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To order an image, navigate to the full
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on the blue toolbar.
Attributed to Jeremy Belknap, the manuscript map of Plymouth Harbor shows the coast of Massachusetts from Marshfield to Eel River (now Beach Park), including Duxborough (now Duxbury), Clarke's Island, Sauquish Point (now Standish Point), and Gurnet Lighthouse. The map also shows the locations of roads from Boston to Plymouth, as well as roads from Plymouth to Sandwich, Taunton, and to Manimet Parish (now Manomet).
Three numbers on the map indicate the following:
"1. The place where the first settlers landed on 22 Dec'r 1620. N.S." [New Style date]
"2. The brook on the N side whereof they halted for the first winter."
"3. Clarke's I. where they spent their first Sabbath after their arrival on the coast on 8 Dec'r. 1620. O.S." [Old Style date]
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Sitting under the extinct volcano of Arthur’s Seat, the Palace of Holyroodhouse has been a Royal residence since 1503 when King James IV decided to convert the Royal Lodgings of Holyrood Abbey into a home fit for his new bride, Margaret Tudor.
The original Augustinian Abbey was founded in 1128 by King David I, supposedly after a hunting trip. Legend has it that he was thrown from his horse after being startled by a deer and was saved thanks to the appearance of a Holy Cross (or rood) that beamed down from the skies above. Whether you believe this miracle or not is up to you, but at least that’s one of the theories as to how Holyrood got its name.
Raids by the English during the mid-16th century destroyed many of the Abbey buildings and by the end of the Reformation all that was left of any consequence was the nave, which required some serious restoration for the Scottish coronation of King Charles I in 1633. The Chapel Royal, as it became known, was used for Catholic worship during the reign of James VII (and II of England), but by the 18th century, for various reasons, had suffered so much damage that it fell into terminal decline.
The remains of the nave can still be seen today as part of the tour of the palace.
As for the palace itself, it’s a mixture of pomp and history and the self-guided audio tour explains both. The Queen spends one week a year performing her official duties which includes honouring Scottish dignitaries and installing new Knights to the Order of the Thistle. These duties, as well as welcoming world leaders, are held in the State Apartments such as the Throne Room and the Great Gallery.
The rooms were originally laid out in such a way that they became more impressive the closer they got to the King’s Chamber, but as impressive as these rooms are, it’s the Queen’s rooms that steal the show.
The Queen’s Lobby, Bedchamber and Ante-Chamber are situated in James V’s Tower, the oldest part of the palace, and the most interesting historically. These rooms have a feel to them that no other part of the building has, and they take on even more significance when you realise that this was where David Rizzio, the secretary (and lover?) of Mary Queen of Scots, was brutally murdered by her husband Lord Darnley and his accomplices in the Queen’s presence.
With so many things to occupy people’s time in Edinburgh, not everyone will want to spend money on visiting a royal household, but with historical events like the murder of David Rizzio, there’s more to the palace than just grand rooms.
As you would expect, photography inside the palace isn’t allowed, but if the Palace of Holyrood House appeals to you, then check out their website below for all the latest up to date information.
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Federal policy changes lead to healthier options in urban 'food deserts,' study suggests
Johns Hopkins researchers tracked Baltimore corner store offerings
Federal food policy changes led to increased availability of healthy foods at smaller urban corner stores in Baltimore, new research from the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health suggests. Increases in healthy food were greatest in corner stores and in neighborhoods with a majority of black residents.
Many residents of cities such as Baltimore, where the study was conducted, reside in what are known as food deserts, on blocks far from supermarkets and inhabited by people with little access to transportation. There, residents are often forced to buy food from corner stores, where shelves may not be stocked with healthy options.
Data was collected from 118 Baltimore corner stores in 2006 as part of the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis and again in 2012 under the auspices of the Johns Hopkins Center for a Livable Future. Both datasets assessed healthy food availability by assigning points to various healthy options on the shelves.
In 2006, the stores had an average healthy food availability score of 7.06 out of a possible 18. Stores in census tracts where more than 60 percent of residents are black had the lowest scores (6.4 versus 8.19 in tracts where more than 60 percent of residents are white; and 8.76 in tracts without a racial majority). In 2012, the average score jumped by 1.25 points, with neighborhoods with a majority of residents who are white increasing by .18 points and neighborhoods with a majority of residents who are black increasing by 1.52 points.
The data revealed that corner stores, particularly in neighborhoods with large numbers of black residents, were more likely to increase the number of healthful food choices between 2006 and 2012.
One of the big changes that occurred between 2006 and 2012 came in 2009, when the federal Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children (WIC) required participating stores to improve food offerings by carrying more healthy options such as fruits and vegetables or whole wheat bread. The changes to this food stamps-like program for pregnant women and children at nutritional risk appeared to drive much of the increase in nutritious food in the small corner stores.
Poor diet is one of the biggest risk factors for death and illness in the United States, responsible for more than 600,000 deaths in 2010 alone, researchers say.
"This study shows us that, at a policy level, we can have an impact on the availability of healthy food in communities of individuals who are underserved," says study leader Laura K. Cobb, a recent DrPH recipient from the Bloomberg School. "It's not always practical to build new supermarkets, but this tells us we can impact healthy food availability in neighborhoods that need it the most by improving offerings at small corner stores."Read more from School of Public Health
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Hearing loss affects approximately 48 million Americans. About 500,000 of them are Wisconsin residents. Hearing loss can be attributed to: genetics, disease, exposure to noise, medications and as a result of the natural aging process. An individual’s right to decide what, if any, treatment works for them is just that, a right. At the Office for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing we provide non-biased information and referral to consumers wishing to know more about hearing loss and its implications. For more information please click here to visit the ODHH Website.
ADRC Introduction in ASL
Council for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing
Deaf and Hard of Hearing Presentation
Free Visor Cards – Help communicating with Police
Hearing Aid’s, Cochlear Implants & Hearing Technology
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Cyber-attacks can kill businesses. Leaks of personal or otherwise sensitive information can destroy trust and expose your company to great liability. What’s worse, cyber-attacks are becoming more and more prevalent due to their relative ease. Every organisation should recognise the risks exposing them to these attacks and have preventive measures in place to protect themselves.
There are several issues which create vulnerabilities in a company’s software or network which a cybercriminal can exploit to steal information. Here are some major risks to the security of your data.
- Weak security codes: Security codes that are hastily or improperly developed often have vulnerabilities that were not picked up. Cybercriminals can exploit these weaknesses to access sensitive information.
- Poor configuration security: This occurs when network devices are unconfigured, i.e. set to default settings, which can cause the information to be exposed and easily accessed.
- Issues with patch management: Patches are updates to the code of a program to improve its function or stability. Incompatibility issues with the device’s operating system or problems with the patch itself could cause vulnerabilities in the program.
- Cloud data breaches: While many companies are using cloud data storage for convenience, cloud service providers may lack secure encryption and authentication, leaving their users vulnerable to malware.
- Single-factor authentication (SFA): SFA is when you only need one credential, like a password, to access the account or network. This makes it very easy to access private information once the password is attained through phishing or malware.
To protect your information, you need to make sure that these risks are addressed quickly. A slew of systematic preventive measures is necessary to remove and mitigate vulnerabilities that threaten your business. Here are some organisational initiatives you can implement to improve cybersecurity.
