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National pride bears different meanings to each one of us. As an adult, you have come to understand the complexities of being your own individual self without compromising your responsibilities as a citizen who is part of a whole in your own country. As much as globalization has eradicated any geographical barriers between nations, it has affected the identities of the younger generation in particular.
On the one hand, it’s great that kids nowadays display more tolerance and are blind to nationalities and ethnicities, but on the other hand, this has distorted their understanding of nationalism.
It is the responsibility of parents and educational systems to make sure that children know about their origins and the significance of national symbols like their own country’s flag from a young age. It is essential to explain to your kids the symbolism of the national flag and what it signifies for them as citizens. However, since this is more of an innate feeling, you might find it hard to put into words.
If you need some help, look no further to find out how you tell your kids about the significance of respecting the national flag.
Explain The Features And Symbolism Of The National Flag
You cannot expect your kids to understand the importance of the national flag if they see it as a mere piece of cloth with interesting colors and shapes. All flags have inspiring stories behind them; every color stands for something and every stripe and star have an important significance. Make a game out of it and ask your kids to guess the meaning of each aspect of the national flag. Explain to them how their own state- where they were born and live- is represented by one of the stars to emphasize its uniqueness and also show that it is part of the entire country.
This way, your kids can come to grasp the idea of what the national flag stands for and they will have more awareness about why it demands their respect.
Put The Flag On Display
Displaying the national flag at your home and showing your kids how you proudly hang it high out on the patio or anywhere around the house will give them an idea about how the flag should be treated with respect. If you want to show your kids how you value the flag, do not just make do with a cheap one. Take your kids and go to a flag store that offers locally-made quality flags in bold and bright colors.
When your kids see the care that you put into finding the right flag and treat it as a worthy investment, they will understand that the flag is indeed a big deal. Get a high-endurance nylon flag to withstand the different weather conditions and hang it outdoors on a decent flagpole. Show your kids what it means to have the flag fly high and never touch the ground to signify freedom, and that the homeland is superior to the individuals.
Introduce Your Kids To The Constitution
From a young age, make it a point to read your kids snippets from the national constitution in a simplified way so that they are able to understand. Let your kids know how the flag demonstrates the respectable values and actions that are described more explicitly in the constitution. Your kids will grow up knowing that becoming a good citizen is what the flag embodies and that is why it is worthy of respect.
Always Celebrate National Holidays
Make a big deal out of national days and have the flag front and center during celebrations. When the festivities are broadcasted on television, highlight to your kids how everyone stands up when the flag is raised and the national anthem is being played. Whenever you can, lead by example and stand up for the flag to pay your respects. When recalling fun holidays, your kids will look back and associate the flag with respect without requiring a lot of effort on your side.
Tell them Stories About National Heroes
Kids love stories, and they love superheroes. When you combine the two and tell them stories about real people who have sacrificed their lives so that they can live free and safe, they can appreciate the national symbols much more. Try your best to explain how the national flag represents what these brave men and women fought for and that it is our duty to honor their legacies.
Patriotism is not a cliche old-school value, your kids have to believe that loving and appreciating their country is a vital component of their identity. As a parent, small and simple acts can be all that you need to develop your kids’ affinity to your country and a sense of respect towards the national flag.
If you are interested in even more lifestyle-related articles and information from us here at bit Rebels, then we have a lot to choose from.
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It comes down to choices, which are not always beneficial to us. We tend to experiment with things, yet any gleaned information remains inadequate.
The fossil puts to rest the notion, popular since Darwin's time, that a chimpanzee-like missing link—resembling something between humans and today's apes—would eventually be found at the root of the human family tree. Indeed, the new evidence suggests that the study of chimpanzee anatomy and behavior—long used to infer the nature of the earliest human ancestors—is largely irrelevant to understanding our beginnings.
Ardi instead shows an unexpected mix of advanced characteristics and of primitive traits seen in much older apes that were unlike chimps or gorillas (interactive:
Human mind & psychology
Human mind, psychology and development depend on the exchange of the knowledge of truth. Truth can only be found in its original state and in its original milieu long before it went into hiding in particles of matter.
Humans evolved possessing territorial instincts, but also evolved to be quite narrow-minded. At the time of no scarcity of game, open spaces and plenty of food man fought another man. I suppose the fear was the factor. One clan met another clan, perhaps racially different from themselves, and with them came curious suspicions. Man fights what he does not know for what he knows is himself and his kind... he assumes. Eventually this desire to destroy anything that is foreign went on for millennia embedding and marking the human genome its message. These are the origins of racism, parochialism, bigotry, nationalism or religious intolerance. Today this fight donned but only a different garb.
The war is on but it changed forms. Sports, scientific, religious, economic or technological competitions stem from those primordial restless genes. And although it seems like we are advancing but the pace is less than that of a tortoise. Let me tell you why.
The inherent warlike traits resurface from time to time and the propelling mechanism is the ego and the pride of life. And like it is written, [1John 2:16] For all that is in the world, the lust of the flesh and the lust of the eyes and the boastful pride of life, is not from the Father, but is from the world.
It makes sense, doesn't it? Anything physical, but only amongst humans, has an identity, self, and then comes the ego and with that comes pride. This chain must be understood, for if not it will perpetuate itself bringing more suffering and interrupting our progress. First comes the grasp of these facts, then comes the knowledge of something much higher and much better, but one must decisively forsake the old in order to gain the new. Only then the new knowledge can lead to wisdom. Wisdom is activity itself; one is deemed wise for the way one behaves.
Our planet has different gravitational pulls, areas where objects experience strange phenomenons like the one at the redwood forest in Santa Cruz California gravitational anomaly.
Also moon phases cause gravitational changes affecting the tides.
Anything in time evolves but it comes in intervals. One period dies down and another period begins giving rise to new species, which most likely survived local cataclysms. Meteor strikes, volcanos, tectonic plates, which effectively caused the split of continents. Droughts, floods and hurricanes affect the changes to which forces anything living adapts.
The moment we are born we evolve, adapt and overcome any hurdles life throws at us. Those ho do not conquer do not survive. And since all living creatures have hearts, liver, lungs and blood all succumb or overcome through adoptability.
Victors, survivors and those who overcame initiate into this world a new breed. So it happened when Adam was made and then introduced to the physical earth's environment. In some cases, at the time of the great mix between Adam's sons and other peoples, giants also appeared. Due to inbreeding they disappeared, yet their genes reside in many of us; a testament to new creation and new period in earth's history.
Where did logic come from? Why the new gene that circulates the globe and is present in a bout 1/3 of the entire human population occupies only that one third? Who carries it and who does not? Where did it come from and where is it going?
These questions are about to be intelligently answered here provided the reader is interested in knowing it...
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The House of Commons will meet on Monday 18 May 2015. The State Opening of Parliament will take place on Wednesday 27 May 2015 which marks the formal start of the parliamentary year.
The House of Commons will sit for a few days ahead of the State Opening of Parliament, the formal start of the parliamentary session. During this time the re-election or election of a new Speaker of the House of Commons takes place, and MPs take the oath or affirmation.
Once assembled, the House, led by the Father of the House, goes to the House of Lords where they receive a message from the Queen asking them to elect a Speaker. If the incumbent Speaker is returned at the election and wishes to stand for re-election, that decision is made immediately.
If there is no returning Speaker wishing to stand again, or the House votes against the incumbent Speaker, a contested election by exhaustive ballot must take place to choose a new Speaker.
After the Speaker’s appointment has been confirmed, the House returns to the Commons Chamber, where first the Speaker takes the oath of allegiance, followed by the Father of the House, the Prime Minister and other members of the Cabinet.
Any MP or Member of the House of Lords who objects to swearing an oath can make a solemn affirmation instead. This process is known as swearing in.
Swearing in continues for two or three days before the House adjourns until 27 May 2015 for the Queen’s Speech and State Opening.
The State Opening of Parliament marks the formal start of the parliamentary year and the Queen’s Speech sets out the government’s agenda for the coming session, outlining proposed policies and legislation. It is the only regular occasion when the three constituent parts of Parliament – the Sovereign, the House of Lords and the House of Commons – meet.
State Opening is the main ceremonial event of the parliamentary calendar, attracting large crowds and a significant television and online audience. It begins with the Queen’s procession from Buckingham Palace to Westminster, escorted by the Household Cavalry.
The Queen arrives at Sovereign’s Entrance and proceeds to the Robing Room. Wearing the Imperial State Crown and the Robe of State, she leads the Royal Procession through the Royal Gallery, packed with 600 guests, to the chamber of the House of Lords.
The House of Lords official known as Black Rod is sent to summon the Commons. The doors to the Commons chamber are shut in his face: a practice dating back to the Civil War, symbolising the Commons’ independence from the monarchy. Black Rod strikes the door three times before it is opened. Members of the House of Commons then follow Black Rod and the Commons Speaker to the Lords chamber, standing at the opposite end to the Throne, known as the Bar of the House, to listen to the speech.
The Queen’s Speech is delivered by the Queen from the Throne in the House of Lords. Although the Queen reads the Speech, it is written by the government. It contains an outline of its policies and proposed legislation for the new parliamentary session.
When the Queen leaves, a new parliamentary session starts and Parliament gets back to work. Members of both Houses debate the content of the speech and agree an ‘Address in Reply to Her Majesty’s Gracious Speech’. Each House continues the debate over the planned legislative programme for several days, looking at different subject areas. The Queen’s Speech is voted on by the Commons, but no vote is taken in the Lords.
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A strangulated hernia is a medical condition in which the fat within the abdomen or a portion of the small intestine pushes through an area within the lower abdominal muscles, cutting off blood supply to the small intestine. This condition may be congenital (present at birth) or may be caused by the degeneration of muscle within the abdomen. Surgery is typically performed to resolve the symptoms associated with this condition.
If you have a strangulated hernia, you may experience a number of symptoms throughout your body. Fever, which is a defense the immune system uses to prevent the spread of infection, may be present if you have a strangulated hernia. According to the National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse (NDDIC), strangulated hernia patients may also experience an increase in heart rate. If you have a hernia and experience any of these additional symptoms, it is important that you seek medical care immediately.
If you have a strangulated hernia, you may experience a number of symptoms at the site of the hernia. The Mayo Clinic notes that patients with a hernia typically develop a small bulge at the site where the intestine has poked through the abdominal muscle wall. In patients with a strangulated hernia, this protrusion is extremely tender and the skin surrounding the bulge may appear red or irritated. According to the NDDIC, patients with a strangulated hernia may also experience sudden, severe pain that becomes worse over a short span of time. If you experience any of these hernia-related symptoms, seek medical care immediately to prevent serious, life-threatening complications.
If you have a strangulated hernia, you may experience a number of gastrointestinal symptoms if your condition is left untreated. Patients with an untreated strangulated hernia often experience nausea, vomiting, diarrhea or constipation. Such symptoms may indicate that the infection within the intestine has spread to additional regions of the body. The NDDIC notes that if surgery is not immediately performed, the portion of intestine that is cut off from blood supply may die, requiring removal of this affected area. If you have a hernia and experience any type of gastrointestinal symptoms, seek emergency medical care immediately to prevent life-threatening complications.
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Before I start introducing you to your first words in Albanian, I have to mention a few things about the language and this course.
The form of Albanian taught here will be the Standard form. This form of the language is used in Schools, public offices and media (i.e. any official form of communication). It is virtually identical to Tosk (Toskërishte), a dialect historically spoken in southern Albania, but has since become widely spoken in almost all of Albania (as a Standard form).
In Kosovo, Macedonia, Montenegro and Northern fringes of Albania, the Standard form is seldom spoken, however it is widely used for written official communication, schools and in the media (not for entertainment programs though as it doesn't sound natural when spoken by a Gheg speaker, it is like an Irishman making jokes in Cockney).
In these areas Gheg is spoken but Standard Albanian is written. It is a very confusing situation which I will explain at some later stage. Gheg Albanians and especially Kosovars (the most extreme form of Gheg) find it very difficult to express themselves in a standard Albanian. For example: One interesting thing you will notice is that when a TV reporter (who has obviously been trained to speak the standard version) asks a random teenager on the street about their opinion on something, they almost always try to answer in the standard Albanian, and they do it gracefully but with a few mistakes and a heavy accent, in some cases when they get too excited they tend to forget they’re on TV and switch to Gheg, which enables them to express themselves much clearer. You know when this happens when the tempo of speech increases significantly as they don’t have to think as much when they speak.
It is a paradoxical situation, however the point I am trying to make here is that, the Standard Albanian will be understood by almost all Albanians, hence why we are doing it here (as well as because it is the Standard of course).
Just as a quick comparison. Gheg (Gegënishte) and Tosk (Toskërishte) can vary quite a bit, especially the extreme forms as they are only partially intelligible. These could easily be different languages, but because of political reasons they are not. Whereas Serb and Croat are virtually the same but classed as different languages, the Albanian dialects can be compared to Castilian and Catalan, or Serbian and Macedonian in terms of difference.
Ok let us begin ( Të fillojmë )
From above you can tell that ‘we begin’ is ‘fillojmë’.
The infinitives in albanian start with ‘për të’ (not always though), so here we have an, ‘për të filluar’ (to start, to commence). This is a verb that ends with ‘uar’, so let’s from now on call these verbs, UAR verbs.
You would normally drop the ‘për të’ (as you would drop ‘to’ in English) and the ‘uar’ ending to form the present tense. This gives us the following:
I begin – (unë) filloj
You begin – (ti) fillon
You begin[formal] – (ju) filloni
He/She begins – (ai/ajo) fillon
We begin – (ne) fillojmë
You (pl)begin – (ju) filloni
They begin – (ata/ato) fillojnë
This pattern applies to most UAR verbs. There are a very few exceptions but at this stage not important.
As you can see from the above, the formal ‘you’ is the same as plural ‘you’. This applies to ALL the verbs. The formal ‘you’ you would use to speak to people you don’t usually know and wish to show respect to, the other form is used when spoken to friends.
Ok, here’s a little homework for you all:
1. The infinite of ‘to go’ in Albanian is ’për të shkuar’, how about you figure out the present tense (this is easy, but it will get harder believe me).
The verb for ‘to see’ is ‘për të shikuar’. If you want to say ‘to see it’ (note the ’it’ here) you would change the infinitive to ‘për ta shikuar’.
2. If the verb for ‘to fail’ is ‘për të dështuar’. How would you say ‘to fail it’ in Albanian.
3. Once you’ve done the number 1, try and say ‘We are going to see it’ (tip: in Albanian this is the same as ‘We go to see it’).
PLEASE USE ‘ANSWERS LESSON- 0’ TO POST YOUR ANSWERS.
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from The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, 4th Edition
- n. Any unit of electricity or magnetism in the centimeter-gram-second system based on the forces of interaction between electric charges.
from WordNet 3.0 Copyright 2006 by Princeton University. All rights reserved.
- n. any of various units of electricity based on forces of interaction between electric charges
Sorry, no etymologies found.
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| 0.86646 | 89 | 2.5625 | 3 |
” I’ve been working on developing bcalm since 1976 when I first triggered a panic attack in a hospitalised panic disorder patient by giving him 550 milli–Molar SodiumLactate IV.
That’s when I realised there is a physical basis for this disorder since other psychiatric patients were not affected by this infusion, and panic disorder patients were not triggered to have attacks by receiving placebo IV infusions.”
Panic disorder expert, Dr Stephen Cox
Ferris Pitts, MD, a psychiatrist, was one of the first people to discover a link between human serum lactate, a precursor of CO2, and panic anxiety. He published his findings in the Scientific American magazine, because psychiatric journals didn’t want to know!
A scientific trial by Gorman et al found that just two breaths of 50% CO2 triggered attacks in people with panic disorder people. Even more suggestive, 5% CO2 triggered attacks in 20 minutes 80% of the time in panic disorder patients, but not in controls.
This trial strongly suggested a link between CO2 and panic in patients with a CO2 sensitivity.
(“Ventilatory of patients with panic disorder”, Arch Gen Psych, 45: 31–39, 1988.)
Panic disorder specialist Dr Donald Klein has conducted a significant body of research around the physical triggers of panic in people with panic disorder.
In a paper co–authored with Dr Maurice Preter, he explains how panic can be triggered by indicators of potential suffocation, such as fluctuations in CO2. Dr Klein’s work can be viewed on Research Gate.
(“Panic, suffocation false alarms, separation anxiety and endogenous opioids”, Progress in Neuro–Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry (Impact Factor: 4.03). 05/2008; 32(3):603–12.)
Research suggests that panic episodes are directly triggered by physiological factors rather than by what had happened in someone’s emotional life (upsetting as these events could often be).
This is an amazing insight, because it suggests that millions of panic sufferers around the world are unhelpfully being labelled as ‘damaged’ or as having ‘psychological issues’. In the majority of cases, they simply had a lower tolerance for high CO2 levels.
This research has been built over many decades. In 1986, Dr David Sheehan’s published ‘The Anxiety Disease’ (Bantam, 1986) in which he suggested that panic is “a disease that can now be controlled”.
“Ferris Pitts, MD, a psychiatrist, was one of the first people to discover a link between human serum lactate, a precursor of CO2, and panic anxiety. He published his findings in the Scientific American magazine, because psychiatric journals didn’t want to know!”
Most people who have a panic episode understandably feel very distressed – and often start to be fearful of having another one. This may lead to them inadvertently releasing adrenalin into their system, which can be a secondary trigger for panic attacks (as may be falling progesterone in premenstrual women).
However, because panic attacks are caused by external factors rather than just psychological ones, they can be quickly relieved. For the first time, we now have a device that will quickly ease panic episodes. Bcalm can be used by itself or in conjunction with anti-anxiety medication.
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This page describes pipelines, pipelets and their lifecycle.
A Pipeline is a synchronous workflow composed of components called pipelets that processes a list of records given as the input. Synchronous means that the invoker of the pipeline blocks until the execution has finished, and a set of result records is returned that represents the result of the processing (if successful).
Often the list of input records consists of a single record representing a user request and the workflow executes a strict sequence of pipelets to produce a single result record. But it's also possible (especially when a pipeline is used as part of an asynchronous workflow) to send more than one record through the pipeline in one call to reduce the overhead of the pipeline invocation. Finally, more sophisticated pipelines can contain conditions and loops or they can change the number of records going through the pipeline.
A pipelet is a POJO that implements the interface org.eclipse.smila.processing.Pipelet. Its lifecycle and configuration is managed by the workflow engine. An instance of a pipelet is not shared by multiple pipelines, even multiple occurrences of a pipelet in the same pipeline do not share the same instance. However, an instance may still be executed by multiple threads at the same time, for example if the same pipeline is executed in parallel, so a pipelet implementation must be thread-safe. The configuration of each pipelet instance is included in the pipeline description. Technical details on pipelet development can be found in How to write a Pipelet.
The default SMILA workflow processing engine uses BPEL to describe pipelines. But the pipelets do not depend on being called from a BPEL context, so it would be easily possible to replace the BPEL engine by a pipeline engine using a different description language and continue to use the same pipelet implementations.
The following diagram shows the lifecycle of pipelets.
A pipelet instance lives inside the workflow engine. It is declared in the providing bundle by putting a JSON file containing a pipelet description in the SMILA-INF directory of the bundle (see How to write a pipelet? for details). When the engine starts, it reads predefined pipeline definitions (i.e. BPEL workflows) from the configuration directory The pipelines are introspected for pipelet invocations and the pipelet configurations that are contained in the pipeline. For each such occurrence it creates an instance of the specified pipelet class and injects the configuration into the pipelet instance. The pipelet instance is stored in the workflow engine as long as the engine is not stopped (and as long as the bundle providing the pipelet is available, of course). So one single pipelet instance exists for each occurrence of a pipelet in a pipeline. The pipelet must be capable of parallel execution because each execution of a pipeline uses the same pipelet instances.
We have introduced a convention that records can have a map element in attribute _parameters and that the elements of this map should be interpreted by pipelets as overrides for their configuration properties. The class org.eclipse.smila.processing.parameters.ParameterAccessor provides helper methods for checking if the record has such "runtime parameters" set and getting them from there, or from the pipelet configuration, if not overridden. However, the accessor can easily be told to look in another attribute, if necessary, or to even use the top-level attributes of the records for parameters. The latter is used by org.eclipse.smila.search.api.helper.QueryParameterAccessor, because in search processing the convention is that query parameters are at top-level of the request record.
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Beyond major strategies like portfolios, journals, presentations, diaries, blogs, etc. as facilitators of reflection we often want quick tools to provoke reflection. Below are some ideas that can be completed in 20 mins or less.
|Creative Commons Image from Pexels|
Model reflection before expecting it
A first move is to share some examples of reflection with students, and perhaps ask them to rank or organise them according to critieria, such as ‘depth of reflection’.
Students identify a particular moment of learning or event. Invite students draw footprints (or stepping stones) and write five chronological events or learnings that lead them to that moment or event. A good making thinking visible strategy for awareness and analysis.
Descriptive, Personal, Reflective
Ask students to write a description of an event they were involved in using an objective and third person voice.
Then ask students to rewrite the event in first person including their feelings and perspectives
Finally as them to write about what impact that experience has had on them.
In pairs, one students makes a statement about an experience of event.
The other student asks why, awaits until the other student has finished their response, then asks why again… and repeats until they have asked why five times.
Name 4 corners or the classroom Self; Others; Community; Society and the World
Ask students to think about a recent experience, then go to the corner that you connect with the experience. The corners represent the focus of the connection you had in that experience and the main learning you may have had.
In the corner discuss the experiences you have had.
SELF- thoughts, ideas, values, feelings, strengths, ethics, opinions, values, actions, hope
OTHERS- peers, people, meet/interact
COMMUNITY- places to interact, noticing concerns, successes, trends, ideas, culture, value
SOCIETY and the WORLD- big picture, insights and understanding.
Walk and talk
Take a group walk, with students talking and walking with a partner.
Ask students to bring in a quote that is reflective of a recent CAS experience. Randomly select several and place them on the wall. Students gather around the quote that most represents their thoughts or feelings regarding a CAS experience. This can also be done with song lyrics or melodies. This can be repeated with other quotes, lyrics and melodies.
Spread out large sheets of paper. Ask students to enter the room and ask for silence. Students consider a common group experience or simply what has been occurring in CAS and draw, in silence. This typically lasts 3–5 minutes. Then ask the students to add two words. Based on the words, students can select three words from anywhere on the paper and use these to write a short poem or haiku.
Cartoon or Meme
Ask students to create a meme or cartoon to represent an event or moment of learning, and share and explain to a a partner or the group.
Capturing the moment
Ask students to come to a CAS group meeting and to bring a photograph that captures, without any additional words, something meaningful in a CAS experience: a photo that says it all. Share without commentary from the photographer.
Using a scale
Invent a scale, say one to ten, for a particular feature of an experience like ‘how important was this experience?’, ‘how bad was this experience?’, ‘how much learning was there’. Invite students to pick a level on the scale and explain.
Using a graph
Same as the above, but invent a graph to show feelings over time, or learning over time, or intensity of engagement (awareness), and support students in identifying why it was at this level (analysis) and then what they might do to make it more as they wish (application)
As two students who shared an experience, to record it in first person, including feelings and thoughts. Then invite them to read and compare each other’s accounts.
Act it out
Ask students to act out a scene from their service learning and explain why it is important. Good for awareness and analysis.
Pick an object
Either from a group of objects curated by the facilitator, or brought in by students for this purpose, students choose an object that represents their experiences and explain why it does (awareness).
Ask students to create a concept map with all the important actions, emotions, and thoughts connected to a particular event.
Writing a letter you will not send
Invite students to write a letter to a real or imaginary person who is connected to their experiences – this could be cathartic or clarifying for students.
This is a technique from Pinar. The task is to write briefly about an event and how it relates to your past in one paragraph, your present in another, and your future.
Invite students to write about something they did not choose to do, and explore what that might have felt like or lead on to compared to what they did choose to do.
Ask students to draw doodles that reflect their thinking and ideas, and then share them with a partner and explain what they see in their doodle.
Draw yourself or your project as a tree
Invite students to draw a tree that represents your project or yourself and explain the choices they made
Use a blob tree image and ask students to identify who they are in the tree and why
Ask students to draw a road map, with road signs, of their current situation.
Ask students in pairs to ask each other ‘what if’ questions about their current situation.
Me, My relationships, my community, our world
Ask students to think about the significance of an experience through these concentric circles of influence.
Metaphors and Similes
Ask students to create similes or metaphors for an event. “This event is a boulder rolling down hill” and then share why they chose that metaphor.
Use a simple ‘strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats’ grid to reflect on a current situation or a prior one.
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Nursery and primary to Year 2
The wolf has a special place in Western culture.
More than any other carnivore, the wolf is the physical manifestation of a child’s fears, anxieties and terrors as well as their desires. Every child has heard of the Big Bad Wolf. Even if today’s children’s literature tends to soften or poke fun at the traditional image of the wolf, the terrifying beast with big, yellow eyes and a gaping mouth full of fangs still manages to send shivers down a spine or two. The wolf’s exploits (and victims!) can be found in untold stories such as The Three Little Pigs, Little Red Riding Hood and The Boy Who Cried Wolf.
The Where are you Mr Wolf? workshop provided by the ‘Museum comes to you’ is based on popular children’s stories to present a realistic counterpoint to the fictional portrayal. It encourages children to adjust their beliefs to the animal that exists in the real world.
The workshop explains that the wolf is actually the ancestor of an animal that most children know and love: the dog. The wolf, naturally quite reserved, is a predator which has to kill for food to survive but is actually no more ferocious than any other carnivore. Children will discover that the wolf is not the solitary animal they may believe it to be but lives in a pack, that a she-wolf is an attentive mother, that the wolf avoids contact with humans, and that the reason wolves howl is to communicate with one another and not to frighten us.
Children can then enjoy a learning session with the resources provided.
- Describe and know the wolf’s morphology
- Learn about its diet, reproduction and behaviour
- Discover its place in nature
- Listen to a story and discuss it after
- Tell the difference between real life and fiction
- Learn how to use children’s reference books
During the workshop, the facilitator will present a slideshow and a selection from the Museum of Bordeaux collections. Participants will also be introduced to learning resources specially devised for the workshop.
To book a workshop of The Museum comes to you and on all administrative matters, the secretariat is listening to you.
By phone: 05 24 57 65 30
By e-mail: [email protected]
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The goal of the JPS standard-based curriculum is to increase students’ understanding of essential concepts by promoting activities that actively engage students in learning mathematics. The district documents were developed by teachers from across the district and support innovative approaches to mathematics education. The documents were designed on the premise that mathematics is an active process and that all students must have authentic instruction that incorporates a multitude of active learning experiences. The district documents are based on the MS Mathematics Framework and the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics Standards. A pacing guide, instructional strategies, and sample activities are included in each district document.
For more information about JPS Mathematics Curriculum, please contact:
Middle School Mathematics
High School Mathematics
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Author: Arturo Pagán, Ph.D. student in Multi-Sector Communications program
About Federico García Lorca
García Lorca was a Spanish poet, playwright and director who lived from 1898 – 1936. He is part of the poets of the Generation of 27, a groups who brought elements of European movements into Spanish Literature such as futurism, surrealism, and symbolism. It is believed he was murdered at the beginning of the Spanish Civil War by Nationalist forces.
Lorca was born and raised in Southern Spain in the greater Granada area which had a deep influence in his work, particularly the rich culture of Andalucía, and themes of gypsies, nature, Jewish/Roman beliefs, and children. During his adolescence, he developed an affinity for music, being inspired by Debussy, Chopin and Beethoven as well as some Spanish composers. This affinity also contributes to the musical eloquence of his poems with a mathematical precision – all of the poems in the collection the Gypsy Ballads are composed in octosyllabic verse.
Lorca was an artist and writer who had great interaction with the artistic community of Spain in the 20s – he was friends with surrealists Salvador Dalí and Luis Buñel. It is rumored that while there was a strong mutual passion between Dalí and Lorca, it is rumored Lorca’s sexual advances towards Dalí were rejected. Lorca’s art covered themes of Andalusian motifs, cubist syntax and sexual identity, as well as portraits which represented his conviction that sorrow and joy were as inseparable as life and death. (“Federico García Lorca,” 2022) He is known for three plays, Bodas de sangre (Blood Wedding), Yerma, and the House of Bernarda Alba, which are tragedies speaking against some of Spain’s cultural and social norms at the time.
Lorca spent some time in NYC, studying at Columbia University and returned home to 30s at the time when Spain was in the midst of a civil war. While he was known to have friends in both the Republican and Nationalist movements, he was perceived to be a socialist with outspoken political views who engaged in homosexual and abnormal practices – it appears his sexuality more than his politics were what led to his execution in 1936 at the young age of 38. (“Federico García Lorca Predicted His Own Death in a Poem.,” 2021) His remains are still missing. Franco’s regime placed a ban García Lorca’s work, which was not rescinded until 1953. (“Federico García Lorca,” 2022)
What is interesting is that he predicted his own death while in New York:
Then I realized I had been murdered.
They looked for me in cafes, cemeteries and churches
…. but they did not find me.
They never found me?
No. They never found me.
From “The Fable And Round of the Three Friends,”
Poet in New York (1929), García Lorca
Pericope: Romance de la luna, luna – Ballad of the moon, moon
|Romance de la luna, luna La luna vino a la fragua|
Con su polisón de nardos
El niño la mira, mira
El niño la está mirandoEn el aire conmovido
Mueve la luna sus brazos
Y enseña, lúbrica y pura
Sus senos de duro estañoHuye luna, luna, luna
Si vinieran los gitanos
Harían con tu corazón
Collares y anillos blancosNiño, déjame que baile
Cuando vengan los gitanos
Te encontrarán sobre el yunque
Con los ojillos cerradosHuye luna, luna, luna
que ya siento sus caballos
No pises mi blancor almidonadoEl jinete se acercaba
Tocando el tambor del llano
Dentro de la fragua, el niño
Tiene los ojos cerradosPor el olivar venían
Bronce y sueño, los gitanos
Las cabezas levantadas
Y los ojos entornados¡Cómo canta la zumaya!
Ay, ¡cómo canta en el árbol!
Por el cielo va la luna
Con un niño de la manoDentro de la fragua lloran
Dando gritos, los gitanos
El aire la vela, vela
El aire la está velando
|Ballad of the moon, moon Moon came to the forgein her petticoat of nardThe boy looks, looksthe boy looks at the MoonIn the turbulent airMoon lifts up her armsshowing — pure and sexy — her beaten-tin breasts Run Moon run Moon MoonIf the gypsies camewhite rings and white necklacesthey would beat from your heart Boy will you let me dance — when the gypsies comethey’ll find you on the anvilwith your little eyes shut Run Moon run Moon MoonI hear the horses’ hoofsLeave me boy! Don’t walkon my lane of white starch The horseman came beatingthe drum of the plainsThe boy at the forgehas his little eyes shut Through the olive grovesin bronze and in dreamshere the gypsies cometheir heads riding hightheir eyelids hanging low How the night heron singshow it sings in the treeMoon crosses the skywith a boy by the hand At the forge the gypsiescry and then screamThe wind watches, watchesthe wind watches the Moon(Foundation, 2022)|
Analysis of Romance of the moon, moon
Romance of the moon was the first poem of the Romancero Gitano – the Gypsy Ballads, a book which was published in 1928, with 18 ballads telling the difficult stories of the Gypsy people living in Andalucía, Spain and who were marginalized particularly before the period of fascism in Europe. Romance of the moon is the story of a young boy in a blacksmith shop who dies and interacts with the moon. As with the other poems in the Ballads, the reader should be aware the stories are told from the perspective of a speaker who is already dead.
The story is a beautiful interaction between the boy and the moon who is personified and symbolizes death and takes the boy by the hand – a touching interaction which symbolized a sad event. The imagery is vivid, the moon is a beautiful, very feminine being which is intensely white like the tuberose flower which was associated with funerals. This poem which talks about death also makes vivid use of the color white (the moon, the tuberose). Lorca in some of his other poems uses a color as part of the rhyme. In “Verde que te quiero verde,” green is the color of death.
There is then a beautiful dialogue between the moon and the boy, the boy asking her to leave as his people, the gypsies would make necklaces and rings from her heart (this makes sense as they were in a blacksmith shop) and the moon tells him that once the gypsies come, they will find him lifeless over the anvil with his eyes closed. The beauty of myth and reality dancing together.
There is then an allusion to the gypsy people, bronzed and dreaming and the Zumaya, a nocturnal bird of prey which is found in towers and steeples and is a bird associated with death which sings on a tree as the sky the moon walks with with boy – an image of a mother accompanying her son.
The gypsies then cry out – representing the pain of the family, of the community and the wind watches to ensure, accompany the boy to his eternal rest.
There is rich imagery provided in the poem – a personification of the moon, death that comes like a horseman, and the wind which watches over and ensures the passing. There is symbolism in the metals (the moon has breasts of tin), the gypsies can make jewelry from the moon’s heart, the boy dies over the anvil and the air and wind have a purpose. There is an active use of repetition “Huye, luna, luna, luna” – “El niño la mira, mira, el niño las está mirando…” and metaphors – the air is turbulent and the moon raises up her arms showing her pure and sexy breasts… the wind watches. (“▷ Análisis Romance de la Luna ️»【Federico García Lorca】,” 2020)
Lorca dedicated the poem to his sister and he is the lyrical speaker – transmitting emotions, feelings and ideas through the poem and also inviting the reader to take an active role which works in Spanish, but not in the English translation where the two lines could be rewritten as – “The moon looks, LOOK…” “The wind watches, WATCH…”
As mentioned earlier, the poem is highly structured in isosyllabic metre (eight syllables in each line), and assonant rhyme in evenly numbered lines, which is common in Spanish romance poetry. This lends the poem a beautify, melodic rhythm which conveys though a strong sense of suspense, a playful dance and a sad tragedy.
Garcia Lorca’s plays, Blood Weddings, Yerma, and the House of Bernarda Alba are regularly performed in New York at the Repertorio Español, 138 E 27th St, New York, NY 10016. https://repertorio.nyc/#/
▷ Análisis Romance de la Luna ️»【Federico García Lorca】. (2020, May 9). Tallando Poemas. https://tallandopoemas.com/federico-garcia-lorca/analisis-romance-de-la-luna/
Federico García Lorca. (2022). In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Federico_Garc%C3%ADa_Lorca&oldid=1084354484
Federico García Lorca predicted his own death in a poem. (2021, August 19). Literary Hub. https://lithub.com/federico-garcia-lorca-predicted-his-own-death-in-a-poem/
Foundation, P. (2022, April 24). Ballad of the Moon Moon by Federico García Lorca(https://www.poetryfoundation.org/) [Text/html]. Poetry Magazine; Poetry Magazine. https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poetrymagazine/poems/89729/ballad-of-the-moon-moon
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Persistence: The fact of continuing in an opinion or course of action in spite of difficulty or opposition. -Oxford Dictionary
The act of continuing on in spite of difficulty or opposition. Some people would call that foolishness. Why keep at something that is not working out? Others see it not as a reason to stop, but as a reason to keep at it. Many of our most cherished accomplishments come from our persistence to keep going. Here are a few keys things to remember as you look to increase or strengthen your own persistence.
Find your fire (motivation)
What is your motivation? What is the why behind your goals or what you want to accomplish? You may have to ask yourself that question a couple of times to get to the true root of your motivation. An example would be that I want to get a new job. Why? Because I don’t have an opportunity to grow my career. Why do I want to grow my career? Because I don’t like to simply maintain the status quo. Why? Because I find value in the challenge and love building new things.
We had to go three deep to determine the motivation, but we found that it wasn’t as simple as a motivation to get a new job. That person is driven by the need to build and be challenged. Knowing your true motivator will help you on your journey to reach their goal. Make sure your fire is hot, bright and you are highly motivated and focused to meet the goal.
Stay in a positive mindset
It’s important to keep a positive mindset in the face of adversity and setbacks. It’s a guarantee that it is going to rain on your fire. Someone will try to snuff out your fire either inadvertently or on purpose. l. We’ve talked before about overcoming your mental obstacles. (Passing the Baton Episode 109) Those tips will help you during this time.
Find ways to keep yourself motivated and in a positive frame of mind. Some people write themselves encouraging notes and leave them up around the house and car. Others journal about the positive things that happened to them that day. My family is doing a project where we write out something that we enjoyed about the week and we put it in a large jar. At the end of the year, we plan to take everything out and reflect on the great things that happened this year.
Set up your accountability
Set your goals and share them others. It’s a way that I have found to hold myself accountable to reaching my own goals. I was on the fence about pursuing a certification in talent development. It was expensive, nearly all self-guided at that point, and a majority of people don’t pass it the first round. I was in a leadership meeting where we were asked to share a goal for ourselves for the year. I stood up claimed the certification as my goal and then that was it. I was fully in then! Letting my peers know kept me accountable to reach my goal. After many hours of studying and practice, I received my certification on the first pass 6 months later.
Accept the criticism and failures along the way
Take criticism and learn from it instead of dismissing it or letting it drag you down. I try to look at everything that doesn’t go like I had planned for or hope and try to find the lesson to be learned. Sometimes it was a lesson on how I could improve myself and other times it was a lesson to not repeat the mistakes of others. You are going to have haters and naysayers and that’s actually an ok thing. When you are surrounded only by those that agree with you and love you, you won’t be challenged to keep improving.
Find your motivation. Stay positive in the face of adversity and learn along the way. Your persistence can help you achieve goals that you thought weren’t possible.
We usually have the best intentions with people. We want them to change their behavior for the betterment of themselves and others. We give advice, offer solutions and blatantly point out shortcomings in our effort to get people to change. We then get frustrated when the change doesn’t occur! In our quest to help someone, we actually damage the relationship.
What not to do.
Here are some tactics that people typically utilize when they try to change behavior that just don’t work.
1. Shaming. You drag someone over to the problem/issue and let them have it. It’s similar to what many people do when their dog goes to the bathroom in their house. It certainly makes the person feel bad about themselves but does nothing to inspire them to permanently change.
2. Pleading. A common tactic in parenting. “Will you please just do your homework? I would be so happy if you would clean up your mess in the living room.”
3. Threatening. Used at home and at work by poor leaders. “If you don’t get your project in on time I’m going to fire you. Keep showing up late and watch what happens.”
4. Incentivizing. Used in both home and work environments. “If you do that, I will give you this.” The problem is that the behavior change is temporary and will likely slip back into old habits once the thing you give them goes away.
5. Helpful. This one will actually work from time to time but is not a guaranteed solution. This most often comes across as our advice to a person. “When I struggled to make it to school on time, I started setting an alarm and setting my clothes out the night before. I started getting my projects in on time when I started to use a calendar system to help me stay on track of my tasks.”
Sometimes the person makes the connection and will change, but don’t be frustrated when they continue in their old habits.
Do these things instead.
Changing behavior is possible and not as hard as people imagine as long as they keep on the proper framework.
1. Build their confidence. Start off acknowledging and praising their behavior and contributions.
Home: “Thank you for cleaning up your toys in the living room. You did a great job and your mom is going to be so happy when she comes home. I’m going to brag about you to her!”
Work: “I can tell you really put some thought and time into this project. It’s obvious that you care about it and your team.”
2. Make it a team effort. Present the change in a way that you will partner together to accomplish and not one that you are handing out for them to tackle alone.
Home: “Did you see how much your mom loved that you cleaned the living room? We are going clean up so that she comes home to a clean room every day. We’ll do it together.”
Work: “We’ll work together on the next project to make sure that it is really polished and ready to present in the meeting. Janet is great at editing and can help us as well.”
3. Track the progress. Give the person something tangible to work on so that they know if they are making progress or not.
Home: “Our goal is going to be to clean up every weekday before mom comes home.”
Work: “Our goal is to have no errors slip through to the final presentation and that you feel confident on the day of the presentation.”
4. Give them the tools needed to be successful. They will be successful when you give them the tools and the process to reach the change.
Home: “I’m going to get us a bigger toy box so that we can get everything off the floor nice and neat. Do you want to go with me to the store to help pick one out?”
Work: “Send your project over to Janet to proofread for you. She will help smooth out grammatical and layout items, and then you and I can run the presentation together to help build your confidence before the meeting.”
Evaluate how you are doing in your communication. No one’s perfect. How often are you trying to change behavior in a way that is not impactful? Follow the right path to see people grow out of their bad habits.
You never know if you’re really humble, but you can know if you do humble things. -Erwin McManus
Leaders are great at making plans. Think about yourself and the leaders you know. They usually are working off some kind of goal, plan or vision. You likely have a plan on what you want to do after you graduate, what your dream job is or where you want to be where you retire. Buying a house, starting a family, preparing those children for a good future….lots of plans. What about our character?
We have a tendency to let our little Jiminy Cricket guide us as we make decisions. Our character is something that we use daily in decision making, but also something that we rarely take time to actually develop.
Humility in a practical sense
Humility can be tough to pinpoint, that is one reason why you don’t hear about many humility training courses out in the world. Who wants to take a class on humility anyway? Probably not many. There are some practical pieces to work on and consider with humility.
A willingness to let go of power.
An admiration of humble people.
A desire to learn and be taught by others.
Truly accepting and celebrating other people’s victories.
The ability to give up the personal spotlight in order for the team to meet a goal.
Spend time preparing
Set some time aside periodically to invest in your heart and the whys that drive you as both a person and a leader. This doesn’t mean you have to go off in solitude every month. (But maybe a trip every now and then would help.) It could be that you volunteer for those less fortunate, you may go to a class to learn a hard or soft skill that you haven’t mastered. Do something that’s 100% about others and not yourself. It’s a very rewarding experience.
Spotting narcissism and the key traits
The opposite of humility is narcissism. This is a person that is very self-focused as they navigate life.
They have a high need for praise because their world needs to be about them.
They often have an opinion that there is no one in the world that can do something better then they can.
A narcissist also typically avoids these behaviors:
They fail to ask for help because they believe that a problem can’t be solved if they aren’t the ones to answer the problem.
They shy away from risks because it violates their sense of self.
They struggle to accept failure because the failure was someone else’s fault in their mind.
Fight the narcissistic behaviors that can grow in yourself over time. Humility is not a sense that you are nothing. Humility is the sense that the world is not about you, but what you can offer to the world.
If a man is called to be a street sweeper, he should sweep streets even as Michelangelo painted, or Beethoven composed music or Shakespeare wrote poetry. He should sweep streets so well that all the hosts of heaven and earth will pause to say, “Here lived a great street sweeper who did his job well” -Martin Luther King
I love that quote from Martin Luther King. Often leadership profiles define calling as “Seeing the significance of the work. Has a burning desire for the leadership position.” I remember feeling that calling in my 2nd year as a part-time team member. It was a very specific call to work to become a manager and then fix and turnaround stores. The funny part was that the first store I was asked to lead was a brand new store. It wouldn’t be until later on where I got to fully live out that calling. Today my calling is to invest in and develop others. Here are a couple of self-check questions about your calling.
