabbage and carrots. They can be fed in the form of waste or raw. As a rule, root vegetables are thoroughly minced and give at least 3 kilograms per day. Potatoes can be given to goats exclusively in boiled form.
- Fruits. It's hard to imagine, but fruit is the favorite product of this beast. Goats can be fed in large quantities apricots, plums, peaches, separated from pits, pears and apples.
The main advantage of succulent feeds is their composition, which is enriched with proteins, vitamins, minerals, and other useful substances. The required amount of juicy feed will contribute to the abundant amount of milk.
In wintertime, roughage makes up a large part of the diet of goats, which maintain milk productivity at a high level. These include:
- Straw and hay. It is actively used not only because it is an alternative to grass in winter, but because the animal needs roughage to improve digestion. One goat, on average, accounts for no more than 3 kg of straw per day. As a rule, goats are fed forest or meadow hay from small grass. In order to use winter stocks more rationally and economically, experienced farmers pre-chop hay. This can be done with the help of special equipment (crushers) or manually with an ax. Crushed hay, goats eat almost no residue.
- Brooms or "branch hay," or ordinary tree branches. Billets of this product must be addressed in the middle of summer. It is highly recommended to use aspen, birch, willow and maple branches. Ветки необходимо нарезать тонкими прутиками, длина которых не более 0,6 метра, после чего связывают и подвешивают в помещение с отменной вентиляцией. В зимние дни одной козе можно скармливать до пяти веников в течение суток.
Чем противопоказано кормить коз?
Feeding animals low-quality products is fraught with not only the loss of milk, but also the development of disease or even death. Categorically is prohibited feed the goats:
- a grain in which insects are bred,
- stale or sour silage
- rotten or spoiled vegetables, fruits or hay,
- greened as a result of exposure to the sun, potatoes.
Summarizing the above, I would like to note that the correct diet of a goat is not only milk of excellent quality, but also the health and health of the hostess. Goat milk is a natural source of a large amount of nutrients and beneficial to the body. And directly, the quality of the product produced depends on the nutrition of the animal and the conditions of its maintenance.
Rough (dry) feed
The prudent owner knows exactly what to feed the goats in winter. Most of the diet consists of roughage.
- Straw and hay are needed to improve the metabolic process. Harvested in the spring-summer period, they are crushed before feeding. The preference is given to soft meadow herbs.
- Brooms. Thin young branches of aspen, poplar, birch, maple, willow are tied with bunches and dried in a suspended form. Good use for brooms fruit trees. In winter they feed animals together with other feeds.
Tip! Hay and brooms should be stored in a dry place to avoid mold.
You can use dried stalks of corn or reeds. They are also crushed in a crushing device or manually, with an ax.
Feeding goats after lambing
After a long pregnancy and lambing, feeding should be as balanced as possible. An animal needs to restore its health and reproductive function. However, the daily rate should be calculated in such a way that excess weight is not gained, and all the energy was spent on lactation. Succulent feed - this is what you can not feed a goat after lambing in the first hours.
How and what should a goat be fed to have more milk? The priority should be succulent feed. If an animal has lambed in spring or summer, there is less worries. A sufficient amount of vegetation, vegetables and fruits. But the diet becomes full only after a period of full recovery, when the swelling subsides on the udder.
In the cold season they always give succulent and dry foods containing protein. The quantity and quality of milk is improved in the diet, which includes:
Tip! Goats love chamomile. In fresh and dry form, such an additive will increase the milk yield.
Meals should be as balanced as possible. The addition of probiotics has a beneficial effect on lactation and increases it to 15-20%. The most popular ones are “Bacel - M”, “Monosporin”.
How and what to feed a milk goat depends on the timing of lambing, the availability of feed and conditions of detention. A mandatory requirement - round-the-clock access to clean drinking water.
In the warm season of the year, goats eat mostly grass at home. Animals are fed naturally. This applies both to individuals kept for meat and for milch goats. The presence of vitamins is necessary in any case.
Reference! When grazing, it is necessary to pre-examine the pasture area for the presence of a hogweed, a poisonous plant for animals.
There is a mistaken opinion that artificial feeds are necessary only during the cold season. Meals should be varied in the summer. In the morning it is necessary to give the grain, preference is given to oats, as the most nutritious and high-calorie. The daily rate per adult animal should fall to 1 kg. Cereals are easily replaced by bran, pre-soaked in water. An indispensable source of protein - hay legumes. During the day it should not be less than 1.5 kg. Each hoofed - their taste preferences, they should be considered when selecting ingredients.
Maintenance in the winter requires a lot of effort and money. It is not recommended to change the power cardinally, the transition should be painless. The residence time of the livestock in the fresh air is significantly reduced. However, walking animals under suitable weather conditions is possible.
Keeping in a stall without the possibility of going out can cause illness. Straw in large quantities should not be given, preferably the presence in the diet of hay. Animals are also happy to eat dried branches, the most suitable - brooms from poplar, willow and aspen. Eat and branches of conifers with soft needles.
Tip! Birch brooms are not recommended to be given in large quantities. This can lead to kidney disease.
It is forbidden to give dishes from the master's table, especially with the content of spices and seasonings. Of the most popular vegetables in fattening:
- pumpkin crops (without seeds).
Potatoes must be boiled, green tubers with a high content of corned beef are contraindicated. In the winter diet is useful to add additional ingredients.
- Leaves. They are collected in the fall, dried and stored in bags in attics and cellars. Their nutritional value is low, they are usually given at night. Foliage also silage. To do this, tightly placed in the pit, pouring layers of salt. Hermetically closed and begin to use no earlier than one month.
- Corn stalks. Dried whole, with inflorescences, crushed before feeding.
- Rowan brushes significantly increase the yield.
At the end of the garden season, in the fall they collect the remains of pea-leaf tops, dried and give as a forage once a day.
Reference! Up to 500 kg of dry feed is required for a half-year period of keeping in a stall for 1 adult.
If there is nothing besides straw, it is prepared before feeding:
- put in a container
- Pour with a solution of salt (5-6 liters per 10 kg),
- insist 2-3 hours.
In the cold season, animals spend a large amount of energy to maintain body temperature. Therefore, feed the livestock especially diligently, add vitamin supplements and bone meal.
Bugs feeding goats
A common mistake made in subsidiary farms is mono-feeding, when using 1-2 kinds of feed. In such cases, there can be no talk about the increase and increase in lactation. Lack of vitamins and minerals affects the appearance and health of the animal.
You can not dramatically change the mode and diet in the transition from summer to winter feeding and vice versa. To dry feed accustom gradually, adding hay in small quantities. This period is stretched for 10-14 days.
Goats lose their appetite in 2 cases:
- poor feed quality (fungus, mold),
- last week of pregnancy.
If obesity begins, and milk productivity decreases, the rate of cereals is reduced. Do not fill the feeders when they contain the remnants of the previous feeding.
It is recommended to inspect the animals daily, observe them during the meal, monitor the condition and appearance. This will help to orient what is missing or in excess. Adjust the diet, diversify it. The profitability of keeping goats directly depends on the conditions of detention and the quality of feeding.
In the summer, goats spend a lot of time outdoors, eating grass up to 8 kg a day. Juicy food should be at least 70 percent of the total amount of food. But this is enough to produce only 2 liters of dairy product. Additionally included concentrated feed in the form of cereals or legumes. From the second half of the summer, the grass undergoes fading, drying out and becoming less nutritious and juicy. Under such conditions, it is necessary to feed the goat with vegetables or branches.
Animals should be able to move freely through pasture, this will prevent negative consequences for the work of the digestive system. This condition is especially relevant for dairy goats.
Keeping animals in winter time requires more attention and strength than in warm conditions. During this period, they experience pregnancy and lambing, so the ration for feeding goats should be as balanced and useful as possible.
In cold weather, hay is considered the main power source, preferably foliage. You can replace it with straw, but less benefit from it. It is recommended to harvest 400–500 kg of hay per unit of livestock per year. But this will not be enough. Goats need feeding:
- brooms (up to five per day),
- dried leaves and shoots of spruce and pine, containing a lot of vitamins,
- chalk and bone meal,
- waste combined with mixed feed
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- Academic Supports for College Students with an Autism Spectrum Disorder
- Advice from Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder to Teachers Regarding Literacy Instruction
- Advice for Peer Tutors
- Applying the Ziggurat and CAPS Model in Your School District
- Aspects of Support for Learning
- A Young Adult's Guide to Deep Breathing as a Relaxation Technique: A Personalized Fact Sheet
- Can Schedule Usage Training Include Elements of Literacy Instruction?
- Clean Up Your Act! Creating an Organized Classroom Environment for Students on the Spectrum.
- Change is Good! Supporting Students on the Autism Spectrum when Introducing Novelty
- Classroom Choreography: The Art of Scheduling Staff and Students
- Creating a Circle of Support
- Complexities of Instructional Support
- Critical Features of Early Intervention: Merging Best Practices
- Developing Long Term Relationships Between School and Parents
- Early Intervention for Young Children on the Autism spectrum: Parent’s Perspective
- Educating Students with Autism: Are There Differences in Placement?
- Establishing Long Term Goals: What Are We Hoping to Achieve
- For General Education Teachers: Helpful Questions to Ask About Students with ASD
- Get Engaged: Designing Instructional Activities to Help Students Stay On-Task
- "Ham It Up and Get It Cookin!!" Thoughts From Dr. Greenspan
- Home-School Communication
- I Can Do It Myself Using Work Systems to Build Independence
- “I Wake Up for MY Dream!” Personal Futures Planning Circles of Support, MAPS and PATH
- Life After High School...So Now What
- Lovaas Revisited: Should We Have Ever Left?
- Making the Most of Morning Meeting
- Motivating Students Who Have Autism Spectrum Disorders
- Moving from Preschool to Kindergarten: Planning for a Successful Transition and New Relationships
- Peer Support Programs
- Promoting the Educational Success of Students with Autism: The Role of the Parent-Staff Relationship
- Planning for Successful Transitions Across Grade Levels
- Practical Steps to Writing Individualized Education Program (IEP) Goals: And Writing Them Well
- Practical Recommendations for Utilizing a Range of Instructional Approaches in General Education Settings
- Recognizing Different Types of Readers with ASD
- Reframing Our Thinking and Getting to Know the Child
- Restricted Repertoires in Autism and What We Can Do About It
- School Cultures that Support Students Across the Autism Spectrum
- Service Learning: Something to Think About
- Supporting Staff Using Coaching Model
- Supporting Students with Asperger's Syndrome
- Teaching Students Who Are Low-Functioning: Who Are They and What Should We Teach?
- Theory of Mind in Autism: Development, Implications, and Intervention
- There is No Place Called Inclusion
- The Road to Post-Secondary Education: Questions to Consider
- Tips for Teaching High-Functioning People with Autism
- Tips to Consider When Including a Student with ASD in Art, Music, or Physical Education
- Transition: Preparing for a Lifetime
- Transition to Middle School
- Transition Time: Helping Individuals on the Autism Spectrum Move Successfully from One Activity to Another
- Understanding the Design and Power of a Personal Schedule
- Using Visual Schedules: A Guide for Parents
- Who Are We Working for Anyway? Avoiding Personal Agendas at Meetings to Better Support Individuals Across the Autism Spectrum
- Structured Teaching Strategies: A Series
- Growing Up Together
- How to Open A Combination Lock/Locker
- Supporting Youth with Autism Spectrum Disorders Through Postsecondary Transition
- Curriculum Materials and Programs for Individuals on the Autism Spectrum
- Implementation and Effectiveness of Using Video Self-Modeling with Students with ASD
- Video Self-Modeling How To and Examples
- Linking Theories to Practice: Exploring Theory of Mind, Weak Central Cohesion, and Executive Functioning in ASD
Change is Good! Supporting Students on the Autism Spectrum when Introducing Novelty
Contributed By Kara Hume
Providing a predictable environment and routine is an important component of classroom programming for students on the autism spectrum (Iovannone, Dunlap, Huber, & Kincaid, 2003). Students on the spectrum may demonstrate rigidity or inflexible behavior if classroom scheduling is inconsistent or absent. However, it is impossible to avoid changes in daily activities due to school schedules, staff absences, weather changes, or human error. Along with unpredictable changes, staff members may find value in introducing students to novel settings, materials, peers, and activities throughout the school year to increase exposure to a broad range of experiences. When these changes in environment or routine occur, students with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) may resist the new location or task, and may feel stressed, anxious, or confused (Kluth, 2003). Studies have noted that during times of transition or change, students are more likely to engage in tantrums, aggressive behavior, and refusal (Schreibman & Whalen, 2000; Flannery & Horner, 1994). This resistance to change may lead to difficulty in acquiring new skills.
Preparing students for the possibility of change, as well as the procedures that will be followed when change occurs, are vital tools in increasing successful transitions. Using visual supports throughout the preparation for new events and when teaching positive routines around change is also essential. Following are several visual strategies that can assist when introducing new activities to students and when preparing them for unpredictability.
Priming is a method of previewing information or activities that a student is likely to have difficulty with before the student is engaged in the challenging situation. A student previews future events such as a fire drill, substitute teacher, field trip, or rainy-day schedule, so they become more predictable (Schreibman & Whalen, 2000). Priming has been used effectively in academic instruction and social interaction (Harrower & Dunlap, 2001), and has recently been used in preparing students for novel settings or changes in routine. Two priming strategies that may be used to assist in preparing for novelty and that incorporate visual supports are discussed.
Modified Social Stories
Social stories explain social concepts and situations in a visual format that may increase understanding for students with ASD (Gray, 2000). They are a method for explaining what is happening and what is expected across environmental settings. Typically social stories are written in first person, include illustrations, provide the perspective of a person with ASD, and should be at the student’s comprehension level. Often social stories provide answers to questions that students on the spectrum may not know to ask. Carol Gray, the originator of Social Stories, describes the recommended story structure and sentence types on her website, http://www.thegraycenter.org/. Though precise story structure is ideal, when faced with an unexpected change or novel event, modified social stories that can be quickly written by staff members (which do not contain an exact sentence ratio) are viable priming strategies. After identifying the novel event, and assessing the comprehension skills of the students, write a story following Gray’s guidelines. Staff members should read the story to and/or with the student consistently over a period of days. Providing a copy for use at home is helpful as well. When new activities are planned well in advance, preparing a social story following Gray’s guidelines is recommended.
Recent research (Ivey, Heflin, & Alberto, 2004) supports the use of social stories in teaching new routines and preparing for novel events. Social stories were read regularly to three young students with ASD as they prepared for several field trips to community locations. After reading the social stories for 3-5 days before the introduction of the new setting (attending a birthday party, going to a local pond, and visiting a gift shop), an increase in student participation and a decrease in challenging behavior were noted. Other examples of modified social stories used to prepare students for change or novel events follow.
Example 1: Preparing students for a substitute teacher.
Example 2: Preparing students for a school-wide parade.
Videotaped instruction has proven effective in teaching new skills to students with autism (Schreibman & Whalen, 2000), and recently has been used to prepare students for upcoming events. Because video viewing is often a preferred activity for students with ASD, and tapes can easily be watched before a new activity, video priming can be used as an effective strategy in introducing novelty to students. After identifying the setting or series of tasks that may cause anxiety or confusion for the student, go to the location with a video camera. Walk through the steps that will be required while taping and provide a simple narration about the process and requirements. Researchers recommend that tape length ranges from 1-4 minutes (Schreibman & Whalen, 2000). After completing the tape, view with the students several times over a period of days prior to the identified activity.
Research using video priming was conducted with several boys with ASD who demonstrated challenging behavior when going to new community settings with their families (i.e., Target store, Wal-Mart, Rite-Aid). The families videotaped several walking routes throughout the store (through the jewelry department, the toiletries section, toy department, ending at the cash register) and showed the videos to their children over several days. After the viewings, disruptive behavior decreased greatly as the routines were made more predictable (Schreibman & Whalen, 2000). Following are several video examples used when preparing students for a field trip to the zoo. Expectations that may have posed difficulty for the students (riding the train, using new restrooms, eating at the snack bar) were emphasized. When viewing the video, additional visual supports were used in to increase comprehension.
Example 3: Video priming for field trip to zoo.
Example 4: Additional visuals to support comprehension.
The Change Card
The importance of using visual schedules with students on the autism spectrum has been well documented in the literature, and well received by professionals (Harrower and Dunlap, 2001; Iovannone, Dunlap, Huber, & Kincaid, 2003). Schedules can be used to visually communicate upcoming events, facilitate transitions between activities, and increase student independence. Once students have begun to understand and follow a visual schedule, changes should be incorporated into the schedule content (Mesibov, Shea, & Schopler, 2005). The schedule should vary each day, and pre-planned activities should be deliberately changed in an effort to teach the individual to tolerate change. When activities are changed, however, a purposeful plan to support the student should be in place.
It is important to select a meaningful visual cue to use with students when introducing the concept of change. This can be a colored cue card, a “surprise” icon, a specific photograph or a written word depending on the needs of the students (see Example 5). Place the selected change cue on top of the scheduled activity that will not be occurring (i.e., recess on the playground), and the new activity next in the day’s sequence of events (i.e., watch a movie in the classroom). When teaching the change concept, it is helpful to go to the visual schedule with the student, look at the change card together, and assist with the transition to the new activity. Staff may choose to create a “change envelope” where the students can place the visual change cue and the schedule card of the activity that will not be occurring (see Example 6).
It is helpful to introduce change in a positive manner by first changing activities that are typically seen as non-preferred by the student to activities that are preferred (i.e., changing a student’s schedule from math to extra computer time). Then change can be introduced as a neutral event (i.e., changing math to language arts), and finally as something that may be difficult to accept (i.e., changing free time to work time). Often change is a loss of an activity or a staff member that is valued by the student, which can contribute to the anxiety and resistance to change that students may demonstrate. Systematically presenting change and novelty as a positive experience, and providing a supportive routine around change can increase student flexibility and participation in new activities.
Example 5: Visual cues to represent changes in a daily schedule.
Example 6: A location for change cards and schedule cards.
Instructional programming for students with ASD often emphasizes two core curriculum areas--social and communication skills. However, little attention is directed to assisting students in the third area of diagnostic criteria, restrictive interests and activities. Through the use of visual predictor strategies, students with ASD can learn functional routines, participate more fully in novel events, and as challenging behavior decreases, increase engagement and skill acquisition.
Additional Tips for Implementation:
- While many of the visual support examples use black line drawings (icons from Mayer-Johnson’s Boardmaker), this may not be most appropriate for all students. Assess the comprehension and understanding of your students prior to developing supports, since some students may require the use of objects or photographs to gain meaning from the cues.
- These strategies can easily be incorporated into the home environment as well (i.e., preparing for a new babysitter, explaining that a favorite DVD is broken, going to a different restaurant). Professionals may assist parents in identifying novel and challenging situations, creating materials, and modeling their implementation.
Flannery, K. B. & Horner, R. (1994). The relationship between predictability and problem behavior for students with severe disabilities. Journal of Behavioral Education, 4, 157-176.
Gray, C. (2000). The new social story book: Illustrated edition. Arlington, TX: Future Horizons.
Harrower, J. & Dunlap, G. (2001). Including children with autism in general education classrooms: A review of effective strategies. Behavior Modification, 25, 762-785.
Ivey, M., Heflin, L., & Alberto, J. (2004). The use of social stories to promote independent behaviors in novel events for children with PDD-NOS. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 19, 164-177.
Iovannone, R., Dunlap, G., Huber, H., & Kincaid, D. (2003). Effective educational practices for students with autism spectrum disorders. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 18, 150-166.
Kluth, P. (2004). You're going to love this kid. Baltimore, MD: Brookes Publishing.
Mesibov, G., Shea, V., & Schopler, E. (2005). The TEACCH® approach to autism spectrum disorders. New York: Plenum Press.
Schreibman, L. & Whalen, C. (2000). The use of video priming to reduce disruptive transition behavior in children with autism. Journal of Positive Behavior Intervention, 2, 3-12.
The Picture Communication Symbols ©1981¬2005 by Mayer-Johnson LLC. All Rights Reserved Worldwide. Used with permission.
Hume, K. (2006) Change is good! Supporting students on the autism spectrum when introducing novelty. The Reporter , 11(1), 1-4, 8.
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Students stress over busy schedules
Every student experiences stress, stress from homework, tests, activities, and even social events. Although some stress can be a motivator, some teenagers don’t notice the buildup until it becomes too much to manage. Just how much stress is too much?
Most teens will say stress is constant. There are moments of relief after a big test or turning in a project, but that relief is quickly overshadowed by the thoughts of more tests and projects. The anxiety build-up has become pretty mainstream among the student population, but that doesn’t mean it’s healthy.
It seems like a lot of students are cycling through a constant schedule of school, homework, extracurricular activities, sleep, and repeat, pushing on towards the weekend where they will have a small break.
Nora Lyang described her very busy fall schedule. “I get home and change for tennis, then I go to tennis, come home, finish homework, and try to work on some college apps,” said the senior earlier in the school year. She reflects that during her sport season, she has barely any free time to relax, and she thinks that adds to her stress.
According to the American Psychological Association, most high schoolers are reporting higher daily levels of stress than adults, and lower levels of sleep. High schoolers are also reporting that they believe they are having much higher stress levels than is healthy for a teenager. In a 2015 national survey of high school students, the APA reported, 68 percent of them said that they frequently experience extreme stress levels during the school year, and 34 percent of them expect their stress to rise in the coming months.
Most students experiencing this stress think it’s pretty normal because so many others are feeling the same way, but it can have some major effects. Mary Tsuboi, Northgate’s school counselor, talked about some serious health issues caused by stress.
“Stress can be healthy, and help us get things accomplished, but when we get too stressed, it leads to depression, anxiety, sleeping and eating disorders,” Tsuboi said. She added that she sees extremely high levels of both anxiety and depression at Northgate, and many students are experiencing both.
In fact, Northgate students aren’t alone. According to a survey done by the National Institute of Mental Health, about 2.8 million American teens are currently suffering from clinical depression and an anxiety disorder.
Tsuboi explained that another huge issue facing students is lack of sleep. “Sleep affects every part of our lives,” she said. “If we don’t sleep enough, we can’t function or learn. If you stay up all night studying, it will be harder to remember the information in the morning.”
When students’ homework loads are bigger, or practices run long – or both, the few invaluable hours of sleep they get are sacrificed further in order to complete their already jam-packed schedule of the week.
Amanda Sabir, a junior, explained her inadequate sleep schedule. “I get four to five hours of sleep per night,” commented Sabir, who has a full schedule of classes and is a member of dance team. She also attends a religion class at her church before her a period leadership class starts. “I wake up early for a six o’clock morning class, and go to bed late because of homework,” she said.
So why are we all so stressed out?
There are so many factors constantly affecting stress. Tsuboi believes the most frequent stressors for high schoolers include “pressure from parents and peers, the high expectations put on high school students, and stress from family or life at home.” There is also the pressure we all put on ourselves to succeed, she explained.
Lyang says that as a senior, one of her biggest stressors is college applications. She doesn’t feel like she has enough time to complete apps, write essays, and finish all the forms she needs. Lyang suggested that teachers help the seniors by assigning essays as homework assignments, or focusing on what to do to write good essays, which some teacher do.
Tsuboi had some great recommendations to help with stress. She suggests that students reevaluate their schedule. “If you’re taking four AP classes, playing a varsity sport, and trying to carry a job all at once, you might need to give something up. If you know a certain class is going to cause you tons of stress, don’t take that class. It’s better to get good grades and have an evenly balanced schedule than to take tons of challenging classes and be constantly overwhelmed.”
Tsuboi also suggests ways parents can help their children with stress. Parents should remember that even though school is important, student health should always come first. If a teen is having a hard time, help them balance their schedule. It might even be a good idea to find someone like a counselor. Make sure kids are eating healthy, getting enough sleep, and are generally pretty happy.
We all experience stress. Some stress we need to drive us to get things accomplished; but when stress builds, we start to feel the effects. It’s very important that we all do what we need to to balance our stress levels, and remain healthy.
For confidential assistance with stress or any other issues, Northgate support counselors are available in room 60 and at (925)-938-3921. Outside of Northgate, assistance is available through the Contra Costa Crisis Center at (800)-833-2900 or at www.crisis-center.org.
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Ftpguide - Bytesized Hosting Wiki
Table of Contents
FTP (File Transfer Protocol) is a network protocol used to transfer files between two servers on a tcp based network. When talking about torrents FTP is mainly used in combination with seedboxes. You download the files via torrents on the server and connect with a FTP client to bring the files to your own pc.
SFTP is a different protocol that works on top of a encrypted SSH connection. Both the commands and data stream is fully encrypted. It's a totally different protocol though and only the name is similar to FTP. Since it works on top of TCP though the rest of the text still applies to SFTP.
Swish is believed to be a better option for typical Windows users than other SFTP clients because it is so easy to use. Download it now from the client list below and see for yourself. Swish adds support for SFTP to Windows Explorer so you can access your files on another computer securely via SSH. Swish is easy to use because it integrates seamlessly with Windows Explorer so working with remote files feels just like working with the ones on your local computer. Lastly, Swish is a Windows Explorer extension so you don't need to open a separate program to use it and therefore is not resource intensive.
Most of the questions regarding FTP have to deal with speeds issues. To explain why FTP does not always max out your home connection we have to take a look at the way the transport layer FTP uses works. Like mentioned above FTP uses TCP as it's transport layer. TCP is a great protocol, it has built in error detection, it numbers the packages so it can rebuild the file regardless of the way the packets arrive and it has native support for flow control. Flow control is responsible for deciding how fast the server sends the data to the client and is main factor that decides your download speed. When talking to a server the client requesting the data specifies a "receive window" it's a value that decides how much data it is willing to receive before reporting back to the server that it received all the packages. If for instance it announces to the server it's willing to buffer 256kb of data the server will send 256kb and then wait for the client to report that it received the 256kb in good order. It's this mechanism that's responsible for the loss of speed. If you are very close to the server (let's say 12 ms) it's not that much of a problem. The server will send 256kb and then pause for 12ms. This won't really effect the speed. However if you live in the US and you are connecting to a server in Germany this trip might take 130ms. This means for every 256kb the server sends it waits 130ms to send the next 256kb. That's why you can max out your download to one server but get a sucky 150kb/s on a different one.
An other annoying side effect is that the internet is constantly changing. One day your speed might be fine and the next it might be much slower (or much faster). This is because the peering/transit arrangements between providers constantly change. Because of this the route to your ISP might get better or worse from time to time. Usually this returns to normal but make sure you are using segments to get around any issues you might have.
tl;dr The further away you are from the server you are trying to download from the slower your download will be.
Don't give up just yet! There are techniques that can drastically improve your download speed. Clients like FileZilla can connect with multiple threads to one server. The TCP limitations I just talked about are working on a per thread basis. So if you are only getting 150kb/s, you are actually getting 150kb/s per thread connected to the server. By increasing the thread count you will also multiple your speed. If your residential line can do 1500kb/s you should set up your client to download with 10 threads. Each thread would be limited to 150kb/s but the total speed would still come up to the 1500kb/s your line can handle. This is called multi-threading. Note that this does not scale indefinitely. If you are on a 50Mbit line and only getting 50kb/s per thread creating 120 threads probably won't improve your speed as much as you think since most servers only accept a limited amounts of connection per ip to prevent flooding. Multi-threading will work fine if you are downloading the latest Phish concert since each song is it's own file and FileZilla will make a new connection for each file. However when you download the latest Ubuntu 12.04 LTS release which is one large iso file FileZilla can only create one thread. This is where multi-segmenting comes in. (I'm not sure this is the correct term but it's the one I decided to use) Multi-segmenting clients, like CuteFTP Pro or Free Download Manager can take that one file and split it up in several small parts. For each part it will create a thread to the server so it can download that one file with 10 threads bringing you close to the 1500kb/s limit again.
Your speed is limited per thread, increasing your threads increases your speed. Use a multi-segmenting client so you can use multiple threads even one single file downloads.
Here are a few client suggestions, on windows I am a big fan of Free Download Manager. It's sounds like scamware but it works really well and like the name implies, it's free!
Filezilla, multi-platform, supports threads but not segmenting.
Swish,SFTP Windows extension that supports threads and segmenting (Windows Explorer Extension) .
Free Download Manager,Windows, supports segmenting .
Cute FTP Pro,Windows, supports segmenting.
IFTP, Linux / OS X, supports segmenting .
Speed Download,OS X, supports segmenting .
Captain FTP, OS X, supports threads, supports segmenting.
SmartFTP,Windows, supports threads, supports segmenting, Paid.
Transmit, OS X, supports threads, does not support segmenting, Shareware .
Cyberduck, OS X, donate-ware.
BitKinex, Windows, supports threads, supports segmenting, Freeware.
|Last Author||Contributors||Versions||Last update|
|juggernaut||None||10||Tue, 09 Mar 2021 19:18:05 +0100|
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| 0.936807 | 1,343 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Several thousand people gathered Friday night at NASA's Ames Research Center in Mountain View to watch a live TV screening of the launch of the space agency's latest lunar satellite -- the first spacecraft designed, built and tested at NASA Ames. The launch was displayed on a huge screen in front of a ghostly lit Hangar One, the former home of the USS Macon Airship, now stripped of its toxic skin. The throng cheered and applauded when a robotic satellite was launched at 8:27 p.m. PDT from an Air Force Minotaur V rocket at NASA's facility on Wallops Island, Va. In its unusually low orbit around the moon's equator, the craft will float through the moon's thin envelope of atmosphere, studying its properties and lunar dust. The $280 million mission is called LADEE, for Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer.
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| 0.925 | 173 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Last modified: 2006-08-26 by rick wyatt
Keywords: usa | united states | america | folding | proportions |
Links: FOTW homepage | search | disclaimer and copyright | write us | mirrors
image by Joe McMillan, 6 May 2003
Flag adopted 4 July 1960, coat of arms adopted 20 June 1782.
Flag Color Shades
U.S. Capital: Washington D.C.
In 1960, a star was added, representing Hawaii, bringing the total number of stars to 50. There are thirteen stripes representing the thirteen original colonies.
According to President Dwight Eisenhower's Executive Order (#10834, published 25 August, 1959) the 50-Star flag would become the "official flag of the United States on July 4, 1960."
Nick Artimovich, 21 February 1996
The official regulation, which I just tracked down at the Defense Technology Information Center website www.dtic.mil is General Services Administration "Federal Specification, Flag, National, United States of
America and Flag, Union Jack," DDD-F-416E, dated November 27, 1981. It specifies the colors by reference to "Standard Color Cards of America" maintained by the Color Association of the United States, Inc. These are:
Cable No. 70180 Old Glory Red
Cable No. 70001 White
Cable No. 70075 Old Glory Blue
Joe McMillan, 25 January 2000
Old Glory Red (PMS 193C), White, and Old Glory Blue (PMS 281C)
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Choosing the right onion varieties can be the difference between success and failure in onion cultivation. It’s vital to select varieties that can thrive in the weather conditions of a particular region. Onion varieties for different climates are abundant, and it’s essential to understand the factors to consider when selecting them.
This guide will provide insights into the best onion varieties for various climates. Whether you live in a warm, cold, tropical, coastal, or arid climate, there is an onion type suitable for your region. Keep reading to learn about the preferred onion types for diverse climates and the top onion varieties for different environmental conditions.
Factors to Consider when Choosing Onion Varieties
Choosing the optimal onion variety for different weather conditions can be challenging. However, several factors should be considered when making your decision. These factors include:
- Temperature: The temperature range of the region or climate you intend to grow onions plays a crucial role in the choice of variety. Some onion varieties do well in warm temperatures, while others thrive in colder climates.
- Day Length: The length of the day in the region can also impact onion growth. For instance, long-day onions require 14-16 hours of daylight to bulb, making them ideal for northern regions.
- Soil Type: Different onion varieties prefer varying soil types and conditions. It’s essential to match the soil type to the onion variety for optimal growth.
- Humidity: Humidity levels can impact onion growth, and some onion varieties thrive better in more humid conditions.
- Disease Resistance: Onion varieties that are resistant to certain pests and diseases can be useful in regions where those issues are prevalent.
Factors to Consider when Choosing Onion Varieties: Conclusion
When choosing onion varieties for different weather conditions, it’s essential to consider the temperature, day length, soil type, humidity, and disease resistance. Doing so will help you select the onion variety that is best suited for your particular climate and region, and ultimately lead to a successful onion harvest.
Onion Varieties for Warm Climates
When it comes to growing onions in warm climates, choosing the right variety is crucial. Onions prefer cool weather, and too much heat can cause them to bolt, resulting in smaller bulbs. However, there are some onion varieties that can tolerate high temperatures and still produce good yields. Here are some of the best onion varieties for warm climates:
|Variety||Days to Maturity||Size|
|Texas Supersweet||100-120||Medium to large|
|Sweet Spanish||90-120||Medium to large|
Texas Supersweet is a popular variety that can handle heat and drought well. It produces large, sweet bulbs that are perfect for grilling or caramelizing. Granex is another sweet onion variety that has been adapted for warm climates, and is known for its mild flavor and firm texture. Sweet Spanish onions are also well-suited for warm climates, with a milder flavor and larger size.
When growing onions in warm climates, it’s important to plant them in well-draining soil and provide regular irrigation. You can also plant them in raised beds to improve drainage and keep the soil cooler. Keep in mind that onions grown in warm climates may have a slightly different flavor than those grown in cooler conditions, so be sure to experiment to find your favorite variety.
Onion Varieties for Cold Climates
When it comes to growing onions in cold climates, it’s important to choose varieties that can withstand frost and shorter growing seasons. Here are some of the top onion varieties for different temperature zones:
|Variety||Days to Maturity||Storage Life||Other Notes|
|Yellow Globe Danvers||100-110||6-7 months||Well-suited for Northern climates with short growing seasons|
|Red Wing||105-115||5-6 months||Cold tolerant and resistant to bolting|
|Candy||95-105||4-5 months||Disease resistant and stores well|
To extend the growing season, consider starting your onion seeds indoors and transplanting them outdoors once the ground has warmed up. Additionally, planting onions in raised beds with good drainage can help prevent water-logged bulbs from freezing.
Onion Varieties for Tropical Climates
Tropical climates can present unique challenges for onion cultivation, including high humidity, intense sun, and heavy rainfall. However, there are onion varieties that are well-suited for these conditions. Here are some of the optimal onion varieties for different climate types:
|Red Creole||Caribbean||Heat tolerant and resistant to pink root disease|
|Red Torpedo Tropea||Italy and Greece||Thrives in hot, dry conditions and has a sweet flavor|
|Evergreen White Bunching||South Asia||Can be harvested year-round and is resistant to pink root and thrips|
When cultivating onions in tropical climates, it’s important to manage pests and diseases common in this region. Some common pests include thrips, onion maggots, and nematodes. Fungal diseases such as pink root and downy mildew can also be a concern. Ensuring proper soil drainage and avoiding overwatering can help prevent fungal infections. Crop rotation and the use of organic pesticides can also help manage pests and diseases.
Onion Varieties for Mediterranean Climates
Mediterranean climates are characterized by mild winters and hot, dry summers. Onion varieties suitable for these conditions must be able to tolerate high temperatures and low moisture levels.
|Variety||Flavor Profile||Days to Maturity|
|Red Tropea||Sweet, mild||90-120 days|
|Cipolla di Giarratana||Mild, slightly sweet||90-120 days|
|Yellow of Parma||Strong, pungent||100-120 days|
Red Tropea and Cipolla di Giarratana are popular onion varieties in Italy. Both are sweet and mild, making them ideal for use in salads and raw dishes. Yellow of Parma, on the other hand, has a strong and pungent flavor, making it suitable for use in cooked dishes.
When planting onions in Mediterranean climates, it is important to choose a well-draining soil and to water the plants consistently, especially during the hot summer months. Onions typically do not require a lot of fertilizer, but adding a nitrogen-rich fertilizer can help promote growth and bulb development.
Onion Varieties for Coastal Climates
Coastal areas are often characterized by mild temperatures, ample rainfall, sandy soil, and salty air. To thrive in these conditions, onions must be able to handle moisture, resist diseases, and tolerate the salty environment.
Preferred Onion Types for Coastal Climates
In coastal climates, it is recommended to grow onion varieties with a short growing season to beat the fall rains. It’s also important to choose varieties that have a high resistance to diseases such as downy mildew and fusarium rot.
Here are some onion varieties preferred for coastal climates:
|Walla Walla||Sweet and juicy with a mild flavor. Great for fresh eating or frying.|
|Candy||Sweet and aromatic with a slightly flattened shape. Good for roasting and grilling.|
|Red Torpedo||Deep red color with a sweet and tangy flavor. Ideal for salads and sandwiches.|
|White Bermuda||Large and mild with a slightly flattened shape. Great for slicing and grilling.|
Recommendations for Onion Cultivation in Coastal Climates
Coastal areas can be challenging for onion cultivation due to sandy soil and high moisture. Here are some tips to ensure successful onion cultivation in these conditions:
- Plant onions in well-drained soil and avoid over-watering.
- Apply a balanced fertilizer before planting to support growth and development.
- Control pests and diseases with organic methods like crop rotation and proper sanitation.
- Use raised beds to improve drainage and prevent root rot.
- Harvest onions before the fall rains to prevent spoilage.
“Coastal climates offer unique challenges for onion cultivation, but with the right varieties and cultivation techniques, growers can achieve great success.”
Onion Varieties for High-altitude Climates
Onion varieties suitable for high-altitude climates must be able to withstand colder temperatures and shorter growing seasons. At higher elevations, there is less sunlight, cooler temperatures, and shorter growing seasons. This can be challenging for onions, which prefer warmer temperatures and longer days.
However, there are onion varieties that are well-adapted to high-altitude climates. These varieties are typically hardy and can withstand cold temperatures and shorter growing seasons. Some of the recommended onion varieties for high-altitude climates include:
|Yellow of Parma||This variety is known for its hardiness and ability to withstand colder temperatures. It is also resistant to disease and pests.|
|Red Wethersfield||This variety is well-suited to colder temperatures and can withstand frost. It is also a good storage onion.|
|Wall Street||This variety has a shorter growing season and is therefore suitable for high-altitude climates with shorter summers.|
It is important to note that while these onion varieties are well-suited to high-altitude climates, they still require proper care and management. Some tips for successful onion cultivation in high-altitude climates include:
- Plant onion sets or seeds early in the spring to take advantage of the longer daylight hours.
- Ensure proper drainage to prevent waterlogging.
- Fertilize regularly to ensure healthy growth and development.
- Cover the plants in the event of early or late frost.
By choosing onion varieties that are well-suited to high-altitude climates and providing them with proper care, it is possible to grow healthy and flavorful onions even in the most challenging weather conditions.
Onion Varieties for Arid Climates
Onion farming in arid climates can be challenging due to the lack of rainfall and high temperatures. However, with the right onion varieties and appropriate cultivation practices, it is possible to have a successful harvest. Here are some onion varieties that can thrive in arid climates.
|Texas Supersweet||A popular variety well-suited for dry and hot conditions. It has a high sugar content and a mild flavor, making it excellent for salads and salsas.|
|Yellow Granex||This variety has a high yield and can tolerate drought conditions. It has a sweet and mild taste, making it ideal for cooking and salads.|
|White Sweet Spanish||This variety produces large, sweet onions that can grow up to 4 inches in diameter. It can tolerate dry conditions but requires well-draining soil.|
When growing onions in arid climates, it is important to keep the soil moist without overwatering. Drip irrigation is recommended over overhead watering to conserve water and prevent fungal diseases. Adding organic matter to the soil can improve water retention and soil structure.
Tip: Plant onions in raised beds to promote better drainage and reduce the risk of waterlogging in arid climates.
In addition to irrigation, managing pests and diseases is essential for successful onion cultivation in arid climates. Common pests include onion thrips and onion maggots. Crop rotation and using pest-resistant varieties can help prevent infestations. Fungal diseases like downy mildew and white rot can also affect onions in arid climates. Maintaining good airflow and using disease-resistant varieties can prevent these diseases from spreading.
Onion Varieties for Humid Climates
Humid climates can be a challenge for onion cultivation as they are prone to fungal diseases. Choosing the right onion varieties, along with proper moisture management, can help you overcome these challenges. Below are some onion varieties that are suitable for humid climates:
|Red Creole||This onion variety has a sweet flavor and is perfect for growing in humid regions. It is resistant to pink root and white rot, making it a popular choice for onion growers.|
|Walla Walla||These onions have a mild flavor and can grow well in humid regions. They need well-drained soil to prevent bulb rot and are also susceptible to pink root.|
|Vidalia||Vidalia onions are known for their sweetness and are perfect for growing in humid regions. They require well-drained soil and proper moisture management to prevent fungal diseases.|
Here are some tips that can help you grow onions successfully in humid climates:
- Ensure proper drainage in the soil to prevent waterlogging which can lead to fungal infections
- Avoid overhead watering as this can also increase the chances of fungal disease development. Instead, use drip irrigation or water at the base of the onion plants.
- Plant onion varieties that are resistant to fusarium, pink root, and white rot to prevent disease outbreak.
- Remove any infected onions from the garden bed to prevent the spread of disease to other onion plants.
“Choosing the right onion varieties, along with proper moisture management, can help you overcome these challenges.”
Section 11: Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) about Onion Varieties and Climates
Here are some commonly asked questions about onion varieties and the climates they grow in:
Q: Can I grow any onion variety in any climate?
A: While some onion varieties may adapt to different weather conditions, it is best to choose a variety that is well-suited for the climate in your region. This will ensure successful growth and yield.
Q: Are there onion varieties that can handle both warm and cold weather?
A: Yes, there are onion varieties that are adaptable to varying temperature ranges. However, it is important to research and select a variety that is specifically suited for the average temperature range in your region.
Q: What are some onion varieties that can handle high humidity?
A: Onion varieties with good resistance to fungal diseases are preferred in humid climates. Some varieties that are known to do well in high humidity include Red Creole, Texas Supersweet, and Yellow Granex.
Q: Can I grow onions in arid regions?
A: Yes, there are onion varieties that can thrive in arid regions. Varieties like Texas Early Grano and Bermuda Red are known to do well in hot and dry conditions. It is important to provide proper irrigation and soil management for successful cultivation in arid regions.
Q: What are some onion varieties that can grow in high-altitude regions?
A: Onion varieties with a shorter growing season and good cold tolerance are preferred in high-altitude regions. Some suitable varieties include Copra, Redwing, and Wethersfield Red.
Q: How can I extend the growing season for onions in colder regions?
A: One way to extend the growing season for onions in colder regions is to start the seeds indoors in early spring and then transplant them outdoors when the weather warms up. Another option is to cover the plants with a frost blanket or row cover to protect them from frost.
Q: Do I need to adjust my onion variety selection for coastal climates?
A: Yes, it is important to select onion varieties that can handle the salty air and sandy soil found in coastal regions. Varieties like Candy and Red Torpedo are known to do well in these conditions.
Q: What are some onion varieties that do well in Mediterranean climates?
A: Mediterranean climates have mild winters and hot, dry summers, so onion varieties that can tolerate these conditions are preferred. Some popular varieties include Texas Grano 1015Y, Red Creole, and Vidalia.
Q: Can I grow onions in tropical regions?
A: Yes, there are onion varieties that can grow in tropical regions. Varieties like Bombay Red and Red Creole are known to do well in high humidity, intense sun, and heavy rainfall. It is important to manage pests and diseases common in tropical regions.
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Simulation results demonstrate the performance benefits of the proposed systems versus their third-generation predecessors
Up-to-date overview of the standardised air interface
The use of mobile communication devices has grown phenomenally throughout the world during the last few years. With strong consumer demand to increase data delivery (large emails, browsing the Internet on wireless devices, transferring video images, etc.), engineers are faced with the challenge of enhancing CDMA to provide larger data capabilities while improving voice signals for clearer reception.
In November 2001 the U.S. Federal Communications Commission released a much broader band of frequencies to wireless service providers, which will speed up the development of these systems.
Electrical engineers working in communications, wireless, and microwaves. Also sales engineers and managers in the wireless telecommunications industry.
Third Generation CDMA Systems for Enhanced Data Services, 1st Edition
1. Introduction to Cellular Systems
2. Direct-Sequence Spread Spectrum Systems
3. The Mobile Channel and Diversity Reception in CDMA Systems
4. An Overview of IS-95 and cdma2000
5. 1X-EV: Evolution of cdma2000
6. WCDMA Overview
7. IS-95, cdma2000, 1X-EV, and WCDMA Performance
8. Handover in IS-95, cdma2000, 1X-EV, and WCDM
Appendix: CDMA Transceivers
Quotes and reviews
Provides an overview and comparison of the code division multiple access (CDMA) systems presently being deployed for second- and third-generation cellular telephony. The authors, who are researchers for Nokia, explain the basic principles of direct-sequence spread spectrum systems, and describe the IS-95, cdma2000, 1X-EV, and wideband CDMA air interfaces and systems. The voice capacity and data rates of each system are analyzed. An appendix identifies the basic components of a CDMA transceiver.Book News, Inc.®, Portland, OR
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It seems as though recently all I have been answering to people is the difference between Gender Identity and Sexual Orientation. It is mostly cis-gendered (those who’s gender identity matches their physical gender) people who ask the difference since they do not understand where the difference lies since they had not been exposed to it, educationally speaking nor socially. Therefore, I shall write it all down in hopes to clarify for all. Most people do not even realize the difference. It is mostly because society lumps them together as the same. For example, in the acronym LGBT, do you see the odd man in there? If you said the “T”, then you are correct. LGB are sexual orientations, whereas T, which stands for trans*, is not.
“A gender identity is the way in which an individual self-identifies with a gender category, for example, as being either a man or a woman, or in some cases being neither, which can be distinct from biological sex.”
“Sexual orientation describes an enduring pattern of attraction—emotional, romantic, sexual, or some combination of these—to the opposite sex, the same sex, both, or neither, and the genders that accompany them.”
Gender Identity is who a person is internally, whether it is male, female, both or neither. It is the gender one identifies with being. Most people are cis-gender, but there are many that are not. Those who do not have matching gender identities and physical genders are transgender. Now there are a lot of terms underneath the trans* umbrella. I will not dive into that in this article.
Sexual Orientation refers to who one is attracted to romantically. Every person has a sexual orientation, including trans* men and women. There are many variations of sexual orientations out there. Straight (heterosexual), gay/lesbian (homosexual), bisexual, asexual, queer, pansexual. And the list goes on.
Hopefully, for those confused on the difference, that this helps you understand the difference between Gender Identity and Sexual Orientation. If it does not, then please write in, via commenting or email ([email protected]).
Have a great day, ya’ll!