- Employee training: Many cybersecurity risks and breaches themselves stem from human error. Training employees in the principles of cybersecurity, such as not opening untrustworthy emails, can prevent the most common cyber-attacks.
- Limit user access: Require individual employee accounts and user authorisation for critical data, limiting access to employees who do not require it. If possible, restrict software installation permissions to the administrator as well.
- Create a backup strategy: All essential information should be backed up multiple times so that lost data can be recovered in the event of an attack. Backup procedures should also be regularly tested to ensure quick and effective recovery.
- Front-end security: There are various ways to improve front-end code, for example, using frameworks that facilitate secure software writing during development or using modern frameworks that intrinsically protect against vulnerabilities.
- Network security: Wi-Fi networks in the workplace should be secure. It should require passwords for access and use secure encryption when transmitting data.
- Securing and maintenance of the code: The software should be updated at least monthly. All vulnerabilities exposed should be assessed and dealt with immediately.
- Two-factor authentication (2FA): It is optimal to require 2FA to access your network or website. This can be accomplished by, for example, requiring a password and a code sent by SMS for login. It ensures that even in the event of a password attack, the information remains secure.
As threats to cybersecurity intensify, organisations must be knowledgeable of the risks they face and manage them to the best of their ability. While this is a non-exhaustive list, these measures and more can be effectively organised and executed by experts with cybersecurity training or CISSP training. If implemented effectively, these measures will certainly help in minimising the risk of a cyber-attack and mitigating loss in the event of one.
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Updated: Nov 20, 2020
The recent cultural appropriation debate has also centred on the words that yoga teachers use. It is very common in the West for classes to end with the word ‘Namaste!’ complete with anjali mudra (prayer pose) and a bow. In fact, it is mostly how I have chosen to end my sessions, thinking it was authentic. As a teacher I never wanted to be less than genuine. I have never wanted to do anything that did not resonate with me to just add a bit of flavour or drama. I have never wanted to participate in what might be termed as ‘the taking, marketing and exotification of cultural practices from historically oppressed people’. I just loved yoga, how it made me feel and wanted a nod to its origins in all senses of the word.
You see, it turns out that ‘Namaste’ isn’t exclusively part of the yogic tradition at all. Many yogis in India never use it. Famously Iyengar used to end his sessions with ‘that’s enough for today’ and other traditions may chant 3 oms. ‘Namaste’ is a greeting used by Hindu people to their colleagues, or one that children learn to greet their elders; ‘the equivalent of hello, but with an element of respect’, according to author and journalist Deepak Singh. Webster’s online dictionary also tells us the Sanskrit phrase namaste is formed from namaḥ, meaning “bow, obeisance, adoration,” and the enclitic pronoun te, meaning “to you.” It appears that it only really came into English since Indian independence in the mid Twentieth Century, about the time when the first Indian gurus came to the West. It not used by them but instead it appeared in newspapers reporting on meetings with prominent political leaders of the newly independent country. In fact, it was not used to talk about yoga at all.
In response Nehru closed his palms in front of his chest. This traditional Hindu namasthe (greeting) is as much a part of his public manner as was the V sign for Churchill. —TIME, 16 August 1948
Travellers on flights to India have always been greeted with a cheery 'Namaste' but, interestingly, also since early March 2020, and Covid 19, many global leaders have talked about their decision to shed the handshake and use anjali mudra because of the lack of physical contact and the broad understanding of what the gesture means. These people include Prince Charles, Emmanuel Macron, Benjamin Netanyahu, Angela Merkel and even Donald Trump!
I have always understood that ‘Namaste’ means ‘the light in me bows to the light in you’. I think this is an absolutely beautiful thing to say and I always do explain to students what we are saying. The linguist in me loved the connection when I realised the link to ‘Surya Namaskar’, the Sanskrit name for Sun Salutations. I realised that bowing, saluting, greeting were one and the same. In yoga we have ‘Chandra Namaskar’ also (Moon Salutation). If you know my classes, you’ll know just how much I love this traditional sequence. In this way, we bow to the light of the moon and the sun and also to the light from each other. To me that makes sense. I feel it should be said with meaning, creating a soulful connection. When we bow at the end of a class, it is to acknowledge this, and as I always say, we are also bowing to our own inner teachers. This emphasises how much yoga must come from the heart and be felt within. A yoga teacher can only be a guide. We should stay humble and feel it.
So why might this be a problem? Is it the lack of understanding of the word’s original meaning? In fact, if you look at the Spanish ‘adios’ or the French ‘adieu’, are we really thinking about sending people ‘to God’? Even the humble Anglo Saxon ‘goodbye’ means ‘God be with you’. Do we actually think that every time we say it? And yet, if it is a greeting in India, why are we saying it at the end of the class? It seems like we have got it the wrong way round. Like saying ‘hello’ just as you are leaving. This would seem to suggest that, as Westerners, we haven’t really understood its usage. This is perhaps lazy and to anyone who understands the word in its original context, just a little weird. I remember teaching yoga to a group of young Asian mums at a nursery and when I said ‘namaste’ they laughed. I didn’t know why. They were Muslim women and new to yoga but they must have known the language better than I did, finding it absurd to say ‘hello’ at the end of a session.
Yoga calls us to think, speak and move authentically, without doubt. There is no way I would ever want to be offensive, especially to a culture which has given me so much, a culture and tradition I am learning about. I am at the point now when I have tried to close with something else. I might just say ‘thank you’ or attempt something equally meaningful like ‘Shanti’ (peace). But I feel a different resonance with ‘Namaste’, as if we are honouring each other; teacher and students. The truth is that it feels right, and students seem to feel that too. When we don’t say it, it hangs in the air. So, if it is just a little weird and ridiculous for native speakers of Indian languages, but not offensive, I will probably continue. The moment I know for sure that it is an insult to the beautiful heritage of yoga, I will stop.
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Huckleberry is the state fruit of Idaho and is found in North American and European continents. It is a small, round berry replete with nutrients and tastes and looks very similar to blueberries. These berries can be used in making jams, jellies, liquor, and dyes. Moreover, the antioxidants and phytochemicals in huckleberries may help reduce cardiovascular disease and cancer risk, lower cholesterol levels, and improve immune health. This article explores the types of huckleberry, its nutrition, health benefits, how it differs from blueberry, and the simple huckleberry recipes you can try at home. Keep reading. What Is Huckleberry? Huckleberry is a member of the Ericaceae family and is closely related to the Gaylussacia and Vaccinium genera. These berries are 5 mm to 10 mm in diameter and contain 10 large seeds. They have a tart taste and flavor similar to that of blueberries, and their colors range from bright red to dark purple to blue. They are used in various foods and beverage
Los alimentos antioxidantes protegen las células frente al desequilibrio producido por los radicales libres y por una posible disminución de antioxidantes. Las frutas son la medicina ideal que usted necesita para curarse de cualquier enfermedad.
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Operant conditioning involves the use of positive or negative reinforcement to promote certain behaviors, and/or different forms of punishment. Positive reinforcement means starting or adding something good, examples of positive reinforcement: then becomes a conditioned negative punisher. Operant conditioning is a form of learning where a person's behavior is modified through both positive and negative consequences by using. By applying negative reinforcement, which is not a form of operant conditioning along with positive reinforcement seems to increase. Negative reinforcement vs positive reinforcement both of these are part of something he called operant conditioning, which is basically learning through both.