Are you doing what you are called to do?
It’s a simple question, but it really is a gut check if you take it to heart. If this is not your calling, then I would suggest moving as quickly as possible to the area that is. When you aren’t where you are called to be, you hurt the organization you work for. They don’t get the most effective person for their needs. The person suffers because they will never fully enjoy their job. When someone communicates to me that where they are is not their calling, I do everything I can to get them there. I’ve written recommendation letters, helped people find a job in a different field and been references for interviews. If you have someone on your team that is not where they need to be; do what you can to help get them there.
A lack of calling costs the employee and the company.
A lack of calling to your profession can lead to disengagement in your job. Studies say that disengagement costs a company 30% of a person’s salary due to the loss of efficiency. You can easily do the math and see how much you are costing your organization to sit in a seat that you probably don’t want to be in. On the other hand, people who feel that they are called to be in the job that they hold have a much higher efficiency rate, job satisfaction score and a larger sense of worth.
Are you leading like it’s your calling?
So you say that what you do is your calling. Do you lead that way? Do you lead in such a passionate and inspiring way that it’s obvious that this is what you’ve been called to do? If you answer yes, then you are in a good place and you should work on expanding your knowledge so that you can lead even better where you are. If you answered no, then you need to make some changes to get yourself motivated again. Seek councilors or mentors outside the workplace. Study what others are doing. Read a good leadership book. Take some time off. Do what you need to do to reconnect. If you don’t, you’ll find yourself unmotivated and your calling will slip right through your fingers.
Sometimes you aren’t in the specific place you are called to be, but you are working on it. That’s ok, just be the best where you are and keep working towards that goal. Being where you are called to be makes all the difference in your life and the people’s lives that you serve.
We all would love to lose some weight, be more fit, have some extra financial security and have some time to enjoy life more, but our habits often get in our way to meeting our goals. Freeing yourself from your habits can be tough. I know that several of mine have held me back at times. They can be conquered and there is victory to be had when you know how to tackle it. Our goal is going to be identifying them and replacing them with a more productive habit.
Where to start?
The first thing that you need to do is to get your eyes on the habits. It’s one thing to think of them, it’s a different thing to see them visually laid out in front of you. Write down every bad habit you have and how long you have been doing it. Take your time and be honest with yourself. For example:
Procrastinating – 8 years
Not contributing to 401K – 3 years
Eating too much junk food – 15 years
Smoking/drinking – 2 years
No physical activity/outlet – 10 years.
Now that you have these written down, list the impact that these things have had on your life. How much money did you lose, time with loved ones, opportunities missed or held yourself back? For example:
Eating too much junk food – 15 years.
Gained 28 pounds during that time.
Used over 20 sick days the last 4 years.
Seeing the habit as well as the cost can be a great motivator for true change.
Identify the triggers and replace them.
Now that you know the things that are holding you back, you need to take it a step further and find the triggers. One of my personal habits is snacking on a bunch of junk food after 4pm. The trigger was that I was bored and used to the food to fill that space. Once you find the trigger, replace it with a positive activity. In my example, I gave myself a cutoff time to eat food and I allowed myself only one snack instead of grazing.
Take the journey to success.
Remember that your change is truly a journey and not a switch that you flip. Here are some things to remember along the way.
Focus on small, incremental changes.
Set times and smaller goals to hit on the way to your ultimate goal.
Track your progress and celebrate the journey.
Hang in there and don’t get discouraged with slow growth.
Remember a couple of things. First, that no one is perfect. Don’t beat yourself up if you stumble some on the way. Pick yourself back up and keep moving forward. Second, remember that true behavior change takes 66 repetitions to change the pathways in our brain. Don’t give up if you are only 12 reps in!
Find those habits that hold you back, replace them with a positive and begin to see your success and happiness increase.
It can be difficult to promote yourself and there is surely a little bit of an art to it. Try too hard and you show yourself as self-centered. Fail to try at all and you’ll be in the same spot you are 10 years from now. It’s possible to promote yourself and your leadership style if you take the right approach.
Someone that is inauthentic is either easy to spot, or their true behavior eventually comes to light. The ability to show that you care and that you actually mean it is a great way to promote yourself and your leadership style. Be genuine in your interactions with others. Be authentic in your communication. Show real interest in other people’s conversations.
Be prepared when being authentic. The people that are not true to themselves may try to call you out to others and accuse you of being fake. Know that this is either their own insecurity, an attempt to leverage a relationship based on poor emotional intelligence, or they are downright unethical in their personal leadership. Hold true to the fact that authenticity will win the day.
Put others needs above your own
It may seem a little backwards to give up a sense of self in order to promote yourself, but it works. Put people’s wants and needs above your own to be successful. Instead of hoarding your talent and requiring credit for the what you do, give it away freely to those that need help; especially those that can’t offer you large career gains in return.
This strategy adds credibility to others that you are authentic and gives you a chance for some good knowledge exchange with the other person. This has been a valuable resource for my personal leadership. A person I help may not be the exact one to help me take another step in my career, but they may teach me something that they do that helps me become a better leader.
Promote yourself through replication
It’s one thing to say that you added $1 million in revenue from your clients. It’s quite another to say that you developed 5 other people to do the same. Invest and develop others and then they will become part of your body of work. These people will also become great advocates for you in your career journey. This approach is another differentiator because less mature leaders are trying to build their own personal profile and don’t understand the payoff of investing the time in others.
When you replicate your success and standards, make sure that you are investing in the right way, and don’t have blinders on to the person’s ability and capacity. They are a reflection of you after all, and you want them to represent you well.
Promote yourself the right way by building a network of people behind and beside you that are your advocates. Show your leaders you are authentic and that you add more value than the salary that you are currently earning. Your co-workers, organization, and bank account will be thankful that you did.
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Hi everyone! Welcome back to the world of handwriting analysis. So, have you asked yourself these questions a lot; “Where is it? or where did I put it?” Do you frantically hunt through papers for that ‘bill’ you misplaced? Perhaps then, you lack the ability to be organized.
In handwriting, the letter ‘F’ reveals a lot about your ability to be organized or not. (lower case) Let’s take a look at some below:
In the first ‘F’, a simple line shows upper and lower balance. This writer can maintain order. Ask her to sort through papers, and then file them, and she has no problem. She would make a good Secretary.
So, I hear some of you saying “Well I have that ‘F’ except with a loop on top.” This causes an imbalance in your ‘F’. When you see a loop, you see an indication of imagination. Sure you have the imagination to devise methods or plans. But, may not know how to put them into action; no loop on bottom-no imagination in that area.
Now for those who say”Well I have imagination on the bottom part of my ‘F’. But no loop on top! ugg! What does that mean?” Don’t worry you are able to coordinate people and materials with no problem. If your Boss has the plan, you can organize and carry it out. Your imagination is in the action area.
So, can you guess what kind of organizational ability you would have if your ‘F’ is balanced with a loop on top and bottom? You got it! You are organized in making plans, having ideas, and then carrying them out.
The last ‘F’ is unusual. It has a loop up top and bottom, but going in different directions. This ‘F’ shows an extra trait called “Fluidity of Thought”. This person will go from one thought to another . His thinking and speech will flow easily and smoothly. You will also see this trait in the letter “g”. It looks like the number “8”. Some writers may even connect words together as they think rapidly.
“Desire For order” is also kin to “Organizational Ability”. You will see the traits of dignity and rhythm go hand in hand. Also, there will be no other handwriting strokes going into the lines of writing below. They like order, not disorder and confusion. Don’t ask them to do something at the drop of a hat. They won’t have too many ‘irons in the fire’.
Well Friends, I hope this opens your eyes a bit to your personality, and others! Happy writing, and remember, we are all individuals! God bless! God likes order in the Church…..I corinthians 14:40″Let all things be done decently and in order.” KJV
cool to be blessed 😉 Ann
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The Rights and Diversity Education (RADE) Centre
The RADE Centre
The Rights and Diversity Education (RADE) Centre, located in Winchester, provides resource enrichment and curriculum training and advice across the Equalities and United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child agendas. The RADE Centre is a prime source of support for teachers keen to develop work in RRR (Rights, respect and responsibilities, which includes gender and disability), equalities, cultural diversity, race equality and the global dimension.
We take a lead in tackling difficult issues while being reactive to a changing educational environment. We know that promoting equity and respect improves levels of attainment and participation for all pupils.
Please see the updated guidance with foreword from Paul Brading to be used in your settings.
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A persuasive essay is an academic assignment, which assumes the development of the specific viewpoint by building strong and reasonable arguments. This paper is also called an argumentative essay since it helps the student choose a valid and logical perspective to the particular research topic.
The primary goal of an argumentative paper is to convince the target audience that your position towards a certain issue or problem is correct. In fact, when there is a debatable issue, there are people, who are supporting it, those who are opposing it, as well as those who stay neutral. By convincing your audience that you are well-informed on your topic, you should make them believe that your position is right and credible. Of course, you won’t be able to convince your audience that your viewpoint is correct by using your own arguments. To add credibility to your words, you will need to collect data from peer-reviewed and authoritative sources. As for the structure of a persuasive essay, it is pretty simple and straightforward. You will need to present your topic in an introduction providing your reader with sufficient background information. Besides, your introductory paragraph should include a clear thesis statement that will state your position regarding the topic. Then, you will need to back up your position with the help of appropriate evidence in the main body. To prove that your position is correct, you will need to put in-text citations taken from reputed sources and format them in accordance with the style requested by your tutor. Finally, you will need to include a strong conclusion that will restate your position once again explaining why it is correct.
Importance of Writing a Good Persuasive Essay
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All in all, writing persuasive essays is not difficult if you have a good friend to rely on. So, if you are interested in cooperating with a trustworthy writing center, buy a persuasive essay on our user-friendly website and we will do our best to meet your demands.
& Reference Page
Within 2 Days
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What is sciatica?
Sciatica is a term used to describe the presence of symptoms affecting the low back and legs. Symptoms are caused by an irritation or compression of one or more of the nerve branches in the lower back that join to form the larger sciatic nerve. The sciatic nerve may also be compressed by muscles as it extends down the leg.
Often originating in the spine, sciatica can have several different causes. They include:
What are the symptoms of sciatica?
Symptoms of sciatica can include:
- Pain in the buttock (usually only on one side), which often increases with sitting
- Burning, tingling, or searing pain in your leg
- Weakness, numbness, or difficulty moving the leg or foot
How is sciatica diagnosed?
To diagnose sciatica, your physician will review your health history and perform a physical examination. Your doctor may also recommend diagnostic imaging, such as an X-ray or MRI, to assist in diagnosis.
How is sciatica treated nonsurgically?
Most people find relief from their sciatica with nonsurgical methods. These treatments include:
What are the surgical treatment options for sciatica?
If you are not finding relief from your sciatica with nonsurgical methods, it may be time to consider surgery. The specific surgical procedure your doctor recommends will depend on what is causing your sciatica symptoms.
Common surgical options to relieve sciatica include:
- Disc replacement surgery
- Lumbar Interbody fusion (transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion, oblique lumbar interbody fusion, or anterior lumbar interbody fusion)
- Decompression surgeries, including laminectomy and foraminotomy
The most common surgery for herniated discs is called a “microdiscectomy.” In this surgery, a one- to two-inch incision is made in your spine on the side of the herniation. The surgeon then finds the herniation and removes the herniated piece. The surgery usually lasts about one to two hours, and many people feel better right upon waking up.
Disc replacement surgery
Disc replacement is most effective when the source of the pain is contained in the disc and the disc alone, and when the patient meets other qualifications, including a healthy weight, no prior major spine surgery, and no deformity in the spine.
More resources on disc replacement surgery:
- Read the article: Benefits of Cervical Disc Replacement
Lumbar Interbody Fusion
The goal of a transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF) is to restore spinal stability.
How is a TLIF performed?
- First, your surgeon will make a small incision in the skin of your back over the vertebra(e) to be treated.
- After the spine is accessed, the lamina (the “roof” of the vertebra) is removed.
- The facet joints, which are directly over the nerve roots, may be trimmed to give the nerve roots more room.
- The nerve roots are then moved to one side and the disc material removed from the front (anterior) of the spine.
- A bone graft is then inserted into the disc space. The bone graft material acts as a bridge, or scaffold, on which new bone can grow.
- Screws and rods are inserted to stabilize the spine while the treated area heals and fusion occurs.
- Your surgeon will then close the incision.
The goal of laminectomy is to relieve the pressure on the spinal nerves that is causing your symptoms.
How laminectomy works
- Your orthopedic surgeon will make an incision near the center of your spine.
- Through this incision, any bone spurs and damaged disc material are removed.
- Then, the incision is closed with sutures.
- As you heal in the weeks following surgery, the muscles and ligaments of the back will fill in the space where the lamina used to be.
Summit Orthopedics offers comprehensive spine expertise
Summit’s spine care team is recognized by the National Committee for Quality Assurance for the comprehensive expertise of our patient-centered care. Our back specialists diagnose spine problems and design custom treatment plans built on a conservative, nonsurgical approach. Most patients find relief through treatments including guided injections, specialized physical therapy, biofeedback, exercise, activity modification, and medication. When conservative care does not relieve symptoms, our highly skilled surgeons offer proven, evidence-based surgical options. Together with you, we will determine the right course of action.
Start your journey to a healthy spine. Find your spine expert, request an appointment online, or call us at (651) 968–5201 to schedule a spine consultation.
Summit has convenient locations across the Minneapolis-St. Paul metro area, serving Minnesota and western Wisconsin. We have state-of-the-art centers for comprehensive orthopedic care in Eagan, MN, Vadnais Heights, MN, and Woodbury, MN, as well as additional community clinics throughout the metro and southern Minnesota.
More resources for you:
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Sarcomas are cancers in the body where there is bone, muscle, or connective tissue (often referred to as soft tissue). Fewer than 1,000 children and young adults (age 20 and younger) in the United States are diagnosed each year with sarcomas. Treatment lasts about six months to one year with follow-up care for 10 years.
Because sarcomas are rare, it is important for families to seek care at a place like Children's Hospital where highly trained professionals are experts in this form of cancer. Children’s Hospital serves as a large referral center for the region, treating about 30 new sarcoma patients each year.
Multidisciplinary Team Approach to Care
A sarcoma diagnosis can leave children and families feeling scared and alone. At Children's Hospital, you are supported by a team of doctors, nurses, pharmacists, social workers, and staff. In addition, our team of doctors work closely with surgical specialists, radiologists, pathologists, and radiation oncologists to provide the wide range of care essential for the treatment of these complex tumors.
To lessen some of the stress on patients and families, our Multidisciplinary Pediatric Sarcoma Clinic is a one-stop location for patients with sarcomas to receive expedited therapy and unified, convenient care. The clinic is located within the Hematology and Oncology Clinic on the sixth floor of the Doctors’ Office Tower at Children’s Hospital.
Pediatric Hematology and Oncology
Scott Borinstein, M.D., Ph.D.
We have a dedicated nurse coordinator who will contact you prior to your child's appointment to make sure you know what to expect and answer any questions. The coordinator will also help you during the day of your clinic visit or treatment.
Finding New Treatments for Pediatric Cancer
We are committed to scientific discovery, with robust programs investigating the basic science of sarcomas.
Diagnosis and Treatment
Once a diagnosis of sarcoma has been made, our team works closely with the patient and family to develop a personalized, multidisciplinary treatment plan specifically tailored to the patient. Learn more about diagnosis and treatment.
© 2015 Monroe Carell Jr. Children's Hospital at Vanderbilt
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A local museum in the regional town of Carpi, Italy
, near the Fossoli transit camp memorial site
and associated with it. Though it isn't very big and everything is in Italian only, it's a worthwhile combination to consider.
The museum, whose full official name in the original Italian is Museo Monumento al Deportato, was established in 1973, in collaboration with an association of survivors, called ANED (“Associazione nazionale ex deportati” – 'association of former deportees').
It is administratively run together with the Fossoli camp memorial
under the umbrella of the Fondazione Ex-Campo Fossoli.
The museum is housed in the fairly grand old Palazzo dei Pio right in the centre of the town of Carpi in the Emilia-Romagna region (see also Bologna
). Apart from its place in history with regard to the Holocaust
the town is also noted for its role in the resistance against the German occupation.
In May 2012 an earthquake struck the region. The epicentre was just a few miles from Carpi and the town itself suffered some structural damage, including Palazzo dei Pio itself. But when I was there in May 2015, hardly anything of the damage was still visible to the untrained eye (but you could spot new metal strengthening elements on the colonnades nearby that were installed after the earthquake).
What there is to see:
When you've found the courtyard that the museum entrance is located in you can first view the outdoor memorial stelae. These are grey concrete slabs (vaguely reminiscent of the sections that the Berlin Wall
was composed of). On these slabs are carved the names of various places associated in one way or another with the history of the Holocaust
The names are spelled in such a way that the line breaks are random, which makes it sometimes difficult to discern the places. There are also a couple of proper spelling mistakes. But mostly I couldn't identify them because I simply hadn't ever heard of the names before. All the usual suspects, however, were there too, including the names of the main concentration camps
, and, of course, Fossoli
Inside, the museum exhibition is spread out over 13 rooms of different sizes. What there is to see is a mix of classic exhibits such as documents and artefacts as well as quite a significant amount of artwork. And the latter is really what sets this museum apart.
The first room is already dominated by its large-scale wall murals depicting skinny, skeleton-like concentration camp
inmates standing tightly packed together (for roll call?) with hollow holes for eyes … really quiet spooky.
In one of the next rooms they even have a small wall mural (they call it graffito) by Pablo Picasso (cf. Guernica
)! Other walls are full of written words – all in Italian and untranslated, but it looks like quotations from letters or so ...
In addition to yet more such artwork, some of the displays are also more abstract and artfully presented rather than the typical information-driven museum exhibits. For instance there is a glass display cabinet with soil and an urn from Dachau
More overtly telling items on display include photos – e.g. of the Todesstiege at Mauthausen, crematoria, Zyklon-B gas canisters, or of the infamous 'Arbeit macht frei' slogan familiar from several concentration camps (cf. Auschwitz
, etc.). Also present are of course images of Hitler
, Himmler and, naturally, Mussolini
Furthermore, there are a few documents such camp plans (e.g. of Buchenwald
) or Nazi “Bekanntmachungen” (public notification posters).
There are only few original artefacts on display here, but these include badges and inmate numbers as well as personal belongings such as spoons, belts and one full camp uniform.
The last room is a large vaulted hall of names. These names are etched onto the hall's columns and the outer walls are, again, ringed by (quoted?) words. Otherwise this hall is completely empty – just a room for reflection.
To get back to the entrance you have to retrace your steps all the way through the entire exhibition. Back at the reception area you can cast a glance at the books and brochures available here, but I didn't spot anything that wasn't in Italian only.
Overall, this museum may not be best suited to foreign visitors, given its strictly monolingual Italian-only commodification
, (unless you're on a guided tour – see below
) but there's still enough to make it worthwhile for a short visit in conjunction with going to Fossoli.
right in the very heart of the old town centre in the Palazzo dei Pio, on the eastern side of the Piazza dei Martiri in Carpi, Emilia-Romagna region, northern Italy
, some 10 miles (16 km) north of Modena and ca. 30 miles (50 km) north-west of Bologna
The entrance to the museum is in the courtyard between Piazza dei Martiri and Piazzale Re Astolfo (with its Santa Maria church and tower), and NOT at the Fossoli Foundation's official address at 57, Via Giulio Rovighi (presumably that's just where the office is).
Co-ordinates and Google maps locator:
Access and costs: a bit off the regular tourist trails, but not too difficult to get to; fairly inexpensive.
Details: Getting to Carpi is easiest by car, but there are also train connections, especially from nearby Modena.
From the train station on the eastern edge of the town it's less than a 10-minute walk to the museum (up Viale Dallai Darfo leading straight to Piazza dei Martiri and then left/south).
Parking can be a bit difficult to find in town, so you may end up having to walk even further from your spot to the museum. There's no parking at all directly at the museum. And most town-centre parking is metered (but free on Sundays! … as I was belatedly informed by a helpful local just after I had inserted my coins according to the instructions on the machine).
Opening times: Friday to Sunday only (and on public holidays) from 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. and 3 to 7 p.m.
Admission: 3 EUR
Time required: as little as ca. half an hour – but probably longer if you can read Italian.
Combinations with other dark destinations:
The most obvious and important combination has to be that with the site of the former Fossoli transit camp
north of Carpi.
Much closer by, in the courtyard just north of the museum, are plenty of memorial plaques honouring various “martyrs”, not only of the sort also commemorated in the museum but also from earlier periods. Right on Piazza dei Martiri, the martyrs of the resistance against the Nazis
have their own special memorial.
Also to be found in Carpi are the former synagogue and the town's small one-street Jewish ex-ghetto.
Local guided tours can combine all these sites in ca. 2-3 hours (costs ca. 100 EUR +), and are apparently also available in English.
Further afield, Bologna
is the next larger conurbation and it has a couple of interesting dark sites to offer too, especially of very different categories, though.
More thematically related is the impressive Shoah Memorial
, a few hours' drive to the north-west.
Combinations with non-dark destinations:
Lying within the Padan plain, the landscape around Carpi is flat and rather featureless compared to many other parts of Italy
, but the little town centre is quite pleasant and quaint, in that provincial small-town kind of way.
If you'd like it grander go to nearby Modena
or further still to Bologna
. The Adriatic coast isn't too far either.
An unusual tourist attraction in Modena that some people may be especially interested in is the famous Ferrari museum (personally, though, sports cars leave me as cold as can be, so I wasn't in the slightest bit tempted to go there myself … somehow I seem to lack that specific male gene …).
In general see also under Italy
- Carpi 1 - museum of deportation
- Carpi 2 - place names
- Carpi 3 - in a courtyard
- Carpi 4 - campanile
- Carpi 5 - martyrs
- Carpi 6 - colonnades
- Carpi 7 - memorial in the main square
- Carpi 8 - emergency services road show
- Carpi 9a - red cross
- Carpi 9b - red house
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Online learning has evolved into the preferred delivery system for most working adults. For this reason, universities and colleges report e-learning programs are critical to their long-term strategy. Despite wide acceptance, however, online programs present challenges that impact student performance and retention rate. Evidence-based strategies offer valuable insights using online tools to increase student engagement and equip faculty members.
Impact of Evidenced-Based e-Learning Strategies
Evidence-based strategies are best practices produced through formal studies and quality research. These strategies are foundation implements used to produce results and improve outcomes.
Although e-learning programs are the primary format in distance education, traditional on-campus delivery system continues to define higher education and shape its curriculum. In response, evidence-based e-learning strategies have emerged as guiding principles to redefine the student-institution relationship.
Over the years, evidence-based strategies have enjoyed measured success. Higher-education programs adapt to principles that uphold their standards and meet student needs.
Technology Improvements in Recent Years
E-learning systems have improved in recent years, providing better delivery tools to enrich each student’s encounter. Noteworthy improvements include:
- User-friendly hand-held tools and apps promote ongoing exchange of ideas and increased contact between e-learners and instructors.
- Important support services: registration, testing, advising, library resource have integrated with college systems to allow qualified users ready access.
- Upgraded software permits student access to complex data: clean technical visuals, precision images and virtual enhancements of various kinds.
- Social networking programs spur distance learners to participate in both formal and informal settings..
These software enhancements serve to optimize the classroom experience at a distance. Adding evidence-based strategies to the equation, online students gain practical solutions on par with time-honored models.
Three Evidence-Based Strategies to Master the eLearning Curriculum
1. Create Connections to Build Community
Everyone needs to belong to a specific community. It is critical that e-learning programs honor this universal need. Therefore, online instructions must frame student insights toward goal commitment.
A good example of successful virtual clubs are social media platforms. These platforms use emotive strategies to encourage sharing among people of common interests. Users have access to suitable tools to build connections and stay connected.
To create a successful e-learning setting, motivate students to participate in real-time chats with peers and instructors. Use specialized software that permits live interaction among members. For maximal learning, provide instant response to students’ course questions.
2. Apply Relevant Online Tools for Optimal Student Engagement
To resolve the problem of lowered student engagement, use relevant, simple tools that students find effective. These online tools can improve learning outcomes as students exchange perspectives among classmates, critical in an online course.
Curriculum design should focus on building successful peer groups advanced through evidence-based methods. Therefore, it is important for online instructors to know a variety of discussion tools. Popular ones are: chat boxes, voice threads and discussion forums to help foster engagement and enhance learning.
3. Timely Feedback on Student Progress and Performance
Online learners need ongoing feedback to judge personal progress and performance. To strengthen the feeling of inclusion, give students clear instructions on course objectives and grading systems for successful outcomes.
Offer advice on how to navigate the curriculum giving constructive feedback on student progress. Use virtual meeting rooms and other useful online tools to give detailed feedback on performance in real time.
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A task for the industrious, or perhaps for us here at Open Borders, only we would need a lot of help: write a history of borders. When did the concept of a border appear? How has it evolved? What did borders mean at different times in history? My/Bryan Caplan’s/Steve Camarota’s Huffington Post TV interview last week (also see here and here) featured this exchange:
STEVE CAMAROTA: Well right, I mean, obviously, the fraction of the American people or even public officials who think we don’t have a right to control our borders and regulate our borders and control who comes in is trivially small, it’s a marginalized position. From that perspective, but in academia, and among a lot of the groups that pressure for high levels of immigration, this is a kind of mainstream perspective, that people have a right to come into our country. The only way you could do that would be to push it down the throats of the American people. All societies, all sovereign states throughout all history have always had the idea that they can regulate who comes into their society–
NATHAN SMITH (interrupting): Well, that’s not really accurate, but–
Here’s what I would like to know, and am not enough of a historian to say for sure: is Steve Camarota more like 70% wrong, or more like 90% wrong, setting to one side the issue of armed invasion? Unfortunately, “setting to one side the issue of armed invasion” is not so easy, because Camarota and other restrictionists tend to try to confuse the obviously different issues of how one deals with hostile armies intending to kill and plunder by superior strength, and peaceful migrants asking nothing but to be left alone or to be allowed to offer their wares or their skills. Of course, if the mistake has been made often before, Camarota’s claim would still be true. I’m pretty sure it’s not generally true, but just how often past societies have dealt out to peaceful migrants treatment appropriate to armed invaders would be an interesting historical question to answer. Again, has the right to emigrate, or the right to invite, been widely recognized? What of hospitality, the obligation of hosts to guests? What is the history of that? What made a person a guest? I’ve been reading The Odyssey, and one of the most persistent moral themes in it is hospitality. The good characters are invariably distinguished by their kindness to guests, not simply invited guests by any means but even and especially wayfarers, wanderers and beggars such as Odysseus is in most of the places he goes throughout most of the epic. The bad characters are marked, above all, by their harshness and violence against the same. Was this peculiar to the Greeks or is it universal? Walls have occasionally been built: the Great Wall of China, or Hadrian’s Wall in Britain, but of course they are more often not built. How have borders been guarded? How often have they been unguarded? How often have they been undefined? When they are defined and guarded, what kind of traffic has been stopped, and what allowed through? And in the shadowy background of all this, perhaps never very well-defined even to the actors in history let alone in written records that can be discovered later, what ideas about borders existed in people’s minds? To what extent did they feel that they, or their rulers, had a right to control who entered and who exited the territory associated with this or that polity? What motives were appropriate for such regulation, and what were the limits of it?
The project would require a lot of assistance from historians, but from other specialists, too, for historians tend to be good with documents and dates but can’t be relied on to think through the issues carefully and abstractly. Historical studies often help people to escape the ideological parochialism of their own times, but in a patchy and idiosyncratic fashion. Social science abstractions such as the concepts of economics can blind their adherents in certain ways, but can also enable them to overleap the narrow certainties of a particular time or country or class. I suspect that the result would be quite useful to the open borders cause, because it would reveal that something like open borders– not precisely in the sense advocated by myself or the other bloggers here, of course, but still– has been the norm in human history, while the Passport Age (1914-present, roughly speaking) is an aberration. But if it did turn out that the Passport Age is less distinctive than I thought, that probably wouldn’t affect my support for open borders much, nor, if open borders were the historic norm, would that necessarily force the restrictionists could back down. They could argue that immigration restrictionism (it’s too bad the phrase world apartheid sounds polemical: it seems like a more cogent and specific description of today’s migration regime) is a novel invention indeed, but a beneficent one. But, advocacy impact aside, I’d simply like to know.
UPDATE: More resources: a quick summary post by Vipul, my devastating takedown of the claim that Rome fell because of open immigration (that one’s worth reading!), this post, my post on metics in ancient Greece, and my long Old Testament post. Also see our page on the “alien invasion” metaphor; Vipul’s post on why immigration was freer in the 19th century, and Bryan Caplan on “The Golden Age of Immigration.”
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The Luzac massacre was a Serbian war crime from the era of open aggression against Croatia. It was carried out by the local rebel Serbs, with the help of the JNA forces on All Souls’ Day. After the JNA and Serbian paramilitary units had occupied Luzac on 2 November 1991, 59 Croatian defenders and civilians from this part of Vukovar were killed.
Serbian occupation of Luzac marked the beginning of the fall of Vukovar. JNA and Serbian paramilitary units broke out on Priljevo and Danube from Luzac, thus cutting of communication between Vukovar and Borovo naselje.
The cross was erected not far from the center of Luzac. The inscription on the pedestal of the cross reads: “In memory of the tragically killed 59 Lusac villagers in the Serbian aggression on 2 November 1991.”
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crookes' residual ectometron i
a supernatural viscous substance that supposedly exudes from the body of a medium during a spiritualistic trance and forms the material for the manifestation of spirits.
During the late 19th century scientists attempted to collect this elusive substance but to no avail. Samples would mysteriously vanish from sealed containers or snap back into the medium before it could even be collected. It was also reported that removing ectoplasm from a medium in trance could have a fatal
Unknown to the mainstream scientific community the Spiritualist church in conjunction with scientists connected with the movement had made advances in the study of ectoplasm. Not only had samples been successfully taken but research into the properties of this unearthly substance had opened doors to the spirit world that maybe should have remained closed.
Sir William Crookes (1832 – 1919) a chemist and physicist and pioneer of the vacuum tube was also a passionate Spiritualist. He conducted many scientific investigations into the phenomena associated with séance and studied various mediums including Kate Fox, Florence Cook and Daniel Dunglas Home (Doyle 1926: volume 1, 230-251). Among the phenomena he witnessed were movement of bodies at a distance, rappings, changes in the weights of bodies, levitation, appearance of luminous objects, appearance of phantom figures and circumstances which "point to the agency of an outside intelligence" (Crookes 1874).
Crookes would necessitate a test environment for all mediums with specific criteria, "It must be at my own house, and my own selection of friends and spectators, under my own conditions, and I may do whatever I like as regards apparatus" (Doyle 1926: volume 1, 177). The apparatus which Crookes mentions has been an area of debate for over a century and little had been documented with regards to its purpose and design. Crookes Radiometer was one piece of apparatus that was seen regularly at his séance investigations and is still available today. This device consists of a glass bulb containing four paddles that rotate inside a vacuum. Originally designed as a device to test for psychokinetic ability it was thought the electromagnetic field of spirits would also cause the paddles to rotate.
In 1883 Daniel Dunglas Home (pronounced Hume) documented in his diary -
“Once Sir William had thoroughly scrutinized my abilities and completed his deliberations those who had been invited as witness to the proceeding where kindly asked to leave. For the rest of the evening Sir William and I drank brandy by the fire and shared our experiences associated with the spirit world. Had he not been slightly under the influence of the fine brandy I doubt he would have shown me the item of which I now write. I was shown to an attic room which resembled more a chemist’s laboratory, a room in which I can only have assumed Sir William conducted his experiments. My attention was drawn to a device, I immediately recognised the glass bulb apparatus that accompanied most research sessions but the rest of the strange machine was like nothing I had seen before. Sir William then divulged to me the strangest of concepts…”
Home was shown a device that according to Crookes could not only establish contact with the spirit world through mechanical means but communicate with specific spirits. Previously, séances had proven to be a lottery in terms of who would ‘come through’. A grieving wife for example was not guaranteed communication with her deceased husband’s spirit. The medium would sometimes be presented with a queue of lonely spirits all wishing to convey a message regardless of the recipient. Crookes claimed his device, the Residual Ectometron, could channel a spirit directly using a material item once owned by the deceased; this could be jewellery such as a ring or even a photograph. He regarded these as ‘keys’ as they opened specific doors to predetermined entities in the spirit world
Home also commented on the use of ectoplasm in tubes which Crookes regarded as ‘Ectoplasmic Batteries’. Usually a medium would sometimes need to produce ectoplasm in order for a spirit to manifest itself. However, these batteries retained the residual spirit energy from previous séances. It was this residual energy coupled with electromagnetic radiation gathered by the familiar Radiometer and the use of a ‘key’ that fuelled this bizarre machine. This array of batteries was connected to a vacuum glass cylinder called the ‘Ectometronic Chamber’, this chamber was the spirit container, a means of retaining the spirit for as long as the operator wished. The spirit could then communicate by means of an external bell or by manipulating items within the Ectometronic Chamber such as writing on miniature slates or making items move in response to questions or vanish and materialise in different locations.
In one experiment Crookes used a brooch once owned by the Baroque composer Henry Purcell to contact his spirit. Crookes recalled conversing with the spirit of Purcell for over 2 hours. Previously spirits could leave the séance of their own accord however; Crookes had full control over the spirit and compared it to ‘capturing bees in a jar’.
Home was impressed but became aware that the device could be dangerous in the wrong hands and warned Crookes. The machine allowed anyone to not only gain direct contact with the dead but potentially contain the spirit in our dimension indefinitely. Home was aware that a spirit ‘captured like a bee in a jar’ would almost certainly be angry upon its release. It also allowed users with somewhat darker motives to contact some of the most unsavoury characters from history and imprison their spirit for some unholy endeavour. Crookes did not take kindly to Home’s criticism and as a result their friendship ended on bitter terms.
It may be that Crookes did listen to Home as no other evidence of Crookes’ Residual Ectometron other than Home’s diary entry has ever been documented. It was also soon after this that Crookes was seen increasingly less on the Spiritualist circuit. It was thought that the secret of Crookes’ Residual Ectometron died with him in 1919 but then in the early 1990’s a tantalising discovery came to light.
On July 17th 1993 renovation works began on a Victorian property in Kensington, west London. The grand 5 story house was being converted into apartments and the building’s interior was gutted. During the final stages of development an attic room was discovered which contained more than just dust and dead pigeons. A locked chest was recovered which the property developers handed over to the Kensington and Chelsea Borough Council. Here it was opened and using archive records it was ascertained that the house had once been the home of Sir William Crookes and the chest must therefore belong to him. Members of Crookes’ family were traced but all those contacted declined the offer of their great grandfather’s chest. After the mysterious contents had been merely described over the telephone a family member even suggested burning it. As the chest was once owned by a pioneer scientist the Council finally donated it to the London Science Museum. Disappointingly for the museum the contents did not reflect any of Crookes’ groundbreaking scientific work such as the cathode ray or spectral analysis so the chest was auctioned to fund the museum trust.
As a keen scholar of the spiritualist movement I was naturally interested when I read of an auction for a chest containing the personal effects of Sir William Crookes. The Times article covered the mysterious find in the Kensington attic room and how the Council and Science Museum could not find any use for the items the chest contained. Yet at no point did the article discuss the contents, even at the auction the listing was simply detailed as ‘Lot 155 – a chest containing assorted personal effects allegedly owned by the late Sir William Crookes’.
For a princely sum I do not wish to discuss through fear my wife may find out, the chest was now my property. In hindsight the price was more than fair as the chest contained what might be classed as the holy grail of spiritualist paraphernalia. It was previously assumed that Home’s diary entry may have just been the result of too much brandy and Crookes’ tale may have been just to scare Home and baffle him with science.
On opening the chest it was apparent that Crookes had collected all of his Spiritualist research papers, apparatus and books and locked them away. The fact they had been placed in a remote attic space in his home suggested that he did not have the heart to destroy the collection but on the other hand did not want easy access to it. It was now also clear why the chest had been dismissed by the Science Museum as spiritualism had no direct link with mainstream science regardless of the importance of its owner to the scientific world.
As I look back over the circumstances that lead me to the chest I feel that some external force is partly responsible for the rediscovery of Crookes’ Residual Ectometron. Not only was I now privy to undisclosed knowledge but I was able to witness first hand the uncanny power of Crookes’ strange machine and why he chose to hide it.
The following is an extract from Crookes’ notes on the operation of the Residual Ectometron –
“First is must be noted that the guidance of a spiritualist medium is not required when the Residual Ectometron is used for séance. The machine acts as an artificial medium providing direct contact, established communication, materialisation and even the containment of spirits. The operation is composed of four main stages which are detection, induction, containment and communication…
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Linux+ Hardware Part 07 – Expansion Slot Communications When cards are added to the expansion slots, they can communicate with the rest of the system in various ways to provide a better throughput. There are two “enhanced” communication methods: Direct Memory Access (DMA) Bus Mastering Direct Memory Access (DMA) If the card provides a method for faster communications, it is because a higher throughput of data is required. For example, a high-speed network card requires a faster throughput or a bottleneck is created to get the data through the system bus to Random Access Memory (RAM). In normal communications, data is sent from the card to the Central Processing Unit (CPU) for processing and then sent to the RAM. When the expansion card is operating in this way, when data is sent through the CPU it stops all other processing. When a system is using a card which is not using DMA, the processor will halt all other processing and work with the device only. In this case, the system will be slow when the card is being used. NOTE: It is possible to disable DMA on an expansion card, but this will only slow the system. Within each system is a DMA Controller. Each expansion slot has a channel to the DMA Controller. When a card needs to send data over DMA, it signals the DMA Controller. The DMA Controller then signals the CPU to request control of the Data Bus and Address Bus. Once the CPU has acknowledged the request, the DMA Controller takes over the Data and Address Buses before signaling the card to send its data. The data sent from the card will go along the Data Bus to the RAM location specified by the Address Bus. Since the processor is free from managing the data from the card, it can process instructions as long as it does not need the Data Bus or Address Bus to fetch them. DMA devices can help to keep a system running faster as long as the DMA Channel is enabled without conflicts. Similar to Interrupt Requests (IRQs), the DMA devices each have a DMA Channel 0 to 7 and no two devices can have the same DMA Channel. NOTE: Two devices with the same DMA Channel will cause conflicts similar to two devices with the same IRQ. Common DMA Channels used by default devices (if they exist) are as follows: 2 – Floppy Drives 3 – Printer Port 4 – DMA Controller DMA can also work in three modes of operation. The three modes are: Burst Mode Cycle Stealing Mode Transparent Mode A. Burst Mode In Burst Mode, the DMA Controller gains control of the Data and Address Bus and then signals the DMA device. The DMA device transmits one whole block of data before the Buses are released back to the CPU for it to use. NOTE: The size of a block can vary depending on the device on which it is stored. Be aware that in Burst Mode, the CPU is unable to access the Data or Address Bus until the whole block of data has been transmitted to RAM. If the device contains a large block-size, then the CPU idle time is longer. B. Cycle Stealing Mode With Cycle Stealing, the CPU has less idle time but the DMA device data transfer is a little slower. Once the DMA Controller has been granted control by the CPU for the Buses, the DMA device sends one byte of data and then releases control of the Buses. The CPU may process one instruction and then the DMA Controller regains control of the Buses and one more byte of data is transmitted. The process continues until the DMA Device is done sending its data. C. Transparent Mode Transparent Mode allows the CPU to use the Buses as needed and the DMA Controller uses the Buses only when they are not used by the CPU. In this mode, the CPU processes more data and the Buses are slower. The DMA devices will be faster when the CPU has no need of the Buses. Bus Mastering With Bus Mastering, the expansion card has its own processor which works in a similar fashion as the DMA Controller. The card’s processor can gain control of the Buses to transmit data. If two Bus Mastering devices were trying to gain control of the Buses, the Integrated System Peripheral (ISP) chip manages the devices to make sure there is no conflict. Between the IRQ, DMA and Bus Mastering, there is a priority for them to operate: RAM Refresh DMA CPU Bus Mastering devices I/O Communications Devices perform Input/Output (I/O) operations. Commands or data goes into a device while status information and data come out of a device. Each device has an I/O Address for the CPU to be able to communicate with the device. The address or range of addresses is referred to as a port. For example, the Communications Port 1 (COM1) uses addresses 03F8 to 03FF. NOTE: I/O Addresses are in hexadecimal. The numbering system goes from 0 to 9 then A to F. Some common system ports are: 0000-001F – DMA Controller 1 0020-003F – Interrupt Controller 1 0040-005F – System Timer 0060-006F – Keyboard 0070-007F – Real-time Clock 00A0-00BF – Interrupt Controller 2 00C0-00DF – DMA Controller 2 00F8-00FF – Math Coprocessor Expansion cards also have set ports for specific devices as follows: 01F0-01F8 – Fixed Disk 0200-0207 – Game Port 0278-027F – Parallel Port 2 (LPT2) 02E8-02EF – Serial Port 4 (COM4) 02F8-02FF – Serial Port 2 (COM2) 0330-0333 – SCSI Controller 0378-037F – Parallel Port 1 (LPT1) 03E8-03EF – Serial Port 3 (COM3) 03F0-03F7 – Floppy Controller 03F8-03FF – Serial Port 1 (COM1) FF80-FF9F – Universal Serial Bus (USB) NOTE: Be aware the expansion cards which use system memory will use memory in the range of 640KB to 1 MB. This range is the Reserved Memory range.
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If I am reading through the body of a function, what is the probability of a particular variable being the next one I encounter? A good approximation can be calculated as follows: Count the number of occurrences of all variables in the function definition up to the current point and work out the percentage occurrence for each of them, the probability of a particular variable being seen next is approximately equal to its previously seen percentage. The following graph is the evidence I give for this approximation.
The graph shows a count of the number of C function definitions containing identifiers that are referenced a given number of times, e.g., if the identifier
x is referenced five times in one function definition and ten times in another the function definition counts for five and ten are both incremented by one. That one axis is logarithmic and the bullets and crosses form almost straight lines hints that a Zipf-like distribution is involved.
There are many processes that will generate a Zipf distribution, but the one that interests me here is the process where the probability of the next occurrence of an event occurring is proportional to the probability of it having previously occurred (this includes some probability of a new event occurring; follow the link to Simon’s 1955 paper).
One can think of the value (i.e., information) held in a variable as having a given importance and it is to be expected that more important information is more likely to be operated on than less important information. This model appeals to me. Another process that will generate this distribution is that of Monkeys typing away on keyboards and while I think source code contains lots of random elements I don’t think it is that random.
The important concept here is operated on. In
x := x + 1; variable
x is incremented and the language used requires (or allowed) that the identifier
x occur twice. In C this operation would only require one occurrence of
x when expressed using the common idiom
x++;. The number of occurrences of a variable needed to perform an operation on it, in a given languages, will influence the shape of the graph based on an occurrence count.