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"In most sciences, one generation tears down what others have built, and what one has established, another undoes. In mathematics alone each generation adds a new story to the old structure." -- (Hermann Hankel, 1839-1873)
Johann Kepler (1571-1630): Despite a life that involved may misfortunes (he was accused of heresy, his child died of smallpox, his wife went mad and died, his mother was accused of witchcraft), the German-born Kepler made many contributions to mathematics and astronomy. Deeply religious, he angered the Church by supporting the Copernican theory that the earth was not the center of the universe. His greatest accomplishment was establishing three laws of planetary motion. He was the first to suggest that the paths of the planets are elliptical rather than circular.
When Herkimer was a lawyer, where did he suggest a mermaid take a grievance?
Answer: To Small Clams Court.
Things Herky would like to know:
If your conscious is always clear, is that the sign of a bad memory?
If Barbie is so popular, why do you have to buy her friends?
Reading: Section 6.2 (pages 317-322).
Exercises: Test 5B (Handout in class).
You are in Section 6.2 and working on problems(Test 5B) from Chapter 5.
Key words and phrases in the reading:
sampling with replacement
sampling without replacement
Thinking back to Chapter 5, the conceptsof stratification
Stratificationexample: Cate Headmaster
Benjamin Williamswants tochoose a sample of eight Cate students to represent the School at aconference. Since he wants each class to be represented, hestratifies the student population by class, and then randomly choosestwo students from each strata (seniors, juniors, sophomores,freshmen). This is a stratified randomsample, but note that it isnot asimple random sample (SRS) of eight Cate students . In this hypothetical example, Mr. Williams would bestratifying to achieve representation from each class. The selectionprocess would not allow for the committee to be void of juniors, forinstance, whereas a SRS could produce a set of eight students void ofjuniors.
Blocking example: Mr. Ned Bowler wants to see if adding extra nitrogen to soil would increase the yield for a specific vegetable. He takes his rectangular plot and divides it into sixteen blocks, as shown in the diagram at the right. He then forms eight strata (described below).
Blocks 1 1 and 2 2 3 and 4 3 5 and 6 4 7 and 8 5 9 and 10 6 11 and 12 7 13 and 14 8 15 and 16
Now, Mr. Bowler uses a random process to choose one block from each strata, obtaining a set of eight blocks that we will call S1. The set of remaining eight blocks will be called S2. He will now flip a coin, and apply nitrogen to the blocks in S1 if he gets a head; otherwise the nitrogen will be applied to the blocks in S2. At a later time, he will check the crop yield results from S1 and S2 to see if they are significantly different.
Blocking is done to reduce variation. AP Statistics students should realize that the blocking design described is statistically superior to a design that simply divides the field into two plots and applying nitrogen to one of the plots.
LINK TO SECTIONSUMMARIES
LINK TO STATISTICS HOMEPAGE
The Practice of Statistics, by Yates, Moore, McCabe. New York,W.H. Freeman and Company, 1999. (ISBN 0-7167-3370-6)
The Cartoon Guide to Statistics, by Gonick and Smith. NewYork, HarperCollins Publishers, 1993. (ISBN 0-06-273102-5)
How to Lie with Statistics, by Darrell Huff. New York, W.W.Norton & Company, 1982 (ISBN 0-393-09426-X)
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Probably the most essential functions of the Condition are mainly two: war and administration of justice. The term ‘Administration of Justice’ at the same time gives the brain civil law, which is understood to be your body of rules recognized and used by the Condition within the administration of justice. “A herd of baby wolves is quieter and much more at one than a lot of males, unless of course all of them had one good reason together and have one energy them overInch stated Taylor. Regrettably, it seems that people, who act one energy them over is needed. As Hobbes stated, unless of course for males to reside together, with the exception of probably the most primitive types of society, where existence could be “solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short”.
In the past, an individual redressed his wrongs and avenged themself upon his opponents together with his own hands, most likely based on both your hands of his buddies and kinsmen, where necessary. At this time, every guy transported his existence in the hands. Very frequently, one crime brought to a different, and also the consequent crime might possibly not have limited itself towards the criminal, but together with him his family, as well as his tribe, will be the victim from the retaliation. Thus, it brought to group conflicts and tribal conflicts. Bloodstream feuds grew to become common. At some stages, once the bloodstream feuds demonstrated to become disastrous, primitive society deliver to payment associated with a money or its equivalent as compensation towards the victim from the crime.
The 2nd stage within the good reputation for administration of justice started using the rise of political States however these infant States were hardly effective to manage crime and also to cause punishment around the criminal. Everything the Condition could answer could be that the act of revenge or retaliation wouldn’t be disproportionately severe. The Condition enforced the idea of “a tooth for any tooth, eye to have an eye and existence for any existence”. Everything the Condition enjoined was that the existence shall ‘t be taken for any tooth or perhaps a existence to have an eye. It will likely be observed that it was certainly one step within the growth of criminal justice.
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Collaboration Lead Coffins
“All archaeological excavation carries the professional obligation to preserve the materials recovered
through proper and appropriate conservation treatments” (SHA 1993).
A Collaboration Between Archaeology and Conservation: The Lead Coffin Project
While preparing for the rebuilding of a 17th-century Roman Catholic chapel at Historic St. Mary’s City, archaeologists conducted test excavations and discovered that nearly 500 people had been interred in the area. With the aid of a ground penetrating radar survey, it was found that three members of this early community had been buried in lead coffins within the limits of the building foundations. These unique coffins were discovered in the north transept of the chapel in 1990. They were reburied until a specialist team could be assembled.
The Lead Coffin Project
Learn more about the excavation of the coffins and some of the information gathered
by visiting the Project Lead Coffins pages.
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This story highlights the divide that exists within Australia, it is perhaps a demonstration of the conflict that occurs on the frontier between indigenous and non-indigenous traditions and practices. There is a need for sensitivity and respect to indigenous issues as well as an understanding of the history that has formed the generations of oppression. It is for this reason young Australians both indigenous and non indigenous need to be taught about the history and hardships experienced by indigenous people. Such an education would perhaps facilitate new attitudes among non-indigenous people and prevent further discrimination as well as creating young activists within indigenous communities.
The attitudes reflected by the PM’s statements about indigenous people living ‘in country’ are tied to the historical lack of recognition of Indigenous people in Australia that has persisted throughout government policy approaches over the last century. One example of this was the 1993 the Native Title Act. Passed by the Australian parliament the act allows indigenous people to bring land claims before the courts, however for rights and interests to be recognised they must demonstrate the practice of laws and customs that existed prior to or at the time of European contact. This view of ‘tradition’ precludes taking post contact history into and account. This effects indigenous people from maintaining connection with the land and also fails to encompass contemporary traditions and cultural change.
The words of Abbott also reflect the ideology behind assimilation policies that to bring indigenous people into mainstream Australia through including them in employment and education to ‘close the gap’. The vision behind this approach is based on the practical economic constraints of welfare provision however it again fails to take into account the importance of contemporary traditions and cultural practices of indigenous people:
“What we can’t do is endlessly subsidise lifestyle choices if those lifestyle choices are not conducive to the kind of full participation in Australian society that everyone should have.”
Abbott defended the remarks on Wednesday, saying he was being realistic.
“If you or I chose to live in a very remote place, to what extent is the taxpayer obliged to subsidise our services?” he said.
“It is incredibly difficult for the kids to go to school if there’s only half a dozen of them and getting teachers there is all but impossible.
“Similarly it’s very difficult for adults to get a proper job if there’s no employment within hundreds of miles. And this is where we have to be a little bit realistic.”
Dockery argues that there should not be a pursuit of employment at any cost, even if one does believe that getting indigenous people through school and into jobs is the ultimate solution, cultural maintenance should not be seen as a barrier but as a potential part of the strategy to enhance mainstream economic outcomes. Furthermore there is evidence that removal from indigenous land and traditions results in reduction in wellbeing and health indicators (see Biddle and Swee and other posts) suggesting that such policies put forward by Abbot are likely to result in greater issues for welfare interventions in the long run.
Jackman’s sentiments are a good example of using celebrity to raise awareness about indigenous wellbeing however there are those that might argue that such comments are bordering on a form of Occidentalism or even constructed with positive Orientalism, something that Attwood and Arnold (1992) have called ‘Aboriginalism’, in the way he depicts western society as in some ways spiritually and morally corrupt compared to the ideal of the indigenous Australians traditional ways of life (Kowal 2008). However is evidence that indigenous people’s way of life, separate from consumerism and globalisation is key to increased wellbeing and happiness, that being with the land and in nature, the things Jackman speaks of in his interview, are actually evidenced as having an effect on indigenous people, suggesting that this belief is not unfounded.
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HABIT. A disposition or condition of the body or mind acquired by custom or a frequent repetition of the same act. See 2 Mart. Lo. Rep. N. S. 622. 2. The habit of dealing has always an important bearing upon the construction of commercial contracts. A ratification will be inferred from the mere habit of dealing between the parties; as, if a broker has been accustomed to settle losses on policies in a particular manner, without any objection being made, or with the silent approbation of his principal, and he should afterward settle other policies in the same manner, to which no objection should be made within a reasonable time, a just presumption would arise of an implied ratification; for if the principal did not agree to such settlement he should have declared his dissent. 2 Bouv. Inst. 1313-14.
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People also ask
How often should I fertilize my Trees?
Ideally, growing trees should be fertilized throughout the year but a bit differently as trees age. A tree needs larger amounts of nitrogen (N) based fertilizer during the growing season. Nitrogen-based solutions should be applied during the early spring and summer months.
When should I fertilize my maple tree?
Maple trees usually tell you if they need to be fertilized. The rule of thumb is that if they grow about 6 inches in a year, the soil is good, but if the growth is less than 2 inches, it鈥檚 time to fertilize. Maple trees tend to respond best to slow release nitrogen fertilizers. Spike fertilizers are especially effective for fertilizing maple trees.
Should I fertilize my tree stems?
Again, read the label. Keep solid or concentrated fertilizer off stems and leaves and adequately water the fertilizer into the soil as that prevents fertilizer burn injury to roots. Stick with the higher ratio nitrogen fertilizers unless your tree is determined to be deficient in potassium or phosphorus (soil test).
What is the best time of year to fertilize?
Time your application to coincide with active root growth and adequate soil moisture. Trees and shrubs should be fertilized in early spring, and a light fertilizer application can be made in early summer if conditions are conducive to plant growth (that is, reasonable temperatures and soil moisture).
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Beautiful coloured leaves, that's what makes our hearts beat faster!
But what if the bright colours of your plant disappear? The white becomes greener, the greens get yellower or the leaf marks fade? This often has to do with the amount of light a plant receives. In this article I specifically look at the whole leaf that discolours, not the appearance of yellow or brown spots - that often has other causes.
Variegated leaf turning green
At first your plant had those beautiful white spots on the leaves, but slowly you see them becoming ever greener? This is often due to a shortage of light. Plants with white spots, also called variegated plants, need more light than their green counterparts, because they can not generate energy with the white spots. The leaf green has to work harder. If you place your plant in a brighter place, the plant often turns back to its original state.
Fading leaf marks
A beautiful leaf drawing on, for example, a Calathea or Maranta may fade when there is too much light on the leaf. The leaf drawing pales under too many sun rays. Placing your plant in a place with more shade is the perfect solution.
The gradual yellowing of the leaves can have several causes. If your plant gets so little light that it can not make enough energy to maintain all the leaves, then he lets some die, which will first turn yellow. In a few cases it could also be that your plant receives too much direct light. Another cause can be a shortage of nutrients. The new growing season is right around the corner, so if you see new leaves starting to grow, you can give your plant some plant food.
Colour fading in succulents
In succulents fading of color works a little differently; green leaves can get red edges by giving them a lot of direct sunlight. If they are in a spot with more shade, they can lose it again. The same applies to succulents that have, for example, a purple color; if they get too little sunlight, they could turn green.
And sometimes a plant simply lets a leaf die off because it's time to put energy into making new leaves. So, if there is only one older leaf that is discolouring, then there is no reason to worry!
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The Institute for the Future has published its Map of Future Forces Affecting Sustainability. This is a really interesting document outlining their research and forecasts on what the future will be for sustainability in six areas: People, Regions, Built Environments, Nature, Markets, Business and Energy.
- An Imperative for Looking Long: “The 21st century will test our ability to grasp the future impacts of present choices, but even as we struggle to incorporate future knowledge into our day-to-day decisions, we’re tuning up our bodies and minds and even our cultural frameworks for a much longer view.”
- A Planet at Risk: “As climate change, deterioriation of the global food chain, uncertain energy supplies, natural resource vulnerability and environmental health issues loom, ecological indicators will become key measures that organizations – and society as a whole – need in order to steer a strategic course.”
- Marginal Populations Redefine the Mainstream: “Marginalized populations – whether they are slum dwellers, citizens of economically disadvantaged countries or people with disabilities – will grow in number and influence over the next ten
years, remaking mainstream culture.”
- Participatory Culture Drives Change: “Taking advantage of lightweight infrastructures – for everything from media to energy to fabrication – many more people will participate in the creation of the cultural fabric that defines who we are and how we
will manage the dilemmas that face the world in the coming decade.”
- New Commons Create New Value: “Even as the Earth’s natural commons are increasingly at risk, humans are creating new kinds of commons around shared resources that can generate and sustain new wealth, health and well-being in the face of these risks. From the Internet to bio-commons, these will provide new lessons in human social organization.”
- A New Material World: “The human ability to engineer at the molecular level, whether through biological, chemical or electromechanical means, will grow over the next decade, changing not only the way we manage the world but actually transforming it to create new kinds of built environments – and new ways of living in them.”
Some of the more interesting predictions include:
- “Self-interest is aligned with collective good:” I’ve been saying for a long time that the only way to true sustainability is to align individual self-interest with the interests of the collective good. I would also extend this to the interests of ecosystems and the planet as well.
- “Eco-tools build on bottom – up context awareness:” Interesting discussion of a “green panopticon” leading to a kind of “planetary mark-up language” This seems like a logical, and really cool extension and expansion of the “participatory panopticon” phenomenon. (see Jamais Cascio’s Worldchanging article)
- “Design-based manufacturing foments a factory revolution”: Visitors to this site know how much I love this one. We’re talking about mass-acceptance of 3D inkject printers and open-source design, which would be the ultimate way to reduce the carbon footprint of consumption. Accoring to IFTF, this “may well unleash a vast wave of design innovation”, which is exactly what we need if we are going to transform the design of everything. Who knows, perhaps America’s declining economic situation will speed this up even further, as people look for ways to meet their needs and make money at home and at low cost.
- “Immersive media helps reframe of energy strategies: Immersive experiences can provide consumers and business decision-makers with concrete experiences in living the future consequences of present day energy decisions.” One translation: games and simulations are going to experience many more surges, and will be used more and more to accomplish everyday tasks.
There is much more in this fascinating and revealing document.
Via: ThePumaBlog, Vis: Institute for the Future: http://www.iftf.org/node/2269
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Dilaw is a leafy plant, 1 to 1.5 meters tall, with 5 to 6 leaves.
Rhizomes are bright yellow inside, thick and cylindric. Leaf blade is green, oblong, 30 to 45 centimeters long and 10
to 20 centimeters wide. Petiole is as long as the blade. Peduncle is 15 centimeters or more in length, borne
within the tuft of leaves. Spikes are 10 to 20 centimeters in length and about
5 centimeters in diameter. Floral bracts are pale green, ovate, 3 to 4 centimeters long,
the comabracts tinged with pink. Flowers are pale yellow, as long as
the bracts. Fruits are capsules.
- Widely distributed in
the Philippines in and about towns, sometimes in open waste places and
- Native of India.
- Now pantropic.
· Rhizome, leaves.
· Collect the whole year round.
· Rinse, removes roots, section into pieces, steam and sun-dry.
- Active constituents are flavonoid curcumin (diferuloylmethane) and various volatile oils, including tumerone, atlantone, and zingiberone.
- Volatile oil, 3-5% - tumerol (alcohol), d-alpha
phellandrene, carvone, camphor, curcumone; fat, 3%; starch, 30%; resin;
- Yields three curcuminoids - curcumin (diferuloylmethane, the primary constituent, responsible for the vibrant yellow color), demothoxycurcumin and bisdemethoxycurcumin - plus volatile oils (tumerone, atiantone and zingiberone), sugars, proteins, and resins.
- Yellow orange color comes from yellow pigment in the rhizomes called
- A good source of phosphorus and iron; but hardly a fair source of calcium.
- Pungent and bitter tasting, warming, carminative.
- In Chinese medicine, believed to Improve Ch'i circulation.
- Studies have demonstrated various therapeutics effects: antioxidant, antiinflammatory, cholesterol-lowering,
antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, immunomodulatory, hepatoprotective, and anticarcinogenic activity.
- Antiinflammatory activity has been compared to topical hydrocortisone.
- Antiseptic, anti -contusion, antibacterial, antifungal.
- Aromatic, stimulant, tonic, cordial, emmenagogue and astringent.
- Rhizomes are used medicinally, as powder, paste, ointment, oil, lotion, inhalant, and confection.
Culinary / Nutritional
• Condiment, ingredient of curry powder, and
coloring for food.
• In dried or powdered form, used like ginger.
• Good source of phosphorus and iron, a fair source of calcium.
• Rhizomes commonly sold in Manila markets. dried
• In Java, flour is made from the plant is the same way as cassava and arrowroot, used for all kinds of dainties.
· Decoction of
rhizome, as tea, used for fevers, dysentery,
abdominal pain, flatulence, abdominal spasm, arthritis.
· In the Philippines, rhizomes with coconut oil used as stomachic and vulnerary.
· Internally, juice of fresh rhizome used as anthelmintic.
· Used for menstrual irregularities, contusions and associated painful swelling.
· Antiseptic for wounds: Crush rhizome and apply to wounds.
· Externally, rhizomes are applied to insect bites, ringworm,
· A 1:20 decoction used in catarrhal and purulent ophthalmia.
· In India, used as antiseptic for
cuts. Used for leprosy, liver problems, swelling, insect bites, wounds,
whooping cough, pimples. Sweetened milk boiled with tumeric is popular
as a remedy for colds and cough. Juice of fresh rhizome used externally on wounds, bruises and leech-bites.
· Tumeric paste mixed with a little lime and saltpeter is applied hot to sprains and bruises.
· For smallpox and chicken pox, coating of tumeric powder or thin paste applied externally to facilitate scabbing.
· Paste made from flowers used for ringworm and other parasitic skin infections.
· Ointment used in neuralgia and rheumatism.
· Rhizomes with coconut oil used as stomachic and vulnerary.
· Rhizome used for intermittent fevers, flatulence,, dyspepsia.
· In Ayurveda, use as stomach and
liver tonic and blood purifier.
· Malays use it as carminative and for dispelling flatulence.
· In China used for colic, amenorrhea, congestions.
· Fumes of burning turmeric used as inhalation in catarrh and severe head colds.
· For flatulence in children, used with garlic or onions.
· Used as carminative and antispasmodic, and in diarrhea and dysentery.
• Dye: Tumeric is one of the best known of material dyes, used for dyeing silk, wool and cotton. Rhizomes used for dyeing mats in the Philippines.
• Cosmetic: In Sudan, rhizome used as cosmetic.
- Improves Qi (chi)
circulation. Chi is the basis of traditional Eastern medicine. In chinese
parlance, chi means 'spirit.' In new-age speak, good health is synonymous
with free-flowing energy through meridian pathways. A blocked Qi flow
is associated with disease or ill-health.
- Approved by German
health authorities for the treatment of dyspeptic complaints.
Recent uses and
Ointment: Wash the unpeeled ginger. Chop the rhizomes to fill half a
glass of water. Sauté with one glass of coconut oil on low heat
for five minutes. Place in a clean bottle and label.
Antiseptic for wounds: Extract juice of the fresh rhizome and apply
directly on the wound or swelling.
Gas pain in adults: Decoction from thumb-sized rhizome in a glass of
water reduced to half.
• Biologic Activities: An overview of the biologic activities lists in vitro anti-parasitic, anti-spasmodic, anti-inflammatory and gastrointestinal effects; also, inhibition of carcinogenesis and cancer growth. In vivo, studies show anti-parasitic, anti-inflammatory potency of curcumin and extracts in animal models.
• Anticancer: (1) Curcumin
Suppresses Metastasis in a Human Breast Cancer Xenograft Model: The dietary administration
to mice of curcumin and curcumin plus Taxol significantly decreased
the incidence of breast cancer metastasis to the lung. The results indicate
that curcumin has a potential for breast cancer therapy. (2) Study on the anticancer activity of the rhizomes of tumeric in invitro tissue culture and in vivo in mice showed cytotoxicity to lymphocytes and Dalton's lymphoma cells. The active constituent was found to be "curcumin." Results showed the tumeric extract and curcumin reduced the development of animal tumors.
• Hepatoprotective: The study
suggests the ethanolic extract of C. longa has potent hepatoprotective
effect against paracetamol-induced liver damage in rats and validates
its use as a hepatoprotectant agent.
study on the ethanolic extracts of Curcuma longa and Alpinia galanga
exhibited excellent phytotoxic activity against Lemna minor and good
antifungal activities against Trichophyton longifusus.
Antibacterial: Study showed the essential oil fraction
from tumeric possesses significant antibacterial activity against pathogenic
Staph aureus bacteria and suggests a potential for use of the essential
oil as antiseptic in prevention and treatment of bacterial infections.
Hypoglycemic / Hypolipidemic / Antioxidant: Study
of Curcuma longa and Abroma augusta found them to be efficient antioxidants
and showed significant reduction in blood glucose. Study showed the
combination of herbal extracts showed better efficacy compared to individual
• Antioxidant: In study investigating the mechanism of free radical-induced tissue damage in inflammatory disease that involved pathogenic processes similar to periodontal disease, Curcuma longa was studied for antioxidation activity. Results showed CL to be effective protection from free radical-induced tissue damage.
• Tobacco Chewer and Chronic Smoker De-Addiction
: Study showed the control arm to continue the same addiction dependency while the 63.6% of the study arm patients completely gave up smoking or tobacco chewing. 14.3% decreased smoking to <10 cigarettes per day and 10.6% of tobacco chewers decreased from 10 to < 2 times per day. The difference is statistically significant.
• Curcumin / Anti-Inflammatory: Curcumin, a highly pleiotropic molecule, acts on many targets involved with inflammation. It modulates the inflammatory response by down-regulating the activity of COX-2, lipoxygenase, and iNOS enzymes; inhibits the production of inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukins 1,2,6,8 and 12, and down-regulates mitogen-activated and Janus kinases.
• Tumeric Oil / Safety Study in Healthy Human Volunteers (2003): Study in human volunteers showed no clinical, hematological, renal or hepato-toxicity at 1 and 3 months. Tumeric extract and tumeric oil have shown chemoprotective effect against chemically-induced malignancies in experimental animals. It's potential for reversing oral submucous fibrosis, a precancerous condition for oral cancer, a Phase II trial was recommended.
• Analgesic / Non-Antipyretic: Study of rhizome extracts showed analgesic but no antipyretic effect.
• Lipid Effects/ Anti-Atherosclerosis: Study of hydroalcoholic extract of Curcuma longa showed significant reduction of LDL and apo B with increases in HDL and apo A of healthy subjects. Results suggest the curcuma lipid-lowering extract might be a specially useful anti-atherogenic agent.
• Radioprotective: Study evaluated the radioprotective effect of a rhizome extract on radiation-induced chromosomal aberrations in cancer treatment. Results showed pre-radiotherapy treatment with CL extract lead to a decrease in all types of chromosomal aberrations, and suggests a potential application as adjuvant to radiotherapy in cancer therapy.
• Gastrointestinal Effects: C. longa exert several protective effects on the gastrointestinal tract: (1) Sodium curcuminate inhibited intestinal spasm (2) p-tolymethylcarbinol, a tumeric component, increase gastrin, secretin, bicarbonate, and pancreatic enzyme secretion. (3) An antiulcer effect with significant increase of gastric wall mucus in rats subjected to a variety of gastrointestinal insults.
• Hepatic Regenerative Effect on Passive Smoking-Induced Liver Damage: Study evaluated the regenerative effect of C. longa rhizome extract on passive smoking induced liver damage in rats. Results showed a regenerative effect on liver cell changes and also a regenerative effect on TNF-a expression.
• Antifertility Effect / Curcumin: Study evaluated ovulatory effects of curcumin, the active principle present in turmeric, in control and curcumin treated albino rats. Results showed curcumin has an antiovulatory effect probably through its antiestrogenic activity through suppression of negative feedback effect of estrogen on the pituitary.
• Cardioprotective Effect Against Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiotoxicity: Study showed CL extracts showed resiliency against doxorubicin-induced toxicity in rats due to polyphenolic contents and suggests a potential novel adjuvant therapy with doxorubicin.
• Tumerin / Effect / Anti-Snake Venom: Study evaluated tumerin, a turmeric protein, for its ability to prevent oxidative damage against Naja naja venom phospholipase A2 in male Swiss wistar mice. Tumerin showed to be a potent antioxidant against NV-PLA2 induced free radical formation in plasma and organs, preventing tissue damage and neutralizing lethality.
• Freeze Dried Rhizome Power in Milk / Triple Effect: Study showed antidiabetic, hypolipidemic and hepatoprotective effects of C. longa freeze dried powder dissolved in milk. Results suggest a potential for an effective and safe antidiabetic dietary supplement.
• Essential Oils / Antioxidant: Study of essential oil showed the major compounds to be ar-turmerone (43.04%), humulene oxide (16.59%) and ß-selinene (10.18%) for C. longa. In comparative antioxidant activity with C. sichuanensis and C. aromatica, C longa showed the highest EC50 value on antioxidant activities.
• Ileum and Colon Myorelaxant Effect / Anti-Spasmolytic: Curcuma extract showed a direct and indirect myorelaxant effect on mouse ileum and colon. The indirect effect is reversible and non-competitive with the cholinergic agent. Results suggest use as an anti-spasmolytic.
• Curcumin / Control of Oxidative Stress in Diabetic Rats: Study showed feeding of curcumin to diabetic rats controlled oxidative stress by inhibiting the increase of TBARS and protein carbonyls and reversing altered antioxidant systems despite unaltered hyperglycemic status.
• Hypolipdemic / Double-blind Study: In a double-blind study, an aqueous extract of tumeric showed lipid lowering properties in overweight hyperlipidemic patients.
• Decreased Oxidative Stress in Diabetic: Study evaluated the protective effect of C. longa on STZ-induced oxidative stress in various tissues of rats. The elevated parameters and enzymatic activities induced by hyperglycemia were restored to near normal levels by oral administration of oral curcumin. The ethanol extract provided more potent protective action than the water extract. Results suggest beneficial effects in preventing diabetes-induced oxidative states in rats despite unaltered hyperglycemic status.
• Anti-Inflammatory: Studies have identified a number of different molecules involved in inflammation that are inhibited by curcumin, including phospholipase, lipooxy- genase, COX-2, leukotrienes, thromboxane, prostaglandins, nitric oxide, collagenase, elastase, hyaluronidase, MCP-1, interferon-inducible protein, tumor necrosis factor, and in- terleukin-12.
• Curcumin / Safety / Anti-Inflammatory: Tumeric yields three curcuminoids: curcumin, demethoxycurcumin, and bisdemethoxycurcumin. Studies have shown anti-inflammatory activity through inhibition of different molecules involved in inflammation. Six human trials have also showed curcumin to be safe.
• Analgesic / Curcumin: Study evaluated different extracts at three different doses for their analgesic activity using different animal models of analgesia. The extracts showed significant reduction of the number of writhes in mice. It is postulated curcumin exerts anti-nociceptive action through activation of both opioid and non-opioid mediating systems.
• Anticoagulation Concerns: Ginger may decrease thromboxane production
and cause prolong bleeding time and platelet inhibition. Therefore,
should be used with caution by patients receiving anticoagulant therapy.
Rhizomes commonly sold in markets.
Essential oils and capsules from the cybermarket.
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Two-thirds of Americans use the internet to connect with government
Using the internet to interact with the government is hardly foreign to the American public. When the Pew Research Center took an early look at e-government applications in a 2003 survey, some 44% of Americans had used the internet to contact the government (for some reason other than a tax issue).9 A 2009 survey showed that 61% of Americans looked for information about government or did a transaction online with government.10
The figures released in this report are not comparable trend numbers to those previous surveys because the polls asked different questions about people’s online behaviors with government. However, the findings generally suggest more Americans are using the government’s online resources over time — no surprise given the growing numbers of online Americans over that time frame and the governments’ investment in online applications during that period.
Even though the questions asked in this survey also differ from past Pew Research Center surveys, the findings reveal that relatively high levels of Americans use the internet to transact with the government or gather information about government activities. In the past 12 months, about one-third of Americans used the internet or an app to access information or data provided by the three levels of government:
- 37% have used the internet or an app to get information or data about the federal government
- 34% have done so with respect to their state government
- 32% have used online tools to look for data or information about their local government
This comes to 49% of all adults who have done at least one of these three things with respect to using digital tools to find out about government or data it provides. Higher incomes households are more likely to have one of these three things. Two-thirds (66%) of those living in households with annual incomes over $75,000 have used the internet or apps for government information. (See the Appendix A for tables with detailed demographic breakouts for these and other survey results.)
Americans use the internet often in dealing with various layers of government, but in many instances traditional offline methods dominate. Across six different activities people might go online to engage with the government, 46% of American adults did at least one of them online in the prior 12 months. Some 55% of Americans did at least one of the six listed activities offline in the prior 12 months.
Collecting the incidence of Americans who either went online or used an app connected to any level of government or did at least one of the six activities listed above online yields a sense of how many Americans in the prior 12 months have used the internet to connect with government. This number comes to 65%. That is, two-thirds of adults have, in the previous 12 months, used the internet to find out something about government, or the data it provides, whether they are thinking generally about their state, local, or federal government, or when asked about specific online activities.
Small numbers think governments are very effective in making data available
Although many Americans have used the internet or an app to search for government information or transact with the government, probing the ins-and-outs of government data is a different thing. What separates government online today compared with 10 years ago is that, in the past, governments typically provided online information: websites listing hours of operation or interfaces to databases that might have more detailed information. Today, many governments are trying to provide underlying data that it collects for public use — and touting it as a feature to the general public. The kinds of entrepreneurial activity new government data sources can spur range from home energy management to analytics for investment decisions.11
At the same time, many government data initiatives play out within government, with their impacts felt only through programmatic impacts. In Indiana, for example, the state Department of Child Services has fostered data sharing across different state bureaucracies to help case workers address child abuse problems more effectively. In Boston, improved data sharing within government helped the city’s 311 call system migrate to the Citizen’s Connect web-based system to address citizen complaints about garbage collection or traffic.12
In both entrepreneurial and service delivery examples, data are inputs that eventually connect to outcomes that consumers and citizens experience. However, as with many products, the inputs may be obscure to the average user. For these reasons, it is perhaps understandable that people are less attuned to them than more traditional online government applications. This shows up when exploring how effectively they think government shares the data it collects with the general public.
Few people think that governments — no matter what the level — are very effective at sharing data with the public. Just 11% of adults across all three levels of government think this about any level of government. Sizable numbers occupy the middle — three-quarters or somewhat more say governments do this somewhat or not very effectively. Still, 44% think the Federal government shares data at least somewhat effectively and roughly half say this about state and local governments.
The main difference between those who think governments share data very effectively compared with those who do not think they share data effectively at all is party affiliation. Among those (11%) who think all levels of government share data effectively, 57% identify as Democrats (including those who lean Democratic) and 34% as Republicans (including those who lean Republican).
People’s tepid awareness of government data shows up when they are asked to state whether they could think of an example where government has done a good job providing information to the public about the data it collects and if they could think of an example where government does not provide enough useful data and information about the data it collects.
- 19% could think of an example where their local government did a good job providing information to the public about data it collects.
- 19% could recall an instance in which local government did not provide enough useful information.
This comes to a minority of respondents — 31% altogether — who could think of a positive or negative example of local government providing to the public information about its data collection activities.
Those who could give an example of how government did a good job or did a bad job sharing data were offered the chance, in an open-ended fashion, to describe it. These comments — a non-scientific dive into people’s perspectives— provide additional context on how people see government data. Among those that offered positive examples, comments suggest that they value the availability of government data on demography, crime, the economy, and government budgets. Many comments touch on basic information, with some noting they appreciate the ease of finding out about park hours, leaf collection, or the time and place of public meetings. Transparency, in other words, is a key value for many commenters on government data-sharing practices.
For those citing examples where government did a bad job sharing data, many communicated frustration with how governments presented data online. These respondents seemed to struggle at getting what they want online when they sought out data or information on a particular topic. Some respondents also criticized their local governments for not updating their websites about things such as road construction or development projects. Finally, some respondents expressed suspicions that their local government had a disposition against being transparent, meaning these respondents doubted that government data and information were complete or reliable.
Two additional things emerge from the comments of respondents who opted to share thoughts about how their local governments share data — both the good and the bad. First, these commenters seem to engage with government data as information-seekers, rather than as heavily engaged citizen-analysts. Second, many commenters express a desire to have more context and meaning be part of their interactions with government data. They value demographic or budget data, but would appreciate additional information (e.g., trends, understanding cost and benefits of projects) that might involve greater analysis of the data. This desire signals an opportunity for those interested in putting government data to better use for the public.
Another sign that Americans are not close followers of government data initiatives is evident when they are asked whether their local government has done more or less with respect to data sharing. Just 7% say government has provided more information about the data it collects in the past 12 months and 14% say it has provided less information. Large numbers either do not know (39%) or think government has provided about the same amount of information about the data it collects (also 39%).
The story is mixed for using government sources to find out about different topics. For topics that have cross-cutting resonance for many people, sizable minorities of Americans have used a government source to search for information:
- 38% have searched for climate, weather or pollution levels.
- 38% have searched for transportation issues, including road conditions and public transit.
- 36% have searched for crime reports in their area.
- 20% have used government sources to find information about student or teacher performance.
- 17% have used government sources to look for information on the performance of hospitals or healthcare providers.
- 7% have used government sources to find out about contracts between government agencies and outside firms.
Whether it is perceptions about government’s effectiveness in sharing data, recollections of local governments sharing data or use of government sources to monitor performance, only a minority have deep connections to data resources that really dig into government.
Overall, some 27% of Americans have done at least one of the three activities listed above that pertain to monitoring government performance. The main differences across demographic categories are education, income and age. Some 37% of college graduates have done one of the activities associated with monitoring government performance, as do 36% of those whose household incomes exceed $75,000 per year. Some 35% of millennials have done one of the three activities associated with monitoring government performance.
People often use government data, even if they do not recognize that — especially those who rely on weather and location apps
Although most people do not go too deeply into the inner workings of government data, the story is different when it comes to applications that rely on government data. The survey asked smartphone users in the sample — about two-thirds in all — whether they used specific apps on their smartphone. Here is what smartphone users say:
- 84% of smartphone owners use weather apps that let them know the weather forecast where they are.
- 81% use map apps that allow them to navigate through a city or neighborhood.
- 66% use apps that let them know about nearby restaurants, bars or stores.
- 31% use apps that inform them about public transportation, such as bus or train schedules.
- 14% use apps such as Uber or Lyft that allow them to hire nearby cars.
Nearly all smartphone owners (92%) have used at least one of these apps.
These apps are location-based services that build off of the Global Positioning System, while weather apps also rely on data from the U.S. government’s National Weather Service. For the most part, smartphone users are fine with letting their devices share their location with app providers. Some 56% share their location for at least some of their apps (38% do so for some of them, 18% for all of them).
Yet smartphone users have mixed views on the bargain that usually goes with downloading apps: share behavioral data with app providers in exchange for a free or cheap app. Specifically:
- 47% say this describes their views: Allowing apps to know their location is worth it because of the services they get. 51% say it does not describe their views.
- Just 20% agree with the idea that sharing their location with apps created from government data improves how government provides services. Fully 79% say it does not describe their views.
- 35% say this statement describes their views: “I usually read the ‘terms of service’ statements of location apps before I agree to allow my location data to be collected.” Some 63% says it does not describe their views.
The findings point to a familiar dynamic in how people approach many online consumer applications. They like the convenience of internet-enabled applications, use them when they need them, but express caution at having their use of data understood or monitored by others. And most do not often delve into the details.
Through their usage patterns, people clearly indicate that mobile apps have value to them, notwithstanding some hesitancy in sharing personal data that help make them run, particularly when it means sharing data with government. People are supportive of the notion that government sharing data with the public creates value for the economy, if not that wholeheartedly. Some 50% of all Americans say the data the government shares with the public helps businesses create new products and services at least somewhat. But only 9% think this helps “a lot” and 41% say it helps “somewhat.” The remainder either think the impact is minor (34% say government data helps the economy either not much or not at all, and 16% had no opinion). Smartphone users are only slightly more likely to say this — 53% say government data sharing helps businesses create new products and services.
When government data hits close to home, people have mixed views
Another dimension of government data initiatives which the survey explored was people’s attitudes about applications involving government sharing data online. Some of those applications relate to information about individuals or their communities. People’s level of comfort with data sharing varied depending on the different uses of the data.
In general, people are fairly comfortable about the government putting online data on topics such as health and safety records of restaurants or criminal records. However, as the questions touch on things that are close to home, some worry arises. Three-quarters are uncomfortable about information about people’s mortgage being posted to the internet. About four- in-ten (43%) are uncomfortable about government providing online general information about real estate transactions.
When looking across all five topics, some 82% of adults are uncomfortable with at least one of the items listed and 66% are uncomfortable with two. This suggests that, even in light of solid levels of comfort with government providing specific information about individuals and communities online, there is a degree of concern in the general population about this practice — especially when it comes to people’s homes.
As to demographics, an interesting pattern emerges when looking at people’s levels of comfort about sharing real estate information generally versus sharing information on individual mortgages. When it comes to income, relatively well-off and lower income respondents present contrasts. More than half (62%) of those in homes with annual incomes over $75,000 per year are comfortable sharing information about real estate transactions online, while less than half (44%) of those in homes where annual incomes fall beneath $30,000 say this. For online sharing of individual mortgage information, just 19% of those in higher income homes are comfortable with this while a larger share (26%) of lower income respondents say this. The same pattern is true for education. Some 65% of college graduates feel comfortable sharing information about real estate transactions versus 44% of those with high school educations or less; 19% of college grads are fine sharing individual mortgage information online compared with 24% of less educated respondents.
People more likely to own homes (i.e., well-off respondents) are more skittish about sharing individual mortgage information online than those less likely to own homes. Those who are better off financially are more likely to be comfortable about having general information about real estate available online than lower-income homes, perhaps because such information is useful to well-off households who are more likely to be active in the real estate market.
There are also differences across racial and ethnic categories. Whites are somewhat more likely than African Americans and Hispanics to say they are comfortable having information about real estate shared online; 56% of whites are, compared with 51% of Hispanics and 49% of African Americans. However, African Americans and Hispanics are significantly more likely to be comfortable with having information about individual mortgages shared online. Specifically:
- 30% of African Americans are comfortable with individual mortgage information being shared online.
- 29% of Hispanics say this.
- 18% of white respondents say this.
The differences could be attributable, in part at least, to lower homeownership rates for African Americans and Hispanics. Some 42.1% of African Americans own their home and 44.5% of Hispanics do; this compares with the 72.3% figure for whites and 64.0% for all Americans.13
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A Riparian Oasis in the Sonoran Desert? John Davis Visits a Rancher with a Unique Outlook on Repairing Over-grazed Lands
A Case for Good Dams
ASC is proud to be involved with John Davis, TrekWest, and the Wildlands Network to bring awareness to the importance of protecting wildlife corridors. John will travel 5,000 miles from Mexico to Canada on foot, bike, horse, and many other forms of transportation to inspire others to protect these important wildlife thoroughfares. Along John's journey he will be collecting data for several ASC projects including Roadkill Observations, Wildlife Observations, observing ptarmigan, and the Pika Project. This post was retrieved from http://trekwest.org/blog/blog-11-a-case-for-good-dams/ on March 14th, 2013.
Rancho San Bernadino, Sonora, Mexico, along US border
Eventually, these check dams will disappear beneath the soil and plant communities, as all good dams should…”
Until recently, I thought only beavers could build beneficial dams. Valer Austin convinced me, as well as Oprah, otherwise. On many formerly eroded and degraded hillsides on Cuenca Los Ojos lands, Valer and Josiah Austin and their restoration teams have built gabions, small check dams,to slow water run-off and allow soil to rebuild. At their showpiece restoration site, San Bernadino Ranch, on the south side of the Arizona/Sonora border, they have also built larger earthen dams, to accrete soil and vegetation layers back up to near their original levels.
The biggest dam is more than a hundred yards wide and, including the spillway, more than 20 feet high – to match the arroyo down-cutting resulting from decades of heavy grazing by cows. The dams are not pretty, being essentially caged rocks, but they do their jobs well. Layers of sediment accumulate behind the check dams, more caged rocks are piled atop, and gradually the ground returns to its natural levels. Eventually, these check dams will disappear beneath the soil and plant communities, as all good dams should.
Soon, some of this work may be done for CLO by beavers themselves. Castor, as the ecosystem-enhancing rodent is known in Spanish (matching the scientific name for the North American beaver, Castor canadensis) was eradicated from most of the Madrean Archipelago region decades ago, but has returned to a few streams; and if all goes as hoped, will be reintroduced on CLO lands this year.
Here in the San Bernadino Valley, part of the Sonoran Desert, in the midst of a decadal drought, water and grass and riparian forests seem everywhere. Look past CLO lands to other private lands, however, and you see the barren grounds and deeply incised arroyos typical of much of the overgrazed Southwest. Across much of their 200,000+ acres of lands, CLO has not only removed livestock and built small check dams, they have also restored native grasses and trees, removed exotic species, assisted imperiled fish and frogs, and augmented deer numbers so native predator populations can rebound. With their backs against the wall, literally, they’ve asked Homeland Security to use only vehicle barricades (which animals can get through), not the massive metal walls being erected many places, where the border runs along their lands. The results are green and lush.
As a foundation, Cuenca Los Ojos has already invested about as much money in direct land conservation and restoration it can. The Austins have given their wealth to the land. So Valer and Josiah are not so much looking to acquire new lands to restore as they are to finish the restoration work on the extensive core areas they’ve already assembled, ensure that those lands have perpetual protection (difficult to arrange in Mexico, where public lands are scarce and conservation agreements generally expire with the owners’ passing), raise an endowment for CLO lands, and pass on the information they’ve gained from nearly three decades of restoration work. David Hodges, former director of Sky Islands Alliance, now works for CLO and is helping arrange talks and visits on restoration of Southwestern watersheds, and managing university research programs on CLO lands – whose wildness and recovery make them ideal places for research.
Big dams are usually bad, but the Austins’ use of many small check dams and a few larger earthen dams on their lands in Arizona and Sonora has proved that active restoration can work and watersheds can be brought back to health. The countless native fish we saw in Silver Creek and the numerous birds flitting about the gallery forests were testament to the power of a few determined individuals to do great good and to the resilience of Nature, if we give natural processes and native species ample space and occasionally lend a helping hand.
As I bid Valer and Josiah and David grateful farewells, I urged them to get out and talk in public as much as possible and share their inspiring places with as many young people as they can.
For the Wild,
Read the Landmark Notes blog:
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Essentially, SEO, or Search Engine Optimization is the process of improving a web site to improve the likelihood of it appearing high in the search results. All other things being equal, the better-optimized web site should be seen as more helpful. This is not always because the optimized web site is superior in terms of design, aesthetic appeal, functionality, or even is more useful than its competitors, but instead… The “stuffing” of keywords and links into the web site in the form of meta tags, title, and h1 tag placement and on-page elements such as the site map, navigation bars, buttons, images, and other web design & development elements that artificially boost rankings are considered “stuffing”.
Search Engine Optimization is a branch of digital marketing.
It is concerned with the arrangement and presentation of web content and how these elements affect search engine algorithms and how they affect users. A good example of Search Engine Optimization is found in the use of keywords. Keywords are a primary component of SEO campaigns. Keywords serve as a way to attract visitors to a website through search terms that are most likely to be associated with the product or service that is offered.
A major part of Search Engine Optimization deals with the use of meta-tags and title tags. These tags, which take a major role in determining what a search engine sees when a user types a query in a search engine, play a major role in Search Engine Optimization. In order for Search Engine Optimization to be effective, these two types of tags must be properly used. A web designer can help with Search Engine Optimization by using the appropriate titles and keywords in all areas of the web design. These tags are also important because they help provide structure to the website.
Webmasters have the option of using Meta tags and title tags in the design process. These tags are also used in Search Engine Optimization; however, many web designers ignore them in favor of the keywords and phrases that they know will rank high on the search engines. This practice, however, has resulted in websites with poor Search Engine Optimization and Ranking. Search engines are getting better at filtering out websites that are built around keywords or phrases but many web designers still do not take this step. If a web designer knows the proper placement for keywords and phrases it can make the difference between ranking well and poorly on the search engines and can help ensure that a website gets noticed by potential customers.
One of the most important things to remember in Search Engine Optimization is that, like with the overall theme of any website, a site that ranks highly on one search engine may not necessarily rank highly on another search engine. The two Search Engines use different criteria for determining rankings and a site may be high ranked on Google but low ranked on Bing or Yahoo. This is because there are so many other search engines out there. If a web designer is aware of this issue it can result in better positioning on a search engine for their site.
In order to receive high search engine optimization rankings, it is essential to utilize Search Engine Optimization services that provide quality back links. The larger the number of back links to a web designer has the better their chances are of making the rankings that they want. Back links are critical because they are the way that Google and other search engines like it to see a site. Google and other search engines like it to see that a site has relevant content and is being linked from multiple sources, this improves the quality of the site and increases its chances of ranking high.
There are a few other things that a web designer can do to help their client.
First they need to ensure that the website is keyword rich. Keyword Rich Meta Description is also important because this is where the search engines like it to see that the keywords being used for a page are natural. The meta description is what the user will read about a page when using a search engine to find it. Making sure that there are no spelling and grammatical errors and that the keywords are correctly spelled and grammatically related is very important.
- Web designers can also do a lot to improve their client’s ranking by keeping on top of changing technologies and trends in the world of Search Engine Optimization.
- They can make changes to their client’s web pages and make them more search engine friendly so that they will continue to receive a high ranking from search engine results.
- SEO services also include working with their clients to ensure that they are taking advantage of certain technologies like Responsive Design that is becoming more popular as the years go by.
- Web designers who understand the importance of SEO services are very effective at ensuring that their clients receive the best possible ranking and website ranking that they deserve.