Using structured positive and negative reinforcement to change student with operant conditioning, good behavior is associated with positive or negative . It is one type of motivational behavior defined by bf skinner as operant conditioning, along with positive reinforcement, punishment and extinction. Reinforcement: positive, negative, social, and punishment positive skinner ( 1940s) later refined these ideas and described learning as operant conditioning. Through his research on operant behaviour, skinner uncovered several influencing although, technically, neither positive nor negative reinforcement lead to.
Operant conditioning shows us that reinforcement can be a very powerful way reinforcement can be both positive or negative depending on. There are four types of operant conditioning: positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, punishment and extinction. In the language of operant (skinnerian) conditioning, which along with note that both positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement are. A brief write-up on positive and negative reinforcement, the two forms in skinner's operant conditioning, 'reinforcement' and 'punishment' are.
Negative reinforcement is the removal of a stimulus after a response so that the response will occur more often in this terminology, positive and negative don't. Operant conditioning flow chart what is the goal negative reinforcement something received something removed positive punishment negative. Three-phase model of operant conditioning skinner “operant conditioning” thorndike calls “instrumental learning” operant is the response(s) that “operate” or.
and into the 1950s, psychologist bf skinner studied operant conditioning, we use negative reinforcement by taking away something bad when kids respond very well to positive reinforcement, largely because they. Cepts in operant conditioning prior classroom observations re- vealed that most students defined positive reinforcement as reward and equated negative. Good management will employ negative reinforcement when pioneered studies in operant conditioning—a method of learning in which our. Operant conditioning is a method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for reinforcers can be either positive or negative skinner showed how positive reinforcement worked by placing a hungry rat in his skinner box. The central premise of pavlok is getting the user to take action and create a new habit — or change an existing one to do this, we built “pattern.
The core principle in operant conditioning is that the consequences following a behavior (a response) influence the probability of the behavior. Operant conditioning is an experimental procedure in which the behavior of an it should be noted that both positive and negative reinforcement lead to an. Differences between positive and negative reinforcement positive reinforcement is a concept of operant conditioning that presents. Penny with operant conditioning/positive reinforcement/shaping theory almost gets punishment and negative reinforcement right.
In psychology, the concept of reinforcement is studied in operant conditioning reinforcement means an act in which the experimenter attempts. Operant conditioning embodies a positive and negative reward system for effective behavioral training positive reinforcement involves giving something likable.
Positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement increase the probability of a. In applied behavior analysis, there are two types of reinforcement and punishment: positive and negative it can be difficult to distinguish. Operant conditioning is learning negative reinforcement r increases in frequency because it removes had the consequent of a positive reinforcer (sr+) ii. [APSNIP--]
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Here at Spire we aim to teach children how to stay safe online and to help guide them to make the right choices when online or using apps. There are 1000’s of applications children use, many with the potential of creating a safeguarding concern and which may make a child vulnerable online.
Here are some websites we hope you will find useful when supporting your child to stay safe when using technology.
https://www.derbyshirescb.org.uk/home.aspx - This site provides important safeguarding information for parents and carers and importantly provides contact numbers and advice on how to report a concern. There are also lots of links to really useful resources and guidance.
internetmatters.org - offers some simple, practical and easy advice on the steps you can take as a parent to keep them as safe as possible.
thinkuknow.co.uk - a very child friendly website which follows Lee and Kim's adventures to teach children how to protect themselves online.
nspcc.org.uk - lots of information aimed at parents and carers who then can share their knowledge with their children.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d5kW4pI_VQw&safe=active - a very child friendly resource. This video is for young children and allows for lots of talk about the right thing to do if they come across pop ups and sharing personal information.
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Blazer insight on Kwanzaa holiday celebrations
Kwanzaa is a vibrant and soulful sibling in the holiday triumvirate consisting of Hanukkah and Christmas that runs through late December. Although celebrated by a minority of people, it holds a major importance the mix of wintry festivities. The holiday, created in 1965, was founded on Pan-Africanist principles and celebrates unity between those of African descent. A handful of Blazers observe Kwanzaa and are excited to share more about the tidings of this special holiday.
In 1965, Maulana Karenga, a professor of Africana Studies and prominent figure in the Black Power movement, established Kwanzaa specifically for the African-American community. The Kwanzaa celebrations begin each year on December 26 and ends January 1st, cumulating in a feast and gift-giving celebration. Each day, a different candle is lit for one of seven principles which all are in Swahili. The principles include, Umoja (unity), Kujichagulia (self-determination), Ujima (collective work and responsibility), Ujamaa (cooperative economics), Nia (purpose), Kuumba (creativity) and Imani (faith).
The purpose of Kwanzaa stems from Pan-Africanist principles that hope to strengthen African-Americans to their African roots while simultaneously celebrating their unique culture following the forced diaspora from West Africa. "It is a good way for African-Americans to celebrate our shared history, but it also surpasses differences of ethnicity as it unites people of any African descent no matter where they are originally from," Queen explains. Kwanzaa transcends the differences in ethnicity between black people and is meant to unify. The terminology used in Kwanzaa celebrations is derived from Swahili, which is a language common to East Africa, although the ancestors of African- Americans originated in West Africa. This disparity is used to underscore Kwanzaa's Pan-Africanist principles. Not only does Kwanzaa stress unity between those of African descent, but unity between people and their ancestors as well. "We pray to our ancestors, loved ones and God," Queen says.
Blair Senior Kayin Mazyck used to celebrate Kwanzaa with her family, but stopped a few years ago. This December 26th, Mazyck went to a classmate's celebration and rejoiced in the nostalgia of the holiday festivities, once again basking in the ancestral and cultural unity. The celebration consisted of African drummers, dancing, mountains of food and the lighting of the first candle. "From attending that event, I was able to remember how it felt celebrating Kwanzaa as a child," Mazyck recalls. "In addition to the importance of celebrating not only family, the holiday upholds the ancestors of African American people who paved the way for our future." Kwanzaa's popularity has dissipated dramatically over the years, and many who once celebrated like Mazyck no longer do. There are multiple reasons for this lack of celebration, including bustling family lives and simply having no knowledge surrounding the holiday processions and purpose. Mazyck believes more people should take advantage of the celebrations, as Kwanzaa is an avenue to reconnect with one's African heritage and African-American identity. "Kwanzaa should definitely be more widely celebrated because it allows us to reflect on lifestyle choices and how we want to continue or change our ways into the New Year," Mazyck says.
Kwanzaa is based on history-rich principles and reflection on the trials many black people have endured throughout history. The holiday is a tether for many in the African-American community to their roots. Kwanzaa celebrations usher in the New Year, and illuminate the importance of unity, remembrance and planning for the future. Although Kwanzaa's principles are not well known with the majority of the population, the holiday serves a huge purpose for those who partake.
Zewde Ingram. More »
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What is it?
Inflammation associated with contact lens wear. Generally thought to be due to a combination of mechanical and immunologic factors. It causes bumps under the eyelid which become inflamed and lead to mucus, grittiness, less wearing time and poorer feeling and fitting contact lenses.
Who does it affect?
Contact lens wearers – more commonly with continuous wear, deposited lenses and those patients with dry eye or allergic histories. Certain soft lens materials may increase the risk.
How is it treated?