One graph does not provide conclusive evidence, but other measurements also produce straightish lines. The fact that the first few entries do not form part of an upward trend is not a problem, these variables are only accessed a few times and so might be expected to have a large deviation.
More sophisticated measurements are needed to count operations on a variable, as opposed to occurrences of it. For instance, few languages (any?) contain an indirection assignment operator (e.g., writing
x ->= next; instead of
x = x -> next;) and this would need to be adjusted for in a more sophisticated counting algorithm. It will also be necessary to separate out the effects of global variables, function calls and the multiple components involved in a member selection, etc.
Update: A more detailed analysis is now available.
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The planet is no longer warming. The brief warming episode of the late 20th century completed its course in the mid 1990s, and is now extinct. These are now uncontroversial statements.
They are based on hard data which has been available for many years on the websites of many official agencies. But somehow those agencies found ways to interpret the data differently, and to continually sidestep the elephant in the room.
The IPCC report of 2007 came and went, failing to detect – or at least failing to acknowledge – that global warming was no more. On the contrary, “it’s worse than we thought” was the rallying cry throughout the lead-up to the COP15 at Copenhagen.
But the prevarication couldn’t last forever. Three years ago, CRU’s Phil Jones admitted to the BBC that there had been no statistically significant warming since 1995.
The pace picked up when the UK Met Office models surreptitiously projected a 20-year standstill on Christmas Eve 2012; and then James Hansen – oft described as the father of global warming – confirmed “a pause” of a decade or more. Now the whole house of cards finally tumbled, with Rajendra Pachauri, official spokesman for the IPCC, confirming in Melbourne that global temperatures had plateaued for 17 years.
Will global warming ever start again? Nobody knows.
The long flat trend will of course be replaced by a new trend at some future point, but its eventual sign and slope are inscrutable. The as-yet-unidentified combination of forces driving the current standstill might break in any direction.
Some diehards contend that a 16-17 year plateau is too short a period to comprise a flat trend. But actions speak louder than words, and much shorter trends have been seen as decisive in the past.
The 1992 Rio Conference founded a major international treaty on a warming trend that was 12 years old. Hansen’s 1988 launch of the DAGW campaign was little more than a decade after scientists had feared the beginning of a new ice age.
It is widely acknowledged that 15+ years is ample to determine a trend:
• In 2008, the NOAA reported that 15 years of zero trends would invalidate the expected warming rate.
• On May 7, 2009, a leading climate modeler emailed colleagues: “the ‘no upward trend’ needs to continue for 15 years before we get worried”.
• In 2011, Dr Ben Santer averred that a ‘hiatus period’ of 17 years would be required to negate the ‘human fingerprint’ shown in climate models.
• Gavin Schmidt on RealClimate.com: “you can’t use short term (15 years or less) trends to prove that global warming has or hasn’t stopped”.
Let us turn to the best practice manual for climatology, the “Guide to Climatologogical Practices” (3rd Edition) published by the World Meteorological Organisation in 2011. At 4.8.1 under the heading “Period of Calculation”:
“A number of studies have found that 30 years is not generally the optimal averaging period for normals used for prediction. The optimal period for temperatures is often substantially shorter than 30 years, but the optimal period for precipitation is often substantially greater than 30 years….. In general the most recent 5- to -10 year period of record has as much predictive value as a 30-year record.”
Following Dr Pachauri’s admission, we can expect a spin barrage built on words like “hiatus”, “remission”, “lull”, “time-out”, “stalled” and “paused”.
The use of a term like “pause” is a blatant misuse of language. It relies upon an evidence-free prophesy that the deceased trend will some day be resurrected. It is no more than Freudian wish-fulfillment.
There have been three distinct warming episodes since the instrumental record began – 1860-80,1912-40 and 1978-96 – but nobody suggests that any of them were linked by a “pause”. Some historians argue that the two World Wars were a single event with a 21-year ‘intermission’, but few find this convincing.
The statistical fact is that the late 20th century warming trend is history. It is over. It is so yeterday. As Monty Python’s immortal “Dead Parrot” sketch illustrates so vividly, there is a vast gulf between “resting” and “dead”.
Hon Barry Brill OBE is a New Zealand barrister and solicitor. He is a former Minister of Science & Technology, and Minister of Energy, and is currently chairman of the New Zealand Climate Science Coalition
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Wireless broadband, also known as WiFi, is the ability to connect to the Internet without the use of wires. The most common way of accessing wireless broadband is via a wireless router attached to an ISP’s (Internet Service Provider) modem. Wireless broadband is not to be confused with mobile broadband. Wireless broadband requires a signal, unlike mobile broadband which doesn’t even require the person to be in the area of a signal because mobile broadband provides you with your very own portable USB modem/dongle.
In order to receive wireless broadband, you need a wireless router. Wireless routers work on the principle that the router converts the signal coming across your Internet connection and broadcasts them around an area. This signal is picked up by wireless devices around the house, such as computers, gaming devices and mobile phones, giving them wireless connectivity.
Generally, wireless broadband works well for people who want to share their Internet signal among other members within the same house and be able to access the Internet from various computers in different rooms. Gamers using PS3, PSP, Xbox 360 and other wireless gaming devices and laptop users, allows freedom and ease to surf the Internet from anywhere without being connected by a cord.
Wireless broadband is very common today and most ISP’s offer customers wireless routers for free with their monthly Internet subscription. Some ISP’s modems are even wireless, skipping the step of needing a wireless router.
Be sure to do your research when buying or upgrading your wireless router. There are lots on the market and one just right for you.
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“Every metabolic and system function –
including all regulatory mechanisms such as digestion, respiration, hormone release, neurotransmitter release and immunity –
depends entirely on
* Gary Tunsky, CNC, ND
You can watch a video, or read the article, both entitled what in the cell is going on? by Dr. Gary Tunksy.
pH of the Human Body is Critical for Health
What in the Cell is Going on? –
The Battle for health is over pH
As you quietly read these words, a whirl of activity is taking place in every cell of your body. Every second, unseen, unnoticed, millions of new cells are reborn in your body’s ceaseless program of self-generation. Since cells are the bricks and mortar from which all living tissue and organs are made, to understand degenerative and metabolic disease you must become familiar with the miniature world of the cell and how they are able to perform baffling chemical transformations producing infinitely complex proteins, vitamins, hormones, neurotransmitters, growth factors, enzymes and metabolic energy called ATP.
A healthy body is determined by the health of each of its single cells. All disease originates at the cellular level and not at the organ or system level. Healthy cells create healthy tissues. Healthy tissues create healthy organs like the heart and lungs. Healthy organs create healthy systems like the endocrine system or the immune system and healthy systems make up a healthy body.
In the complex world of 75 trillion cells that make up your nation body, you are the President (the brain) that delegates the police force that protects and shields the cellular citizens from attack by foreign enemies; the cellular citizen’s work performance, transportation system, medical care, communication, food and water, and methods of toxic waste and trash removal. With your guidance and direction, the nation body will provide all the necessities for proper functioning as a whole. Your cell citizens come in all shapes, sizes and performance capabilities that manufacture an infinite variety of job tasks. Some reside in large cities that are your organs; others prefer to live in the outskirts in small towns away from the traffic – your fingernails for instance. But no matter where they reside, each cellular citizen has a purpose, an important duty for the good of the nation — your body.
So if the health of the cell is the answer, what constitutes a healthy cell? What you eat, drink, breathe and bathe in will either nourish the 75 trillion cells with oxygen, water, vitamins, minerals, phytonutrients, essential fatty acids (EFAs), glucose and amino acids, or contaminate the cells by the slow poisoning of the bloodstream. You see, what you breathe, whether oxygen or environmental contaminants ends up in the bloodstream. What you eat, whether living organic fruits, vegetables, nuts, grains, legumes and seeds or refined, processed, foodless foods and toxic sugar laden drinks end up after digestion in the bloodstream The bloodstream is a flowing river to all the cells for nourishment and removal of acidic waste residues. So, is your bloodstream a river of life or a river of death and disease? For the Life of the flesh is in the blood..
The answer is pH.
The pH of your tissues and body fluids affects the state of your health or inner cleanliness or filth. The closer the pH is to 7.35 – 7.45, the higher you’re level of health and well being and your ability to resist states of disease.
The pH scale is like a thermometer showing increases and decreases in the acid and alkaline content of these fluids. Deviations above or below a 7.35 -7.45 pH range in the blood can signal potentially serious and dangerous symptoms or states of disease. When the body can no longer effectively neutralize and eliminate the acids it relocates them within the body’s extra-cellular fluids and connective tissue cells directly compromising cellular integrity.
Indeed the entire metabolic process depends on a balanced pH. As more acid wastes back up, and the body slowly stews in its poisonous wastes, a chronically over acidic body pH corrodes body tissue, slowly eating into the 60,000 miles of our veins and arteries like acid eating into marble. This is what science calls hemorrhage. If left unchecked, it will interrupt all cellular activities and functions from the beating of your heart to the neuro firing of your brain. Over acidification interferes with life itself, leading to all sickness and “dis-ease.”
Fundamentally, all regulatory mechanisms, including breathing, ingestion, circulation, hormone production, neurotransmitter release, etc., serve the purpose of balancing pH by removing cells. When you eat food, it ferments, just the way a banana on your counter ferments from a green, to yellow, to brown, to black. The banana rots from the inside out, not from the outside in. That is why humans can look healthy from the outside but are rotting and decaying from the inside.
This is what the medical community refers to as degenerative disease. These morbid microforms produce potent acidic by-products, which further compromise pH and create disruption in the body’s bio-system. This process can involve further morbidity through bacteria, yeast, fungus and mold with subsequent serious life-threatening symptomologies. I would say that disease comes from the inside out and that the terrain or environment of the body is the catalyst for the development and progression of all disease. This does not preclude the contributing factors from external circumstances such as trauma, airborne microforms, air pollution, radiation, chemicals and drugs. These all provide negative acidic impressions but “dis-ease” arises within the cell in response to these impressions.
Sink Or Swim
Think of your body as a fish tank. Imagine the importance of maintaining the integrity of the internal fluids of the body that we swim in daily. Imagine the fish in this tank are your cells and organ systems bathing in the fluids, which transport food and remove waste. Now imagine I back up my car and put the tailpipe up against the air intake filter supplying oxygen to the water in the tank. The water becomes filled with carbon monoxide lowering the pH, creating and acidic environment and threatening the health of the (fish), (your cells and organs). What if! throw in too much food or the wrong kind of food and the fish are unable to consume or digest it all and the food starts to decompose and putrefy? Toxic waste chemicals build up as the food breaks down, creating more acidic by-products, altering the optimal pH. This is a small example of what we are doing to our internal fluids daily, some of us more than others. We are polluting our internal fluids with acidic toxins like nicotine, drugs, excessive intake of acid forming foods, acidic beverages and social drugs such as coffee, carbonated beverages and alcohol, which all compromise the delicate balance of pH that maintains homeostasis. Some of us have fish tanks (bodies) that are barely able to support life, yet we somehow manage to struggle from day-to-day manifesting severe imbalances until the inevitable crash and debilitating chronic, disturbing, and diseased symptomology to deal with a life-threatening illness in a hospital somewhere.
As these organisms feed, they produce waste just like you do. Their urine and feces are called mycotoxins, which are very poisonous to humans. Being acids themselves, mycotoxins greatly worsen the acidity caused by an acidic diet and toxic acid emotions. They are spilled into the blood as well as inside cells, where they cause free radical damage to the genetic material of the cell eventually causing cell death. The dead neurotic cells also spill out acid wastes. The blood poisoning results in more cell and tissue poisoning furthering the disturbance of the microzyma triggering morbid forms of yeast, molds and viruses, which disrupts body chemistry causing disease to the systems. So it’s a vicious cycle. One acid condition creates another; Acidic diet coupled with toxic acid emotions creates an acid pH to the cells. This causes low oxygen levels (hypoxia), which is necessary for keeping back destructive anaerobic microbes and immune-suppression is the result. Then medical doctors come in and treat the acid condition with another acid (pharmaceuticals).
Pharmatceuticals Create Acidity, Not Alkalinity
What pharmaceutical drug neutralizes acids and increases pH? NOTHING!!! What pharmaceutical drug addresses nutritional deficiencies, especially alkaline minerals? NOTHING!!! What pharmaceutical drug boosts or enhances the immune system? NOTHING!!! And how could they? They’re poisonous and destructive, not nutritive and constructive. Pharmaceuticals are acid. How can you treat an acid condition with acid? That’s like trying to cure someone who accidentally drank poison with another poison.
The fact is all doctors are drugging the symptoms of acidity (due to toxicities) and drugging the symptoms of nutritional deficiencies. Headaches, nausea, fever, skin rashes, brain fog, severe tiredness, gastric bloating, angina pain and dizziness are the body’s intelligent warning signals of a cellular engine problem due to an acidic pH in an organ or system.
Symptom suppression with “anti” medication is analogous to snipping the wire to a blinking oil light on your car’s dashboard and thinking that you fixed your engine instead of lifting up the hood and putting oil in your engine so the light goes off.
Disease and symptoms are separate entities. Medical science teaches they are one and the same and by killing the symptom you somehow kill the disease. This absurd, twisted pseudo science originated and continues from the germ theory that was perpetrated by Louis Pasteur in the 1930’s and has continued to this day in all medical school training with little to no opposition.
This brain-dead mentality of looking at symptoms as the disease has been going on since the indoctrination of medicine seven decades ago. In their ignorance, they’re creating their own business by shoving the disease deeper into a chronic state that will eventually require more radical procedures of butchery and mutilation because they never address the acid state of a patient or the direct cause to disease. God did not make us with surplus body parts.
Often times in today’s world of medicine and pharmaceutical monopoly, scientific proof comes under the titles of who wants it most, how much can you pay and how fast do you need it. Being an independent experiential research scientist myself, it’s blatantly clear that scientists’ findings are based upon personal philosophies, or who is signing their paycheck, rather than on truly scientific verifiable fact.
We blindly accept as fact the medical profession’s teaching as to why we get sick. Then we accept their drugs, chemotherapy, radiation and surgery as the only means of treating the sickness which makes us sicker and exhausts our savings, slowly killing us. Yet, we never question the validity of their teachings.
So what is defiling our temple bodies? The simple answer is; any substance ingested that is not part of the structure of the human body.
To verify the scriptures in scientific findings, if you examine a decomposed body buried in the soil for decades you will find the tissue remains truly that of the dust of the ground (soil based elements).
It is clear that man is made up of primarily airborne elements 96% (breath of life), oxygen, carbon, nitrogen and hydrogen while the remaining elements, about 4%, come from the earth (dust of the ground), potassium, magnesium, calcium, silver, copper, gold, etc.
So in short, sickness and disease are simply our beautiful, God – created bodies reacting to the foreign things we are exposing them to through breathing, eating, drinking and bathing in acidic, toxic substances that damage the cells and immune system through time.
This article is based on the simplicity of reversing all disease processes by changing body pH naturally with detoxification and healthy eating.
*THIS ARTICLE WAS Written by Gary Tunsky, CNC, ND. *The whole article can be found at that link.
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Thanks to Coronavirus, we’re all stuck at home right now, and one of the biggest questions we’re getting is this: What do I do about my extra-curricular activities – they’re all cancelled!
But there are ways you can spend your cooped-up time advancing the extra-curricular activities to which you’ve already devoted so much time. And it’s fine to use your newfound time to start something new! Here are a few suggestions:
- Produce more work! Create!
- Give lessons to your younger siblings or your friends’ younger siblings over Zoom or FaceTime
- Curate a photo album from the pictures on your phone. Tell a story.
- Create your own yearbook of how this school year has gone for you and your friends – before the crazy thing happened.
- Build a fashion portfolio.
- Learn a new piece of music.
- Try to sync up a rehearsal with a friend.
- Write your own new piece of music!
- Learn a new instrument! Watch YouTube videos to learn.
- Practice a scene from your favorite play or movie with a friend.
- Write a 2-person scene that you can rehearse with a friend.
- Record yourself singing a song from your favorite Broadway show, and share it with
- Practice your sport! Every sport has a solo version.
- Create a new workout regimen for yourself, and then create one for your mom and dad.
- Make an instructional video for someone who has never played or watched your sport before.
- Compile some clips of the greatest moments in your sport!
Other interesting ideas
- Learn a new language.
- Tutor a friend in the language you’re both studying.
- Actually read the book you were supposed to read for English class.
- Do some research into your favorite historical or scientific topic. Then explain it to someone else who doesn’t understand or appreciate it as much as you do.
- Read the websites for the people running for Congress, Senate or Governor of your state. What issues do YOU care about, and where do they stand on them?
- Memorize a historic political speech. Write an essay describing the context, its purpose, who gave it and who listened? And what did it change?
- Learn how to cook a new dish. Teach your little brother!
- Teach your dog how to sit, stay, roll over. Make a video of your lessons!
- Take an online art class.
- Start keeping a journal. Write about what you’re doing to keep busy, how you’re feeling about being separated from friends, how your feelings about hanging out with your family have evolved.
- Watch a live feed of animals in the wild.
- Learn how to sew or needlepoint. Ask your grandma to help you!
- Describe why each of the extra-curricular activities you used to do is important to you, in just a short paragraph.
- Teach your parents how to use TikTok!
For the Class of 2021, who will apply to college THIS FALL, there are really 2 parts of the college application process we guarantee will stay the same:
- You’ll still have to build a balanced list of colleges – a few “reach,” a handful of “target,” and at least two schools where you are certain you will be admitted. That means their acceptance rate must be higher than 30%! Don’t take chances. And make sure you would truly feel good about attending. Here’s a link to our “How To Research a College Online” video.
- You’ll definitely have to write some essays. You’ll probably be asked to write something about an extra-curricular activity that has a lot of meaning to you, and you’ll probably have to write something about why you are interested in the academic subject you think you might want to major in. Why not get started on one of those now?
For more information on what could change and what will probably stay the same this admission cycle, here’s the article and webinar we gave last week.
Magellan counselor Kathy Kelleher gives you some final tips on staying productive during the isolation time:
Thank you for allowing us to be one of your many sources of information about college admissions. As you can imagine, things are moving very fast right now and we’re doing the best we can to keep you updated!
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There are two most effective techniques of machine learning such as supervised and unsupervised learning.
Firstly, supervised learning is performed for training data points so that they can be classified into anomalous and non-anomalous data points. But, for supervised learning, there should be labelled anomalous data points.
Another approach for detecting anomaly is unsupervised learning. One can apply unsupervised learning to train CART so that prediction of next data points in the series could be made. To implement this, confidence interval or prediction error is made. Therefore, to detect anomalous data points Generalised ESD-Test is implemented to check which data points are present within or outside the confidence interval
The most common supervised learning algorithms are supervised neural networks, support vector machine learning, k-nearest neighbours, Bayesian networks and Decision trees.
In the case of k-nearest neighbours, the approximate distance between the data points is calculated and then the assignment of unlabeled data points is made according to the class of k-nearest neighbour.
On the other hand, Bayesian networks can encode the probabilistic relationships between the variables. This algorithm is mostly used with the combination of statistical techniques.
The most common unsupervised algorithms are self-organizing maps (SOM), K-means, C-means, expectation-maximization meta-algorithm (EM), adaptive resonance theory (ART), and one-class support vector machine.
Read The Full Article, here – http://ift.tt/2tBcLrM
from Artificial Intelligence http://ift.tt/2vwiH2v
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How to Save 2,000 Lions from Extinction
Close your eyes and imagine the Kenyan landscape. Now, when you picture the grasses and the animals in this area rich with wildlife -- gazelles, giraffes, zebras, wildebeest, hyena and warthogs -- make sure that you do not include lions. Why, you ask? Because that's what kind of a future we're dangerously leaning toward in Africa. Here are some frightening statistics:
In the last 20 years, the African lion population has dropped by 30-50%, and lions are gone from as much as 83% of their historical range in Africa. And in Kenya, the next 20 years could see the complete extinction of the remaining 2,000 lions.
Picture the African landscape without lions -- it seems like an impossible task, right? Ewaso Lions is a conservation group that wants to make sure it is impossible.
Ewaso Lions states, "The Ewaso Nyiro ecosystem of northern Kenya provides critical habitat for these big cats, and is one of the few areas in Africa where lions exist outside protected areas. Lions in this region are highly vulnerable as they come into regular conflict with pastoralists who live alongside large carnivores. Conflict occurs when lions attack livestock, and herders retaliate by fatally shooting, spearing, or poisoning lions and other large carnivores."
Using both scientific research to create conservation strategies as well as community-oriented programs, the group works to protect lions by promoting coexistence with them. They study the movement of lions, record lion-human interactions, and figure out not only how to reduce conflict with humans but to find ways people can benefit from lions being around. After all, tourism is a big money tree and what safari is complete without seeing a pride of lions snoozing in the shade?
The goal of Ewaso Lions is nothing short of courageous: figuring out how to save 2,000 lions. And not just save them, but help numbers grow.
Shivani Bhalla, founder of Ewaso Lions will speak at the Wildlife Conservation Network Expo in October about Ewaso Lions and their efforts. If you're in the San Francisco Bay Area on October 13th, you'll want to attend!
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Table of Contents
Is the Himalayan tahr a herbivore?
Himalayan tahr has backward curved horns that can reach 18 inches in length. Both males and females have horns, but they are larger in males. Himalayan tahr is active early in the morning and late in the afternoon (diurnal animal). Himalayan tahr is a herbivore (plant-eater).
What tahr eats NZ?
Studies have shown that tahr eat lots of tussock grass, but also alpine shrubs and herbs. And not only do we lose the plants, we lose the habitat our native birds, lizards and insects use for feeding, nesting and shelter. Where they graze frequently and in large numbers, tahr can degrade whole ecosystems.
Are tahr a pest in NZ?
Himalayan tahr and chamois were introduced to New Zealand in the early days of European settlement for sport. Both animals have found the Southern Alps of the South Island ideal habitat, but have become a major threat to the ecosystems in these alpine areas.
What is a female tahr called?
Females (nannies) are significantly smaller than males, have a lighter face (except for a dark muzzle), are grey-brown in winter, and lack a mane. In the spring, as temperatures rise, tahr lose much of their dense coat, which lightens to more straw coloured.
Are tahr endangered?
Near Threatened (Population decreasing)Himalayan tahr / Conservation status
Is tahr good eating?
Himalayan tahr is essentially a type of mountain goat which is native to the Himalayas and has been popular meat for not only eating but also to hunt for recreation. These wild animals can be located living in their natural habitat in high altitudes on rugged mountain slopes and wooded hills.
What does tahr meat taste like?
Alpine Meat Imports director Michael Cameron says tahr meat, which is popular in New Zealand, tastes as you’d expect – like goat – but with a gamier flavour.
Can you eat Himalayan tahr?
Tahr could be a “premium quality, ethically-sourced delicious food” that played on New Zealand’s clean, green marketing, Mack said. The goat-like tahr were introduced to New Zealand in 1904 and have long been classified as a pest because they eat and trample native vegetation in high alpine areas.
Is tahr a goat or a deer?
A Tahr (Hemitragus jemlahicus) are large goat-like animals, native to the central Himalayan ranges of India and Nepal. In New Zealand tahr are found in the central Southern Alps between about the Rakaia and Whitcombe valleys in the north to about Lake Hawea in the south.
What is a New Zealand tahr?
A Tahr (Hemitragus jemlahicus) are large goat-like animals, native to the central Himalayan ranges of India and Nepal. Tahr are originally from Nepal they were gifted to New Zealand over 100 years ago for sport They have found the Southern Alps of the South Island ideal habitat.
Where are tahr native to?
The Himalayan tahr (Hemitragus jemlahicus) is a large even-toed ungulate native to the Himalayas in southern Tibet, northern India, western Bhutan and Nepal….
Does tahr taste good?
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Grid fees already make up around a quarter of a household’s electricity bill [For details, see the Factsheet What German households pay for power]. At a cost of more than seven cents per kilowatt hour on average, they top the renewables surcharge consumers pay to finance the roll-out of green energy.
Network charges are expected to rise further in the coming years, due in large part to the huge investments needed to make Germany’s power grid fit for a future energy system characterised by an increasing share of fluctuating renewable power. Fees were expected to rise around ten percent on average at the start of 2017.
Investments in transmission and distribution grids alone rose from 3.8 billion euros in 2011 to about 6 billion in 2015. Many more billions of euros are earmarked for spending on offshore wind park connections in the Baltic Sea and the North Sea. Huge funds will also be needed to build new electricity superhighways to transport wind power from the breezy north of the country to the industrial and power-hungry south.
The total costs of future grid extensions are currently hard to gauge, according to the Federal Network Agency (Bundesetzagentur). Provisional estimates suggest 18 billion euros will be spent on overland extensions and 15 billion euros for offshore projects by 2024. But plans to use underground cables will cause additional costs, the agency warns.
Total grid fees amounted to more than 17 billion euros a few years ago, and are likely to have risen to around 20 billion euros by now - but recent data is not available, grid expert Andreas Jahn from the Regulatory Assistance Project (RAP) told the Clean Energy Wire.
The rising share of renewable power – currently around a third of consumption – has already revealed the weaknesses of a power grid originally designed for an electricity system with a steady flow of electricity from large conventional power plants. Network operators need to intervene constantly to match supply and demand to keep the grid stable, resulting in extra costs which are also part of the grid fees paid by consumers [Find more details in the CLEW factsheet Re-dispatch costs in the German power grid].
Despite the rising number of measures to stabilise the grid, Germany’s power network remains one of the most reliable in the world [For details, read the CLEW factsheet Germany’s electricity grid stable amid energy transition].
Unfair and opaque?
The rapid rise of power prices in general, and of grid fees in particular, have led to a growing demand for a reform of the grid fee system. Critics say the current mechanism is unfair for three reasons:
Firstly, energy-intensive industries are exempt from the charge, increasing costs for all other consumers. Industry rebates top one billion euros in 2017. This means the surcharge added to consumer power bills to finance the rebates rises from 0.378 to 0.388 cents per kilowatt-hour (ct/kWh) – affecting both households and those businesses without exemptions. The Grid Agency says industry rebates are on the rise because both grid fees and the number of companies with exemptions went up. Critics such as Green politician Bärbel Höhn say the number of companies exempt from the surcharge – which currently stands at around 5,000 – rises each year because businesses use “creative processes” to be included.
Secondly, grid fees vary strongly across the country. The charges in expensive regions are more than twice as high as in the cheapest regions. They are especially dear in rural areas in the east of the country because costs are distributed among a sparse population. Large additions of renewable power in these regions also require grid extensions and investments (see graphic). Regional differences are on the rise: Prominent grid operator TenneT – which serves many rural areas from the north to the south of the country - planned to raise its grid fees by 80 percent in 2017.
As a result, only a small percentage of the power bill comes from grid fees in some regions, while they constitute almost half the total in others. An average family in northern Brandenburg pays grid fees of 416 euros for an annual power consumption of 3,500 kWh, while the average family in Bremen pays 196 euros for the same amount of power. For large-scale consumers, the price differences become even more evident: a bakery in Bremen with an annual power consumption of 80,000 kWh pays 2,942 euros, while a bakery in northern Brandenburg is charged 7,974 euros, according to calculations by Agora Energiewende. A grid fee reform proposal approved by government cabinet in January 2017 did not envisage to align grid fees across Germany, contrary to earlier press reports and despite pressure to do so.
Thirdly, the current system allows grid operators to charge large profits, according to critics. Complex regulation is required to balance the interests of grid operators and power consumers because electricity grids are a monopoly business without competition to drive costs down. The Grid Agency approves the fees charged by network operators, but critics complain the system is not transparent, and offers operators far too much leeway to overcharge consumers.
In 2019, the Federal Network Agency will put a tighter limit on the profits grid operators are allowed to make. But there is no transparency on the real infrastructure costs, and the profits operators charge consumers, according to an analysis by energy think-tank Agora Energiewende.
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When I saw the news story about the fraction signs of Linear A, the cuneiform writing system of ancient Minoans, I felt inspired to go looking for the origins of mathematics. I.e., I was asksing myself: where was the transition when natural abilities that you might also find in other animals led to calculating, book keeping, and the whole culture of mathematics that we have today.? I didn't really find that magic spark moment, but I still learned lots of interesting things about different cultures deal with numbers, and how scientists are debating the numerical (or just quantical) skills found in some animals.
The feature is out now:
Are numbers in our nature?
Current Biology Volume 30, Issue 21, 2 November 2020, Pages R1283-R1285
Restricted access to full text and PDF download
(will become open access again one year after publication)
Magic link for free access
(first seven weeks only)
Animals from insects to primates can distinguish quantities, but their processing is different from the arithmetic we learn in school. (Photo: Luca Ambrosi/Unsplash.)
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Picking up a dozen eggs from the store is a task that most of us are familiar with. These little protein balls are only continuing to grow in popularity due to their health benefits and delicious taste. As the demand for fresh eggs increases, so does the need for learning how to preserve eggs.
We see an increase in people wanting to become more self-sufficient, and one of the first steps for a homesteader is to purchase their own chickens that lay fresh eggs.
Many people don’t know, though, that egg production from chickens slows in the winter, leaving you with a surplus of eggs to either eat, sell, or preserve during the summer.
Turning your supply of fresh eggs into egg salad or a cake only lasts for so long. The average chicken can lay up to 250 eggs each year.
Now, add an entire coop of chickens into the equation. That’s an awful lot of eggs to eat before they spoil. Preserving eggs at home is the best solution.
How Long Do Eggs Last?
It doesn’t matter if you purchase your eggs from a grocery store or have to worry about storing farm fresh eggs, or even if you get your eggs homesteading, if you’ve found yourself with a surplus of eggs, then it is time to learn some vital information about chicken eggs.
In the United States, the egg shells are washed and sanitized very shortly after being laid to prevent the growth of salmonella. An unfortunate trade-off from washing the eggs is that it damages the natural coating, allowing bacteria to move easily through the shell.
Store your eggs in the back of your fridge to prevent them from absorbing odors and avoid temperature fluctuations. Set your refrigerator’s temperature to below 40℉. Eggs should last four to five weeks when stored in their shell.
Do eggs go bad? How can you tell? Do not leave a store-bought or washed egg at room temperature for more than two hours.
You may be able to eat your eggs past the date labeled on the carton. To check for spoilage, you can either smell the egg, which is usually a big giveaway, or perform the float test.
Fill a water glass with cold water and place the egg inside. If the egg sinks or lays flat on the bottom of the glass, the egg is good. If it stands on one end or floats, the egg is spoiled. If you have an old egg that is about to go bad, use it for an omelet, casserole, or quiche.
Different Ways to Preserve Eggs
Farm fresh eggs are full of protein, help boost brain health, and support a healthy immune system. It is wasteful to dispose of this beneficial ingredient when there are plenty of egg preservation options.
Some of the more unique preservation methods include using wood ash, freeze-drying, and fermenting. This article lists some egg storage options that are much more attainable and budget-friendly.
Preserving Eggs in the Freezer
The freezer is your friend for preserving milk, herbs, and many other foods. Although you shouldn’t place your whole eggs directly into the freezer, there is a quick way to store raw eggs that helps with both food storage and meal prep.
For freezing chicken eggs, break one dozen eggs into a glass bowl, then beat them with a fork or whisk. Pour the raw eggs into an ice cube tray and freeze. Remove each frozen cube and wrap it in plastic wrap. Place the wrapped egg cubes in a freezer bag.
One frozen cube is about equal to one egg. Whenever you desire a quick breakfast, grab a frozen cube or two, and throw it in a hot pan to scramble. These frozen eggs last up to three months in the freezer.
Preserving Eggs that are Baked
If you’d rather have your eggs cooked and ready to eat, there is a simple and delicious way to store your extra eggs. Many meal preppers love these baked eggs for a quick, on-the-go breakfast.
Spray a muffin pan with non-stick spray. Crack a single egg into each muffin spot. Use a fork to scramble the eggs and bake at 350℉ for 30 minutes. The eggs have finished cooking once the egg whites are entirely white and no longer runny.
Wrap each egg in paraffin paper and place together in a freezer bag for up to three months. Take them out of the freezer and pop them in the microwave to eat on a breakfast sandwich or to enjoy individually.
How to Preserve Eggs with Oil
Only use this food storage practice with farm fresh eggs or unwashed eggs that have been laid by your own chickens. Because store-bought eggs are washed, the air pockets that allow bacteria to move are likely too large for properly preserving eggs this way.
Use your hands to coat each egg in food grade mineral oil. Place the eggs fat-end up in the egg carton. Store in a cool, dry place.
The mineral oil replaces the naturally protective coating to prevent bacteria from entering the egg. Storing the eggs upside down makes air pockets inside migrate away from the egg yolks and inhibits oxidation.
These eggs last up to nine months at room temperature. If you can’t find any mineral oil, lard makes an excellent substitute.
Water Glassing Eggs
One of the lesser-known ways to preserve eggs involves a process called water glassing. Only use unwashed eggs for this long-term storage option.
In a stoneware crock, combine two parts water with one-part Water Glass. Place eggs in the solution, making sure that all the eggs are covered by two inches of liquid.
Store eggs inside the crock in a cool, dry place. The shelf life for a crock without a lid is about 18 months, while a crock with an airtight lid that remains closed remains unspoiled for three years.
Preserving Boiled Eggs
Sometimes, our eggs aren’t always fresh when we are looking for ways to preserve them. If there is a situation where preserving boiled eggs is necessary, you can make some egg salad or extend their shelf life by pickling them.
It’s much easier to tell when egg salad is gone bad rather than pickling but it also happens faster, too. Egg salad only lasts a few days but pickled eggs last for several months.
To pickle eggs, pour beet juice and the rest of the ingredients in a medium pot. Cook on medium heat for eight minutes, stirring occasionally.
Add the beets into the liquid. Bring to a boil. Place the eggs, without their shells, inside the glass jars. Pour the boiling water mixture into the jars and place the lid on top.
Refrigerate the eggs for one to two weeks before eating. Eat within four months for the best quality.
Pickling is a great way to store all kinds of foods for the long term. It’s the best way to preserve ginger, asparagus, and almost all types of produce.
Dehydrating any food dramatically extends its shelf life. There are two methods to dehydrate eggs: The cook-dry technique or the wet-dry technique.
For the cook-dry, scramble eggs in a hot pan. Dehydrate them for four hours. Blend the dried eggs in a blender or food processor to form a powder.
For the wet-dry, beat raw eggs and spread them on a fruit-roll sheet. Dehydrate the eggs for 10-12 hours. Blend in a blender or food processor.
Store the powdered eggs in a cool place. They last about a year in the fridge or for one month at room temperature. A dehydrator can be purchased at your nearest superstore.
If you have too many eggs in one basket, there are plenty of ways to preserve eggs, so you don’t have to throw out a reliable protein source. Knowing how to preserve eggs keeps this snack fresh in your home year-round.
If you found learning how to preserve eggs beneficial for your homestead, share these egg preservation ideas on Facebook and Pinterest.
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Drinking Tea Daily Can Slash Dementia Risk
A cup of tea a day can keep dementia away, according to a study from the National University of Singapore, which found that tea can slash the risk of dementia in people aged 55 and older.
Drinking tea cuts the risk of cognitive impairment in older people in half, but the news is even better for those who are genetically at risk of Alzheimer’s. In people who carry the APOE e4 gene, tea reduces the risk by as much as 86 percent.
The researchers also discovered that the ability of tea to protect the brain isn’t limited to a particular type of tea, as long as the tea is brewed from tea leaves, such as green, black or oolong tea . . .
Other studies have found that tea protects the brain. In Alzheimer’s patients, amyloid protein in the brain forms into clumps and fastens onto nerves in brain cells, causing them to die. Scientists at Britain’s University of Leeds found that treating the proteins with extracts of green tea and resveratrol disrupted the ability of amyloid to clump. (Read more from “Drinking Tea Daily Can Slash Dementia Risk” HERE)
Follow Joe Miller on Twitter HERE and Facebook HERE.
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Can mandatory cognitive testing for older drivers help prevent car crashes?
New research published in the Journal of the American Geriatrics Society found that motor vehicle collisions decreased after Japan implemented a mandatory cognitive screening test for older drivers when they renewed their drivers' licenses. However, there was an increased number of road injuries for pedestrians and cyclists.
For the study, investigators analyzed police-reported data on the number of collisions for drivers and injuries for pedestrians and cyclists among people aged 70 years or older in Japan from July 2012 to December 2019. As of March 2017, drivers aged 75 years or older who screen positive are required to see a physician before license renewal. If diagnosed with dementia, their licenses may be suspended or revoked.
From 2012 to 2019, there were 602,885 collisions for drivers and 196,889 injuries for pedestrians and cyclists among people aged 70 years or older. After the 2017 policy, collisions decreased among male drivers, and injuries increased among some age subgroups in both sexes. Cumulative estimated changes in the numbers of collisions and injuries from March 2017 to December 2019 were -3,670 and 959, respectively.
"Safety measures need to be strengthened for older cyclists and pedestrians. We should also provide older people with necessary care to prepare for driving cessation and safe, alternative transport means," said corresponding author Haruhiko Inada, Ph.D., a post-doctoral fellow at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health.
More information: Association between mandatory cognitive testing for license renewal and motor vehicle collisions and road injuries, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society (2023). DOI: 10.1111/jgs.18157
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The genius of America's most prolific inventor, Thomas Edison, is widely acknowledged, and Edison himself has become an almost mythic figure. But how much do we really know about the man who considered deriving rubber from a goldenrod plant as opposed to the genius who gave us electric light? Neil Baldwin gives us a complex portrait of the inventor himself—both myth and man—and a multifaceted account of the intellectual climate of the country he worked in and irrevocably changed.
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Rent Edison 1st edition today, or search our site for other textbooks by Neil Baldwin. Every textbook comes with a 21-day "Any Reason" guarantee. Published by University of Chicago Press.
Need help ASAP? We have you covered with 24/7 instant online tutoring. Connect with one of our History tutors now.
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Not only do commercial buildings consume two-thirds of all electrical energy in the U.S. each year, but collectively they top transportation as the biggest user of all energy in America.
This unquenchable thirst for power – electric, gas, coal, solar – makes Facilities a justifiable target for getting greener. And throughout the past decade a conscientious effort to collectively reduce energy demands of and use by commercial properties has given rise to innovations known as the Building Internet of Things (BIoT).
BIoT -- everything from software platforms to space-age glazing -- take advantage of facilities’ data that are funneled into databases from various sources, such as building automation systems, sensors, human occupants, and even weather conditions.
BIoT begins the moment a smart sensor registers facility performance statistics through a common Internet Protocol network. This raw data then goes to cloud-based analytics and diagnostics software applications, which then return input to the sensor. With this feedback, the sensor alters infrastructure operations without human intervention.
Automatically, the system begins taking measures to improve occupant experience, sharpen staff efficiency, and/or reduce energy consumption. This is the primary advantage of “Smart Buildings.”
But then, this sobering fact remains: 30 percent of energy in buildings is wasted, except when facilities managers use data to make smart decisions and facilities’ energy use drops 17 percent.
It stands to reason then, that synergies between BIoT, CMMS and facilities management can make - and keep - a facility green (both in terms of carbon footprint and bottom line.) The following five synergies illuminate the sustainability potential of combining BIoT with future CMMS.
SaaS CMMS conserves resources
Software-as-a-service (SaaS) affords a dual green benefit. By outsourcing hardware to a cloud host, a company significantly reduces its capital expense for computer hardware. As the maxim goes, if you can get the milk whenever you want it, why buy the cow? Historically, a facility manager bought a CMMS, installed it on premise, owned it, and ran it until it was obsolete – or useless.
“In a (SaaS) model, the theory is there is no upfront cost,” says Vladi Shunturov, cofounder and CEO of Lucid. “You should just pay a subscription fee.”
While adopting a subscription-based CMMS in the cloud stipulates ongoing monthly expense, over the long haul, it shouldn’t exceed the capital outlay for an entire – and expanding – on-premise server cluster.
As for the carbon-footprint of SaaS, the need to house a cluster of computers in a hermetically sealed chamber somewhere on premise is eliminated along with energy demand for computer functions, air conditioning and lighting. Also, the datacenter of any SaaS - with its economies of scale and cutting-edge hardware deployment - can more efficiently house, run and maintain operational hardware, further reducing the carbon footprint. Subscribing to a service-model CMMS to manage BIoT data saves money – and energy.
Greater access to data streamlines and steers operations
The surging wave of BIoT data funneled from ever more sensors (“things”) will combine with machine learning and predictive analytics to unlock significant value by which to fine tune operations.
Shared data can assist with routine and predictive maintenance. Once a device is online, BIoT sensors can proactively report an imminent problem that could take a device offline, which extends process time, delays production and consumes more resources. BIoT sensors can also be configured to proactively take a device offline for routine maintenance. These “heads up” notifications can improve a system’s lifecycle, streamline production, and lead to operational efficiencies.
Not to mention - this data can create accountability among a maintenance team. It leverages work, disclosing what was done by whom, on what equipment and when. It also indicates what measures have been taken within a facility to perpetuate sustainability.
“IoT begins turning data into knowledge,” says Jack McGowan, principal at The McGowan Group. “Buildings become self-aware and tell us when we are off track.”
Data makes machines smarter to their own upkeep and streamlines maintenance team performance, both of which in turn consume fewer resources. That’s sustainability.
Network throughput reduces energy need and increases productivity
The anatomy of any BIoT system starts with the sensors (nerves) that are connected through a Building Automation System (backbone), a platform through which:
- Sensors can communicate with each other, the BAS itself, and even a user
- Building operations can be controlled
- The sensors can control the BAS.
These networks communicate not only in the closed system of a single facility, but also with external systems. Data coordinated between buildings and communicated to maintenance teams result in better operational efficiencies. In fact, a recent McKinsey report on BIoT estimates that connectivity can decrease energy use in buildings by 20 percent while leading to a similar percentage increase in maintenance team productivity.
BIoT will allow the next generation of buildings to be self-aware and capable of reacting in real time without human intervention. Buildings will conserve resources, immediately shutting down when occupants leave the premises or triggering devices to run at times when energy rates are lower. From sensor, to BAS, to CMMS, BIoT tries to make the most efficient use of energy and deliver a facility that boosts the productivity of its occupants.
“With IoT,” says Antonio D. Wright, director of technology solutions at McGuire Engineers, “smart building systems utilize real-time data received from sensory devices to initiate system operations and satisfy peak performance requirements or meet comfort criteria for occupants.”
New software optimizes resource allocation and facility operations
Whether cloud-based SaaS or on-premise, BIoT (and BAS) platforms address multiple purposes. Some software serves as a digital facility manager, wielding a degree of control over devices (along with data visualization). Other applications are designed to crunch numbers to provide better visibility of key performance criteria. Still other programs act as sensor network and data repository.