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My father and I were discussing soil restoration the other day, which is not so surprising, given our family’s roots in farming in the U.S. state of Michigan – my grandfather even carried on that tradition when he moved into Detroit for work and rented the vacant lot next door to plant potatoes.
I’m sure he would have felt comfortable joining our soil restoration conversation; after all, it’s a universal concern. The world’s food supplies are still very deeply connected with the soil: without healthy, well-functioning soil, we cannot produce nutritious food. It’s as simple as that. When the soil in which we grow our food becomes degraded, leached of its nutritional components, the negative effects cascade all along the production chain and our food systems – and so much more – break down.
We see the negative impact in the high global rates of hunger and malnutrition, afflicting over 800 million people. This crisis is at the heart of the U.N. Food Systems Summit (UNFSS) in 2021, which will bring attention to the state of the Earth’s soil, an estimated 40 percent of which is degraded. That is a shockingly high rate, and we can easily imagine what it means for the nutritional quality of our food.
Through Action Track 3 of the UNFSS, which focuses on boosting nature-positive solutions at scale, attention will be brought to the protection of natural ecosystems; sustainable management of existing agricultural systems; and restoration of degraded ecosystems and vital soil functions for sustainable food production and food security. These goals are shared by the U.N. Decade on Ecosystem Restoration, which will be officially launched in June, and emphasizes the importance of fulfilling global, national and local restoration commitments with action on the ground.
The decade will also highlight the necessity of rebuilding the health of the planet’s soil, through collective work within communities and among partners to revitalize ecosystems, including restoring degraded soil. Only then can it fulfill such critical functions as rebuilding organic carbon stores as well as supporting the micro-organisms living within the soil and that soak up water and maintain soil health.
Such events as the decade are also an important reminder that even in the face of the grim statistics on world hunger, soil degradation and ecosystem loss, much work is underway to strengthen and restore nature-positive food production systems as well as soil health.
Over the past five years, I’ve had the privilege of working with innovative smallholder farmers through a land restoration project in semi-arid parts of eastern Kenya, Niger, Ethiopia and Mali. Farmers there, supported by World Agroforestry (ICRAF) scientists as well as the International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), and development partners, have integrated practices aimed at reducing soil erosion while increasing levels of carbon and improving the water holding capacity of severely degraded soil. The results are apparent in increased productivity and greater ecosystem services, which is also leading to improved livelihoods.
Through continuous engagement with farmers over the course of this ICRAF-led project – funded by the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) and European Commission – we’ve seen the importance of harnessing the complexity of ecosystems and applying a food-systems approach, which considers the total food system, with all its elements, sectors and relationships.
We’ve also learned valuable lessons that we can scale and apply elsewhere. One of the most valuable, perhaps, is our new understanding of the importance of tailoring restoration work to farmers’ knowledge and experience. In other words, restoration options must be locally relevant.
We’ve noticed how farmers, as they gained experience, based their approaches to restoration on their needs, the space available and their particular goals. For example, to reduce erosion and restore their soil, smallholder farmers in eastern Kenya worked the soil into basins instead of plowing their land into rows; then, they applied composted manure and mulch to return organic material into the soil. Some farmers started very small, with just a few basins, and subsequently expanded these basins in numbers and size, while some diversified the crops they planted over time.
During this project, which involved over 100,000 farming households, farmers also planted (and are tending to) some 50,000 trees across three counties in Kenya. They found that by integrating trees and crops, and by implementing tailored soil-water conservation measures, their crop yields jumped by two to six times the usual amount. Farmers benefitted from innovative agroforestry and crop diversification techniques, using these to increase food security. Intercropping was also found to increase yields significantly; in part, due to the variety of nutrients coming from different plants. Such diversification means greater nutritional benefits for humans and their soil, but also more market options for producers while boosting resilience.
The necessity of greater resilience has been underscored by the COVID-19 pandemic, which is both a symptom and a consequence of degraded soil and ecosystems. Supported by the project during the pandemic, farmers in Eastern Kenya responded to the closing of food markets by diversifying production to grow more of their own food crops in addition to their regular staples such as maize and beans. This demonstrates the kind of creative adaptability of smallholder farmers when they have the tools and support they need to get started. Such knowledge-intensive agriculture practices on a much larger scale are essential for the significant soil and ecosystem restoration efforts required for greater food and nutritional security. This work can be supported by land and soil health assessments and the valuable information we collect from these.
We must begin to see landscape restoration as part of the solution to feeding the world. We must invest in, and scale, regenerative agricultural practices that restore critical ecosystem functions that we have lost through soil degradation. This requires a shift in terms of how we approach agriculture. Instead of working against nature, we need to work with nature and harness the natural processes to help us sustainably produce food. That means utilizing natural ecosystem processes to our benefit.
We need agricultural practices that give back to nature and give back to the soil. If we begin to truly protect soil, putting organic matter and carbon back in, the knock-on benefits will be great. The outcomes will mean more and better food, and an end to food and nutritional insecurity.
When my grandfather left the farm, he took with him the desire to continue to work with the soil, no matter where he settled; and to ensure his family’s food and nutritional security through their home vegetable garden. That is a very valuable lesson that continues to resonate today.
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St. Patrick's Day Worksheets. St. Patrick's Day is March 17th. Use these printable math, reading, and spelling worksheets with your class. Holiday Worksheets. This index page links to worksheets for all seasons, events, and holidays. Black History. Download printable worksheets to use during Black History Month (February).
Dear Educator, F rom the earliest days of European settlement in the New World, Americans from all backgrounds have recorded their stories and attempted to make sense of their place in history.
Internet Guide for Teachers & Students We found 51 items. View all resources. Browse Latest Resources. WORKSHEETS. ... WORKSHEETS. History of Communication. Teachers can share with their students the history of communication through this…
Solving these printable worksheets in the .pdf format are as beneficial whether they are to catch up with your peers, stay ahead of class, challenge your friends or just for fun. Not only this, parents can print these worksheets for their little ones and evaluate it too themselves using the answer keys given at the end of each worksheet.
5th Grade Social Studies Worksheets pdf . 5th grade social studies Worksheets pdf, 5th grade social studies test, fifth grade social studies standard - This page is a collection of pdf printable download sheets in which students can review skills in varied topics covered in geography, history, economics and civics.
Worksheets This booklet has been printed and sold by History on the Net to be used as a teaching resource The purchaser is entitled to photocopy these pages for personal, educational or non-profit usage provided that the copyright notice is not removed The copyright of this booklet and its contents remains the property of H Y
Music Tech Teacher music worksheets and puzzles for students. Our students learn to read, write, compose and publish music. Our site includes quizzes, worksheets, lessons and resources for teachers and students interested in using technology to enhance music education.
the labor force. This is a good activity in which to have students work in pairs. Use the Women & Work worksheet as a guide for this student activity. When students have completed the questions, discuss their conclusions to help them understand the statistics and their implications. Students make posters of their own for the war effort.
Short story worksheets pdf ESL Short Stories: Reading worksheets with short stories about everyday problems. They are presented in pdf format and should download quickly.Story Structure Worksheet 5 An Unexpected Chat PDF. After reading the short story, students complete an activity covering story
1/14/2019 · Titanic Worksheets and Coloring Pages for Children. Search. Search the site GO. For Educators. ... Students can learn more about the events surrounding the fateful first and last voyage of the ocean liner in the ... Titanic Vocabulary Study Sheet . Titanic Vocabulary Study Sheet. Beverly Hernandez Print the PDF: Titanic Vocabulary Study Sheet.
pdf math worksheets for grade 1 Lesson plans and student worksheets engaging classroom poster. Links to bonus online materials! Give students the tools they need to.ESL Worksheets for Teaching English to Children - Print these ESL PDF. free pdf worksheets for grade 1
Social Studies Worksheets and Printables. Whether you're looking for ways to teach kids about civic mindedness, environmental studies, or historical people our social studies worksheets have you covered. See more worksheets to find the latest in other topics for your kids.
History Vocabulary for ESL Students- The Middle Ages Find one word in each section below which is not relevant to the topic of the Middle Ages in Europe, e.g. things that didn’t exist at that time. Iron bridge Castle Dungeon Gothic cathedral Hut Walled town Drawbridge (a bridge that goes up and down) Moat (like a canal all around a castle)
Seventh Grade (Grade 7) World History questions for your custom printable tests and worksheets. In a hurry? Browse our pre-made printable worksheets library with a …
The course for which I have written this guide deals with the history of European civilization from antiquity to the contemporary world. Like other courses of this type, it is founded on the belief that there is such a thing as European civilization and that its history is worth studying.
The SAT study guide walks students through changes on the new SAT, and features practice tips, test-taking strategies, sample questions, and more. ... .pdf. 1.23 MB. Evidence-Based Reading and Writing. Learn all about the Reading Test, the Writing and Language Test, and the SAT Essay. File for Download.
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Dope may help the growth of new brain cells. According to Xia Zhang of the University of Saskatchewan and his colleagues, cannabinoids promote neurogenesis in embryonic and adult rats, and produce anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like effects.1 This is widely different from effects seen for other drugs of abuse, such as nicotine, heroin, and cocaine, which suppress neurogenesis.
Zhang's team analyzed the effect of the synthetic cannabinoid HU210, an agonist of the cannabinoid receptor CB1, on neural progenitor cells in the hippocampal dentate gyrus. HU210 increased cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo after chronic treatment. Antidepressants produce a similar pattern of cell proliferation, inspiring the authors to examine the influence of HU210 on behavior, writes Ronald Duman, molecular psychiatrist at Yale University School of Medicine, in an E-mail.
Using a novelty-suppressed feeding test and a forced swimming test, the authors found that HU210 produced effects similar to those of antidepressants and anxiolytics. Furthermore, irradiating the hippocampus blocked the agonist's effects on both neurogenesis and behavior. The authors suggest that neurogenesis may be promoting the antidepressant and anxiolytic effects.
But, "there is limited clinical evidence demonstrating that cannabinoid administration produces an antidepressant response," says Duman. "Thus, it's difficult to conclude that the current studies indicate and support a therapeutic action of CB1 agonists."
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Packing and Labeling of Goods.
IntroductionAn important stage after manufacturing of goods or their procurement is their preparation for shipment which involves packaging and labelling of goods to be exported. Proper packaging and labelling not only makes the final product look attractive but also save a huge amount of money by saving the product from wrong handling the export process.
The primary role of packaging is to contain, protect and preserve a product as well as aid in its handling and final presentation. Packaging also refers to the process of design, evaluation, and production of packages. The packaging can be done within the export company or the job can be assigned to an outside packaging company. Packaging provides following benefits to the goods to be exported:
- Physical Protection – Packaging provides protection against shock, vibration, temperature, moisture and dust.
- Containment or agglomeration – Packaging provides agglomeration of small objects into one package for reason of efficiency and cost factor. For example it is better to put 1000 pencils in one box rather than putting each pencil in separate 1000 boxes.
- Marketing: Proper and attractive packaging play an important role in encouraging a potential buyer.
• Convenience - Packages can have features which add convenience in distribution, handling, display, sale, opening, use, and reuse.
- Security - Packaging can play an important role in reducing the security risks of shipment. It also provides authentication seals to indicate that the package and contents are not counterfeit. Packages also can include anti-theft devices, such as dye-packs, RFID tags, or electronic article surveillance tags, that can be activated or detected by devices at exit points and require specialized tools to deactivate. Using packaging in this way is a means of loss prevention.
Like packaging, labeling should also be done with extra care. It is also important for an exporter to be familiar with all kinds of sign and symbols and should also maintain all the nationally and internationally standers while using these symbols. Labelling should be in English, and words indicating country of origin should be as large and as prominent as any other English wording on the package or label.
Labelling on product provides the following important information:
- Shipper's mark
- Country of origin
- Weight marking (in pounds and in kilograms)
- Number of packages and size of cases (in inches and centimeters)
- Handling marks (international pictorial symbols)
- Cautionary markings, such as "This Side Up."
- Port of entry
- Labels for hazardous materials
Labelling of a product also provides information like how to use, transport, recycle, or dispose of the package or product. With pharmaceuticals, food, medical, and chemical products, some types of information arerequired by governments. It is better to choose a fast dyes for labelling purpose. Only fast dyes should be used for labeling. Essential data should be in black and subsidiary data in a less conspicuous colour; red and orange and so on. For food packed in sacks, only harmless dyes should be employed, and the dye should not come through the packing in such a way as to affect the goods.
Table of Contents
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Civil Law Designed by God part B
Concerning specific guidelines for marriage, divorce, and remarriage, relatively little is mentioned in Moses’ teachings or the remainder of the Bible, especially considering the importance of the subject. Moses forbids sexual intercourse and thus marriage with a close relative (Leviticus 18:6-17), marrying a woman and her sister (Leviticus 18:18) or a woman and her mother (Leviticus 20:14), and a priest marrying an expelled wife or prostitute (Leviticus 21:7). A daughter in line to inherit property was not allowed to marry outside of her tribe (Numbers 36:8); and if a man took a slave girl as his wife and then married another, he was not to diminish the slave wife’s food, clothing, or conjugal rights. If he decided to divorce her or refused to meet her needs equitably in comparison to his other wives, she was to be given her freedom at no cost (Exodus 21:10 & 11).
Concerning divorce, a man who rapes a virgin must marry her if her father demands/allows it; and that man is never allowed to divorce her (Deuteronomy 22:29). A man may never divorce his wife whom he wrongfully accused of not being a virgin at the time of their marriage (Deuteronomy 22:19); and a man that divorces his wife may not remarry her if she has subsequently married someone else even though she is widowed or divorced by her second husband (Deuteronomy 24:1-4).
Note the clarity and specificity with which Moses dealt with these issues. Moses does not forbid divorce; nor does he establish guidelines for acceptable or non-acceptable reasons for divorce. Apparently, the common practice of the guilty party in a divorce losing the dowry was sufficient and that Moses, as inspired by God, saw no need for further civil legislation.
Moses clearly does not forbid divorce or a divorcée to marry again. In fact, Deuteronomy 24:1-4 makes provision for a divorcée to remarry legally with no fear of social or legal retribution. Even polygamy was not outlawed; and Exodus 21:10 & 11, Leviticus 18:18, and Leviticus 20:14 all assume that polygamy would continue.
Having briefly reviewed the Ancient Near Eastern and Old Testament biblical culture of marriage, divorce, and remarriage, let us examine closely the passage concerning divorce that Jesus is questioned about in the Gospels by the Pharisees, Deut. 24:1-4.
When a man takes a wife and marries her, and it happens that she finds no favor in his eyes because he has found some uncleanness in her, and he writes her a certificate of divorce, puts it in her hand, and sends her out of his house, when she has departed from his house, and goes and becomes another man’s wife, if the latter husband detests her and writes her a certificate of divorce, puts it in her hand, and sends her out of his house, or if the latter husband dies who took her as his wife, then her former husband who divorced her must not take her back to be his wife after she has been defiled; for that is an abomination before the LORD, and you shall not bring sin on the land which the LORD your God is giving you as an inheritance. (NKJV)
This passage is a prohibition of a man remarrying his ex-wife after she has married another man, regardless of whether her second husband dies or divorces her. One must ask why? Why would Moses write this law? What problem did this law address? These questions cannot be correctly answered without an understanding of ancient Near Eastern cultures. Recall that one of the primary reasons something is mentioned in the Pentateuch is to highlight beliefs and practices where the Israelites were to be different than the surrounding cultures.
In ancient Near Eastern cultures, if a man dismissed or abandoned his wife, he could reclaim her several years later though she had married another man and had children with her second husband (Dr. David Instone-Brewer, Divorce and Remarriage in the Bible. 28-33). Not only was her first husband able to reclaim her, but he could also claim, as his own, any children from her second “marriage.
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A wealth of books, music, and on-line articles are now available to help families through the flurry of getting ready for the High Holy Days season. From recipes parents can cook with their toddlers to music that homebound seniors can play, the Reform Movement has a host of resources for every age group.
For families, the on-line Jewish Parent Page has explanations of High Holy Day rituals, blessings in Hebrew and English, and recipes for special holiday mandelbrot and kugel children can make. There's also a section entitled "Ten Family Activity Ideas for the Days of Awe," which invites families to make Rosh Hashanah cards and placemats, learn about opportunities for tzedakah, and engage in other creative projects.
The UAHC Press has a large selection of holiday books for children, young adults, and adult learners. Very young children will delight in the colorful watercolor paintings that appear on every page of The High Holy Days, a new board book from author and illustrator Camille Kress. Using simple poetry - "On Rosh Hashanah, when friends and family meet/There are apples in honey, challah round and sweet" - Kress introduces early learners to the symbols and themes of the High Holy Days and the Jewish autumn festivals. The High Holy Days is the fifth in Kress's award-winning series of board books, which includes offerings on Chanukah, Pesach, Purim, and Shabbat.
Children in grades K through 3 will enjoy the brand-new edition of Night Lights: A Sukkot Story, which follows a brother and sister as they sleep in their family's backyard sukkah on a starry autumn night. Written by Barbara Diamond Goldin and illustrated by Laura Sucher, Night Lights pairs a classic text with all-new illustrations.
Also appropriate for children in this age group is Sophie and the Shofar, written by Fran Manushkin and illustrated by Rosalind Charney Kaye. Bright, richly detailed pictures highlight this tale about two young cousins looking forward to celebrating Rosh Hashanah together until a missing shofar comes between them. T'shuvah - the importance of saying "I'm sorry" - is one of the book's major themes, and it also contains vivid, entertaining depictions of Rosh Hashanah traditions such as dipping apples in honey, going to synagogue, and making colorful "Shanah Tovah" cards.
For adult learners, the UAHC Press has issued A Faithful Heart: Preparing for the High Holy Days. The book takes the reader on a spiritual journey through Maaseh Avraham Avinu, a medieval compilation of midrashic tales about Abraham, the first acknowledged Jew. Author Benjamin Levy provides his own translation and commentary, and offers a study of Abraham's character that explores High Holy Day themes such as t'shuvah, belief in God, the efficacy of prayer, and the importance of making ethical choices.
The High Holy Days retails for $5.95 and Night Lights, Sophie and the Shofar, and A Faithful Heart retail for $12.95. All three can be ordered by calling the UAHC Press toll-free at (888) 489-UAHC, or visiting the UAHC Press Web site.
Those who love music, which plays such an integral role in the celebration of the High Holy Days, will enjoy Shirei T'shuvah: Songs of Repentance, a songbook and five-CD set that contains all the melodies in Gates of Repentance, the official Reform Movement High Holy Day prayer book. More than 300 selections are included, with arrangements by some of Jewish liturgical music's best composers, including Lewandowski, Steinberg, and Klepper. Every piece is arranged for solo voice and keyboard, making Shirei T'shuvah a perfect guide for cantorial soloists, rabbis and cantors without choirs, and congregational singing. The book and CD set contains melodies for Rosh Hashanah, Yom Kippur, and S'lichot. They can be ordered by contacting Transcontinental Music Publications toll-free at (800) 455-5223, or visiting the Transcontinental Music Web site.
Congregational learning is also an important part of the High Holy Days. With Reaching for Holiness, a new UAHC program guide, clergy members and synagogue lay leaders can facilitate congregational study sessions on S'lichot, Rosh Hashanah, Yom Kippur afternoon, and Sukkot. The guide features more than a dozen original ideas for workshops, discussion groups, and text study sessions, allowing individual congregations to create programs appropriate for their members. A PDF file can be downloaded from the UAHC's Holidays Web site.
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On January 28, 1874, in Liverpool, England James Larkin was born. As a child, he grew up in the ghettos of Liverpool and had minimal formal instruction. To supplement the family pay, he worked an all types of an assortment of employment in his childhood, in the end, he turned out to be a foreman at the Liverpool docks. Read more: James Larkin | Biography and James Larkin | Ireland Calling
In 1905 He became a dedicated socialist who believed workers were dealt with unfairly and had joined the National Union of Dock Laborer’s (NUDL) becoming a permanent trade union organizer.
In January 1907 Jim Larkin was directed by his association to Belfast and in his initial three weeks enrolled over numerous new individuals. The dock workers ended up worried about this because on fifteenth of July it was chosen to sack individuals from the NUDL. This activity brought about a long and intense disagreement.
In 1908 the NUDL sent Larkin to Dublin, feeling betrayed by events in Belfast and anxious to break free from English trade union, he developed his own specific affiliation, the Irish Transport, and General Workers Affiliation (ITGWU).
The ITGWU additionally had a political program that incorporated a “legitimate eight hours’ day, an arrangement of work for all jobless, and benefits for all laborers at 60 years old.
In June 1911 he built up a daily paper The Irish Worker and alongside James Connolly, he set up the Irish Labor Party in 1912. Soon after roughly 100,000 workers were out of their occupations when their bosses would not enable these individuals to join ITGWU.
This went on for more than seven months and the laborers built up rights which would never be denied. It made an impact on Irish work history.
In 1914 Larkin set out to America and turn out to be an individual from the Socialist Party of America. He was detained there for a long time. in January 1923 he was given pardon by Democratic leader of New York, Al Smith.
He was expelled and came back to Ireland on the day that the counter Treaty powers proclaimed the truce that finished the Irish Civil War. On his arrival to Ireland, he created the Irish Workers Union. On September 1927, Larkin was chosen for North Dublin, the first communist to be chosen by the Dáil.
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How To Ask For Permission, Ask for Favors, Ask to Borrow Something and to Make Excuses
In this lesson we are going to learn how to ask for permission, ask for favors, ask to borrow something and to make excuses. After learning these different expressions you will be able to ask some important questions that you never know when you might have to ask.
Asking for permission
When Spanish speakers want to ask for permission, we normally use the verb “Poder” (to be able to).
¿Puedo ir al baño? Can I go to the bathroom?
Remember that in these cases we can use the impersonal “Se”. In that case you are asking in general.
¿Se puede tomar fotos? Can you take pictures?
If you want to be a little more polite, you could use the verb “poder” in the conditional tense.
¿Podría dejar mis cosas acá un momento? Could I leave my stuff here a moment?
Or we could use the verb “molestar”(to bother), in the following way:
¿Te/Le molesta si abro la ventana? Do you mind if I open the window?
“Te” is used in an informal conversation. It means “A tí”
“Le” is used in a formal conversation. It means “A Usted”
Asking for favors
Dar/Prestar/Pasar (To Give/To Lend/ To pass)
Informal, using “Tú”: ¿Me puedes prestar/dar? (Can you lend me…? Could you give me?)
Formal, using “Ud.”: ¿Me puede prestar/dar? (Can you lend me…? Could you give me?)
Informal/Polite: ¿Me podrías prestar/dar? (Could you lend me…? Could you give me?)
Formal/Polite: ¿Me podría prestar/dar? (Could you lend me…? Could you give me?)
To Ask for something that I’m not going to return:
Informal: ¿Tienes un lápiz? Do you have a pencil?
Formal: ¿Tiene un lápiz? Do you have a pencil?
To order something from a waiter
¿Me podría traer una copa? Could you bring me a glass?
¿Me puede traer una copa? Can you bring me a glass?
¿Me trae una copa? Can you bring me a glass? *Please note this is not the direction translation. The direct translation would be “You bring me a glass?” which obviously doesn’t make too much sense in English.
To Make Excuses:
We use “es que” to make excuses. After “es que” we express the reason about why not.
¿Me puedes prestar el auto? Can I borrow your car?
Lo siento, es que necesito llevarlo al taller. Sorry, I need to take it to the workshop.
Hopefully you will be able to incorporate some of these expressions into your Spanish vocabulary right away. There will always be a time when you need to ask permission, borrow something or make an excuse, so try to remember these expressions so when you need to use them, you know what to say!
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Abnormal psychology studies two types of behaviors: adaptive and maladaptive. Behaviors that are maladaptive suggest that a problem or problems exist, and can also imply that the individual is vulnerable and cannot cope with environmental stress, which is causing the person to have problems functioning in daily life.
Clinical psychology is the applied field of psychology that attempts to assess, understand and treat psychological conditions in clinical practice. The theoretical field known as ‘abnormal psychology’ may form a backdrop to such work, but clinical psychologists in the field are unlikely to use the term ‘abnormal’ in reference to their practice.
Psychopathology is a term similar to abnormal psychology but has more of an implication of an underlying disease process, and as such is a term more commonly used in the medical specialty known as psychiatry.
For millenniums people have tried to explain and control abnormal behavior. Over the centuries, there have been three main approaches to abnormal behavior: the supernatural, biological, and psychological traditions.
Abnormal psychology revolves around two major paradigms for explaining mental disorders, the psychological paradigm and the biological paradigm. The psychological paradigm focuses more on the humanistic, cognitive and behavioral causes and effects of psychopathology. The biological paradigm includes the theories that focus more on physical factors, such as genetics and neurochemistry.
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Children should have as little exposure to pesticides as possible, the American Academy of Pediatrics urged.
A policy statement and technical report from the organization outlined steps for pediatricians to identify pesticide poisoning, evaluate for pesticide-related illness, provide appropriate treatment, and help prevent unnecessary exposure and poisoning.
"Children encounter pesticides daily and have unique susceptibilities to their potential toxicity," James Roberts, MD, MPH, and colleagues wrote in the December issue of Pediatrics.
Household insecticides, pet flea and tick chemicals, and agricultural pesticide residues are all hazards but may not constitute the biggest impact.
"For many children, diet may be the most influential source," the statement noted.
It pointed to an organic food intervention study that cut pesticides out of the diet, which showed "drastic and immediate decrease in urinary excretion of pesticide metabolites."
While there's no good data on exactly how common acute pesticide poisoning is among children, pediatricians have a "poor track record" when it comes to recognizing it, the authors pointed out.
The statement recommended having an index of suspicion based on familiarity with toxic mechanisms -- outlined in the document for individual classes of pesticides -- and taking an environmental history.
For example, rodenticides are long-acting anticoagulants. Poisoning with them causes bleeding through the gums, nose, and other mucous membranes as well as bruising. Vitamin K would be the treatment.
"Organophosphate and carbamate poisoning are perhaps the most widely known acute poisoning syndromes, can be diagnosed by depressed red blood cell cholinesterase levels, and have available antidotal therapy," the technical report noted.
Atropine is the primary antidote. Pralidoxime also works to reverse organophosphate toxicity and reactivate cholinesterase, but isn't indicated for carbamate poisoning, which is usually reversible.
However, using atropine can be disastrous in the case of pyrethroid poisoning, so discernment is important.
The local or regional poison control center can be a a key resource; so can the label on the pesticide.
Labels usually provide basic first aid advice. Some also have relevant medical information in a "note for physicians."
The labels don't talk about toxicity of inert ingredients or chronic toxicity, though.
Chronic effects range from adverse birth outcomes to cognitive deficits, asthma, and cancer.
Avoiding exposure may take broader efforts, as suggested by the policy statement.
It also suggested integrated pest managment to minimize or replace chemical pesticides, posting warning signs, and restricting spray zone as a buffer around schools.
Mainly the pediatrics group made recommendations to government in this regard, such as better regulation of labeling, ensuring pesticide marketing doesn't look attractive to children, and optimizing national surveillance of pesticide-related poisoning.
The statements didn't include consideration of the insect repellents DEET (N,N-diethylmeta- toluamide) or picaridin, which the organization reviewed previously in a separate statement.
The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) declared that any conflicts of interest were resolved through a process approved by its board of directors.
All AAP policy statements expire 5 years after publication unless reaffirmed, revised, or retired at or before that time.
- Reviewed by Robert Jasmer, MD Associate Clinical Professor of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco and Dorothy Caputo, MA, BSN, RN, Nurse Planner
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General Information About Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia
Chronic myelogenous leukemia is a disease in which the bone marrow makes too many white blood cells.
Chronic myelogenous leukemia (also called CML or chronic granulocytic leukemia) is a slowly progressing blood and bone marrow disease that usually occurs during or after middle age, and rarely occurs in children.
Normally, the bone marrow makes bloodstem cells (immature cells) that develop into mature blood cells over time. A blood stem cell may become a myeloid stem cell or a lymphoid stem cell. The lymphoid stem cell develops into a white blood cell. The myeloid stem cell develops into one of three types of mature blood cells:
- Red blood cells that carry oxygen and other materials to all tissues of the body.
- Platelets that help prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form.
- Granulocytes (white blood cells) that fight infection and diseaseBlood cell development. A blood stem cell goes through several steps to become a red blood cell, platelet, or white blood cell.In CML, too many blood stem cells develop into a type of white blood cell called granulocytes. These granulocytes are abnormal and do not become healthy white blood cells. They may also be called leukemic cells. The leukemic cells can build up in the blood and bone marrow so there is less room for healthy white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets. When this happens, infection, anemia, or easy bleeding may occur.This summary is about chronic myelogenous leukemia. See the following PDQ summaries for more information about leukemia:
Possible signs of chronic myelogenous leukemia include tiredness, night sweats, and fever.These and other symptoms may be caused by CML. Other conditions may cause the same symptoms. A doctor should be consulted if any of the following problems occur:
- Adult Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Treatment
- Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Treatment
- Adult Acute Myeloid Leukemia Treatment
- Childhood Acute Myeloid Leukemia/Other Myeloid Malignancies Treatment
- Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Treatment
- Hairy Cell Leukemia Treatment
Sometimes CML does not cause any symptoms at all.Most people with CML have a gene mutation (change) called the Philadelphia chromosome.Every cell in the body contains DNA (genetic material) that determines how the cell looks and acts. DNA is contained inside chromosomes. In CML, part of the DNA from one chromosome moves to another chromosome. This change is called the "Philadelphia chromosome." It results in the bone marrow making an enzyme, called tyrosine kinase, that causes too many stem cells to develop into white blood cells (granulocytes or blasts).The Philadelphia chromosome is not passed from parent to child.Philadelphia chromosome. A piece of chromosome 9 and a piece of chromosome 22 break off and trade places. The bcr-abl gene is formed on chromosome 22 where the piece of chromosome 9 attaches. The changed chromosome 22 is called the Philadelphia chromosome.Tests that examine the blood and bone marrow are used to detect (find) and diagnose chronic myelogenous leukemia.The following tests and procedures may be used:
- Feeling very tired.
- Weight loss for no known reason.
- Night sweats.
- Pain or a feeling of fullness below the ribs on the left side.
- Physical exam and history: An exam of the body to check general signs of health, including checking for signs of disease such as an enlarged spleen. A history of the patient's health habits and past illnesses and treatments will also be taken.
- Complete blood count (CBC): A procedure in which a sample of blood is drawn and checked for the following:
- The number of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
- The amount of hemoglobin (the protein that carries oxygen) in the red blood cells.
- The portion of the sample made up of red blood cells.
- Complete blood count (CBC). Blood is collected by inserting a needle into a vein and allowing the blood to flow into a tube. The blood sample is sent to the laboratory and the red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets are counted. The CBC is used to test for, diagnose, and monitor many different conditions.
- Blood chemistry studies: A procedure in which a blood sample is checked to measure the amounts of certain substances released into the blood by organs and tissues in the body. An unusual (higher or lower than normal) amount of a substance can be a sign of disease in the organ or tissue that makes it.
- Cytogenetic analysis: A test in which cells in a sample of blood or bone marrow are viewed under a microscope to look for certain changes in the chromosomes, such as the Philadelphia chromosome.
- Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy: The removal of bone marrow, blood, and a small piece of bone by inserting a needle into the hipbone or breastbone. A pathologist views the bone marrow, blood, and bone under a microscope to look for abnormal cells.Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy. After a small area of skin is numbed, a Jamshidi needle (a long, hollow needle) is inserted into the patient's hip bone. Samples of blood, bone, and bone marrow are removed for examination under a microscope.Certain factors affect prognosis (chance of recovery) and treatment options.The prognosis (chance of recovery) and treatment options depend on the following:
- The patient's age.
- The phase of CML.
- The amount of blasts in the blood or bone marrow.
- The size of the spleen at diagnosis.
- The patient's general health.
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Along with the rest of the world, South Africa is in the midst of the fourth industrial revolution, in which the smart use of information and technology is reshaping societies. One of the most apparent ways in which this is happening can be seen is in the growth of the Internet of Things (IoT), where smart, connected devices are being deployed in cities and industries globally, to gather data and glean contextual insights which are used to achieve higher levels of efficiency, productivity and utilization of scarce and natural resources.
The reach of IoT is staggering. In the near future, for example, the growing population of nations will be fed by crops that are smartly planted at the right time and in precisely the right place to produce maximum yield. Leveraging IoT, farmers will be informed via connected sensors, of the precise dosage of water, fertilizer and nutrients that the piece of cultivated land will require to produce an optimal yield in terms of volume and quality.
As the need to respond to the increasing demand for food as well as and the effects of climate change on food security becomes a dominant concern, smart agriculture is just one of the ways in which IoT will, no doubt, prove its value.
Full steam ahead
More immediately, large metros in South Africa often face challenges with meeting citizen’s demand for electricity, dealing with water shortages and wastage, and managing other resources. Each of these challenges are only expected to grow in the years ahead due to increasing urbanisation, and in Africa this has become a significant driver behind conversations focusing on Smart Cities.
The good news is that exciting progress is already being made in South Africa, as we are seeing IoT projects underway and the development of smart cities being placed top of the agenda. Both, it should be noted, work hand in hand. In fact, IoT is essential to the success of a Smart City, as it enables the bridging of the physical world with the digital one.
Doing so enables a metro to gather real-time data from millions of objects, such as water meters, electricity meters, waste bins, traffic lights, and street lights. This forms the basis upon which contextual data can be collected, analysed, and used to manage the city in a smarter, predictive, and proactive way. A few practical examples of this include better traffic management by informing travellers of congestion; dealing with crime by leveraging sensors that detect gunshots in high crime zone areas; and smart waste management, in which metros are automatically informed by sensor-equipped bins when refuse needs to be collected.
The prime objective
Beyond the general benefits of living in a Smart City, with the greater quality of life brought about by a metro that is more efficiently managed, the burgeoning IoT industry presents some real opportunities for entrepreneurs in South Africa, particularly those businesses which enable big data to be efficiently gathered, processed, and analysed.
Job creation need not be limited to businesses in the big data space. Having smart cities in place will ensure that South Africa is ripe to attract global investment from the business sector. The most compelling advantage of smart cities is that they may very well offer an opportunity to boost South Africa’s economy, which would benefit all its citizens.
Rising to the challenge
However, before we can reap these benefits, there are some real challenges that must be addressed. The sheer volume of connected ‘things’ means the technologies make these objects smart must be available at a low device, connectivity, and implementation cost, so that substantial demands on cities’ budgets are avoided.
It is here in particular that SqwidNet, the result of a partnership between DFA and Sigfox, has an important role to play. Sigfox technology enables low-cost IoT connectivity for, among other things, water and electricity meters and city building and facilities management, which enables the deployment of smart city solutions at scale. The network now covers all the 8 metros in South Africa, and the rollout plan is currently focussed on covering all the national roads as well as moving to other cities and towns. Network coverage will exceed 85% of the South African population by the end of the year.
Other considerations that will need to be taken into account include the power requirements for smart objects, as it is impractical for the bulk of these objects to be connected to a fixed power source. Rather, sensors will have to consume very low power, allowing them to run on a small battery for several years. The Sigfox network and device ecosystem is designed so that devices only become active when they need to send or receive a message to or from the network. As a result of this, devices can last up to 15 years or more on a battery, depending on the use case.
Finally, the network that these objects and sensors connect to also has to be cost efficient, and it is imperative that the data transmitted by smart, connected things can be delivered securely to mitigate any risks to the city and its citizens. Sigfox has security embedded at all layers of the solution. Data is encrypted from the chipset and device layer, the data in motion layer and the data storage and data at rest layers as well. In addition to this, long range base stations, cloud based operating and management systems, and a broad range of device and chipset manufacturers and partners collectively contribute to low cost connectivity and end to end solutions and propositions to market.
International device roaming on the global Sigfox network is also addressed through roaming and clearing agreements between international Sigfox networks operators, with no additional costs to the end-user. This is a compelling proposition for asset tracking, supply chain, transport and logistics focussed IoT applications and services. Cities are also enabled to share this data across platforms, since the data protocols are non-proprietary, thus supporting the innovation and development of value-added applications and services for analytical and contextual driven city management.
If South Africa wants to keep its position as the gateway to Africa, our cities, the services it provides and the lifestyle it creates for citizens must be nothing less than the global standard that is being set by leading cities around the world. Considering the predicted growth of the continent, it is easy to see why developing smart cities in South Africa now is not only a necessity but also a smart investment in the country’s future.
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In the early 1900s, because educational opportunities were rare, correspondence education was increasing in popularity within the United States. Adventist educators at Walla Walla College and Keene Academy had attempted to develop correspondence schools. Goodloe Harper Bell, the first teacher of the first Adventist school, who is also considered to be the founder of Adventist education, hoped to develop such an organization. Eventually, Bell collaborated with educator Frederick Griggs, secretary of education for the General Conference, who envisioned educating people around the world. As a result, The Fireside Correspondence School was established in 1909. The goal was to provide the benefits of an education to those unable to attend traditional schools.
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What is Aerobic Exercise?
As explained in a previous post on The Primal Blueprint Fitness Pyramid, aerobic exercise includes general everyday movement and workouts that do not go above the recommended aerobic heart rate zone of “180 minus your current age” or less. Aerobic exercise is well-paced and not so stressful on the body.
Enough movement throughout the day is necessary for proper blood flow to be delivered to the different muscles you use, which means more oxygen and nutrients, along with “waste removal.” Moving throughout the day (along with other variables) ensures proper cellular health.
You also want to add a few cardio sessions done at a comfortable heart rate. No chronic cardio here. Whatever fits your schedule the best. Cycling, swimming, running, or even just walking are all good options, whatever your energy levels of the day make you feel like doing.
Sidenote: Aerobic Workout / Anaerobic Workout
The word aerobic means “with oxygen.” When you do an aerobic workout, this means there is enough oxygen available to burn mostly fat, as fat needs oxygen to burn for energy when you exercise.
In comparison, an anaerobic (“without oxygen”) workout is a workout that is more difficult to the point that it gives rise to an oxygen shortage (any brief and intense exercise like sprinting, for instance). This leads to the burning of a greater amount of glucose for energy (as glucose doesn’t need oxygen to burn).
The Main Benefits of Aerobic Exercise
- Fat metabolism: aerobic exercise primes your body to better use free fatty acids for energy. This is enhanced, of course, if you also consume low-insulin-producing foods.
- Cardiovascular function: aerobic exercise builds more mitochondria (the “powerhouses” of the cells) in your muscles, so you burn energy more effectively with less free radical damage. Aerobic exercise also helps with oxygen utilization by your lung, boosts the stroke volume of your heart, and enhances your capillary network.
- Musculoskeletal strength and resilience: sensible aerobic exercise also helps better your bones, joints, and connective tissue.
Whenever you are moving your body and doing aerobic exercise, it benefits your body during the workout, and when you are at rest. Multiple health benefits can ensue from making sure you get enough movement/exercise each day. Last, but not least, aerobic exercise strengthens the immune system by enhancing the flow of anti-aging hormones, along with improving the circulatory system.
Enjoy your favorite movement regimen for all of the above reasons!
Until next time!
You can also find me on Instagram.
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Petersburg, Virginia — The American South (Mid-Atlantic)
Joseph Jenkins Roberts
Resident of Petersburg
First President of the Republic of Liberia
1848-1855 + 1871-1876
Joseph Jenkins Roberts worked on Union Street, about 100 yards northwest of here.
This marker was authorized June 7, 1977 by the City Council of Petersburg.
Hermanze E. Fauntleroy, Jr., Mayor * Barbara P. Shell, Vice Mayor
Charles H. Cuthbert, IV * Arthur T. Ford * Robert L. Frazier
Clyde Johnson * Gilbert A. Monti
William R. Cook, City Manager
With support from the The Association for the Study of Afro-American Life and History, Incorporated.
Location. 37° 13.595′ N, 77° 24.184′ W. Marker is in Petersburg, Virginia. Marker is at the intersection of W. Wythe Street (U.S. 1) and S. Sycamore Street, on the left when traveling east on W. Wythe Street. Touch for map. Marker is in this post office area: Petersburg VA 23803, United States of America.
Other nearby markers. At least 8 other markers are within walking distance of this marker. Formation of the Southern Methodist Church (about 500 feet away, measured in a direct line); McKenney Library (about 600 feet away); McKenney House Weddell-McCabe-Chisholm House (approx. 0.2 miles away); Prince Hall Masons in Virginia (approx. 0.2 miles away); St. Paul's Church (approx. 0.2 miles away); Two Noted Homes (approx. 0.2 miles away); Lincoln In Petersburg (approx. ¼ mile away). Touch for a list and map of all markers in Petersburg.
Also see . . .
1. Joseph Jenkins Roberts - 1st and 7th President of Liberia. (Submitted on February 9, 2009, by Richard E. Miller of Oxon Hill, Maryland.)
2. American Colonization Society. (Submitted on February 9, 2009, by Richard E. Miller of Oxon Hill, Maryland.)
3. History of Liberia. (Submitted on February 9, 2009, by Richard E. Miller of Oxon Hill, Maryland.)
Additional keywords. American Colonization Society; slavery; Free People of Color; Monrovia, Americo-Liberians; ASALH; Delta Sigma Theta Sorority.
Categories. • African Americans • Antebellum South, US • Notable Persons •
Credits. This page was last revised on June 16, 2016. This page originally submitted on February 9, 2009, by Richard E. Miller of Oxon Hill, Maryland. This page has been viewed 1,493 times since then and 91 times this year. Photos: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. submitted on February 9, 2009, by Richard E. Miller of Oxon Hill, Maryland. • Kevin W. was the editor who published this page.
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There’s something amiss with The Lion King — aside from talking, singing animals. Disney’s smash hit of stage and screen tells the tale of young male lion Simba’s rise to power. But, in the real circle of life, lionesses lead.
Related females band together for life, as the primary hunters and warriors. Transient males join to mate but contribute little else to a pride’s success.
The lion queens, however, are an exception. Among mammal species that live in social groups, only about 10 percent have strong female leaders. They include another fierce predator, killer whales, as well as bonobos, famous for their peaceful promiscuity.
Humans, on the other hand, are part of the mammal majority: Our leaders are mostly male. Less than 7 percent of Fortune 500 CEOs are female. Worldwide, fewer than two dozen women are heads of state or government, including Germany’s Angela Merkel and New Zealand’s Jacinda Ardern. In about 90 percent of nonindustrial societies studied by anthropologists, only men hold political posts.
It’s undeniable that males have more sway across institutions, societies and mammal species. But what explains those lionesses, literal and figurative — the females who lead? A multidisciplinary movement to study these outliers is gaining momentum. From hyena clans to corporate hiring culture, researchers are charting the pathways and barriers to female power among mammals, including our own species.
Female Leaders in the Animal World
Bullies, warriors and wise matriarchs In the dry, thorny forests of Madagascar, Verreaux’s sifaka lemurs leap between trees with gravity-defying ease. For these primates, there’s no question which sex is dominant.
“Females beat up the males,” says anthropologist Rebecca Lewis of the University of Texas at Austin. To avoid smacks to the face and bites, males call out submissively when females approach — a chattering chi chi chi chi, which is “the equivalent of bowing down,” says Lewis. At trees laden with edible fruit, it’s ladies first: If a male climbs up, the feasting female may aggressively lunge or glare, and he’ll often retreat to the ground.
But tensions escalate during the dry season, when food is so scarce the animals lose up to 20 percent of their weight. “They’re just really suffering during this time,” says Lewis, who leads a wildlife research station in Madagascar.
One source of sustenance is the fatty baobab fruit. Its thick shell takes sifakas a half-hour to gouge open with their teeth. As a female works to free her own meal, she keeps an eye on nearby males. When one of them breaks open the shell, she claims the fruit like a schoolyard bully, slapping him to surrender.
He “might even hold onto the fruit while she’s eating … just crying the whole time because he doesn’t want to lose it,” says Lewis.
Eventually he goes on to crack another. She takes that one, too.
Few mammal females attain this degree of dominance — defined by biologists as an animal’s ability to subordinate another through force or threat. Among the roughly 5,400 mammal species, in just a couple of dozen do females routinely outrank males during dominance contests. These include spotted hyenas and two types of naked mole rat, but lemur species make up the bulk of the list. For more than 20 species of lemurs, including Verreaux’s sifaka, female rule is the rule, not the exception.
“The fact that females are socially so powerful in [lemur] societies shows us that more traditional division of sex roles is not some inevitable destiny of mammalian biology,” says Peter Kappeler, a zoologist at the University of Göttingen in Germany. “That gives rise to all kinds of questions, why that might be the case, why lemurs are so different.”
One obvious consideration is what Kappeler and others call the lemur syndrome: Females have traits that are typical of males in other mammal species. Their external genitalia are elongated, appearing more penislike, and their bodies are the same size or slightly larger than a male’s. With a mass difference of less than 10 percent, both sexes would belong to the same weight class in boxing. Lady lemurs also display so-called masculine behaviors: play tussling, marking territory with scent glands and intimidating subordinates with feigned or real cuffs and bites.
A similar pattern is found in African spotted hyenas: Females are larger and stronger, with “masculinized” vaginas and clitorises that resemble scrotums and penises. High-ranking females keep order in clans of up to 130 members, and comprise the front lines during wars against rival hyena clans or lions.
But body size and pseudo-penises aren’t enough to explain power dynamics in these species. Nor are hormones: Although pregnant hyenas and lemurs show elevated testosterone levels, most of the time adult females have lower concentrations than males — a puzzling finding scientists are investigating.
A 2019 Nature Ecology and Evolution paper on spotted hyenas suggests that disproportionate social clout, rather than physical strength, fuels female dominance. Its authors analyzed 4,133 encounters between mixed or same-sex hyenas, which ended with one animal exerting dominance and the other retreating, cowering or otherwise signaling defeat. Over 75 percent of the time in all matchups, victory went to whichever animal had more potential allies close enough to call for backup. And, in spotted hyena society, high-ranking females have the most allies.
Another 2019 study, published in the International Journal of Primatology, looked at several hundred dominance contests between sifaka lemurs of varying ages. Although adult males bow down — with the deferential chi chi chi chi — to adult females, males of all ages get into conflicts with juvenile females. The researchers found juvenile females won about a quarter of the bouts and adolescents about half, regardless of body size. Adult females who had offspring past weaning age triumphed nearly 100 percent of the time. Sexual maturity and successful motherhood give these females status.
The findings challenge the idea that “malelike” traits gave rise to female dominance in these species. Perhaps female power, attained through social support or reproductive outcomes, led to lemur syndrome and its hyena equivalent.