Discontinuation of lenses will cure the problem. However, most patients and their doctors choose a combination of reduced wearing schedules, anti-inflammatory and anti-allergy drops to control the inflammation. Many patients are successfully refit on a temporary or long-term basis with daily disposable soft lenses.
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A highly-infectious avian flu is forcing farmers to kill millions of egg-laying birds across more than half the country, driving the price of eggs up to historic levels only days before Easter and Passover.
The wholesale price for white, large Midwest shell eggs is nearly three times as much as last year. The cost of a dozen surpassed $3 on March 31, which has only happened once before, according to market researchers Urner Barry.
The rising costs are driven in part by the bird flu outbreak that has been detected in at least 26 states and led to the death of millions of birds. The virus, which is rarely transmitted to humans, is hitting consumers as well as businesses that use large amount of eggs.
The rise in the price of eggs comes as food prices have increased in several areas. From February 2021 until February 2022, milk prices have gone up 11.2%, candy has gone up 7.1%, and butter has gone up 5.5%, according to the U.S. Department of Labor’s Consumer Price Index.
The U.S. Department of Agriculture predicts groceries could increase another 4% by the end of the year, while the cost of eating out could go up as much as 6.5%, according to the USDA’s Food Prices Outlook report released last month.
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|Chottanikkara temple, dating back to early 10th century, is situated about 18 km from the city. Here, Goddess Bhagavathy is worshipped in three forms – Saraswathi, Bhadrakali and Durga.
It is believed that mentally ill patients who come to the temple and pray to the goddess will be cured by her. Near the temple, one can see a tree covered with long nails. These nails have been hammered in by devotees using their foreheads only. This practice is believed to have the effect of permanently disabling the evil spirit residing in the patient’s body and causing his mental imbalance.
Bhajana - staying at the temple premises for a period of time for the purpose of engaging in prayer and meditation– is also seen.
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240v Receptacle Wiring Diagram
Oct 8, 2016 - wiring diagram 20 amp 240 volt circuit More.
240v receptacle wiring diagram. Please right click on the image and save the picture. If all your 240V power tools have different plugs, it might be a good idea to make an adapter that can work with all of them.. 50a 240v receptacle wiring i am not a licensed electrician nor is this to be considered advice on how to properly do this. What You Will Need.
In this wiring, a 30A, 240V outlet is wired for dryer where the neutral is needed as well. A large-capacity window air-conditioner calls for a 20-amp, 240-volt receptacle. 4 Wire 220 Volt Wiring Diagram 240v Receptacle Wiring 3 Plug Wiring Diagram Sheet 4 Wire 220 Volt Wiring Diagram – wiring diagram is a simplified pleasing pictorial representation of an electrical circuit. These guidelines will probably be easy to understand and apply.
We also have some more illustrations related to 220 To 110 Wiring Diagram, please see the pic gallery below, click one of the images, then. Mark the white wire black. L14 30 Wiring Diagram Awesome A L1430 Plug Data Set E280a2. The black wire (line) and white (neutral) connect to the receptacle terminals and another 2 wire NM that travels to the next receptacle.
Drop-in cooktops or wall ovens are usually hardwired, with the circuit wiring connected directly into the appliance connection panel, without the benefit of a plug-in cord and receptacle. This repeats until the end of the chain. Leviton Gfci Outlet Wiring Diagram Archives Kobecityinfo Leviton Gfci Wiring Diagram Fresh Wiring Diagram For Gfci Receptacle Leviton Presents How To Install An Electrical Wall Outlet. These are the mains 240V alternating current (oscillates between 120V positive and 120V negative).
In the diagram below, a 2-wire NM cable supplies line voltage from the electrical panel to the first receptacle outlet box. The following instructions, then, are normally used only for freestanding upright range/oven units. It really is supposed to aid each of the typical consumer in developing a proper method. The outlet should be wired to a dedicated 20-amp/240-volt circuit breaker in the service panel using 12|2 awg cable..
If the 12 gauge wire was wired for 240V, then fuse is necessary for both hot wires. L14 30 Plug Wiring Diagram - Collections Of L14 30 Wiring Diagram Awesome Nema L5. Dec 29 2013 . The Line 1, Line 2, Ground and Neutral wires are connected to the related terminals via 10 gauge 3 wires cable from separated breaker.
NEMA Connector L14-30 120/240V. With this wiring, both the black and white wires are used to carry 120 volts each and the white wire is wrapped with electrical tape to label it hot. So that we attempted to get some good 3 wire 220v wiring diagram photo to suit your needs. You check the wiring diagram for what the device requires and if it says 240v 1PH or single phase -thats just two hots and a ground and if the device says 240v 3PH or 3 phase then its two hots, a neutral, and a ground.
This book even contains ideas for added provides that you might need to be able to end your tasks. Wiring diagram also offers useful suggestions for projects that might demand some added equipment. Journeyman Pro 30 Amp Plug & Connector Set Nema L14 30r & L14 30p. Wiring 30A, 240V Outlet for Dryer.
Wiring Diagram For Pdl Light Switch Print 240V Plug Wiring Diagram – Receptacle Wiring Diagram. If you want to find the other picture or article about 4 Wire 220 Volt. Wiring a new 120/240 volt receptacle is easier than you think, and this simple how-to guide will show you everything you need to know. Oct 25, 2016 - wiring diagram for a 20 amp 240 volt receptacle
A pinout and wiring diagram for 120/240V generator outlet and plug L14-30. Route 12/2 cable from the service panel to a receptacle box. Wiring a 20-Amp 240-Volt Appliance Receptacle. 240v GFCI work with no neutral ??
It means, all the connected loads to the load terminals of GFCI are protected. Connect the white and black wires to the receptacle terminals. Collection of leviton gfci receptacle wiring diagram. Oct 8, 2016 - wiring diagram 20 amp 240 volt circuit More.
A wrongly wired 50 amp service can introduce 240 volt electricity to your rv with the same results. The receptacle and cord are rated for a specified amperage rating and this should be the size of the electrical circuit, which should be indicated in the owners manual. Wiring diagram for a 50 amp 240 volt circuit breaker. Sun Dance Instruction Manual Check out the instruction manual for this spa.In the wiring diagram it shows a load neutral connection on the breaker not used.Thanks for your info.I am going to do some more reshearch.I have not had a chance to read your article yet.
Connect the ground wire. 30 Amp Generator Diagram – Wiring Diagrams Hubs – 30 Amp Plug Wiring Diagram. An outlet receptacle is usually required only for free-standing upright ranges. This is the 230 Volt Wiring Diagram &
Honestly, we also have been noticed that 3 wire 220v wiring diagram is being one of the most popular subject at this moment. Nema L14 30 Wiring Diagram and Random 2 30r. 208V Single Phase And 208V 3 Phase • Oem Panels pertaining to 3 Wire 220V Wiring Diagram, image size 486 X 342 px, and to view image details please click the image.. Electrical - AC & DC - Wiring 240V receptacle for welder - I need to wire a receptacle for a welder in my detached garage.
Each of the 120V AC outlets in your house uses one of the lines from the 240V pair and one "neutral" line (which has a 0V potential), so the total potential at the outlet is 120V. 120/240 volt receptacle outlet;
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This is a 7 slide Power Point presentation that introduces the verb andare and all its forms. It also lists different forms of transportation and different locations. The goal is to use the verb in context to talk about going somewhere using a particular form of transportation. It promotes collaborative learning. Appropriate for Middle School and High School.