An example of the first type is software that performs zone-by-zone dynamic adjustments of heating/cooling set points. The second software type might handle Big Data analytics and render it in chart and graph form. Tracking data from sensors and enabling communication between devices would contribute to efficient operations.
These software types would be integrated with a favored CMMS software for comprehensive monitoring and proactive upkeep. Combined with the advent and adoption of machine learning and AI in the next generation of BIoT, this software synergy will only sharpen CMMS capabilities: operations will be more finely tuned, worker productivity boosted, and resources best allocated.
BIoT + CMMS = Optimized environmental performance by Buildings
The paramount advantage of Smart Buildings is that they consume less energy. Using less energy means greener outcomes.
BIoT devices monitor energy use in smart buildings and record operations data. Cooling and heating schedules? Lighting use? Production line performance? Aggregating energy use data and then analyzing it can disclose trends from which strategic energy- and cost-saving decisions can be made.
“Think of (BIoT) as a gateway to the building’s fitness awareness,” McGowan advises.
Results from a 2016 energy efficiency study conducted by the Preservation Green Lab and a host of other organizations suggest that small commercial structures could cut energy use anywhere from 27% to 59% through the deployment of smart building technologies.
The convergence of CMMS and BIoT under facilities management reinforces what Michael Knapp, Ph.D. and CEO of GreenRiver Software calls the Data Stack Model:
Collected Data help facility managers determine operational Variables, which help them set Indicators from which Goals are devised that steer sustainability Strategies.
For the rest of us, the ascendance of BIoT and its convergence with CMMS promise to deliver steady sustainability that meets today’s business needs (without risking those of the future) and tomorrow’s environment.
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Unit 8 Proportional Relationships
How can proportions be used to solve real-world problems?
1. Use the table to write each ratio.
Challenge: A carpenter can build one doghouse in one day. How many doghouses can 12 carpenters build in 20 days?
2. In your IN9, create and Effort/Understanding/Behavior chart, and rate yourself o a scale of 1-4 on what you think you will do today.
Use the following link to go to A Maths Dictionary for Kids, and look up the following word(s). Be sure to write the definition(s) in your IN9.
1. In your IN9, complete the following task. When you are done, share your answers with your partner.
Write two ratios that are proportional.
Write two ratios that are not proportional.
Show how you know they are or are not proportional.
2. In your IN9, complete the Effort/ Understanding/ Behavior chart by rating yourself on a scale of 1-4 on how well you think you did in class today.
Complete either Level B (Worksheet B and Puzzler) or Level C (Worksheet C and Challenge). Write your answers in your IN9.
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Now beginning its third year, the Notre Dame Extended Research Community, NDeRC, is a remarkable collaboration between Notre Dame professors and graduate students, and South Bend-area teachers and students. All members of this partnership are beneficiaries.
The NDeRC teams graduate students with K-12 teachers for eight weeks of summer research in the graduate student’s area of expertise. Then, when school begins in September, the graduate students join their teacher-partners in the classroom to engage students in activities in that research area. For Summer 2009 and the upcoming academic year, the research areas are:
- Astrophysics: a collaboration with activities ranging from telescopic observations of asteroids in our solar system to the analysis of the absorption of supernovae radiation by distant galaxies;
- BioEYES: a collaboration involving the study of zebrafish embryonic development that, in the 2009-2010 academic year, will visit over 120 classrooms (50 teachers and 3,000 students);
- Biochemistry: a collaboration that studies cytoskeletal proteins that interact with microtubules and membranes within living cells;
- Particle Physics: a collaboration that studies computer-simulated collisions in the Compact Muon Solenoid detector to determine the search criteria for very rarely produced particles;
- Robotics: a collaboration that combines Wii remotes, Bluetooth communication devices, and Vex Robotics kits to design and build robots that can survey and navigate landscapes;
- Nanotechnology: a collaboration that studies the structure and dynamics of molecular-sized objects.
The NDeRC program was funded at Notre Dame beginning in July 2007 by a $2.71 million National Science Foundation (NSF) Graduate STEM Fellowships in K-12 Education (GK-12) grant. Notre Dame is one of a select number of universities participating in this unique NSF program. The NSF developed the program in recognition of the fact that, in addition to being competent researchers, graduate students in the STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) fields must be able to communicate science and research to a variety of audiences. The graduate students bring their research and practice into K-12 classrooms—gaining skills in explaining science to multi-age audiences of students and teachers. The graduate students also inspire transformation in the K-12 formal and informal learning environments, and stimulate interest in science and engineering among students and teachers.
Professor Mitch Wayne, chair of Physics and Principal Investigator for NDeRC, says: “NDeRC is a great, successful program. Over its five-year life span, the NSF will support a total of 37 Notre Dame graduate students in science and engineering with a generous stipend. In addition to the many benefits of the program for local schoolchildren, the program provides professional development for graduate students and local teachers, and also helps promote ‘town-gown’ relations. It’s a winning program for all participants.”
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The caves are made of calcite or calcium carbonate. Originally they were coral reefs, with layers of microorganisms and mineral deposits gradually forming the caves due to pressure and high temperatures, helped along by seismic activity from the Coco and Caribe tectonic plates, over a period of about 70 million years, according to the park’s administrator, Dorian Mendez Guevara.
The indigenous Chorotega used the caverns for human sacrifice, Mendez related, as evidenced by bones and other artifacts found there. In more recent times, the land was used for cattle ranching and agriculture until 1974, when the 2300-hectare (5683-acre) national park was formed. The park benefits the nearby communities of Barra Honda, Santa Ana and El Flor, and an association of local guides from these three towns are in charge of taking people to the caves, as well as serving as forest firefighters.
Jose Angel Rosales Acosta, one of the local guides and firefighters from El Flor, remembers playing in the area and riding horses to round up cattle before the land was converted into a national park. Around 1965, when the land was still privately owned, members of the mountaineering club from the University of Costa Rica began exploring the caverns professionally. Since the government bought the land and formed the park, Rosales said it has changed completely, for the better, as people have learned to take care of the land.
The park is home to approximately 28 species of bats, 17 different amphibians, 86 types of birds and about 23 mammals. National and international research is currently being conducted in the park regarding the caverns, the birds, the butterflies, the trees and the bats. About 100 people per year participate in the park’s volunteer program, mainly from Europe and Canada, who help with things like park maintenance and environmental education programs.
Down inside the cave it is a little muddy and cool, but Mendez tells us that it will soon dry up and that it is typically hot in the cave. He shines a flashlight around to point out long icicle-like stalactites, which take an average of 5000 years per centimeter to form. Some formations look like drapes, others supposedly like papayas, and others like popcorn. We see one rock that glitters as we continue to descend. We go down another ladder into the second hall, and at this point we have descended a total of 72 meters (236 feet). Here we turn off headlamps and flashlights to experience complete darkness. It is a very natural, authentic caving experience.
Of the caverns, visitors are only permitted to enter two, Terciopelo and Cuevita, a smaller cave that is more accessible for children. Other caverns can be seen from above on a hiking tour. After we climb back up the ladder and out of Terciopelo, a good workout, we head to another of the park’s attractions: the Nacaome Mirador (lookout). From this vantage point, we can see the expansive valley surrounded by reforested hills and the Golf of Nicoya, Isla de Chira and other islands. It is breathtaking.
Getting to the caves involves walking 3.5 kilometers (2.2 miles), much of it uphill, but during dry season you can drive halfway up and park. The full hike is strenuous and the guided tour lasts at least four hours, so plan to start early. Good hiking shoes and mosquito repellent are recommended. Helmets and headlamps are provided, but you may want to bring a change of clothes or flashlight.
To get to Barra Honda National Park from Nicoya, continue straight past the Burger King where the road turns to gravel and go about 12 kilometers (7 miles), following the brown national park signs. The park is open every day from 8 a.m. to 1 p.m. for visiting the caves and from 1 p.m. to 3 p.m. to walk on the trails. Cost including the caves is $25 for foreigners or $15 for nationals, with discounts for students and for groups of 10 or more. To just visit the trails, the price is $10 for foreigners and $2 for nationals. For more information, call 2659-1551.
Stop By Café Kura for Homemade Snacks
During your visit to Barra Honda National Park, stop by Café Kura, a colorful café owned by a German lady named Andrea S. All of the food is prepared in advance, so you don´t have to wait for your order. The café specializes in homemade ice cream, cakes and empanadas, as well as offering smoothies, milkshakes, fresh juices, coffee and cappuccino.
Prices are reasonable, with cakes ranging from 800 to 1200 colones ($1.60 to 2.40), veggie, spinach, chicken and cheese empanadas for 800 colones ($1.60), and homemade ice cream for 1000 colones ($2). For something a little more hearty, try the lasagna for 2200 colones ($4.40).
Café Kura, which opened in June of 2011, was rated number one in the Nicoya area on Trip Advisor. Andrea believes one of the things that sets her café apart is the personal style with which she interacts with clients, talking to them and offering them information and advice. She also sells souvenirs, including jewelry made by local women in El Flor, as well as ceramics and T-shirts.The café is located 700 meters before the park entrance on the right-hand side and is open from 11 a.m. to 5 p.m. daily.
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Way, way back, when your caveman grandpa or grandma had to lug something heavy back to the cave, what did they do? Maybe they carried it. Or dragged it. Or tumbled it down a hill. But what they didn't do is wheel it home. They couldn't. Because there no wheels to wheel with. Which is puzzling, really.
How could our great, great, great grandparents go for tens of thousands, maybe hundreds of thousands of generations not thinking, not making, not even imagining a wheel? Wheels appear extremely recently — around 3500 BC — when people were already counting, writing, farming. Why the long wait?
Once wheels came to be, it's hard to imagine not imagining them, says British writer Jonnie Hughes. Wheels, he thinks, are surprisingly unintuitive. No doubt great grandpa knew that circular things roll, but to get from rolling spheres to wheels, that's a tricky, subtle, business.
Here's one version of how it might have happened, illustrated by him, which makes me think, "yeah, I guess this wasn't so easy." We're going to make a cart, because carts are the first wheeled objects pictured on ancient vases.
Here's the story:
Inventing Wheels In 8 Short Turns
TURN ONE: Use tree trunks as "rollers." Stick 'em in the back, roll your load across, then repeat.
TURN TWO: Add a plank between the load and the rollers, reducing friction.
TURN THREE: Stick Blades — like a sledge — under the board to reduce friction further.
TURN FOUR: The blades create grooves in the tree trunks that stabilize the load.
TURN FIVE: The tree trunks are hollowed between the grooves so that different-sized sledges can fit on top (and an accidental axle and wheel pair is formed).
TURN SIX: Pegs are attached to the bottom of the blades, in front of and behind the position of the axle, so that the axle is contained underneath the load and there is no longer the need to repeatedly place rollers at the front (that must have been a great day!).
TURN SEVEN: To make the cart stronger, the axle is fed through holes fashioned in the blades of the sledge.
TURN EIGHT: Ta-dah!
All illustrations by Jonnie Hughes
Pop versions of How We Invented The Wheel imagine a single inventor poised over a roundish thing, eyes wide, suddenly seeing what no one else has seen; all around him, people are doubtful, suspicious, then, when the thing starts to actually roll, there's a shout of surprise, then joy, then envy. ("Why didn't I think of that?")
Maybe this happens sometimes, says Jonnie Hughes. But it doesn't happen often. The invention of the wheel, Hughes suggests, probably took:
... thousands of years and scores of human generations. There may well have been the odd genius involved along the way, conducting his or her own mind experiment ... but in the main, the invention of the wheel was a routinely get-rich-slow affair.
Living, as we do, in the Era of Steve Jobs, immersed in a tsunami of new, miniaturized, clever gadgets, we seem to be inventing technological leaps all the time, but of course, the phones, the iPods, the rockets, the medical devices, they're baby-steps too, incremental improvements on technology we know. Yes, the changes feel startling, but they still happen step by step. We don't invent our future in big leaps.
It's only later, when we turn around and see what we've done, only then do we appreciate that what we've collectively invented was unimaginable ... until it was there.
Jonnie Hughes' new book about the evolution of ideas is called On the Origin of Tepees: The Evolution of Ideas (and Ourselves), (Free Press, Simon & Schuster, 2011).
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Untangling the Debate: The Ethics of Human Enhancement
Homo sapiens has been such a prolific species, simply because we are very good at relentlessly adapting to our environment. At the most basic level, we have won control over fire and tools to forge a new world around us, we build shelter and weave clothes to repel the brutal elements, and we raise animals and crops for predictability in our meals. With our intellect and resourcefulness, we are thereby better able to survive this world.
However, it is not just the world around us that we desire to change. Since the beginning of history, we also have wanted to become more than human, to become Homo superior. From the godlike command of Gilgamesh, to the lofty ambitions of Icarus, to the preternatural strength of Beowulf, to the mythical skills of Shaolin monks, and to various shamans and shapeshifters throughout the world’s cultural history, we have dreamt—and still dream—of transforming ourselves to overcome our all-too-human limitations.
In practice, this means that we improve our minds through education, disciplined thinking, and meditation; we improve our bodies with a sound diet and physical exercise; and we train with weapons and techniques to defend ourselves from those who would conspire to kill. But today, something seems to be different. With ongoing work to unravel the mysteries of our minds and bodies, coupled with the art and science of emerging technologies, we are near the start of the Human Enhancement (or Engineering) Revolution.
Now we are not limited to “natural” methods to enhance ourselves or to merely wield tools such as a hammer or binoculars or a calculator. We are beginning to incorporate technology within our very bodies, which may hold moral significance that we need to consider. These technologies promise great benefits for humanity—such as increased productivity and creativity, longer lives, more serenity, stronger bodies and minds, and more—though, as we will discuss later, there is a question whether these things translate into happier lives, which many see as the point of it all (President’s Council on Bioethics, 2003; Persaud, 2006).
As examples of emerging technologies, in early 2008, a couple imaginative inventions in particular, among many, are closing the gap even more between science fiction and the real world. Scientists have conceptualized an electronic-packed contact lens that may provide the wearer with telescopic and night vision or act as an omnipresent digital monitor to receive and relay information (Parviz, et al., 2008). Another innovation is a touch display designed to be implanted just under the skin that would activate special tattoo ink on one’s arm to form images, such as telephone-number keys to punch or even a video to watch (Mielke, 2008). Together with ever-shrinking computing devices, we appear to be moving closer to cybernetic organisms (or “cyborgs”), that is, where machines are integrated with our bodies or at least with our clothing in the nearer-term. Forget about Pocket PCs, mobile phones, GPS devices, and other portable gadgets; we might soon be able to communicate and access those capabilities without having to carry any external device, thus raising our productivity, efficiency, response time, and other desirable measures—in short, enabling us to even better survive our world.
Technology is clearly a game-changing field. The inventions of such things as the printing press, gunpowder, automobiles, computers, vaccines, and so on, have profoundly changed the world, for the better we hope. But at the same time, they have also led to unforeseen consequences, or perhaps consequences that might have been foreseen and addressed had we bothered to investigate them. Least of all, they have disrupted the status quo, which is not necessarily a terrible thing in and of itself; but unnecessary and dramatic disruptions, such as mass displacements of workers or industries, have real human costs to them. As we will discuss, such may be the case as well with human enhancement technologies, enabled by advances in nanotechnology, micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS), genetic engineering, robotics, cognitive science, information technology, pharmacology, and other fields (Roco and Bainbridge, 2003).
In this special issue of NanoEthics: Ethics for Technologies that Converge on the Nanoscale, we present several papers that examine many ethical and social issues surrounding human enhancement technologies, especially driven by nanotechnology. For instance, on the issue of whether such technologies ought to be regulated or otherwise restricted, one position is that (more than minimal) regulation would hinder personal freedom or autonomy, infringing on some natural or political right to improve our own bodies, minds, and lives as we see fit (Naam, 2005; Bailey, 2005; Harris, 2007; Allhoff et al., forthcoming). Others, however, advocate strong regulation—and even a research moratorium—to protect against unintended effects on society, such as the presumably-undesirable creation of a new class of enhanced persons who could outwit, outplay, and outlast “normal” or unenhanced persons for jobs, in schools, at sporting contests, and so on, among other reasons (Fukuyama, 2002, 2006; Friends of the Earth, 2006). Still others seek a sensible middle path between stringent regulation and individual liberty (Hughes, 2004; Greely, 2005).
No matter where one is aligned on this issue, it is clear that the human enhancement debate is a deeply passionate and personal one, striking at the heart of what it means to be human. Some see it as a way to fulfill or even transcend our potential; others see it as a darker path towards becoming Frankenstein’s monster. But before more fully presenting those issues, it would be helpful to lay out some background and context to better frame the discussion, as follows.
First, we need to draw several important distinctions. Strictly speaking, “human enhancement” includes any activity by which we improve our bodies, minds, or abilities—things we do to enhance our welfare. So reading a book, eating vegetables, doing homework, and exercising may count as enhancing ourselves, though we do not mean the term this way in our discussion here. These so-called “natural” human enhancements are morally uninteresting because they appear to be unproblematic to the extent that it is difficult to see why we should not be permitted to improve ourselves through diet, education, physical training, and so on.
Rather, allow us to stipulate for the moment that “human enhancement” is about boosting our capabilities beyond the species-typical level or statistically-normal range of functioning for an individual (Norm Daniels, 2000). Relatedly, “human enhancement” can be understood to be different from “therapy”, which is about treatments aimed at pathologies that compromise health or reduce one’s level of functioning below this species-typical or statistically-normal level (Eric Juengst, 1997). Another way to think about human enhancement technologies, as opposed to therapy, is that they change the structure and function of the body (Greely, 2005). Admittedly, none of these definitions is immune to objections, but they are nevertheless useful as a starting point in thinking about the distinction, including whether there really is such a distinction.
Thus, corrective eyeglasses, for instance, would be considered therapeutic rather than enhancement, since they serve to bring your vision back to normal; but strapping on a pair of night-vision binoculars would count as human enhancement, because they give you sight beyond the range of any unassisted human vision. As another example, using steroids to help muscular dystrophy patients regain lost strength is a case of therapy; but steroid use by otherwise-healthy athletes would give them new strength beyond what humans typically have (thereby enabling them to set new performance records in sports). And growing or implanting webbing between one’s fingers and toes to enable better swimming changes the structure and function of those body parts, counting then as a case of human enhancement and not therapy.
Likewise, as it concerns the mind, taking Ritalin to treat attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is aimed at correcting the deficit; but taken by otherwise-normal students to enable them to focus better in studying for exams is a form of human enhancement. And where reading a book may indeed make you more knowledgeable, it does not make you so much smarter than most everyone else or push your intellect past natural limits; on the other hand, a computer chip implanted into your brain that gives you direct access to Google or spreadsheets would provide mental capabilities beyond the species-typical level.
The last example suggests a further distinction we should make. By “human enhancement” we do not mean the mere use of tools; that would render the concept impotent, turning nearly everything we do into cases of human enhancement. But if and when these tools are integrated into our bodies, rather than employed externally, then we will consider them to be instances of human enhancement. Of course, this raises the question: what is so special about incorporating tools as part of our bodies, as opposed to merely using them externally to the body (Bostrom and Roache, 2008)? That is, why should the former count as human enhancement, but not the latter? A neural implant that gives access to Google and the rest of the online world does not seem to be different in kind to using a laptop computer or Pocket PC to access the same, so why should it matter that we are imbedding computing power into our heads rather than carrying the same capabilities with us by way of external devices?
We will not attempt to give a full discussion of that point here, though it will be important to explore the issue further, except to suggest that integrating tools into our bodies (and perhaps with our everyday clothing to the extent that we are rarely without our clothes) appears to give us unprecedented advantages which may be morally significant. These advantages are that we would have easier, immediate, and “always-on” access to those new capabilities as if they were a natural part of our being; we would never be without those devices, as we might forget to bring a laptop computer with us to a meeting. And assimilating tools with our persons creates an intimate or enhanced connection with our tools that evolves our notion of personal identity, more so than simply owning things (as wearing name-brand clothes might boost our sense of self). This may translate into a substantial advantage for the enhanced person, more so than gained by purchasing an office computer or reading books or training with the best coaches.
3. The Therapy-Enhancement Distinction
Returning to an issue previously raised, some scholars have reasonably objected to, or at least raised difficulties with, the distinctions above; that is, they argue that there is no real distinction between therapy and enhancement. For instance, how should we think about vaccinations: are they a form of therapy, or are they an enhancement of our immune system (Daniels, 2000; Harris, 2007; Bostrom and Roache, 2008)? On one hand, a vaccination seems to be an enhancement in that there is no existing pathology it is attempting to cure, merely a possible or likely pathology we wish to avoid; but we are drawn to declare it as some form of therapy—perhaps preventative therapy—given its close association with medicine? And if enhancements in general are ultimately found to be socially or ethically problematic, then counting vaccinations as enhancement opens the possibility that it should be regulated or restricted, which would create a serious public health disaster as well as a counter-example to the claim that enhancements are problematic. Thus, even critics of human enhancement may be loathe to put vaccinations in the enhancement bucket, though there does not seem to be an obviously superior reason to think otherwise.
Another dilemma: If a genius were to sustain a head injury, thereby reducing her IQ to merely the “average” or “species-normal” range, would raising her intelligence back to its initial “genius” level count as therapy or enhancement (Bostrom and Roache, 2008)? Either one would seem plausible, but is there a non-arbitrary reason for answering the question either way? If an enhancement, then how do we explain the difference between that and a clear (or clearer) case of therapy in which we return an “average” person who sustains a head injury back to the “normal” IQ range?
The therapy-enhancement distinction holds real stakes, beyond athletic and academic competition. Recent news reports show that the US military is increasingly prescribing anti-depressants to soldiers in combat to alleviate post-traumatic stress as well as stimulants to counteract sleep deprivation—actions which could be viewed as either creating a more effective, level-headed soldier or returning the soldier to the initial “normal” state of combat readiness, further blurring the distinction (Thompson, 2008; Saletan, 2008).
The above cases notwithstanding, we would agree that there are difficulties in precisely defining “human enhancement” (as there is with making clear definitions of nearly any other concept), but maintaining the enhancement-therapy distinction, at least until it can be more fully explored, is nonetheless important for several reasons:
First, to the extent that pro-enhancement advocates are primarily the ones arguing against the therapy-enhancement distinction, if a goal is to engage the anti-enhancement camp, then it would make for a far stronger case to meet those critics on their own ground (i.e., to grant the assumption that such a distinction exists). If it proves overly charitable to grant this assumption such that the pro-enhancement position is too difficult to defend without it, then perhaps more attention needs to be paid in arguing against the distinction in the first place, given that the debate may hinge on this fundamental issue.
Second, by not making these distinctions, specifically between therapy and enhancement, it may be too easy to argue that all forms of human enhancement are morally permissible given that the things we count as therapy are permissible. That is to say, we risk making a straw man argument that does not make a compelling case either for or against any aspect of human enhancement. Again, if the human enhancement debate turns on this distinction, then much more attention should be paid to defending or criticizing the distinction than has been to date.
Third, at least part of the reason that human enhancement is believed to be the most important issue in the 21st century by both sides of the debate (Hurlbut, 2006) seems to be that it represents a collision between our intuitions and our actions. For instance, critics may believe that human enhancement technologies give an unfair advantage to some persons, fracturing local or global societies (even more) between the haves and have-nots (Fukuyama 2002, 2006; President’s Council on Bioethics, 2003; Selgelid, 2007). Yet, at the same time, they seem to endorse—to the extent that they have not raised objections to—our use of existing technologies (e.g., mobile phones, computers, Internet) that also seem to countenance the same division to which human enhancement technologies are said to lead us.
As another example, advocates of human enhancement may believe that individual autonomy should trump health and safety concerns, e.g., athletes should be permitted to take steroids or adults should be allowed to take mood-enhancing drugs at will (Naam, 2005; Savulescu and Foddy, 2007). Yet, at the same time, they do not offer objections to keeping some drugs illegal, such as crystal meth or crack cocaine, which becomes an even more complicated dilemma if they advocate legalizing other contraband such as marijuana.
This is not to say that these tensions with our intuitions are irresolvable, but only that “common sense” is at stake for both sides of the debate. And the initial intuition for the overwhelming majority of us is that there is a therapy-enhancement distinction (since we understand “therapy” and “enhancement” as meaningfully discrete terms, even if some cases do not neatly fit into either category). So it would be more interesting for pro-enhancement advocates to reconcile their position with that intuition, if possible, rather than to reject the distinction, which is less satisfying. Or if the therapy-enhancement distinction really is untenable, then more vigorous argument seems to be needed before we are prepared to cast aside our intuition.
Fourth, the famous philosophical puzzle “The Paradox of the Heap” should be recalled here: Given a heap of sand with N number of grains of sand, if we remove one grain of sand, we are still left with a heap of sand (that now only has N-1 grains of sand). If we remove one more grain, we are again left with a heap of sand (that now has N-2 grains). If we extend this line of reasoning and continue to remove grains of sand, we see that there is no clear point P where we can definitely say that a heap of sand exists on one side of P, but less than a heap exists on the other side. In other words, there is no clear distinction between a heap of sand and a less-than-a-heap or even no sand at all. However, the wrong conclusion to draw here is that there is no difference between them or that the distinction between a heap and no-heap should be discarded (or between being bald and having hair, as a variation of the paradox goes). Likewise, it would seem fallacious to conclude that there is no difference between therapy and enhancement or that we should dispense with the distinction. It may still be the case that there is no moral difference between the two, but we cannot arrive at it through the argument that there is no clear defining line or that there are some cases (such as vaccinations, etc.) that make the line fuzzy. As with ’heap’, the terms ’therapy’ and ’enhancement’ may simply be vaguely constructed and require more precision to clarify the distinction.
Therefore, at least for the time being and for the purposes of this paper, we will assume that a therapy-enhancement distinction is defensible and illuminative, at least where it aligns with our intuitions.
Given the above stipulations about what counts as human enhancement, let us lay out a few more scenarios—real, possible, and hypothetical—to further clarify what we mean by human enhancement. We can loosely group these scenarios into three categories: mental performance, physical performance, and other applications.
In the area of improving mental performance, individuals are already using pharmaceuticals available today to achieve such goals as increased productivity, creativity, serenity, and happiness. We previously mentioned Ritalin use, intended for ADHD patients, by otherwise-normal students to boost concentration as a way to study more effectively. In sports, drugs such as beta-blockers, intended to treat high blood pressure and other disorders by slowing down the heart rate, have been used to reduce anxiety as a way to boost physical performance, such as in preparing for an important and nerve-racking putt in golf or steadying an archer’s hand to better release the arrow in between heartbeats. In warfare, anti-depressants and stimulants have been used to treat post-traumatic stress and sleep deprivation, thereby creating better, more effective soldiers. And, of course, hallucinogenic and other recreational drugs, including alcohol, continue to be used (and used famously by some authors and artists) to achieve greater creativity, relaxation, and even enlightenment.
In the future, as technology becomes more integrated with our bodies, we can expect neural implants of the kind we mentioned above that effectively puts computer chips into our brains or allows devices to be plugging directly into our heads, giving us always-on access to information as well as unprecedented information-processing powers. New and future virtual reality programs are able to much better simulate activities, for instance, to train law enforcement officers and soldiers in dangerous situations so that they can respond better to similar events in the real world.
In the area of physical performance, steroids use by athletes is one of the most obvious examples. Cosmetic surgery has also grown in popularity, not for corrective purposes but to increase (perceived) attractiveness. Prosthetic limbs have improved to such a degree that they are already enabling its wearer greater than normal strength and capabilities, sparking a debate on whether athletes with those artificial limbs may participate in the Olympics (Edwards, 2008a).
In the future, we can expect continuing advances in robotics and bionanotechnology to give us cybernetic body parts, from bionic arms to artificial noses and ears, that surpass the capabilities of our natural body. Today, research organizations such as MIT’s Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies are working on an exoskeleton to give the wearer superhuman strength as well as flexible battlesuits that can, for instance, harden when needed to create a splint or tourniquet to attend to injuries more quickly and effectively (MIT, 2008). And we previously mentioned innovative designs such as for a contact lens that enables us to see in the dark or receive information from a miniature digital monitor. Further, designs have already been drawn for even more fantastic innovations such as a respirocyte: an artificial red blood cell that holds a reservoir of oxygen (Freitas, 1998). A respirocyte would come in handy for, say, a heart attack victim to continue breathing for an extra hour until medical treatment is available, despite a lack of blood circulation to the lungs or anywhere else. But in an otherwise-healthy athlete, a respirocyte could boost performance by delivering extra oxygen to the muscles, as if the person were breathing from a pure oxygen tank.
And perhaps as an example of both mental and physical enhancement, we should also consider life extension, whether it comes by curing fatal pathologies (such as cancer) or rejuvenating the body/mind or developing anti-aging medicine, and whether it enables us to live another 20 or 100 or 1,000 years (radical life extension). This is a particularly contentious issue in the human engineering debate, not just for obvious concerns related to the burden of overpopulation on quality of life or loss of meaning in life, but also because it seems that we are already—and presumably unproblematically—extending our lives through better nutrition, medicine, exercise, sanitation, and so forth; yet there is something troubling to many about the prospect of radical life extension, even if we can all agree that, in principle, more life is better than less life. We will return to this below.
Other applications include enhancements that may seem gratuitous, such as attempting to physically transform into a lizard by tattooing scales all over one’s body and forking one’s tongue, or into a cat by implanting whiskers, sharpening teeth and clipping one’s ears, or into something other than human with implanted horns in one’s forehead; all of these procedures have been done already. In the future, we can envision the possibility that prosthetic flippers, designed today for dolphins, might be requested by humans, along with artificial gills, etc., who want to transform into an aquatic animal. This type of enhancements, of course, brings to the forefront the question whether ’enhancement’ is the right word to use in the debate in the first place, as opposed to simply ’human engineering’ or a more neutral term that does not imply improvement. Indeed, even in cases where technology boosts mental and physical capabilities, it seems that we cannot predict with any accuracy whether there will be any negative psychological or physiological side-effects that will offset the intended benefits of a particular enhancement. For instance, in drinking alcohol as a mood-enhancer of sorts, we already know that it can hold the unintended effect of a painful hangover; and steroids taken by athletes can have disastrous health consequences.
Moreover, if human enhancement can be ultimately defended, then un-enhancements may seem to be morally permissible as well, if individual autonomy is the most important value to consider in the debate. There are already medical cases in which: individuals want to amputate some healthy limb from their bodies (Dyer, 2000); parents want to stunt the growth of their bedridden child to keep her portable and easier to care for (Edwards, 2008b); and deaf parents who specifically want a deaf baby in selecting embryos for in vitro fertilization (Dennis, 2004). Un-enhancements aside, we will continue to use ’enhancement’ in this paper for the most part, since there is a presumption that whatever technology is integrated with our bodies will be expected to deliver some net benefit, real or perceived (otherwise, why do it?). Further, we will limit our discussion here primarily to those technologies that enhance human cognitive and physical abilities, rather than seemingly-gratuitous procedures or un-enhancements.
5. The Issues
Now, given the above understanding of human enhancement, let us tease apart the myriad issues that arise in the debate. These too are loose non-exclusive categories that may overlap with one another, but perhaps are still useful in providing an overview of the debate: (1) freedom & autonomy; (2) health & safety; (3) fairness & equity; (4) societal disruption; (5) human dignity.
Let us make a couple of preliminary notes. First, just as no one could predict with much accuracy how the Internet Revolution would unfold, raising policy issues from privacy to piracy and beyond, the same is likely true with the Human Engineering Revolution; that is, the framework presented below will undoubtedly evolve over time. However, this does not mean that we should not attempt to address the issues we are able to anticipate. Second, the objective of this paper is neither to anticipate nor fully address any given issue, but simply to broadly sketch the major issues, many of which will be expounded upon by the papers in this symposium. Therefore, the following discussion will raise more questions than it answers in constructing that framework.
5.1 Freedom & Autonomy
There is perhaps no greater value, at least in democracies, than the cherished concepts of freedom and autonomy. (The distinction between the two is not critical to this discussion, so we will not take the space to give a precise definition here; but allow us to stipulate that, at minimum, both concepts are about negative liberty, or the absence of constraints.) But because freedom and autonomy are central to the issue of human enhancement, they add much fuel to the impassioned debate.
Pro-enhancement advocates have argued against regulating enhancements on the grounds that it would infringe on our fundamental ability to choose how we want to live our own lives (Naam, 2005; Bailey, 2005; Harris, 2007). Or, in other words, if enhancing our bodies does not hurt anyone (other than possibly ourselves; more on this in the next section), then why should we be prevented from doing so? This is a common objection—arguing especially against governmental intervention—to any number of proposals that involve regulation, from hiring practices to home improvements to school clothing and so on.
Though freedom and autonomy may be viewed in democracies as “sacred cows” that ought not be corralled, the reality is that we do not have complete freedom or autonomy is the areas of life that we think we do anyway. As examples, freedom of the press and freedom of speech do not protect the individual from charges of libel, slander, or inciting panic by yelling “Fire!” in a crowded theater; our privacy expectations quietly give way to security measures, such as searches on our property and persons at airports or eavesdropping on our communications; and even ancestral homes built by the hands of one’s forefathers could be unilaterally seized (and demolished) by the state under eminent domain laws. This is to say that whatever rights we have also imply responsibilities and exist within some particular political system, therefore it is not unreasonable to expect or define certain limits for those rights, especially where they conflict with other rights and obligations.
Maximal freedom is a hallmark of a laissez-faire or minimal state, but a democratic society is not compelled to endorse such a stance, as some political philosophers have suggested (e.g., Nozick, 1974). Nor would reasonable people necessarily want unrestricted freedom anyway, e.g., no restrictions or background checks for gun ownership. Even the most liberal democracy today understands the value of regulations as a way to enhance our freedom. For instance, our economic system is not truly a “free market”: though we may advocate freedom in general, regulations exist not only to protect our rights, but also to create an orderly process that greases the economic wheel, accelerating both innovations and transactions. As a simpler example, by imposing laws on traffic, we can actually increase our freedom: by driving forward on only one side of the road, for instance, we can be (more) assured that we will not be a victim of a head-on collision, which makes driving faster a more sensible proposition.
There is another sense, related to free will, in which cognitive enhancements may be infringing: if an enhancement, such as a mood-altering drug or neural implant, interferes or alters our deliberative process, then it is an open question whether or not we are truly acting freely while under the influence of the enhancement. For instance, a “citizen chip” embedded in the brain might cause us to be unswervingly patriotic and hold different values than we would otherwise have. Further, external pressure by or from peers, employers, competitors, national security, and others also may unduly influence one’s decision making. (Guston, Parsi, and Tosi, 2007.)
5.2 Health & Safety
To justify restrictions on our freedom and autonomy, of course, we would need strong, compelling reasons to offset that prima facie harm; specifically, we need to identify conflicting values that ought to be factored into our policymaking. One possible reason is that human enhancement technologies may pose a health risk to the person operated upon, similar to illegal or unprescribed steroids use by athletes: given how precious little we still know about how our brains and other biological systems work, any tinkering with those systems would likely give rise to unintended effects, from mild to most serious (President’s Council on Bioethics, 2003). Even drinking pure water—perhaps the safest thing we can do to our own bodies—may have some harms. For example, maybe we become dependent on fluoridated water to prevent tooth decay or drink too much water which dilutes sodium in the body to dangerously-low or fatal levels. Or consider that many of the foods we eat everyday are suspected to have some causal connection to disease or unwanted conditions. It is therefore quite likely that making radical changes to our bodies undoubtedly will have surprising side-effects.
Is this reason enough to restrict human enhancement technologies, for the sake of protecting the would-be patient? The answer is not clear. Even if such technologies prove to be so dangerous or risky that we strongly believe we need to protect individuals from their own decisions to use those technologies (through paternalistic regulations), the well-informed individual might circumvent this issue by freely and knowingly consenting to those risks, thereby removing this reason for restricted use.
But even this case does not solve the conflict between freedom/autonomy and health/safety. First, it is not always clear whether a person’s consent is sufficiently informed or not. For instance, consider a partygoer who may have heard that smoking cigarettes can be addictive and harmful but nonetheless begins to smoke anyway; this seems to be a less-informed decision than one made by a person with a parent whose smoking caused a specific and horrible illness (and associated expenses). Furthermore, the partygoer may be unduly influenced by peers or movies that glamorize smoking. So paternalistic regulations could be justified under some circumstances; e.g., where risks are not adequately communicated or understood, for children, and so on.
Second, the assumption that a procedure to implant some human enhancement technology may affect the health and safety of only that patient appears to be much too generous. Indeed, it is rare to find any human activity that has absolutely no impact on other persons, either directly or indirectly, such that our own freedom or autonomy is the only value at stake and clearly should be protected. For instance, opponents to regulating such activities as gambling, recreational drugs (including smoking tobacco), prostitution, segregation, and so forth commonly cite the need to protect their freedom or rights as the primary objection to those regulations. Yet, this objection ignores the opposing argument, which is that such activities may harm other persons, either actually or statistically.
To look at just one of many examples, at first glance, unfettered gambling seems to affect only the gambler (it is his money to win or lose, so the argument goes); but a broader analysis would point out that many gamblers have families whose bank accounts are being risked and that desperate gamblers may commit crimes to finance their addiction, never mind harms to the out-of-control gambler himself. Even marijuana use, which in many cases may be justified and allegedly harms no one, might be traced back to dangerous cartels that terrorize or bully the local population. Furthermore, irresponsible use of the drug could cause accidents or the user to neglect his or her obligations, family, etc. Notice here that we are not arguing that activities such as gambling and recreational drug use should be completely banned, but only that some measure of oversight seems to be appropriate for the sake of others, if not also for the welfare of the individual.
Relating back to the human enhancement debate, it seems premature to say that only the would-be enhanced person assumes any risk, even if the procedure does not affect his or her germline (i.e., cannot be passed on to the next generation). The harm or risk to others could also be indirect: Where steroids use by athletes sets the presumably-wrong example for children whose bodies and minds are still developing, we can anticipate a similar temptation to be created with human enhancement technologies among children. Even parents may feel pressure—or even an obligation—to enhance their children, which arises from the natural desire to want the best for our children or, in this case, make them the best they can be.
Third, even if the harm that arises from any given instance of human enhancement is so small to be practically negligible, the individual choices to enhance oneself can lead to aggregate harms that are much larger and substantial. For instance, in today’s environmental debate, calls are increasing to limit activities from lawn care or drinking bottled water: on one hand, the amount of extra water needed to keep one’s lawn green seems small, as is also the amount of fertilizer or pesticide that might leach into the groundwater, but the cumulative effect of millions of homeowners caring for a pristine patch of grass can be disastrous for a nation’s water supply and health.
Likewise, as human enhancement technologies improve and are adopted by more people, the once-negligible harms that arise from individual cases may metastasize into very real harms to large segments of society (Parfit, 1986). Life extension, as one case, may appear to be a great benefit for the individual, but on an aggregate scale, it could put pressure or burdens on families, retirement programs, overpopulation, and so on; we will return to this below.
5.3 Fairness & Equity
Even if we can understand why there would be pressure to enhance one’s self or children, it is important to note the following: advantages gained by enhanced persons also imply a relative disadvantage for the unenhanced, whether in sports, employment opportunities, academic performance, or any other area. That is to say, fairness is another value to consider in the debate. A related worry is that the wealthy would be the first adopters of human enhancement technologies, given that they can best afford such innovations (like LASIK eye surgery), thus creating an even wider gap between the haves and the have-nots (McKibben, 2004).
In considering the issue of fairness, we need to be careful to not conflate it with equity. Under most economic theories, fairness does not require that we need to close the gap entirely between economic classes, even when justice is defined as fairness (Rawls, 1971; for an application of Rawls to enhancement, see Allhoff, 2005). Indeed, there are good reasons to think that we want some gap to exist, for example, to provide incentives for innovations, in order to move up the economic ladder, and to allow flexibility in a workforce to fill vacancies and perform a wide range of tasks. At least some competition seems to be desirable, especially when resources to be allocated are limited or scarce and when compared to the historically-unsuccessful alternative of the state attempting to equalize the welfare of its citizens.
Thus, inequality itself is not so much the point, though any poverty or decline in welfare related to increased inequality may be a serious concern. We do not want people to stop striving to improve their own lives, even if the situation for others is not improved at the same time or ever. And natural advantages and inequities already exist unproblematically anyway; Hobbes recognized that these organic differences did not give any individual or group of individuals so much net advantage that they would be invulnerable to the “nasty, brutish, and short” conditions that mark human life (Hobbes, 1651).
Yet if human enhancement technologies develop as predicted, they can afford us a tremendous advantage in life; e.g., over others in a competition for resources, so much so that it overstretches the natural range of equality to the point where inequality becomes a more salient issue. This is where the gap between enhanced and unenhanced persons may be too wide to bridge, making the latter into dinosaurs in a hypercompetitive world. If we assume that the benefits of being an enhanced person must be largely paid from the welfare of others, e.g., a job-gain by one person is a job-loss by another, since the others are now at a relative disadvantage, this may impoverish the unenhanced, which would limit their access to such things as healthcare, legal representation, political influence, and so on.
Related to the notion of equity is that of fairness. Even if pronounced inequality is morally permissible, there is still a question of how an individual accesses or affords a human enhancement technology, which may be unfair or unacceptably magnify the inequality. If the distribution of or access to enhancement technologies is not obviously unfair, e.g., illegally discriminatory, then perhaps we can justify the resulting inequities. But what would count as a fair distribution of those technologies? A scheme based on need or productivity or any other single dimension would be easily defeated by the standard arguments that they overlook other relevant dimensions (Rescher, 1980). Even if a market system is considered to be fair or an acceptable approximation of it—which is highly contestable, especially after a fresh round of job layoffs and mortgage defaults—many still object to the unfairness of our starting points, which may date back to monarchies, aristocracies, “robber barons” (recall the saying that behind every great fortune there is a great crime), bad luck and other arbitrary circumstances (de Balzac, 1835). And even if the starting points were fair, the subsequent market processes would need to be fair in order for the results (e.g., that only the wealthy can afford human enhancement technologies, who then gain significant advantages over the unenhanced) to be declared fair (Nozick, 1974).
Fairness and equality are not just theoretical values, but they have practical effects. Gross inequality itself, whether fair or not, can motivate the worse-off masses to revolt against a state or system. But societal disruption need not be so extreme to be taken seriously. Entire institutions today—as well as the lack thereof—are based on a specific range of abilities and rough equality of natural assets. Sports, for instance, would change dramatically, if enhanced persons are permitted to compete to the clear disadvantage to unenhanced athletes, smashing their previous records. (This is not to say that sports should ban enhanced competitors, only that doing so would have a real, significant effect on careers and expend valuable resources to adjust sporting programs and contests; and in the end, it is not clear that sports is better off for its trouble or that which it has caused.)