Follow the Leader
Lewis, a co-author of the 2019 lemur study, has pushed researchers to look beyond physical dominance when investigating power relations. In her other articles, she contends that power — one’s ability to make another creature do something — can be reached by alternate means or expressed in other ways.
Leadership is a special kind of power: influence over the entire group. Dominant animals can be leaders, capable of directing collective action. Or they may just be lone bullies at the baobab tree.
Strong female leadership is even more rare than female dominance among mammals. A 2018 study in Leadership Quarterly reviewed 76 social species in four decision-making contexts: collective travel, foraging and conflicts within or between groups. Defining leaders as individuals that routinely called the shots in at least two of these realms, the researchers identified eight species run by females: ruffed and ring-tailed lemurs, spotted hyenas, killer whales, African lions, bonobos and two types of elephant.
“It looks like there are these independent evolutionary events where … the set of circumstances gave rise to strong female leaders,” says lead author Jennifer Smith, a biologist at Mills College.
For spotted hyenas and two lemur species, dominance certainly plays a role. But the other five species took different pathways to leadership. Female elephants and killer whales can live into their 80s in matrilineal societies, comprising up to four generations of mothers and offspring. With the most accumulated wisdom about local resources and dangers, female elders lead group movement and food pursuits. “It makes so much incredible sense,” says Smith. “These long-lived females with great knowledge … of course they should be the leaders.”
Killer whales, or orcas, are also one of the few species in which females live decades past menopause. Orca communities especially follow these grandmothers (or great-grandmothers) during hard times, like when salmon prey are scarce, according to a 2015 study in Current Biology.
Meanwhile, female lions and bonobos derive strength from numbers. In both species, allied females fend off bigger, stronger males. Kinship unites the lionesses, but bonobos form coalitions of nonrelatives, which groom and fondle each other. Females of this chimpanzee species, “through their cooperative social alliances, are in a way civically larger and more influential than one male,” Smith explains.
Female Leaders In Our Own Species
Bias, biology and breaking through
In the 1970s, a review of historical descriptions of 93 nonindustrial societies found only about 10 percent permitted women to hold political posts — and women were generally less powerful than male counterparts. Contemporary scholars attribute this in part to the mentality of past researchers: Ethnographers — predominately men from Western patriarchies — documented leadership in male-dominated domains like war, and overlooked female authority in economic, domestic and other spheres.
But even in more recent, less-biased research, “it hits you in the face how disparately represented men and women are in positions of leadership, particularly more overt political leadership,” says Christopher von Rueden, an anthropologist at the University of Richmond’s Jepson School of Leadership Studies.
Consider the Tsimane, indigenous people of the Bolivian Amazon, who subsist on wild foods and garden-scale farming. Although Tsimane lack formal leaders, certain individuals have a greater voice in village affairs. In a 2018 Evolution and Human Behavior paper, von Rueden and colleagues found that, at community meetings, less than 10 percent of comments came from women. And when Tsimane ranked fellow villagers based on their ability to influence debates and manage projects, the average male score was higher than the scores of 89 percent of the women.
And yet, consistent with global surveys, Tsimane political leadership is predominately — but not exclusively — male. Some women leaders exist among them.
Probing the data further, von Rueden’s team found factors beyond a Y chromosome that predicted political sway, including a person’s size, education and number of allies. The authors concluded that these qualities, rather than gender per se, elevated individuals to become leaders. It just so happens that Tsimane men generally place higher on those metrics than do women. For example, the female participants received, on average, 3.9 years of formal schooling, compared with 5.8 years for men. While physical differences are essentially set, gaps in education and social capital are not. Indeed, in another study of a more remote Tsimane village, the third-highest leader was a well-educated woman who had studied in a larger town.
Through his research, von Rueden seeks to explain how the evolution of sex differences affect access to leadership across human societies — “a topic fraught with potential land mines,” he admits. Evolutionary anthropologists, including von Rueden, think the answer lies at the intersection of biological sex differences and the particular history, customs and environment of any given society.
Thanks to our mammalian roots, women bear and nurse babies. Men are generally larger and stronger — just considering upper-body strength, 99 percent of women have less arm muscle mass than the average man. These biological realities set the stage for sexual division of labor, common across cultures. Men tended to take on riskier endeavors, like battles and big-game hunts, which require coalitions and hierarchical coordination. Tethered to children and homes, women assumed a greater share of domestic responsibilities, forming fewer but more intimate social ties.
From this evolutionary background, sex-based stereotypes emerged, which then became amplified or dampened by the particularities of a given society. For example, it’s been proposed that the invention of the plow deepened gender divisions because its use requires substantially more upper-body strength than hoe or stick tilling. This relegated men to fields and women to household labor. According to a 2013 Quarterly Journal of Economics study, the plow’s effects persist. The authors compared farming styles of more than 1,200 nonindustrial societies with gender beliefs of their modern descendants. The analysis found that descendants of plow-farmers have fewer women in the workforce and politics, and less-favorable views about gender equality. For example, in Pakistan, where earlier societies relied on the plow, only 16 percent of agricultural workers are women, compared with 90 percent in Burundi, which had traditional hoe tilling.
Understanding the evolution of male-skewed leadership, says von Rueden, “puts us in a better position to act on behalf of putting more women in positions of power.”
There’s a lot of catching up to do. In the U.S., while women make up half the entry-level workforce, their presence dwindles on each step of the corporate ladder, comprising just a quarter of senior managers, 11 percent of top earners and 5 percent of CEOs in S&P 500 companies, according to a 2019 report by Catalyst, a women’s leadership nonprofit.
Based on metrics like wage gap, share of labor force and percentage of women working, gender equality rose beginning in the 1960s, peaked in the ’90s and then stagnated for the past two decades.
Siri Chilazi, a fellow at the Women and Public Policy Program at Harvard University, says company policies and structures are part of the problem — as are individual biases. For example, results of an experiment published in 2014 in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences found that investors preferred entrepreneurial pitches from men, rating their presentations as “more persuasive, logical, and fact-based” than those from women. The catch: The content was identical, word for word.
A now-classic analysis, published in 2000, underscores such biases. In the 1970s and ’80s, major U.S. symphonies changed their auditions so musicians played behind a curtain that concealed their identity. Prior to the policy shift, less than 10 percent of new hires were women. Afterward, the number of female musicians in all orchestras increased exponentially — most drastically for the New York Philharmonic, where, following the change, about 50 percent of new hires were women.
As Chilazi sees it, research has a clear message for organizations trying to level out gender ratios in leadership: Company policies are “much easier to change and much easier to de-bias than our human brains.”
Leading the Nation
Research runs thin when it comes to what is arguably the ultimate glass ceiling: elected national leadership. Starting in 1960 with Sri Lanka’s Prime Minister Sirimavo Bandaranaike, 115 women have served as president, prime minister or chancellor of 75 countries, from Brazil to Bangladesh. But, as in the business world, gender gains rose steeply through the 1990s — and then recently reversed course.
Oklahoma State University political scientist Farida Jalalzai’s research shows female executives tend to serve in systems with both a president and prime minister, often holding the weaker of the posts. Rather than popular vote, most are appointed by legislatures or winning parties, and into unstable posts that can be challenged. (Recall the no-confidence votes Theresa May faced in the U.K. Parliament.) Another factor: The majority hail from political families — often the wives or daughters of former leaders.
Jalalzai notes that, while 2016 U.S. presidential candidate Hillary Clinton, the wife of a former president, fit this profile, the U.S.’s presidency is a single, powerful head of state, rather than part of a power-sharing dual leadership system. The Oval Office is a tough glass ceiling to crack.
According to Jalalzai, although Clinton failed to win the presidency, the campaign may have shifted perceptions about who can assume the office. A record number of women entered the 2020 Democratic primary, for example. “People didn’t take her loss as the lesson that women shouldn’t be competing for this,” she says. “It showed us, really, the opposite.”
Jalalzai found similar effects globally, looking at public opinion surveys taken by 62,000 individuals from over 40 countries. In the 11 nations with female executives during the 2018 study’s time frame, people were more accepting of female leaders, interested in politics and likely to vote, especially female respondents.
Other researchers have focused on local elections with corroborating results. In a 2018 Leadership Quarterly paper, researchers found that after the election of female mayors, those municipalities saw more women assuming top- and middle-management positions in public organizations. A study published in 2012 in Science considered the consequences of a 1993 Indian law that mandated that a random third of West Bengal villages reserve their chief councilor seat for an elected woman. Based on more than 8,400 surveys conducted in 495 villages, the researchers found that having a woman councilor for two election cycles improved aspirations for girls to pursue higher education and politics. The girls also spent more years in school and fewer minutes per day on domestic chores.
The studies suggest that, while gender equality does not beget female leaders, the reverse may be true: Women in high offices promote gender equality, either directly through policies and appointments, or indirectly by acting as a prominent reminder that women can lead.
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Cleopatra is one of the most iconic women in history. Historians have chronicled her exploits for over 2000 years. She’s considered the quintessential “dangerous woman.” Despite being known as a sex symbol, Cleopatra was a powerful monarch feared and respected in the Ancient World. Her complex life makes her one of my favorite historical figures.
She was born in 69 BC as the second daughter to Pharaoh Ptolemy XII Auletes. Her mother is unknown, but likely to be Ptolemy XII’s wife, Cleopatra VI Tryphaena who gave birth to her older sister, Berenice. Only a few months after her birth, her mother disappears from history. We don’t know if she was murdered, expelled from the Royal Court, or died. Ptolemy XII had three more children after Cleopatra—a daughter named Arsinoe, and two sons both named Ptolemy.
Cleopatra received the best education in the Ancient World. Next to the Royal Palace, the Library of Alexandria allowed the finest minds of the day to teach the royal children. Cleopatra had an interest in medicines and sciences. She also had a gift for languages. Although Greek was her mother tongue, she could speak Ethiopian, Hebrew, Arabic, Syrian, Median, Parthian, and Latin. She was also the first monarch of her dynasty (who had reigned for almost 300 years) to speak the native Egyptian language.
The Kingdom of Egypt was a wealthy state. Not only did the country contain vast amounts of precious metals and stones, but the River Nile ensured they did not rely on food imports. This did not escape the growing Roman Republic’s attention. As early as 65 BC, Roman Senators argued they should annex Egypt to Rome, although nothing happened. Ptolemy XII he knew a threat when he saw one. Desperate to prevent a Roman invasion, he gave food, money and soldiers to the Roman military efforts to strike an alliance.
Ptolemy’s efforts were not in vain. Rome awarded him the title of “friend and ally of the Roman people” in 60 BC. The title also cost him the entire yearly tax revenue of Egypt. Coupled with Ptolemy’s indulgent spending, the country was bankrupt. To reduce his financial woes, Ptolemy raised taxes, angering the poor and leading to strikes by farmers. He also took out loans with Roman banks, putting Egypt in debt.
This was not the end of Ptolemy’s woes. In 58 BC, Rome accused Ptolemy’s brother, the ruler of Cyprus, of aiding pirates attacking Rome’s fleet. When Rome invaded Cyprus, Ptolemy’s brother killed himself. Ptolemy did not turn his back on Rome after this incident. Disgusted, his subjects forced him into exile. Ptolemy travelled to Rome to seek the help of his Roman allies to regain control. Eleven-year-old Cleopatra accompanied him. Whilst Ptolemy VII had fled, his eldest daughter, Berenice had declared herself Queen. Styling herself as Berenice IV, she sent messengers to Rome to declare herself the true ruler. Initially, the Romans did not assist Ptolemy. His debtors were very influential and persuaded support for him. Rome gave him an army to take back Egypt in 55 BC.
Ptolemy regained control and had Berenice alongside her supporters executed. He seized their land and let the Roman army loot and plunder their valuables. After the bloodshed, he installed his chief Roman debtor as his financial advisor. The fourteen-year-old Cleopatra would have also accompanied her father on this military mission. She learned the military might and political power of Rome, and that power is fleeting. Above all, you must never lose the support of your people. In Ptolemy’s Roman army was a young man named Mark Antony. He later claimed he had fallen in love with her at first sight.
Several years later, Ptolemy VII died. He named his successors Cleopatra VII and his eldest son, Ptolemy XIII. In Ancient Egyptian tradition, the siblings married. Although incestuous marriage disgusted the Greeks, the tradition dated back thousands of years. Their parents had likely been siblings (if not cousins) and her dynasty continued incestuous marriage to ensure their legitimacy in the eyes of the Egyptian people. It was an evil, but a necessary one.
Cleopatra had no intent of ruling with her little brother. She networked support and allies. Religion was an important part of Ancient Egyptian culture. The Egyptians believed as the descendants of the gods the Pharaoh was their messenger on earth and had divine powers. They held a Pharaoh who respected the Gods in high regard. Cleopatra installed a sacred bull at a major temple near Thebes and forged a friendship with her half-cousin Pasherienptah, a powerful high priest. It wasn’t smooth sailing for her. A low flooding of the River Nile caused a famine. She dealt with this by releasing stores from the granaries and regulating supplies. She also inherited her father’s debts. Egypt now owed Rome some 17.5 million drachmas.
Despite Cleopatra’s attempts to push him out, Ptolemy XIII had powerful allies, including a regent who loathed Cleopatra. Conflicts between the two escalated until it forced Cleopatra to leave Egypt in 48 BC. She fled to Syria to gain support for an invasion. Meanwhile, Ptolemy XIII had his own problems. A war between Caesar and Pompey destroyed Pompey’s fleet. Believing Ptolemy XIII would support him, he arrived in Egypt. Not wanting to be caught up in a Roman Civil War, Ptolemy had Pompey stabbed to death. They preserved his head as a gift to Caesar. When Caesar arrived at Ptolemy XIII’s request, the murder horrified him.
A Political Romance With Julius Caesar
With Caesar furious at Ptolemy, Cleopatra knew this was the time to enter negotiations with him. Caesar had a history of sleeping with royal women, so she sought a personal meeting. Without Ptolemy’s knowledge, she arrived in Egypt and held a secret meeting with Caesar. Historians of the time wrote that they rolled her inside a carpet to sneak her past Ptolemy’s guards. Her intelligence impressed Caesar. He mediated the situation between Cleopatra and Ptolemy XIII, referring to their father’s will which named them as joint successors. However, as Caesar had a clear bias towards Cleopatra, Ptolemy and his allies attacked the army Cleopatra had raised in her exile. The forces of Ptolemy and Arsinoe laid siege to the Royal Palace, with Caesar and Cleopatra trapped inside.
In early 47 BC, Caesar’s reinforcements from Rome arrived, forcing Ptolemy to the Nile. Ptolemy tried to escape, but after his boat capsized, the young boy drowned. Cleopatra was absent from these conflicts. She was pregnant with Caesar’s child.
To appease her Egyptian subjects, she declared her other brother, again named Ptolemy, as her co-ruler. As Ptolemy XIV was only twelve, Cleopatra ruled alone. She had total power over her kingdom. The entire well-being of Egypt rested on her shoulders. She was an excellent ruler. She eliminated her father’s debt and made Egypt a rich country again. As the chief religious figure in Egypt, Cleopatra built many religious monuments to the gods. She even established her own cult. Cleopatra identified herself as Isis, the Egyptian mother goddess. In public, she dressed as the Goddess, encouraging her subjects to believe she was her reincarnation. Rulers linking themselves to gods was not new. Alexander the Great declared himself the son of Zeus, Hatshepsut of Egypt said she was the daughter of Amun, and Caesar claimed descent from Venus.
Cleopatra continued to live with Caesar despite likely marrying Ptolemy XIV. Caesar and Cleopatra even a legendary cruise of the Nile upon a luxury barge complete with dining rooms, staterooms and holy shrines. Caesar left Egypt in April 47 BC, two months before his son’s birth. Cleopatra named her child Ptolemy Caesarion, a direct reference to his father. Caesar remained silent about Caesarion, after all, he had a wife. In Rome’s eyes, Caesarion was a bastard. Cleopatra took any opportunity to declare Caesar as the father.
Cleopatra and Ptolemy XIV visited Rome in 46 BC, for business and pleasure reasons. The prominent politicians of Rome considered Cleopatra arrogant. Not that this mattered to Caesar, as he unveiled a golden statue of Cleopatra adorned as the goddess Isis in his temple to Venus, associating Cleopatra with the mother of the Romans. Cleopatra remained in Rome after Caesar’s assassination on 15 March 44 BC. It is likely she was attempting to have Caesarion recognized as Caesar’s heir. Her efforts were in vain. Caesar’s will stipulated his grandnephew Octavian as his heir. After this failure, she returned in Egypt. While the Romans saw Caesarion as illegitimate, that did not matter to Cleopatra; he was still half-Roman. Believing the Romans would never invade a country led by one of their own, Cleopatra poisoned Ptolemy XIV and raised Caesarion as her co-ruler.
Rome swirled in the aftermath of Caesar’s assassination. Many factions fought each other. As a Roman ally, they all called on Cleopatra to provide support. She bided her time, coming with excuses for her lack of support. Once the squabbling settled, Mark Antony, now in charge of the Eastern half of the Empire, demanded Cleopatra explain her lack of support in person. Cleopatra delayed this meeting until 41 BC. Antony used this meeting to ignite a romantic relationship with Cleopatra.
An Affair With Mark Antony
After meeting Antony in his headquarters in Tarsos, Cleopatra invited him to Egypt. Her choice of Antony was more strategic than romantic, at least at the beginning. Antony was the most powerful man in Rome after Caesar’s demise. He held authority in the Eastern provinces of Rome located closer to Cleopatra than other prominent Romans—like Octavian. By controlling Antony, she controlled Rome’s forces. Between 41-40 BC, Antony transferred conquered lands to Cleopatra, not even a year into the relationship.
Like Caesar, Antony had to leave Egypt to attend to his duties. Cleopatra became pregnant. Before the end of 40 BC, she gave birth to twins, Alexander Helios and Cleopatra Selene. Antony’s ambitious wife, Fulvia, wanted to limit Cleopatra’s influence. She caused trouble for Antony with Octavian. Her sudden death must have been a relief, but Octavian offered his sister Octavia as a wife to bury the hatchet with Antony. Needing resolve his own problems first, he married her. Cleopatra was not happy.
Regardless of her feelings, at least her position was secure. She had produced a son with Antony, one he acknowledged, so she knew he would not be willing to invade soon. They would not meet again until 37 BC, where he met his three-year-old twins for the first time. At this meeting, he gave Cleopatra extensive lands, including parts of present day Lebanon, Israel, Syria, Libya and Crete. Although most of this territory he gave in theory to the twins, Cleopatra would govern it until they reached majority.
These transfers did not go down well in Rome. They considered handing over conquered land to a non-Roman monarch blasphemous. Octavian played this to his advantage. He decried against the empowerment of a foreign queen at the expense of the republic and the relationship between Antony and Cleopatra. Wasn’t Antony already married? To Octavian’s sister? Octavian and Rome’s rising anger didn’t seem to bother the couple who continued to expand their lands and family. Their third child together, Ptolemy Philadelphus was born in 36 BC. Rather than declare his triumphs in Rome, like any well-respected conqueror, Antony declared his triumphs in Alexandria instead—delivering royal prisoners to Cleopatra. Holding such a time-honored event and ritual in Egypt for the Egyptian queen instead of the Roman citizens in the republic disgusted the Romans. It is also possible Antony and Cleopatra married despite his Roman marriage to Octavia.
The Battle Against Octavian
By 34 BC, Antony and Octavian were fighting a war of propaganda with each other. Antony accused Octavian of disposing of his rivals and merging power in the western half of Rome (somewhat the truth). Octavian accused Antony of marrying Cleopatra and supporting Caesarion as Caesar’s heir instead of Octavian. This propaganda is responsible for how people view Cleopatra to this day. It accused her of witchcraft and placing a spell on Antony. Her enemies wrote stories about her lavish lifestyle, such as dissolving pearls in vinegar to win a bet.
Only two years later this war of words turned into armed conflict. After Octavian entered the senate with armed guards, the Roman republic was at war again. Antony still had many powerful Romans supporting him. Cleopatra wanted a key role in the conflict. She believed blocking Octavian in Greece would make it easier to defend Egypt. Her insistence on being involved in the Battle for Greece led to several key Romans defecting. To make matters worse, Octavian forced his way into the Temple of Vesta and acquired Antony’s will. He discovered Antony wished to name Caesarion as Caesar’s heir, for his children with Cleopatra to rule the lands he had captured, and when he died, to lay alongside Cleopatra in Egypt. The most shocking part was Antony’s wish to make Alexandria the new capital of the Roman Republic. With Antony’s will revealed, and with the approval of Senate, Octavian declared war on Cleopatra in 31 BC.
Antony and Cleopatra in their empire building had also forged alliances with various kings. When the couple called upon their support, they found many of them ignored their messages. With a lack of military support, the two lost multiple skirmishes to Octavian in Greece. Cleopatra pressed for a naval war to keep Octavian’s fleet away from Egypt. Antony and Cleopatra had a larger fleet than Octavian, but a poorly trained navy, with many vessels being merchant ships. In comparison, Octavian had a professional force.
The two sides clashed at the Battle of Actium on 2nd September 31 BC. Scholars believe Antony’s forces placed Cleopatra at the back to limit her influence. This wasn’t all bad. It gave Cleopatra a quick escape when defeat became clear. Prioritizing Egypt over any relationship with Antony, she fled. Antony soon followed and boarded her ship. During their three-day voyage, the two avoided each other. Meanwhile, the battle raged on, and massive amounts of soldiers, commanders, and allies defected to Octavian’s side.
In Egypt, Antony and Cleopatra went their separate ways. Antony went to raise more troops, while Cleopatra arrived in Alexandria to give the false impression of a victory. Regardless, news of Octavian’s victory spread. Many potential allies flocked to his side. Those that liked Antony tried to convince him to betray Cleopatra. While he remained loyal, Cleopatra saw him as a liability. She planned to abdicate her throne to Caesarion and prepared him for sole ruler ship. When he was ready, she would then travel to the East via the Red Sea to convalesce. A supporter of Octavian dashed these hopes by burning her fleet. This forced her to negotiate with Octavian.
Cleopatra’s Final Fate
Cleopatra made her demands clear. She requested he let her children inherit Egypt and allow Antony to live in Egypt as an exile. She sent Octavian money and lavish gifts to sweeten the deal. Octavian’s diplomat advised Cleopatra to kill Antony. We don’t know if she would have considered this offer, as Antony intercepted the diplomat and flogged him before he could return to Octavian. As diplomacy had broken down, Octavian had no other option but to invade Egypt in 30 BC. After several skirmishes, Antony surrendered himself to Octavian. Cleopatra hid in her tomb and sent a message to Antony that she had killed herself. Upon reading the message, Antony stabbed himself in the stomach. They brought him to Cleopatra in his dying moments. Upon witnessing Antony’s death, Cleopatra wanted to set herself and her vast treasures ablaze in the tomb. Antony’s entourage prevented it. They let her bury him before they took her to Octavian.
Upon meeting Octavian she informed him “I will not be led in a triumph,” the only recording of her exact words. Octavian promised to keep her alive. When a spy warned her Octavian was planning to move her to Rome, she killed herself. Longstanding legend says Cleopatra died from the bite of an asp, although they found no snake venom. Plus, it would have been difficult to find a snake whilst being watched by guards. Contemporary accounts describe Cleopatra either scratching or injecting a poison into herself. They found tiny puncture wounds on her arm, supporting this theory. Octavian was furious at her suicide, but buried her alongside Antony.
Before she died, Cleopatra sent Caesarion away so he could flee to Nubia, Ethiopia, or India. Octavian sent a message to Caesarion, informing him Rome would let him remain a king. When Caesarion arrived, Octavian executed him. With the fall of the Ptolemaic dynasty, Egypt became a Roman province. In only three years, Octavian amassed powers that allowed him to establish himself as the first Roman Emperor, taking the name “Augustus.” He sent Cleopatra’s three other children, Alexander Helios, Cleopatra Selene, and Ptolemy Philadelphos, to live with Octavia, Mark Antony’s widow. Alexander and Ptolemy disappear from history. Whether the boys just died, or he murdered them, we may never know. Little Cleopatra married a Roman vassal king and died a natural death at 35.
In her 39 short years, you cannot deny Cleopatra left her mark. While she loved and cared for the Egyptian people, she was not above eliminating those who stood in her way or outlived their usefulness. Cleopatra was an intelligent woman able to rule her country, but insisted they give her military commands despite no experience. Did Cleopatra believe she could become an incredible commander on the battlefield? She was a complex woman–intelligent, murderous, resourceful, charismatic, and calculating. This makes her still fascinating thousands of years after her death. Who said you have to like your favorite historical figure?
ABOUT THE AUTHOR: Scarlett Grant is a young graduate trying to step into the real world. When she’s not writing for Femnista, she’s focusing on her own blog: Thoughts in 500 Words. She is also an amateur history buff, with other interests in art, film, languages, music and writing.
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Mice with vision enhanced by nanotechnology were able to see infrared light as well as visible light, reports a study published February 28 in the journal Cell. A single injection of nanoparticles in the mice’s eyes bestowed infrared vision for up to 10 weeks with minimal side effects, allowing them to see infrared light even during the day and with enough specificity to distinguish between different shapes. These findings could lead to advancements in human infrared vision technologies, including potential applications in civilian encryption, security, and military operations.
Humans and other mammals are limited to seeing a range of wavelengths of light called visible light, which includes the wavelengths of the rainbow. But infrared radiation, which has a longer wavelength, is all around us. People, animals and objects emit infrared light as they give off heat, and objects can also reflect infrared light.
“The visible light that can be perceived by human’s natural vision occupies just a very small fraction of the electromagnetic spectrum,” says senior author Tian Xue of the University of Science and Technology of China. “Electromagnetic waves longer or shorter than visible light carry lots of information.”
A multidisciplinary group of scientists led by Xue and Jin Bao at the University of Science and Technology of China as well as Gang Han at the University of Massachusetts Medical School, developed the nanotechnology to work with the eye’s existing structures.
“When light enters the eye and hits the retina, the rods and cones — or photoreceptor cells — absorb the photons with visible light wavelengths and send corresponding electric signals to the brain,” says Han. “Because infrared wavelengths are too long to be absorbed by photoreceptors, we are not able to perceive them.”
In this study, the scientists made nanoparticles that can anchor tightly to photoreceptor cells and act as tiny infrared light transducers. When infrared light hits the retina, the nanoparticles capture the longer infrared wavelengths and emit shorter wavelengths within the visible light range. The nearby rod or cone then absorbs the shorter wavelength and sends a normal signal to the brain, as if visible light had hit the retina.
“In our experiment, nanoparticles absorbed infrared light around 980 nm in wavelength and converted it into light peaked at 535 nm, which made the infrared light appear as the color green,” says Bao.
The researchers tested the nanoparticles in mice, which, like humans, cannot see infrared naturally. Mice that received the injections showed unconscious physical signs that they were detecting infrared light, such as their pupils constricting, while mice injected with only the buffer solution didn’t respond to infrared light.
To test whether the mice could make sense of the infrared light, the researchers set up a series of maze tasks to show the mice could see infrared in daylight conditions, simultaneously with visible light.
In rare cases, side effects from the injections such as cloudy corneas occurred but disappeared within less than a week. This may have been caused by the injection process alone because mice that only received injections of the buffer solution had a similar rate of these side effects. Other tests found no damage to the retina’s structure following the sub-retinal injections.
“In our study, we have shown that both rods and cones bind these nanoparticles and were activated by the near infrared light,” says Xue. “So we believe this technology will also work in human eyes, not only for generating super vision but also for therapeutic solutions in human red color vision deficits.”
Current infrared technology relies on detectors and cameras that are often limited by ambient daylight and need outside power sources. The researchers believe the bio-integrated nanoparticles are more desirable for potential infrared applications in civilian encryption, security, and military operations. “In the future, we think there may be room to improve the technology with a new version of organic-based nanoparticles, made of FDA-approved compounds, that appear to result in even brighter infrared vision,” says Han.
The researchers also think more work can be done to fine tune the emission spectrum of the nanoparticles to suit human eyes, which utilize more cones than rods for their central vision compared to mouse eyes. “This is an exciting subject because the technology we made possible here could eventually enable human beings to see beyond our natural capabilities,” says Xue.
Materials provided by Cell Press. Note: Content may be edited for style and length.
- Yuqian Ma, Jin Bao, Yuanwei Zhang, Zhanjun Li, Xiangyu Zhou, Changlin Wan, Ling Huang, Yang Zhao, Gang Han, Tian Xue. Mammalian Near-Infrared Image Vision through Injectable and Self-Powered Retinal Nanoantennae. Cell, 2019; DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.01.038
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new study suggests that women exhibit their competitiveness differently.
The effectiveness of mushroom consumption in lowering the risk of depression and other mental health conditions.
Researchers found these interventions help manage chronic pain while reducing the need for surgeries and potentially dangerous medications.
Researchers have found that increasing the sleeping time after a traumatic experience may decrease any negative effects.
An active member of a sports club has a positive effect upon mental health besides the beneficial effect of regular exercise on physical health.
Children who eat more fruits and vegetables have better mental health.
The sense of smell activates different brain areas.
loneliness is associated with a lack of trust in fellow human beings.
Scientists found that people who experienced childhood trauma get a more pleasurable “high” from morphine.
Distrust of past experiences can lead to increased uncertainty, indecisiveness, and exploratory behaviors, in people with higher obsessive-compulsive symptoms.
People born blind have never seen the yellow color of bananas but like any sighted person they understand two bananas are likely to be the same color and why.
If people start to believe that leisure is wasteful and unproductive, they may end up being less happy and more stressed and depressed, new research suggests.
Short naps don’t mitigate the potentially dangerous cognitive effects of sleep deprivation
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- Take the Cold & Flu Quiz
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Quick GuideCommon Sore Throat vs. Strep Throat
What is a fever?
The definition of fever is an elevation in body temperature. Technically, any body temperature above the normal oral measurement of 98.6 Fahrenheit (37 Celsius) or the normal rectal temperature of 99 F (37.2 C) is considered elevated. However, these are averages, and one's normal body temperature may actually be 1 F (0.6 C) or more above or below the average of 98.6 F. Body temperature can also vary up to 1 F (0.6 C) throughout the day.
Fever is not considered medically significant until body temperature is above 100.4 F (38 C). Anything above normal but below 100.4 F (38 C) is considered a low-grade fever. Fever serves as one of the body's natural defenses against bacteria and viruses that cannot live at a higher temperatures. For that reason, low-grade fevers should normally go untreated, unless accompanied by troubling symptoms or signs.
Also, the body's defense mechanisms seem to work more efficiently at a higher temperature. Fever is just one part of an illness, many times no more important than the presence of other symptoms such as cough, sore throat, sinus congestion, fatigue, joint pains or aches, chills, nausea, etc.
Fevers of 104 F (40 C) or higher may be dangerous and demand immediate home treatment and prompt medical attention, as they can result in delirium and convulsions, particularly in infants, children, and the elderly.
Fever should not be confused with hyperthermia, which is a defect in your body's response to heat (thermoregulation), which can also raise the body temperature. This is usually caused by external sources such as being in a hot environment.
Fever should also not be confused with hot flashes or night sweats due to hormonal changes during perimenopause (the time period around menopause). Hot flashes and night sweats cause a sudden and intense feeling of heat, and may be accompanied by flushing (skin redness and tingly feeling) and sweating, but are not the same thing as a fever.
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Recently my Twitter feed and the blogs I follow have featured an unusually large amount of articles on artificial intelligence. According to the author Sam Harris, the often-stated goal of AI research is to create human-level intelligence. However, he points out that it is a false goal. The computers we use today already possess superhuman capabilities of e.g. computation and storage of information, and that "any future artificial general intelligence (AGI) will exceed human performance on every task for which it is considered a source of ‘intelligence’ in the first place.”
This is a rather powerful vision. Considering how quickly the ability of computer programs to understand natural language has progressed (see, for example, IBM’s Watson), and how digital assistants such as Siri, Google Now, and Microsoft’s Cortana already possess believable communication capabilities, a future depicted in the movie Her, where we communicate verbally with an actual AI, suddenly seems a lot closer.
Our entire way of life has changed radically since the industrial revolution...
It would be easy to dismiss this as overoptimistic technophilia, but the fact is that the history of technological advancement progresses in a non-linear fashion. Our entire way of life has changed radically since the industrial revolution some 250 years ago, but within that time frame you can also identify many smaller periods of significant advancements. A pattern emerges. The time frames have consistently become shorter.
Consider how technology has affected our lives in the past five years, then past 10, 20, 50, or 100 years. In order to predict the next 10 years we cannot look at the past 10 and draw a straight line. Every consequent year in the future will see more rapid advancement than the year that came before it.
Are there limits to this? Possibly, but there are also hints of technologies – such as AI – that may result in larger leaps that impact practically everything that comes after. Just consider all the aspects of everyday life that have become affected by the internet in two short decades, or the fact that the horse remained state-of-the-art in human mobility for thousands of years before the invention of the automobile.
The problem with efficiency, however, is that it requires a relatively stable environment.
The challenge this presents to organisations is one rooted in their past. If you look at the history of management practice , you can see it has largely been a race towards efficiency, although the methods and language have changed over the years. The problem with efficiency, however, is that it requires a relatively stable environment.
When you try to optimise a system, it means reducing variance in the operating parameters of that system. Where an established organisation has found an efficient way to produce certain goods or services for its customers, it has also become restricted by the way those goods and services are being produced. The more specialised and efficient a production line is, the more difficult and expensive it tends to be to reconfigure it – beyond the accepted level of variance that is. Each McDonald’s restaurant needs to follow McDonald’s operations manual, and changing it is not a trifle matter.
This is what allows start-ups to challenge industry giants. As the business environment changes, the optimised system of an established organisation may no longer be very well optimised at all. A new performance peak has emerged, and an agile, quick-learning start-up is often in a better position to discover that peak. Think of Kodak, which actually pioneered digital sensors for cameras but was so caught up in its own organisation, trapped in the beast of its own design, that its attempts at creating new kind of organisational alignment, better suited to a digital world, never succeeded .
...trying to optimise for efficiency is becoming a fool’s game.
Efficiency, while it does work in a stable environment, comes with reduced ability to adapt to changes – be they internally induced or originating from outside the organisation. As business environments are changing faster than ever, trying to optimise for efficiency is becoming a fool’s game. The time, energy, and effort that optimisation takes has diminishing returns on investment. And in fast-moving industries many optimisation efforts may already arrive too late when they get done.
However, I do believe that organisations can be designed in such manner that they can capture the best of both worlds: the key idea is to recognise which areas are changing faster than others, requiring more adaptive capability, and which ones are relatively stable and can therefore benefit from traditional performance improvement measures. For example, tax accounting tends to be an area that is highly structured, and where optimisation and eliminating variance is something to be desired. On the opposite there are areas that constantly need to reinvent themselves, such as product and service innovation.
In many of the in-between areas there are usually specific things that might benefit from more rigid structures and processes, but also multiple aspects where overenthusiastic top-down control results in nothing but loss of adaptive capability and ability for self-renewal.
Another rule of thumb to keep in mind is Pareto’s 20/80 principle, or that 20% of effort tends to account for 80% of the results, and each subsequent percentage of performance improvement becomes more and more costly to achieve. The principle can also be inverted: 80% of the adaptive capability of a system is lost in order to achieve that final 20% increase in performance. Extrapolated further it can also mean that 64% of the total effort (i.e. 80% of 80%) goes to achieving the final 4% (20% of 20%) increase in efficiency, and vice versa in the lost adaptive capability.
When seen from this perspective, the role of managers and leaders changes. They become architects and designers who build structures and conditions that steer their organisations in the right direction, but are loose and flexible enough to allow for bottom-up, self-organised, goal-oriented activity to emerge. And in self-organisation lies the key for achieving adaptability and innovativeness, while staying true to the organisation’s business goals.
For a deeper dive into the topic, I would suggest the books Competing on the Edge by Shona L. Brown and Antifragile by Nassim Nicholas Taleb.
- Kiechel, Walter III (2012). The Management Century. Harvard Business Review, November 2012, 63-75.
- Lucas Jr, Henry C., & Goh, Jie Mein (2009). Disruptive technology: How Kodak missed the digital photography revolution. Journal of Strategic Information Systems, Vol. 18, 46-55.
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Photo: Carol Mitchell | Flickr Creative Commons
As the backbone of development, infrastructure provides vital support for the twin goals of poverty reduction and shared prosperity. Considering the different needs, roles, and responsibilities of men and women in infrastructure design makes the achievement of these goals more sustainable.
Women and men face constraints both as beneficiaries and producers of infrastructure services. For example, there can be inequitable access to roads, financing for electricity connections, or clean water. There are also inequities in the infrastructure business value chain: Do utilities have a balance of women and men on technical and leadership teams? Is there diversity on boards, with regulators or policy makers? Are women-owned firms in supply chains?
Access to a safe, sustainable water supply is a growing concern in every region of the world. In many communities, groundwater is being pumped by diesel fueled systems, which are both expensive and can be difficult to maintain. In communities where electricity is scarce, solar can be a part of the solution.
The highest demand for solar pumps is among rural off-grid areas, currently underserved, or served by costly fuel-driven pumps. Solar pumping is most competitive in regions with high solar insolation, which include most of Africa, South America, South Asia, and Southeast Asia; but the technology can operate successfully in almost any region of the world.
Picture an island in Bangladesh that is so remote that there is no way the traditional electricity could reach it. Not now, and probably not anytime soon. That was the situation in Monpura just a few years ago – but not today.
Today, Monpura is thriving, thanks to solar power. Markets are abuzz, households can power TVs, fans and even refrigerators, and streets are lit up at night. In fact, .
Like many Sri Lankans across the country, I joined Sri Lanka’s 70th Independence Day festivities earlier this month. This was undoubtedly a joyful moment, and proof of the country’s dynamism and stability.
The country’s social indicators, a measure of the well-being of individuals and communities, rank among the highest in South Asia and compare favorably with those in middle-income countries. In the last half-century, better healthcare for mothers and their children has reduced maternal and infant mortality to very low levels.
Sri Lanka’s achievements in education have also been impressive. Close to 95 percent of children now complete primary school with an equal proportion of girls and boys enrolled in primary education and a slightly higher number of girls than boys in secondary education.
The World Bank has been supporting Sri Lanka’s development for more than six decades. In 1954, our first project, Aberdeen-Laxapana Power Project, which financed the construction of a dam, a power station, and transmissions lines, was instrumental in helping the young nation meet its growing energy demands, boost its trade and develop light industries in Colombo, and provide much-needed power to tea factories and rubber plantations. In post-colonial Sri Lanka, this extensive electrical transmission and distribution project aimed to serve new and existing markets and improve a still fragile national economy.
Fast forward a few decades and . Yet, .
Notably, the current overreliance on the public-sector as the main engine for growth and investment, from infrastructure to healthcare, is reaching its limits. and the country needs to look for additional sources of finance to boost and sustain its growth.
As outlined in its Vision 2025, the current government has kickstarted an ambitious reform agenda to help the country move from a public investment to a more private investment growth model to enhance competitiveness and lift all Sri Lankans’ standards of living.
Now is the time to steer this vision into action. This is urgent as . As it happens, private foreign investment is much lower than in comparable economies and trade as a proportion of GDP has decreased from 88% in 2000 to 50% in 2016. Reversing this downward trend is critical for Sri Lanka to meet its development aspirations and overcome the risk of falling into a permanent “middle-income trap.”
Between 2004 and 2017, some 30 African countries have adopted laws regarding Public-Private Partnerships (PPP). If we were to add to this list the countries that have implemented PPP policies, and those who are in the midst of drafting PPP laws, the tally would rise, leaving us with less than just 10 African countries that are entirely without a PPP framework.
What this tells us is that the calls by international financial institutions have been heard by decision-makers in Africa:
But how does reality measure up to the theory? How many projects, based on PPP law, have actually reached financial close? Given the time required to prepare a PPP, it is maybe too early to see PPP laws translated into concrete PPP projects, especially as more than 20 countries have in fact adopted their laws only in the last five years.
While inland transport was included in the 2015 Paris Agreement and international air transport followed suit in 2016, progress in the international shipping sector, which carries 80% of the world’s trade volume, has been more modest. Back in 2011, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) did adopt a set of operational and technical measures to increase the energy efficiency of vessels. Realistically though, it may take about 25-30 years to renew the world’s entire fleet and make all new vessels fully compliant with IMO’s technical requirements.
In any case, focusing only on technical and operational efficiency simply won’t be enough. The demand for maritime transport is growing so quickly that, even when taking all these energy efficiency regulations into account, CE Delft projects that emissions from international shipping could still increase by 20-120% by 2050, while IMO estimates range between 50-250% for different scenarios. This clearly calls for a bolder agenda that includes credible market-based solutions, too.
Photo: Raymond Ward | Flickr Creative Commons
Sector reform is a familiar concept for anyone working in the energy sector, particularly in developing countries. Typically, reforms involve measures such as building an institutional framework that allows for an independent regulator, improving the operational efficiency of utilities (for example, by unbundling vertically-integrated utilities), creating an environment for private sector participation, and last but not least, introducing tariffs that reflect costs. All these measures are designed with one goal in mind: to put the sector on a sustainable path and improve the quality of service for end-users.
While acknowledging the many benefits that sector reforms can bring, one issue we continue to face is the poor financial state of key power utilities. In other words, a lack of creditworthiness. Often, their lack of financial creditworthiness is the most critical obstacle to implementing investment programs. This makes utilities even more dependent on continuous government subsidies.
To be honest, I have never really been a fan of motorsport racing, but Formula E is something different. Regular sports car racing has always felt too loud, too polluting and a bit pointless, but electric car racing is changing my perception rapidly. The most recent Formula E race and associated FIA Smart Cities event in Santiago, Chile last week highlighted the importance of sustainable mobility and the advantages of advancing electric technology as quickly as possible. Extremely fast electric cars, whooshing by cheering audiences with a distinctly electric whizzing sound, made me realize that the future is definitely now.
Non-energy prices made solid advances as well, with metals and minerals prices gaining more than 5 percent, also the seventh consecutive monthly increase, and a five-year high. Nickel and zinc, up 12 and 8 percent respectively, led the rise.
Precious metals climbed nearly 6 percent, with similar gains in gold and silver.
Agricultural prices, which had been stable for nearly 2 years, increased more than 2 percent, led by advances in rice (+9 percent) and cotton (+5 percent). Fertilizer prices rose over 1 percent, led by DAP (+3 percent) and Urea (+2 percent).
The Pink Sheet is a monthly report that monitors commodity price movements.
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Last updated on June 2nd, 2023
What is Celiac Disease?
Celiac disease is an autoimmune disorder triggered by gluten—a combination of proteins in wheat, rye, and barley. Small intestinal damage leads to malnutrition and then further health complications.
Celiac disease is genetic but not inherited. Susceptibility runs in families, but CD develops when a person’s genes interact with environmental factors.
When people with celiac disease eat gluten their immune system tries to destroy it, damaging their small intestines at the same time. Sort of like knights busting up the very castle they’re trying to defend ⚔️
Villi are finger-like projections that create more surface area in the small intestines to absorb nutrients from food. Exposure to gluten causes inflammation that flattens out the villi, leading to malabsorption in people with CD 😬
The only treatment for celiac disease is food-based:
- No barley
- No rye
- No wheat
- No "cheats"
(Oats are often out too 🥴)
Interesting Facts about Celiac Disease
Doctors once thought bananas cured celiac disease. Patients improved on a banana diet (including dairy, meat, and veggies). However, the omission of gluten, not the addition of bananas, lead to healing!
About 1% of the world’s population has celiac disease. Chances are if you're reading this you know at least one person affected by it.
It’s estimated that 4 out of 5 people living with celiac disease are undiagnosed.
Celiac diagnosis is usually a 2-step process, starting with a blood test. If it comes back positive, then an endoscopic biopsy of the small intestine is next.
After a celiac diagnosis it can take a year or more of a 100% gluten-free diet for the gut to fully heal.
A celiac diagnosis often comes with secondary lactose intolerance due to intestinal damage from gluten exposure. This intolerance might be temporary, but it's helpful to avoid dairy for a while after diagnosis to allow the gut to heal.
Celiac disease is a life-long diagnosis. No cheat days. No growing out of it.
What is Gluten?
Gluten is a combination of storage proteins in cereal grains 🌾 Proteins in corn and rice are sometimes called gluten, but only those found in wheat, rye, and barley trigger celiac disease (okay, often oats, too!).
A single crumb can cause intestinal damage and set off other symptoms of celiac disease.
Most grains and pseudo-grains are gluten free, including:
Like so many things with celiac disease, oats are complicated. They’re usually cross contaminated in the field or during harvest/storage/milling.
What about GF oats? At least 20% of celiacs react to certified gluten-free oats 🤷♀️
Food labeled "gluten free" must contain less than 20 parts per million (ppm) gluten. Not because this is the safest level, but because this is the lowest level reliably detected.
Many plant-based meat alternatives depend on vital wheat gluten for protein and texture. That means they're off the menu for people with celiac disease.
Eggs are naturally gluten free, BUT some restaurants have a secret ingredient for fluffy omelets and scrambles: pancake batter 🥞 People with celiac disease need to check with their server if the eggs are gluten free.
Although generally gluten free, french fries become cross contaminated when fried in the same oil as gluten food. People with celiac disease need to find out if restaurants use a shared deep fryer.
👀 Look out for barley malt in cereal, candy, milkshakes and other sweetened milk drinks.
Barley also shows up in some unexpected places thanks to malt vinegar.
Watch out for malt vinegar in:
- BBQ sauce
- Cocktail sauce
- Malt aioli
- Steak sauce
- Brown sauces
- Worcestershire sauce
Whether traditionally fermented traditionally or industrially made, most soy sauce contains gluten from wheat berries. If you don’t have access to the bottle, assume that soy sauce includes gluten.
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Levensau High Bridge
|Levensau High Bridge
Levensau High Bridge
|Carries||Kiel-Flensburg Railway, local road|
|Total length||180 metres (590 ft)|
|Longest span||163 metres (535 ft)|
|Piers in water||None|
|Clearance above||42 metres (138 ft)|
The Levensau High Bridge (German: Levensauer Straßen- und Eisenbahnhochbrücke ; short: Levensauer Hochbrücke) is a high level arch bridge that spans the Kiel Canal in the German state of Schleswig-Holstein. A second bridge nearby is referred to as Levensau Motorway Bridge (German: Levensauer Schnellstraßenbrücke).
The lower section of the small river Levensau was extended between 1777 and 1784 to become part of the Eider Canal. Between 1887 and 1895 the Eider Canal was further extended and straightened to become part of the Kiel Canal (then Kaiser-Wilhelm-Kanal). The extended canal necessitated a fixed link for the Kiel–Flensburg railway as well as the principal road from Kiel to Eckernförde.