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Ludwig von Mises Institute
Israel at the UN
Cascade Policy Institute
Voluntary Trade Council
Dr. George Reisman
Mises Economics Blog
The Angry Economist
Civilian Gun Self-Defense
In The Pipeline
Fall of the State
Voluntary Trade Blog
Free Money Finance
The True Rate of Return
Inflation is often called a "hidden tax," and rightly so. But inflation's impact on savings and investment is much worse than commonly known.
It is not correct to define inflation as the general rate of change of prices. Prices rise and fall for a great many reasons. Little can be understood by considering all the factors contributing to price changes in an aggregate called "inflation." Instead, the concept of inflation should be more narrowly focused to allow the study of the influence of the quantity of money on prices.
Economic study requires a clear mental separation between "real" wealth such as consumer's goods, factories, etc., and "nominal" wealth which is real wealth's expression in monetary terms. Increasing the quantity of money does not create real wealth; it only creates little pieces of paper. If you gave everyone a million dollars they wouldn't all be able to rush out and buy a recreational boat — there physically aren't that many boats. They would have to be produced first. This could not happen quickly, because there aren't enough factories to build that many boats, nor are there enough "spare" materials to construct them with, nor enough skilled people to put the boats together. In order to create more boats, resources would have to be diverted from other areas of the economy, and this would mean fewer houses, cars, and everything else. Real wealth cannot be increased by increasing nominal wealth. The concept of inflation defined as the change in the quantity of money permits the study of the economy in response to purely nominal (as opposed to real) influences.
In the United States, Congress is responsible for taxation and the Federal Reserve is responsible for inflation. Investors need to be aware of the effects of both taxation and inflation. Let's do a little math. I promise it's simple, and I'll use small steps.
First, a few definitions:
Inflation does not affect all prices uniformly. Some are impacted earlier, some later, and different prices may be affected to a greater or lesser extent. Inflation is frequently assumed to be uniform simply because it makes the math easier. I'm using that assumption here.
Let's create a formula for m1. The investment earnings are (m0×r). The taxes on those earnings are (m0×r×t). After one investment period, you'll have your original principal, plus earnings, less taxes:
For example, assume you're investing $1,250 at 8% and taxes are 24%. Earnings would be $1,250×0.08=$100. Taxes would be $100×0.24=$24. $1,250+$100-$24=$1,326. Verifying the formula above, m1=$1,250(1+0.08(1-0.24))=$1,326.
Inflation will reduce the purchasing power of your principal. In order to keep up with inflation, your money needs to grow at the same rate. Expressed symbolically:
Using the example of $1,250 principal from above, and assuming a 4% inflation rate, after one year you need to have $1,250(1+0.04)=$1,300 to maintain your purchasing power.
It's important to realize that inflation affects the prices of investments as well as the prices of goods. The unfortunate consequence of this is that you will owe taxes on the portion of investment gains attributable to inflation, despite those gains having no economic relevance at all. In terms of the examples above, you were taxed on the whole $100 of earnings, not just on the $50 over and above what you needed in order to keep pace with inflation. Not only is inflation a "hidden tax," but you pay it on money that you haven't really (pun intended) made!
Using the examples above, m1=$1,326 and e=$1,300. You only made $26 after considering both taxes and inflation! You're only 2% ahead ($26/$1,300) of where you started on an after-tax, equivalent-purchasing-power basis. This is a much smaller rate than the 8% nominal rate assumed for the examples.
The "real rate of return" is simply the nominal rate of return minus the inflation rate, (r-i). But if you use this figure for projecting the performance of your investments, you'll underestimate the impact of taxes, because you're taxed on your nominal (not real) returns. But even without taxes, the "real rate of return" still overstates your returns: if there were no taxes and your $1,250 grew to $1,350 over one period, you're only $50/$1,300 = 3.85% ahead of break-even, not 4% ahead!
Your "true rate of return" — a definition I'm stipulating, not a recognized term of art — is (m1-e)÷e, e.g. ($1,326-$1,300)÷$1,300=2%.
Let's express the "true rate of return" in terms of the original variables:
Verifying the formula, (1+0.08(1-0.24))÷(1+0.04) - 1 = (1+0.08(0.76)÷1.04 - 1 = 0.02, or 2%.
Because this is a function of three variables, it's difficult to visualize. But here are my attempts to do so. Inflation primarily changes the height of the line, with a very small effect on slope. Taxation changes only the slope. The lines show the regions where the real rate of return is between 0% and 10%. I do this because economic growth tends to be in this range in the long run, and nominal interest rates tend to move in tandem with inflation.
As you can see, inflation by itself doesn't have a very significant impact on the true rate of return. And taxation by itself doesn't have a very significant impact on the true rate of return. But the combination of the two are very potent — it becomes possible to lose money even though the real rate of return is positive!
This graph shows the ranges most relevant to me, personally:
The 24% tax rate results from Federal long term capital gains or dividend taxes of 15% plus the Oregon state tax of 9%. The 37% tax rate results from a Federal wage, interest, and short term capital gains rate of 28% plus the Oregon state tax of 9%. I expect inflation in the 3-5% range and real rates of return in the 2-8% range. This tells me I should expect a true rate of return (as I've defined it) probably between 1% and 4%, roughly half the real rate of return.
The effect of the combination of taxation and inflation is a powerful argument in favor of using tax-advantaged vehicles such as Roth IRAs and 401(k)s. It's also a powerful argument in favor of cutting taxes and returning to the gold standard.
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Discovering the 7018, 6013, 6011 and 6010 Welding Rod Sizes
Let’s take a closer look at the 7018, 6013, 6011 and 6010 welding rods – four of the most common and fundamental welding rod sizes which you’re likely to come across – to try to understand each in more detail.
A recap on welding rod classification
For starters, looking at the welding rod classification can already tell you quite a bit about the type of electrode you’re using. The first two numbers refer to the tensile strength, or how much stress the weld bead can withstand. If the classification starts with ’60’, for example, it means that the welding rod can withstand 60,000 pounds per square inch. As a result, the higher the number, the stronger the electrode.
The third digit tells you about the positions in which that welding rod can be used. In all the welding rods we’re looking at today, you’ll see that the number is ‘1’. In other words, all four are all-position electrodes.
The final number is a little more complicated. SMAW welding uses electrodes which are coated in various chemicals, which protect the joints during the welding process. The last digit in the classification is used to identify coatings that have been used on the electrodes, and so which current should be used. We’ll cover these all individually for each welding rod.
The 7018 welding rod
By looking at the classification, we already know that the 7018 welding rod is an all-position rod which produces weld beads which can withstand 70,000 pounds of stress per square inch. The last digit – when read in conjunction with the penultimate digit – indicates that it has an iron powder low hydrogen coating, so it can be used with AC and DC+ currents.
The fact that the coating has a very low hydrogen content means that it produces welds which are very strong and smooth. It also explains why you might hear these electrodes referred to as ‘low high’ rods on occasion, too!
Although low hydrogen rods have their benefits, they do have to be stored much more carefully than most other rods in order to prolong their lifespan. With these electrodes, you can’t allow any water or moisture to come into contact with them at all. The best way to prevent this from happening is by storing the 7018 welding rod in a rod oven at 250°F if you don’t plan to use it for anything more than a few hours. A professional, purpose-built welding rod oven is ideal if your budget allows, but if not then you could always try a makeshift oven of your own.