Other institutions and systems include economic (jobs), privacy, communications, pensions, security, and many other areas of society. For instance, if life-extension technologies can increase our average lifespan by 20 years (let alone the 100+ years predicted by some futurists (Kurzweil, 2005; de Grey, 2007), and assuming that the extra 20 years will be a good life, not one bogged down with illness and unproductivity that afflict many elderly today), then we would need to radically adjust retirement programs: do we move the retirement age to 85, which has negative consequences for job-seekers such as new tenure-track academic faculty, or increase contributions to pension plans, which puts pressure on household budgets and employers? Or both? Also, assuming birth rates do not decline (which causes problems of its own), longer lives will mean more pressure on resources such as energy and food, in addition to jobs, so this could disrupt society in negative ways.
Looking more into the distance, if enhancement technologies enable us to adapt our bodies to, say, underwater living (with implantable gills, flippers, echolocation, new skin, etc.), then we would need to construct new institutions to govern that lifestyle, from underwater real estate to pollution rules to law enforcement to handling electronic devices to currency (replacing paper money of non-waterworlds). Or if this sounds too far-fetched, consider humanity’s rush into outer space that will require similar attention to be paid to such issues in the near future (Lin, 2006).
Other nearer-term scenarios that may cause social disruption include: a job candidate with a neural implant that enables better data retention and faster information processing would consistently beat out unenhanced candidates; a person with super-human hearing or sight could circumvent existing privacy protections and expectations by easily and undetectably eavesdropping or spying on others; more students (and professors) using Ritalin may grab admission or tenure at all the best universities, reducing those opportunities for others; and so on.
So societal disruption is a non-trivial concern and seems to be something we want to mitigate where we can, though this does not imply that we should resist change in general. Minimizing disruption might be achieve by transitioning laid-off workers immediately to a new job or job-training program, rather than allowing the layoffs to come unexpectedly which leaves the newly-unemployed with few options but to fend for themselves. Today, without this kind of preparation, we trust that these social and economic disruptions eventually will be handled, but there is still a real cost to those affected by layoff that could have been better mitigated. The typewriter industry, as an example, was blindsided by the fast-growing word-processing industry in the 1980s, leading to the displacement of thousands of workers, both on the manufacturing and the end-users’ sides. (Similar situations exist for the spreadsheet industry that displaced countless accountants and bookkeepers, the computer-aided design industry that displaced graphic artists, and so on.)
But, unless it will be clearly and seriously harmful, social disruption by itself does not seem enough to count as a strong reason against regulating enhancement technologies. After all, we do not wish that typewriters were never replaced with word-processing programs, though we hope the affected employees readily found gainful jobs elsewhere. Human enhancement technologies, likewise, do not necessarily need to be halted or regulated, but it seems more prudent and responsible to anticipate and prepare for any disruptive effects.
To be clear, there presumably will be benefits to society from enhanced persons. We can expect greater productivity or more creative and intellectual breakthroughs, which is why individuals would want to be enhanced in the first place. But what remains difficult to calculate is whether these gains outweigh the costs or risks, or even the likelihood of either gains or costs—which is needed if we do find it sensible to use a precautionary principle to guide our policymaking.
5.5 Human Dignity
The fiercest resistance to human enhancement technologies is perhaps a concern about their effect on “human dignity” and what it means to be human (President’s Council on Bioethics, 2003; Sandel, 2007). For instance, does the desire for enhancement show ingratitude for what we have and (further) enable an attitude of unquenchable dissatisfaction with one’s life? Some researchers suggest that discontent is hardwired into the genetic makeup of humans (Hill, 2006; Woodall, 2007), which is why we constantly innovate, strive to achieve and gain more, etc. However, even if this is true, it does not seem to be so much an argument to promote human enhancement technologies, but more a worry that those technologies are not the panacea or Holy Grail of happiness we might believe them to be; that is, we will still be dissatisfied with ourselves no matter how much we enhance ourselves (unless, of course, we somehow eradicate that part of our DNA that causes discontent).
Would human enhancement technologies hinder moral development? Many believe that “soul-making” is impossible without struggle (Hick, 1966), and achievements ring hollow without sacrifice or effort (President’s Council on Bioethics, 2003); so if technology makes life and competitions easier, then we may lose opportunities to feed and grow our moral character. On the other hand, compare our lives today with pre-Internet days: increased connectivity to friends, work, information, etc. is often a double-edged proposition that also increases stress and decreases free time. This, then, raises the related concern of whether enhancement technologies will actually make our lives happier. (If the research mentioned above about discontent in our genes is accurate, then we might have a psychobiological reason to think not.)
Is the frailty of the human condition necessary to best appreciate life? There is something romantic about the notion of being mortal and fallible. But with existing pharmacology, we could eliminate the emotion of sadness today, and work is continuing on drugs that repress memories; but it is not clear that sadness (at least in the normal range, as opposed to clinical depression) is a “pathology” we should want to eliminate, rather than a human experience that we should preserve (President’s Council on Bioethics, 2003). Other critics have suggested that life could be too long, leading to boredom after one’s life-goals are achieved (e.g., Williams, 1973).
Finally, we will mention here the related, persistent concern that we are playing God with world-changing technologies, which is presumably bad (Peters, 2007). But what exactly counts as “playing God”, and why is that morally wrong; i.e., where exactly is the proscription in religious scripture? If we define the concept as manipulating nature, then we all have been guilty of that since the first man picked up a stick. Making life-and-death decisions is a plausible candidate as a definition, but then physicians as well as soldiers (even in holy wars?) could be accused of this charge.
6. Restricting Human
Given the preceding discussion, it should be clear that human enhancement is more than just about the individual’s freedom or autonomy, but there are plausibly negative consequences on others and society that need to be considered. Or at least an argument needs to be made that freedom/autonomy trumps all other values, but such a position seems unnecessarily dogmatic. These issues point to the policy dilemma of whether we should have regulations or restrictions on human enhancement technologies, so to prevent or mitigate some of the negative impacts considered. Three answers suggest themselves: (1) no restrictions, (2) some restrictions, or (3) a moratorium or full ban.
A moratorium seems unrealistic to the extent that a worldwide one would be needed to truly stem the use of human enhancement technologies, and that no worldwide moratorium on anything has yet to work, including on (alleged) attempts to clone a human being. A local moratorium would send patients to “back-alley” enhancement clinics or to more liberal regions of the world, as is the case with “cosmetic-surgery vacations” in which those medical procedures are less expensive in other nations. Further, a ban on enhancement research seems to be much too premature—an overreaction to perceived, future risks—as well as a real threat to therapy-related research today.
On the other side of the spectrum, the idea of having no restrictions on human enhancement technologies seems to be reckless or at least unjustifiably optimistic, given that there are plausible risks. As pointed out earlier, complete freedom or autonomy may be a recipe for disaster and chaos in any case; we do not want to grant the right to yell “Fire!” in a crowded venue or the right for dangerous felons to own firearms.
So what about finding middle ground with some non-Draconian regulations? Critics have argued that any regulation would be imperfect and likely ineffectual, much like laws against contraband or prostitution (Naam, 2005); but it is not clear that eliminating these laws would improve the situation, all things considered. Also, as a society, we still believe we ought to at least try to solve social ills, even if we cannot ultimately fix the entire problem, e.g., we cannot stop any given crime from ever occurring again, yet we still have laws against such acts. And even if there are practical reasons to not pursue regulations, would that send the wrong message; e.g., to children, that we countenance or support enhancement without reservations?
The issue of regulation will surely not be settled here, nor do we intend it to. Yet it is important to keep in mind that the human enhancement debate is not just a theoretical discussion about ethics, but it has bearing on the real world with policy decisions that may affect not just the would-be enhanced, but also researchers, manufacturers, social institutions, as well as our ideals of freedom and human dignity.
7. A Symposium on Nanotechnology & Human Enhancement
In the interest of exploring the above issues and others, we have put together five papers in the following symposium. These papers each take different perspectives on the enhancement debate, though all provide valuable contributions to it. The first paper is “Nanotechnology: Considering the Complex Ethical, Legal, and Societal Issues with the Parameters of Human Performance” by Linda MacDonald Glenn (Alden March Bioethics Institute/Albany Medical Center; University of Vermont College of Nursing) and Jeanann S. Boyce (Montgomery College), provides more background and further examination of the many strands in the nanotechnology and human enhancement debate, particularly their link to relevant legal decisions and opinions.
Continuing the theme in law, the second paper, “Enhancing Justice?” by Tamara Garcia and Ronald Sandler (both of Northeastern University), begins to narrow our inquiry on the central issue of social justice, specifically asking whether human enhancement technologies would likely be justice-impairing or justice-promoting. They conclude that the associated challenges to social justice challenges cannot be remedied by technological design and innovation alone; rather, we must also address problematic features of social, political, and economic practices, policies, and institutions.
Our third paper, “Nanotechnology, Enhancement, and Human Nature” by Nicole Hassoun (Carnegie Mellon University), looks at another important, foundational issue: the relationship between humans and the natural world. Offering a more holistic discussion, it considers the possibility that human enhancement technologies may change, or even eliminate, the species Homo sapiens. The discussion draws from environmental ethics literature on the value of preserving species in asking whether such enhancing technologies are morally permissible or not.
Our fourth paper, “The Opposite of Human Enhancement: Nanotechnology and the Blind Chicken Problem” by Paul Thompson (Michigan State University), takes a novel, darker approach to the debate: It looks at the issue of dis-enhancing non-human animals, as is currently done for food production, to inform closely-related issues with engineering humans. This discussion sets the stage for not only deliberately handicapping bodies but also weaponizing or modifying them for someone else’s ends (American Association for the Advancement of Science, 2006).
Our fifth and final paper, “Ethics, Speculation, and Values” by Rebecca Roache (Oxford University), appropriately closes this symposium by responding to an important meta-question hanging over the entire debate: Are we squandering too much time in the human enhancement debate—at the expense of addressing more urgent, near-term issues with our limited research resources in ethics—on issues and scenarios that may or may not arise in the future? She makes the case that we are justified in our investigations, that human enhancement is a valuable area of inquiry.
Taken together, our aim is to provide a sense of how complex the human enhancement controversy is—from particular issues to justifying the entire debate itself—as well as the essential role nanotechnology will play here. These papers are not meant to cover the full range of issues, but they help illuminate key areas as well as offer perspectives not often heard in the debate.
Thank you, reader, for your interest in this escalating debate in science and society. We would like to also thank the US National Science Foundation for its generous support, under grant numbers 0620694 and 0621021. (Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation.) We also thank John Weckert, editor of NanoEthics journal, as well as the authors of the papers that follow. Finally, we thank Marcus Adams for his editing assistance.
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For an overview of ethical and social issues beyond nanotechnology’s
role in human enhancement, see Lin 2007a, 2008; Allhoff et al.,
We recognize that some advocates of human enhancement argue against
making such a distinction (e.g., Bostrom and Roache, 2008), which seems
to serve to more easily justify unrestricted human enhancement; even if
this position is tenable, we do not want to take that point for granted
here, which we will discuss below.
However, if the military were to prescribe such medications prior to combat, then one could make the case for counting that as an enhancement; but this may take us full circle back to the vaccination question, particularly as soldiers are routinely vaccinated against bio-threats such as anthrax.
Perhaps even the right to be happy may be inappropriately exercised, say, at a funeral?
For more about the general debate on regulation in nanotechnology, see Lin, 2007b.
Copyright 2003-2008 © The Nanoethics Group
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Behind every LCD screen, there are metal components that require high-quality UV exposure in order for the television or iPhone displays to work more efficiently.
Higher quality metals used in LCDs produce faster pixels, which results in better quality devices.
“We’re looking at elements that are more commonly available and affordable like tin, zinc and aluminum,” said Shawn Decker, a Ph.D. candidate in the department of chemistry and a member of the Center for Sustainable Materials Chemistry. “Our goal is to discover ways to process these materials in more sustainable and less energy-consuming ways.”
Traditionally the materials that go into making electronic devices have been processed using various types of vacuum chambers, which takes a lot of energy, according to Decker. This process is of concern to Decker and his colleagues because it is inefficient and wasteful.
Recognizing the vital need to lessen the energy that goes into the production of these materials, the CSMC’s research is looking at cutting down the waste of materials and energy by focusing on more environmentally friendly compounds and solvents.
For this reason, one of the main solvents being used within the laboratory research is water.
The CSMC is a Phase-II Center for Chemical Innovation and is sponsored by the National Science Foundation. It is the brainchild of Doug Keszler, a distinguished professor in the department of chemistry at OSU and the current director of the center.
Maintaining a strong emphasis on research collaboration, the CSMC brings together university, industry and community partners.
There are six university collaborators involved with furthering research discovery within the CSMC: Oregon State University, University of Oregon, Washington University in St Louis, Rutgers University, UC Davis and UC Berkeley. Hewlett Packard, IBM and Intel are a few of the CSMC’s industry partners.
The CSMC is comprised of researchers from various disciplines including inorganic and computational chemists, mechanical engineers, material science specialists, physicists and electrical engineers.
The industry strives to make displays on electronic devices, like the iPhone or the flat screen television, thinner and thinner.
The overarching goal for CSMC researchers and its industry partners is to produce materials that will in turn shrink the electrical components and all of the parts that go into making these displays.
“These devices can take up less space and be nice and flush against your living-room wall or fit better in your coat pocket,” Decker said.
The center is working with different metals that are low-cost and reusable, so the energy it takes to produce these new materials is reduced.
Sumit Saha, a synthetic chemist, joined the CSMC this past fall as a postdoctoral research scholar.
Saha is focused on cultivating some of these new materials by working specifically with organometallic compounds, which are organic and inorganic metals combined.
This combination of the old technology (organic materials only) with the new (inorganic materials) is a bridge toward becoming more sustainable in the industry.
The opportunity to see how the CSMC’s research performs outside of the lab on the larger scale within industry is important for the researchers in order to recognize what the full potential and benefits are for society, according to Saha.
“It is a great center to work … to commercialize (students’ and faculty’s) research with the potential of starting up a new company,” Saha said. “Researchers need to share our science with the community in order to see if its going to be applicable or not.”
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Dandelions – The dandelion is a perennial, herbaceous plant with long, lance-shaped leaves. They’re so deeply toothed, they gave the plant its name in Old French: Dent-de-lion means lion’s tooth in Old French.
They grow individually on hollow flower stalks 2 to 18″ tall. Each yellow flower head consists of hundreds of tiny ray flowers. Unlike other composites, there are no disk flowers.
The flower head can change into the familiar, white, globular seed head overnight. Each seed has a tiny parachute, to spread far and wide in the wind. The thick, brittle, beige, branching taproot grows up to 10″ long. All parts of this plant exude a white milky sap when broken.
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After several months of searching for a project to coincide with our participation with the AMFS Show in Feb 2020 we’ve made a decision on a project. June 24th the Board of Directors announced approval for funding the preservation of 2 unique items at the South Carolina Relic Room and Museum. Both are pieces of headgear and both important in interpreting South Carolina history.
The first artifact is an 18thc. Militia Bicorne owned by James Willis Canty.
James Willis Cantey was born in Camden, South Carolina in 1794. He was involved in the Creek War (1813-1814) as sergeant of Freeman’s Squadron Company commanded by Capt. John Irwin. He was commended for his gallantry at the time of his discharge. Cantey continued to demonstrate strong leadership and service to the state of South Carolina throughout his life. In 1821, he became sheriff of Kershaw District. In 1833, he was elected Brigadier-General, and a decade later he became Adjutant and Inspector General of South Carolina. He represented Kershaw in the State Legislature from 1846-1848. When he died in 1860, his obituaries noted that he was “a highly accomplished officer” and “much esteemed for his social qualities.”
James W. Cantey’s bicorn militia hat was donated to the SC Confederate Relic Room and Military Museum in 1967 by his grandson, Major Edward B. Cantey who served honorably in World War I. Embroidered on the hat is a motto of South Carolina, “Animis Opibusque Parati” (“Prepared in Mind and Resources”). z
The second item and, I think very unique, is a hand made Marsh Grass hat belonging to General Johnson Hagood.
About Johnson Hagood
Johnson Hagood was raised in Barnwell District, and he graduated from the Citadel in 1847. He studied law and admitted to the bar in 1850. Part of the state militia before the war, he was elected colonel of the First regiment and aided in the reduction of Fort Sumter. He was then sent to Virginia and participated in 1st Manassas (July 1861). Soon after he was sent back to SC and served in various operations around Charleston, including the battle of Secessionville, (June 1862). He was then promoted to brigadier-general. He remained in the Charleston area until May 1864 and then was ordered back to Virginia. Here his brigade fought in some of the most intense battles of the spring including Walthall Junction and Drury Bluff in May 1864. In June his brigade fought at Cold Harbor and then became part of the force defending Petersburg. During the long siege his unit served in the trenches for 67 straight days and played critical roles in holding the line against large Federal attacks. In December 1864 his unit was sent to Fort Fisher to help defend Wilmington, NC. After its fall Hagood’s force participated in the battles of Kinston and Bentonville before surrendering with the remains of his brigade of 500 (whose strength in May 1864 was 2,300).
After the war he was involved in throwing out the Reconstruction government in 1876 and became elected Comptroller-general. In 1880 he was elected governor of South Carolina. ffffffffff
A soldier of Hagood’s Brigade presented this marsh grass hat to Brigadier General Johnson Hagood when they were stationed on James Island in 1862 around the time of the Battle of Secessionville. The hat first appears in the ledgers of the SC Confederate Relic Room and Military Museum under the heading “Relics secretly given to the Relic Room” in 1937.
SCCRRMM displayed the hat on permanent exhibit for years until it was clear the hat had become unstable. Each time the hat is moved, silk fragments fall off. The layer of grime on the hat needs to be cleaned since acids in the dirt will eat away at the lining and silk. Attention from conservators will allow SCCRRMM to have this hat on display for the first time in over a decade.
We are very excited to again support the South Carolina Relic Room and Museum. We hope to have both of these items on display at the AMFS Show next Feb. I’ll add more info as the project more progress.
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Revision Methods: Audio Tapes
Recording and listening to audio tapes can be a fun and effective way to revise. As long as you have a portable music player and a pair of headphones, you can revise on the go. From walking to school to sitting on the bus; this method will help you to make use of time that might otherwise be wasted. Funnily enough, audio tapes are a particularly useful revision tool for auditory learners!
What Sort of Revision Are Audio Tapes Useful For?Audio tapes tend to be most effective when used for learning a high volume of short pieces of information. You might like to make use of them to learn vocabulary for a foreign language exam, for example. They would also come in handy when committing mathematical formulas to memory, brushing up your knowledge of the periodic table or learning the names of each bone in the body. In short, audio tapes are highly effective in helping you remember facts, statistical information and subject-specific terminology. They are not so useful in helping you to revise arguments or complicated ideas and processes.
Learning a Speech or PresentationIf one of your exams is to be assessed by an oral presentation or a speech, the audio tape might just be your new best friend. Recording a tape on which you repeat your pre-written presentation clearly and slowly will prove invaluable. You should try to listen, listen and listen again to this at every available opportunity. You might even like to try speaking along with the tape. This will help the pattern and the rhythm of the words to sink in, helping you to learn your speech off by heart and to present it in a natural and fluent manner.
Repetition for RevisionIf you are using an audio tape to learn complicated vocabulary or tricky terminology, consider creating a tape with a sizeable gap in between each word. In this pause, you will be able to repeat the work. Speaking each word, as well as hearing it, will ease your task of lodging the relevant facts firmly in your memory. This is particularly useful when learning vocabulary, as it will help you perfect your pronunciation.
Questions and AnswersTo learn facts, statistics and other short snippets of information, try creating a tape in a 'Questions and Answers' style. For example, you might like to record the question, “What percentage of the human brain is make up of water?”. Leave a pause for you to think and say the answer as you listen. After this pause, record the correct answer. Follow this up with another pause in which you could repeat the answer if you got it wrong on your first attempt.
Testing YourselfTapes can also prove an excellent means of testing yourself at times when there is no one else available to help you with your revision. You might like to take the time to record yourself explaining all that you know on a small section of a subject. Afterwards, listen through whilst consulting your notes or revision guide and see what you have left out. This will help you to see which areas you need to devote more revision time to.
With a tape recorder, a few blank tapes, a microphone and a little time, you can create valuable revision aids that you can make use of at just about any time, in just about any place. You might even like to embrace new technologies. Why not use a computer to record your voice and transfer the files to an mp3 player? This revision method requires a little preparation but that preparation time is sure to pay off when it comes to the exam.
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Insights into Editorial: Is AI a danger to humanity?
Insights into Editorial: Is AI a danger to humanity?
What is Artificial Intelligence?
Since the invention of computers, their capability to perform various tasks went on growing exponentially. Their processing speed has increased and size is reduced phenomenally with respect to time. Artificial Intelligence pursues creating the computers as intelligent as humans.
Artificial Intelligence is a way of making a computer or a software think intelligently, in the similar manner the intelligent humans think.
AI is associated with superlative memory, calculative power, decision-making capacity, high speeds of action.
What are some of the applications of AI?
AI plays crucial role in strategic games and it is being used in games such as chess, poker where machine can think of large number of possible positions based on empirical knowledge.
It is possible to interact with the computer that understands natural language spoken by humans. E.g. Sophia is an AI based social humanoid robot.
There are some applications which integrate machine, software, and special information to impart reasoning and advising. E.g. Google search engine.
AI is being used by Doctors as clinical expert system to diagnose the patient.
AI based Robots are able to perform the tasks given by a human. They have sensors to detect physical data from the real world such as light, heat, temperature and movement etc. They are capable of learning from their mistakes and they can adapt to the new environment.
What are the giant leaps in AI?
The rise of AI importance in health and medicine is clearly evident. It was recently reported that heart diseases can be predicted with machine learning.
Health care and medicine become affordable and accessible with AI taking centre stage in telemedicine and quick diagnosis.
Water and energy networks become accessible and widely usable when AI can mediate the use of different sources. AI machines can replace humans to physically go to, and service, remote locations.
AI is in a nascent stage and is being shaped by innovators across the world. There will be many kinds of AI and many kinds of species augmented by AI. It’s important to get more people to participate in the building and shaping of AI.
Inclusive AI will mean that more of society will be able to enjoy its benefits and participate in shaping the future.
What are Strong and weak AI?
We have “weak AI” all around us from translation Apps to facial recognition on social networks.
AI has just become a buzzword for any form of algorithmic decision-making or usage of big data combined with self-improvement. Weak AI builds on mathematical techniques.
Apart from computational power, AI requires numerous amounts of data to learn. This data can either be generated by the machine itself or it has to be provided data.
Strong AI is a type of ‘thinking’ machines‘.
By using AI Google is helping all persons with hearing impairment; by using AI for real-time image recognition, visually impaired persons are provided a chance to have the world in front of them narrated to them.
The beneficial uses of AI cannot be denied. Despite the beneficial uses of AI, scientists and leading thinkers like Stephen Hawking, Nick Bostrom, and Elon Musk warn us about the dangers of AI and the coming technological singularity.
What are the concerns about AI?
AI is an attempt to create super intelligent machines that can do things far better than humans. But the real worry about these technologies is the emphasis on intelligence rather than other characteristics of human beings.
AI has not been used to get rid of poverty, to have more equitable distribution of wealth, or to make people more content with what they have.
The types of AI we have, including war machines, will primarily be dictated by profit for the companies that make them.
Being human is about living with others and learning to live within our limitations. Vulnerability, decay and death characterise any living form. Super intelligent AI machines may harm this balance.
These thinking machines may know how to manipulate humans to the extent that humans will not be able to see their negative effects.
All technologies come with a cost (not just economic but also social and psychological) and we have very little idea of the cost that AI will extract from us.
What is the need of the hour?
Ethical norms regarding uses of AI and our ability to regulate them in an intelligent and beneficial manner should keep pace with the fast changing technological capabilities.
That is why we need AI researchers to actively involve ethicists in their work.
Some of the world’s largest companies like Baidu, Google, Alibaba, Facebook, Tencent, Amazon, Microsoft are cornering the market for AI researchers. They also need to employ ethicists.
Additionally, regulators across the world need to be working closely with these academics and citizens’ groups to put brakes on both the harmful uses and effects of AI.
For governments to regulate, we need to have clear theories of harms and trade-offs, and that is where researchers really need to make their mark felt: by engaging in public discourse and debate on what AI ethics and regulation should look like.
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As the days get shorter, we all start complaining about how early the sun sets. One thing that we started doing at the office is counting down the days until we hit the winter solstice, when the days start getting longer (December 21). Somehow it helps. So, by my calendar on the wall here as I’m writing this, we have 41 days to go. Hang in there.
Health Alert: No Proof Vitamin D Prevents Development of Type 2 Diabetes.
Previous research has suggested that high levels of vitamin D may protect individuals from developing type 2 diabetes; however, a new study has found no evidence that high levels of vitamin D can prevent type 2 diabetes and that the only proven way to prevent type 2 diabetes is through a combination of diet and exercise. Study author Dr. Nita Forouhi writes, “Our findings suggest that interventions to reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes by increasing concentrations of vitamin D are not currently justified. Observational studies that show a strong and consistent higher risk of type 2 diabetes with lower levels of vitamin D may do so because they have thus far not been able to adequately control for distorting or confounding factors, such as physical activity levels.”
The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology, September 2014
Diet: Organic Foods May Offer Greater Health & Safety.
A survey of prior research concludes that organically grown foods are about 48% lower in cadmium than conventionally grown foods. Cadmium is a heavy metal that has become a major cause of vascular disorders, common cancers, osteoporosis, kidney disease, and can damage the reproductive and neurological systems. Researcher Dr. James J. DiNicolantonio adds, “For years, nutritionists and consumers have struggled with the question, ‘is organic really better?’… What analysis of this research reveals is that, due to the serious health impacts of cadmium exposure and the markedly lower levels of [cadmium] in organically grown foods, the long-term consumption of such foods is likely to be notably protective with respect to a wide range of common pathologies.”
British Journal of Nutrition, September 2014
Exercise: Exercise Less Daunting When Focused on Target.
Physiology researchers have found that having your ‘eye on the prize’ makes exercise less of a chore. They found that when walking, individuals who stay focused on a specific target ahead of them feel the distance is shorter and they walk faster towards it. Researcher Dr. Shana Cole writes, “Interventions that train people to keep their ‘eyes on the prize’ may play an important role in health and fitness. When goals appear within reach, and when people move faster and experience exercise as easier, they may be especially motivated to continue exercising. Given the alarming obesity epidemic in America, strategies that encourage or improve exercise may be particularly important for aiding the nationwide effort to combat obesity and promote healthier living.”
Motivation and Emotion, October 2014
Chiropractic: Joint Stiffness Associated with Higher Risk for Disability in Older Population.
Using data provided by 680 seniors (age > 70 years) regarding mobility limitations and joint stiffness upon waking, researchers say that morning joint stiffness more than one body site is associated with a 64% greater risk developing new or worsening mobility problems over the following 18 months. The authors of the study recommend that doctors discuss strategies for improving joint mobility with their patients to prevent or slow the progression of age-related disability.
Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, October 2014
Wellness/Prevention: Living Close to a Highway May Raise Your Blood Pressure.
If you have high blood pressure and you live close to a major highway, you may want to move. According to a new report, participants in a study who lived within 109 yards (~100 meters) of a busy road had a 22% higher risk for developing high blood pressure compared with those who lived at least a half a mile away (~.8 km). Further research is needed to determine if reducing exposure to traffic noise and traffic-related air pollution can reduce a nearby resident’s risk of high blood pressure.
Journal of the American Heart Association, October 2014
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The essays in this section explore Anishinaabemowin language texts in Huron’s Rare Book Collection. The first essay is about Missionary Wilson’s Manual on the Ojibway language. It provides background on the manual and on Wilson’s life through discussing his career and goals, while critiquing his work and placing it within its larger context. The second essay argues that religious syncretism, the blending of traditional Indigenous beliefs and practices with Christian teachings, persisted with the conversion of Indigenous peoples to Christianity. Similarly, the third essay focuses on Ojibway-Anglican Missionary Jacob’s hymnbook as a specific example of religious syncretism. The fourth essay discusses Ojibway-Methodist Missionary Jones’s collection of hymns, asserting that alphabetic literacy was used by Europeans to transform Ojibway society, while also being embraced by the Ojibway to preserve their culture.
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Plea bargaining is not a creature of law: it's one of legal practice. Therefore, state laws don't create the right to plea bargain, nor do they prohibit it, with one exception. In 1975, Alaska's attorney general at the time, Avrum Gross, banned plea bargaining. Although the ban remains officially "in the books," charge bargaining has become fairly common in most of Alaska's courts. Nonetheless, Alaska hasn't suffered the unmanageable caseloads or backlogged trials that were predicted when the ban went into effect.
Even today, however, this ban reflects serious concerns regarding plea bargains, addressing entirely different kinds of potentially negative outcomes. If you've been charged with a crime and are considering plea bargaining, state provisions will determine what's allowed.
No Justice For The Accused
One common complaint with plea bargaining relates to the trial as a mechanism for justice. More than 90 percent of criminal cases are disposed of with a plea bargain in many jurisdictions. Critics feel that many innocent parties are accepting plea bargains in order to avoid the expense, stress, and risk of trial. If this is true it represents a terrible loss of confidence in the criminal justice system and suggests that only the wealthy can afford the cost and risk of pursuing their rights vigorously.
Plea bargains place more power in the hands of prosecutors, whose exercise of discretion receives less oversight than that of judges, which increases the risk that similarly situated parties may face very different outcomes for the same crime. This also undermines the fairness of the judicial system. Particularly liberal jurisdictions may limit the availability of plea bargains.
No Justice For Victims
A much different complaint with plea bargaining is focused on the fact that plea bargains, by their nature, are typically less severe than the potential punishment an individual would face if they went to trial. Additionally, critics feel that the commonness of plea bargains eliminate the opportunity for victims to confront the criminal that has wronged them. Also, there is the concern that the legitimacy and fairness of the criminal justice system is placed at risk by the high frequency of plea bargaining. States seeking a "tough on crime" posture may limit the availability of plea bargains.
On the other hand, courts tend to favor plea bargaining. Overloaded dockets, underfunded courtrooms, and the specter of appeals all create incentives for courts to accept and even encourage plea bargaining. A plea bargain ensures that a case doesn't go to trial, comes off the docket, and consumes no further time or resources for a court. Appeals of plea bargains are infrequent and rarely successful, since, unlike a post-trial appeal, factual issues are rarely raised and a legal decision isn't rendered. As such, a plea bargain is seen as encouraging judicial economy in most states.
Ultimately, conservative groups tend to have been the more aggressive opponents of plea bargaining. In addition to the Alaskan ban there have been calls from then-President Richard Nixon for a nationwide ban, a limited ban by then-Governor Nelson Rockefeller in New York, and a general proliferation of statutes establishing mandatory sentencing for specific crimes.
If plea bargaining appears at all in state statutes, it's generally in the context of being prohibited or restricted for certain matters or types of cases. For example, many states have prohibited plea bargaining in drunk driving cases, sex offender cases, or those involving other crimes that place the public at risk for repeat offenses or general harm.
Another common provision, found in a majority of states, is a requirement that a prosecutor must inform a victim or the victim's survivors of any plea bargaining in a case. In many states, victims' views and comments regarding both plea bargaining and sentencing are factored into the ultimate decisions or determinations. At least one state (Alabama) has expressly ruled that once a plea bargain is accepted, or there's detrimental reliance upon the agreement before the plea is entered, it becomes binding and enforceable under constitutional law.
Get Help With Your Plea Bargain From a Criminal Defense Attorney
When considering plea bargaining, state practices and the position of prosecutors will figure prominently. No matter what criminal matter you're facing, only an expert criminal defense attorney can be relied on to negotiate the best possible plea agreement for you. So if you've been charged with a crime, you should immediately get in touch with a criminal defense attorney near you.
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INDEPENDENCE OF MAINE
Portland, March 21 Thursday last witnessed the birth of a new State, and ushered MAINE into the Union. The day was noticed, as far as we have heard from the various towns, by every demonstration of joy and heart-felt congratulation, becoming the occasion. In this town salutes were fired in the morning, at noon, and at sunset the independent companies were under arms, and appeared in their usual style of military excellence the ships in our harbour displayed their flags the Observatory and adjacent buildings were brilliantly illuminated in the evening, and the celebration closed with a splendid ball. Gen. King, President of the Convention and acting Governor of the State, was in town making some necessary arrangements for the new government, and honored the company at the ball with his presence for a short time in the evening. He left this town on Friday and was met at Brunswick by a large number of military officers mounted, together with a detachment of cavalry, and escorted to his seat in Bath.
Union Hall, in which the ball was held, was filled to overflowing with all that Portland can produce of elegance and fashion and beauty; its walls were decorated with national and military colors, tastefully festooned, giving a rich appearance to the room, and filling the soul with enthusiasm and patriotic feeling. In front of the orchestra, our national armorial, an eagle, lately killed in this neighborhood, spread his capacious wings, bearing on his breast a brilliant star, [signifying] the addition now made to our national constellation.
May the day, which has so auspiciously commenced our political existence as a State, long be remembered with complacent feelings, and every annual return bring with it, by the many blessings it may produce, additional inducements for its celebration.
New England Chronicle, March 21, 1820
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Lighting accounts for as much as 10 to 15 percent of the energy used in a typical commercial building. Much of this consumption is unnecessary due to the use of inefficient incandescent bulbs or lights left on in rooms while unoccupied. Available lighting technologies can substantially reduce this energy use without sacrificing comfort or convenience.
Automatic Control for Indoor/Outdoor Lighting:
Activity sensors detect occupancy within a certain area and switch lights off when no movement is detected for a specified period of time. The two types of sensors are ultrasonic and infrared. Ultrasonic sensors detect sound while infrared sensors detect heat and motion.
Outdoor lighting is used by many commercial buildings on a nightly basis for safety, security and aesthetic reasons. Automatic controls such as motion and photo sensors provide the same function while reducing the energy use by as much as 90 percent.
Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFL’s) vs. Incandescent Light Bulbs
CFL’s are energy efficient alternative to incandescent bulbs most commonly used to light our homes and offices today. CFL’s use approximately 66 percent less energy while providing the same amount of illumination. In addition CFL’s last about 10 times longer for added convenience.
- Improved comfort; efficient lighting technologies produce less waste heat and thus improve comfort in cooling dominated climates.
- Lower utility bills; Installing high-efficient lighting in most used fixtures (about 1/3 of all fixtures) in a commercial building will reduce lighting energy consumption by half.
- More convenient; The life spans of fluorescent and compact fluorescent lamps are at least 10 times longer than incandescent light bulbs. This result in fewer annoying burnt out bulbs and subsequent lamp replacements. This is also beneficial in hard to reach places such as stairwells and rooms with high ceilings.
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The United States has the highest salamander diversity in the world
Salamanders are unique amphibians that live both aquatic and terrestrial lifestyles, preferring a moist habitat near or in bodies of water. All amphibians require water to lay their eggs. The United States has the highest salamander diversity in the world, with seven out of the eight families being found abundantly here. The distinguishing characteristic for salamanders versus frogs is the presence of a tail during all stages of salamander life. In frogs, this becomes reduced in adults. Because amphibians rely on metamorphosis for development, many salamanders go through drastic changes to reach adulthood.
Tiger salamander (Ambystoma spp.)
During each of their life stages, salamanders are carnivorous, feeding mostly on small invertebrates. They reproduce externally and internally, like other amphibians, and all must return to the water to lay their eggs. Amphibians serve an important role in ecological communities specifically because of this transitional lifestyle. They are indicator species that help detect pollution, while also serving as a stable level in the food chain of many natural habitats and systems both aquatic and terrestrial.
There are currently more than 500 species recognized as salamanders, 30 percent of which are species native to the U.S. The mole, Amphiuma, and siren salamanders are found no where else in the world, making them endemic to this region. The eastern U.S. specifically has the most salamander diversity in the world, where they live as some of the most biodiverse creatures on the planet. They are found in many habitats, including forests, streams, marshes, caves, and more. Within these habitats, salamanders play a stabilizing role for many other life levels. If they disappeared, so would many other animal and plant species.
Because these transitional creatures have sensitive porous skin, they are one of the most at risk vertebrates for extinction, according to some biologists. Amphibians around the world, including salamanders, are facing rapid declines due to unnatural events like invasive disease, habitat loss, and pollution. The U.S. is a marker for amphibian diversity and there is an imperative need for amphibian preservation.
This article represents the seven out of eight salamander families found in the U.S., including the Cryptobranchidae, Plethodontidae, Ambystomidae, Amphimua, Sirenidae, Salamandridae, and Proteidae species. These herps come in a variety of colors, sizes, and special characteristics that make them some of the most remarkable, at-risk creatures for preservation.
Hellbender Salamander (Cryptobranchidae spp.)
Hellbender salamanders are generally flat and their skin is folded and wrinkled. They breathe by absorbing oxygen through their skin, which is covered in mucus.
There is only one Cryptobranchidae species in the U.S., the hellbender salamander. It is the largest amphibian species in the U.S., growing to be over a foot long as an adult. Like all giant salamanders, they live a fully aquatic lifestyle and the Hellbender resides in mountainous streams in the eastern U.S. within the Great Smoky Mountains. This area is nicknamed the “salamander capital of the world” because of the high salamander diversity here. The hellbender salamander blends in perfectly with the rocky habitat, ranging in brown to greyish colorations to look like a rock. There are only two species of hellbender salamander, both of which rely on water quality to survive. Unlike some other salamanders, they breathe completely through their skin in the water. This means water quality is very important to their lives. Sadly, these amphibians are declining in the wild and their total numbers are unknown. They are currently listed as “near threatened” by the U.S. government, which grants them some protection in their natural ranges. Captive breeding conservation programs seem to be the greatest contribution to saving this species.
Alabama Waterdog (Proteidae spp.)
Five out of six Proteidae species are found in the U.S. They are also known as “mudpuppies” and “waterdogs,” and all species have bushy-like gills that they retain as adults. They are basically fully grown larva. This species specifically is “only found in the Black Warrior River drainage system in Alabama.” They are listed as endangered and also as an “edge” species, which stands for “Evolutionarily Distinct and Globally Endangered.” They are unique and rare within their natural ranges and limited data and research is available.
Marbled Salamander (Ambystomidae spp.)
The marbled salamander has striking black and white coloration with poison glands in their tails to ward off predators.
This medium sized, chubby-bodied salamander is native to the southeast United States and lives a fossorial lifestyle. This group is referred to as the “mole salamanders” which means they spend the majority of their lives underground in the soil. This includes marshes, swamps, and wetlands. They rely on ephemeral, or fishless ponds to reproduce and lay their eggs. The marbled salamander has striking black and white coloration with poison glands in their tails to ward off predators. The mother salamanders stay with their eggs in the ground until rain fills up and fertilizes them. The species is considered common, but their reliance on temporary fishless ponds make them at high risk for climate change and habitat loss. Mole Salamanders are found nowhere else in the world but the U.S.
Jemez Mountain Salamanders (Plethodontidae)
This species is found only in the Jemez Mountains of New Mexico and it lives a completely terrestrial life. This group is referred to as the “lungless salamanders,” where they breathe through their thin skin only. It never relies on standing water for any of its developmental life stages, but like all Salamandridae species, it relies on a moist environment for oxygen exchange through its skin. It has an elongated, thin body with foot webbing to help it move around. The species is rare and endangered, listed under the Endangered Species Act which grants it protection on a federal level. Conservation projects are working to save the species with captive breeding.
Amphiuma Salamanders (Amphiuma)
There are currently three recognized subspecies of Amphiuma salamander.
These species are frequently found after heavy downpours and even hurricanes throughout the southern U.S., including Mississippi, to Florida and up to Virginia. There are currently three recognized subspecies.These large and unique eel-like amphibians live a completely aquatic lifestyle dependent on water quality and preservation. On rainy nights, they can sometimes be found on land outside of their typical fully aquatic, ditch, swamp, and marsh homes. They have also been documented in deeper waters like streams and rivers. They are currently listed as least concern although their population trends are currently not well understood. They are found nowhere else in the world but the United States.
Siren Salamander (Sirenidae)
Siren salamanders are difficult to study because of their elusive lifestyles.
A species of the Florida Everglades, the siren salamander shares a close range with the previously mentioned Amphiuma species, although they are not closely related. Since they share the same habitat along the southeast U.S. with Amphiuma species, they also rely on a fully aquatic lifestyle within marshes, streams, creeks, ditches, rivers, lakes, and swamps. When the water dries out, they burrow in the mud to avoid desiccation with a special mucus-y cocoon they create to protect their skin. Siren salamanders are difficult to study because of their elusive lifestyles, but development, pollution, disease, and habitat loss are some of the main threats the species is facing. They are endemic to the U.S.
Red-Bellied Newt (Salamandridae)
The red bellied newt is born in the water, and develops to live a fully terrestrial lifestyle.
Also known as newts, this vibrant Salamandridae species is found in a limited range within “…coastal woodlands and redwood forest along the coast of northern California.” The species is relatively small and has a potent poisonous defense secretion in their skin. The garter snake is documented having a high resistance to this poison, since they frequently prey on this amphibian species. Members of this family have rough skin opposed to slimy and smooth. The red bellied newt is born in the water, and develops to live a fully terrestrial lifestyle. They then migrate back to the water to reproduce like all amphibians. They are listed as least concern by the IUCN but limited data is known about their population trends. They are protected in California.
Other sources: http://www.herpedia.com/salamanders.html
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What is contaminated land?
Contaminated land is land that contains substances in, on, or under, which are, or can be, harmful to humans or natural water systems.
Many sites throughout the UK and Derby have been contaminated by human activities. Examples include foundries, chemical processing and waste disposal sites.
We are the regulatory authority for human health risks. The Environment Agency is the regulatory authority for risks to controlled waters.
How can I find out if my house has been built on contaminated land?
If your house was constructed after 2000, the planning process should have ensured that the risk of contamination was assessed and dealt with by the developer who built the houses.
Our Planning Pages have details of planning applications submitted within Derby and the information about action taken.
To view a map of our Potentially Contaminated sites, see the Derby maps app and follow these steps.
In the app:
- Click 'Choose an Option'
- Select 'Choose Map Layers' and the 'Map Features' menu will load
- From the 'Map Features' select 'Environment and planning' and then 'Potentially contaminated sites'.
These are identified in green and clicking on the site will give information about that site.
Please note, just because contamination is present on land, it doesn’t necessarily mean there is a problem.
Will contaminated land planning conditions be placed on the land I have bought?
We will advise development control on planning applications and may recommend that a planning condition is attached if it is known, or suspected, to have had a potentially contaminative history.
The proposed use of the land is also an important factor, with residential uses being most significant.
What can I do if contaminated land conditions have been attached to my outline planning permission?
You should appoint a suitably qualified consultant to undertake the required site investigation and interpretation of results to satisfy the conditions placed on the grant of outline planning permission.
For more details refer to A guide to submitting applications for
land that may be contaminated
, Version 4 – March 2010 Produced by the Derbyshire Contaminated Land Sub-Group.