Design and construction
Construction of the bridge took 1½ years. Work on the abutments was started in June 1893 and bricklaying lasted until end of that year. On top of the abutments the bridge featured four towers by architect Hermann Muthesius. The scaffolding that supported the steel elements during construction was erected from November 1893 and assembly of the steel construction started in May 1894. The bridge was inaugurated by Emperor Wilhelm II in December 1894. Originally the carriageway was designed in a way that it could not be used by road and rail traffic simultaneously - if a train approached, the bridge was closed for cars and lorries. In the course of a first modification a bannister between road and railway was installed, however this limited the width of the road to 4.5 metres (15 ft) so that lorries were unable to pass each other on the bridge. Furthermore, the pedestrian way was only 90 centimetres (35 in) wide. In the 1954 the bridge was extensively reworked to allow for independent use by road, rail and pedestrians. The towers were torn down and the carriageway was enlarged.
The current bridge's span is too narrow for the canal expansion to a width of 162 metres (531 ft). In 2009 the cost estimate for the replacement stood at 42 million Euros.
About 5,000 common noctule and several other bat species hibernate inside the abutments. The population was examined by scientists of the Kiel University and is considered the largest in Northern Europe.
Being a landmark on the Kiel canal, the bridge was a popular background for pictures of ships transiting the canal.
Armoured cruiser SMS Fürst Bismarck, 1900
Light cruiser SMS Dresden, ca. 1912
Battleship SMS Schleswig-Holstein, 1932
Components of the Alte Weser lighthouse, ca. 1961
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Levensau High Bridge.|
- "Alte Levensauer Hochbrücke" [The old Levensau High Bridge]. www.wsa-kiel.wsv.de (in German). Federal Water and Shipping Administration. Retrieved 13 May 2012.
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| 0.914356 | 742 | 2.875 | 3 |
Quantitative analysis of Deuterium in a -C:D Layers, a round robin experiment
The absolute amount of deuterium in amorphous deuterated carbon (a-C:D) layers has been measured by six laboratories with different techniques, such as MeV ion beam analysis, secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), and thermal desorption spectrometry (TDS). The a-C:D layers have been deposited from a CD4 glow discharge plasma onto carbon and silicon substrates. The results for the absolute numbers obtained with the different analysing techniques show a scatter of up to about 35% around the average value. These deviations are larger than the errors stated by the experimentalists and indicate possible systematic uncertainties in some of the measurements.
Bibliographic Reference: Article: Journal of Nuclear Materials, vol. 281 (2000), pp. 42-56
Record Number: 200012934 / Last updated on: 2000-12-18
Original language: en
Available languages: en
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NBC Learn is a rich, dynamic, innovative repository of the very best NBC broadcasts and educational productions. With over 16,000 videos, NBC Learn includes current events, NBC news programming, and original content that spans the spectrum of educational topics and grade levels. Specifically, NBC Learn includes:
- Engaging videos in social studies, humanities, math, science, and literacy topic areas
- Tools to integrate the videos into any lesson and comprehensive state standards alignments
NBC Learn Video Streaming
Sign up for a FREE 30-day trial of NBC Learn video streaming on OLE.
Try it Out
Sustainability: Water - Water Cycle
How much do your students really know about the water cycle? This video examines the complexity of the water cycle as a series of flows of water between various water stores or storages.
Plant Structure and Function Video: Chemistry of Changing Leaves
Have your students explore the role of the pigment molecule chlorophyll as tree foliage in northern areas change in autumn from green to shades of yellow, orange, and red.
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| 0.908997 | 214 | 3.515625 | 4 |
Queensland's failure to pass controversial tree-clearing laws is the only black spot in a new report on the state and federal government's progress on efforts to protect the Great Barrier Reef.
The Queensland and federal governments released the first Reef 2050 Plan annual report on Tuesday, showing the lack of tree-clearing reform in Queensland was the only promise listed as "significantly delayed".
The Palaszczuk government failed to pass the tree-clearing laws in August by two votes after failing to win enough support from the crossbenchers.
Australian Marine Conservation Society spokesperson Cherry Muddle said the effects on the reef from tree clearing couldn't be underestimated.
"The runoffs of chemicals and pollutants have a severe effect on the water quality," she told AAP.
She also said there was a shortage of funding from both the state and federal governments for water quality improvements.
The Reef 2050 Long-Term Sustainability Plan is a joint initiative to ensure the reef remains a World Heritage Area.
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| 0.961555 | 204 | 2.8125 | 3 |
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If You Use a Screen ReaderThis content is available through Read Online (Free) program, which relies on page scans. Since scans are not currently available to screen readers, please contact JSTOR User Support for access. We'll provide a PDF copy for your screen reader.
WHO WERE THE "MIXED MULTITUDE"?
Vol. 49 (2008), pp. 27-39
Published by: National Association of Professors of Hebrew (NAPH)
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/27913875
Page Count: 13
Since scans are not currently available to screen readers, please contact JSTOR User Support for access. We'll provide a PDF copy for your screen reader.
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In Exod 12:38, we read that when the Israelites left Egypt, a mixed multitude (עֵרֶב רַב) went up with them. Therefore, the question arises: Who were the mixed multitude? Interestingly, the word עֵרֶב is also attested to at the time of Nehemiah. In Neh 13:3 the term עֵרֶב is linked to Nehemiah's reforms against intermarriages. In other texts, such as Jer 25:20; 50:37 and Ezek 30:5, the term עֵרֶב has the meaning "to take on a pledge" or "to give in pledge exchange." In those instances, the term עֵרֶב appears in the context of war and those slain by the sword; thus, the term refers to mercenaries. A clue to the identity of the mixed multitude can also be found in Exod 13:18, where the text describes the Israelites at the time of the Exodus as חֲמֻשִׁים, a term which can have military implications. The existence of mercenaries in the ancient world is well known. They were part of David's army and accepted as part of the Israelite nation. In this paper, we will show that the term עֵרֶב רַב in Exod 12:38 refers to mercenaries who intermarried with the Israelites and left armed with them at the time of the Exodus from Egypt.
Hebrew Studies © 2008 National Association of Professors of Hebrew (NAPH)
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| 0.922086 | 529 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Cowpox virus infection in natural field vole Microtus agrestispopulations: significant negative impacts on survival
Burthe, S., Telfer, S., Begon, M., Bennett, M., Smith, A. and Lambin, X. (2008) Cowpox virus infection in natural field vole Microtus agrestispopulations: significant negative impacts on survival. Journal of Animal Ecology, 77 (1). pp. 110-119.
*Subscription may be required
1. Cowpox virus is an endemic virus circulating in populations of wild rodents. It has been implicated as a potential cause of population cycles in field voles Microtus agrestis L., in Britain, owing to a delayed density-dependent pattern in prevalence, but its impact on field vole demographic parameters is unknown. This study tests the hypothesis that wild field voles infected with cowpox virus have a lower probability of survival than uninfected individuals. 2. The effect of cowpox virus infection on the probability of an individual surviving to the next month was investigated using longitudinal data collected over 2 years from four grassland sites in Kielder Forest, UK. This effect was also investigated at the population level, by examining whether infection prevalence explained temporal variation in survival rates, once other factors influencing survival had been controlled for. 3. Individuals with a probability of infection, P(I), of 1 at a time when base survival rate was at median levels had a 22.4% lower estimated probability of survival than uninfected individuals, whereas those with a P(I) of 0.5 had a 10.4% lower survival. 4. At the population level, survival rates also decreased with increasing cowpox prevalence, with lower survival rates in months of higher cowpox prevalence. 5. Simple matrix projection models with 28 day time steps and two stages, with 71% of voles experiencing cowpox infection in their second month of life (the average observed seroprevalence at the end of the breeding season) predict a reduction in 28-day population growth rate during the breeding season from λ = 1.62 to 1.53 for populations with no cowpox infection compared with infected populations. 6. This negative correlation between cowpox virus infection and field vole survival, with its potentially significant effect on population growth rate, is the first for an endemic pathogen in a cyclic population of wild rodents.
|Publication Type:||Journal Article|
|Copyright:||© 2007 The Authors|
|Item Control Page|
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Hazelnuts are a delicious snack that can be harvested right in your own backyard. The 2 most common species of hazelnuts in North America are the beaked hazelnut and the American hazelnut. Beaked hazelnuts are tapered at the end and have a fuzzy outer shell, while American hazelnuts are large and round with smooth leaves. Before you eat wild hazelnuts, you must correctly harvest and dry them.
Harvesting American Hazelnuts
- Pick American hazelnuts in the fall. American hazelnuts are typically ripe in September or October. The nuts should start to turn brown, but the leaves around the nut should still be green. If you pick the nuts before this time, they won’t be ripe enough and won’t taste good.
- The leaves around the nuts are called involucres.
- If you wait for the hazelnuts to fall to the ground, there’s a good chance that animals will collect them first.
- Cut nut clusters from the tree. Use a pair of sterilized gardening shears to cut the nut clusters from the tree. Target clusters with a large quantity of nuts. Remember to leave a couple of clusters on the tree so that the wildlife near you has something to eat!
- The nut clusters will grow back during the next growing season.
- Wipe the blades on your gardening shears with a rag saturated in rubbing alcohol before you cut the plant to prevent spreading disease.
- Leave the nuts in a well-ventilated area for 2-3 weeks. Store the nuts in a sack, crate, or net in your garage or another well-ventilated place. Over the 2-3 weeks the hazelnuts will dry out and turn brown.
- Don’t leave the nuts outside or animals will eat them.
- Pluck the nuts from the involucres. After the hazelnuts dry, it’ll be easier to separate the nuts from the leaves. Empty the nuts from the sack or crate, and pull the nuts from the leaves. Then, place the separated nuts back into the sack or crate.
- Dry the hazelnuts in the sun for a week. Keep the hazelnuts in the sack or crate that you used to dry them. Place the hazelnuts in a safe place that receives direct sunlight. This will finish the drying out process.
- Remember to keep the hazelnuts in an area where they won’t be eaten by animals.
- Eat or store the hazelnuts. After the nuts dry out, you can crack them or toast them in the oven. You can store the hazelnuts for up to 3 months in the refrigerator.
Picking and Drying Beaked Hazelnuts
- Wear a pair of gardening gloves. Beaked hazelnuts are covered with small spines on the leaves surrounding the nut that can stick to your hands. To prevent discomfort, wear a pair of thick gardening gloves when you handle them.
- You can buy gardening gloves from department stores, home and gardening stores, or online.
- Harvest beaked hazelnuts in the summer. Unlike American hazelnuts, which are harvested in the fall, beaked hazelnuts should be harvested in the summer. Typically, you should start harvesting the nuts in late July.
- If you wait till after the summer, most beaked hazelnuts will be harvested by animals.
- Dry the nuts in a ventilated area for 2-4 weeks if your climate is dry. Place the nuts in a sack or crate in a dry place like a garage. Over this time, the nuts inside of the involucre (the leaves surrounding the nut) should dry out.
- Bury the nuts under wet soil for a month if you live in a damp area. If you live in a damp place, you can bury the nuts under the wet soil instead of drying them. This will remove the prickly spines and cause the involucres to rot.
- After you uncover the nuts, the involucres will be black.
- Peel the involucres from the nuts. Wear a pair of gloves and carefully peel the leaves from the nut. The nut should now be brown and ready to be eaten. You can store hazelnuts for up to 3 months in the refrigerator.
Things You’ll Need
- Rubbing alcohol
- Gardening shears
- Gardening gloves
- Drying rack or bag
- Make sure that you leave some hazelnuts for the wildlife in your area.
- It will take a hazelnut tree anywhere from 4-7 years to bear fruit.
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- Open Access
High-throughput sequencing technology reveals that continuous cropping of American ginseng results in changes in the microbial community in arable soil
Chinese Medicine volume 12, Article number: 18 (2017)
American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) is renowned worldwide for its eutherapeutic effects. The replantation of American ginseng usually fails due to problems associated with continuous cropping. An imbalance in the microbial community is thought to be responsible for this, but the overall changes in microbial communities under a continuous cropping system are unclear.
This study used quantitative polymerase chain reaction combined with high-throughput sequencing methods to confirm changes in a microbial community under continuous cropping of American ginseng.
Copy numbers of bacteria and fungi significantly declined by 47.7 and 45.5%, respectively, upon American ginseng cropping over 3 years. A total of 66,391 classified sequences were obtained from high-throughput sequencing analyses of 16S and 18S rRNA in six soil samples. A decline in bacterial diversity and an increase in fungal diversity were observed in the continuous cropping soils of American ginseng compared to those of traditional crops. Compared with soils used for traditional crops, the relative abundance of bacterial and fungal groups changed in soils subjected to continuous cropping with American ginseng.
Our results revealed that the diversity and composition of soil bacterial and fungal communities changed in the continuous cropping of American ginseng compared to those of traditional crops. Those data provided comprehensive insight into microbial communities at the agro-ecosystem scale and contributed to the understanding of micro-ecological environments in the rhizosphere of medicinal plants.
American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) is a remarkable medicine that is renowned globally for its eutherapeutic effects . It is a perennial plant that is usually continuously cultivated for 3 years in China. However, the replantation of American ginseng usually fails due to problems associated with continuous cropping . These problems include deterioration of the physicochemical properties of soil, autotoxicity, and changes in the soil microbial community [3, 4]. Among these, imbalances in soil microbial communities were shown to be the pivotal problem with continuous cropping system .
Soil microbial communities are abundant and play important roles in the biochemical cycles of terrestrial ecosystems . The diversity and composition of soil microbial communities are critical for maintaining soil health and quality [7, 8]. Changes in the diversity and composition of microbial community are related to shifts in a series of biotic and/or abiotic factors such as the cropping system, plant species, and soil type [9, 10]. Many studies have reported that cropping systems have significant effects on the diversity and composition of microbial communities [5, 11]. For example, based on phospholipid fatty-acid analyses, American ginseng cultivation was shown to cause a decline in metabolism function and a shift in the structure of soil microbial communities in the rhizosphere . Therefore, changes in the microbial community can affect soil micro-ecology and thus plant growth. High-throughput sequencing data revealed that fungal diversity declined and changes of microbial community were occurred in the soils of Panax notoginseng continuous cropping for 3 years . However, few studies have simultaneously reported on the changes in bacterial and fungal communities that are associated with the continuous cropping of American ginseng.
In this study, our objective was to detect changes in the diversity and composition of bacterial and fungal communities under a continuous cropping system of American ginseng. The obtained results should be useful for understanding the effects of cropping systems on soil micro-ecology, contribute to the cultivation of medicinal plants, and improve the sustainable development of the medicinal industry.
The experiment and soil collection
This experiment was conducted in Huairou, Beijing (40°300′N, 116°600′E), which is one of the main areas of American ginseng production in China. American ginseng was cultivated on traditional farmlands, in which mainly maize had been planted for more than 30 years. In the process of maize cultivation, Organic fertilizer (3.0 kg m−2) was applied as base fertilizer. The soil moisture content was mediated according to the developmental stages of maize. American ginseng was cultivated following the standard operating procedures of Good Agricultural Practice [14, 15]. Organic fertilizer (2.5 kg m−2) was added in October each year. The soil moisture content is 40–50%. Field plots in our plantation were arranged in a fully randomized block design with three replicate plots (1.5 × 30 m). Six plants grown for 3 years were chosen from one plot of American ginseng farmland (AGF) and their soil samples in the rhizosphere were collected . Soil samples from maize rhizospheres were used as controls (traditional farmland: TF). Six soil samples from one plot were combined to form a single sample. Those samples were AGF1, AGF2, AGF3, TF1, TF2 and TF3. In total, six samples were gathered, homogenized by being passed through a 2-mm sieve, and stored at −80 °C until subjected to further processing for the experiments. The characteristics of these soil samples are shown in Additional file 1: Table S1.
DNA extraction and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (QPCR)
Total DNA was extracted from freeze-dried soil using the MoBio Powersoil Kit (MoBio, Inc., Carlsbad, CA, USA) based on the manufacturer’s instructions. Total DNA was used to analyze the changes in the microbial communities between American ginseng and maize soils. The flow chart of the experimental procedure was showed in Fig. 1. Copy numbers of bacterial and fungal small rRNA subunit genes were calculated as described by Fierer et al. and Rousk et al. . Briefly, fungal gene fragments were amplified using the 5.8S/ITS1f primer pair and bacterial gene fragments were amplified using the Eub338/Eub518 primer pair. Quantitative PCR was performed in a volume of 25 µL with the 2× SYBR Green PCR Master Mix (Takara Bio, Shiga, Japan) using an ABI7500 Fast Real-Time PCR system (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA). Double-distilled water was used in the controls instead of template DNA. Copy numbers of bacterial and fungal genes were determined using a regression equation for each assay. Cycle threshold (Ct) values were obtained from the known copy numbers in the standards.
PCR amplification and Ion Torrent™ Sequencing
For each sample, the gene sequences of 16S rRNA and 18S rRNA were respectively amplified using conserved bacterial primers and conserved fungal primers 817F/1196R . The forward and reverse primers each contained a 10-bp barcode, as shown in Additional file 1: Table S2. PCR was carried out in quadruplicate in 25-µL reaction mixtures, each containing 1 µL (10 mM) of each forward and reverse primer, 2 µL of template DNA, 2.5 µL of reaction buffer, 2.5 µL of dNTP, and 0.2 µL of Taq DNA recombinant polymerase (Takara, Otsu, Japan). Samples were denatured at 94 °C for 3 min and then amplified using 28 cycles at 94 °C for 45 s, 50 °C for 30 s, and 72 °C for 60 s. A final extension of 10 min was added at the end of the program. Negative controls (no templates) were included to check for primer or sample DNA contamination. PCR products were excised from 1% agarose gel, purified using the MinElute Gel Extraction Kit (Qiagen, Valencia, CA, USA), and quantified using a Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA Assay Kit (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA). The resulting amplicons were pooled in equimolar ratios. Sequencing was performed on an Ion Torrent™ Personal Genome Machine using the Ion Xpress Template Kit (Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA, USA) and the Ion 314 chip (Life Technologies) following the manufacturer’s protocol.
Data were processed as described by the QIIME pipeline . In brief, bacterial and fungal sequences were trimmed and assigned to different samples based on their barcodes. Sequences were binned into operational taxonomic units (OTUs) at the 97% similarity level. Representative sequence alignments were generated through assignment with PyNAST, sequence alignment was performed to remove gaps, and locations known to be excessively variable were filtered . The filtered alignment sequences were then used to build a phylogenetic tree using FastTree . The taxonomic identities of bacteria and fungi were respectively determined using the RDP and Sliva schemes . Alpha diversities of bacterial and fungal communities were determined to assay phylogenetic diversity, along with Shannon indices (H′), Chao 1, and observed species by a modified version of the procedure described by Caporaso et al. . Pairwise distances between communities were determined using Weighted Unifrac values, and the results of microbial communities were visualized in a principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) matrix.
SPSS version 16.0 was used for statistical analyses of the diversity and relative abundance of soil microbial communities (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). The parameters were calculated for all replicates and subjected to an analysis of variance by one-way ANOVA. The value of each bar represents the mean ± SD of n = 3. Mean values were reported as significant or non-significant by paired t-tests (P < 0.05).
The Minimum Standards of Reporting Checklist contains details of the experimental design, and statistics, and resources used in this study (Additional file 2).
Estimation of the ratio of fungi to bacteria by quantitative PCR
The copy numbers of bacterial and fungal communities had significantly declined by 47.7 and 45.5%, respectively, in soils subjected to continuous cropping with American ginseng compared with those of traditional cropping system (Fig. 2a, b). Additionally, the ratio of fungi to bacteria showed an increasing trend in soils of American ginseng compared to those of traditional crops (maize) (Fig. 2c).
Bacterial diversity was lower in soils used for cultivating American ginseng
A total of 45,788 sequences were obtained by high-throughput sequencing analyses of 16S rRNA gene sequences, with an average of 7631 sequences per sample (range 5812–9458; most common length range 220–229 bp) (Additional file 1: Table S3). Chao 1, observed species, phylogenetic diversity, and Shannon index showed decreasing trends in soils used for American ginseng cultivation compared with those in the traditional cropping system (Fig. 3).
Fungal diversity was higher in soils used for cultivating American ginseng
A total of 20,603 sequences were obtained in high-throughput sequencing analyses of 18S rRNA gene sequences (Additional file 1: Table S3). The average number of sequences per sample was 3433 (range 1454–5563; most common length range 225–282 bp). Chao 1, observed species, phylogenetic diversity, and Shannon index showed increasing trends in soils used to cultivate American ginseng compared with those of traditional cropping system (Fig. 4).
Changes of bacterial composition in soils used to cultivate American ginseng
Bacterial composition differed significantly between soils used for American ginseng cultivation and those of maize cultivation (Fig. 5). PCoA ordination showed variations in the bacterial community among soils used for cultivating American ginseng and for maize (Fig. 5a). The first principal component (35.8% contribution) and the second principal component axes (24.9% contribution) differentiated the bacterial communities in soils used for cultivating American ginseng and maize.
The distribution of bacterial groups at the phylum level differed between the American ginseng and maize soils (Fig. 5b). Specifically, the relative abundances of Acidobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, Chloroflexi, Betaproteobacteria, Planctomycetes, OD1, AD3, and Verrucomicrobia were higher in soils used to cultivate American ginseng than in those used for maize cultivation. Meanwhile, the relative abundances of Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Deltaproteobacteria, Gemmatimonadetes, Firmicutes, and Nitrospirae were lower in the American ginseng soils.
Changes in the fungal composition of soils used for American ginseng cultivation
Fungal compositions also differed between American ginseng and maize soils (Fig. 6). These compositions showed variations based on PCoA ordination analyses (Fig. 6a). The first principal component (57.3% contribution) and second principal component axes (12.7% contribution) differentiated the fungal composition of American ginseng and maize soils.
In addition, the distribution of fungal communities varied between soils used for cultivating American ginseng and those of maize at the phylum level (Fig. 6b). Compared with soils used for maize cultivation, the relative abundances of Pezizomycotina, Chytridiomycota, Blastocladiomycota, and Glomeromycota were lower and the relative abundances of Basidiomycota and Saccharomycotina were higher in the American ginseng soils.
The relative abundance of bacterial groups changed in soils of American ginseng cultivation
Bacterial groups also differed between the American ginseng and maize soils at the levels of order and family (Fig. 7; Additional file 1: Tables S4, S5). The relative abundances of Acidimicrobiales, Actinomycetales, Gaiellales, Solirubrobacterales, Sphingobacteriales, Bacillales, Nitrospirales, Sphingomonadales, Burkholderiales, Myxococcales, and Syntrophobacterales declined by 0.1–49.6% in soils used to cultivate American ginseng compared with those of maize cultivation (Fig. 7a). However, the relative abundances of Acidobacteriales, Solibacterales, Rhizobiales, Rhodospirillales, Pseudomonadales, and Xanthomonadales increased by 8.1–160%. In soils used for American ginseng cultivation, the relative abundances of Micrococcaceae, Nocardioidaceae, Gaiellaceae, Chitinophagaceae, Flammeovirgaceae, Flexibacteraceae, Nitrospiraceae, Sphingomonadaceae, and Comamonadaceae decreased by 21.5–85.7% compared to those of maize cultivation. Conversely, the relative abundances of Acidobacteriaceae, Koribacteraceae, Solibacteraceae, Sinobacteraceae, and Xanthomonadaceae increased by 21.0–86.0% (Fig. 7b).
The relative abundance of fungal groups changes in soils cultivated with American ginseng
Fungal taxa differed between the soils of American ginseng and maize at the levels of order and family (Fig. 8; Additional file 1: Table S6). Compared with soils used for maize cultivation, the relative abundances of Arthoniales, Pleosporales, Lecanorales, and Sordariales declined by 61.4–274% in soils of American ginseng cultivation. In contrast, the relative abundances of Chaetothyriales, Eurotiales, Hypocreales, Microascales, Calosphaeriales, Xylariales, Helotiales, Pezizales, and Saccharomycetales increased by 13.4–132% in soils used for American ginseng cultivation (Fig. 8a). Furthermore, the relative abundances of Sclerotiniaceae, Pyronemataceae, Debaryomycetaceae, Cystofilobasidiaceae, Herpotrichiellaceae, Trichocomaceae, Bionectriaceae, Clavicipitaceae, Halosphaeriaceae, Calosphaeriaceae, and Amanitaceae increased by 28.1–215%, and the relative abundances of Pleosporineae, Lecanorineae, Chaetomiaceae, Sordariaceae, and Amphisphaeriaceae showed declining trends (0.6–58.5%) in soils of American ginseng cultivation compared with those of maize cultivation (Fig. 8b).
The increase in the ratio of fungi to bacteria was observed in the soils of American ginseng cultivation compared to those of maize in our study. Many studies have reported that the ratios of fungi to bacteria were altered in cropping systems [24, 25]. The ratio of fungi to bacteria significantly increased in the continuous cropping of P. notoginseng . These conclusions are also supported by our results. The ratio of fungi to bacteria is the most important characteristic of soil functionality and can serve as an indicator of ecosystem processes . These results could imply soil functionality was changed in a continuous cropping system.
Our results confirmed a decline in bacterial diversity and an increase in fungal diversity in soils subjected to a continuous cropping system of American ginseng. As mentioned above, phylotype diversity of fungi also increased during continuous cropping of peanut . Benizri et al. reported that the bacterial diversity changed in the continuous cropping soil of peaches. It has been proposed that the diversity of soil microorganisms is related to the maintenance of soil health and quality . Fungal diversity was associated with the death rate of P. notoginseng in the continuous cropping system . Fungal diversity has been suggested to have beneficial effects on plant production by suppressing pathogens . A decrease in soil microbial diversity was responsible for the development of soil-borne plant diseases . Taking the obtained findings together, the changes of microbial diversity in continuous cropping of American ginseng could alter the micro-ecological environment.
Cropping systems changed the composition of soil microorganisms and affected the soil health and quality [11, 30, 31]. Significant changes of microbial communities were observed in rhizosphere soils during the continuous cultivation of ginseng . Fungal populations exhibited significant dynamic changes in the continuous cropping of peanut, and both pathogenic and beneficial fungi were positively selected over time . Plant species is thought to select specific microbial populations in the rhizosphere and root exudates is a driving force [8, 33, 34]. American ginseng is a perennial plant and its root exudates accumulate in the rhizosphere, possibly presenting substrates for several groups of bacterial communities. For instance, Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes increased in relative abundance in high-nitrogen plots , which may explain the increase in the proportions of their abundances. However, plants do not only provide nutrients for microbial communities, but also contain a series of antimicrobial metabolites in their root exudates [10, 33, 34]. This may explain observed decreases in the relative abundances of microbial communities. Additionally, changes in soil chemical properties are likely to drive changes in microbial community composition . Our analyses did not show significant differences in pH, total nitrogen, available potassium, or organic matter between the soils of traditional cropping and American ginseng continuous cropping (Additional file 1: Table S1). Additionally, the contents of Olsen-phosphatase were significant difference in soils of traditional cropping compared to those of American ginseng, which effects on the microbial communities would need to further verification. Thus, cropping system was speculated as a dominant factor in disrupting the balance of soil microbial communities . Changes in the composition of bacterial community may lead to variations in metabolic capacity, biodegradation, and disease-suppression abilities [8, 35]. The negative impact of continuous cropping on soil productivity has been shown . These findings indicate that continuous cropping might have negative effects on ecosystem processes that are central to key ecosystem services. In this study, high-throughput sequencing analyses provided simultaneous and detailed insight into the bacterial and fungal communities in the agro-ecosystem of medicinal plants. HerbGenomics has been provided as a new discipline and metagenomic analyses of soil microbial populations is an important part of this discipline .
In summary, compared to those of traditional cropping system, the bacterial diversity decreased and the fungal diversity showed increasing trends in soils used for the continuous cropping of American ginseng; meanwhile, the composition of bacterial and fungal communities changed in soils cultivated with American ginseng. Our work will be of great significance for the understanding of continuous cropping obstacles from rhizospheric microorganisms, promoting the continuous development of medicinal plants and accelerating the recycling of soil resources.
American ginseng farmland
polymerase chain reaction
quantitative polymerase chain reaction
principal coordinates analysis
ribosomal database project
operational taxonomic units
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LD carried out the molecular experiments, analyzed the data and wrote the manuscript. JX and GW carried out the data analyses. LZ performed the molecular experiments. JY and XL contributed to the field experiments and collected samples. SC conceived of the study, contributed to the design and interpretation of the research. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
We thank Prof. Yujun Zhang, a member of Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, contributed to the modification of manuscript.
All authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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This study was supported by grants from National Science Foundation of China (Nos. 81603238 and 81403053).
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Dong, L., Xu, J., Zhang, L. et al. High-throughput sequencing technology reveals that continuous cropping of American ginseng results in changes in the microbial community in arable soil. Chin Med 12, 18 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13020-017-0139-8
- Panax quinquefolius L.
- Continuous cropping system
- Bacterial community
- Fungal community
- High-throughput sequencing technology
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JF Ptak Science Books Quick Post
Radium. It was for some short period of time a magnificent and harmless thing, soemthing with a life of its own, sort of, in the way that people used to think of electricity.
This is a detail for an advertisement for radium salts, found in the December, 1903 issue of Le Radium. At this point, just five years after the Curies discovered it and quick-published (in five days) their results in the Comptes Rendus..., the massive biochemical effects of human/radium interaction was not understood. And so the ads for firms like Armet de Lisle, which was loudly selling Sels de Radium (and other radioactive substances like uranium salt and uranium phosphate) without any real knowledge of the adverse health effects of its products. (The Curies and Becquerel had noticed ulcertating reactions to their skin when it was left in contact to radium, and "radium dementia" had been reported beginning about 1900, but it would take quite some time for this radioactive material to be understood as lethal products.)
Radium was used (in very small dosages) for the illuminating of instrument panels and dials (in, say, aircraft) and wrist watch faces into the 1960, though the major health factors ground themselves out in the worker who would come into contact with the radium itself.
Of course there were other uses for radium as a cure-all, which would have been a completely different story:
[which I wrote about here in "Radium Dance"]
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First Aid Helps Injured Animals
MISSISSIPPI STATE -- A lot of emergency first aid that works for injured humans also helps hurt animals.
Dr. Roger Wilbur, community practice veterinarian at Mississippi State University's College of Veterinary Medicine, said people can do a lot to help injured animals. The goal is to quickly and safely get the animal to a veterinarian.
Common injuries requiring first aid for animals are bite wounds, gunshot wounds or injuries from being hit by a car.
The first thing to do, whether helping a pet or a wild animal, is to make sure the animal cannot hurt the person.
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With dogs, a soft cord or long strips of gauze wrapped around the muzzle and tied behind the head prevents them from snapping. The animal then can be wrapped in a large blanket and taken to the veterinarian.
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"If the animal is unconscious, treat it as you would a possible spinal injury for a person," Wilbur said. "Wrap the animal on a board so its legs, spine and neck are stiff and take it to the veterinarian."
Especially with unconscious animals, make sure the airways are clear and breathing is not blocked. Use a cloth to clear the mouth and protect the hand from possible bites.
If an animal is bleeding, the first aid treatment is the same for animals and humans. Apply steady pressure with gauze or a clean towel to limit the blood flow.
Dangling, broken legs can be temporarily immobilized with splints made of newspaper, cardboard or towels. Run cold water over minor burns to temporarily ease some of the pain.
Wilbur warned against giving animals pain medication.
"Aspirin can be used in some cases, but only under the direction of a veterinarian," he said.
For most injured wild animals or in any situation where the person is in danger of being hurt, a conservation officer or animal control officer should be called to help. Once the animal has been confined, it should be taken to the veterinarian.
Wilbur said everyone should have a list of veterinarians to call for help before being faced with an injured animal. Not all veterinarians work with wild animals, and not all offices handle after-hours emergencies.
"When you have an injured animal, don't immediately take it to the nearest veterinarian," Wilbur said. "Call first to make sure there is somebody there who can treat the animal."
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<urn:uuid:e461c251-27c4-4498-84a7-58d63eb5d1a7>
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CC-MAIN-2019-39
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http://extension.msstate.edu/news/feature-story/1997/first-aid-helps-injured-animals?page=9
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514574182.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20190921022342-20190921044342-00000.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.93988 | 647 | 3.15625 | 3 |
As migration becomes increasingly important in Papua New Guinea (PNG) in recent years, the country faces new opportunities and challenges. Current economic growth has, for instance, led to increasing numbers of labour migrants arriving from abroad as well as migrating internally in search of job opportunities in the growing mining and natural gas industry. Yet, maximizing the positive impacts of migration on the country’s human development requires informed decision-making and policy development.
Carried out in collaboration with the Government of Papua New Guinea and recognizing the need for improved migration-related data for effective and comprehensive planning and policymaking, the assessment of migration data management in Papua New Guinea has revealed that the country has rich sources of migration data which remain largely untapped up to present. The assessment covered 20 existing datasets on migration and the country’s 15 digital databases.
The report provides an overview of all the existing datasets, assesses what information they contain and their accessibility to various potential data users. Furthermore, the assessment identifies data gaps and reveals additional sources, which could potentially be used to fill them. National capacity to collect, analyze, report and share data is also assessed and key short, medium and long term measures are recommended to enhance migration data management and the resulting evidence base that is essential for effective planning and policymaking on migration and development in Papua New Guinea.
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CC-MAIN-2019-22
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http://publications.iom.int/books/enhancing-migration-data-management-papua-new-guinea-assessment-and-recommendations
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|
en
| 0.933752 | 268 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Once upon a time, depression was viewed by many as a term used by desperate individuals, who were seeking attention or individuals lacking willpower and coping skills. Flash forward to today and we’re seeing the dangerous effects of untreated depression, such as suicide, murder, drug and alcohol abuse, domestic violence and so on.
We all go through some form of sadness from time to time, whether it’s from a job loss, a failed relationship, a sudden death, and even poor family dynamics, however, when that sadness becomes a part of your everyday routine, you know it’s time for a doctor’s visit. Depression affects you in more ways than you would think and it’s absolutely vital to seek help when you notice certain changes before you begin to spiral out of control. Personally, the one symptom that got me to my doctor’s office was my lack of concentration. As a writer, you cannot function without it and I became very suspect that something wasn’t right, right away. Social isolation is also something I experience as I work from home. We know that friendships become scarce the older we get, so imagine working from behind your computer screen, while living alone and you get the perfect case study for depression and the deterioration of one’s cognitive abilities. My short term memory doesn’t exist, brain fog is consistent, focus is almost impossible and the two things I haven’t lost as yet are my sense of humor and wit, which I am almost positive will ultimately make an exit. Cognitive decline is one of the most embarrassing and debilitating thing to happen to anyone, in my opinion, especially due to its social effects such as losing your train of thought in the middle of an interview.
Recently, I was diagnosed with a mild form of depression known as Dysthymia, a persistent depressive disorder (PPD), which now puts everything into perspective. Like major depression, it’s a mood disorder with similar effects. “Diagnosis of dysthymia can be difficult because of the subtle nature of the symptoms and patients can often hide them in social situations, making it challenging for others to detect symptoms.” Sansone, 2009, Dysthymic Disorder: forlorn and overlooked. This disorder isn’t biological, however, just having family members living with depression can put you at risk of developing dysthymia. Research also indicates that this type of disorder is far more chronic than major depression because it can begin in early childhood and go undetected for many years until it manifests into major depression. It makes perfect sense as to why I’ve always felt a deep sadness within me that I couldn’t explain and being the social and charismatic kid that I was, made it impossible for anyone to suspect that I was depressed. As a child, I thought my sadness was the result of not having my parents around, but as I grew older the feelings never left. As a young adult, I spent my early 20’s feeling sad and depressed because everyone around me had their own ideas and opinions about who they wanted me to be. Being emotional as I am, I internalized everything, which eventually lead me to develop suicidal thoughts. The fact that depression and mental health weren’t taken as seriously as it is today, allowed my dysthymia to progress. Fortunately, with therapy, it is possible to regain some sort of normalcy and control in one’s thoughts. Will my poor concentration and memory loss be a thing of my past? I sure hope so because my writing nor 150 LSAT score won’t magically appear.
As I researched this topic, I spoke with several people dealing with some form of depression, who each had one thing in common, an innate fear of being labeled and stigmatized, so no one wanted to speak with me on the record. This alone shows that even though we’ve come a long way with educating society on depression and mental health, we’re still not in the clear and more work needs to be done. If we came together to discuss our experiences with the disorder then maybe people wouldn’t suffer in silence or resort to taking his or her own life. Time and time again we hear about suicide cases, especially amongst celebrities and we’re left baffled as to why because they seemed fine. Well, in most cases we don’t find out until it’s too late.
Depression isn’t a joking matter because it can affect anyone and at any given time, but the key thing to remember is that it’s possible to overcome. Wanting to end your life shouldn’t be your first thought, instead, think about ways to manage your symptoms and coping mechanisms that have been tried and proven to work. I think that a lot of sufferers are those with empty hearts, who feel burdensome by their limited or lack of fulfilling and gratifying relationships. For these sufferers, a simple “hello” or “how are you” can make a huge difference in their mood and energy. We all want to feel valued, loved, and cared for, thus making it important to stay away from abusive relationships and negative people. Negativity in every form is bad for your health and your well-being, and it’s crucial to find a balance if you want to improve your cognitive skills and life. Life is too short not to be happy.
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CC-MAIN-2018-39
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https://shanellcampbell.com/2018/01/17/depression-and-cognition-a-correlation/?shared=email&msg=fail
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en
| 0.969093 | 1,120 | 2.59375 | 3 |
An important, and often neglected, part of designing and developing a display is making certain that appropriate supports, display materials and techniques are used when displaying collection items. Displaying items incorrectly and without proper support over an extended period of time can cause irreparable damage. Careful and appropriate display of items also shows visitors and donors that the museum cares for its collection.
This Help Sheet introduces some principles for safe and effective display of items. It also provides basic guidelines for identifying items that require support, and for making and using appropriate supports.
Some principles of good display
1. Items should be displayed in ways that reduce the impact of the external environment. For example:
- Be aware of where a fragile item is positioned and the amount and intensity of light regularly falling on it. Sensitive items are better displayed behind Perspex or glass or in an enclosed case rather than in the open air. This limits their exposure to pollutants in the external environment and protects them from changes in temperature and humidity.
- Large items in direct contact with the floor or a wall are more at risk of damage from dampness, dust, changes in temperature and pest infestation. They are also more likely to be bumped by a visitor or an enthusiastic worker with a vacuum cleaner. It is better to display the object lifted slightly above the floor, and away from the wall, on plinths or other stable and strong supports.
2. Items should be displayed so that their integrity is maintained. For example:
- The spine, cover and pages of a book displayed open at a particular page without support will gradually become distorted. The spine might crack and the cover may warp. The book will forever fall open to the same place and the open pages will fade and yellow from prolonged exposure to the light. Using an appropriate book support and turning pages regularly will reduce damage.
- If a dress is hung on a wire hanger or stretched over an unsuitable store mannequin great strain will be placed upon the seams and other fragile parts of the costume. The sharp line of the wire hanger will gradually cut into the fabric. Any creases created by the way the skirt hangs will become ingrained, the fabric weakened and prone to tearing. The parts of the dress exposed to light will fade. Displaying the dress on a padded hanger or on a specially constructed mannequin will contribute to its preservation.
3. Copies are an acceptable alternative
The quality of digital scanning and printing allows for accurate copies of original documents and photographs to be made. In many cases it is better to store irreplaceable originals under archival conditions and only use copies for display.
4. Less is more
Avoid crowding objects into display cases, particularly if it results in items touching or overlapping each other without a barrier in between. Choose the best examples or the items with the best connected stories.
- Avoid displaying very fragile and/or sensitive items and identify risks to any items on long-term display. Rotate items so that each spends less time out on open display. Not only does this add interest for returning visitors but it also aids in the preservation of the collection.
How to recognise if an object needs support
Virtually all items on display require some form of support or protection. Consider each object before placing it on display; examine its condition, the material it is made from and the way it is made. A few simple things to keep in mind are:
- The more fragile an object, the more support it is likely to need.
- Items that have heavy parts such as covers of books or hinged lids on boxes are likely to become damaged without appropriate support.
- Some materials are more sensitive to the external environment. For example textiles, paper and pigments such as watercolours are particularly susceptible to damage from light and UV radiation. Metal items corrode more readily when in contact with uncoated wood.
Safe materials for making your own display supports
Always look for archival quality materials. These include:
- Acid-free cardboard and paper. These can be used for placing under flat items to prevent contact with wooden surfaces such as shelves or the inside of display cases. Wood can produce active chemicals which can damage items. Card or Corflute (a hollow fluted polyethylene plastic board commonly used for signs) can also be folded to create V-shaped supports for books. See the instructions included as an appendix to this Help Sheet.
- Acid free tissue paper: This can be crumpled and used to pad and fill-out the inside of a hat, a pair of boots, or parts of a costume on display.
- Mylar (polypropylene plastic film): This comes in the form of sheets or pockets. Pockets can be used for all sorts of paper items. Two mylar sheets can be sealed on all four sides (with double sided-acid free tape) to encapsulate items. The tape must only come into contact with the Mylar, not the item. Mylar strips can also be used to hold pages of a book open (do not force) or as photo corners (attached to the support not the photograph).
- Tyvek: This is a high-density polyethylene woven material which is often used to protect items such as textiles from dust and water while allowing air to circulate. Tyvek has many other uses in displaying items. It can be placed as a protective layer between objects and shelves or display cases. It can be filled with Dacron (polyester wadding) and sewn into pillow or cushion-type supports which can be used to support book covers or to pad garments. It can be used to cover all sorts of everyday objects such as cardboard rolls or pieces of non-archival foam so they can be used as supports.
- Cotton or calico cloth and Dacron wadding: The cloth can be sewed into pillows and filled with Dacron wadding to make pillow supports for objects and books, display cushions for small items, or padded hangers for garments. See reCollections ‘Caring for Cultural material Volume 2’, (p. 9-10) for instructions for making a padded hanger’ or your own mannequin (p. 19-20)
- Archival foam: This must be covered with Tyvek or cotton so that it doesn’t come into direct contact with an item. It can be cut to all different shapes and used to support objects. For example, a glass bowl might be placed in a shaped foam ring to prevent it moving, thereby reducing the risk of breakage.
Other useful aids for making your own display supports
- Cutting board and a steel ruler for cutting archival board and/or a small guillotine for cutting paper
- Sewing kit, cotton tape, tape measure
- Double-sided sticky tape, photo corners
- Cardboard rolls (various sizes) – these need to be covered with cotton or Tyvek
- Various sized wooden display plinths and boxes (sealed)
- Perspex display stands of different sizes
- Polystyrene heads (for hats)
A checklist of things to avoid
A simple rule of thumb is to avoid attaching anything to, or passing anything through, an item. Items can be supported or laid on top of archival supports but should not be attached to them in any way. Steer clear of the following:
- Pins, thumbtacks or staples
- Sticky tape, (including non archival standard double-sided tape)
- Glue, adhesives of any kind
- Velcro dots and strips
- Sharp wire
- Wire hangers
- Rubber bands
- Do not laminate original photos or documents. Laminating destroys the historical integrity of an object and it cannot be reversed.
Also watch out for
- Unprotected wooden shelves or display cases. Use acrylic paints or polyurethane for cases and allow these sealants to cure for 2-4 wks before use. Avoid chipboard, masonite and particle board.
- Use of wool felt inside display cases. It emits sulphur gases and attracts insects. Use a sheet of Tyvek instead.
- Display cases that you can’t open easily and safely
- Unsupported, sagging objects such as books, documents, textiles
- Unsupported fragile items such as objects made from glass. They can ‘walk’ their way off shelves due to vibration caused by people walking past.
- Sharp creases and folds in textiles and garments
- Overlapping items without placing a barrier between them such as tissue paper or Tyvek
- Items displayed on the floor or against the walls. Use some kind of support to lift them from the ground.
- Items exposed to constant bright light. See the Museum Environment Help Sheet for pointers on how to avoid this.
A note on large outdoor objects
- For cars and tractors, display up on blocks or jacks to keep the tyres off of dirt or gravel.
- Provide shelter for significant large objects on outdoor display. Keep them off the ground.
Construction of a book support for display
Kristin Phillips: Artlab Australia
Books that are displayed open need appropriate support in order to prevent damage to the book spine, splitting of the text block and possible loss of pages. Such damage is difficult and expensive to repair and should always be prevented. A book support specifically constructed to fit a book will allow it to be safely displayed.
Selecting a book for display
Determine if the book is in good condition. Check to see if:
- the covers are well attached
- the spine is damaged
- pages are coming loose or are torn
Fragile or damaged books may not be able to be displayed without causing further damage. It is important not to force a book open or bend the covers or pages to any angle where you feel any resistance from the spine.
Construction of plastic loop to hold pages open
If the book will not stay open on the pages to be displayed a loop of clear polyethylene plastic can be used to hold the pages. Cut a 1 cm wide strip of plastic. Loop the plastic strip around the book on the selected page so that it is firm but not tight. Cut the length of the loop allowing for a 2cm overlap and attach the overlap with double sided tape. Double-sided tape doesn’t have to be archival quality because it is not in direct contact with the book.
Construction of book support
Corflute™ is recommended for constructing book supports. Corflute™ is hollow fluted polyethylene plastic board commonly used for signs, which can be purchased from an art supplier. Supports for smaller or lighter books may also be made with acid-free cardboard.
Once the selected pages are secured measure the book for the support. Place the book on the table and whilst supporting the covers determine a safe angle that will be suitable for display. Use props to temporarily hold the book at the desired angle. Measure the profile of the book.
- Measure the following as per diagram 1
- A. Flap (generally 20 mm, if slope is very low may not be required)
- B. Spine (this may be in a straight line with C or adjacent to the back cover depending on support)
- C. Front cover (the length should be 15mm less than the actual cover)
- D. Left hand height of support (this may be a different height to F)
- E. Base (the base will be slightly shorter than the outside edges of the book)
- F. Right hand height of support (this may be a different height to D)
- G. Back cover (The length should be 15mm less than the actual cover)
- H. Flap (generally 20 mm, if slope is very low may not be required )
Measure the height of the book (Less 1cm so that the support does not protrude).
Mark out a rectangle onto the Corflute™ which is the total of measurements A-H (length) and the height. Corflute™ must be measured and cut so that the flutes/inner walls run from the top to the bottom of the book. Cut the rectangle as marked.