This is a very versatile welding rod, which is probably why it’s one of the first you’ll come across when learning to weld. Its strength makes it fantastic for structural welding, including on nuclear power plants, high-pressure pipes, and large bridges. The key to achieving the smoothest, strongest welds on any of these projects (and more) is to drag it across the surface of the metal, although you can also move it from side to side slightly. Either way, you’ll find that you produce minimal spatter.
The 6013 welding rod
Once again, the 6013 is an all-position welding rod, but this time you can see that the welds will be able to withstand 60,000 pounds of stress per square inch. Not as much as the 7018, but it’s still pretty formidable and more than enough for most projects. Here, the last two digits – ’13’ – tell us that there is a high titania potassium coating on the electrode, so is compatible with AC, DC+ and DC- currents. This offers huge versatility as you can use it at low voltages and with virtually any welding machine, even those which are AC only. This level of versatility sets the 6013 welding rod apart from all the others which we’re covering today.
Beginners will probably be introduced to several other welding rods first – including the 6010 – but this is an electrode which is often overlooked as it’s just as easy to use. One main difference is that it’s typically paired with small, entry-level welding machines, whereas some of the other welding rods are usually used with slightly more advanced machines.
As it isn’t quite as tough as the previous electrode which we’ve looked at, the 6013 welding rod is better suited to smaller jobs such as automotive projects. It achieves medium penetration on thinner sheet metals, although it’s worth noting that it should only be used with new, clean metal sheets. This welding rod produces slightly more spatter than the 7018 (but in the greater scheme of things it’s still impressively little), and any slag can be removed quickly and easily. As a result, the welds are clean and visually appealing.
The best technique to use when welding with this electrode is to move it in small circular motions across the joint. Not only does this help to produce strong welds, but it’s also a great way to control your speed.
As with most electrodes, you should try to prevent the 6013 from coming into contact with any water. It should be stored in a moisture-proof container, and if it does become damp for any reason then it should be thoroughly dried out in a warm welding rod oven before use.
The 6011 welding rod
The 6011 and 6010 welding rods are very similar, so many people wonder what the advantages are of using one over the other. Looking at the welding classification tells us that they can both withstand 60,000 pounds of stress per square inch, and they’re both all-position welding rods. On the face of it, there’s not much between them, but in reality, the classification is where the similarities end…
The final digit of the classification is one of the key difference between these two electrodes – and one factor which stands firmly in the 6011’s favor. The ’11’ means that it has a high cellulose potassium coating, which (like the 7018) can be used with either AC or DC+ currents. As a result, you’ll find that you can use it with pretty much any welding machine, even beginner ones.
The 6011 is very easy to use, while still achieving deep penetration on your welds. Unlike the 6013, you don’t have to stick to clean metal with this electrode, as it can easily cut through dirty or corroded metals. As a result, it’s a great choice for welders who are doing repair work.
This welding rod does produce a small amount of slag, but it’s slightly more difficult to remove than slag from other welding rods, including the 6010. It mostly comes down to personal choice, but if you don’t want to spend too much time and effort chipping off slag, then perhaps the 6011 shouldn’t be at the top of your list.
The 6010 welding rod
As we’ve already established, it’s easy to make comparisons on how similar the 6010 electrode is to the 6011. The 6010 is just as strong, and it can also be used in all positions.
However, it does have one major drawback when compared to the 6011. The 6010 features a high cellulose sodium coating (as indicated by the ’10’ in its classification), so it can only be used with a DC+ current. This means that as brilliant as it might be for so many different applications, the 6010 welding rod is rendered useless if you have an AC only welding machine.
Furthermore, the 6010 is a very common welding rod, but that doesn’t mean it’s easy to use. In fact, many beginners struggle to get to grips with this electrode due to the fact that it produces a very tight arc. If you don’t have the skill to control a tight arc, then you can’t even begin to make strong, clean welds, which can be both demoralizing and frustrating.
That said if you do have the skills and the correct welding machine to use the 6010 then it can produce some brilliant welds. Like the 6011, it’s great for deep penetration and cutting through dirty, corroded or rusty metal, making it ideal for maintenance. This electrode is also one of the most popular choices for root passes on pipes due to the fact that it runs noticeably more smoothly than the 6011, and because the slag is easier to chip off.
For the most part, this welding rod can be kept at room temperature, provided that it’s dry. If it does come into contact with moisture for a few hours or more, then it will need to be thoroughly dried out before use. As with most electrodes, you’ll have to throw the 6010 away if it becomes drenched.
The welding rods in summary
Hopefully, by now it should be clear that there’s a lot more to choosing the right welding rod than first meets the eye. It’s important to master the art of four of the basic and most common welding rods, as this will make it a lot easier to understand the principles and properties of others when your welding becomes more advanced.
All four of the welding rods which we’ve looked at are all-position rods, which offers great versatility; all except the 6010 can be used with AC and DC+ currents. In that sense, the 6010 welding rod is slightly more specialized as it requires specific tools and a higher level of skill to use.
That’s why the 6011 is probably a better electrode choice for beginners, especially those who will be working with dirty metals. It produces slightly dirtier welds than the 6010, although it easier to use. Both create deep penetrative welds, making them ideal for tougher repair and maintenance jobs.
The 6013 stands apart from the other two electrodes which can also withstand 60,000 pounds of stress per square inch, in that it can be used with virtually any welding machine. Rather than being used for repair and maintenance, this electrode is better suited to car bodywork and other automotive projects. It should be used with clean, new sheets of metal, but provided that you can tick that box, this is a great, easy-to-use welding rod which is definitely worth trying out.
All things considered, the 7018 welding rod is definitely the bigger brother of the other three. It’s stronger and smoother than the rest, making it brilliant for high-stress structural welds. It does have to be kept bone dry when not in use, but this is a small amount of care to put in to achieve excellent results.
Below you’ll find a small welding rod chart comparing all the different aspects of these electrodes (and a few other common types), which you can use as a quick-reference guide to help you out in the workshop.
All four welding rods have their own qualities, strengths, and weaknesses. Choose the wrong one and your welds will end up weak and messy, but pick the right electrode for the job and you’ll find welding a breeze!
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U. MARYLAND (US) — To understand more about how humans and other organisms internally transport iron, scientists turned to an unlikely partner: a bloodless worm.
Their findings, published in the journal Cell, could lead to new ways to treat parasitic worm infections, which affect more than a quarter of the world’s population, and iron deficiency, the world’s number one nutritional disorder.
Using C. elegans, a common microscopic worm that lives in dirt, researchers at the University of Maryland have identified a protein, called HRG-3 that transports heme—the iron containing molecule that creates hemoglobin in blood—from the mother’s intestine to her developing embryos. This newly identified HRG-3-mediated pathway for transporting heme to developing oocytes also appears to be an excellent target for stopping the reproduction of hookworms and other parasites that feed on host red blood cell hemoglobin, according to the research team.
This new finding builds on a breakthrough the team made three years ago, when study leader and associate professor Iqbal Hamza and colleagues discovered HRG-1, a protein common to humans, which transports heme from the environment into the intestine of C. elegans.
“We’ve known the structure of hemoglobin for a really long time,” says Hamza, “but we haven’t been able to figure out how the heme gets into the globin, or exactly how humans and other living organisms move heme, which like iron is toxic, around and between cells.” Such an understanding of how heme is transported in the body is critical to our understanding of how our bodies process and use iron, and thus of the development of more effective ways to deliver iron for absorption in the human intestine, he explains.