For further information visit an overview of contaminated land and technical guidance
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https://www.derby.gov.uk/environmental-health-licensing-trading-standards/environmental-health/environmental-protection/contaminated-land/
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Even though walking can be sustained for great distances, considerable energy is required for plantarflexion around the instant of opposite leg heel contact. Different groups attempted to reduce metabolic cost with exoskeletons but none could achieve a reduction beyond the level of walking without exoskeleton, possibly because there is no consensus on the optimal actuation timing. The main research question of our study was whether it is possible to obtain a higher reduction in metabolic cost by tuning the actuation timing.
We measured metabolic cost by means of respiratory gas analysis. Test subjects walked with a simple pneumatic exoskeleton that assists plantarflexion with different actuation timings. We found that the exoskeleton can reduce metabolic cost by 0.18±0.06 W kg−1 or 6±2% (standard error of the mean) (p = 0.019) below the cost of walking without exoskeleton if actuation starts just before opposite leg heel contact.
The optimum timing that we found concurs with the prediction from a mathematical model of walking. While the present exoskeleton was not ambulant, measurements of joint kinetics reveal that the required power could be recycled from knee extension deceleration work that occurs naturally during walking. This demonstrates that it is theoretically possible to build future ambulant exoskeletons that reduce metabolic cost, without power supply restrictions.
Malcolm P, Derave W, Galle S, De Clercq D (2013) A Simple Exoskeleton That Assists Plantarflexion Can Reduce the Metabolic Cost of Human Walking. PLoS ONE 8(2): e56137. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0056137
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CC-MAIN-2019-09
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https://digitalcommons.unomaha.edu/biomechanicsarticles/210/
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en
| 0.87141 | 351 | 3.09375 | 3 |
Annie Kenney and Christabel Pankhurst
It wasn’t until 1928 that women claimed the right to vote, and the women of Torquay were at the forefront of that struggle.
During the campaign for voting rights for women, Torquay had two organisations with differing tactics. These were the National Union of Women’s Suffrage Societies and the Women’s Social and Political Union. They were to become known as the Suffragists & the Suffragettes. In 1897 the various suffrage organisations had united into the National Union of Women’s Suffrage Societies, which by 1914 had around 100,000 members.
The NUWSS attempted to convert the public by reasoned argument and through peaceful change. Accordingly, they lobbied politicians, collected petitions and held public meetings – in January 1914 a rally with speakers from all three political parties, titled ‘Why not give women the vote?’, was held at St. Marychurch Town Hall. To convert men to their cause, the NUWSS welcomed male members – in July 1913 Admiral Sir William Acland motored a Torquay contingent to Exeter to join a large demonstration. The town’s Society also organised missionary-like ‘pilgrimages’ to Totnes, Newton Abbot, Teignmouth and Dawlish.
As the NUWSS was supported by a number of prominent members of society – Lady Acland was their Torquay President in 1914 – it was consequently well-funded and able to open offices at 19 Abbey Road.
However, despite reasoned debate, Parliamentary bills for female suffrage were each defeated. One Suffragist, Emmeline Pankhurst, was so frustrated that she founded the breakaway Women’s Social and Political Union in 1903. Their motto was ‘Deeds not Words’, and their tactics became increasingly confrontational. The Daily Mail coined the term ‘Suffragette’ to distinguish these militants from the moderate Suffragists.
The WSPU were very active in Torquay and in March 1911 organised a Torquay Theatre meeting titled ‘Votes for Women’. The main speaker was Annie Kenney, a militant working class Suffragette who had undergone force-feeding in prison. Annie commended, “the splendid fishermen of Brixham who were keen supporters of the women’s cause”. She told her audience: “Some people are inclined to think that an MP is a wonderful man, and that they just bow down to him. Women are not afraid of MPs. I am here to tell you that we women are going to have the vote, and that quickly.”
In July 1912, Christabel Pankhurst launched an arson campaign which targeted the houses of MPs and public buildings. Torquay’s police warned that Suffragettes were planning to burn down holiday accommodation. In response, the Government banned the WSPU’s demonstrations and jailed activists, causing a rapid decline in the Suffragettes’ membership.
In May 1913 another Torquay WSPU meeting was held. The hostile local paper reported that “only a score of women were present to hear Miss Mary Phillips, the Devonshire organiser, who does not mince words in her advocacy of militancy”.
Mary announced that there would have to be “more secret work and they would be more in the position of outlaws”. Also present was the Women’s Tax Resistance League, who refused to pay tax until women received the vote. 220 British women participated in tax resistance – one being a Miss Baker who had her goods seized by the Torquay courts.
In June 1914 local Suffragettes took action. Leaflets inscribed, ’Votes for women or ceaseless militancy’ were dropped into Torquay’s pillar boxes along with ink cartridges designed to damage letters. Local Police began to keep close watch on activists.
The actions of local Suffragettes illustrate their total dedication to the cause. In March 1909 Elsie Howey (pictured above) was appointed to lead Torquay and Paignton’s Suffragettes, and she opened a WSPU shop in Torquay. She quickly achieved national recognition when she headed a demonstration dressed as Joan of Arc. In July she was jailed for disrupting a Penzance meeting and promptly went on hunger strike. On her release she was presented with a travelling clock by Torquay’s Suffragettes. In September Elsie was involved in an assault on Herbert Asquith, and arrested again in January 1910 and sentenced to six weeks’ hard labour. Taking part in a window-smashing campaign in 1912 led to another jail sentence.
Elsie was imprisoned at least six times, often went on hunger strike and was force fed. This broke most of her teeth – “her beautiful voice was quite ruined”. When Suffragette militancy ended in 1914 Elsie left public life but never fully recovered from the sacrifices she made.
Women were partly enfranchised in 1918, but it wasn’t until 1928 that the voting age for women was lowered to 21 in line with men. Both the Torquay NUWSS and the WSPU had – in their own ways – played their part in campaigning for change.
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Friday, February 13, 2009
The collision of two satellites 500 miles above the Earth created more than 600 pieces of debris and sent shock waves through satellite operators around the world.
We asked Byron Tapley, director of the Center for Space Research in the Cockrell School of Engineering, if there’s concern about the GRACE mission.
GRACE stands for Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment. It is a joint operation of NASA and the German Center for Air and Space Flight. Tapley is
Read More …
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<urn:uuid:3c9c978c-be3e-4edb-ac8a-22b1a9a72b47>
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CC-MAIN-2014-42
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http://www.utexas.edu/opa/blogs/research/tag/collision/
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| 0.908001 | 104 | 2.796875 | 3 |
ARTY pupils from a Birmingham primary school have painted a portrait of a slave abolitionist to help Royal Mail launch their latest set of stamps.
A colourful exhibition featuring artwork by children from Park Hill primary in Moseley is helping mark the 200th anniversary of the abolition of the slave trade in the British Empire.
And six special edition stamps have gone on sale this week showing some of the most influential figures who brought an end to the industry in 1807.
Coun Les Lawrence, Cabinet member for education, said: “Thanks to the superb work created by the pupils of Park Hill, this exhibition is sure to inspire other schools to create their own work on the ending of the slave trade.
"The 200th anniversary is a momentous landmark and pupils of all ages from across the city should use this year as a way to reflect on an extremely significant part of our past." Youngstersv were today comparing their portrait of Olaudah Equiano with the version featured on the stamp.
The enslaved African eventually bought his freedom before becoming an important campaigner against the slave trade, during which he visited Birmingham in 1789.
The display, which also contains text written by pupils from Park Hill Primary, emerged from the wider Black History Education Roadshow project, funded by Heritage Lottery Fund, on important Black and Asian figures in British history.
It is also part of the Breaking the Chains Education project.
The display - set to be hosted at schools across the city - will encourage schools to visit the Olaudah Equiano exhibition at Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery. It starts in September as part of Breaking the Chains - a series of events commemorating the 200th anniversary of the abolition of slavery.
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CC-MAIN-2017-09
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http://www.birminghammail.co.uk/news/local-news/pupils-stamp-out-the-slave-trade-38990
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en
| 0.963503 | 345 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Damage caused to a child’s brain during birth can lead to cerebral palsy. For example, a temporary lack of oxygen due to a doctor’s mistake can cause lasting cellular damage that impacts the child for the rest of their life.
Someone who has cerebral palsy may have trouble moving, may have muscle control issues or may have abnormal muscle tone. In some cases, though not all, there are also mental impairments.
Exactly what symptoms of cerebral palsy someone may show differs from case to case. For instance, one person with cerebral palsy may be able to move and walk normally, but they may have trouble talking due to issues with facial muscles. Someone else may talk normally and be confined to a wheelchair. The human brain is incredibly complex and the issues depend on the areas that were damaged and the brain’s ability to heal itself.
All that said, here are some common signs parents can look out for if they’re worried their child has cerebral palsy:
- Slow movements
- Lack of limb control
- Involuntary movements
- Muscle stiffness
- Lack of strength
- Lack of mobility
- Difficulty with facial expressions
In some cases, the issues show up because a child misses traditional milestones. For instance, if a young child is well behind on learning to crawl, doctors may question if that child has mental or physical impairments that are preventing him or her from learning this new skill. Symptoms may become more apparent as the child gets older since infants already lack the very skills that cerebral palsy may take from them.
If you believe that an error made by a medical professional means that your child has long-term issues like cerebral palsy, you must know what legal options you have. Compensation won’t cure your child, but it can make it easier to afford the best possible care.
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CC-MAIN-2021-17
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https://www.vdesalvolaw.com/blog/2020/10/what-are-the-signs-of-cerebral-palsy/
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| 0.961556 | 378 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Osteoporosis - Can It Impact Your Oral Health?
BDS, MDS - Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Advanced course in maxillofacial sugery
45 years experience
Osteoporosis is an age related condition characterized by low bone density and fragile bones. Lack of calcium and vitamin D are the most common triggers of this condition. These are vital elements for healthy teeth as well. Osteoporosis has a direct relationship with oral health and can trigger a number of issues such as loss of teeth, gum and can cause periodontal disease. The effects of osteoporosis on oral health and affect more women than men. This risk increases when talking of menopausal women.
- The jawbone is one of the areas that bears the brunt of osteoporosis. The loss of bone density in this area can cause tooth loss and make teeth loose. It can also affect the gum ridges that hold dentures in their place. This can result in ill fitting dentures that need to be frequently changed.
- Medication for osteoporosis is also linked to dental health. In rare cases, antiresorptive medicines that are prescribed to strengthen the bones can lead to a condition known as osteonecrosis. This refers to the death of a bone due to poor blood supply. Antiresorptive medication can be administered orally or intravenously with the latter having a higher risk of triggering osteonecrosis. Though it affects the hips and shoulder bones in most cases, it can also affect the jaw bone. It is marked by pain, swelling, infection and exposed bone. Loose teeth, gum infections and numbness or heaviness of the jaw are also symptoms of osteonecrosis of the jaw bone.
- The risk of suffering from osteonecrosis cannot be determined beforehand. Hence it is a good idea to see your dentist before or just after starting antiresorptive treatment for osteoporosis and to schedule regular checkups for the duration of your treatment. Dental problems if any should be treated before starting medication for osteoporosis. Osteonecrosis of the jaw bone is most commonly seen after undergoing a dental procedure that affects the jawbone and associated tissues such as a tooth extraction. Ideally, invasive dental procedures should be avoided if you are taking antiresoptive medicines. However, it can also occur spontaneously.
- Biophosphonates are also commonly prescribed to treat osteoporosis. This type of medication slows down the breakdown of bone tissue. However, this can lead to the development of new bones. This is not a troublesome issue when it comes to bones like the hip, leg or arm bones but can be very disruptive if it affects the jawbone. This is because the jaw bone is constantly reforming and reshaping itself. If you wish to discuss about any specific problem, you can consult a dentist.
found this helpful
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CC-MAIN-2018-26
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This blog post of Dark Stool What Does It Mean was published at July 12, 2018 at 1:12 am. This article is uploaded on the Stool category. Dark Stool What Does It Mean is labelled with Dark Stool What Does It Mean, Dark, Stool, What, Does, It, Mean..
Darkdark (därk),USA pronunciation adj., -er, -est, n., v.
- having very little or no light: a dark room.
- radiating, admitting, or reflecting little light: a dark color.
- approaching black in hue: a dark brown.
- not pale or fair;
swarthy: a dark complexion.
dark-colored: dark eyebrows.
- having brunette hair: She's dark but her children are blond.
- (of coffee) containing only a small amount of milk or cream.
dismal: the dark days of World War II.
frowning: a dark expression.
wicked: a dark plot.
- destitute of knowledge or culture;
- hard to understand;
- (of a theater) offering no performances;
closed: The theaters in this town are dark on Sundays.
- (of an l- sound) having back-vowel resonance;
situated after a vowel in the same syllable. Cf. clear (def. 24a).
- (of a speech sound) of dull quality;
- keep dark, to keep as a secret;
conceal: They kept their political activities dark.
- the absence of light;
darkness: I can't see well in the dark.
nightfall: Please come home before dark.
- a dark place.
- a dark color.
- in the dark:
- in ignorance;
uninformed: He was in the dark about their plans for the evening.
- in secrecy;
- to make dark;
- [Obs.]to grow dark;
Stoolstool (sto̅o̅l),USA pronunciation n.
- a single seat on legs or a pedestal and without arms or a back.
- a short, low support on which to stand, step, kneel, or rest the feet while sitting.
- [Hort.]the stump, base, or root of a plant from which propagative organs are produced, as shoots for layering.
- the base of a plant that annually produces new stems or shoots.
- a cluster of shoots or stems springing up from such a base or from any root, or a single shoot or layer.
- a bird fastened to a pole or perch and used as a decoy.
- an artificial duck or other bird, usually made from wood, used as a decoy by hunters.
- a privy.
- the fecal matter evacuated at each movement of the bowels.
- the sill of a window. See diag. under double-hung.
- a bishop's seat considered as symbolic of his authority;
- the sacred chair of certain African chiefs, symbolic of their kingship.
- fall between two stools, to fail, through hesitation or indecision, to select either of two alternatives.
- to put forth shoots from the base or root, as a plant;
form a stool.
- to turn informer;
serve as a stool pigeon.
Whatwhat (hwut, hwot, wut, wot; unstressed hwət, wət),USA pronunciation pron.
- (used interrogatively as a request for specific information): What is the matter?
- (used interrogatively to inquire about the character, occupation, etc., of a person): What does he do?
- (used interrogatively to inquire as to the origin, identity, etc., of something): What are those birds?
- (used interrogatively to inquire as to the worth, usefulness, force, or importance of something): What is wealth without friends?
- (used interrogatively to request a repetition of words or information not fully understood, usually used in elliptical constructions): You need what?
- (used interrogatively to inquire the reason or purpose of something, usually used in elliptical constructions): What of it?
- how much?: What does it cost?
- (used relatively to indicate that which): I will send what was promised.
anything that: Say what you please. Come what may.
- the kind of thing or person that: He said what everyone expected he would. They are just what I was expecting.
- as much as;
as many as: We should each give what we can.
- the thing or fact that (used in parenthetic clauses): He went to the meeting and, what was worse, insisted on speaking.
- (used to indicate more to follow, additional possibilities, alternatives, etc.): You know what? Shall we go or what?
- (used as an intensifier in exclamatory phrases, often fol. by an indefinite article): What luck! What an idea!
- don't you agree?: An unusual chap, what?
who: She's the one what told me.
- Say what? (used esp. among teenagers) What's that you say? Would you repeat that?
- So what? (an expression of disinterest, disinclination, or contempt.)
- what have you, other things of the same kind;
so forth: money, jewels, stocks, and what have you.
- what for:
- why: What are you doing that for?
- a punishment or scolding.
- what if, what would be the outcome if;
suppose that: What if everyone who was invited comes?
- what it takes, something that enables one to achieve success or attain a desired end, as good looks, ability, or money: There's a young woman who has what it takes to get along in the world.
- what's what, the true situation;
all the facts: It's high time you told him what's what.
- the true nature or identity of something, or the sum of its characteristics: a lecture on the whats and hows of crop rotation.
- (used interrogatively before nouns): What news? What clothes shall I pack?
- whatever: Take what supplies you need.
- to what extent or degree? how much?: What does it matter?
- (used to introduce a prepositional phrase beginning with with): What with storms and all, their return was delayed.
- [Obs.]for what reason or purpose? why?
- (used in exclamatory expressions, often fol. by a question): What, no salt?
- [Older Use.]as much as;
as far as: He helps me what he can.
- but what, but that;
who or that … not: Who knows but what the sun may still shine.
Doesdoes1 (dōz),USA pronunciation n.
- a pl. of doe.
does2 (duz),USA pronunciation v.
- a 3rd pers. sing. pres. indic. of do 1.
Itit1 (it),USA pronunciation pron., nom. it, poss. its or ([Obs.]or[Dial.]) it, obj. it;
pl. nom. they, poss. their or theirs, obj. them;
- (used to represent an inanimate thing understood, previously mentioned, about to be mentioned, or present in the immediate context): It has whitewall tires and red upholstery. You can't tell a book by its cover.
- (used to represent a person or animal understood, previously mentioned, or about to be mentioned whose gender is unknown or disregarded): It was the largest ever caught off the Florida coast. Who was it? It was John. The horse had its saddle on.
- (used to represent a group understood or previously mentioned): The judge told the jury it must decide two issues.
- (used to represent a concept or abstract idea understood or previously stated): It all started with Adam and Eve. He has been taught to believe it all his life.
- (used to represent an action or activity understood, previously mentioned, or about to be mentioned): Since you don't like it, you don't have to go skiing.
- (used as the impersonal subject of the verb to be, esp. to refer to time, distance, or the weather): It is six o'clock. It is five miles to town. It was foggy.
- (used in statements expressing an action, condition, fact, circumstance, or situation without reference to an agent): If it weren't for Edna, I wouldn't go.
- (used in referring to something as the origin or cause of pain, pleasure, etc.): Where does it hurt? It looks bad for the candidate.
- (used in referring to a source not specifically named or described): It is said that love is blind.
- (used in referring to the general state of affairs;
circumstances, fate, or life in general): How's it going with you?
- (used as an anticipatory subject or object to make a sentence more eloquent or suspenseful or to shift emphasis): It is necessary that you do your duty. It was a gun that he was carrying.
- [Informal.](used instead of the pronoun its before a gerund): It having rained for only one hour didn't help the crops.
- (in children's games) the player called upon to perform some task, as, in tag, the one who must catch the other players.
- sex appeal.
- sexual intercourse.
- get with it, [Slang.]to become active or interested: He was warned to get with it or resign.
- have it, [Informal.]
- to love someone: She really has it bad for him.
- to possess the requisite abilities for something;
be talented, adept, or proficient: In this business youeither have it or you don't.
- with it, [Slang.]
- aware of the latest fads, fashions, etc.;
- attentive or alert: I'm just not with it early in the morning.
- understanding or appreciative of something, as jazz.
- Carnival Slang. being a member of the carnival.
Meanmean1 (mēn),USA pronunciation v., meant, mean•ing.
- to have in mind as one's purpose or intention;
intend: I meant to compliment you on your work.
- to intend for a particular purpose, destination, etc.: They were meant for each other.
- to intend to express or indicate: What do you mean by "liberal''?
- to have as its sense or signification;
signify: The word "freedom'' means many things to many people.
- to bring, cause, or produce as a result: This bonus means that we can take a trip to Florida.
- to have (certain intentions) toward a person: He didn't mean you any harm.
- to have the value of;
assume the importance of: Money means everything to them. She means the world to him.
- to be minded or disposed;
have intentions: Beware, she means ill, despite her solicitous manner.
- mean well, to have good intentions;
try to be kind or helpful: Her constant queries about your health must be tiresome, but I'm sure she means well.
Dark Stool What Does It Mean have 8 pictures it's including Examples Of Healthy Stools Are Shown Left, With Possible Changes In Bowel Habits, Middle, Full Size Of Stool:dark Colored Stool Astounding Images Ideas Pictures Astounding Dark Colored Stool ., Know Your Sh*t. A Serious Sh*t Post. - Album On Imgur, What Should Your Dog's Poop Look Like?, Dark Stool What Does It Mean #5 What Poop Says About Your Health, What Should Your Dog's Poop Look Like?, Awesome Dark Stool What Does It Mean Design #7 What Does The Shape And Colour Of My Poop Mean?, It Could Mean: You Had A Smoothie For Lunch. Some Vegetables Like Spinach And Other Leafy Greens Packed With Chlorophyll Can Change The Color Of Your Stool, .. Here are the attachments:
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the salt wagon story
The Story of Meharry . . . An Act of Kindness
In the 1820s, 16-year-old Samuel Meharry was hauling a load of salt through Kentucky when his wagon slid off the road into a muddy ditch. With rain and nightfall limiting his options, Samuel searched for help.
He saw a modest cabin that was home to a black family recently freed from slavery. The family, still vulnerable to slave hunters paid to return freedmen to bondage, risked their freedom to give Meharry food and shelter for the night.
At morning's light, they helped lift the wagon from the mud and Meharry continued his journey. The black family's act of kindness touched young Meharry so deeply that he vowed to repay it. I have no money now, he said as he departed, but, when I am able, I shall do something for your race. Tragically, history never recorded the name of the courageous black family, and perhaps their identity even receded in the mind of Samuel Meharry as he grew prosperous in the years that followed.
Even so, 40 years later, as the Civil War ended and black citizens began their long struggle for rights guaranteed by the Constitution, Meharry seized an opportunity to redeem his vow. When leading Methodist clergymen and laymen organized the Freedmen's Aid Society in August 1866, to elevate former slaves, intellectually and morally, Meharry acted. He and his four brothers Alexander, David, Hugh and Jesse, pledged their support to Central Tennessee College's emerging medical education program. With $30,000 in cash and real property, the Meharry brothers repaid the black family's Act of Kindness with one of their own.
In 1876, they funded the College's Medical Department, which evolved over time into what we now know as Meharry Medical College.
Today, the contemporary Salt Wagon image symbolizes those several acts of kindness and philanthropy and countless others performed by the College's loyal supporters. Use the links at the left to learn more about our mission, vision, and how to be a part of it.
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What are dental implants?
Dental implants are of a similar size and appearance to a screw. They are precision manufactured – usually from titanium or titanium alloy – and are used to form an artificial tooth root which supports one or more replacement teeth.
The implants are surgically inserted into the jawbone and are used to support a restoration such as a crown, bridge or denture, enabling the patient to have replacement teeth which appear and feel like natural healthy teeth.
If you are looking for a leading implant dentist in the Essex area, visit www.al-faperio.co.uk.
When are dental implants a suitable choice of treatment?
Dental implant treatment can be used to replace a single tooth, multiple teeth or a full arch of teeth.
- For a Single Tooth a single dental implant can be placed and an abutment is fixed followed by a crown as a replacement for the missing tooth.
- For Multiple Teeth a number of implants can be placed, abutments attached and crowns or dental bridgework are used to replace the missing teeth.
- For patients with No Teeth at All in one or both arches there are 2 main options:
- Implant supported fixed denture – a number of implants are securely attach a fixed denture which can only be removed by your dentist.
- Implant retained removable denture – a number of implants are used to securely attach a denture which can be removed by yourself when necessary.
Who is suitable for implant treatment?
Generally any adult who is in good health will be suitable.
Prior to treatment implant dentist will complete an assessment of the condition of the patient’s mouth and jaw bone structure to assess whether the patient is suitable for treatment or whether additional treatment is required before the implants are placed.
Factors such as regular drinking or smoking and pre-existing health conditions will be taken into consideration as part of the assessment in determining the patients suitability to receive implants.
There is no upper age limit for receiving implant treatment. However, the treatment cannot be carried out on anyone in their growing years because of the continuing development of the jawbone.
More information: Dental Tags
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Even as national surveys show Americans drawing away from religion, more American children are using religion to skip required school vaccinations.
Even before some California school districts ordered students in certain age groups to get immunized against COVID-19, research showed the percentage of kindergarteners whose parents claim vaccines conflict with their religious beliefs was on the rise.
A December 2019 analysis published in Pediatrics finds an estimated 1.7% of kindergarteners nationwide received religious exemptions to vaccination during the 2017-18 academic year. Four years earlier, 1.1% of kindergarteners did.
Schools, employers and higher education institutions with vaccination mandates typically permit exemptions based on religion or medical reasons. In many states, public and private schools serving kids in kindergarten through 12th grade also allow exemptions based on personal beliefs or philosophies, which generally allow parents to opt out of vaccines simply because they oppose them.
The American Academy of Pediatrics supports the elimination of childhood vaccine exemptions, except for medical reasons. Six states — California, Connecticut, Maine, Mississippi, New York and West Virginia — prohibit K-12 schools from granting exemptions on religious grounds, according to the National Conference of State Legislatures.
Research, however, suggests that banning one type of exemption leads to an increase in another.
States that offer religious exemptions but do not provide personal belief exemptions are four times as likely to have kindergartners with religious exemptions, compared with states that grant both types of exemption, the December 2019 paper in Pediatrics reveals.
The authors of that paper note that after Vermont eliminated personal belief exemptions in schools in 2016, the share of kindergartners with religious exemptions increased sevenfold to 3.7%. Scholars call this a “replacement effect,” meaning families seek a different exemption when the type they had been using no longer is available.
“Religious exemptions may be an increasingly problematic or outdated exemption category, and researchers and policy makers must work together to determine how best to balance a respect for religious liberty with the need to protect public health,” write the authors, led by Joshua T. B. Williams, a pediatrician at Denver Health Medical Center and assistant professor of pediatrics at the University of Colorado School of Medicine.
Researchers from Emory University in Atlanta found evidence of a replacement effect when schools prohibit all “nonmedical” exemptions — an umbrella term that applies to religious, philosophical and personal belief exemptions. In 2016, California enacted a law banning nonmedical exemptions in schools. By the second year, medical exemption rates jumped.
“The unintended consequence of an increase in medical exemption rates — which notably tripled in California — highlights a potential pitfall with this approach,” researchers write in the Expert Review of Vaccines in 2019.
They add that it appears students’ parents and legal guardians “may seek out physicians who are more willing to attest to medical contraindications in the absence of a non-medical exemptions allowance.”
In the wake of the coronavirus pandemic, an increasing number of schools and higher education institutions are ordering students to get inoculated against COVID-19. Dozens of companies, including Delta Airlines, Facebook, Uber and Walmart, have mandated COVID-19 vaccinations for employees.
Government officials nationwide also have announced COVID-19 immunization requirements for government workers. Earlier this month, President Joe Biden signed an executive order directing federal employees to get COVID-19 shots.
Immediately after mandates were announced, students and employees started seeking religious and medical exemptions, even as high-ranking faith leaders worldwide urge people to get their shots.
This week, the Los Angeles Police Department drew criticism after news outlets reported that 2,651 of its employees plan to file for religious exemptions to its new vaccine requirement.
In Oregon, 2,284 state employees requested exemptions to the governor’s COVID-19 vaccine mandate — about 5% of the 42,000 employees affected by the requirement. About 90% of those requests were for religious exemptions.
Administrators at hospitals and nursing homes across the country worry the new immunization requirement will lead to staffing shortages as some employees might quit or let themselves be fired rather than get COVID-19 shots. Earlier this month, a hospital in upstate New York announced it planned to shut down its maternity ward because dozens of staff members quit over the vaccine mandate.
To help journalists get a better understanding of how common religious exemptions are among students and workers and get up to speed on schools’ efforts to improve childhood vaccination rates, we’ve gathered and summarized a sampling of academic studies that examine these topics.
The evidence to date suggests:
- A small percentage of employees and students receive religious or medical exemptions.
- When schools stop letting kids skip vaccines for philosophical reasons, more kids seek religious exemptions. When schools ban all exemptions except for medical exemptions, medical exemptions increase.
- Kindergarteners are less likely to get vaccine exemptions for religious or philosophical reasons when schools require their parents to get medical counseling and a signed form from a health care provider before they can be considered for exemptions.
For more on these findings, keep reading.
Prevalence of religious exemptions
Current Landscape of Nonmedical Vaccination Exemptions in the United States: Impact of Policy Changes
Robert A. Bednarczyk, Adrian R. Kinga, Ariana Lahijania and Saad B. Omer. Expert Review of Vaccines, January 2019.
This paper looks at exemption trends among kindergarten students at public and private schools nationwide between academic years 2011-12 and 2017-18. A main takeaway: Not only are nonmedical exemptions much more common than medical exemptions, a growing percentage of kindergarteners have received nonmedical exemptions.
Nationally, the proportion of kindergarteners who skipped vaccines for reasons connected to religion, philosophy or personal beliefs increased from 1.4% to 1.9% over the study period. The nonmedical exemption rate varied considerably across states. In 2017-18, it ranged from 0.7% of kindergarteners in Indiana to 7.5% in Oregon.
Meanwhile, the percentage of kindergartners with medical exemptions has remained constant — rising by one-tenth of a percentage point between 2011-12 and 2017-18.
The researchers note that private schools historically have higher rates of both types of exemption than have public schools.
They cite three earlier studies to help explain why nonmedical exemptions are on the rise. Those studies, which examine data spanning from 1999 to 2016, indicate a greater number of students obtain nonmedical exemptions when the administrative process is less difficult.
“In three studies, encompassing over 25 years of surveillance, consistent associations were found with higher nonmedical exemption prevalence in states categorized as ‘easy’ or ‘medium’ difficulty for obtaining non-medical exemption, relative to states with higher difficulty … ,” the researchers write.
A Systematic Review of Mandatory Influenza Vaccination in Healthcare Personnel
Samantha I. Pitts; et al. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, September 2014.
For this paper, researchers reviewed 12 observational studies on mandatory flu vaccinations for employees of hospitals, outpatient clinics, surgical centers and other health care facilities. While the paper does not focus on exemptions, it does provide insights into their prevalence in the workplace.
Six of the studies report on the percentage of health care personnel who received religious or medical exemptions to the flu vaccine requirement, finding that religious exemptions were less common than medical exemptions at the health care facilities studied. Most of the 12 studies, published or released between 2006 and 2013, look at vaccine requirements at a single hospital or health system.
The percentage of employees who obtained religious exemptions ranged from 0.02% to 2.3%. Meanwhile, 0.3% to 2.6% received medical exemptions.
Efforts to boost child immunization
Evaluating the Effects of Vaccine Messaging on Immunization Intentions and Behavior: Evidence From Two Randomized Controlled Trials in Vermont
Katherine Clayton; et al. Vaccine, September 2021.
After Vermont stopped allowing kindergarten students to obtain philosophical exemptions to required vaccines in 2015, the percentage of kindergarten students with religious exemptions swelled sevenfold. In this paper, researchers examine the effectiveness of two communication strategies aimed at encouraging vaccine-hesitant parents to immunize their kids and parents whose children are behind on their vaccines to catch up.
What the researchers learned: Parents did not change their attitudes toward vaccines or indicate they would behave differently after reading a message from the state health department promoting immunization as a social norm or after reading a message correcting common misperceptions about vaccines.
The researchers also determined that the pro-vaccine message Vermont public health officials had been promoting to residents statewide was ineffective.
“These findings corroborate previous research finding limited evidence that messaging strategies change how people think about emotionally charged health issues like vaccinations,” they write.
A total of 678 parents with at least one child aged 10 years and younger and who expressed high levels of vaccine hesitancy participated in the first study. The second study focused on 613 parents of children aged 8 months or 20 months who had not yet received all their scheduled immunizations.
The 2016 California Policy to Eliminate Nonmedical Vaccine Exemptions and Changes in Vaccine Coverage: An Empirical Policy Analysis
Sindiso NyathiI; et al. PLOS Medicine, December 2019.
In 2017, the year after California banned nonmedical exemptions in K-12 schools, 3.3% more students entered kindergarten with their measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccinations statewide, compared against states that did not eliminate nonmedical exemptions in schools, this paper finds.
Researchers also learned that while nonmedical exemptions fell in California, the percentage of kindergarteners obtaining medical exemptions grew 0.4%.
“Although the rise in medical exemptions could indicate that some children who may have received nonmedical exemptions in the past are now receiving medical exemptions, the net effect following the California policy was still an increase in vaccination coverage,” the researchers write.
They note that even small increases in vaccine coverage can help communities achieve herd immunity levels of 90% to 95% vaccine coverage. In 2015, 24 counties in California had MMR coverage levels below the range needed for herd immunity, according to the analysis, based on state-level data from the CDC and county-level data provided by state departments of health. In 2017, 12 counties had coverage levels that fell short of herd immunity levels.
Exemptions From Mandatory Immunization After Legally Mandated Parental Counseling
Saad B. Omer; et al. Pediatrics, January 2018.
Fewer students make requests for vaccine exemptions when the process for obtaining one becomes more difficult, this study suggests. The number of Washington kindergarteners who obtained any type of vaccine exemption dropped considerably after the state began requiring parents to get medical counseling and a signed form from a licensed health care provider before kids could be considered for exemptions.
The authors examined exemption rates for kindergarteners statewide from the 1997-98 academic year through 2013-14. After the state enacted Senate Bill 5005 in 2011, the vaccine exemption rate fell 2.9 percentage points statewide and stayed there through the end of the study period.
“This highlights the importance of more stringent polices for obtaining immunization exemptions,” the authors write.
They point out that discussions between health care providers and parents help correct misinformation about vaccines. However, they add that “the effect of this policy change might be caused by an increase in administrative difficulty of obtaining an exemption, rather than by persuasive interpersonal communications.”
Looking for more on COVID-19 vaccines? The Journalist’s Resource also has gathered research on vaccine hesitancy, COVID-19 vaccines during pregnancy and the role teachers and staff play in COVID-19 outbreaks on campus.
Also, please check out our tip sheet on covering religious exemptions.
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In the world of online and email communication, writing powerful copy makes all the difference. Good writing skills allow you to communicate your message with clarity and ease to a far larger audience than through face-to-face or telephone conversations. Of course, you can always refer to special websites, which provide custom essay help, but the best thing is to invest in yourself, learn how to become a good writer and make a difference to this world.
Today, when anyone can be their own publisher, we see more and more examples of poor writing skills both in print and on the web. Poor writing skills create poor first impressions and many readers will have an immediate negative reaction if they spot a spelling or grammatical mistake.
To make a very good impression and be successful in delivering your message to the audience you need to work hard on improving your writing skills. Of course, it requires a lot of time investment form your side- but this investment will work for shaping your future.
1. Grammar, Spelling and Punctuation
Correct grammar, punctuation and spelling are key in written communications. The reader will form an opinion of you, the author, based on both the content and presentation, and errors are likely to lead them to form a negative impression.
- Reading and Proofreading.
All written communications should therefore be re-read before sending to print, or hitting the send button in the case of emails, as it is likely that there will be errors. Take a break before re-reading and checking your writing, as you are more likely to notice problems when you read it fresh or have it proof-read by somebody else. Fresh look and some feedback are beneficial for your writing.
3. Reading Out Loud.
One trick for checking and improving your work is to read it aloud. Reading text forces you to slow down and you may pick up problems with the flow that your eye would otherwise skip over.
4. Join a workshop, meetup, or take a writing night class.
There are a number of areas to bear in mind as you write. Taking part in writing workshops or signing up for a writing class will contribute a lot to you as a writer. On top of that, you will be able to share gather with “minds alike” people, share opinions and learn together in a partnership.
5. Build a time- habit for your writing. Don’t delay writing. Get it done as soon as you have an idea: make a first draft for the start (consider the fact that you will probably to need to revise the paper later), outline your writing, edit it, eliminate unnecessary words from your writing and brush it up on the basic principles of writing.
6. Imitate writers you admire and practice a lot.
If you want to get better at something, you have to practice – and writing is no exception. Remember that it takes time, – even the most talented writers had to learn their craft over a period of many years. Fortunately, having some examples for the authors you like, can bring some ideas on your writing, compare different writing styles and build up your own unique one. It is all about practice. It makes your writing perfect.
Summing up the above, remember: the better your writing skills are, the better the impression you’ll make on the people around you – including your boss, your colleagues, and your clients. You never know how far these good impressions will take you! If you want to be sure that your work will be impressive unique you can use some services to get your custom essay.
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As many lawyers have noted, senior drivers are much more likely to be involved in certain types of accidents, like right-of-way accidents at intersections. A new study tries to establish the reasons for this, and finds that these motorists are more likely to struggle with identifying accident hazards.
The researchers were looking at the reasons why seniors are involved in a disproportionate number of accidents at intersections. They put senior citizens above the age of 70 through a driving simulator, and found that the main reason for these accident risks was that senior citizens failed to scan for potential hazards in the environment, especially those that were approaching from the side. However, the good news is that drivers can be trained to deal with these deficiencies, through a proper training program.
Lawyers believe that these deficiencies may have something to do with the gradual physical and mental decline in seniors. Their vision may not be as sharp or focused as before. Further, reflexes may not be as strong as when the motorist was younger. For example, a senior may be less likely to whip his head to the side to identify potential accident hazards before a collision.
There may also be other factors at work. For instance, many senior drivers get into the habit of following unsafe driving practices with time. They get set in their ways as they become older. For instance, many senior drivers get used to looking for accident hazards directly in front of them. Over a period on of time, they become used to driving slowly and cautiously in order to avoid hitting a person or object directly in front of them. Doing so, they possibly miss hazards that are approaching from the side.
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How Teachers Are Using Technology at Home and in Their Classrooms
Part IV: The Impact of the Internet and Digital Tools on Teachers’ Professional Development
The AP and NWP teachers in this study not only use digital tools in an effort to improve the learning experience for students, but also use these tools in their own training, development, and professionalization. For most, the greatest impact of the internet and other digital tools on their role as teachers has been access to more content and material for use in the classroom and a greater ability to keep up with developments in their field. To a slightly lesser extent, these teachers use digital tools to share ideas and experiences with other teachers. In terms of professional support and training in how best to use new digital tools in their classrooms, the vast majority of these teachers are satisfied with the support and training schools provide. At the same time, most say they rely mainly on their own research and experience when developing new ways of bringing technology to the learning process.
AP and NWP teachers say the internet and other digital tools have had mixed impacts in shaping the lives of educators
Asked about potential impacts the internet and digital tools might have on teachers, these AP and NWP teachers see both benefits and potential downsides. The greatest impact they see is increased access to content, resources and materials for their teaching; 92% of these teachers say the internet has had a “major impact” in this regard. At the same time, three-quarters of these teachers say the internet and other digital tools have had a “major impact” on the range of content and skills they must be knowledgeable about. Just over two-thirds note “major impact” on their ability to share ideas with other teachers and enabling interaction with parents.
Another area where impact is felt is in the sheer amount of work required from teachers. This theme emerged in focus groups, where some noted feeling responsible today for not only subject matter expertise, but also expertise in the latest tech gadgets. In the full survey of AP and NWP teachers, 41% say they have felt a “major impact” in this area and another 42% say they feel a “minor impact.” Thus, more than eight in 10 AP and NWP teachers have felt some increase in workload as the internet and other digital tools become a greater part of the learning process.
The degree to which AP and NWP teachers feel the impact of the internet on these elements of their professional lives is surprisingly consistent across most subgroups. Among the few notable differences that emerge are in the degree to which digital tools have impacted teacher/parent interaction, with teachers of higher income students more likely than those teaching the lowest income students to say the internet and digital technologies have had a major impact in this area. While 75% of teachers of the highest income students feel a “major impact” in this area, the same is true of just 55% of teachers of the lowest income students.
Another impact where some variation is seen is the degree to which the internet and other digital technologies have increased the range of content and skills teachers feel they must be knowledgeable about. While 78% of English teachers feel a “major impact” in this area, that figure is 71% among Science teachers and 66% among math teachers. Similarly, while 81% of teachers in rural areas and 78% of teachers in urban areas feel the internet has had a “major impact” on the range of topics they must master, slightly fewer suburban (73%) and small town (73%) teachers feel the same way. There is almost no variation on this item across teachers of different ages or different levels of experience.
One might expect more experienced teachers to be more inclined to feel the internet and other digital tools have generally increased their workload as teachers. While this is true among these AP and NWP teachers, the difference between more and less experienced teachers is small. While 45% of those who have been teaching 16 years or more feel the internet has had a “major impact” on their overall workload, the same is true of 37% of teachers who have spent fewer years in the classroom.
The majority of AP and NWP teachers use the internet on a weekly basis to keep up with developments in their field and to find material they can use in lesson plans
Asked how often they use the internet for a variety of work-related tasks, a large majority of AP and NWP teachers (80%) report getting email alerts at least weekly that allow them to follow developments in their field, including 52% who say this happens daily. A majority also use the internet at least weekly to find content that will engage students (84%) or material to help them create lesson plans (80%). In contrast, just 18% say they use a social networking site on a weekly basis to exchange ideas with other teachers.
As is the case with the use of collaborative online tools, it appears that using the internet to find material online to create lesson plans or engage students is more useful for some academic subjects than others. History/social studies teachers are most likely to say they use the internet daily for each of these tasks, while math teachers are the least likely. In both cases, history/social studies teachers are twice as likely as math teachers to use the internet as a resource for content.
Most AP and NWP teachers say their school is “about average” when it comes to using digital tools effectively
Asked if their school is ahead of the curve, behind the curve, or about average in using digital tools effectively, roughly half of AP and NWP teachers rate their school “about average.” The remaining half is evenly divided between rating their school “ahead of the curve” or “behind the curve.”
How teachers rate their school in this area is largely a function of the socioeconomic status of the school’s students. In schools that educate the lowest income students, 39% of AP and NWP teachers say their school is “behind the curve” and just 18% put their school “ahead of the curve.” Conversely, in schools that educate mainly upper income students, just 15% of teachers rate their school “behind the curve” and 40% say their school is “ahead of the curve” when it comes to using digital tools effectively.
Most AP and NWP teachers rate their schools well when it comes to providing teachers the support and resources they need to effectively incorporate the newest digital tools into their classrooms. Fully 62% of AP and NWP teachers say their school does a “good job” in this regard, compared with 38% who believe their school does a “poor job.” Moreover, 68% of these teachers say their school provides formal training in this area to its teachers.
As is the case with overall ratings of their school’s use of digital tools, teachers in schools with mainly lower income students tend to be the least positive about the training and resources provided by their school. They are also the least likely to report receiving formal training from their school or district in how to effectively incorporate digital technologies into the classroom. Specifically, 50% of AP and NWP teachers in schools serving the lowest income students say their school does a “good job” providing teachers the resources and support they need in this area, and 60% say the school or district provides formal training. In schools serving the highest income students, 70% say their school does a “good job” and 73% report that formal training is provided.
Despite being satisfied with school support and resources, 85% of these teachers seek out their own opportunities to learn more about incorporating digital tools into the learning process
While 62% of AP and NWP teachers feel their school is doing a good job supporting teachers’ efforts to bring digital tools into the learning process, and 68% say their school gives them formal training in this area, the vast majority of these teachers (85%) seek out their own opportunities to learn more about effectively incorporating these tools into their teaching. This would suggest that while most teachers are satisfied with school resources, they feel there is more room to learn.