Height of the book – 1cm ↨
Direction of the flutes ↑
↔The length is the total of each measurement A-H
Mark the lengths of each of the measurements A-H onto the board (Diagram 2). Do not cut the line between the spine and the cover if they sit in a straight line. Cut all of the other lines as marked being careful to only cut through the top layer of the Corflute™. Fold the board at each cut so that the cut layer opens outwards.
Fold the board into the book support shape and adhere using hot glue.
Covering sides for display
For display the open sides of the support can be covered. This is only done to improve the appearance of the support for display. Trace the shape of the sides onto cardboard chosen to best suit the display. Cut the shape and adhere it to the sides of the support with hot glue. It is not essential that cardboard used for this purpose is acid free as it is not directly in contact with the book.
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<urn:uuid:8a5582c1-c65f-4d4e-86e7-11aad8531986>
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CC-MAIN-2018-43
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http://community.history.sa.gov.au/how-do-i/display-techniques-and-supports
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en
| 0.916692 | 2,749 | 3.1875 | 3 |
- vt. 整理；安排；计划；改编(乐曲)
- vi. 协商；计划
- vi. & vt. 安排; 准备 plan or agree in advance
- vt. 整理; 布置 set in a good or pleasing order
put into a proper or systematic order;
"arrange the books on the shelves in chronological order"
make arrangements for;
"Can you arrange a meeting with the President?"
plan, organize, and carry out (an event);
"the neighboring tribe staged an invasion"
set (printed matter) into a specific format;
"Format this letter so it can be printed out"
"dress my hair for the wedding"
adapt for performance in a different way;
"set this poem to music"
arrange thoughts, ideas, temporal events;
"arrange my schedule"
"set up one's life"
"I put these memories with those of bygone times"
- You must arrange these books in alphabetical order.
- I have arranged one of my staff to meet you at the airport.
- If you can arrange the tourist destinations for me, I will be very grateful.
- I have arranged with the neighbours about taking care of the cat.
- Her parents are busy arranging for her wedding ceremony.
- I'll arrange somehow.
- Be sure to arrange so that we can get there at one o'clock.
- We'll arrange everything.
- She had arranged matters very well.
- One spring day the school arranged a picnic.
- Before going away, he arranged his business affairs.
- The point is how to arrange our daily life well.
- We arranged four wooden chairs around the table.
- He began to arrange the flowers in the vase.
- Then she arranged the books on the lower shelf.
- They arranged an exhibition on my painting for me.
- They have arranged an exchange of war prisoners.
- I have arranged a concert.
- They have arranged negotiations.
- The travel agent arranged the trip with a stop in Rome.
- You can arrange the matter at your own convenience.
- Please arrange these books in alphabetical order.
- It is difficult to arrange their difference.
- The two neighbors have now arranged their differences.
- His hair was carefully arranged.
- The table was arranged very neatly.
- It had been arranged beforehand.
- Everything has been arranged satisfactorily.
- The building is very well arranged and planned.
- The cars are arranged in lines on the parking lot.
- The tests in this book are arranged in order of difficulty.
- Diamond necklaces and rings have been beautifully arranged on a background of black velvet.
- The flowers were tastefully arranged in the silver vase.
- The meeting is arranged for Sunday.
- A marriage has been arranged between them.
- It was arranged by the mediation of friends.
- The cards are arranged by author and subject.
- This music for the violin will be arranged for the piano.
- I arranged to meet them at 10 o'clock tomorrow morning.
- Next day he found they had arranged to go by train to Beijing.
- Don't worry if you have arranged to go with them.
- I arranged to be a passenger on ship.
- Can you arrange for us to visit the Shanghai Industrial Exhibition tomorrow?
- The leadership has arranged for him to attend the meeting.
- The teacher arranged for him to spend one day in the laboratory.
- He has arranged for a taxi to come and get us.
- The airline arranged for a plane to take us to Boston.
- The teacher has arranged for a new story to be told this evening.
- I've arranged for him to be taken ashore first.
- I have arranged for the guests to be driven to the villa.
- Can you arrange for the gold to be delivered on Monday?
- We have to arrange where to meet.
- I arranged that I shall have dinner with him tonight.
- He arranged that we go together.
- I arranged that I should meet them here.
- I've arranged that one of our representatives should meet you at the airport.
- They arrange that they would make the machine themselves.
- We've arranged that the kids should go and help her once a week.
- The department has arranged that two classes should go to the factory next week.
- Have you arranged which day you are leaving on?
- It was arranged that they leave the following week.
- It was arranged that we have to have supper at the airport.
- It had been arranged that he should teach them Latin.
- arrange about (v.+prep.)
为…做准备或安排 make preparations for
arrange about sth/v-ing
We must arrange about that.
Who arranged about buying the tickets?
- arrange for (v.+prep.)
为…做准备或安排 make preparations for
arrange for sth/v-ing
Would you like to arrange for a personal interview?
They arranged for a benefit concert.
He went to England to arrange for his boy's education.
We must arrange for a boat for them.
We've just arrived here, can you arrange for a car for us?
I arrange for meeting him at five.
我准备和他5点钟见面。arrange sth for sb/sth
We have arranged the performance for the foreign guests.
They arranged the room for the meeting.
They are arranging a novel for the stage.
They are arranging the piece for the full orchestra.
- arrange with (v.+prep.)
与…商定,说妥 make a plan with
arrange with sb about/for sth
I have arranged with my classmates for an excursion to the beach.
The dean has arranged with me about a talk in the evening.
Let's go and arrange with them about the board.
I'm going to arrange with him about the tickets.
我准备就票的问题与他商量。arrange with sb to-v
I have arranged with the restaurant to expect us at 5:30.
我已在餐厅预定了座位，5:30到。arrange sth with sb
Can you arrange a meeting with the President?
- arrange books 整理好书
- arrange one's business affairs 安排好业务
- arrange cards 把卡片排列好
- arrange one's daily life well 安排好日常生活
- arrange one's difference 消除分歧
- arrange everything 安排好一切
- arrange an examination 安排检查
- arrange an exhibition on painting 筹备画展
- arrange the flowers 插花
- arrange holidays 安排度假
- arrange a meeting 安排开会
- arrange a picnic 安排郊游
- arrange a reception for the visitor 安排接见客人
- arrange the room 布置房间
- arrange the schedule 安排好时间
- arrange a settlement 安排好一种方案
- arrange the trip 安排旅行
- arrange beforehand 事先准备
- arrange well 很好地安排
- arrange admirably 极好地安排
- arrange alphabetically 按字母顺序地安排
- arrange artistically 富有艺术创造力地安排
- arrange becomingly 适当地安排
- arrange beautifully 美妙地安排
- arrange carefully 小心地安排
- arrange cleverly 巧妙地安排
- arrange clumsily 拙劣地安排
- arrange complexly 复杂地安排
- arrange confidentially 机密地安排
- arrange crudely 粗俗地安排
- arrange dramatically 不寻常地安排
- arrange delicately 灵敏地安排
- arrange efficiently 有效地安排
- arrange elaborately 详尽地安排
- arrange felicitously 恰当地安排
- arrange finally 最后地安排
- arrange geographically 依据地形安排
- arrange harmoniously 和谐地安排
- arrange hideously 令人惊骇地安排
- arrange ideally 完美地安排
- arrange immediately 立即安排
- arrange mechanically 习惯性地安排
- arrange methodically 有条理地安排
- arrange neatly 巧妙地安排
- arrange obviously 显而易见地安排
- arrange ostensibly 表面上地安排
- arrange painfully 痛苦地安排
- arrange previously 事先安排
- arrange satisfactorily 满意地安排
- arrange sensibly 合理地安排
- arrange systematically 有规律地安排
- arrange tastefully 布置得很高雅
- arrange temptingly 诱人地安排
- arrange topically 按标题排列
- arrange very tidily 布置得非常整洁
There he araynged his men in the stretes.出自： Ld Berners
- arrange后可直接跟事类名词，如arrange a picnic；
- arrange for sb/sth to do sth意为“安排某人或某物去做某事”，如arrange for a new classroom；
- arrange with sb to do sth指安排某人做某事时，可以是位于主语上的人自己做，也可以是两人一起做，因而这种用法必须谨慎使用，避免产生误解；
We have arranged that he shall/should start work next Monday.
- arrange, concert, negotiate
- 这组词都可表示为“经过讨论或会谈双方一致成就某事”。其区别在于:negotiate多指外交、交易或法律上等为某事进行谈判; arrange一般指私人之间进行的商定或商妥; concert特指为取得协同一致所进行的协商。
- arrange, marshal, methodize, order, organize
- Before going away, he arranged his business affairs.在离开之前,他把业务都安排好了。
- The point is how to arrange our daily life well.问题在于如何把我们的日常生活安排好。
- Next day he found they had been marshaled to go by air to Beijing.第二天,他发现大家已经安排好,打算乘飞机到北京去。
- We want you to methodize the everyday work of the factory.我们要你使厂里的日常工作条理化。
- Older students were having difficulty in studying and organizing themselves.年龄大的学生们学习有困难,也难以组织起来。
- The explorer organized an expedition to the North Pole.这位探险家组织了一次北极探险活动。
误 Please arrange us an interview with the workers.
正 Please arrange an interview with the workers for us.
析 arrange不用于arrange sb sth结构，其间接宾语sb需用for引出。
- ☆ 14世纪晚期进入英语，直接源自古法语的arrangier：a (去） + rangier (列成一排），意为将东西排成一排；最初源自法兰克语的hring，意为将东西整理好。
- organize 组织
- plan 计划
- coordinate （使）协调
- place 地方
- dispose 清除
- put in order 整理
- set up 建立
- fix up 安排
- classify 分类
- catalog 目录
- fix 使 ... 固定
- adapt 改编
- orchestrate 给 ... 配管弦乐曲...
- fit 适宜的
- position 位置
- systematize 使系统化
- put 放
- settle 解决
- assemble 集合
- put together 合在一起
- display 显示
- lay out 设计
- pose 摆姿势
- set 放置
- stage 舞台
- methodize 定顺序
- marshal 陆空军元帅
- comb 梳子
- sort 种类
- grade 等级
- group 群
- negotiate 谈判
- frame 骨架
- devise 设计
- queue 长队
- adjust 调整
- catalogue 目录
- collocate 布置
- straighten 弄直
- prepare 预备
- order 顺序
- rank 等级
- in 在 ... 里
- hatch 孵化
- lay lie的过去式....
- coiffe 盛装
- do 做
- coiffure 发型
- format 版式
- coif 头巾
- dress 服装
|
<urn:uuid:684c0337-c62d-4048-ba72-242003124423>
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CC-MAIN-2022-40
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https://dict.cn/arrange
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|
en
| 0.665371 | 7,991 | 2.9375 | 3 |
"Textual practice for the past twenty years has been increasingly faced with the necessity of abandoning the notion that was basic to the bibliography practiced by Greg and Bowers, that by comparing texts we can arrive at a single, authentic, original, a reconstruction of the author's final manuscript" (117).
Playtexts are built with a fluidity that enabled them to change as the conditions of performance change, and thus the printed text represents only a single stage of an ongoing process. Writers complaining that players have altered their scripts in performance helps demonstrate this point (117).
Uuncorrected sheets were bound into books with corrected ones, and there was nothing in print technology that required this: it is merely reflective of a Renaissance mindset that saw printed books as a fluid medium (117). I disagree with this, partially based on some of the other notes in this journal: hiring a proofreader was an added expense, and wouldn't always be done, and since time was money, when a proof reader was employed, even if only checking for typographical errors, it would mean idle press time to stop the press for the ten minutes Orgel says would have been necessary.
The fundamental assumption of most editors is that there is a "perfect" text that the editor should be true to in creating new editions of that text (118).
Producing a modernized text is not the best way to preserve the print archeology of the originals, but it is necessary to make Shakespeare accessible to the majority of modern readers, and thus the two key tasks of an editor are irreconcilable (119).
"Every facsimile is identical to every other one, and in this respect facsimiles falsify the essential nature of the Renaissance book" (121).
Orgel observes the material instability of the printed book, and the material instability of text itself ("proud" vs "provd" in Sonnet 129). He never says what an editor is, or proscribes a practice for editing, but instead illustrates that editors will often seek two contradictory goals in creating their editions. Editorial logic will, of necessity, be left to the individual judgment of the editor and the needs of the editor's audience.
Orgel, Stephen. "What is an Editor?" Shakespeare: The Critical Context. Stephen Orgel and Sean Keilen Ed. New York: Garland Publishing. 1999. p. 117 - 123. Print. Dual pagination is given for all works in this volume, but since the table of contents follows the pagination running at the bottom center of each page, this is the pagination that I have followed in my citations.
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<urn:uuid:9ddcfecd-2f1f-47de-857d-0b8d0645e4a7>
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
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http://merryfringe.blogspot.com/2011/01/notes-on-what-is-editor.html
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128323588.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20170628083538-20170628103538-00086.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.937042 | 535 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Basketball, football, baseball, volleyball, oh my! We’re used to high school sports having a certain uniformity. That, however, is simply the result of our own cultural experience. While certain sports like soccer and basketball are practically universal worldwide, American football is rarely played outside the United States. Similarly, many sports that are routinely practiced in schools around the world are unique to their cultures. Let’s take a look at some of them!
The sport of judo was created in Japan, but that doesn’t mean it’s ancient. In fact, judo was created in the late 1800s and only became popularized in the 20th Century. Japanese high schoolers compete in this sport in a very big way, though it’s worth noting that judo has also developed a worldwide following as well.
If you find yourself traveling across China, your wanderings may take you past the occasional high school. And if this should happen, you may be treated to a view that is, in fact, entirely normal for China: large numbers of students practicing kung-fu outdoors on school grounds. Alone or in groups, punching, kicking, blocking, even using swords, halberds or other weapons. Despite the skill required to practice kung-fu correctly, it’s not that big a deal in the nation of its birth. Just another part of school life.
Here’s one that’s very gentle, even graceful. Chinlone combines team-based ball sports with dance. There is no score, and there are no points. The team passes the ball among themselves, resembling the keep-me-up performed by soccer players. However the kicking is combined with dance, so the whole thing takes on a fascinating, graceful performance as the players try to keep the ball -- which is traditionally woven from rattan -- from hitting the ground.
Australian Rules Football (Australia)
This is a game that may actually cause pain just to watch. Dating back to the mid-1800s, “Footy” (as it’s it’s often called) looks at first blush like an intense game of rugby. However Australian Rules Football does not allow passing, and is a full-contact sport that allows contacts -- without padding -- that can be very intense indeed. However its popularity among Australians continues to grow, with over 600,000 Aussies currently registered as players.
Originally created centuries ago as a way for young men to prove their worth, Moraingy is essentially a form of bare-knuckled boxing that is now practiced by both boys and girls. However, it is not as rough as it sounds. There is a referee, and they generally aren’t going for knockouts. The sport also has it own set of dance-like moves, and in fact there is a religious component to the sport, as it is usually accompanied by music that is known to lull fighters and spectators alike into a trancelike state. What’s more, between bouts the boxers perform dances.
Not many sports have been listed as Intangible Cultural Heritage assets by the UN and set aside for protection, but Capoeira has. Hundreds of years ago, Brazil, then part of the Portuguese empire, employed huge numbers of slaves, and those slaves would escape into the jungle whenever they could. Those slaves would be hunted down by professional slave-catchers, so the fugitive slaves would have to defend themselves against very well-armed attackers. This led to the creation of Capoeira, a form of unarmed combat that employs wild moves and dodges designed to confuse a foe. After many hundreds of years (and repeated attempts at banning) what was originally a self-defense technique is now much closer to a form of acrobatic performance. Capoeira has been exported around the world and is now performed on every continent, but in Brazil it remains a powerful cultural tradition.
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CC-MAIN-2017-39
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https://www.tutordoctor.com/blog/2017/july/unusual-high-school-sports-around-the-world/
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| 0.974116 | 809 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Thursday, 6 December 2012
Two Old Stone Age Stories
In "The Long Remembering," Cro-Magnons drive back Neanderthals. In "The Forest," the Forest, advancing north as the glaciers withdraw, drives before it the reindeer and the people who live on them. Thus, both stories describe major turning points.
In "The Forest," Thunder Horse, a hunter of the People, explores the advancing Forest, thinking that his people might move there to combine their skills with those of the Folk of the Forest whose numbers are mysteriously small. The Folk would welcome the People but Thunder Horse realizes that the People do not belong in the Forest whose Folk grovel before gods, even sacrificing their first born - which helps to explain their small numbers.
The People retreating before the encroaching Forest preserve their freedom at the expense of poverty on land bared by the glaciers. In his introduction, Anderson mentions innovations such as skis and dugout boats. The latter was conceptualized by Argnach-eskaladuan-torkluk "...while I, the I of my secret name, stood on a high mountain thinking strong thoughts," i.e., while he was abstracted, in "The Long Remembering" (Anderson, Homeward And Beyond, New York, 1976, p. 30). So "The Forest" should be read first.
|
<urn:uuid:5386780e-84ae-434c-b696-c4df80e589ad>
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
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http://poulandersonappreciation.blogspot.co.uk/2012/12/two-old-stone-age-stories.html
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|
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| 0.965566 | 279 | 2.984375 | 3 |
|Title||Geomorphic systems of the Palliser Triangle, southern Canadian Prairies: description and response to changing climate|
|Author||Lemmen, D S; Vance, R E; Campbell, I A; David, P P; Pennock, D J; Sauchyn, D J; Wolfe, S A|
|Source||Geological Survey of Canada, Bulletin 521, 1998, 72 pages (1 sheet), https://doi.org/10.4095/210076 (Open Access)|
|Links||Palliser Triangle Global Change Project|
|Links||Le Projet sur le changement à l'échelle
planétaire dans le triangle de Palliser|
|Publisher||Natural Resources Canada|
|Maps||Publication contains 2 maps|
|Map Info.||surficial geology, lithology, 1:3,000,000|
|Map Info.||soils, soil types, 1:3,000,000|
|Media||paper; on-line; digital|
|NTS||72E; 72F; 72G; 72H; 72J; 72K; 72L; 82G/01; 82G/08; 82G/09; 82G/16; 82H; 82I; 82J/01; 82J/08; 82J/09; 82J/16|
|Area||Medicine Hat; Cypress Hills; Swift Current; South Saskatchewan River|
|Lat/Long WENS||-112.5000 -104.0000 51.0000 49.0000|
|Subjects||environmental geology; surficial geology/geomorphology; soils science; Nature and Environment; climatic fluctuations; climate; erosion; landslides; mass wasting; soils; vegetation; landforms; tills;
glaciofluvial deposits; glaciolacustrine deposits; eolian deposits; loess; dunes; drainage systems; glacial deposits; Quaternary|
|Illustrations||cross-sections; aerial photographs; photographs; sketch maps; analyses|
|Released||1998 11 01; 2014 01 15|
|Abstract||The Palliser Triangle of southeastern Alberta and southwestern Saskatchewan is characterized by a variable climate, strong annual moisture deficit, and recurrent drought. Geomorphic systems in such
environments are often sensitive to even minor changes in climate. Since climate changes in the twenty-first century are expected to include more frequent drought, geomorphic systems are likely to be affected in ways that threaten sustainable
activities in some areas.|
This review considers four geomorphic systems: eolian, fluvial, mass wasting, and soil redistribution. Soil redistribution integrates a number of lower-level systems, and is of greatest importance with respect to
sustainable land management. A qualitative assessment of the potential impacts of four climate change scenarios on each of these geomorphic systems indicates the following:
1. Eolian landscapes are the most sensitive to climatic variability, with
the region lying near the threshold of extensive eolian activity.
2. Fluvial systems are the least predictable in terms of response to climate change.
3. Climate influences the frequency of mass wasting processes by modifying the regional
groundwater table and determining antecedent moisture conditions.
4. The principal agents of soil redistribution are wind, water, and tillage. Both wind and water erosion are closely related to extreme climatic events. Human activities remain
the most critical factors influencing agricultural soils.
Identification of possible responses to climate change sets the stage for proactive land management: facilitating rapid adaptation or implementation of mitigation procedures when reliable,
long-term regional climatic projections are available, or when trends can be clearly defined through monitoring.
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CC-MAIN-2019-51
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https://geoscan.nrcan.gc.ca/starweb/geoscan/servlet.starweb?path=geoscan/fulle.web&search1=R=210076
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en
| 0.759548 | 784 | 2.546875 | 3 |
We come then to the question presented: Does segregation of children in public schools solely on the basis of race, even though the physical facilities and other "tangible" factors may be equal, deprive the children of the minority group of equal educational opportunities? We believe that it does. We conclude that in the field of public education the doctrine of "separate but equal" has no place. Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal. Therefore, we hold that the plaintiffs and others similarly situated for whom the actions have been brought are, by reason of the segregation complained of, deprived of the equal protection of the laws guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment.
With these words, the United States Supreme Court, in a unanimous decision on May 17, 1954, ruled that de jure school segregation was unconstitutional and paved the way for desegregation of educational institutions. The story of the Court's ruling and its aftermath is one of slow and steady chipping away at old laws and customs to achieve equal rights for all Americans. Legal segregation had existed under the "separate but equal" doctrine, but in most instances the separate educational facilities and opportunities the Southern states offered to African Americans were inferior, not equal, to those for white Americans. From the 1930s to the 1970s lawyers from the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People used the courts to achieve equal pay for African American teachers and equal facilities and curriculum for African American students.
These web pages explore Virginia's reaction to the Brown decision, especially through the letters and petitions of individual citizens and organizations sent to elected officials. Responses to the Brown v. Board of Education ruling ranged from enthusiastic approval to bitter opposition. The General Assembly adopted a policy of "Massive Resistance," using the law and the courts to obstruct desegregation. In 1958 the governor closed schools in Warren County, Norfolk, and Charlottesville rather than allow them to desegregate under court order. The following year, state and federal courts invalidated Virginia's "Massive Resistance" statutes, but public schools in Prince Edward County, where the Virginia case against segregated school had originally been filed, remained closed for five years as some white Virginians fought desegregation of schools. In the end, the public's support for public schools overrode the desires of some Virginians to maintain racial segregation.
|
<urn:uuid:fd4bb731-0328-48a9-9d29-cadab5671f01>
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CC-MAIN-2016-36
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http://www.lva.virginia.gov/exhibits/brown/index.htm
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en
| 0.957378 | 467 | 3.75 | 4 |
American innovation is one of our most special traditions, fueling our nation to new heights over the course of our history. Innovation is critically important in rural America, where research is helping to grow American agriculture, create new homegrown products, generate advanced renewable energy and more.
Continued research has the capacity to lead the way to economic opportunity and new job creation in rural areas – and USDA has been hard at work to carry out these efforts. But we need Congress to get its work done and provide a new Farm Bill that recommits our nation to innovation in the years to come.
First and foremost, research and innovation help agricultural production thrive. Scientists at USDA’s Agricultural Research Service and outside researchers at Land Grant Universities have made incredible advancements in recent years, helping producers grow more on the same amounts of land. Moreover, since 2009, awards to University researchers by the National Institute of Food and Agriculture have resulted in nearly 400 patent applications.
USDA scientists are developing new techniques in the fight against crop pests and diseases, new ways to increase drought resilience, and new understanding of multiple crop and animal varieties to boost production. In the past few years, ARS research has found new ways to cook French fries in a way that reduces the amount of fryer oil the fries absorb. Researchers are working on a fire-retardant material that could better protect houses from wildfire. They’re looking into the potential use of grapefruit essential oil for use as a better tick repellent – and these are just a few good examples.
When all of these benefits come to bear, it’s no surprise that every dollar invested in agricultural research returns $20 to the economy.
Innovation also has positive implications for the creation of advanced, homegrown products and energy in rural America.
Advanced new “biobased” products are being created across the country using homegrown sources from America’s farm fields. More than 3,000 U.S. companies are creating biobased products today and more than 1,000 products bear a new “Certified Biobased Product” label on store shelves.
Researchers at the U.S. Forest Products Laboratory are revolutionizing wood products for use in body armor, auto parts and new building materials– and in many cases, these products are stronger and better than what we use today.
Across the nation, advanced biorefineries are scaling up production to provide the renewable fuels of the future – and more than 9,250 farmers and rural businesses have implemented advanced energy efficiency practices to boost their bottom line.
All of this work represents the innovation of the future and holds promise for stronger rural communities. But once again, they rely in large part on a new Farm Bill.
A new Farm Bill would enable public-private funding efforts to expand capacity for agricultural research, returning even more benefits to the economy. It would support researchers at Land Grant Universities and USDA in their efforts to boost agricultural production. It would strengthen USDA’s BioPreferred Program, and extend the tools folks need in rural America to continue saving energy and creating advanced fuels.
I have no doubt that rural America can continue our nation’s long history of innovation. But to keep the momentum going, we need Congress to get its job done and pass a comprehensive Food, Farm and Jobs Bill without delay.
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CC-MAIN-2017-39
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http://www.cattlenetwork.com/cattle-news/Vilsack-Supporting-innovation-for-stronger-rural-communities-235763191.html?source=related
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en
| 0.944602 | 679 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Old computers never die they end up somewhere in Africa
Dumping of toxic waste and unwantables in Africa has been going on for years and continues despite it being illegal since 1992. In 1998 the EU implemented a ban on the exportation of hazardous waste from the West to the developing world, although the USA, Canada and New Zealand refused to sign. Just after the tsunami of December 2004, barrels of medical and chemical waste left on the shores of Somalia were broken open and the contents spilled. Some of the waste had been there since the early 1980s when warlords received large payments from the West to dump the waste, which came mainly from Switzerland and Italy. More recently an international plan to bring waste from the West to be dumped in Somalia was exposed during the investigation into the death of an Italian journalist.
In the late 1980s large amounts of toxic waste from Italy were found on Koko Beach, Delta State in Nigeria, resulting in burns, vomiting blood and partial paralysis by those who came into contact with it. In 2006 a Dutch ship dumped tons of caustic washings, used to clean oil drums, on Abidjan leaving people complaining of nausea, headaches and vomiting. After years of litigation A Dutch Court ordered Trafigura to pay a fine of 1 million euros for illegally dumping the chemical waste and the company agreed to pay $50 million to people affected by the poison. Nonetheless the company still denies responsibility for dumping of the waste or injuries incurred.
To a large extent dumping of toxic chemical waste has been replaced by toxic electronic waste: computers and mobile phones which contain cadmium, lead, mercury and other poisons. The figures are astounding: millions of tonnes leave Europe each year, so where does it go? Mainly to Africa, often under the guise of ‘charitable donations’, where it is ends up in landfills and ponds and is broken down into parts such as copper wire, circuit boards and resold . Still a good deal ends up being burnt, sending out huge quantities of lead and mercury which then enter the food chain.
According to a report published by the Basel Action Network and the Silicon Valley Toxins Coalition titled ‘Exporting Harm: The Techno-Trashing of Asia’, between 50 to 80 per cent of e-waste collected for recycling in the United States is exported to the global south, India and Pakistan as well as China. Another report, this time by GreenPeace claims more than 15,000 tonnes of colour television sets were exported from the EU to African countries in 2005. On average 35 tonnes, or more than 1000 units of used television sets, arrive every day in Ghana, Nigeria or Egypt. ‘It would appear that the EU exports a significant quantity of used electrical and electronic products to developing countries that do not have an adequate waste management infrastructure,’ the EEA report ‘Waste Without Borders’ concluded. ‘These are then probably subject to treatment that poses a threat to the environment and human health.’
The dumps become ‘working’ areas for poor people, mainly children searching for scraps of metal and other bits they can sell. Every month about 500,000 used computers arrive in Lagos alone, with only a small percentage working and the rest ending up as toxic waste. NGOs, businesses, unscrupulous local businessmen but most of all the EU are complicit in the trade of electronic waste arriving in West Africa from Europe as this video shows.
There are also the huge amounts of local waste produced in African and countries have not yet begun to take recyling seriously. Plastic bags are probably the main environmental and educational challenge faced by many countries. In Nigeria alone there are simply millions of them everywhere, including the sea. Beaches that 10 years ago were clean and bag free are now full of black and blue and white plastic bags; mountains of plastic rubbish — bags, bottles, containers — litter the roadside. Earlier this year large quantities of lead were found in the blood of school children. Though the lead was thought to have been due to contaminated water and crops it was found that the closer to children lived to the rubbish dumps in the town, the higher the levels of lead were found in their blood. It’s hard not to think that this is replicated in other cities and countries particularly in high density urban areas.
Finally some positive news – one shipping company [RMR] operating from the UK to Nigeria and in conjunction with the Nigerian Environmental Agency are putting blanket ban on the shipping of all electronic waste. Nonetheless there is still a long way to go as for example only last month a Scottish newspaper reported thousands of tons of toxic waste were being illegally exported to Africa and Asia. There is clearly huge amounts of money to be made in the illegal trade but African need to take on the responsibility of ending the practice and if Nigeria manages to implement the fines it promises then hopefully things will improve.
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http://www.blacklooks.org/2010/12/old-computers-never-die-they-end-up-somewhere-in-africa/
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|
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| 0.969413 | 995 | 2.71875 | 3 |
|"Behold thy Son" by Lester Nielsen|
Several times in the New Testament Christ calls his mother, Mary, by the term "woman." He does it at the start of his ministry, when he performs his first miracle at the wedding in Canaan. When she expresses concern that there is no wine he responds,"Woman, what have I to do with thee? mine hour is not yet come." (John 2:4). Then at the end of his ministry, as he was dying on the cross and his hour has come, he looked down at his mother and exclaimed, "Woman, behold thy son!" (John 19:26)
In modern English the use of the word "woman" sounds derogatory and coarse, or as one commentary I read said, "Like a motorcycle biker calling his girl." Yet, Jesus obviously uses this word with respect for his mother. In fact, he uses the word more as a title than a pet name or a term of endearment. He calls her "woman" much in the same way that we might call someone "lady." To us the word "lady" indicates a woman of nobility, influence and power which is what the word "woman" would have meant to Mary when Christ called her by it. Go back and re- read those scriptures in John again but this time substituting the word "lady" for the word "woman." Can you see and feel how that illuminates what Christ is saying to her?
There is so much meaning tied up in that one little word... woman. Yes, Mary is his mother. Yes, she is his friend. Yes, she is his follower... but mostly she is a Woman. It is not a coincidence that he addressed her by this title at both the start of his ministry and at the end of his ministry. He recognized in her the nobility, power, influence, and glory that there is in being a woman- and even in his final moments on the cross--there was no greater title he could call her by.
|"Christ King of the Jews" by Mark Mabry|
Another interesting place where the word "woman" is used as a title is in Alma 19. The wife of King Lamoni approached Ammon with great faith, asking him if he could tell her if her husband was dead or not. When he examines Lamoni and finds that he is not dead, but "sleepeth in God" and will rise in the morning she believes him without question. Ammon is so impressed by her faith that he states, "I say unto thee, woman, there has not been such great faith among all the people of the Nephites." (Alma 19:10) It is easier to see here, where Ammon is a servant addressing a queen, how the word "woman" is not a belittling term but rather one of honor and deference.
She is again called by the title of woman when, in Alma 19: 12, Lamoni wakes up. It reads, "...he [Lamoni] stretched forth his hand unto the woman, and said: Blessed be the name of God and blessed art thou. For as sure as thou livest, behold I have seen my Redeemer; and he shall come forth and be born of a woman,."
|"Lamoni" by James H. Fullmer|
Obviously this new perspective was a bit more than either one of them could handle. Alma 19:13 says that after these words both of them were sunk down with joy and were "overpowered by the Spirit." I guess sometimes new ideas that shake your worldview take some getting use to!
I have been pondering on these scriptures in Alma and in the New Testament for the last few weeks. The more I reflect on them, the more I begin to see that my identity as a daughter of God -- as a woman-- is far grander than I currently comprehend. There is something innately beautiful and powerful in the female body and female soul that garners respect. Something within us that is innately noble and makes men rise to their feet in honor.
This isn't to say that women should be put on a pedestal or that men are in some way inferior. I am simply saying that there is so much more to us than we realize. So much meaning, so much power tied up in that one little word.... woman.
There are perhaps few titles more grand.
|
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http://www.womeninthescriptures.com/2014/01/being-called-woman.html
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| 0.987981 | 911 | 2.53125 | 3 |
In 1208, during the 4th crusade, the head of John the Baptist was brought from Istanbul to Amiens. So to house it, they built the largest Gothic structure every built. The head is not always on display but I was able to see it.
The Cathedral was originally painted, so at night they do a light show to restore the original color. The light show is amazing in its detail and precision.
This cathedral is a monster in a modern city, I can only imagine what it would have looked like on the horizon of these farm 800 years ago!
From Inside: It is significantly taller than I had expected.
The pictures do not do justice to how amazing the original stained glass looks. During the wars they would remove some of the original glass and burry it to prevent it from being destroyed by bombs.
Notice just below the circular Rose Window is I believe every Saint as of 1208.
Here are some of the Statues by the doors. Each has a different story. One was the life of Mary with different scenes from her life. Others show Judgement Day and people being divided into those following angels and other being pulled away by demons.
Look at the amazing detail in the clothes from the light show.
What is also very interesting, is one of the doors has the symbols of the Zodiac and with it pictures of what work should be occurring in your farm at that time. So along with all of these stories from the bible and all the saints depicted, the builders took the time to add the zodiac in fairly prominent spots by the front door.
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CC-MAIN-2017-22
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http://dasturgis.blogspot.com/2011/07/france-iii-amiens-cathedral.html
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Photography and the American Civil War
Six hundred thousand lives were lost between 1861 and 1865, making the conflict between North and South the nation’s deadliest war. If the “War Between the States” was the test of the young republic’s commitment to its founding precepts, it was also a watershed in photographic history, as the camera recorded the epic, heartbreaking narrative from beginning to end—providing those on the home front, for the first time, with immediate visual access to the horrors of the battlefield.
Photography and the American Civil War features both familiar and rarely seen images that include haunting battlefield landscapes strewn with bodies, studio portraits of armed Confederate and Union soldiers (sometimes in the same family) preparing to meet their destiny, rare multi-panel panoramas of Gettysburg and Richmond, languorous camp scenes showing exhausted troops in repose, diagnostic medical studies of wounded soldiers who survived the war’s last bloody battles, and portraits of both Abraham Lincoln and his assassin, John Wilkes Booth.
Published on the occasion of the 150th anniversary of the battle of Gettysburg (1863), this beautifully produced book features Civil War photographs by George Barnard, Mathew Brady, Alexander Gardner, Timothy O’Sullivan, and many others.
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The iterator pattern provides a consistent way to sequentially access items in a collection that is independent of and separate from the underlying collection. The figure below represents the iterator pattern.
Supports variations in the traversal of a collection
Simplifies the interface of the collection.
When to Use:
You should use the Interpreter pattern when you want to:
Access a collection object’s contents without exposing its internal representation.
Support multiple traversals of objects in a collection.
Provide a uniform interface for traversing different structures in a collection.
In object-oriented programming, the iterator pattern is a design pattern in which an iterator is used to traverse a container and access the container's elements. The iterator pattern decouples algorithms from containers; in some cases, algorithms are necessarily container-specific and cannot be decoupled. For example, the hypothetical algorithm SearchForElement can be implemented generally using a specified type of iterator rather than implementing it as a container-specific algorithm.
This allows SearchForElement to be used on any container that supports the required type of iterator.
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Desert Training Center, California-Arizona Maneuver Area (Established by Major General George S. Patton, Jr.) - Camp Granite
California State Historic Landmark 985
#985 Granite Divisional Camp
Desert Training Center
California - Arizona Maneuver Area
Camp Granite was established at this site in the spring of 1942. It was one of twelve such camps built in the Southwestern deserts to harden and train United States troops for service on the battlefields of World War II. The Desert Training Center was a simulated theater of operations that included portions of California, Arizona and Nevada. The other camps were Young, Coxcomb, Iron Mountain, Ibis, Clipper, Pilot Knob, Laguna, Horn, Hyder, Bouse and Rice.
A total of 13 infantry divisions and 7 armored divisions plus numerous smaller units were trained in this harsh environment. The training center was in operation for almost 2 years and was closed early in 1944 when the last units were shipped overseas. During the brief period of operation over one million American soldiers were trained for combat.
This monument is dedicated to all the soldiers that served here, and especially for those who gave their lives in battle, ending the Holocaust & defeating the armed forces of Nazi Germany, fascist Italy and imperial Japan.
I-10, exit at Desert Center and go approximately 25 mi N on SR 177, then approximately 5.4 mi E on Hwy 62 (PM 90.5); plaque on E side of Hwy 62.
Plaque is actually located just across the San Bernardino County line.
Return to other landmarks in Riverside county.
Send comments to:
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There is no support group for Waardenburg syndrome in the UK. Families can use Contact a Family's freephone helpline for advice, information and, where possible, links to other families. Contact a Family's web-based linking service MakingContact.org can be accessed at community.cafamily.org.uk
Waardenburg syndrome (WS) is a genetic condition that causes hearing impairment (see entry Deafness) from birth, colour changes in the iris of the eye, hair, and skin, and a characteristic facial appearance. Some individuals may have a white forelock (white lock of hair growing above the forehead) and slightly widely spaced eyes as well as different coloured eyes (usually one blue and one brown). Infrequently, WS may be associated with other conditions such as congenital heart disease (such as a 'hole in the heart') or the gastrointestinal problems of Hirschsprung's disease. Four main types of WS exist based upon detection of the change (mutation) in the causative gene. Diagnosis will be made based on common symptoms being present. No specific management is available for Waardenburg syndrome. Attention must be paid to any hearing loss, and hearing aids and appropriate schooling may be needed. Special diets and medicines to keep the bowel moving are required by those who have constipation. The different types of WS 1-4 may be inherited in different ways based on the causative gene. Affected families should be referred to a genetics centre for information and support.
This overview is intended to be a basic description of the condition. It is not intended to replace specialist medical advice. We advise that you discuss your child's case with a qualified medical professional who will be able to give you more detailed information.
Medical text approved January 2012 by Dr Adam Shaw,
Contact a Family Medical Advisory Panel.
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With all the hard science we’ve publishing this week, I thought we could use a little fluff – here’s a striking picture of the iconic Pyramids of Giza from the inside of a nearby KFC.
Unless you’ve actually visited the archaeological site, or you’ve had the curiosity of checking it, you probably don’t realize just how close the site is to the city! Growing up, I had the impression that it’s in the middle of nowhere.
The Giza Necropolis (“pyramids of Giza”) is arguably the most famous archaeological site in the world, hosting the Pyramid of Khufu – the only one of the “7 wonders” which is still standing. The complex features the three pyramid complexes known as the Great Pyramids, the massive sculpture known as the Great Sphinx, several cemeteries, a workers village and an industrial complex.
The largest and oldest pyramid (the Pyramid of Khufu) was built over 4.000 years ago; it’s estimated that it was finished some time around 2560 BC. Initially at 146.5 metres (481 feet), the Great Pyramid was the tallest man-made structure in the world for over 3,800 years. Originally, the Great Pyramid was covered by casing stones that formed a smooth outer surface; what is seen today is the underlying core structure. Here is a picture of the entire complex:
Oh, and here’s a small bonus – a picture of the pyramids from the Pizza Hut across the road.
Enjoyed this article? Join 40,000+ subscribers to the ZME Science newsletter. Subscribe now!
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For years I’ve been fascinated by the “extended minds” thesis, the claim that we should regard our minds not as confined to our brains, but including brains, bodies and technologies. (Andy Clark, author of Natural Born Cyborgs, is one influential exponents of the concept.) It’s an idea that guided my book The Distraction Addiction: my contention that we shouldn’t regard technologies as inherently dehumanizing, but instead should be see the best of them as tools we use to become better versions of ourselves, builds on the idea of extended minds.
So I clicked pretty quickly when I saw an article titled “Does a Spider Use Its Web Like You Use Your Smartphone? on The Atlantic Web site. It turns out that for almost the last decade, Brazilian biologist Hilton Japyassú has been conducting experiments on spiders, learning how they use their webs to sense the world and solve unfamiliar problems. He and a colleague now argue that “a spider’s web is at least an adjustable part of its sensory apparatus, and at most an extension of the spider’s cognitive system.”
The whole article, which touches on octopus cognition, other spider species, and Haller’s Rule, is worth reading.
And here’s the abstract from the essay “Extended Spider Cognition” by Hilton Japyassú and Kevin Laland:
There is a tension between the conception of cognition as a central nervous system (CNS) process and a view of cognition as extending towards the body or the contiguous environment. The centralised conception requires large or complex nervous systems to cope with complex environments. Conversely, the extended conception involves the outsourcing of information processing to the body or environment, thus making fewer demands on the processing power of the CNS. The evolution of extended cognition should be particularly favoured among small, generalist predators such as spiders, and here, we review the literature to evaluate the fit of empirical data with these contrasting models of cognition. Spiders do not seem to be cognitively limited, displaying a large diversity of learning processes, from habituation to contextual learning, including a sense of numerosity. To tease apart the central from the extended cognition, we apply the mutual manipulability criterion, testing the existence of reciprocal causal links between the putative elements of the system. We conclude that the web threads and configurations are integral parts of the cognitive systems. The extension of cognition to the web helps to explain some puzzling features of spider behaviour and seems to promote evolvability within the group, enhancing innovation through cognitive connectivity to variable habitat features. Graded changes in relative brain size could also be explained by outsourcing information processing to environmental features. More generally, niche-constructed structures emerge as prime candidates for extending animal cognition, generating the selective pressures that help to shape the evolving cognitive system.
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As things are so quiet , I'm taking the oportunity to expand on a comment from John/Go Wild in Kent , following my last post , regarding fungi .
I mentioned that I had looked for a fungi that might have been fruiting , and John hadn't realised that fruiting was occurring at this time of year .
Although Autumn is considered 'fungi time' , with over 3,000 species in Great Britain , there are always some species fruiting or sporulating , at any given time .
Breifly , from an amateur enthusiast , what we see as fungi/mushrooms/toadstools , is only the fruiting body of the organism , which produces the spores , which then drop or shoot out of the fruit , to carry on the species .Given the right conditions , and the organism is at a sexual stage of it's development , the fruits are formed .The fungi organism lacks chlorophyll , and therefor has to feed off other materials , live or dead trees , roots or buried rotten wood etc.
The fungus organism is a mass of fine hairs , called hyphae . These develop into a network, called the mycelium , within the host material . Much of this mycelium cannot be seen without a microscope , but more robust material , like that which enables Honey Fungus or Boot-lace Fungus-Armillaria mellea to spread , can be found under the bark of infected trees .
The following are a few examples of fungi fruits , found at this time of year . The shots were taken over the past few years .
Sarcoscypha coccinea-Scarlet Elf Cup , taken at High Elms last year ( Early Winter/Early Spring)This was the one I was looking for the other day .
Flammulina velutipes-Velvet Shank ( Late Autumn-Spring ) .
Piptosporus betulinus-Birch Polypore or Razor-strop Fungus ( All year round ).
Crucibulum laeve-Common Birds Nest ( Autumn / Early Spring )
Common is in the name , but believe me it isn't . The twig the fungi is on is thinner than a little finger .
Daldinia concentrica-King Alfred's Cakes or Cramp Balls ( All Year ) .
Daedaleopsis confragosa-Blushing Bracket ( All Year ) .
Many of the 'bracket' fungi can be found all year round .
I do hope I haven't been 'telling too many Grannies or Grandads how to suck eggs' .
Last comment , amazing how the feeders have been less busy since the cold snap finished .
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See what questions
a doctor would ask.
Other names for Cystoscopy include:
These symptoms may be diagnosed by, screened for, or associated with Cystoscopy:
These diseases or medical conditions may be diagnosed by, screened for, or associated with Cystoscopy:
When you have a urinary problem, your doctor may use a cystoscope to see the inside of your bladder and urethra. The urethra is the tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body. The cystoscope has lenses like a telescope or microscope. These lenses let the doctor focus on the inner surfaces of the urinary tract. Some cystoscopes use optical fibers (flexible glass fibers) that carry an image from the tip of the instrument to a viewing piece at the other end. The cystoscope is as thin as a pencil and has a light at the tip. Many cystoscopes have extra tubes to guide other instruments for procedures to treat urinary problems (Source: excerpt from Cystoscopy and Ureteroscopy: NIDDK)
The doctor uses a thin, lighted tube (cystoscope ) to look directly into the bladder. The doctor inserts the cystoscope into the bladder through the urethra to examine the lining of the bladder. The patient may need anesthesia for this procedure. (Source: excerpt from What You Need To Know About Bladder Cancer: NCI)
Cystoscopy: Examination of the bladder and urethra using a thin, lighted instrument (called a cystoscope) inserted into the urethra. Tissue samples can be removed and examined under a microscope to determine whether disease is present.
Source: National Institute of Health
Cystoscopy : endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the urinary bladder.
Cystoscopy: Urinary tract visual examination by using a cystoscope.
Disease or Condition count: 7; see list of conditions below. These are the diseases or medical conditions in which the medical test 'Cystoscopy' may be involved.
Search Specialists by State and City
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Allah Ta'ala says:
"Be grateful unto Me."
Rasulullah Sallallahu alayhi wasallam said:
"If happiness reaches him (the believer), he is grateful."
THE NATURE OF SHUKR
Accepting that all benefit is from the True Benefactor (Mun'im-e- Haqeeqee), the effect of which is to be happy with the Benefactor and be ever ready to render obedience to Him, is the meaning of Shukr. The meaning of Shukr envisages: Acceptance of the fact that all benefit is from Allah, the True Benefactor (Mun'im -e-Haqeeqee). This acceptance induces:
This conception of Shukr will be comprehended only when one has realized the purpose underlying creation and the functions of the various aspects of creation. For instance, the eye is a Nimat of Allah Ta'ala. Its shukr is to employ it correctly--to employ it in only lawful avenues, e.g. making Tilaawat of the Qur'aan Majeed, acquiring knowledge, studying the wonderful creation of Allah so as to gain lesson and realize the greatness and Splendour of Allah Ta'ala, etc. The shukr of the eye further demands that it be restrained from glancing at and viewing objects which Allah Ta'ala has prohibited. Similarly, the ear is a Nimat. Its shukr is to employ it correctly, e.g. in listening to the Zikr of Allah, to such talks which remind one of the Aakhirat, and to prevent it from listening to evil, nonsensical and futile talk. The tongue is a Nimat. Its shukr is to employ it in Zikr, in expressing hamd, thanaa and shukr of Allah, and to restrain it from complaining in adversity and from all evil generally. It is highly inappropriate and sinful for such a worthless slave as man to complain about any condition which Allah Ta'ala, the True King, has imposed on him. A word of shukr emanating from the tongue is recorded as an act of obedience.