Hamza first started trying to uncover the secrets of heme transport in 2003. He and his team were studying the molecules and mechanisms involved in heme absorption in the intestine of C. elegans when, in 2008, they discovered that the protein HRG-1 escorts heme into the worm’s gut, the first step of the intercellular journey.
“Now, in this current study we’ve looked at the next step in the transport process, which is how the worm moves heme from the intestine to other parts of its body” he says.
Hamza explained that for this step they chose to first study transport of heme between the mother’s intestine and developing embryos because studies in mammals had implied the existence of a pathway for ferrying and depositing mother’s heme into her embryos, but no such route had been identified. In addition, in C. elegans, it was easier to manipulate experimental conditions to clearly see the life and growth impacting effects of the presence or absence of heme while simultaneously looking at two separate organisms: the mother and her embryos all residing within a fully transparent living animal.
What we’ve found in our current study is that this protein, which we named HRG-3, takes heme from the worm intestine to the embryos,” he says. “We believe this protein is also involved in transport of heme from the worm intestine to the other parts of a worm’s body such as its brain, skin and muscle.”
Iron is an absolute requirement for humans and most other forms of life, but because it is a free radical ‘instigator,’ it can also be toxic. To protect themselves, organisms surround iron with protein escorts to allow it to be safely moved within the body. The most important class of iron-containing compounds is heme. Heme gets incorporated into hemoglobin, the most familiar iron-binding protein, which carries oxygen and makes blood red.
Most organisms from bacteria to humans make their own heme, but it takes eight complicated steps. For decades this complex synthesis pathway acted as an obstacle that stymied all attempts to study heme transport in the usual lab suspects like rats or mice or yeast.
Early in his research of heme transport, Hamza also tried unsuccessfully to use mice and yeast. But then he got the inspiration to try a non-intuitive approach. He decided to test an organism that doesn’t make heme, but needs it to survive; one that doesn’t even have blood, but shares a number of genes with humans—the roundworm C. elegans, a microscopic soil nematode.
“We tried to understand how blood is formed in an animal that doesn’t have blood, that doesn’t turn red, but has globin,” Hamza says.
C. elegans gets heme by eating bacteria in the soil where it lives. It consumes heme and transports it into the intestine. “So now you have a master valve to control how much heme the animal sees and digests via its food,” Hamza explains.
C. elegans has several other benefits for studying heme transport. Hamza’s team can control the amount of heme the worms eat. With only one ‘valve’ controlling the heme transport, the scientists knew exactly where heme was entering the worm’s body. In humans, it is synthesized in trillions of body cells.
Hamza says C. elegans have another distinct advantage as study subject, they are transparent. By adding a fluorescent marker to heme that the worms will ingest, researchers can actually see the heme that a worm takes in as it moves within the worm’s body.
Parasites and iron deficiency
Parasitic worms including hookworms, whipworms, and threadworms are similar to C. elegans in that they get heme from external sources. Thus both, C. elegans and parasitic worms are likely to be dependent on the same heme transport pathways for growth and reproduction.
In their study in Cell, Hamza and his colleagues say their new findings indicate that a prime target for new treatments against parasitic worms is the HRG-3-mediated pathway by which heme is transported to developing eggs.
“More than two billion people are infected with parasitic worms,” says Hamza. “Hookworms, alone, infect more than a billion people. These worms eat a huge amount of hemoglobin and heme in their hosts. By simultaneously understanding heme transport pathways in humans and worms, we can exploit heme transport genes to deliver drugs disguised as heme to selectively kill parasites, but not harm the host.”
Hamza believes that filling in pieces of the heme transport puzzle is beginning to reveal the possibility of new therapeutic approaches to treating iron deficiency, the world’s number one nutritional disorder. “Perhaps, given the importance of heme in many different metabolic processes in the body, heme transport research may even yield new insights into other health issues,” he says.
Hamza has co-founded a company called HemeCentric to develop anti-parasite drugs and heme-based iron supplements based upon discoveries in heme biology and iron regulation.
Harry Dailey of the University of Georgia contributed to the work, which was supported by the National Institutes of Health.
More news from the University of Maryland: www.newsdesk.umd.edu
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Here is information about "three hundred sixty-six" that you may find useful and interesting.|
Three hundred sixty-six is a decimal number and can be written with numbers:
Binary is a number system with only 0s and 1s. Three hundred sixty-six in binary form is displayed below:
A Hexadecimal number has a base of 16 which means it includes the numbers 0 to 9 and A through F. Three hundred sixty-six converted to
Roman Numerals is another number system. Below is three hundred sixty-six in roman numerals:
Sometimes calculators and scientists shorten numbers using scientific notation. Here is three hundred sixty-six as a scientific notation:
Here are some math facts about Three hundred sixty-six:
Three hundred sixty-six is a rational number and an integer.
Three hundred sixty-six is an even number because it is divisible by two.
Three hundred sixty-six is divisible by the following numbers:
1, 2, 3, 6, 61, 122, 183, 366
Three hundred sixty-six is not a square number because no number multiplied by itself will equal three hundred sixty-six.
Three hundred sixty-six is not the only number we have information about. Go here to look up other numbers.
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| 0.89341 | 268 | 3.5625 | 4 |
For more information about formats, visit our ordering page.
Supplemental Materials include graphic organizers, maps and photographs, online lessons that accompany the unit, links to resources on other sites, and a list of recommended books.
The United States in Afghanistan
Second edition. January 2014.
2012 Franklin Buchanan Prize Winner.
U.S. military forces entered Afghanistan in late 2001, a few months after the September 11 terrorist attacks. The U.S. and its allies drove the Taliban from power, and curtailed al Qaeda's efforts to plan and execute terrorist attacks. These gains, along with the killing of Osama bin Laden in 2011, have come with large costs—including the death of more than two thousand U.S. soldiers.
Today, the Afghanistan War—one of the longest in U.S. history—is winding down, leaving open a host of questions. Without tens of thousands of U.S. combat troops on the ground, will Afghanistan witness a Taliban resurgence? Should some U.S. forces be kept in Afghanistan? Can the United States and Afghanistan implement a long-term security deal? What are the ripple effects of an American withdrawal for Afghanistan's security, economic development, and democratic transition? The United States in Afghanistan grapples with these questions, and introduces students to the central debates and issues facing U.S. foreign policymakers.
2014 will be critical in determining the future trajectory of U.S. involvement in Afghanistan. The United States in Afghanistan takes a look at the issues at hand through primary source documents, readings, and new media sources.
Part I of the reading examines the history and culture of Afghanistan. Part II explores developments after World War II and the rise of al Qaeda. It also looks at the history of Pakistan's relationship to Afghanistan. Part III explores U.S. involvement in Afghanistan and the region since 2001.
The Choices Role Play
At the center of this curriculum is a simulation in which students debate three distinct options for U.S. policy toward Afghanistan. By exploring three clearly defined alternatives, students gain a deeper understanding of the values underlying specific policy recommendations and the trade–offs that accompany each of the options. The role play helps students clarify their thoughts and, ultimately, articulate their own views on the future of U.S. policy toward Afghanistan.