There are very few distinctions across different subgroups of AP and NWP teachers when it comes to seeking out training in this area. Old and young, more and less experienced, and those teaching all subjects and in all types of schools are equally likely to seek out learning opportunities for incorporating digital tools into the learning process.
AP and NWP teachers most commonly rely on their own research and experience when developing new ways of incorporating digital tools into the classroom
When developing new ways of bringing digital tools into their classrooms, AP and NWP teachers most often get ideas from their own research and experience. More than six in 10 say they “very often” (32%) or “often” (31%) come up with ideas on their own. Colleagues are also a regular source for inspiration in this area, with 17% saying they “very often” get ideas from other teachers and another 39% saying this happens “often.” Ideas come less often from students or from formal or informal training.
In terms of where they get new ideas in this area, AP and NWP teachers are fairly consistent. The youngest teachers are slightly more likely to “very often” draw on colleagues for ideas (22% of teachers under age 35 do this), when compared with teachers ages 35-54 (16%) and teachers ages 55 and older (13%). Otherwise, very few differences emerge across teacher subgroups.
As noted earlier, 42% of these teachers feel their students know more than they do about using new digital technologies, thus one might expect students to be a significant source of inspiration in this area. In focus groups with AP teachers, those who said they do get ideas from their students in this area reported that it is not uncommon for students to suggest devices or tools to improve or simplify a task, or to help teachers set up tech tools or assist teachers when using tech tools in the classroom. In addition, some teachers said they often give their students the freedom to decide on their own how to use digital technologies in completing projects.
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| 0.973554 | 2,086 | 3.671875 | 4 |
Do you remember the day that changed America forever? Two hijacked planes crashed into the side of the Twin Towers in New York City killing thousands. Another plane went into the pentagon and the last was stopped before it got to its destination. In the afternoon of September 11, 2001 George W. Bush delivered a speech that gave relief to the American people after the massacre. This was a disturbing moment in our history that shook the very foundation of America.
Defeat “Defeat” is the word that rings in the heads of those people involved in the Bombing of Pearl Harbor written in the book “The USS Arizona: The Ship, the Men, the Pearl Harbor Attack, and the Symbol That Aroused America” by Joy Waldron Jasper and James P. Delgado. Throughout the book, the writers complement the credibility of the information by taking into consideration it is actual accounts and makes emotional connections with the readers as they talk about the tragedies that the men encountered and the amount of people who fought for the country and died. Lastly, the writers display their emotions by realizing the United States was just attacked and nothing is ever going to be the same again. George W. Bush, a famous president, in his famous speech on September 11th, 2001, also deals with
This scandal caused many Americans and Republican politicians to push Eisenhower to remove Nixon as his running mate and to question Nixon’s integrity. In rebuttal to the scandal, Nixon took the bull by the horns and defended himself by going on live national television and addressed the nation by giving the famous Checkers speech. The soon to be Vice-President articulated his speech with a perfect combination of Pathos, Ethos, and Logos to turn the tables from making everyone hate him to making the American People and Republican Politicians love him. Nixon’s integrity was
The terrorist attacks on 9/11 have caused many debates over the years since they occurred back in 2001. Two American planes were hijacked and ran into the twin tower buildings, another was hijacked and headed for the pentagon, but thankfully never made it. Thousands of Americans lost their lives on the days of the attacks and to this day the sorrow hangs with us. Security was a huge debate of the time because America is supposed to be the safest nation there is, so how did this happen? America had lots of changes to make the attacks on September 11, 2001.
On December 8th, 1941 Franklin Delano Roosevelt addressed the nation with his infamous speech known as the “Infamy Speech”. The speech is still known to this day with the time length as short as seven minutes and after the speech. Congress declared war on Japan and was the start for America to intervene in World War II. This speech is a great example of rhetoric with its context, audience, purpose, message, means of delivery, and timing.
Bill Clinton I Am Profoundly Sorry speech Partner Analyzing Essay An apology said right can bring forgiveness, said wrong can bring more remorse. Though it was effective, Bill Clinton's apology did not bring complete forgiveness. Bill Clinton’s remarkable “Profoundly Sorry” speech, which lead to the impeachment of the president, is effective because it uses repetition, ethos, and pathos.
Franklin Delano Roosevelt was the 32nd president of the United States and attended Columbia Law School as well as Harvard University. During his presidency, the United States was blindsided by a malicious attack from Japanese forces at Pearl Harbor. In his address to the Nation speech that followed, he effectively convinces the American people and Congress that war on Japan is the best option by using strong word choice and a sense of nationalism to draw emotion from his audience. These appeals to pathos, along with integrating a clear call-to-action for the American people, creates an effective argument for his speech.
Up until this point, the United States was trying to remain in their position as neutral in the conflict. President Roosevelts speech was broadcasted over the radio to announce the tragic news to the distraught citizens of America(cite). Franklin Delano Roosevelt uses his credentials as the beloved president of
On April 19, 1995, Timothy McVeigh detonated a bomb, killing 168 American citizens, in Oklahoma. It was the cruelest terrorist act ever conducted on American soil, and it stunned the nation. President Bill Clinton presents a speech following the terrorist attack to reassure his audience-- the frightened and affected American citizens-- they are not alone when it comes to the pain they feel and American will always be there to lean on through the use of the rhetorical devices: asyndeton, parallelism, and anaphora. In President Bill Clinton’s introduction of his speech, he conveys himself to be relatable emotionally to the alarmed Americans through the rhetorical device asyndeton to build a sense of trust.
In his “9/11 Address to the Nation” the 43rd President of the United States of America, George W. Bush assures that America will not be affected by the unruly and evil attacks carried out on September 11th, 2001. The President drafted this speech to resist the impending fear and questioning that American citizens around the country would soon be consumed by. Because 9/11 was the most impactful, yet devastating terrorist attack on the United States to date, Bush was not able to derive his thoughts from others’ ideas and speeches, thus he was forced to dig deep and extract the emotions and thoughts aroused by the “despicable acts.” Much like any great leader, President Bush wanted to stress the importance of instilling a sense of pride and resilience in the country and fellow countrymen and women to come together and remain as one. As the head of the “brightest beacon of freedom and opportunity” President George W. Bush declares that the United States of America will “remain strong” and appear unaffected as the country continues to build and rebound from the senseless acts of terrorism and hate.
About eight months into his first term as president Bush had to deal with one of the worst tragedies in U.S. history, the 9/11 terrorist attacks. Although many of his moves during this time of turmoil in the United States were viewed as necessary and patriotic, a few years after the attacks information surfaced that completely destroyed Bush’s image. Long before the 9/11 attacks in 2001, during the Clinton administration, intelligence was collected that connected Al-Qaeda leader Osama Bin-Laden to the 1998 bombings of two US embassies in Africa. The Bush administration was warned by outgoing Clinton officials about Al-Qaeda, but information provided by Richard Clarke was the most sincere and frightening. Clarke, who remained from the Clinton
American Security Post 9/11 After going through the immeasurable shock and horror of the 9/11 attacks, Americans have joined together to create a more secure nation than existed previously. “Terrorist attacks can shake the foundations of our biggest buildings, but they cannot touch the foundation of America. These acts shattered steel, but they cannot dent the steel of American resolve”, these inspiring words from President George W. Bush after the 2001 terrorist attacks (Bush “Address”). Immediately following these attacks the American government was working towards creating a more secure nation. After the terrorist attack on September 11th, the United States responded by creating the Department of Homeland Security.
“Great joys make us love the world; great sadness make us understand the world.” said Kent Nerburn about the tragic events that took place on September 11, 2001 ( Applewhite). More than 1,000 people died in New York and DC when the terrorist attacked, many of the victims were the firefighters, police, and paramedics responded to this event. There were four hijackers who were involved in this event. They flew the planes into the World Trade Center and the Pentagon as a part of their suicide mission.
government took crucial steps in securing the nation from terrorism. President W. Bush stated, “They saw liberty and they saw weakness. And now, they see defeat.” September 11, 2001, brought a sense of defeat in the country and immediate change was necessary. He introduced the federal government organization known as the Transportation Security Administration.
Paper 1 Rhetorical Analysis On September 9th, 2001, George W. Bush responded to the terrorist attacks clearly, he created an uplifting speech by thanking our government for immediate action and also claiming that America is the strongest nation. President Bush had taken the opportunity to assure that the citizens of the United States were going to be okay and that our country will march forward from this horrible time.
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https://www.ipl.org/essay/Rhetorical-Analysis-Of-George-W-Bushs-9-FJCWKGPUYV
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| 0.97659 | 1,764 | 2.828125 | 3 |
You can put a dent in your photographic reputation if you take poor photographs. This article provides advice that can help you improve your photography techniques.
It takes experimentation to learn which shutter speed works best in different settings. You can choose to leave the shutter open and capture the night sky as it swirls overhead, or set if for a fraction of a second to capture high speed action. To freeze moving objects, try out a fast shutter speed. A slower shutter speed will help to capture calm, natural scenes.
If you wish to join the ranks of very accomplished photographers, move up to a dSLR camera. Digital single-lens reflex cameras are the ideal way to view your subject just after you take the photograph. You might want to buy a full-frame DSLR camera, you will then be able to get detailed photographs.
When shooting landscape pictures, cultivate depth in your shots. An object in the foreground of your shot can create the illusion of depth by providing scale. You can increase the overall sharpness of your picture by using a small aperture set appropriately for the type of camera you are using.
Try to adjust your camera so that the background has a bit of a blur to it when people are the subjects of your photos. Having a background that is in full focus will take away from your subject, making it harder to direct your viewer’s focus to the right location. You can do this by making the background farther away than your subject.
Digital cameras normally contain a built-in flash, that automatically turns on when the natural light is too low. Built in flashes are great for your average photographs, but for a more professional look, you may want to consider an external flash. Make sure that your camera contains a “hot shoe” that accommodates an external flash. Make a trip to a camera store to make sure you get the right flash for your camera.
Unlearning poor photography techniques can be difficult, but if you know the right way to do things and practice, you should get it eventually. All you have to do is increase your knowledge base and have your work critiqued, and you will soon see an improvement in your skills. Use the tips in this article to improve your skills and take remarkable photographs.
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CC-MAIN-2020-24
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https://willp-photo.com/superb-article-about-photography-that-will-really-educate-you/
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| 0.935164 | 458 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Importance: Virtual reality in head-mounted displays (HMD-VR) may be a valuable tool in occupational therapy to address anxiety. Findings from the virtual reality exposure therapy (VRET) literature may facilitate translation of HMD-VR to occupational therapy psychosocial practice.
Objective: To explore how HMD-VR has been used to treat anxiety through VRET and could be translated to occupational therapy.
Data Sources: We searched seven electronic databases for articles published between 2000 and 2020: CINAHL, Cochrane Library, Embase, ERIC, Ovid MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and Web of Science. Search terms included HMD-VR constructs, products, and therapy concepts.
Study Selection and Data Collection: We used Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines to report studies implementing VRET to treat anxiety. At least two reviewers assessed each citation, and a third resolved disagreements. Articles were included if they were in English, reported experimental data, and used HMD-VR. Letters, commentaries, book chapters, technical descriptions, theoretical papers, conference proceedings (≤4 pages), and reviews were excluded.
Findings: Twenty-eight studies used HMD-VR to treat posttraumatic stress disorder (n = 3), specific phobias (n = 19), and performance-based social anxiety (n = 6); protocols and levels of evidence varied (randomized controlled trials, n = 11; controlled trials without randomization, n = 6; case–control or cohort studies, n = 11). Qualitative examination indicates HMD-VR is an effective treatment tool.
Conclusions and Relevance: HMD-VR can be a valuable tool for occupational therapy to simulate environments where clients with anxiety disorders participate. Eliciting presence through multisensory features and body representation may enhance outcomes.
What This Article Adds: Drawing from the VRET literature, this scoping review suggests that HMD-VR can be used by occupational therapy practitioners to simulate ecologically valid environments, evaluate client responses to fearful stimuli, and remediate anxiety though immersion in virtual tasks when participation in natural contexts is unfeasible. Having ecologically valid environments is particularly important for people with anxiety disorders because they need support to cope when they encounter triggers in everyday life environments.
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CC-MAIN-2023-14
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https://research.aota.org/ajot/article-abstract/75/6/7506205040/23079/Virtual-Reality-for-the-Treatment-of-Anxiety?searchresult=1
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| 0.904613 | 471 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Editor’s Note: Maps, rich media, and text have been updated to reflect a taxonomic change/split for this species. This species account is still being edited and may contain content from an earlier version of the account.
Francolins are plump game birds with rounded tails and wings. Of the 3 species covered in this account, Erckel's Francolin is endemic to northeastern Africa, the Gray Francolin naturally occurs from Iran to Bangladesh, and the Black Francolin is naturally found from the eastern Mediterranean region through Myanmar (Burma) and from the former Soviet Union to the Caspian Sea. These species have been introduced to many regions of the world, including Italy, parts of the former Soviet Union, Guam, many islands in the Indian Ocean, and the United States.
Under the direction of the Foreign Game Importation Program, a cooperative effort that included the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and various state fish and game departments, these francolins were introduced for recreational hunting to several U.S. states during the 1950s and 1960s. These attempts at introduction failed on the mainland, but all 3 species of introduced francolins survived on the main Hawaiian Islands.
Francolins are birds of open habitats that frequent grasslands, shrubby uplands, open thorn forests, and forest edges. Their omnivorous diet has allowed them to adapt to human-altered environments such as cultivated fields, irrigated plantations, golf courses, and roadsides; the Gray Francolin is the most adaptable of the 3 species. The distinct Advertisement Calls of francolins are loud and are heard through most of the year. Highly cursorial, francolins prefer to run for cover rather than to fly. Francolins are monogamous, and both parents tend young. Sedentary and gregarious, young stay with parents for several months. Nests are simple scrapes on the ground, sometimes lined with vegetation. Clutch size generally ranges from 4 to 10 eggs. Chicks are highly mobile at hatching; they follow parents shortly after hatching and are capable of finding food on their own (Cramp and Simmons 1980a, Del Hoyo et al. 1994).
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https://birdsna.org/Species-Account/bna/species/blkfra/introduction
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from The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, 4th Edition
- A river, about 673 km (418 mi) long, rising in northern Maine and flowing northeast into New Brunswick, Canada, then generally southeast into the Bay of Fundy. It was discovered in 1604 by Samuel de Champlain.
Sorry, no etymologies found.
Sorry, no example sentences found.
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CC-MAIN-2015-40
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https://www.wordnik.com/words/Excange
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| 0.887791 | 82 | 3.203125 | 3 |
Scientists who study climate and ecosystems in the Arctic have weighed in on future changes in the region affecting soils, streams and wildfire, which will be releasing greater amounts of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.
Because the Arctic is home to billions of tons of naturally occurring carbon stored in frozen soil, researchers are turning their focus to trying to quantify potential effects of large-scale permafrost thawing.
An expert assessment was published this month in Environmental Research Letters, which compiled quantitative input on the high-latitude carbon balance from 98 researchers including NAU’s Ted Schuur, Michelle Mack and Christina Schaedel.
Schaedel, whose expertise includes permafrost carbon and plant ecophysiology, filled out the biomass survey evaluating changes in the boreal forest and arctic tundra non-soil biomass for four different warming scenarios and three different time frames: the short term, near the end of the current century and a long-term scenario ending in 2300.
As temperatures continue to inch up, shifts in carbon are expected from additional wildfires and the collapse of coastlines, which release carbon into the ocean. Schaedel said a change or loss in biomass could mean that the permafrost region will become a strong source of carbon.
“Results from this expert opinion survey indicate that tundra and boreal biomass might not offset much of permafrost carbon release when considering the different warming scenarios and that the only way to keep permafrost carbon in the ground is to reduce human emissions,” Schaedel said.
As frozen soil in the Arctic continues to thaw at a relatively fast pace, researchers are focused on the permafrost carbon cycle, quantifying the amount of carbon released to the atmosphere, the ocean and consumed by microbes. Among experts queried for this study, under a business-as-usual scenario in the Arctic region, five-times more net carbon would be released by 2100.
Findings also suggested that if human emissions were rapidly reduced, the thawing of temperature-sensitive permafrost could be drastically reduced.
This expert analysis can be considered a powerful tool in an evolving field of research, which needs more empirical data and advanced model-based assessments, Schaedel added. The findings also identify key areas for future research needs.
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CC-MAIN-2016-22
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http://news.nau.edu/biomass-offsets-little-none-permafrost-carbon-release/
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| 0.925309 | 474 | 3.75 | 4 |
Click this and read
For the past few weeks, we have been talking about the Gospel of Luke and its relationship to the Gospel of Mark. We’ve noted that the author or authors of both Matthew and Luke’s gospels use the Gospel of Mark as a narrative template, so there is a sizable amount of material the three have in common. This shared material is called the triple tradition. As we are following the Narrative Lectionary, we have had several recent opportunities to look at how the author of Luke uses, edits, and presents the triple tradition in order to say something important about Jesus.
This week is different; the healing of the centurion’s slave is not found in the Gospel of Mark. It is, however, found in the Gospel of Matthew. This allows us to discuss another of the central theories in biblical studies: the two-source theory. Now, I don’t want to turn devolve into a lecture, so we’ll keep it as straight-forward as possible. Scholars long had been trying to figure out the literary relationship between the Synoptic Gospels, the gospels of Mark, Matthew, and Luke, called synoptic from the Greek, “with the same eye.” This is known as the Synoptic Problem. The theory of Markan Priority holds that the Gospel of Mark was written first. The authors of Matthew and Luke use Mark as their narrative framework, accounting for source number #1. Matthew and Luke have a sizable amount of material which is exactly or nearly exactly alike, but is not found in Mark. Scholars believe Mt and Lk could not have arrived at that material independently of one another, so they must have had a common written source. Scholars have constructed that source through meticulous study and debate, and have named it Q, short for Quelle, the German word for source.
Biblical scholars are ingenious in some regards, and really disappointing in others. Really? “Source”? That’s the best we can do? Why not, “super secret awesome Jesus stuff?”
So, today’s passage comes from the Quelle source, numero dos in the two-source theory. Q is not a narrative gospel like the canonical gospels. It is a discourse gospel, like the Sayings Gospel of Thomas: a collection of sayings that contain the teachings of Jesus, and a few teachings about Jesus, but there is no mention of a sacrificial death or blood atonement. What is important is what Jesus says and does. Collections like these sometimes are called gnomologia traditions, literally “words of wisdom.”
Bear with me for just a few more points; I promise you that this information will come in handy as we discern together what it might be that God is wishing us to see. Early Christianity was not uniform, but the elements of worship were developing. We have always been a people who gather around the Word. But the Protestant model does not do a good job in approximating our ancient counterparts. There is too much personality of the preacher in Protestant homiletics. For better or worse, I’m present in each and every sermon. Two thousand years ago, presenters of the word were storytellers. They did not have a single Bible to which they could turn; they assembled stories from other story tellers, from texts they had read (if they could read; perhaps a majority could not), and they would go from community to community. They were apostles, which literally means “ones sent out.” And at each place the storytelling apostles arrived, they would discern the needs of the community and would tell stories aimed at using cultural and context clues familiar to audience so they could better see Jesus.
While there are many different theories about biblical storytelling–and perhaps the greatest scholar in the field of performance criticism is Dr. Thomas Boomershine, who teaches at United Theological Seminary where I study–a prevalent theory holds that the tellers arranged stories into “types.” Miracle stories. Conflict stories. Healing stories. Parables. These narrative types have been identified and discussed by biblical scholars within other sub-disciplines, most often called criticisms. All of this to say, what we encounter today is a familiar story type with some unfamiliar contours.
Let’s start with the cast of characters. A Roman centurion is not anyone you would expect to be caring about a slave. Also unusual would be a Roman centurion, which is the equivalent of a sergeant-major, providing personal money to construct a synagogue. The Romans had a complicated relationship with religion. William Barclay notes: “As Edward Gibbon, the author of The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, said in a famous sentence, ‘The various modes of religion which prevailed in the Roman world were all considered by the people as equally true; by the philosopher as equally false; and by the magistrate as equally useful.’ But this centurion was no administrative cynic; he was a sincerely religious man.” So religious, in fact, that he dispatches Jewish messengers to assure Jesus, a Jew, that he need not risk becoming ritually unclean by entering into a Gentile home, a violation of Jewish law. The conversation happens by proxy, not because Jesus believes the Jewish law should be binding, but because a Roman centurion, whose entire education would have been based around enforcing the supremacy of Rome and the degradation of the occupied, has such great respect and belief in Jesus he uses his power to show humility.
Without question we should be uncomfortable about how tacitly Scriptures approve of slavery, but that is a conversation for another day; what is remarkable about today’s pericope is the context of the proxied conversation. The centurion communicates the content of his faith basically like this: I give commands and they are followed; I command my slave, and it is done. How much power must Christ have, then, to act in the world?
Jesus’ response is telling: “I tell you, not even in Israel have I found such faith.”
There are many ways we could interpret this story; many ways that it has been used across history. We don’t have time for them all, so let us develop more fully just one. For a Roman centurion to become the paradigm of faith toward the Jewish God and a Jewish Messiah would have been shocking, for audiences both Gentile and Jew. But this relationship is not one-sided: the Jewish officials of the town show a genuine love and support for the centurion, and there is no indication of power abuse. Both sides have moved beyond the stereotypes and pain, and have been united in a love for God. This is huge. This is like Joan Crawford and Bette Davis doing a two-woman show. This is Alexander Hamilton and Aaron Burr going to Bill Goodman’s Gun and Knife Show together. This is the Hatfields and the McCoys getting a time share.
The point of the story, dear beloved, is not that the slave is healed. Not the literal point, anyway. The healing is the finger pointing toward the moon, with the moon being the power of faith. It is the power of faith to bring together people who have been taught to hate one another. To bring together people who have reason to hate one another because they have experienced violence and prejudice. Reasonable people can disagree about the extent to which the centurion built the synagogue (was it with Roman money and under Roman orders?), but the fact is the local Jewish community feels enough regard for him to acts as emissaries, not on his behalf but on the behalf of his slave.
Remember when we talked about story types? Well one of the story types concerns the formation of community; the fancy terms is ecclesiology. Who and what are we to be when we gather around God in Christ? This pericope is a perfect example: a Roman in a position of power, along with Jewish leaders willing to see God work in others, come to Jesus because they believe he can transform a slave. Think about that: Gentiles and Jews pooling their time, talent, and treasure in order to connect a slave to Jesus. The Apostle Paul uses slavery imagery throughout his epistles, so it is clear that this language is foundational to our faith story. But here the imagery is potent: Jewish and Roman powers demur to Jesus, who responds to such faith by transforming a beloved slave?
Isn’t that pretty much the whole purpose of the Church?
In fact, I think the story about Jesus raising the widow’s son makes essentially the same point. Widows were incredibly vulnerable members of society, largely because of patriarchal structures. Losing her only son meant she had lost any status or protection she once had; this funeral might as well have been her own. She is in a procession of death, but Jesus, with his disciples, come as a procession of life. He is moved by compassion—the same things that causes God to respond to the Hebrews in Egypt: their cries of affliction move God’s compassion and pity—and he raises the boy. Jesus restores his life, and in turn her social standing.
We can absolutely take these stories literally, but that’s not the direction offered this morning. Let us think about how God is calling us to come together; how God is reminding us that the rules and regulations that keep us from seeing another person’s humanity can get in the way of transformation. Of resurrection. Let us hear the ancient story teller in our sanctuary selecting what to say, only to alight upon these two narratives. These two tales that remind us that whether we are powerful or on the margins of society, God sees us. God works in us. God calls us together in defiance of what keeps us apart and says, “Do not weep. I say to you, rise.”
“Do not weep. I say to you, rise.” So let the people of the Church say…
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CC-MAIN-2018-51
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https://rescuingjudas.com/2017/02/05/church-stories-or-joan-crawford-and-bette-davis-two-woman-show/
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en
| 0.972138 | 2,080 | 2.96875 | 3 |
I’m not sure what to study for my exams.
You have a few sources of information about what will be included in your exam:
- Look at the exam questions from previous years, if they are available from either the library (see the Library Resources link on the right) or your department, school or discipline.
- The unit of study outline will show you the most important topics of the unit of study.
- Your lecturer or tutor may suggest which topics are most important in the unit of study. You can always ask for more information about the content of the exam, although your lecturer or tutor may refuse to provide it.
You may need some strategies for prioritising different topics to study, since there is usually a lot of information and not a lot of time:
- First do a quick review of all the main topics. Then go back to the topics which are more difficult and review those in more detail.
- If you do not know how much detail you need to study, try looking at each topic in progressively more detail. That is, first study all of the topics at a very general level (e.g. just the main concepts). Then go back and study each topic with more detail (e.g. the major theories; key models, rules or facts). Finally, if you have enough time, go back and look at some extra details on each topic (e.g. debates about the theories; specific studies and their methodologies).
Finally, here are some tips which may help you study effectively:
- It is possible to ‘cram’ a lot of information into your memory just before the exam, e.g. by memorising a list. However, this type of learning is only short-term, and may be forgotten within days. If you want your learning to last, try to make many connections and relationships between facts and ideas. For example, whenever you read or study, think about how the facts or ideas relate to other things you have read, or how you might use them in your future working life, and whether you disagree or agree with author's interpretations.
- You can often greatly improve your understanding by discussing the concepts and information with someone else, such as another student in your course. Although it might take extra time to arrange this, it can often make your studying more effective in the end.
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Aeroscholars 1: Fundamentals of Aviation Science
This course is designed for students of all backgrounds. Students may have some familiarity with aircraft and aviation or perhaps they have only seen aircraft flying overhead. The course is designed to encourage interest and appreciation for aviation.
The course will explore the history of flight and uncover the mysteries of airplane and helicopter flight and the basics of aerodynamics. Students will learn about the evolution of aircraft and their designs, engines, instruments, and aircraft systems. Meteorology, air traffic control, and variety of aviation and aerospace career options are also covered. Students will learn aerospace terminology, government and industry roles in aviation and application regulations.
This course is correlated to NSTA Standards.
Click your browser's back button to go back to the course list!
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In case you aren’t familiar with the term, a newel is a central column around which winding stairs are attached. A newel post is (the often highly decorative) post at the end of a stair that anchors the railing. Newel posts are an architectural detail that had many style changes throughout history.
In the early American colonies, simple lathe-turned posts, often similar in profile to the balusters of the railing, or simple tapered square posts were used. Later, in the Georgian period, the turned posts were formed similar to classic architectural columns and then became thinner and delicate in the Federal period. Around 1840, posts began to appear similar to the Greek Revival columns seen on the exterior of buildings, popular at that time. In the third quarter of the 19th century, the newel posts became heavier and broader, as the stair and banister assemblies of that period have massive proportions in the details. Towards the end of that century and into the first quarter of the 20th, square, paneled or faceted posts were popular, often with large caps, heavy mouldings and carvings.
When styles called for broader newel posts many, including lathe-turned round posts, were hollow. When there’s empty voids or hollow spaces in an old homes, there’s often a variety of stories that try to explain a need for that space. Apparently, empty, concealed spaces must have always been intentional – usually for secret compartments. The most frequent stories about the voids in large newel posts describe them as being a chamber for important house papers, like the deed for the house or the architectural plans. Some posts are topped with a decorative cap or finial and when it finally comes loose, reveals a small compartment. The most frequent story I’ve heard, was a coin would be placed in the compartment by the house-builder when completed.
Some newel post caps have a small, inlaid button in the center, often of ivory and sometimes mother of pearl. In New England, I’ve heard it called a “mortgage button” several times. The story claims that when a house was paid in full, a hole was drilled into the center of the newel post. Either the mortgage paper was rolled up tightly to fit or burned and the ashes interred in the hole and capped with the button. In the mid-Atlantic, I’ve heard it called an “amity button” and it is said to be installed when the debt with the builder was settled.
I’ve never found anything inside of a newel post and haven’t read anything from a credible source to convince me these stories are fact. I’m always skeptical when I hear old-house folklore though – that’s part of my job.
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Durabla Manufacturing Company History
Durabla Manufacturing Company is a former distributor of mechanical sealing products, including sheet gasket material and cut gaskets. Based in Pennsylvania, the company is today known as DFT (Durabla Fluid Technology, Inc.). The company dates back to the early 20th century.
Products Manufactured at Durabla Manufacturing Company that Contained Asbestos
Between 1913 and 2003, many of the gasket products manufactured by Durabla contained asbestos, a mineral made of long, stringy, crystalline fibers that occurs in large deposits in nature. Asbestos had been widely used in countless products since the late 1800s, largely because of its strength and fire- and heat-resistant properties. Gaskets – mechanical seals used to fill a space and prevent leakage between two uneven surfaces – are often used in machines that tend to grow very hot, so asbestos seemed a logical choice in making the products.
By the 1980s the public had learned that exposure to asbestos can cause serious, life-threatening asbestos cancer. However, Durabla continued to use asbestos in at least one of its products until after the year 2000. The following Durabla products are known to have contained asbestos.
|Durabla Black||1913 – 2003|
|Durabla Black Nitrilek|
|Durabla White Penpak||1982 – 2003|
|Durabla White Gasketing||1978 – 1987|
Occupations at Risk for Asbestos Exposure
When products that are made with asbestos grow old, they tend to get brittle and break down, and hazardous asbestos fibers can be released into the air. Likewise, when raw asbestos is handled in the manufacturing of asbestos products, it is easy for those fibers to become airborne. This situation can be deadly, because if these fibers are inhaled, they can become stuck in a person’s lungs and cause serious respiratory diseases like mesothelioma cancer and asbestosis. Unfortunately, it was not uncommon for workers in a wide range of jobs to breathe these deadly asbestos particles on the job, day after day, year after year. Some have argued in court that companies and even the U.S. government knew about the harmful effects of asbestos long before they took action to protect workers against exposure.
Durubla gaskets were used in industries such as gas transmission, oil refining, textiles, pulp and paper, power generation and chemical processing. Anyone who worked with or near Durabla’s asbestos-containing gaskets in those or similar fields could have been exposed to hazardous asbestos fibers. Specific occupations at risk of exposure range from machinists to power plant workers to supervisors, as well as factory workers who manufactured gaskets in Durabla plants.
Mesothelioma is an inoperable form of lung cancer that can lie dormant in the human body for years; it can take as long as 50 years for symptoms to appear after asbestos exposure. If you are concerned that you or a loved one may have been exposed to asbestos, take the time to learn about the disease today.
Durabla Manufacturing Company has been named as a defendant in thousands of lawsuits by individuals who claim their health, or the health of a loved one, was irreparably damaged by exposure to asbestos in the company’s products. Approximately 108,000 cases were pending against the company as of December 2009. As a result, Durabla filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection on December 15, 2009.Sources
DFT – About Us
Durabla Chapter 11 Case Continues; Dismissal Denied
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Bingwi Neyaashi Anishinaabek (Sand Point First Nation) is a relatively new reserve located on the shores of Lake Nipigon, and currently has a registered population of 250 members. The community was originally located on the east shore of Pijitiwaabik Bay of Lake Nipigon. The community’s reserve lands are located in the area formerly occupied by the Lake Nipigon Provincial Park, with the community of Beardmore located 17 km to the north, and Biinjitiwaabik Zaaging Anishinaabek (Rocky Bay First Nation) bordering BNA to the south. The Junction of Hwy 11 and 17, as well as the Red Rock Indian Band and the community of Nipigon, is located approximately 50 km further south. The entire reserve boundary is 3,372.3 acres (984.6 hectares), and spans both sides of the TransCanada Hwy. The TransCanada pipeline is located just outside of the reserve boundary to the east of the community.
The people of Bingwi Neyaashi Anishinaabek are descendants of Ojibway ancestors dating back since time immemorial. When contact was made by Europeans in the 1620s, one prominent feature of the Ojibway was their totemic clan system, where individuals organized themselves into bands that were made up of memberships that descended through the male line, and individuals of the same totem were forbidden from marriage, as they were considered to be close relatives. While these bands existed as autonomous hunting groups, European contact and the importance of the fur trade led to the creation of “trading post bands”, where settlements sprung up as a consequence of the new industry. Following the negotiations of Treaties in northern Ontario, many of the former trading post bands simply became treaty bands as we know them today. The greatest social change came to those First Nation people who moved from the bush to settlements located along railway lines. Inter-marriage between native and non-native peoples occurred on a more regular basis, which altered the social fabric of First Nation livelihood that had existed for hundreds and thousands of years.
While an 1849 government report indicates that Chief Mishemuckquaw’s “Nepigon Band” on the Gull River was made up of 357 people, which was 40% of the Lake Superior Indians in that year, the Lake Nipigon First Nations were actually made up of 6 distinct bands, including Sand Point. Their collective knowledge of the land allowed a fur trading industry to flourish, and even provided critical information about the land to the new settlers as they built the railway. Jack Fitzback constructed the Sand Point Hudson’s Bay Post, an independent Trading Post, in 1890.
One Sand Point Elder has described the relations between the First Nations and the trading posts. The people of Sand Point would go to Nipigon House, Jackfish Island on the west side of Lake Nipigon, to sell their whitefish to the Hudson Bay Company. They would generally go in the fall, just in time for the whitefish spawn, and trade for goods and food for their dog teams. The grandfather of a Sand Point Elder built a house on Dog Island, near Nipigon House. Once the post closed in the 1930s, the Elder’s grandfather moved up to Mud River. The house that he built on Dog Island was still visible in the early 1950s, but became less and less visible over the years until it sunk into Lake Nipigon altogether.
The Early 20th Century
While the people of Sand Point had been occupying the land for many years, the first “public” record that indicates a community of First Nation people living in Sand Point was an August 9th, 1917 letter from J.D. McLean, Assistant Deputy and Secretary of Indian Affairs, to Albert Grigg, the Ontario Deputy Minister of Lands and Forests. In the letter, McLean informs Grigg that at least fifteen families, numbering between 60 and 75 people, were living at Sand Point and had been for 50 years, in the area that “the Indians desire a reserve for themselves”. Further letters by the Chief Fire Ranger in 1917 describe “13 houses, with 11 families living there all the time. The 11 families are made up of 51 Indians, with 26 children of a school age”. The letter describes log homes, with 12 to 15 acres cleared, and land that “will grow almost anything that our northern Ontario will produce”. Indeed, in 1918, Indian Affairs directed the surveying of the Sand Point Indian Reserve on Lake Nipigon.
Unfortunately, Grigg refused McLean’s offer to sell the land for the purposes of creating a reserve, and instead recommended a “License of Occupation” for those living at Sand Point. Ontario government officials were opposed to allowing the people of Sand Point to determine their own destiny. In fact, following the survey of 200-300 acres in Sand Point in 1918, Grigg wrote to McLean at Indian Affairs, complaining as to why Sand Point Indians “require such a large area of land”, and ranting about errors in the Sand Point survey. Nevertheless, the Licence of Occupation for 236 acres of land, with a $10 annual rental fee, was granted for Sand Point through an Ontario Order-in-Council in October 1919. The licence could be revoked at any time.
The Flooding of Sand Point
Throughout the twentieth century, Ontario Power Generation’s predecessors, the Hydro-Electric Power Commission of Ontario (HEPC), and Ontario Hydro, built several facilities on the Nipigon River, including the hydroelectric generation facilities of Cameron Falls, Alexander Falls, and Pine Portage, as well as the now de-commissioned Virgin Falls Dam. Their work continued with the Ogoki Diversion in 1943, which saw the building of Waboose and Summit Control Dams. In June of 1927, Indian Agent Burk wrote to the Superintendent of HEPC complaining of high water-levels on Lake Nipigon, and attached a written complaint signed by 30 members of the Gull Bay Band and “28 members of the Sand Point Indian Reserve” regarding damage from high water levels caused by the Virgin Falls Dam. All of Sand Point’s docks were washed away from this dam, as well as cellars flooded, gardens flooded out and eroded, cabins undermined, and most disturbingly, the Indian Graveyard was impacted. In a 1927 letter, HEPC Chief Engineer Hogg felt that a settlement of $1,000 for the damages at Sand Point should suffice. Indian Affairs approved the recommendation that the individuals who suffered damage should be paid in food rather than cash, and the fall of 1928 saw tenders, vouchers, and shipping orders for food and supplies.
In October 1943, Reverend Rolland wrote to the HEPC, claiming that as a result of the flooding, 5 or 6 families “were obliged to leave [Sand Point] because they were near the water and could not have use of their cellars. You will have noticed that beyond the actual shoreline, there is a depression in the land – so it was the Hydro’s action which caused the evacuation of Sand Point”. Indeed, upon an inspection by HEPC on April 27th, 1945, Sand Point was reported as deserted. The school house had been moved to Grand Bay in 1933, and the church had been moved to MacDiarmid. Interviewee claimed that the reserve had been deserted since 1938, and there are differing perspectives as to who was the last family to leave the community.
The Cancellation of the Sand Point License of Occupation #748
Beginning in 1950, internal Indian Affairs correspondence demonstrated a willingness to investigate the possibility of a land purchase at Sand Point in order to establish a permanent reserve. Another survey was even arranged for Sand Point, as the title could not be transferred without it. However, when the Province’s Department of Lands and Forests valued the timber and land at Sand Point and White Sand at $16,765.31, Indian Affairs complained that the sum was too high. Therefore, Indian Affairs recommended that the License of Occupation continue “for a few more years” (with the full consultation of the Sand Point Indians), as they believed the land was only being used for a few months each summer for fishing. Indeed, BNA members were continuing to make improvements on the land, bulldozing a road from their development to the highway, and setting up plans to develop a timber processing operation on their reserve during the summer months.
In April 1957, Indian Affairs discouraged some Sand Point, Gull Bay, and Red Rock Indians from placing homes upon the Sand Point reserve, and refused to assist with the moving of people and infrastructure back to the land. The Province then wrote to Indian Affairs on June 9, 1958, complaining that the only suitable place for a provincial park on Lake Nipigon was in Sand Point, but it was under a License of Occupation by Indian Affairs. The District Forester for the provincial Department of Lands and Forests asked the federal department of Indian Affairs if it would cancel the Licence of Occupation. An Indian Affairs official wrote back:
“In line with general Departmental policy we should have an expression of opinion from the Indians concerned. Although they have never used the land it is to be expected that they will object to letting it revert to Ontario. Irrespective of their probable objections I think the lease should be cancelled”.
On October 1st, 1958, the Ontario Department of Lands and Forests cancelled License of Occupation #748. Sand Point would now become the new Blacksand Provincial Park for the Province of Ontario.
A BNA Elder has confirmed that the houses of the people of both Sand Point and Farlinger were burned down by the Forest Rangers in the 1950s. The Elder has also claimed that one of the Rangers who did this is still alive and living in northwestern Ontario. BNA staff has arranged to speak with this individual in order to continue documenting the historical record of Sand Point.
Bingwi Neyaashi Anishinaabek: Recent History, and the Path Ahead
The 20th Century was clearly not kind to the people of Bingwi Neyaashi. Their livelihood and land were destroyed by outside forces: First due to the flooding from the activities of the Hydro-electric Power Commission of Ontario (Cameron Falls, Alexander Falls, Pine Portage, Virgin Falls Dam, and the Ogoki Diversion), and then at the hands of the Federal and Provincial governments, who chose to cancel Sand Point’s License of Occupation, discourage individuals from returning to their land, burn down their houses, and turn the reserve into a park. Whole families fled Sand Point. Some joined other First Nations around the Lake, and others moved out of the region all together. In either case, the knowledge, cultural traditions, and history of the Community were badly damaged. The displacement of the people of Sand Point is part of a disgraceful legacy by governments and industry at all levels.
However, as determined as ever before, Bingwi Neyaashi Anishinaabek continues to move ahead. First, the settlement by Ontario Power Generation for their predecessor’s damage to Lake Nipigon was a first step in re-building the trust that had been lost after generations of activities without consultation and adequate compensation. And most importantly, in April 2010, an Order-in-Council was passed which finally created a Reserve for the people of Bingwi Neyaashi Anishinaabek. BNA is now in a position to forge ahead with the development of the community that has been a distant memory for some, and a vision and a dream for many others. The people of Sand Point continue their journey, and are now at the stage where they are planning to return to the land that their Elders once called home.
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A mobile phone for Christmas doesn’t mean less family time for teenagers
Phones, tablets and laptops are usually at the top of many teenage wish lists at Christmas. But parents often worry that giving their children a mobile phone might mean they never see them again. Will they stay locked away in their room for the whole Christmas break? It turns out that might not be such a bad thing.
In a recent study, we found that talking online and texting actually strengthened friendships more than just spending time in each other’s company. Rather than neglecting relationships and encouraging insularity, having a phone meant that young people were more likely to feel connected to their friends and closer to their family.
This is particularly important for teenagers, who are at an important stage in their development. They need to make close friends and renegotiate relationships with their parents. Making friends allows teenagers to learn how to interact with others, learn more about themselves and find their own place in the world. Mobile tech allows teenagers to stay in touch with others and can help them develop closer, more supportive friendships.
Staying in touch
Although teenagers need freedom to explore new friendships, they still need the emotional support of their parents. One study has suggested that mobile phones act as a sort of security blanket for young people as they venture further from home, knowing that parents are only a call or text away if they get in trouble
But what about when teenagers are at home, basking in the blue glow of their phone and lost in digital conversations with their friends? Are mobile phones killing family time? We asked more than 150 teenagers about how much time they spent online and how many texts they sent every day for one week. We also measured how much time they spent face-to-face with parents without being distracted by their phone.
Surprisingly, we found that teenagers who spent more time texting and chatting online with friends also spent more time talking face-to-face with their parents. This was true both on a daily basis and on average. We think that on days when teenagers spend more time with their family, they may be compensating for not seeing their friends by staying in touch virtually.
So it turns out that parents shouldn’t worry about not seeing their child if they give them a phone for Christmas. They may hide away for a few hours to text their friends, but they’re likely to spend more time with the family in the long run. But there’s even more good news. When teenagers could text their parents regularly, they felt even closer to their parents than those whose only contact with their parents was face-to-face. This is likely because texting allows young people to feel closer to their parents while still allowing them their freedom.
While there are certainly risks to having too much screen time, our work shows that mobile phones can help teenagers build bonds with their friends while still staying close to their family. Phones seem to help, rather than hurt, a young person’s natural progression from the family home to the wider world.
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MXC: the future of IoT
The value of information is growing every year. Currency changes course, gold reserves change their market volatility, technology quickly becomes obsolete, but information as a resource will always be valuable. And if previously information that was transmitted from person to person was considered more valuable, now the information that is transferred from one machine to another is at the center of the data market. If several devices are connected to each other in the same network, the need arises for a fast and uninterrupted transfer of automatically generated information.