Mere expression of shukr with the tongue unaccompanied by the true state of shukr of the heart is only lip-service. It is essential that along with verbal expression of shukr, the heart should value and honour the Nimat of The Benefactor. Mere verbal shukr will be like the outer-casing, like the outer-covering which is its external form. The rooh (soul and essence) of shukr is that the honour and appreciation of the Mun'im (Benefactor) and the Nimat (the bounty) are ingrained in the heart.
The initial stage of shukr is at the intellectual level. In other words, it is the correct understanding of the true meaning of shukr and the realization of the honour of the Benefactor. The final stage of shukr is the manifestation of its effect on one's body, movements and all states. In short, all the beliefs, acts of worship, mundane acts, moral and social life of the shaakir (the one who is truly grateful to Allah) will be in conformity with the Shari'at.
Shukr is acquired by contemplating the bounties of Allah Ta'ala. Every Nimat is to be related to Him. By degrees such meditation will imbue the Love of Allah in the heart, the result of which will be the attainment of the perfect stage of Shukr.
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Bird flu is a very fatal and contagious disease which can only be treated through vaccines tailor made to cure this disease. The vaccine has been produced from the critical apparatus of the deadly H5N1 virus that has confounded bird populations in Europe and Southeast Asia and has killed more than 80 people. The latest vaccine includes a living virus which is more immune active compared to the avian flu vaccines which were traditionally prepared. Sanofi Pasteur Inc. is the producer of this vaccine which later on has been purchased by the Federal Government named as U.S. National Stockpile.
Since this disease has greater prospect of getting spread there it has been stockpiled for distribution to public in case bird flu gets widespread. Since this type of vaccine is produced in the cell itself therefore it will have a wide applicability in preventing the disease from spreading both in animals and human beings. This vaccine has been first tested on animals and the results were mind blowing. They not only cured the disease but also boosted the immunity towards H5N1 virus.
To protect human beings from bird flu, the most virulent disease is within reach after a new discovery by scientists at the University of Melbourne, Australia. Since this disease is new to the world there and people not being immune to such disease, hence vaccine for curing such disease is a difficult task but in the coming year we will have a proper vaccine for it. Scientists believe that they can hopefully get a way out from this trauma.
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The First 100 Years: The Next 100...
In the aurora of the nation's centennial
When the National Amateur Press Association first convened in the second-story hall of a Philadelphia building, hand-set type was the way of life in the printing industry. Mechanically-minded men were working on intricate devices with wires, push-buttons and levers to assemble and distribute individual pieces of type. Their designs and results were as varied as the hours of the day, and were eventually fraught with disappointment.
Type founding was a growing business. Since the introduction of the low cost hand-fed printing press, the demand for new and varied type designs grew. Competition among the typefounders was keen and the demand for unique and baroque type styles kept them working at capacity.
Amateur journals of that day were set in small type: agate, nonpareil, minion or brevier, roughly the equivalents of 6 to 8-point. It was the style of the period, before white space and ample leading was recognized a necessity for legibility. Type was usually set solidly in mass. Many journals’ page size was 6×9″ or larger, often two or three columns on the page. Rarely did a wood-block or an expensive engraving appear and perhaps the only note of decoration was embellished type for the nameplate, a fancy initial or a flowery mortise embracing a heading. Fiction and essays were popular. Writers, typical of those times, were verbose and long on descriptive passages. Printers were less editors, more publishers if you understand the comparison with today. The result was a journal with page after page of unbreaking continuous columns. Color was a rarity. While it is easy to criticize this style with the benefit of 20-20 hindsight, it should be noted that there were fewer outside diverting attractions, so perhaps this type of journal was what the amateur of that day preferred.
In the last decade of the century a new machine was created on a concept that produced a line of type cast in a single unit. While a revolution in the mechanics of typesetting marked the professional field, its effect in amateur circles was negligible. Except in isolated instances where amateurs were simultaneously printing for a livelihood, linotype composition was little used in amateur journals.
At the same time little hand presses, pulled by a side lever to gain an impression, were selling quite well and the price within the reach of any ambitious enterprising youngster. The Gordon-type press with a treadle then became the object of desire for it could triple the amount of work it could produce—or, in better words, reduce the press time of printing a journal by one-third. When overhead belts, powered from a single source, were replaced by individual motors, still less press time was needed for printing. Paradoxically, the increased press power did not advance the number of papers in the association, but considerably eased the mechanical chore.
Except for minor refinements, printing continued its patterned ways until late in the 1930’s when signs of change began to be detected.
The lithographic method, based on the oil and water incongruity, was unable to develop because of the cumbersome etched stone slabs necessary. to its process. Printing engineers experimented with metal plates when it was accidentally discovered that an impression on a rubber-blanketed cylinder printedwith exact detail when offset on a sheet of paper. Thus offset printing was born, presses made to accommodate this method of reproduction and metal and paper plates devised to accept either direct or photographic negative images.
In the late 1940’s and early 1950’s a few offset amateur journals appeared, mostly composed on typewriters directly on a master paper plate. They varied little from the mimeographed journals that first appeared in the 1930’s. Unimaginative layout made them all look alike.
A completely offset National Amateur appeared in September 1948 under the editorship of Harold Ellis with technical assistance from W. Emory Moore, a California member associated with an advertising and printing firm. Covers, supplements and inserts printed by offset have since appeared frequently.
With the decline of letterpress manufacturing in this country and the general swing of the industry to the newer method, typefounders have undergone terrible consequences. Consolidations and mergers have failed to keep some of our largest typefounders in business. Presently only a handful exist and the advent of photocomposition and relatively cheap film fonts for these electronic marvels have killed their need to expand or even to stay in business. Type from European sources, beautiful and exotic designs, have been reduced in number, and their high prices practically exclude them from the hobby market. There is a very real possibility that the little hand type still available may come from only one or two foundries. One bright sign: three “hobby foundries” are operating on a limited basis.
Typewriters with interchangeable fonts, some with unit counts to allow for the varied widths of the letters of the alphabet, are popular now. It is conceivable that these “strike-on” machines could be refined still further and made available at prices some hobby printer might afford.
Art work and photographs can be reproduced quickly by offset and at less cost than previously. As time goes on we will see more of this in our journals, some already enlivened by pictorial inserts.
Typographic niceties which we have always taken for granted could disappear. Justified columns have already given way in a few instances, for expediency one can only presume, to ragged right hand margins. Are we trying to simulate a computer print-out or is this the portent of a new typesetting era? Times change; we, too, reluctantly or willingly.
But let’s not look to the future with pessimism. The hobby and the NAPA will continue and, we hope, flourish. Perhaps not in the manner that intrigued many of us for most of our lives, but in an altered style that amateurs of the future can take to their hearts and enjoy.
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Little Women Louise May Alcott 364 Page eBook
Louisa May Alcott’s legendary novel.
FROM OUR EDITORS
Meet the March sisters: the talented and tomboyish Jo, the beautiful Meg, the frail Beth, and the spoiled Amy, as they pass through the years between girlhood and womanhood. A lively portrait of growing up in the 19th century with lasting vitality and enduring charm.
Chronicles the joys and sorrows of the four March sisters as they grow into young ladies in nineteenth-century New England.
FROM THE PUBLISHER
The latest addition ot the Charming Classic series includes a paperback edition of Little Women, the first American children’s novel to become a classic, and a beautiful gold-tone cameo. This timeless favorite follows the four March sisters—pretty Meg, tomboy Jo, shy Beth, and vain Amy—as they grow and mature into four distinctive little women.
Louisa May Alcott was born in Pennsylvania and grew up in Boston and Concord, Massachusetts, the setting for Little Women. Jo is based on Louisa herself, and Meg, Beth, and Amy are inspired by Louisa’s own three sisters.
Timeless in its evocation of idealized family life and robustly enduring, Little Women is recognized as one of the best-loved classic children’s stories of all time. Originally written as a “girls” story, its appeal transcends the boundaries of time and age, making it as popular with adults as it is with young readers. For this is a beguiling story of happiness and hope, of the joys of companionship, domestic harmony and infinite mother love, all seen through the life of the March family. But which of the four March sisters to love best? For every reader must have their favorite. Independent, tomboyish Jo; delicate, loving Beth; pretty, kind Meg, or precocious and beautiful Amy, the baby of the family? Little Women was an instant success when first published in 1868, and followed only a year later by the sequel, Little Wives.
Louisa May Alcott was born in Pennsylvania in 1832, the second of four daughters of the philosopher Bronson Alcott. She was educated at home and went on to become a schoolteacher in Boston. Her first book Flower Fables (which she wrote when she was sixteen) was published when she was twenty-two, but she interrupted her career as a writer to nurse soldiers at a Washington hospital during the civil war. Her most enduring book, Little Women, was published in 1868 and was an instant success. Other books include Little Men and Jo’s Boys. Louisa May Alcott died in 1988 at the age of fifty-six.
This is an awesome ebook – you will love it!
You must log in and be a buyer of this download to submit a review.
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International relief workers on 5 March intensified relief operations in the flood-stricken regions of southern and central Mozambique. The operations, carried out in helicopters and light aircraft, involved taking food and medical care to the victims of the flooding.
The first British, German and French military helicopters joined small squadrons from South Africa and Malawi that have borne the brunt of the rescue effort since mid-February, facing a logistical nightmare as they battled to provide life-saving relief to hundreds of thousands of people.
Two French warships docked in Maputo port on 4 March, and the first of the seven C-130 airplanes belonging to the United States Air Force arrived on 5 March in the Hoedspruit air base in South Africa, where 800 marines who will take part in the relief operations in Mozambique will be stationed.
The country's National Disasters Management Institute (INGC) is working to coordinate this multi-national effort.
President Joaquim Chissano was quoted by the BBC as saying that the country will need about $250 million in aid in the months ahead.
For the hundreds of thousands cut off from food and safe drinking water, the relay flights of food, medicine and water-purification equipment may make the difference between life and death.
"It's a day of reckoning. Yesterday we saw huge amounts of aircraft coming in, so on this first day of the new phase of the emergency we have to make sure that everything is coordinated," Lindsey Davies, spokeswoman for the United Nations' World Food Programme (WFP), said.
"Maputo has not seen this number of aircraft in its history, so a huge challenge will be to try to coordinate all the different aircraft that are coming in," she said, adding that "we visited one camp on Saturday where there were 3,500 people and just two latrines. There was absolutely no medical assistance and there wasn't enough water either."
She said there was food in the country for 15 days and enough on the way for a further 30 days. Davies said Mozambique had lost a third of the staple maize crop and that 80 percent of the nation's cattle was dead or dying.
Human bodies and dead animals exposed by receding flood waters posed a further health hazard to people left with little more than the clothes they wore when they were rescued from rooftops and trees. Hundreds of children, some too young to know their own names, had either lost or been separated from their parents.
Two of Britain's four Puma helicopters arrived at Maputo airport on 6 March as a 100-member commando unit prepared to swing into action after diplomatic wrangles and delays. One area the to be targetted is the delta of the River Save, on the boundary between Inhambane and Sofala provinces.
A three-helicopter, 70-member German team has arrived and will be sent to Beira to help with medical care. Four more choppers were on their way from Germany.
Before the discovery on Saturday of 40 bodies in the district of Chokwe, in the southern province of Gaza, the official death toll was 200. However, as the waters subside more bodies will be found.
The European Union (EU) has reiterated that it is pledging 25 million Euros (about $25 million) in aid for the victims of floods that have left a trail of devastation in much of southern and central Mozambique. 4.15 million Euros of this sum has been earmarked for emergency food and humanitarian aid. Half of this amount has already been made available, and the remainder will be delivered shortly.
Speaking on 3 March at a Maputo press conference, the EU Development and Humanitarian Aid Commissioner, Poul Nielson, who on arrived on 2 March in the country for a three-day visit, said "this assistance will ensure that humanitarian organisations can continue their relief work, bringing much needed help to those who have lost their homes and livelihoods and are now facing serious nutritional, hygiene and health problems".
No date has been set for the disbursement of the remaining 20.85 million Euros, but Nielson said that it will be used to help people get back their lives to normal once the floods subside.
"The EU will follow up immediate humanitarian assistance with medium and long-term rehabilitation and reconstruction efforts", he said.
In addition, Nielson said that the EU, the biggest single donor to Mozambique, was prepared to provide more funding if the Mozambican government could justify its application. "The remarkable progress made by Mozambique in recent years cannot be washed aside by what is a disaster on a monumental scale", said Nielson.
But most of this could only be possible with good coordination between donors and government. "It is necessary to secure proper conditions of coordination, otherwise our aid will not reach the people affected", said the Portuguese Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, Luis Amado, who also took part in the press conference.
Currently, it has not been possible to get the aid to all the people, admitted Amado. But this was chiefly due to the Mozambican government's lack of logistical resources to deal with the tragedy, he said.
"Consequently, there is a need for a well coordinated effort with the Mozambican authorities and other donors to make the link between emergency and development by a regeneration programme for the region over the next three to four years", said Amado.
Nielson added that in a meeting with government authorities the latter suggested that they would prefer that any supplies also be directed to places other than Maputo. This would ensure that the suppliers do more than just fly in plane-loads of aid to the capital, and try to get the aid to areas of difficult access as well.
He also said that focus should be placed on the accommodation centres where living conditions seem to be deteriorating.
More humanitarian aid for the victims of the catastrophic floods has continued to pour in, according to the National Disasters Management Institute (INGC).
A Libyan cargo aircraft ferrying 15 tonnes of maize, three tonnes of tomatoes, three tonnes of cooking oil, and six tonnes of clothing for women and children clothing arrived on 1 March in Maputo.
Another cargo plane belonging to the US Air Force flew in to deliver 200 plastic rolls to be used for shelters, 4,000 blankets, 6,000 20-litre jerrycans, and an unspecified quantity of enriched biscuits.
A light aircraft arrived from the Kingdom of Lesotho with milk and bread.
The Portuguese government announced on 3 March, an additional $1 million for assistance to the victims of the floods. The Portuguese Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, Luis Amado, said that this money is to hire aircraft and but fuel for the rescue operations.
According to a report by the UN news agency, IRIN, on 2 March Portugal cancelled nearly a tenth of Mozambique's bilateral debt, as part of its response to the flooding in Mozambique. It was reported that $145 million of debt was written off.
Also on 2 March, the Swedish government announced that it is to grant $20 million for assistance to the flood victims. This package is a combination of additional funds, and existing commitments that are simply to be disbursed earlier than planned. The latter include $11.5 which were to be disbursed along the present year.
Sweden is also to grant $5.8 million for the rehabilitation of infrastructures, particularly roads. Swedish NGOs have so far raised $150,000.
For its part, the German government has increased its aid to rescue operations from $1.5 to $5.1 million. The German government is also sending its own helicopters to Mozambique to take part in rescue operations.
The Belgian government is granting about $3 million worth of humanitarian aid to be distributed among the victims of the floods. The announcement was made in Maputo on 3 March by the Belgian Secretary of State for Development and Cooperation, Eddy Boutmans.
Helicopters and small boats have already rescued thousands of people who had been stranded by the floods, and now, although the rescue work continues, efforts are mainly concentrating on distributing food and other basic needs to the victims, said Mozambican officials involved in the process.
Most of the helicopters that were involved in the rescue missions were redirected, as from 4 March, to the task of food distribution, but some will still search for isolated victims in need of rescue.
Despite the lowering of the flood waters in some of the flood-stricken regions, members of survey teams believe that there are still about 15,000 people who are isolated, particularly in the Save river valley.
Aid workers fear that the death toll from the floods may run into thousands, and the collection of bodies found floating in the water is rendered difficult by the shortage of body bags.
The Mozambican authorities now estimate that about a million people across the country are in need of emergency food aid, medicines and other basic goods, but to take the goods to the needy represents a logistical nightmare since most of the areas concerned can only be reached by air.
The helicopters managed to rescue about 11,000 people, but authorities fear that thousands of others may have died before help could reach them.
Work is being carried out on the main north-south highway in Chibabava district, in the central province of Sofala, to make it easier to transport relief aid by road.
The road was cut in five places in Chibabava about a fortnight ago, due to a dramatic rise in the level of the Gorongosa river. For a period, parts of the road were under one and a half metres of water.
This meant that nothing could be transported by road to Inhambane and Gaza provinces from Beira: trucks from Beira had been used to supply these provinces after the main road had been cut on 10 February by the flood on the Incomati river about 90 kilometres north of Maputo, thus isolating Gaza and Inhambane from the capital.
Once the road is repaired in Chibabava, supplies can be moved overland to flood victims in the Save valley, which marks the boundary between Sofala and Inhambane, and further south to victims in the Limpopo Valley.
As for the breaks in the road caused by the Incomati, these are being gradually repaired now that the flood waters have subsided in Maputo province.
But there is no sign of when it will be possible to repair the third major break, at Chicumbane, just outside the Gaza provincial capital of Xai-Xai, where the Limpopo flood is still raging.
Meanwhile, the publicly-owned electricity company, EDM, has said that flood damage to the transmission lines from the Cahora Bassa dam is causing losses of around $900,000.
The Limpopo flood knocked down two pylons in the Pafuri region, near the South African border, on 25 February, thus interrupting the supply of Cahora Bassa power to South Africa.
This power is normally routed through South Africa to southern Mozambique. EDM pays the Cahora Bassa company, HCB, for this electricity in local currency. But when the Cahora Bassa power is not flowing, EDM is forced to buy power from its South African counterpart, ESKOM, at a much higher price and in hard currency.
There are two lines from Cahora Bassa to South Africa: unfortunately for EDM, one pylon was knocked down on each line.
A spokesman for HCB, Abel de Carvalho, said that it was impossible to predict when the two pylons might be replaced.
The publicly-owned Mozambican Ports and Railway company (CFM) is incurring losses estimated at $50,000 a day, because of the paralysis of the rail system in the south of the country, that has been heavily damaged by the current floods.
The chairman of the CFM board of directors, Rui Fonseca, told a press conference in Maputo on 3 March that the most critical situation is on the Limpopo line, which links Maputo to Zimbabwe.
He said that about four kilometres of this line have been submerged and a further four stretches of track are hanging over huge craters opened by the flood waters.
The other two international lines in the south, linking Maputo to Swaziland, and to South Africa, also have some stretches of track either dangling over craters or buried under mudslides.
As for the Limpopo line, Fonseca said that work will start as soon as the flood waters subside, which is expected to happen within the next three weeks. He estimated that the emergency repairs will cost between $7 and $8 million.
Fonseca explained that more substantial rehabilitation would cost much more. He said that, under normal circumstances, the repair of one kilometre of a rail line should cost between $300,000 and $400,000.
Presently, CFM is suffering huge losses. There is no revenue in the system's southern region because of the paralysis of the lines. But the 7,000 workers employed in this region continue to receive their wages.
"So far, we have lost about $4.5 million of what should be our revenue", said Fonseca.
Speaking of damage caused by the cyclone Eline in Beira port, in late February, he said that only one ship, the "Urbai II" was wrecked, near the access channel to the port, and it is hindering the mooring of vessels along about 70 metres of the quay. Otherwise, the port is operating normally.
The South African Air Force helicopters operating in the flood-stricken districts of Chokwe and Chibuto in Gaza province rescued 6,600 people between 29 February and 3 March, according to a press release from the National Disaster Management Institute (INGC).
A total of 39.6 tonnes of humanitarian aid was flown to the accommodation centres at Bilene and Magul, which are housing people who have escaped from Chokwe and Chibuto.
Aid has also now reached flood victims in Govuro and Machanga districts, near the mouth of the Save river. 80 "food kits", two tonnes of grain and 60 boxes of biscuits were flown to these areas.
The 400 or so people trapped on the bridge over the Limpopo river at the entrance to the city of Xai-Xai, capital of Gaza province, were rescued on 1 March. Helicopters were used to fly these people to the rooftops of nearby houses. From here they were picked up by Mozambican naval vessels - which contradicts claims made in some western media that the Mozambican armed forces are playing no role in the relief efforts.
This bridge was built so that large boats could pass under it. Under normal conditions it towers five metres or more above the river.
The INGC puts the total number of people affected by the floods in southern and central Mozambique at 1,922,300, of whom over 903,000 need urgent humanitarian assistance. It gives a figure of 229,637 for the people who have lost their homes and all their belongings.
Calls by deputies of the majority Frelimo Party not to turn the debate on flood relief into an occasion for political polemic fell on deaf ears on 2 March in the country's parliament, the Assembly of the Republic.
This second day of a debate on the government's report on the floods followed the pattern set on 1 March. Frelimo deputies gave detailed information on the situation in their constituencies, while members of the Renamo-Electoral Union opposition coalition denied the legitimacy of the government, and repeatedly called into question the results of the December general election.
Alberto Sarande, a Frelimo deputy from Manica province gave a district by district account of the damage done by the floods and Cyclone Eline in his province: 26 deaths had so far been confirmed in Manica, he said.
Esau Menezes, from Sofala province, said that of the 270,211 people living in the flood-stricken districts of Buzi, Chibabava and Machanga, 106,535 were "affected" by the disaster, of whom 34,000 had been made utterly destitute. There had been at least 49 deaths in Sofala.
Ana Rita Sithole, from Inhambane province, noted that several suburbs of Inhambane city were still inundated from the passage of Cyclone Eline last week. "In moments like this, we should put aside our differences and prioritise the national interest", she said.
But Renamo had other ideas. Carlos Reis attacked the government for allegedly failing to build up food reserves. In his home district of Milange, "there is food production which we allow to be sold on the other side of the border in Malawi. Our government has never thought about this. They think of everything except the good of the people".
Lucas Figueiredo mocked the Frelimo government's record of high economic growth. He claimed that Mozambique was also "first in the world in drug trafficking, in money-laundering and in organised corruption". He repeated the accusation that emergency aid "is not reaching the people it is intended for, but ends up in the hands of a few".
Luis Boavida specifically rejected calls to work together with Frelimo. "The day when Renamo follows the example of Frelimo, the country will be lost", he declared. "The millions of Mozambicans who voted for our coalition, and whose votes you in Frelimo stole, will be lost".
He alleged the reason why Mozambique had to rely on international support to rescue the flood victims was that "Frelimo wasted millions and millions of dollars on last year's election campaign".
Prime Minister Pascoal Mocumbi on 2 March assured the Assembly that the government wants emergency relief for the victims of the current flooding "to be distributed in a transparent way and as quickly as possible".
Mocumbi pointed out that any aid which the government receives in the form of money is written into the state budget in a special line of its own. The parliament had passed laws on the budget "and deputies know how the budget is controlled", he said.
A major guarantee of transparency was the fact that donors are directly involved in rescue operations. "Our national and foreign cooperation partners have seats on the Technical Emergency Council", said Mocumbi. "All who give help to the rescue operations are represented there".
This enabled them to follow how their contributions were being used. "The government is interested in clarity on these matters", stressed Mocumbi.
As for NGOs and religious organisations, they were responsible for the distribution of their aid, following the guidelines established by the Technical Council.
Prime Minister Mocumbi added that special customs facilities were in place for all emergency goods, ensuring that they could enter the country without delay.
Referring to a Renamo complaint that it was "undignified" for the government to seek aid from countries such as Malawi, Mocumbi declared "all contributions are welcome, helping us to face the situation we find ourselves in".
"The moments we are living through are not ones for political polemics - they are ones for concrete actions to save lives", said the Prime Minister.
On 1 March Prime Minister Mocumbi briefed the Assembly of the Republic on the extent of the flood damage. At least 150 people have died in the flooding, and dozens of others are missing, Pascoal Mocumbi told the Assembly.
He said that a definitive death toll could only be given once the waters had subsided, communications could be re-established and it would be possible "to assess with greater precision the number of lives lost in this present disaster".
Mocumbi said that the number of people directly affected by the floods has risen to 900,000, of whom over 300,000 have been displaced from their homes.
The economic losses were enormous. Mocumbi said that over 100,000 hectares of crops have been washed away, and over 40,000 head of cattle have drowned.
The irrigation systems at the towns of Chokwe and Sabie have been destroyed, as have protective dykes at Buzi, Chokwe and Xai- Xai.
The Maputo-Zimbabwe railway is severely damaged, as are many roads, electricity transmission lines, and water supply and sanitation systems.
These problems will lead to increased vulnerability to disease, and to shortages of consumer goods, particularly in those towns and villages which may not themselves have suffered flooding, but have been isolated by the floods. Mocumbi said that about two million people could be expected to suffer these secondary effects of the flooding.
"Intensive rescue missions" are continuing in the Limpopo valley in Gaza province, Mocumbi said, and so far about 9,000 people have been rescued from the flooded cities of Chokwe and Xai-Xai and elsewhere on the lower Limpopo. Some of these people had spent 72 hours trapped by the raging waters before they could be picked up from trees or rooftops.
In Inhambane province, the district of Govuro, on the south bank of the Save river "is 100 per cent affected", said the prime minister. The locality of Jofane, in particular, was "totally isolated" and could only be reached by air.
In Sofala province, on the north bank of the Save, the waters "have invaded all the residential areas of Machanga district". About 500 people had been rescued from Machanga and flown to safety.
Mocumbi said that in Maputo province, where the waters of the Incomati river are now subsiding, the immediate rescue operations were over, and "intensive work is under way to distribute relief goods, including essential medicines".
In Maputo and Matola cities land for housing was being attributed for flood victims, who would be resettled in less vulnerable areas.
Although meteorologists had predicted an abnormally wet southern African rainy season, the scale of the February flooding had been way beyond anything that could have been forecast, said Mocumbi. The floods on the Incomati, Limpopo, Save and Buzi rivers were the largest on record, while that on the Umbeluzi, west of Maputo, "approached its historical extreme".
He added that the government had to rethink its entire economic and social plan for the year 2000, in order to include "the need for urgent rehabilitation of damaged infrastructures, and to restore a normal life to those affected".
Mozambique News Agency
Fenner Brockway House
37/39 Great Guildford Street
London SE1 0ES
Tel: 0171 928 5657,
Fax 0171 928 5954
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The Federal Trade Commission
The Federal Trade Commission
Liberalization and free trade constitute the essence of globalization. The opening of economies to foreign goods and investments built more fluidity in international exports and imports. This means that one country can export its produced to other countries and other countries export and import products in return. This leads to ‘free trade’ from the lowered restrictions on trade. The essence of free trade is to allow countries to gain access to goods that their respective economies do not produce while strengthening the domestic economy through the importation of the local products that it produces in excess. Ultimately, this results to the social welfare effect of lowering prices of previously scarce goods and creating income through job creation in the local economies. (Hillman, 2008) The Free Trade Commission advocates free trade and liberalization but adheres to regulations. In the case of exports, the commission also supports export controls. The discussion considers the seemingly conflicting role of The Free Trade Commission as an advocate of the core processes of globalization and yet a supporter of export controls.
Globalization and the Federal Trade Commission
The Federal Trade Commission has three roles in advocating free trade as a core process of globalization. First is ensuring competition by regulating anti-competitive practices in the domestic market such as acquisitions and mergers that would stifle competition in an industry. Many known companies in diverse industries have experienced this role even Microsoft. Second is implementing consumer protection by monitoring products and services as well as advertising activities of business firms to ensure that messages communicated to the market that influence demand are not deceptive or fraudulent. The rationale for this role is that fraudulent advertising could increase demand on false pretenses and business firms can take advantage of demand to influence price. These two roles are also interrelated since preventing anti-competitive activities, which could have enabled business firms to operate as a monopoly or oligopoly would adversely affect consumer prices. Third is thorough research of the impacts of economic policies particularly on free trade. This encompasses the collection of data from diverse expert perspectives on the impact of a free trade agreement, a free trade policy, and related regulations by modeling impacts if implemented and if discarded. The research results support decision-making and implementation with the respective contingency plans. (Federal Trade Commission, 2007)
These regulatory roles that seemingly conflict with the idea of free trade received criticisms indicating the hypocrisy and unfairness of the United States in advocating free trade to the global economy but imposing regulations or restrictions protective of sectors of the economy. The Federal Trade Commission explains that the institution advocates free trade for America and the world. However, free trade is complex leading to the inevitability of associated costs and trade-offs (Leary, 2002). The idea of free trade is that countries should be able to trade goods with which these have competitive advantage to accrue benefits. This means that in industries with competitive advantage, regulations differ with that in areas with weak competitive advantage, regulations may be necessary. In the case of the steel industry, where the United States does not have a competitive advantage, the trade-off is between retention of jobs by regulating the entry of steel from other countries and increased price for consumers due to limited supply and rising cost in the local steel industry. The associated cost could be loss of income for workers or rising costs for the consumers of steel. Other countries do the same. Otherwise, the processes of globalization would not accrue the expected benefits for the world economies. In addition, the impact of globalization is not a ‘zero-sum game’ (Leary, 2002). All benefit albeit to different extents.
The Federal Trade Commission and U.S. Exports
The United States assesses its export policies regularly and The Federal Trade Commission plays a vital role in providing research data on the impact of export controls. As such, even if the commission does not actually develop policies on export controls, it plays a vital role in the policymaking process. Again, this seemingly creates inconsistencies in its roles.
Export policies again follow the economic rationale of achieving benefits from globalization through the preference of exporting goods in which the country has competitive advantage (Leary, 2002; Yuan, 2002). This means that goods produced in bulks receive preference because of the economies of scale advantage. Preference means that there are also goods discouraged for export or allowed through regulations such as export controls.
Export controls apply to particular products and processes. Post 9/11 export controls focused on information and technologies related to military capabilities and national security such as munitions and nuclear technology to other countries (Dunn, 2005). On one hand, developing countries look forward to technology sharing coming from developed countries such as the United States following the liberalization of trade. The United States adheres to this through joint ventures in developing countries that enable technology transfers to the domestic economies. On the other hand, there is a restriction in the types of technology shared by the United States, especially due to lessons from the attack on the World Trade Center. The country would not want to share technology used against the country in the future. The information and technology that other countries expect to benefit from free trade has limits.
The commission reconciles these issues in its roles through two points. One is that its provision of diagnostics on the export control policies finds basis in the fact that export control operate depending on the country of destination for controlled products (Leary, 2002). This means that the agencies implementing export control can allow the export of particular information and technology depending on the intended destination. This rationale appears to contradict its advocacy of free trade. Nevertheless, benefiting from the core processes of globalization involves the compounding of supply and demand dynamics with social welfare and security matters affecting business and consumer benefits. Imposing controls on certain exports is necessary to protect the economy. The fusion of information and technology with national security demands appropriate export controls to prevent economic disruptions (Leary, 2002). National security is also necessary to ensure healthy trading activities at the international level.
The other is that exporting is a privilege for business firms (Yuan, 2002), which implies the need for standards that facilitate this privilege. As a privilege that could facilitate mutual benefits from exporting countries, the commission conducts diagnostics and impact studies in support of sufficient and appropriate export policies. Supporting export controls for information and technology intended for export to certain countries posing threats to national security is a necessary measure in exchange for securing the economy against disruptions.
Export controls also support mutual economic benefit as a global practice. Securing world trade against economic disruptions from export-related threats enables exporting countries including the United States to benefit from globalization.
The Free Trade Commission has come a long way since its inception in the early 1900s. However, one thing has not changed, its institutional bias towards free trade expressed through its roles. Nevertheless, there is still need to change public perception of free trade, which forms part of its consumer education role. Free trade is not without regulations but trading with sufficient and appropriate regulations facilitating the mutual benefit from globalization.
Dunn, T. L. (2005). Surviving United States export controls Post 9/11. Denver Journal of International Law and Policy, 33(3), 435-559.
Hillman, A. (2008). Trade liberalization and globalization. In C. K. Rowley & F. G. Schneider (Eds.), Readings in Public Choice and Constitutional Political Economy (pp. 497-510). New York: Springer.
Federal Trade Commission. (2007) Facts for consumers: A guide to the Federal Trade Commission. Retrieved October 19, 2008, from http://www.ftc.gov/bcp/edu/pubs/consumer/general/gen03.shtm#action
Leary, T. B. (2002). The Federal Trade Commission and the defense of free markets. Federal Trade Commission. Retrieved October 19, 2008, from http://www.ftc.gov/speeches/leary/willimantic.pdf
Yuan, J. D. (2002). The future of export controls: Developing new strategies for nonproliferation. International Politics, 39(2), 131-151.
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Let me also apologize up front because this post is longer than I originally intended it to be!
What is OpenFlow?
OpenFlow is simply a protocol that is used to communicate between a server, i.e. controller and network switches that allows the switch control plane to be separated from the data plane. Now what does that mean and what is a controller? This is where there are many analogies being made on what this actually looks like from a low level. The most common comparison made is that it’s “the x86 instruction set for networking.” For those academics or developers out there, this may mean a lot, but for me, it means absolutely nothing, and I consider myself pretty in tune with the mind set of someone designing Enterprise Data Center and Campus Networks, with the latest technology out there. For me, the analogy that I use when explaining OpenFlow is directly relating it to the past and present Enterprise WLAN market.
How do we compare OpenFlow to WLAN? Easy. In my opinion, OpenFlow is to network switches as CAPWAP/LWAPP is to wireless access points. Both are protocol specifications that allow for the separation of the control plane and data plane and are specifically used to communicate between a “controller” and network device (switch or AP). If you’re familiar with the Enterprise WLAN market, you’ll also notice that Aruba came out with LAN switches last year that are managed via the same controller that is used to manage their APs; I presume using CAPWAP. Pretty neat I’d say, but I have no idea what kind of traction they are seeing in the market. If anyone knows, feel free to comment!
Note: For those that actually wrote the OpenFlow and CAPWAP protocol specifications, I’m sure there are differences, but from a high level looking in, they are similar enough to get my point across.
Where did OpenFlow come from?
Not that we’ll care in 2-3 years, but it may be good to know where and why OpenFlow was developed in the first place. Its inception began a few years back at Stanford as several super smart engineers were going for their PhD. The team seems to have been lead by Martin Casado and Nick McKewon of the Clean Slate Program at Stanford. There were also folks from other Universities, such as UC Berkeley, working on the projects as well. The net of it is, OpenFlow was the outcome of their work. One project they worked on was called Ethane, a way to enable “global policy” throughout a network system, and another was a more broadly defined vision, which was to have ways to develop and test new Internet protocols on large scale networks, neither of which were possible in present day networks. I’d suggest reaching out to the Clean Slate Program if you want more history on the protocol. More importantly though, the focus should be on the current and future state of the protocol.
Earlier, I stated we won’t care where it came from in 2-3 years and that’s simply because, it will soon be driven by the applications that are enabled by OpenFlow or an OpenFlow-like architecture. We won’t care about the “cause,” but rather the “effects” or “applications” it will enable. For example, in all wireless designs now, no customer is really saying “I want a CAPWAP network,” but rather “I need to have advanced location services, security, and advanced management capabilities,” which in turn is capable through using a protocol like CAPWAP between a wireless controller and wireless AP.
It’s about the outcome, not the protocol…
This actually leads me to my next point in that you do see many of the members of the Clean Slate program, as well as guys from Nicira and Big Switch, two start ups in stealth mode developing OpenFlow based controllers, stating they don’t care if it’s OpenFlow or another protocol being used between the controller and the switch; the overall functionality and applications that are layered on top are what is really important. I totally agree. Again, LWAPP was originally Cisco proprietary in WLANs, inherited from Airespace, used between APs and Controllers and that slowly changed once the standards bodies got involved, and then CAPWAP was developed and ratified as an open standard. So, if OpenFlow morphs into something bigger and bad-er, then great! That will just mean more advanced applications that can be enabled by the use of “controller defined networks.”
OpenFlow is a protocol, not an architecture (anymore)!
Before we go any further, I want to clear up one point because this did change slightly over the past year. Over the past few months (maybe last year) you would have found articles that stated OpenFlow was a protocol specification as well as an “architecture.” Right now, it is just a protocol. It is no longer being referred to as an architecture by name alone; someone a few months ago coined the phrase “software defined networking” that encompasses the overall architecture of a distributed control plane and data plane, by the use of some means between network nodes and a controller. However, the only means possible or being focused on is OpenFlow, but remember, I did say Aruba has network switches enabled by CAPWAP…this is mentioned nowhere in any article I’ve read in the past 18 months. As far as the person who coined the term SDN, I did read it online or hear it on YouTube, I just can't remember right now. If you know, feel free to comment. Anyway, let's keep going.
Post Update: The term update seems to be have coined by Kate Green in 2009. See comment from Christian below. Thanks.
Three-Tier or Four-Tier SDN Architectures
“Controller defined networks” or now “software defined networks” are described as being a three-tier architecture with network switches, a controller(s), and applications layered on top. When I sell/design WLAN environments, I also describe them as being a three-tier architecture, i.e. Access Points, Controllers, and Unified Management (WCS in the Cisco world). See the difference in how the 3rd tier differs – applications vs. Unified Management. But now that I think of it, there are also WLAN applications layered on top of all that, so either the WLAN is a four-tier or the SDN needs to re-market their pitch.
In order to keep things simple (for us simple minded network architects), the three-tier model needs to be switches, controllers, and Unified management. The unified management will obviously be a manager of managers and a way to easily manage an environment when there is more than one controller deployed. Yes, this manager of managers is just an “application,” but it is a REQURIED application and should be part of an offering from day 1. This is why we should have network switches, controllers, unified management, and then applications layered on top!
Controllers are not a single point of failure
Quick point on controllers. There are questions and statements such that “the controller is a single point of failure for a SDN.” Yeah, that’s true if you’re cheap and don’t design a highly available network. You can do that for WLAN as well, although it’s never recommended. I really hope networking engineers are confident enough in these genius developers in that they will develop a way for High Availability (Active/Standby or Active/Active) in these OpenFlow-enabled controllers.
So who’s involved with OpenFlow/SDN right now?
Well, over the past 6-12 months, there have been more and more announcements. It's getting increasingly hard to keep up. Nicira, still a stealth mode start mode, seems to be heavily focused on the integrations with open vswitch in large scale-out data centers. There was a nice announcement with them and NTT a few weeks ago, but still didn’t go into much detail. Big Switch Networks, also in stealth mode, entered private beta just a few months ago. Not sure where their exact focus is, but they may be taking a more Enterprise-driven approach to get out of the gates. Indiana University seems to be pretty advanced with their level of network research and based on what I’ve read over the past few months, they’ve tested quite extensively with several different types of controllers and OpenFlow enabled switches. From a large manufacturer standpoint, Brocade, HP, Dell, IBM, Arista, and Cisco have all made some type of announcement over the last several months. The most recent announcement came from IBM, who just released a high density 10G rack mount switch that supports OpenFlow. Cisco previously announced that its Nexus line of switches will support OpenFlow in the future – pretty cool stuff. Both Dell and Force10 are part of the Open Networking Foundation (ONF), whose goal is to accelerate the delivery of Software Defined Networks, so since Dell’s acquisition of F10, one must think they are also working on something. Arista’s EOS seems to be built from the ground up ready to integrate via all sorts of APIs, so it shouldn’t be too much trouble for them either to enable a protocol such as OpenFlow into their switch portfolio. Note: all vendors mentioned except Arista are part of the ONF, not just D/F10.
OpenFlow Deployment Models by examining the history of WLAN
When it comes to software defined networks based on the OpenFlow protocol, there are different models of deployment. For example, the switches can support native OpenFlow only or they can support a hybrid approach where the switch still runs traditional L2/L3 protocols and a few VLANs or ports are OpenFlow-enabled. I’m not going to dive into these, but Ivan Pepelnjak, does a good job of that in his blog here. Instead, I just want to go back to the world of wireless networking to describe what is capable because the environments are so similar, and I truly believe the analogies between SDN (based on OF) and Enterprise WLAN are not being made enough. Here are some analogies and general ideas to remember:
- WLAN began as each AP having its own full blown operation system, i.e. IOS. These environments were difficult to manage as the number of APs increased in large enterprises
- A start up called Airespace came onto scene in the early 2000s that had a unified approach to wireless networking – APs no longer had a full blown OS on them, but a stripped down version. In this model, APs became “thin,” “lightweight,” or “dumb” in daily conversations and “intelligence” now resided on a controller
- Cisco acquires Airespace in early 2005 because they see the value in this technology, understands the benefits and ease of management that the solution provides, and probably realized they were losing more and more deals!
- Cisco still offers IOS based APs that don’t require controllers and they also offer “lightweight” APs that require controllers
- In the lightweight model, all traffic including control and data plane traffic, was tunneled back to a controller. This wasn’t ideal for ALL customers – some customers needed to keep certain types of traffic locally and leverage the L2/L3 on that switch the AP was connected to
- Remote Edge Access Point (REAP) was developed and allowed for at least one SSID/WLAN to be kept “local” on the switch*, while the rest would still be tunneled back to the controller
- This meant now that only control traffic was tunneled back to the controller and data traffic was terminated local by the switch for REAP enabled SSIDs
- Hybrid REAP (HREAP) was developed to enhance REAP and allow up to 16 SSIDs/WLANs to be kept local so that the customer had more flexibility in terms of deployment options.
- Continued throughout and still today, applications are being layered on top of WLANs
Calculating and Distributing State
Let’s take a step back for a quick second. I said before when deploying a controller in an OF-enabled network, the control plane will be split from the data plane by means of OpenFlow. This is important in understanding that if we did have a completely enabled network with OpenFlow-only switches (that weren’t forwarding standard L2/L3), networking as we know it could be gone and changed forever. This means through the OF protocol spec, the controller will compute the state of the network based on any higher layer integrated applications or maybe just by using OSPF, or other well known protocols, and then distribute the state via OpenFlow and directly manipulate the FIB tables on the network switches. Remember, in that example, OSPF would be run, but only on the controller. This goes back to the OpenFlow beginnings, and how easy it would be to develop new protocols should the need arise. What if you need a new link state protocol or just any new protocol? In the past, one would need to develop a complex distributed system that would be run on each router/switch and have shared updates between them! I’m not a developer, but that just sounds messy when trying to develop a new algorithm or program of any type. With this centralized model of computing state, one could focus their time and energy at the focal point of the network and quickly deploy new protocols and applications.
Related article and totally worth a read. @cloudtoad goes into the details of OpenFlow and hardware designs of FIB tables, looking at where OpenFlow sits, and if OpenFlow has the separation required for network virtualization.
What Enterprise applications would SDN work the best for?
This is a question that also comes up a lot from the small community of OF-related bloggers out there. Personally, if I were an end user, I think the ease of network management alone would make me take a meeting with any of the vendors mentioned above. What killer app did Airepace have in 2003-2004? My guess is it was around simplified management and deployment models in medium to large scale wireless networks. Why would that be different for an OpenFlow based SDN? The two others that really interest me are security (NAC-like solution) and policy based routing. Ivan also covers these in a recent post of his. For large scale out data centers, there are benefits around multi-tenancy and having the ability to create "mini" virtual switches that span several physical and logical switches as well. Pretty sweet.
Remember in a centralized controller based model, the state of the network would be known by the controller. This means integrating any 3rd party applications into the network would be made possible. You could be making forwarding decisions based on just about anything you can think of.
Be creative, think outside of the box, and chances are what you think of can be accomplished through software defined networking.
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| 0.968524 | 3,187 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Adansonia gregorii – the Australian Boab
A stark leafless tree during the dry season, brilliant green during the wet season, it is held in high regard by the Aborigines of the Kimberley Region who call it Larrkardiy.
There are 3000-odd boab trees that are dotted around the Kimberley region with one at Derby listed as 1500 years old. The trees have been providing shelter, food and medicine for our First Nations people for thousands of years.
Boab nut season runs from March to October and is a valuable source of medicinal ingredients. The high vitamin C and calcium content of young leaves and especially the seed-pod pith, makes it a valued commodity. The bark is also used to treat fever, as it contains properties similar to quinine.
Inside the hard case of a boab nut, there is a creamy-white fruit in which the seeds are nestled. This dry powdery fruit pulp, with its tangy citrus flavour, has six times more vitamin C than oranges, and twice as much calcium as milk. It is also rich in other vitamins (A, B1, B2, B6, and PP), minerals (phosphorus, iron, sodium, zinc, magnesium and potassium), dietary fibre (soluble and insoluble) and amino acids*.
Boab Powder, high in vitamins, iron, zinc, protein, potassium, calcium and dietary fibre, is 100% Western Australian boab.
Take two teaspoons of Boab Powder:
- SPRINKLE… onto fruit, cereal, yoghurt & pancakes
- BAKE… into bread, brownies, cakes & cookies
- STIR… into porridge, desserts, soups, hot water & lemon
- SHAKE… into water, fruit juice, coconut water & salad dressings
- BLEND… into sauces, milkshakes, smoothies & ice creams
Available for purchase HERE
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| 0.936005 | 399 | 2.921875 | 3 |
A report conducted in 2012 details the effect of cell phone distractions on vessel operators. According to the Coast Guard, out of the 4,730 boating accidents in that year, 23% of accidents involved “operator inattention” or “improper lookout.” Texting and talking on a cell phone while operating a boat or another vessel on navigable waters is a serious safety concern that often goes ignored by operators. There have been several instances of accidents and deaths directly caused by distracted operators and a jury may find them to be negligent or having committed a navigational error in a maritime court.
Talking on Cell Phone = Failure to Maintain Lookout
In the Omega Protein Limitation Proceedings, 2009 AMC 245, 548 F.3d 361 (5th Cir. 2008), a fishing vessel struck an offshore oil platform, and both parties were found to be at fault. The platform was not properly lit, and the Captain of the fishing vessel was distracted with the repair or replacement of a critical component of the vessel’s refrigeration system that malfunctioned. The owner of the fishing vessel sought to limit its liability for the casualty. However, the District Court found the master of the fishing vessel committed a navigational error by not making effective use of the radar and not maintaining a proper lookout – because he was on a cell phone calling for a replacement part.
A call for stricter texting and boating laws
In July 2015, the US Coast Guard prohibited the use of cell phones by their vessel operators and extended stricter cell phone usage regulations to the other crew members. These new regulations come after several years of statistics reporting that “improper lookout” and “operator inattention” are the leading causes of boating accidents. Specifically, cell phone usage by vessel operators was called into question after a fatal boating accident between a tugboat and a “duck boat” in Washington, D.C. in 2012.
After the National Transportation Safety Board investigated the accident, it was discovered that the tugboat operator had been using the company laptop and had made several phone calls during the time of the crash that claimed the lives of two people and injured 26 others. The new regulations on cell phone usage by the Coast Guard is the first step in what may lead to further legislation on the usage of mobile devices and boating.
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| 0.969923 | 479 | 2.671875 | 3 |
The enduring reputation that Pierce-Arrow enjoys today owes no small credit to the systematic approach of its entry into the fledgling automobile business at the dawn of the 20th century. Investigations into horseless carriages progressed from steam to internal-combustion engines, with Pierce’s final choice made clear in January 1901 when David Fergusson was hired to lead the company’s gasoline-powered design work. The first Fergusson-designed, de Dion-powered Pierce Motorettes were produced later that year, and Pierce’s existing bicycle dealers provided an instant distribution network.