Unfortunately, modern methods of wireless data transfer do not always satisfy these needs. So, if you need to transfer information from one device to another over a distance of ten kilometers, it is hardly possible to do this using Wi-Fi or mobile Internet. Such large-scale problems are designed to solve the MXC project.
Implementation of the project idea
Why do we need to improve the mechanism for transferring information between two devices? The fact is that now the Internet of Things (IoT) is developing rapidly and in the absence of such a data exchange model the project simply has no place to develop further. The interaction stops on a single enterprise scale.
And what if the capabilities of the Internet of Things need to be used on a scale of one city or even a continent? In this case, it is the absence of a stable and suitable in all parameters data channel becomes the main problem. How to ensure uninterrupted transmission of information on a frequency that will not be interrupted by smartphones and other devices in the city traffic? For such purposes, you need the MXC project.
The official project documentation describes in detail several cases of possible use of technology, namely:
- Collection of information on air pollution in one or all areas of the city. Special sensors will periodically collect the level of air pollution and send data through the gateway to the common cloud. From this common database, medical facilities and other utilities will be able to collect and process the necessary information. For example, too dirty air leads to exacerbations of asthmatic attacks. In view of this, medical institutions, on the basis of the information received, will be able to provide stocks of necessary drugs, equipment or carry out preventive procedures.
- Simplification of the procedure for the collection and removal of garbage in the city. It would seem that this procedure does not require automation and without that is too simple. In fact, in order to adjust the procedure, it is necessary to correctly define the schedule for the collection of garbage, and if the container is not full at the time of collection, then specialized equipment in vain spends fuel and resources. If, however, a special data sensor is installed on the garbage cans, which will send information about the fullness of the container to the cloud storage, then the utilities will be able to optimally build a route and leave for garbage collection only when it is really necessary. And such a sensor itself will last for decades without replacing the battery.
- Automate the collection of payments for paid parking and roads. For example, the data sensor is installed in the car and sends a request to the sensor installed in the parking lot. Since the MXC is a machine exchange coin, this token is charged for the transaction itself. The price for a particular transaction is always fixed, and the blockchain used to implement the technology refers to open networks. This means that any node has the right to initiate and complete a transaction. Thus, all processes will take a minimum amount of time and vice versa — will speed up the procedure.
These are just a few examples that are given by the project developers themselves. Given the scalability of the system, it can easily be used across large enterprises for decentralized data collection and automated information processing. With proper architecture and configuration, the system will significantly reduce the resource costs of the enterprise and the cost of production.
Features and benefits of architecture
MXC protocol is good not only for its scale and scalability, but also for some technical features that have attracted thousands of investors from around the world who have invested in tokens.
The advantages and features of the technology include:
- High speed data transfer and distance. Each simple data sensor can transfer information to another sensor twice as fast as the most advanced Wi-Fi protocol. The maximum distance of data transmission through one channel is 20 kilometers. Several data sensors will cover the entire city with a network.
- Uninterrupted frequency to transmit information. The project developers have thought through the fact that thousands of devices are being used in parallel within the megalopolis, which exchange data at different frequencies. Sometimes this causes network disruptions. If we talk about important projects for the city, then such downtime is not allowed. Therefore, all data sensors within the network will use their own frequency, which will not intersect with other devices and will not create problems for the transmission of information.
- Smart-bidding technology. Inside the network, the node will be determined to which priority is given to the acceptance of the application depending on the need of the resource. If it is a lock on the door, working from data on the data sensor, then it is given priority over the same, for example, data sensors on garbage bins. And if two applications from such sensors come to cloud, the first will receive priority. As soon as his application is satisfied, the other sensors will also be able to compete for the application.
- Integration with external systems via blockchain. In their documentation, the developers also indicate that the system will be able to integrate with various applications and software from Oracle and Cisco. Suppose it will be possible to track the logistics of the goods and take information from external systems on whether the payment for the goods was successful. This is an excellent commercial feature of the project.
The release of the network is planned for the end of 2020, only 10% of tokens will be put up for public sale. It is worth looking more closely at the project, since there is already information on the planned supply of data sensor equipment to forty countries of the world.
- Назад #Обзор смарт-контракта Gorgona V2 | Новый — значит лучше?
- Вперёд Обзор-ICO: NeoLang. Прорывная технология. Интеллект-майнинг. Единый Язык. Цифровой разум| BitNovosti
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Will this be the summer you finally get around to planting a vegetable garden in your backyard? You don’t need acres to grow a garden. Even if you live smack dab in the middle of the city, you’ll have no trouble getting your garden growing. All it takes is a little planning and these helpful backyard garden tips:
Pick Your Perfect Produce
Here are the basics of starting your own garden: Seeds, sun, water and soil. With some hydroponic hanging plants, you don’t even need the soil. First consideration is to decide what you want to grow. Think about what you would put into a salad. Lettuce, tomatoes, cucumbers and peppers are a good start. Certain plants like tomatoes and peppers will continue to grow throughout the summer. Other items like carrots, corn or radishes pop up just once per season.
There is also a wide variety of herbs that can be planted along side your veggies. These can be used in all your cooking. Basil, rosemary, thyme and oregano are the easy herbs to get blooming.
If you have a dirt backyard then you’re halfway home. What you should do is section off your garden with some wood planks. You might discover that rabbits and other critters like their veggies too. You can easily stake out some mesh netting to keep them away. A 10′ x 10′ is really all you need.
No dirt in your backyard? Not a problem. Container gardening is the way to go. You can use any type of containers from the ones you would get at nursery to a plastic tub. Before pouring in your dirt, poke a few holes in the bottom of the container to let the water flow.
The Right Dirt
In the backyard garden, you might have to nurse your soil a bit especially if you’ve never grown out there. If you’re growing on what used to be a patch of grass then you’ll be off to a good start because you know that area is somewhat fertile. Every garden will benefit from added nutrients. These can be found in bags of top soil, compost or peat moss.
Once your garden is planted, you’ve got to step up the TLC. This is actually the fun part. As you water the plants, check in for weeds and bug infestation. There are plenty of non-toxic recipes you can use to keep the bugs off your plants. You’ll want to use a little hoe to keep turning your soil. That will keep the weeds at bay. Finally, don’t be stingy with the fertilizer. Growing your own compost is always a good way to go.
In might help to bring in Junk King Nashville before you start planting. These aren’t farmers’ assistants but junk haulers who can make short work out of getting rid of all kinds of rubbish around your backyard. Removing an old swing set or tool shed can yield perfect amount of space for your backyard garden. One call to Junk King gets it done.
Start planning today and you will be just weeks away from plenty of fresh produce from your backyard garden.
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Nowadays there are two opinions about people’s future education. Some group of people believes that future education is books, while another group of people are sure that future education is computers. Sometimes it is really hard to compare these two things, because each of the group has the right opinion.
I think that the future is only different technologies, some of them will change people. Also I am sure that our future education will be only on the computers, all our documents and so on will be on the computers. Why it will be like this? Because it is faster and more comfortable. In the Internet we can find all interesting us information. In the computers we people can create different things what is really important for modern person.
On the other hands people believe that books will be our future education.
Наши эксперты могут проверить Ваше сочинение по критериям ЕГЭ
ОТПРАВИТЬ НА ПРОВЕРКУ
Эксперты сайта Критика24.ру Как стать экспертом?
Учителя ведущих школ и действующие эксперты Министерства просвещения Российской Федерации.
In the world there are different types of books, which can be interesting for people and can have true information, what cannot be in the Internet.
I do not agree with the opposite opinion, because people should waste their time and money buying books. Also in the internet person can easily find all things which he needs. All sites are corrected by special people and they write just real information, so people can believe Internet and information what presented in different sites.
In conclusion I would like to say that books are really important for people, and they can have some old and interesting information, but it is old time, now is the new time. New century, where computers play big part in lives of all people. We cannot imagine our life without gadgets. So future education cannot be without modern technologies.
Посмотреть все сочинения без рекламы можно в нашем
Чтобы вывести это сочинение введите команду /id78995
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To Bury or Not –That Is The Question
Seventy percent (70%) of the population in any place dies without knowing they’ll die a sudden death. They are deprived of being able to choose how to be buried; in traditional caskets on the ground or have their ashes thrown out to the sea. In some countries though, the burial is not an option and cremation is the way to go. This is because of exiting religious beliefs and varying cultures of the place.
People living in democratic countries in Asia are given more room to choose whether to be buried or not. The traditional way is to be lowered on the ground in a casket. But cremation is getting more popular each day as well. For now the middle income earners to rich families avail of this option. One reason is that most families living below the poverty line and on border lines do not have any access of where to go. There are not much crematory services around yet unlike its counterpart.
A cremator is an industrial furnace that is able to generate temperatures of 870-980 degrees Celcius (1600-1800 degrees Fahrenheit), according to Wikipedia. You can just imagine how hot this is (you’ll surely die if you’re not yet dead and mistaken for cremation!). This extreme temperature makes sure the dead body is disintegrated. Cremator fuels used are oil, natural gas, propane and town gas. During the earlier days until the 1960s, coal and coke were used.
Cremators have adjustable control systems to monitor the furnace (too hot or not too hot). And since we live in modern times, they are computer-controlled as well. It is illegal in some places like the US to cremate multiple bodies at a time (just one special body at a time). Cremator sizes are standardized to make room for huge bodies as well as infants. Large cities typically have access to large cremators (as large as 200 kilograms or 440lbs plus range).
Generally, families are not allowed while cremation is going on. But due to religious beliefs and funeral planning, the discharge of bodies through cremation is allowed to be viewed in traditional Hindu and Jain funerals. Since cremation is not an alternative for interment rites, the body is still put in a casket. In the end, it does not matter how it is laid to rest. What matters is how well he lived his life.
About the Author:
Shiela Mae Parreno is a writer for the FuneralProgramSite.com where you can find beautiful templates for funeral related printed materials.
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Meaning of the term Precis Writing 'Precis Writing' is a form of a summary of an article or given passage which is intertwined in such a way that it connects the basic idea of the passage to the main theme, main characters ( if present) and all the important points of the passage. It is always written in simple language without using any slang or any kind of abusive language.
Here, I would like to point out a very important point that the main theme of a passage is the central idea of the passage which is governing it hence it will be a single idea which is conveyed throughout the passage whereas the important points of a passage may be different for each paragraph as there may be a number of important points which a person shouldn't miss while writing a precis.
Components of Precis
Precis should be all-embracingWith the term 'all-embracing,' I simply mean that a precis should include and cover all the important points conveyed throughout the passage. It should be comprehensive in nature and should cover the main theme, important points, the purpose of the passage and a proper inference.
Precis should be in continuityA precis should be written in such a way that all the components and sentences should appear intertwined like a thread. It shouldn't appear broken or tampered from any place. In case, it happens the reader would be distracted fro the precis and it will become worthless. Hence all the sentences should follow a well-maintained structure throughout the precis.
Precis should Point well on the target Precis should be written in a way that it portrays or targets on the main theme and hidden agenda of the given article or the passage. It must not be a critical appreciation or a personal view of a person. It this is done it won't be precise anymore.
It should be error- free A precis shouldn't contain any kind of slang or improper word that could give a cheap or vulgar impact. It should also not contain any kind of literary devices including comparison, simile or any ornamental language. It this is done it will appear like an original piece of work rather than a precis.
Length of a Precis This is the most important point that should be kept in mind while writing a precis. A precis should not be more than one- third of the original passage or article provided.
Title of the Precis The second most important point of a precis is that the title chosen for the precis should portray the basic concept and the central idea of the passage. It should be between three to five words and should be linked with the main theme and the main characters (if present). It should also point towards the important ideas of the given passage.
Important Points To Be Followed There are certain important points which should be kept in mind while writing a precis. If these points are overlooked, then the decency of the precis will tamper. The points are
Conclusion All the points discussed above completely state that writing a precis is a complete grammar-based and its rule should be followed with accuracy to give an absolute blend of the main theme, central idea, important points of a given passage.
Precis thus requires a complete and thorough reading of the passage and underlining the important themes and points simultaneously so that they could be brushed up well to provide a completely intertwined and condensed precis.
Précis writing is definitely an art as one has to compress the whole thing in a few sentences without changing the central meaning of the original contents in the essay or article. Some people read the article para wise and go on writing one or two sentences for each para and finish it by saying that they have written an effective précis. I do not agree with this approach. The better way is to read the passage a few times and then ponder about the issue, what the author is hammering at and what is the theme of the essay. Once that is clear then we can rewrite those concepts in our own language without changing the meaning of the whole thing as envisaged in the original essay. Once the précis is completed it is necessary to read it to comprehend whether it means the same thing as the original article. If not then correction would be required to be made.
The author explained nicely about Precis writing in the article. Anyone should be reminded while writing, write with the main idea so it would be easy to understand by others.
Some points should be followed while precis writing
Firstly the writer should read the whole passage then only start writing
Always write point to point information.
Write in a paragraph and it should be small.
Write about facts and data in precis is quite impressive.
Before the submission check, any grammar or spelling mistake should not be there.
Precis writing is a summary of the passage so make it as simple but beautiful.
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Copyright © New Therapist
In your mind's eye contd ...
Based on its physioanatomical position, allowing it to affect known attentional systems, it has been shown for the past decade that the cerebellum contributes to attention operations by allowing attention to be shifted rapidly, accurately, smoothly and effortlessly.
Recent behavioural and empirical evidence suggests that the cerebellum participates in cognitive and language functions of the human brain, beyond the purely motor expression of speech or gesture. Advanced techniques for scanning and imaging the brain have revealed that the lateral cerebellum is strikingly activated when an individual performs information-processing, semantic association, working memory, declarative and episodic memory tasks.
Input to the cerebellum
The cerebellum receives not only visual, auditory and somatosensory information from the posterior lobes of the cerebral cortex, and not only motor information from the frontal lobe, but also highly processed multisensory information from some association areas.
In addition to such projections from the cerebral neocortex, the phylogenically older limbic lobe and hypothalamus also project to the pontine nuclei, which can, therefore, provide the cerebellum with some motivational and affective information that may be needed for regulating autonomic and emotional behaviour. In addition to these direct thalamic and hypothalamic projections, the cerebellum is also connected to reticular structures in the brainstem. They provide another, but less direct route to the older limbic structures, which are concerned with autonomic, emotional, and motivational behaviour.
Output from the cerebellum
Two direct routes from the cerebellum to the cerebrum have been traced anatomically. One route connects the cerebellum to the thalamus and, thence, to the prefrontal cortex. The other route connects the cerebellum to the hypothalamus and, in turn, to the older, limbic, structures of the brain. In addition to these direct thalamic and hypothalamic projections, the cerebellum also is connected to reticular structures in the brainstem, providing a less direct, but additional, route to the older structures of the limbic brain.
EMDR stimulation (visual, auditory and tactile), in addition to its constant alternating shifting of attention, also constitutes a constant and marked stimulation of the cerebellum.
Output fibers to the hypothalamus and to reticular nuclei in the brainstem allow the cerebellum to transmit information to the limbic structures. Input fibers from the hypothalamus and from the reticular nuclei in the brainstem allow it to receive information from the limbic lobe.
The attendant activation of each output dentate nucleus of the cerebellum then sends its processed information through output fibers to two main regions of the thalamus; to the ventrolateral thalamic nucleus and to the central lateral thalamic nucleus. The ventrolateral nucleus transmits its information and activates areas of the prefrontal cortex; specifically the orbitofrontal and dorsolateral cortices.
The orbitofrontal cortex performs the organizing executive functions of the right hemisphere; while the dorsolateral cortex performs the organizing executive functions of the left hemisphere.
Uri Bergmann may be contacted by e-mail at [email protected], or by post at 353 Veterans Memorial Highway, 3rd Floor, Commack, New York 11725, USA.
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Preview the book with learners before you starting reading.
Activity 1 – Introduce Two Old Women
Discuss the title, author's name, publisher, date, scan the jacket and the table of contents. Can the learners draw any conclusions about the book from the table of contents? Write their answers on flipchart paper. Ask learners to fill in Handout 1.
Activity 2 – K-W-L
- Ask learners what they already know about the Gwich'in people. Have them fill in the K column before they read the book. They write down everything they already know about the topic.
- What do they want to know about the Gwich'in people? Learners fill in the W column before they read the story or book. They write down things they want to learn about the topic. This helps them have a purpose for reading and focuses their attention on key ideas. Post in the classroom.
- Learners read the book.
- After they have read the story or book, have the learners fill in the L column. They write down the new knowledge they gained. They can also check the information in the K column to see if it is correct.
- Use one color to record prior knowledge and another color to record what information was added after reading (all levels).
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Development of an operational statistical scheme to predict the location and intensity of lightning
Phillip D. Bothwell, NOAA/NWS/NCEP/SPC, Norman, OK
Often, the first, and sometimes only, lightning strike of a thunderstorm can result in personal injury or death. Additionally, intense to severe lightning storms (i.e., those producing extremely large numbers of cloud-to-ground lightning flashes) pose a threat to electric utilities and forested areas, as well as many other public and private concerns. Predicting storms with high numbers of flashes is also important because these storms are often producing severe weather in the form of hail, wind, tornadoes and flash floods.
Over the past year, forecasts from a statistical lightning prediction scheme (Bothwell, 2002) have been made available to the meteorologists at the Storm Prediction Center (SPC). This scheme employs a set of climatological as well as meteorological lightning predictors in a "perfect prog" approach. Both the lightning climatologies and forecasts are available to the SPC forecasters. Initially, the scheme was used to produce 3 hour forecasts for one or more lightning flashes per 40 x 40 km grid box, in both the short term (0 to 3 hours), as well as longer term forecasts (out to 60 hours). These predictions were originally designed to provide guidance for the SPC one and two day fire weather forecast products that highlight the chance for dry thunderstorms (those with a tenth of an inch or less of rain). The lightning guidance products can also be useful for the short term forecasting of thunderstorm activity.
The perfect prog forecasts are run on both the RUC and ETA forecasts models as well as an hourly 3 dimensional analysis produced at the SPC. In an evaluation of both a warm and cool season set of forecasts, the perfect prog guidance for one or more lightning flashes using the RUC forecast model, exhibited good reliability out in time through the 12 to 15 hour forecasts. Forecasts between different models and even different runs of the same model (such as the RUC forecasts produced every three hours) can be compared.
Previous attempts by researchers over the years to predict the actual number of lightning flashes have generally shown little skill at predicting the number of lightning flashes. The approach here is to derive equations for events with significant numbers of lightning flashes. Using the perfect prog approach, the methodology is in place to calculate probabilities for areas of intense to severe lightning.
Currently the forecasts are being implemented for areas of 100 or more flashes per three hours, although probabilities for even higher flash rates can be developed. This paper will discuss the accuracy of this method and explore the implications it has for forecasting a large range of significant weather events.
Extended Abstract (484K)
Session 4, Lightning prediction, safety, and protection
Monday, 10 January 2005, 4:00 PM-5:15 PM
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Browse or search entire meeting
AMS Home Page
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Journalists play a significant role in disseminating information to the public. They have the duties of looking for information relating to the current events and connecting them with the history of a country, company or an individual. In most cases, the media influences the beliefs of the citizens, and it determines peaceful coexistence of a country. Journalists have the duty of care to present accurate and true information without bias as the information they provide influences the decision of most citizens. They also need to be competent and skillful in differentiating right from wrong. In the course of gathering information, they should consider the probabilities of false evidence, which might lead to misunderstanding. They need to be outgoing, presentable and social. Since each day has to have appealing news to attract readers, they should be aggressive in search for information from different parts of the country and worldwide. The managers of media centers have the task of identifying talented and skillful personnel. The government should also put in place strict laws and regulations to guide the freedom of journalists. Their operations should not interfere with the rights and freedom of the citizens. In case of breaching of these rules, they should be liable in the court of law. This would enable them to exhibit honesty in their duties and dedicate their time to the benefit of the entire public that relies on the information. Media companies should set standards on the type of work they expect from the journalists and the time considerations to ensure information is collected and spread in time. Journalists should be trained to keep time, gather full and accurate information and, if possible, get concrete evidence on the stories they write about. Managing journalism takes all the stakeholders, the government, the public and the management.
This paper is about the effective management of journalists, and it narrows down to the activities that improve the management of journalists in a working environment.
Journalists need adequate exposure in their field of work before they can be trusted with the duty of looking for information. They should be taken on reconnaissance to their fields of research, stay with the experienced journalists and learn how to interact with the natives of the regions they are reporting on. In case of a one-day report, they should interview the natives and compare their responses. Steen asserts that the more the research experiences the journalists get, the more skills they get, and this prepares them to be able to handle any task they are entrusted with a high level of precision (56). The exposure enables them to be creative and innovative in presenting their job.
General AnalysisWant an expert to write a paper for you Talk to an operator now
The government should enact strict laws and regulations to guide the media in their actions. The journalists should not have the freedom to anchor and write about anything they wish to; instead, they should put the interests of people at heart by educating them on the current opportunities and condemning the vices. Quinn affirms that journalists should not be biased as they write in newspapers and anchor their news (142). They should be independent and treat everyone as being equal. Their main role is to give information fully without arousing conflicts among citizens. Media companies should have their standards and policies that guide the journalists. In case of breach, they should be liable by either losing their jobs or paying a fine. This will discourage defamation of individuals due to personal indifferences. Through the media’s act, the government regulates the relationship between the media and the public, and anybody can sue the journalists in case of infringement of a right.
Journalists need incentives to enable them work with determination and honesty. They should be given reasonable salaries and allowances such as travelling and grooming allowances to encourage them. Albarran & Wirth confirm that since the job involves traveling and interaction with people, they need to be financed as they move around and need to look appealing in their dressing (67). Since some journalists may not afford decent clothes due to family and other expenditures, the media companies need to facilitate this by providing them with the required attires. Killebrew asserts that some may be influenced by bribes (121). This makes them biased in the collection of information and may not release the accurate data to the public. Some may withhold vital information if bribed. To avoid this, they should be paid well to cater for their needs.
Security is vital to the journalists as they move around collecting news. Some people are hostile and may threaten the journalists as they collect data. The influential personalities who are exposed publicly for their vices in the nation may also try to harm the journalists or even threaten them to withdraw their statements to clear their names. Journalists should be protected from such people so that they may have the courage to take up any role in any part of the nation. For instance, during community wranglers or political instability, the journalists are required to gather information on the event. Jurnalists may not be willing to do this if their lives and the lives of their families are at risk (Hanitzsch & Warl-Jorgensen 123). Job security determines the morale of the journalists as they work for their media companies. This also boosts their morale and determines their dedication in serving citizens.
Journalism requires technology that enables them to collect data accurately and efficiently. They should be provided with the instruments that are user-friendly, portable and accurate to boost their morale in reporting. In case they are unfamiliar with the new technology, they should be trained or given assistants to help them operate. Paperwork has been overtaken by time. They should be provided with iPhones or iPads to facilitate their collection and storage of information (Deuze 81). Cameras and recorders used in recording events should be clear and have a high resolution to enable them capture dangerous events. Good technology makes the media appealing and reliable as evidence can be sourced when needed in the future. Associated Press Managing Editors Association asserts that media companies should ensure they are acquainted with the advancement in technology so that they can also liaise with international media corporations in disseminating information (67).
Every employee desires personal satisfaction from his or her jobs. Journalists should be given chances for advancement in their careers. By providing them with challenging roles and duties, monotony of work is reduced, and they are encouraged to work more. Equal chances of promotion should be provided so that they will be encouraged to give their best while reporting and minimize the mistakes they commit. Most employees are encouraged to work harder and be creative knowing that their efforts will be rewarded (Castro & Bobrow 87). It will create a sense of responsibility and determination as they work. In some instances, journalists find it boring working in one environment for a long period. They need to be swapped and posted to different parts of the country. People may even compromise some if they stay in an environment for a long period.
In conclusion, journalists should exercise due diligence and skills in their role since they control the amount of information that is released to the public. To manage the efficient performance of journalists, the government should ensure strict laws are put in place; they should be adequately rewarded, assured of their security and provided with reliable and effective tools of data collection. This should be fulfilled to prevent the journalists from withholding information or presenting biased information.
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Aspects of setting up and maintaining a server, and Local Area Networks in general are covered here, so material here is probably aimed at a more advanced user. The majority of servers around the world today are based on Apache software. A LAMP server is a server running Linux, Apache, MySQL and PHP. MySQL is a database and PHP is a server side programming language. These elements are the basis of Content Management Systems (CMS), one example of which is Drupal, the engine that powers this site.
Inevitably, as with the hardware section, there is some overlap with other sections of the site. MySQL requires a server to run, one reason aspects of its operation are covered here. SQLite as its name implies does not require a server, and can be downloaded and run on a standalone computer. There is even a plug in for the Firefox browser that supports SQLite.
Browsers and email are other areas of overlap. Today they are essential part of any desktop environment, so you may find further material under software, and even Linux for novices. At the end of each article there are a series of keywords. Clicking on any one of these keywords will produce a list of other pages containing related content. Once you are past the basics, you may find the articles here of use.
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The goal of this module is to provide an overview of proven methods used for testing changes to a health care system for the purpose of improving that system. The module further describes the importance of testing changes prior to their implementation. A hypothetical case study is presented throughout the module to exemplify the benefits of using best practices for testing changes made to a health care system. The following is an overview of each section's content:
Improving care and outcomes for patients are often the goals when changing a health care process. An organization needs to change its current system to improve performance and quality. However, not all changes result in improvement. This module focuses on the importance of testing a change before its implementation and describes proven approaches and methods for testing that are used by experienced QI teams. It also illustrates the importance of using reliable data and provides several field examples to illustrate the improvement team's role during the testing process.
Improving the daily practice of health care requires making changes in the processes of care. Thinking about making improvements is a natural first step and comes easily to most; however, most experts in the quality improvement field agree that making changes that lead to improvements are more difficult. The challenge may be deciding on which approach is best for making a change, and each organization may choose a different change strategy. Discussed below are a few of the methods many organizations may be using now once they recognize the need for a change. While these are legitimate tactics for change, their effectiveness for successful quality improvement is undetermined, and they do not have the same benefits as the Model for Improvement, discussed later in this module.
Implementing a change often creates apprehension and resistance within the organization. In order to successfully carry out the change, the process requires considerable leadership. Leaders are chosen because of their ability to influence and guide individuals and groups in a positive and productive way. Overcoming the resistance and fear that change instills in staff may be accomplished through the support and influence of top-level leaders. The top-down approach to organizational change asserts that one or more members of top-level management should envision strategies and tactics first. The leadership then communicates these plans to the staff, highlights their benefits, and then oversees their successful implementation.
Developing or using a committee to make changes can play an important role in an organization. It allows more people to be involved and builds commitment of its members to the organization. A committee can discuss and review changes in detail and bring recommendations to the organization's leadership. The work of the organization becomes more efficient, and the specialized skills and interests of the committee's members are used to their full advantage. More members get involved in the detailed work of the organization and responsibilities are often shared according to the skills and interests of the committee's members.
Many organizations have used the trial-and-error approach in making improvements. This approach often involves making a change within the organization and then observing if it has an adverse effect. It is built on the concept that an organization learns more from analyzing its failures and trying again, than from improvement that results from changes made early in the process. The latter has been criticized as moving to solutions without adequately understanding or studying the change and its overall impact on the organization.
A Preferred Approach: The Model for Improvement
In quality improvement work in health care settings, the stakes are high, because changes have an impact on patients and health care delivery. Also, the systems impacted are complex and a change in one part can have unanticipated consequences elsewhere. Fortunately, a great deal of work has been done to evaluate the effectiveness of change methodologies in health care over the last two decades. One of the most effective is the Model for Improvement, which has been used successfully around the world in multiple industries, including health care. The model was crafted to provide a pragmatic and practical framework for the work of improvement. The rationale for this approach includes two key concepts--small incremental tests of change and benefits of testing changes before implementing. Additional information on the Model for Improvement is specifically described in Part 2 of this module.
Small Incremental Tests of Change
Testing a change provides an organization with a preview of the result before implementing it throughout the organization. It is comparable to test driving an automobile before purchasing it. It is ill-advised for an individual to make a financial commitment without ensuring the automobile meets the buyer's needs. If the buyer later discovers the new vehicle does not meet his or her needs, then resources have been wasted, or in this case, money spent on the new vehicle. This is the same philosophy that should be applied when making changes in an organization. Moving directly to a new change without appropriately testing it can have a negative impact on the organization. Although the change may not have a direct fiscal impact, it can have a negative effect on patient or staff satisfaction. Testing allows an organization to try a change in a controlled situation, which minimizes risk and the potential for a system-wide adverse event.
Reasons to Test Changes
An organization may experience one or more benefits when it tests a change before implementing it. The following list provides some examples of why organizations test changes before moving to implementation:
Below is a case study that is followed throughout the module, which depicts a fictional QI team and its efforts to improve the rate of adult patients receiving influenza vaccinations in its organization. The case study may be read in its entirety by clicking here.
The amount of testing an organization should perform before moving to implementation varies; however, high- risk and impact changes should receive more comprehensive testing. Part 2 describes methods that many organizations use for testing changes for improvement.
You will need Adobe Acrobat® Reader™ to view PDF files located on this site. If you do not already have Adobe Acrobat® Reader™, you can download here for free.
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Anthropologists have argued, in contrast, "that when something resembling barter does occur in stateless societies it is almost always between strangers, people who would otherwise be enemies." Barter occurred between strangers, not fellow villagers, and hence cannot be used to naturalisticly explain the origin of money without the state. Since most people engaged in trade knew each other, exchange was fostered through the extension of credit. Marcel Mauss, author of 'The Gift', argued that the first economic contracts were to not act in one's economic self-interest, and that before money, exchange was fostered through the processes of reciprocity and redistribution, not barter. Everyday exchange relations in such societies are characterized by generalized reciprocity, or a non-calculative familial "communism" where each takes according to their needs, and gives as they have.
The first 23 Barter Babes to join were friends and former PH&N co-workers who wanted to support Simmons. They mostly traded items and services to help out with the launch party: a lot of food, a press release, coat racks, silent auction items, courier services and social media consulting. Barter Babe No. 24, Grace Poon, was the first person to sign up for the project with whom Simmons had no prior connection. In exchange for Simmons’s financial advice, Poon provided graphic designs for an investment presentation (which Simmons still uses today). She remembers being excited, but also nervous: it was the first trade she’d made with someone who didn’t feel obligated to give her unconditional support. She needn’t have worried.
Bartering does have its limitations. Many bigger (i.e., chain) businesses will not entertain the idea and even smaller organizations may limit the amount of goods or services for which they will barter (i.e., they may not agree to a 100% barter arrangement and instead require that you make at least partial payment). But in an economic crunch, bartering can be a great way to get the goods and services you need without having to pull money out of your pocket.
The man who arguably founded modern economic theory, the 18th-century Scottish philosopher Adam Smith, popularized the idea that barter was a precursor to money. In The Wealth of Nations, he describes an imaginary scenario in which a baker living before the invention of money wanted a butcher’s meat but had nothing the butcher wanted.“No exchange can, in this case, be made between them,” Smith wrote.
For instance, each time Apple releases a new version of the iPhone, the second-hand market for older versions of the iPhone enjoys a flurry of activity. However, you do have to be as careful with the barter of used goods as you would be with the purchase of used goods. Be sure everything is in working order and shows no signs of significant damage.
And that means everything from tuna to stamps to cigarettes has its own unique value in a trade and barter market. — Alexandra Cardinale, Vox, "Why ramen is so valuable in prison," 14 Nov. 2018 European officials were also looking at a barter system that would allow Iran to sell oil, for example to China, and use the proceeds from that sale to purchase goods or technology from Europe. — Laurence Norman, WSJ, "Europe’s Payment Channel to Salvage Iran Deal Faces Limits," 25 Sep. 2018 With unemployment around 9 percent and consumer prices surging, some Argentines are again turning to barter clubs, which first emerged during the collapse nearly two decades ago. — Almudena Calatrava, Fox News, "Argentines seek soup kitchens, barter markets amid crisis," 10 Sep. 2018 This particular search insired Gellar and Laibow to hop on the phone and barter. — Colleen Leahey Mckeegan, Marie Claire, "Sarah Michelle Gellar's Second Act? Disrupting the Food Industry," 18 Apr. 2017 Choco Pies became so prevalent for sale or barter on the streets that North Korea reportedly banned their import to Kaesong in 2014. — Brian Murphy, Washington Post, "The Choco Pie dividend: South Korean firms are drooling at the prospect of business in the North," 17 June 2018 In 1996, amid crippling famine, Ji tried to steal a few pieces of coal from a rail yard to barter for food. — Brian Murphy, BostonGlobe.com, "Could these outspoken North Korean defectors return home?," 11 June 2018 In 1996, amid crippling famine, Ji tried to steal a few pieces of coal from a rail yard to barter for food. — Brian Murphy, BostonGlobe.com, "Could these outspoken North Korean defectors return home?," 11 June 2018 Instead, like many early civilizations, they were thought to mostly barter, trading items such as tobacco, maize, and clothing. — Joshua Rapp Learn, Science | AAAS, "The Maya civilization used chocolate as money," 27 June 2018
Debts in the wir currency, assigned the same value as the Swiss franc, could be paid with sales to any member of the bartering circle: if a baker needed to “purchase” eggs and flour from a farmer, the baker could pay off the debt by “selling” baked goods to another wir member. The farmer, in turn, could use his newly acquired credit to “buy” his own needed items or services. Despite a bank-led campaign to discredit the system, wir stuck. Today, it has more than 60,000 business participants and does the equivalent of about $4.4 billion in annual trade.
Another advantage of bartering is that you do not have to part with material items. Instead, you can offer a service in exchange for an item. For instance, if your friend has a skateboard that you want and their bicycle needs work, if you are good at fixing things, you can offer to fix their bike in exchange for the skateboard. With bartering two parties can get something they want or need from each other without having to spend any money.
Economic historian Karl Polanyi has argued that where barter is widespread, and cash supplies limited, barter is aided by the use of credit, brokerage, and money as a unit of account (i.e. used to price items). All of these strategies are found in ancient economies including Ptolemaic Egypt. They are also the basis for more recent barter exchange systems.
Since the 1830s, direct barter in western market economies has been aided by exchanges which frequently utilize alternative currencies based on the labor theory of value, and designed to prevent profit taking by intermediators. Examples include the Owenite socialists, the Cincinnati Time store, and more recently Ithaca HOURS (Time banking) and the LETS system.
Check online swap markets and online auctions that have a bartering component such as Craigslist.com (check under "For Sale" for the Bartering category), Swapace.com, SwapThing.com, Barterquest.com, U-Exchange.com, Trashbank.com and Ourswaps.com. Check for local bartering clubs. Your local Chamber of Commerce may be able to provide you with information on similar clubs in your area.
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The Heart Has Its Reasons examines these issues and critically evaluates the body of literature published for young adults that offers homosexual themes and characters. Cart and Jenkins chart the evolution of the field of YA literature having GLBTQ (gay/lesbian/bisexual, transgendered, and/or queer/questioning) content. They identify titles that are remarkable either for their excellence or failures, noting the stereotypic, wrongheaded, and outdated books as well as the accurate, thoughtful, and tactful titles. Useful criteria for evaluating books with GLBTQ content are provided. Books and resources of all types are reviewed based on a model that uses the category descriptors of Homosexual Visibility, Gay Assimilation, and Queer Consciousness/Community. An annotated bibliography and a number of author-title lists of books discussed in the text arranged by subject round out this valuable reference for teachers, librarians, parents, and young adults.
sketches in the origins of literature targeted at young adults;shows how the best of the genre has evolved to deal with subjects every bit as complex as its audience;closely examines teen demographics, literacy, audiobooks, the future of print, and other key topics;includes updated treatment of best-selling authors like John Green, Suzanne Collins, and Veronica Roth, plus interviews with leaders in the field;presents new and expanded coverage of perennially popular genre fiction, including horror, sci fi, and dystopian fiction;offers an updated overview of LGBTQ literature for young adults, including Intersex;covers such commercial trends as adult purchasers of YA books and the New Adult phenomenon; andfeatures abundant bibliographic material to aid in readers’ advisory and collection development.
Cart’s up-to-date coverage makes this the perfect resource for YA librarians who want to sharpen their readers’ advisory skills, educators and teachers who work with young people, and anyone else who wants to understand where YA lit has been and where it’s heading.
In Representing the Rainbow in Young Adult Literature: LGBTQ+ Content since 1969, Christine Jenkins and Michael Cart provide an overview of the literary landscape. An expanded version of The Heart Has Its Reasons, this volume charts the evolution of YA literature that features characters and themes which resonate not only with LGBTQ+ readers but with their allies as well. In this resource, Jenkins and Cart identify titles that are notable either for their excellence—accurate, thoughtful, and tactful depictions—or deficiencies—books that are wrongheaded, stereotypical, or outdated. Each chapter has been significantly updated, and this edition also includes new chapters on bisexual, transgender, and intersex issues and characters, as well as chapters on comics, graphic novels, and works of nonfiction.
This book also features an annotated bibliography and a number of author-title lists of books discussed in the text that will aid teachers, librarians, parents, and teen readers. Encompassing a wider array of sexual identities, Representing the Rainbow in Young Adult Literature is an invaluable resource for young people eager to read about books relevant to them and their lives.
Poised between the past and the future are the stories of now. In nontraditional narratives, short stories, and brief graphics, tales of anticipation and regret, eagerness and confusion present distinctively modern views of love, sexuality, and gender identification. Together, they reflect the vibrant possibilities available for young people learning to love others—and themselves—in today's multifaceted and quickly changing world.
From a boy whose low self-esteem is impacted when a gun comes into his possession to a student recalling a senseless tragedy that befell a favorite teacher, from a realistic look at hunting to a provocative look at a family that defies stereotypes, each emotional story stirs the debate to new levels. The juxtaposition of guns and their consequences offers moving tales, each a reminder of how crucial the question of guns in our society is, and the impact they have on all of us.
Other acclaimed contributors are Marc Aronson, Edward Averett, Francesca Lia Block, Alex Flinn, Gregory Galloway, Jenny Hubbard, Peter Johnson, Ron Koertge, Chris Lynch, Eric Shanower, Will Weaver, and Tim Wynne-Jones.
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What is acne?
Acne is the inflammation of sebaceous (oil producing) glands of the skin.It is a common skin disorder affecting mostly young people, which peaks around age 17-19 and usually resolves by the mid to late 20's.
What causes acne?
Increased production of male sex hormones (androgens) during puberty stimulate the sebaceous glands to produce more sebum.
- Increased production of sebum makes the opening of the sebaceous glands narrower, preventing the sebum from escaping. This causes the glands to swell, resulting in comedones (whiteheads) and blackheads (oxidised sebum).
- A common skin bacteria (Propionebacterium acnes) feeds on the sebum and produces waste products and fatty acids, which irritate and inflame the sebaceous gland. This results in redness and pimples.
Post Inflammatory Hyperpigmentation
This is redness or darkening of the skin around an acne lesion and tends
to last between 6-18 months, depending on the skin type.
Loss of tissue
- Ice pick scarring - usually on the cheeks.
- Depressed scarring - soft or hard with rolled edges.
- Atrophic scarring - soft with a wrinkled base
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This Dinosaur Bones craft is easy to make with our printable T-Rex dinosaur skeleton! The kids can pretend that they are on an archeological dig, a great craft for preschoolers on up!
Ages: 3 and Up
Here's what you'll need...
• Printed Dinosaur Skeleton* on brown paper
• Pasta (we used penne)
* Instructions for template: The template will open in a new window; close this window when you are done printing to return to the activity page. You will need Adobe Reader to open the template. If you do not have it you can download it for free here.
Here's how you make it...
1. Print your skeleton on a piece of brown paper to make it look like the dinosaur bones are in the dirt.
2. Glue the pasta on top of the lines to make your own dinosaur skeleton in the dirt!
Although the penne looks more like real bones, another option for this craft is to break up the pasta in to smaller flatter pieces.
Another option is to smear glue on your paper and sprinkle sand over top (shake off the excess) to add some real dirt (and texture) to your picture.
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October is Breast Cancer awareness month, which is the perfect time to bring other health issues women face into the spotlight. Women over 50 are more likely to develop osteoporosis than men. Osteoporosis is a condition where bone density is lost, causing bones to become weak, resulting in increased risk for fracture. Osteoporosis is caused by a drastic change in hormones and a deficiency of calcium and vitamin D. To follow are a few facts every woman should know about osteoporosis.
Facts About Osteoporosis
- Women are more likely than men to develop osteoporosis after age 50. Statistics show that one in three women develop the disease compared to one in five men.
- Developing bone mass is essentially an investment for your entire life. By age 18-20, 90% of total bone mass is acquired and stored for your entire life.
- Osteoporosis is often fatal. Twenty-five percent of women who suffer a fractured hip will die within the year from complications.
- Women do not have to fall in order to suffer a broken bone. Osteoporosis can cause bones to become to weak that they may break without trauma. This is called spontaneous fracture.
Tips for Keeping Bones Strong
- Physical activity and exercise are a major source for bone strengthening.
- Eat a well-balance calcium-fortified diet. The body absorbs calcium better through nutrition than it does from supplements. In addition to milk, a great source of calcium are dark, raw, leafy greens.
- Limit or discontinue alcohol and tobacco use.
- Make sure you’re getting enough vitamin D. The body needs vitamin D to absorb calcium.
Do you have Osteoporosis and Need a Total Joint Replacement? Contact The Orthopaedic Center Today.
Keeping bones healthy is essential to a health life. For more information contact The Orthopaedic Center, with locations conveniently located in Sapulpa, Cushing, South Tulsa and Midtown Tulsa. We look forward to meeting you, give us a call at 918-582-6800.
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Our community school is very diverse where many backgrounds and languages are represented. For most of our students, English is not their primary language. As a result, my students face challenges both in and out of the classroom. Despite the challenges they face on an everyday basis, I am always looking to provide my students with meaningful learning experiences.
My students show up to school excited and ready to learn.
It is my goal to help my students not only reach the next reading level but to keep my students motivated to learn.
This year I started using interactive notebooks with my students in Science and have found students to be more engaged during lessons. My goal for next school year is to continue to use interactive notebooks in Reading. I have used folders in the past for Reading, but papers always seem to be missing when it is time to reread a passage or article. With recently being informed that I will be teaching Reading to the entire 5th grade, I currently do not have enough glue sticks to last the year to create interactive reading notebooks. The glue sticks will be used daily to keep reading passages and graphic organizers glued into notebooks. The double sided tape will be an alternative to glue for students that may need it. Lastly, the packaging tape will allow me to post vocabulary anchor charts around the classroom for my students to see so they can take notes directly into their notebooks.
With an interactive notebook, students will have a reference source right at their fingertips to refer back to since all reading passages and graphic organizers will be glued directly into the notebook.
These notebooks will help my students learn in a meaningful way, which is why I am requesting these sticky materials.
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| 0.963287 | 452 | 2.53125 | 3 |
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