Early success with Motorettes, Stanhopes, the Arrow and four-cylinder Great Arrow brought the need for more capital, much of it supplied by company director George K. Birge. The growing influence of Birge and other investors created friction with George and Percy Pierce, who left the automobile business to concentrate on bicycles and motorcycles in 1908. The automobile business, acknowledging the strong reputation now associated with the Arrow name, was renamed the Pierce-Arrow Motor Car Company.
The first cars to carry the Pierce-Arrow name included the company’s first six-cylinder engines, rated at 36, 48 and 60 hp. By 1910, only sixes were built, setting the precedent for all subsequent Pierce-Arrows until the eight-cylinder engine debuted for 1929. In 1913, Herbert Dawley, who oversaw Pierce-Arrow design since 1907, patented the signature Pierce-Arrow headlight design, which integrated the headlights with the front fenders.
The Pierce-Arrow sixes featured cylinders cast in pairs, supported by aluminum crankcases. Every component was of the finest quality, and the marque’s T-head engines were among the most powerful. Quality control was impeccable, with all engines dynamometer-tested for performance before being completely disassembled, inspected and tested yet again for smoothness. The mighty NACC-rated 48-hp engines actually produced 92 hp or more on the Pierce-Arrow dynamometers, delivering more true power than many of the company’s competitors.
Pierce-Arrow automobile bodies were usually made from 1/8-inch aluminum panels cast in Pierce-Arrow’s own foundry. Customers usually specified the colors, interior materials and accessories, and Herbert Dawley frequently visited clients to work with them and translate their specific requests into physical reality. In short, with their almost-obsessive quality, Pierce-Arrow’s sixes were arguably the finest American-designed automobiles of the 1910s and 1920s.
This car was auctioned off by RM Auctions in January of 2012 at the Arizona Biltmore Resort & Spa, Phoenix, Arizona.
48 bhp (NACC rating), 524 cu. in. T-head inline six-cylinder engine with aluminum crankcase, four-speed manual transmission, shaft drive, semi-elliptic leaf spring front suspension with Westinghouse air-spring shock absorbers, three-quarter-elliptic rear leaf spring suspension, and two-wheel mechanical rear drum brakes. Wheelbase: 142".
Source: RM Auctions
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https://www.motor1.com/news/85283/pierce-arrow-model-48-7-passenger-touring/
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| 0.940997 | 655 | 2.515625 | 3 |
At the Institut Curie, the CNRS team of Geneviève Almouzni(1) has just discovered how the protein Asf1 ensures the correct (re)organization of duplicated DNA. During DNA replication, all the information in the mother cell must be transmitted to the daughter cells. The DNA must be faithfully copied, of course, but also properly organized within the cell. DNA is wrapped around proteins called histones, to form chromatin.
This complex structure contains so-called epigenetic information, which governs gene expression and gives each cell its specific identity. The histone chaperone, Asf1, coordinates the removal of histones from the chromatin to allow the replication machinery to move along the DNA, with the supply of new histones to reform the chromatin once the replication machinery has passed. This discovery sheds new light on the transmission of epigenetic information in cells, and was published in the 21 December 2007 issue of Science.
DNA inherited from both parents is copied during each cell division and transmitted to all cells. Each of our cells therefore contains the same genetic information. So, what is the difference between a neuron and a white blood cell? The difference lies in the fact that although every cell in our body has the same number of genes, only some of these genes are active in any given cell. Depending on cell type, certain genes are “locked” to prevent their expression.
Information on the locking and unlocking of genes is essential for cell function, and is not carried in the genes themselves but by epigenetic factors. These can be chemical modifications(2) or the organization of the DNA within the cell. The DNA double helix (diameter 2 nanometers) is wrapped around histones, proteins that facilitate its compaction, to form nucleosomes, which are strung along the DNA like beads on a string. This bead necklace then folds on itself to form a fiber—chromatin.
When a cell divides to give rise to two daughter cells, the DNA-replicating machinery unfolds the chromatin as it moves along the DNA strands. Once the so-called replication fork (the structure that forms during DNA replication) has passed, both the DNA and the epigenetic factors must be repositioned. The “Chromatin Dynamics” team of Geneviève Almouzni (UMR 218 CNRS/Institut Curie) has now shown that the histone chaperone, the protein ASF-1, regulates the progression of the replication fork, and handles the supply and demand of histones during this process essential to cell life.
Asf1 oversees the removal of old histones upstream of the replication fork, and their recycling, together with the supply of newly synthesized histones to the DNA daughter strands. In so doing, Asf1 collaborates with MCM2-7, a protein complex that opens the DNA strands to allow the replication fork to advance. Asf1 therefore plays a key role in replication during cell division by coordinating the recycling of old histones and the incorporation of newly synthesized histones.
This discovery clarifies the relation between duplication of the genetic material and transmission of information carried by the histones during cell division. Any alterations occurring in the DNA or chromatin may compromise the development of an organism or play a part in cell aging, or even in the occurrence of cancer. This discovery sheds new light on the role of epigenetics in cancer development.
(1) Geneviève Almouzni is a CNRS director of research and heads the CNRS/Institut Curie Laboratory of Nuclear Dynamics and Genome Plasticity.
(2) Such as the binding of chemical groups (methyl, phosphate, acetyl) to DNA and to its associated proteins, the histones.
Cite This Page:
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| 0.928022 | 787 | 3.65625 | 4 |
Explore the issues of feeling invisible and being laughed at in The Invisible Boy. The text and illustrations work together beautifully to show Brian’s predicament.
In spare, moving prose, Ludwig shows Brian’s occlusion by his classmates. In the classroom, Sophie and Nathan’s histrionics obscure his presence. On the playground, as the friends of the best friends get picked for kickball, Brian is the odd one out; and he’s the only one at a lunchroom table who isn’t invited to a birthday party. Brian’s role in the group begins to change when Justin joins the class and his Asian lunch is ridiculed by the dominant boy. From the note Brian leaves in Justin’s cubby, the new boy recognizes Brian’s compassion and his artistic creativity, which leads to a fledgling partnership. We are left with the belief that this is just the first in what will be many connections for Brian.
In the illustrations, movement and color are contrasted with stasis and black-and-white images to convey Brian’s marginal position and his subsequent emergence into the mainstream. Instinctively, children respond to Brian’s isolation and are driven to respond to the story line. But for those adults who like a little guidance in exploring delicate social issues, there are useful questions for discussion included in the back of the book.
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In UPB's "Exploring the Classics" group we've recently been reading Stendhal's The Red and the Black, Balzac's Lost Illusions, and Flaubert's Madame Bovary, all of which present scathing pictures of French society during the early nineteenth century. Now we're about to see what another observer had to say about that same society at the point when its distresses and contradictions came to a head in the revolution of 1848. We will be reading Karl Marx's short book The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte, which analyzes the revolution and its aftermath from 1848 through the 1851 coup d'état by Napoleon Bonaparte's nephew, Louis (one of the earliest "celebrity politicians").
If you are among the many who are under the erroneous impression that Marx had something to do with twentieth-century "Communist" regimes and that his writings are dull economic rants, you may be in for a pleasant surprise. Marx strove to encourage humanity's self-liberation from all forms of oppression and authority, and though no one has ever accused him of being light reading, when he has a mind to he can be as pithy and dramatic as any literary author. The opening chapter of The Eighteenth Brumaire is a vivid example:
"Hegel remarks somewhere that all the great events and characters of world history occur, so to speak, twice. He forgot to add: the first time as tragedy, the second as farce. . . . Men make their own history, but they do not make it just as they please; they do not make it under circumstances chosen by themselves, but under circumstances directly encountered and transmitted from the past. The tradition of the dead generations weighs like a nightmare on the minds of the living. . . .
The social revolution of the nineteenth century can only create its poetry from the future, not from the past. . . . Bourgeois revolutions, such as those of the eighteenth century, storm swiftly from success to success. They outdo each other in dramatic effects; men and things seem set in sparkling diamonds and each day's spirit is ecstatic. But they are short-lived; they soon reach their zenith, and society then has to undergo a long period of discontent until it has learned to soberly assimilate the results of its period of storm and stress.
In contrast, proletarian revolutions, such as those of the nineteenth century, constantly criticize themselves and interrupt themselves. They return to what has apparently already been accomplished in order to begin the task anew; they pitilessly mock the weaknesses, hesitations, and inadequacies of their first attempts; they seem to throw down their adversary only to see him draw new strength from the earth and rise again, more colossal than ever; confronted with the unclear immensity of their own goals, they shrink back again and again, until at last a situation is created that makes all turning back impossible and the conditions themselves cry out: 'Here is the rose, dance here!' "
Our discussions of Marx's work will take place every other Sunday at 4:30-7:00 p.m. around the Big Table in the back room of University Press Books. The first meeting occurred on August 18, and there will be two more after this one on September 15th and 29th. Participation is free, but donations of $10 to $20 per meeting are suggested to help support the bookstore, which provides us with a pleasant meeting space and complimentary wine, sandwiches, and cookies.
For more information, please contact Ken Knabb -- [email protected]
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| 0.96295 | 741 | 2.875 | 3 |
Dental implants are artificial tooth roots that are placed permanently into the bone of your jaw
Considered as the best restorative option for tooth loss, dental implants provide structural integrity to a patient’s mouth. They are a great alternative to traditional bridges and dentures because the dentists surgically implant them into your jawbone so they function like your natural teeth.
The dental implants the dentists at All About Teeth Townsville use are stand-alone tooth replacement treatments that can be used to support a single dental crown, multiple-tooth dental bridge, or a full-mouth all-on-4 denture.
What are dental implants?
A dental implant is a dental prosthetic used to mimic a natural tooth root. The material is made of titanium, which is extremely biocompatible (it’s even used for joint replacements) and encourages fusion of new bone around the root.
After the titanium root has been implanted, a permanent restoration like a dental crown or dental bridge can be placed on top of it. Implants are used to replace any given number of missing teeth, and are so strong that even one implant can support multiple tooth restorations.
Why is it important to replace your missing teeth?
Through our human evolution, every part of the human body has been designed to work together at top efficiency. When you’re missing teeth, this can affect not only your digestion and your speech, but be detrimental to your holistic heath.
It doesn’t matter why your teeth are missing, or how many there are dental implants are now considered the treatment method of choice. Replacing teeth as soon as possible with a dental implant can help you avoid the complications caused by missing teeth throughout your mouth.
Missing teeth can cause:
- Shifting and drifting of other teeth in the mouth
- Loss of bone structure
- Abnormal tooth wear due to irregular pressure against other teeth
- An increased risk for tooth decay
- A higher chance of developing periodontal disease
Instead, dental implants provide our patients permanently anchored teeth that look and function just like their natural teeth.
What are the advantages of dental implants?
When you have dental implants, you’ll have a permanent tooth replacement option. You’ll never have to wear a removable appliance that feels unnatural or is uncomfortable.
Missing teeth cause other teeth throughout the mouth to drift out of place. This makes people prone to developing problems around the adjacent teeth, like cavities, bone loss, or gum disease. It also poses an aesthetic concern.
By replacing your missing tooth as soon as possible, you can ensure that teeth will retain their natural positioning without compromising their function.
How are dental implants done?
Most dental implant treatments take two appointments at All About Teeth. After your consultation with one of our Townsville dental implant dentists, we’ll schedule your implant placement. This appointment involves minor surgery, where the implant root is placed directly into the bone.
You’ll then need to wait three to six months for full bone formation to occur around your implant root. Once this process called osseointegration has taken place, you’ll return for the placement of your permanent restoration on top of the implant.
How long do dental implants last?
Dental implants are designed to last for a lifetime. The strength of the titanium and the body’s ability to fuse directly to the implant root means it lasts much longer than any other kind of treatment. From time to time, a new restoration may be needed on top of the implant.
The majority of dental implants last at least 25 years or more.
What do dental implants cost?
The treatment for dental implants in Townsville will vary, depending on the number of teeth being replaced and the type of restoration that you’ve decided on. As few as four implant roots can be used to support a full-mouth denture, but individual tooth replacements require their own implant root.
After your private consultation with one of our dentists, you’ll have a good estimate for dental implant costs in Townsville.
Who is a candidate for dental implants?
The ideal Townsville dental implant patient will be dedicated to their oral hygiene, have a mouth free of oral disease, and have an adequate level of bone throughout the mouth.
A simple consultation with a Townsville Dental Implants dentist is all that is needed to find out whether or not dental implants are an option for you.
For more information on our innovative dental implants or to schedule an appointment contact the friendly team today.
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The arrival of cooler weather comes with one serious drawback — the start of cold and flu season.
According to the CDC, influenza is most likely spread through droplets made when sick people cough, sneeze or talk. The virus can be transmitted to others who are up to six feet away.
Many folks choose to get flu shots to decrease their chances of contracting the flu. But if you don’t want to receive the vaccine, CheatSheet has six easy and natural ways to strengthen your immune system ahead of flu season.
1. Eat your veggies
Vegetables (and fruits, for that matter) are loaded with vitamins and other nutrients that keep you healthy. Leafy greens, citrus fruits, and foods that are rich in beta-carotene, such as pumpkins and sweet potatoes, are some of the best things you can eat during flu season.
2. Say no to sugar
Put down the cookie — sugary foods can suppress your immune system and increase your chances of getting sick.
3. Wash your hands
It’s so simple. To prevent the spread of germs, wash your hands before preparing food and after using the bathroom; carry hand sanitizer for those times when there isn’t a sink nearby; and try not to touch your face when your hands aren’t clean.
4. Work out
Exercise stimulates your immune system, so don’t be afraid to work up a sweat during cold season. And don’t feel pressured into hitting the gym if you hate going there; taking a walk is a great way to increase your heart rate without too much exertion.
If you don’t have a workout routine and want to form one, start here.
According to CheatSheet, stress prevents your body from producing cytokins, the molecules responsible for fighting diseases. So go ahead and take a little break every once in a while. You’ll be a lot more productive and you hopefully won’t have to take any sick days!
It’s always important to get enough zzzs, but it’s especially crucial during flu season. Rest helps your body produce T-cells, which are responsible for protecting against germs and diseases.
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British police defend the treatment of the demonstration for the safety of women
LONDON: Discussions about mental health are becoming more acceptable among Muslim communities in Britain and misconceptions are being properly tackled, experts said.
‘Mental health has been around for a long time, but we haven’t embraced it or actually asked for help, and now we need to make it clear to minority communities in the UK and around the world that mental health doesn’t. is not a stigma, it is not black magic or possession of jinn, it is actually a disease, ”Mohammed Kothia, an emotional support specialist, told Arab News.
“There is now a realization that it is good not to be well, it is better to speak and solve the problems that one has, rather than to suffer in silence or to go under the carpet”, a- he declared.
Another common misconception is that non-religious mental health professionals will impose their views on you and undermine your Islamic beliefs, Kothia added.
Muslim communities tend to become spiritual healers who may have no previous mental health experience, rather than knowledgeable and skilled professionals who have ethical obligations and a code of conduct.
“It’s important to seek help in the right place, and I think as a community maybe we have failed at times to do that,” he said, adding: “If the Islam and your spirituality are an important factor in your life, so you should have an open discussion with your therapist or counselor.
Kothia said Muslims have the same problems as everyone else.
For example, the COVID-19 outbreak and lockdowns have caused stress, anxiety, depression and isolation to affect all groups. Families have struggled with death and mourning, especially when they were unable to see loved ones during the later stages of their lives or to perform normal funeral rites due to government restrictions.
Kothia said the financial implications could become more severe in the coming months due to the pandemic, rising inflation, unemployment – especially among young people – the cost of living and a worsening of the energy crisis.
Personal well-being in the UK during the first and second waves of the pandemic was among the lowest levels in a decade, the Office for National Statistics said in its annual report earlier this month.
There has been a significant increase in the number of people accessing mental health services over the past year, according to the UK’s National Health Service, and as a result, a number of charities and organizations organizations have taken a proactive approach to getting to the heart of the problem. problem.
Kothia, who is also heavily involved with his local mosque in east London and sees the community’s issues firsthand, said that over the past five years there has also been a massive increase in the number of Muslim and other minority counselors and emotional support volunteers who are “breaking down barriers”, and the next step is to get more Muslim specialists in the field.
The other positive point is that young people are now being educated about mental health, in the hope that they will not be stigmatized.
It comes down to education, Kothia said, which is why “raising awareness in the Muslim community and the wider society will lead us to work more on the ground, and the more we can raise awareness in our communities, so naturally, this collective work will lead to a positive result.
London-based mental health and bereavement charity Supporting Humanity runs a toll-free emotional support hotline and said in the past three months it has seen a sharp increase in the number of calls .
Many people feel they are not being heard and fear being judged. So the key is active listening, anonymity and confidentiality, said Kothia, who is also a helpline volunteer. “We underestimate the power of listening and listening.”
Supporting Humanity, which was created at the start of the pandemic and has trained nearly 30 people to become mental health counselors, said older people were among their main callers.
“The pandemic has left a lasting impact on our seniors and their levels of anxiety and depression, and I believe the government has failed to address this issue that ‘shielding’ has had a massive impact on our society.” , Kothia said.
Loneliness levels in Britain have increased since last spring, and 5% of people (around 2.6 million adults) said they felt lonely ‘often’ or ‘always’, and this proportion is rose to 7.2% of the adult population (about 3.7 million) by February, the ONS said in April.
“Some of them have struggled for years and say that they have thought about suicide several times, how they got trapped in a room because they are embarrassed or afraid to go talk to other people , there are so many people out there with various mental health issues, ”said Idris Patel, CEO of the association.
He also said that more marketing campaigns and awareness programs are needed in community centers, schools and universities, businesses, GP offices as well as religious centers and mosques because they are ” catchment areas “for people who are suffering or are considering suicide.
The association also regularly trains imams to explain the differences between black magic and mental health, referring people to professionals and charities and promoting free services.
Suicide and attempted suicide rates in the Muslim community have increased, especially among young people, who make up half of Britain’s Muslim population. A report released in July by the Better Community Business Network, a Muslim-led organization supporting the positive mental health and well-being of Muslim communities across the UK, in partnership with the University of East London, has revealed that 64% of young Muslims reported having had suicidal thoughts. thoughts and almost a fifth said they did not turn to anyone when they had difficulty.
Drug addiction is another big problem, Patel said, as parents don’t get to the root of the problem, are embarrassed to admit their child has a drug or alcohol problem, and don’t seek help. from a professional. Domestic violence too, he added.
Shamam Chowdhury was introduced to the charity after her 22-year-old son was murdered and needed funeral services, and was introduced to mental health and emotional support as well.
British Bangladeshi Mohammed Aqil Mahdi, an accounting and finance student at the University of Greenwich, was found stabbed to death in east London on November 6. Three suspects have been charged with murder.
“I was very upset because I have never been in this kind of situation and one, I just lost my son, which was itself shocking, and secondly, not knowing or understanding anything”, a- she declared.
As police inspectors contacted her for statements, then discovered that she would not be able to see her son until the autopsy, the 45-year-old single mother felt lost and alone.
The charity stepped in and took care of all the paperwork, logistics, autopsy, ghusl (the washing process Muslims must undertake before burial), burial and funeral prayer (janazah), as part of end-to-end mourning services. offers to help people focus on grief.
“When you’re in this kind of situation where you just lost, I would say, your most precious thing in this world, and then in a situation where you have no idea how to proceed,” he said. she said, describing the torment of her experiences, but added that an emotional support counselor made her feel “like there is a light at the end of the tunnel”.
She continued, “(The counselor) would take their time in the conversation to give me that emotional support, just by listening, asking simple questions like ‘How are you feeling today? “And then on the Islamic side, he was giving examples of hadiths or Quranic verses that brought me comfort and content, it made a huge difference and it gave me confidence,” Chowdhury said.
Describing herself as a strong woman and the family sharing a close and unique bond, her sudden death hit them hard, having never experienced any mental health issues before, the whole situation was unfamiliar to them.
Chowdhury also received emotional support for her two daughters, Anjuman, 25, and Hidayah, 10, and the older one also got involved in some of the association’s work, “because helping others meant it would also help him overcome it. “
She added that she had no problem paying for mental health services, but believes the majority of services give ‘false hope’, charge extremely high prices and, in most cases, fail to produce. qualitative results.
Chowdhury, who is self-employed and has been teaching the Quran for 18 years, said speaking, sharing and getting that support is so important, and urged people not to be afraid and not to let society get the better of it.
“Our Muslim society plays a big role in finding help for people because it makes them feel like it’s something you should just get along with (and) we all think sometimes that looking for help, or seeking support, or sharing is a sign of weakness, but it is not, it is actually a sign of strength.
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Dear Readers, as a break from all the bugs, here is what I think of as the quintessential meadow plant, a deep-blue geranium known as meadow cranesbill. Like so many native plants it has a whole raft of pet names, from ‘Jingling Johnny’ and ‘blue basins’ to ‘grace of God’ and ‘Loving Andrews’. In Iceland it was known as ‘Odin’s flower (blue being the colour of Odin’s robe and eyes) and was said to be used to produce a blue dye, although the method is no longer known. It also has associations with St Andrew of Scotland, hence the ‘Loving Andrews’ vernacular name. In the Isle of Man, the plant is known as “Cass-calmane ghorrym” which means ‘blue-dove’s foot’.
Once, meadow cranesbill popped up in hay meadows all over the country, but today it seems to be restricted to places like the cemetery, where the grass is cut intermittently, and to roadside verges. In the North it shows a marked preference for areas with limestone, but in the South it’s much less choosy.
The centre of the plant gives the name ‘cranesbill’ – the central part becomes upright, producing a ‘beak-like pod’ according to Plantlife.
Meadow cranesbill was a garden favourite even before Elizabethan times, and many of our domesticated favourites have some of this species in them. ‘Johnson’s Blue is a hybrid of meadow cranesbill and Himalayan geranium, and you can find other hybrids with white or pink flowers, and even with double flowers (though please don’t, as bees love geraniums but not the ones with complicated flowers).
Apparently, in Northumberland meadow cranesbill is known as ‘thunder flower’, and picking it is said to cause bad weather. I wonder if the deep blue of the flowers reminded people of thunder clouds?
On the plus side, the flower was said to be just the thing to help treat dysentery, cholera, diarrhoea, haemorrhoids and nosebleeds, so it was probably worth taking a chance on a soaking.
Meadow cranesbill, like all species geraniums, is great for wildlife: bumblebees love it, especially buff-tailed and red-tailed bumblebees (though the one in the photo below is on viper’s bugloss (Echium vulgare) instead).
The leaves are often nibbled upon by the larvae of the geranium sawfly (Ametastegia carpini), who produce slot-shaped holes in the foliage. Sawflies are relatives of the wasps but are not social, and are much weaker fliers. The youngsters can certainly do a fair bit of damage – this leaf looks it’s been lace-ified (if that’s even a word).
And finally, because today is a work day and my back is killing me so I no longer want to sit at my desk, here is a poem. This work, by Thomas Clark, has appeared here before, but there is something so meditative about it, and there is so much in it, that I thought it could do with a repeat airing. It’s worth pausing after each ‘verse’, much as the poem does…
A visit to the island of Colonsay,
Inner Hebrides, April 1987
There are other lives we might lead, places we might get to know, skills we might acquire.
When we have put distance between ourselves and our intentions, the sensibility comes awake.
Every day should contain a pleasure as simple as walking on the machair or singing to the seals.
The ripples on the beach and the veins in the rocks on the mountain show the same signature.
When we climb high enough we can find patches of snow untouched by the sun, parts of the spirit still intact.
The grand landscapes impress us with their weight and scale but it is the anonymous places, a hidden glen or a stretch of water without a name, that steal the heart.
The mere sight of a meadow cranesbill can open up a wound.
We live in an age so completely self-absorbed that the ability to simply look, to pour out the intelligence through the eyes, is an accomplishment.
You will require a tune for a country road, for hill walking a slow air.
When I climb down from the hill I carry strands of wool and fronds of bracken on my clothing, small barbs of quiet in my mind.
At dawn and again at dusk we feel most acutely the passing of time but at dawn the world is with us while at dusk we stand alone.
The farther we move from habitation, the larger are the stars.
There is a kind of bagpipe and fiddle music, practiced in a gale, which is full of distance and longing.
A common disease of sheep, the result of cobalt deficiency, is known as ‘pine’.
The best amusement in rain is to sit and watch the clouds negotiate the mountain.
Long silences are as proper in good company as a song on a lonely road.
Let everything you do have the clean edge of water lapping in a bay.
In any prevailing wind there are small pockets of quiet: in a rock pool choked with duckweed, in the lee of a cairn, in the rib-cage of a sheep’s carcass.
When my stick strikes a stone, it is a call to order.
The most satisfying product of culture is bread.
In a landscape of Torridonian sandstone and heather moor, green and gold lichens on the naked rock will ignite small explosions of sensation.
Whatever there is in a landscape emerges if we just sit still.
It is not from novelty but from an unbroken tradition that real human warmth can be obtained, like a peat fire that has been rekindled continuously for hundreds of years.
After days of walking on the moor, shoulders, spine and calves become resilient as heather.
The hardest materials are those which display the most obvious signs of weathering.
We can carry a tent, food, clothing or the world on our shoulders, but how light we feel when we lay them down.
Just to look at a beach of grey pebbles can cool the forehead.
On a small island, the feeble purchase that the land obtains between the sea and the sky, the drifting of mist and the intensity of light, unsettles the intellect and opens the imagination to larger and more liquid configurations.
Although the days should extend in a graceful contour, the hours should not be accountable.
A book of poems in the rucksack – that is the relation of art to life.
On a fine day, up on the heights, with heat shimmering from the rocks, I can stretch out on my back and watch all the distances dance.
The duty of the traveller, wherever he finds himself, is always to keep faith with the air.
We should nurture our own loneliness like an Alpine blossom.
Solitude and affection go well together – to work alone the whole day and then in the evening sit round a table with friends.
To meet another person on a walk is like coming to a river.
In the art of the great music, the drone is eternity, the tune tradition, the performance the life of the individual.
It is on bare necessity that lyricism flourishes best, like a cushion of moss campion on granite.
When the people are gone, and the house is a ruin, for long afterwards there may flourish a garden of daffodils.
The routines we accept can strangle us but the rituals we choose give renewed life.
When the lark sings and the air is still, I sometimes feel I could reach over and take the island in my hand like a stone.
Photo One by By Hardyplants – Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=23549950
Photo Two by Normanack at https://www.flickr.com/photos/29278394@N00/547634579
Photo Three By Ivar Leidus – Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=49758226
Photo Four from https://www.naturespot.org.uk/species/geranium-sawfly
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The conversion of St. Paul the Apostle, which was in the second year after the Ascension of the Lord. — Roman Martyrology for January 25
In art from practically any era St. Paul is easy to identify by his long, pointy beard and receding hairline. Medieval portraits almost always use a sword as his attribute, and many of them continue to give him the book or scroll seen in his earliest images.
Under the name of Saul, the Apostle had attended at the stoning of St. Stephen and became a zealous persecutor of Christians. But one day a bright light threw him to the ground and a voice from the sky said, "Saul, why are you persecuting me," and identified itself as "Jesus the Nazorean" (Acts 9:1-9, 22:6-9, 26:12-18). This conversion experience has been a popular subject in the art. Like the Fra Angelico at right, most images follow the details in Acts 22, the only passage where Saul's companions see the light but only Saul falls to the ground.
The Fra Angelico follows Acts and earlier images of the conversion in showing Paul and his companions as pedestrians (example from the 12th century). This tradition continues at least until this fresco from 1477-82. But starting from the mid-15th century more and more artists have Paul thrown from a horse (example). This innovation may have arisen from the conventional figure of Pride riding a horse or falling from a horse, as in this drawing from the 13th-century sketchbook of Villard de Honnecourt. Nothing in scripture explicitly associates Paul with pride, but his falling to the ground does resonate with Proverbs 16:18, "Pride goeth before destruction: and the spirit is lifted up before a fall." There is also the horse metaphor in Jesus' words as Paul lies on the ground, "Why are you persecuting me? It is hard for you to kick against the goad" (Acts 26:14). At any rate, the horse became an inevitable feature of the conversion images. Indeed, Tintoretto puts a multiplicity of horses and fallen riders in his 1540-42 version, emphasizing the vast upheaval in human history that this episode represents.
According to St. Jerome's De Viris Illustribus "in the fourteenth year of Nero [i.e., 68 AD] on the same day with Peter, [Paul] was beheaded at Rome for Christ's sake and was buried in the Ostian way." Following this passage, many images present the deaths of Peter and Paul together in the same frame (example), while others depict Paul's death separately (example).
Another not infrequent subject is Peter and Paul's defeat of Simon the Magician. The Golden Legend's account of this apocryphal tale derives ultimately from the 2nd-century Acts of Peter and the post-4th century Acts of the Holy Apostles Peter and Paul. Simon has convinced the Emperor Nero to believe in him as Son of God. To prove his divinity, he jumps from a tower in the Campus Martius and is carried aloft by his attendant demons. But St. Paul kneels to pray and St. Peter says, "'I adjure you, ye angels of Satan who are carrying him into the air to deceive the hearts of the unbelievers, by the God that created all things…no longer from this hour to keep him up, but to let him go.' And immediately, being let go, he fell into a place called Sacra Via…." Some examples are an apse fresco in Switzerland and a mosaic in Sicily.
Some churches display entire cycles on the life of the saint. No doubt the most exhaustive of them is the one in St. Paul Outside the Walls in Rome. Paul's life and works are also detailed in the Peter and Paul mosaics in the Palatine Chapel in Palermo.
It is very common for Paul to be included in a grouping of 12 apostles (example). He is also frequently seen with St. Peter. The two flank the Christ in Traditio Legis and Christ Enthroned images, and they can be seen left and right of the main figure in other common subjects (the Madonna, the Transfiguration, the Man of Sorrows, and even a false window in a mausoleum).
Paul's distinctive beard and hairline are evident from the very earliest images. The hairline may trace to the 2nd-century Acts of Paul and Thecla, which says he was bald. Just one 4th-century sarcophagus fragment gives him a full head of hair. But many other images from the 4th give him the receding hairline and pointy beard that will become all but mandatory in later centuries. One example is what the London Telegraph in 2009 claimed was the earliest picture of St. Paul. Others include Traditio Legis images on Roman sarcophagi. Also from the 4th is this fresco from the Catacomb of Marcellinus and Peter in Rome, where the pointy beard is quite pronounced.
The sword attribute comes much later. The earliest example I have seen is this 1325 painting, which also identifies him by the epistles in his left hand. There may be earlier examples, but in Giotto's 1320 Stefaneschi Triptych the saint holds only a small baton in one hand and a book in the other, nor does the sword appear in the numerous images I have seen from before the 14th century.
The 2nd-century Acts of Paul and Thecla describes Paul as "a man small in size." Artists usually ignore this, but in Daddi's Martyrdom of St. Stephen he is both short and chubby.
Prepared in 2014 by Richard Stracke, Emeritus Professor of English, Augusta University. Revised 2017-01-19, 2017-02-05.
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Yoga Can Help to Improve All Kinds of Ailments
Yoga can help to improve all kinds of ailments, but the following 8 are some prominent diseases upon which yoga has significantly positive effects – and they are proven! While there are always factors which can sway scientific research, here are some recent findings about benefits, which can be seen in black and white, but also felt by the people who practice yoga.
Yoga Helps With Cardiovascular Disease:
This is a big one, since heart problems are one of the top three causes of death in the US, UK, and Australia. In just the US alone, over 27 million people will be diagnosed with heart disease this year. (Considering that is a fact posted by the Center for Disease Control, it is probably a mildly under-reported estimate). Cardiovascular disease has been shown, in multiple studies, to be profoundly affected by yoga practice. It may be that most of the positive results are due to psychophysiologic reasons, but it works nonetheless.
Yoga is Good for Osteoarthritis:
Many baby boomers are already figuring this out as they lean towards activities which are approachable. The plethora of beginning-level yoga classes in cities all over the planet offer a great place for an aging population to get moving and treat diseases such as Osteoarthritis with their own efforts. Yoga has been proven in multiple scientific research studies to aid in some common symptoms of Osteoarthritis as well as other types of Arthritis also.
Yoga Helps with ADD/ADHD:
As the numbers of children diagnosed with attention deficit disorder grow higher and higher in the US and UK, it is great news to see some preliminary studies showing that yoga helps significantly with focus, attention span, racing thoughts, anxiety and other symptoms of this disorder. Test showed improved emotional liability, less restlessness and lowered impulsive behavior. Yoga may be used as an adjunct to current treatment protocols, or (what we at Yoga for the New World would like to see) a replacement of drugs altogether. With yoga, and some herbal remedies, and sound therapy, the rising numbers of children and adults with ADD and ADHD can begin to return to pre-2000 levels.
Yoga Helps With Anxiety:
To date there are hundreds of studies proving that yoga helps with anxiety. As of late there are 8 highly-published studies that prove yoga makes people more peaceful and calm. Anyone with OCD (Obsessive Compulsive Disorder) or Anxiety Disorder will find almost immediate and significant changes in their emotional state by practicing yoga three times or more a week. It should be considered a lifestyle change, though, and not a one-time cure-all.
Yoga Helps with Depression:
It is a welcome fact that yoga helps decrease depression – namely by altering the hormones which control how ‘happy’ and ‘content’ you feel. In five recent peer-reviewed studies yoga was found to have positive effects for both mild and severe depression. Start practicing your Downward Facing Dog to feel better!
Yoga is Good for Back Pain:
A controlled study with 101 participants realized statistically significant improvement with certain kinds of back pain. The findings stressed consistency and each participant did a 75 minute practice for 12 weeks.
Yoga is Good for Carpal Tunnel Syndrome:
In a study with 42 patients conducted over 8 weeks, the group which practiced yoga less pain and tingling sensations (the byproduct of the syndrome), as well as better grip strength. This study had a small sample size; however, so more studies are needed in mainstream medicine to prove efficacy beyond a shadow of doubt – unless of course you suffer from this annoying malady and have already experienced benefits personally. It may eventually prove to be a great non-surgical method of reducing or eliminating carpal tunnel.
Yoga Helps with Menopausal Symptoms:
In recent studies, yoga was found to be so effective that women were able to stop taking long-term hormone replacement therapies. Symptoms like hot flashes, irritability, poor sleeping patterns and cramping were lessened significantly. Even pre-menopausal women benefits from yoga.
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Posted on: 14 June 2017Share
While you definitely don't want vegetables and fruits growing over your septic system because of the potential for pathogen transfer, it is relatively safe for the field and tank to have some ornamental plants with shallow roots growing over it. If you're limited in your sunny spots for growing, it can seem like a match made in heaven to use an empty drain field. Yet planting an ornamental garden in your septic zone can actually interfere with your ability to tell if your septic system is functioning correctly or not.
Sucking Up Moisture
First, water puddling on the surface of the soil around or over your septic tank and field is a clear sign there's a big problem. Even a spongy spot that stays damp indicates that the water is not draining properly from your system and you need to have it inspected. If you've planted a bunch of shrubs or tall grasses, you may not be able to see the water until it rises so high it's causing your plants to die off. The roots of thirsty garden plants also suck up a lot of the moisture that would be the earliest warning signs, causing you to put off septic repairs while they're still affordable because you're unaware of the problem.
Disguising Nutrient Flush
Aside from releasing too much water for the soil to handle, septic tanks that are leaking or full also tend to push out too many nutrients. This leads to a lush and dark green jungle of a garden that you'll likely pat yourself on the back for, but it's not an accomplishment. Homeowners often notice nutrient flushing because it causes a patch of plain turf grass to turn a much darker green than its surrounding lawn. If the entire septic area is a garden rather than a homogeneous lawn, you won't have the same visible effect because everything in the garden will grow faster and greener and simply appear like a thriving plant community.
It's still safe to plant on your septic field, you just need to understand the risks so you can work around them. Committing to checking the ground for signs of water and unpleasant odors on a monthly basis is an easy way to add a garden of non-edible plants without losing the early warning signs of damage. Growing plants that prefer low nutrient levels can also help because they'll have visual indicators of nutrient flushing, such as losing their color rather than looking healthier and greener.
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County Fermanagh is one of the thirty-two counties of Ireland and one of the six counties of Northern Ireland.
County Londonderry (Contae Dhoire; Ulster-Scots: Coontie Lunnonderrie), also known as County Derry, is one of the six counties of Northern Ireland.
County Tyrone is one of the six historic counties of Northern Ireland.
Devine is a city in Medina County, Texas, United States.
Edward MacLysaght (Éamonn Mac Giolla Iasachta; 6 November 1887 – 4 March 1986) was one of the foremost genealogists of twentieth century Ireland.
EtymologyThe New Oxford Dictionary of English (1998) – p. 633 "Etymology /ˌɛtɪˈmɒlədʒi/ the study of the class in words and the way their meanings have changed throughout time".
The Irish language (Gaeilge), also referred to as the Gaelic or the Irish Gaelic language, is a Goidelic language (Gaelic) of the Indo-European language family originating in Ireland and historically spoken by the Irish people.
John O'Donovan (Seán Ó Donnabháin; 25 July 1806 – 10 December 1861), from Atateemore, in the parish of Kilcolumb, County Kilkenny, and educated at Hunt's Academy, Waterford, was an Irish language scholar from Ireland.
A sept is an English word for a division of a family, especially of a Scottish or Irish family.
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pilgrimage road beginning at Kufah in Iraq and ending at Mecca (Makkah) in Saudi Arabia. According to the Qur'an, a “pilgrimage to the Ka῾bah (at Mecca) is a solemn duty to God, for all who are able to make this journey.” Thus roads from all Islamic countries converged at Mecca. The origin of the Darb Zubaydah may be traced in sections to the early sixth century CE as a trade route linking the Hijaz and central Arabia with al-Hira in Iraq. It was during the ῾Abbasid period, however, that its importance grew, and it developed into a full-fleged highway.
The transfer of the ῾Abbasid capital from Damascus to Baghdad In ah 132/750 CE necessitated establishment of direct communication between the political and religious centers. The Kufah–Mecca road, existing prior to the ῾Abbasid period was linked to Baghdad by extending it farther north. Several earlier ῾Abbasid caliphs, especially, Abu'l ῾Abbas as-Saffah, Abu Ja῾far al-Mansur, al-Maholi, and al-Rashid, took an interest in the establishment of the Kufah–Mecca road and made arrangements for the provisions and facilities essential for travelers.
The ῾Abbasid caliph Harun al-Rashid (170–193/786–809) several times visited Mecca accompanied by his wife, Zubaydah. They realized the conditions on the route and lack of facilities available to the pilgrims. Queen Zubaydah took keen interest in the improvement of the Baghdad–Mecca road; she made an outstanding contribution in providing water facilities by digging wells and cisterns along the pilgrim route and by building rest houses and lodgings. Arab geographers such as al-Harbi and Yaqut and the travelers Ibn Jubayr and Ibn Batutah have recorded vivid details of the constructions, facilities, and provisions provided by Zubaydah along the Kufah–Mecca road. She acquired a great reputation for her work. Several places were named after her, that is, Zubaydiyah (known as Umm Ja῾far). Later, the road acquired the name Darb Zubaydah.
So far, about one hundred sites on the route have been recorded. Of these thirteen are located within Iraq, and the remaining are situated in Saudi Arabia. According to early geographers, there were twenty-seven main and as many secondary pilgrim stations on the road. There were several other rest places established along the main branches of the road. The most famous of these were al-῾Aqabah, Zubalah, Fayd, Samirah, an-Nuqrah, ar-Rabadhah, Ma'din Bani, Sulaym, and Dhat ῾Irq. The ῾Abbasid caliphs provided milestones, which had Kufic inscriptions giving distances between the stations. Historians such as al-Tabari and Ibn al-Athir furnish details of the erection of milestones and details of the distances along the road starting from Kufah. The road was also provided with road-signs (a'lam) and fire signals.
Along the road, Kufic inscriptions are found on rocks at places such as as-Suwargiyah, Hadha, and Samirah. The condition of the road was maintained regularly; it was cleaned and cleared from various obstacles. It was paved in the sandy areas; steep hills and mountains were cut; and smooth tracks were made with steps at some places.
Of archaeological interest are the ruins surviving on the Darb Zubaydah. These are the pilgrim stations, water tanks, wells, forts, rest houses, milestones, and inscriptions (al-Rashid, 1980). Early Islamic pottery, glass, and coins are the main finds along the Darb Zubaydah. The pottery sherds are of a great variety—luster-painted, tin-glazed, splashed, monochrome green-glazed, and unglazed ware with or without decoration. Fragments of soft stone vessels have also been recovered. Minted in different cities, gold dinars, silver dirhams, and bronze coins of the Umayyad and ῾Abbasid caliphates have been discovered along the route.
The most remarkable station is ar-Rabadhah about 200 km (124 mi.) southeast of the city of Medina (Madinah al-Munawwrah). At al-Rabadhah excavations under the direction of Sa῾ad al-Rashid since 1979 have produced fine architecture and numerous archaeological finds in great variety, such as masonry foundations of houses, mosques, cemeteries, tombstones, and reservoirs and wells. The architecture of the residential houses reveal typical Rabadhah style; independent units are surrounded by strong walls. The structure of the house are defended by towers built along the walls and on the corners. Remains of other buildings, public facilities, small streets between the houses, industrial units, washrooms, and sewage disposal channels have been found. Recent research and archaeological studies on the road has revealed abundant information about the archaeological sites and remains of facilities on the road. From Rabadhah come a variety of metal objects, such as an iron dagger, a spouted receptacle, kohl containers, a dagger sheath, an iron chain, a fragment of an instrument, and animal figures, glass, and jewelry in wood, bone, and ivory.
Two large limestone reservoirs, one circular and the other square at Rabadhah are unique features. The circular structure has a diameter of 64.5 m (211.6 ft.) and its walls rise up to 4.7 m (15.4 ft.) above a gypsum floor. Adjacent to it is filter tank of 55 × 17 × 3.15 m (180.4 × 55.8 × 10.3 ft.) through which the reservoir received flood water after filtering. The reservoir dates to the tenth century, is still in good condition, and had a capacity of 14,250 cu m. The square reservoir, which measures 26 × 26 m (85.3 × 85.3 ft.) has gypsum-plastered walls, strengthened by semicircular buttresses. It has two main inlets, one of them fed by a dam. These reservoirs along with about one hundred tanks of different dimensions and capacity are suggestive of water engineering that existed at Rabadhah and the importance attached to a water supply.
Caliph Harun al-Rashid and his wife Zubaydah not only took keen interest in the establishment of the road but spent large sums for its maintenance and protection. They appointed regular officials for its upkeep and provision of facilities essential for the comfort of travelers. When the road was threatened soldiers were despatched. The traffic on the road was constant and considerable. Caravans by the thousands occasionally traveled at the same time. The road declined from the ninth century CE because of the incursions of various tribes and later by the raids of the Qarmatians. The fall of Baghadad In 1258 to the Mongols was catastrophic for the road. From an archaeological point of view, the Darb Zubayadah is an excellent example of early road systems in Arabia. The excavations along the road, especially at al Rabadhah attest to the flourishing of and advanced civilization and to the mingling of different Islamic countries along the road.
- Atlal: The Journal of Saudi Arabian Archaeology 1–6 (1977–1982).
- Ḥarbī, Ibrāhīm al-. Kitāb al-manāsik wa-amākin ṭuruq al-ḣājj wama῾ālim al-Jazīrah. edited by Ḥamad al-Jāsir. Riyadh, 1969.
- Ibn al-Athīr, Īzz al-Dīn. Al-kāmil fī al-tārīkh. 9 vols. Cairo, 1929–1938.
- Ibn Baṭūtah. Riḣlat Ibn Baṭūtah. 2 vols. Cairo, 1928.
- Ibn Jubayr, Muḣammad ibn Aḣmad. The Travels of Ibn Jubayr. edited by M. J. de Goeje. Leiden, 1907.
- Ibn Khurdādhbih. Al-masālik wa-mamālik. edited by M. J. de Goeje. Leiden, 1889.
- Ibn Rustah, Aḣmad ibn ῾Umar. Kitâb al-a῾lâk an-Nafîsa. edited by M. J. de Goeje. 2d ed. Leiden, 1892.
- Jāsir, Ḥamad al-. “Al-Rabadhah fi Kutub al-Mutaqaddimin.” Al-῾Arab 1 (1967): 5–8.
- Muqaddasī, Muḣammad ibn Aḣmad. Aḣsan al-taqāsīm fī ma῾rifat al-aqālīm. edited by M. J. de Goeje. Leiden, 1877.
- Rashid, Sa῾ad al-. “Ancient Water-Tanks on the Haj Route from Iraq to Makkah and Their Parallels in Other Arab Countries.” Atlal 3 (1979): 55–62, pls. 28–43.
- Rashid, Sa῾ad al-. “New Light on the History and Archaeology of Al-Rabadhah (Locally Called Abu Salim).” Seminar for Arabian Studies 9 (1979): 88–101.
- Rashid, Sa῾ad al-. “A Brief Report on the First Archaeological Excavation at al-Rabadhah.” Seminar for Arabian Studies 10 (1980): 81–84.
- Rashid, Sa῾ad al-. Darb Zubaydah: The Pilgrim Road from Kufa to Makkah. Riyadh, 1980.
- Rashid, Sa῾ad al-. Al-Rabadhah: A Portrait of Early Islamic Civilisation in Saudi Arabia. London, 1986.
- Rashid, Sa῾ad al-. “Nuqud Islamiyya MuktashaFah fi Darb Zubaydah.” Al-Yarmūk Lil-Maskūkāt 3.1 (1991): 41–56.
- Rashid, Sa῾ad al-. “A New ῾Abbasid Milestone from al-Rabadha in Saudi Arabia.” Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy 3 (1992): 138–143.
- Samhūdī, ῾Alī ibn ῾Abd Allāh al-. Wafā῾ al-wafā῾ bi-akhbār Dār al-Muṣṭafā. 4 vols. edited by Muḣyi al-Dīn ῾Abd al-Ḥamīd. Cairo, 1955.
- Tabarī, al-. Tārīkh al-rusul wa-al-mulūk. 15 vols. edited by M. J. de Goeje et al. Leiden, 1879–1901.
- Yāqūt ibn ῾Abd Allāh al-Ḥamawī. Mu'jam al-buldān. 5 vols. Beirut, 1955–1957.
Sa῾ad Abdul Aziz al-Rashid
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