The Geography of Afghanistan
Students practice map–reading skills and consider how geography has affected Afghan society. Students identify the location of Afghanistan and its neighbors, explore major geographical features, and analyze ethnic distribution in Afghanistan and Pakistan.
Looking at Afghanistan
Students analyze photographs of present-day Afghanistan to learn about Afghan life and society. Students consider the benefits and limitations of using photographs as a source for learning about Afghanistan.
Life Under the Taliban
Students consider how Afghans viewed the Taliban by examining excerpts from two memoirs written by people who lived in Afghanistan in the late 1990s.
The Cold War and the Soviet Invasion
Students examine the effects of the Cold War and the Soviet invasion in Afghanistan by analyzing letters between U.S. President Jimmy Carter and the Soviet Premier Leonid Brezhnev.
Role-Playing the Three Options
Working cooperatively, students develop and present three options for U.S. policy in Afghanistan to the Committee on Foreign Relations of the U.S. Senate.
The Costs of War
Students analyze the costs and benefits of the war in Afghanistan and consider the role of the United States in world affairs.
Voices From Afghanistan
Students use primary sources from the Afghan Women's Writing Project to understand the experience of living through the war in Afghanistan.
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| 0.917265 | 728 | 3.453125 | 3 |
What is the correct spelling for EFFCT?
This word (Effct) may be misspelled. Below you can find the suggested words which we believe are the correct spellings for what you were searching for. If you click on the links, you can find more information about these words.
Click here to check the spelling and grammar
Correct spellings for EFFCT
- affect The question of who can affect the voters most.
- defect Professor Leonard was without vest or collar, and sat with coat buttoned tight up to his chin to hide the defect. Causing me to resect Natural life in defect... – Gestated Rabidity by Aborted
- edict Retracing the ground we have traversed, we find that the Church, between the Day of Pentecost and the Edict of Toleration, passed unscathed and victorious through five great trials, which were calculated to test to the utmost the power vested in her.
- effect At length she looked at him to learn the effect of her words of encouragement. Well, the teacher comes to you, in effect From a different style, a whole different sect – Ya Know the Rules by boogie down productions
- effects Your effects not being then arrived, gives me anxiety for them, as I think they went in a vessel, which sailed from Havre the 11th of November. The far reaching effects I think at you with no regrets – Thanks For Nothing by Frenzal Rhomb
- effete But the relief from pressing anxiety when this horrible strife is over, and the feeling of gratitude to those who have delivered us must not be allowed to gild and consecrate, as it were, systems proved effete and policies which intelligent men recognise as bankrupt.
- effort It is an effort of nature still-born.
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| 0.958089 | 369 | 2.828125 | 3 |
This reference is for Processing 3.0+. If you have a previous version, use the reference included with your software in the Help menu. If you see any errors or have suggestions, please let us know. If you prefer a more technical reference, visit the Processing Core Javadoc and Libraries Javadoc.
noStroke(); float a = sqrt(6561); // Sets 'a' to 81 float b = sqrt(625); // Sets 'b' to 25 float c = sqrt(1); // Sets 'c' to 1 rect(0, 25, a, 10); rect(0, 45, b, 10); rect(0, 65, c, 10);
|Description||Calculates the square root of a number. The square root of a number is always positive, even though there may be a valid negative root. The square root s of number a is such that s*s = a. It is the opposite of squaring.|
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| 0.674104 | 204 | 2.890625 | 3 |
At a study group meeting in late December, the sixth-grade social-studies teacher and myself started randomly talking about projects. Soon, we had an idea for a collaboration. After the Christmas break, students would learn about Ancient India. He wanted to do something big for the final project. Something more than a PowerPoint or a poster. We decided that students would make a website to showcase five pillars of Ancient India: government, geography, culture, economy and religion.
The teacher would be responsible for teaching the content and finalizing the rubric for the website. I would show students how to build a website and upload photos, as well as gather resources to help with research and citations.
It was exciting to tackle this project. Eleven and 12-year-olds creating websites? Why not? Our school has adopted the Common Core Modules from EngageNY, and the schedule is so packed, it is challenging to have wiggle room for technology or creative projects. This was a perfect opportunity to give students the opportunity to collaborate and create.
It was vital to make a webquest for this project, a one-stop shop for students to have resources and information for the project. Gathering resources and making tasks was simple. Explaining to students they would make a website is another story.
When I told students they would build a website, many had the deer-in-headlights look. They didn’t think they could do that, and weren’t sure they would be successful. I promised that as long as they tried, they could and would.
After looking at various website builders, Weebly had the best options. It is user-friendly and has the needed safety features for logins and passwords. The teacher can set up student groups with a unique username and password. Students can drag and click text boxes, slideshows, title boxes. Students do not have to code, but arrange these options the way they want on the pages.
We spent about two weeks going over web design best practices and building the foundation (pages with title box and text box for each page). Students then used the LiveBinders resources page for more info about Ancient India and citations. After they wrote out their info, they typed it on the webpage.
Challenges So Far
Going into this project, I thought students would have the hardest time with the aesthetics of the website: too many font choices, not a solid layout. But, I was wrong. Some students were not comfortable putting research into their own words, while a few simply copied and pasted info and didn’t cite at all. For these students, we made appointments to show to read an article, pull out key ideas and put into that info into their own words. After a few tries, the concept clicked with students.
Right now, students have all the research on the site. They are choosing the final themes and font styles/colors. Soon, students will present these to the class and write individual self-reflections on their blogs. It has been so exciting to see self-confidence grow these past few weeks. They are so excited to show their progress and the research they find.
Look for Part 2 of this topic to include: Example of students’ work, students’ self-reflections and ways to make this collaboration project more effective in the future.
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| 0.974397 | 685 | 3.203125 | 3 |
To disseminate knowledge about the era of slavery, especially at the elementary and middle grade levels, by offering educators superior professional development and excellent, ready-to-use instructional materials.* CFI’s original approach to teaching slavery focuses on the lives of ten enslaved and free African American craftspeople, entrepreneurs and activists. Each “crafted a path to freedom” for themselves and others by taking action and using their work activities and their spoken or written words as weapons of resistance.
*The Crafting Freedom Materials website (www.craftingfreedom.org) is a free, extensive digital collection of printable materials, media and embedded teacher training made possible by a generous grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH). It was researched and developed over three years (2007-2010). The lessons and instructional activities it contains were created by teachers, historians and instructional designers.
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| 0.950641 | 180 | 3.71875 | 4 |
Reading for fun improves students test scores
Fourth grade students who read for fun every day score the highest on reading assessment tests. The three-quarters of students who reported reading for fun on their own time once a week or more performed at the high end of the Basic level (scores from 208-237 on the NAEP reading assessment test), while the 14% of students who never or hardly ever read for fun performed below the Basic level (scores below 208 on the test). Students who talked about their reading with family and friends on a weekly basis had a higher average score than students who talked about their books once a month or less. Sixty-one percent reported talking about their reading with family and friends at least weekly.
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| 0.971003 | 147 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Download the webcast schedule now. Please keep in mind this is a live webcast and the schedule is subject to change.
Date: March 22, 2013
Time: 1:00 - 2:30 PM EST
Location: Wallops Flight Facility
An irregular cycle, averaging about 11 years in length, during which the number of sunspots (and of their associated outbursts) rises and then drops again. Like the sunspots, the cycle is magnetic in nature, and the polar magnetic field of the Sun also reverses each solar cycle.
The month(s) during the solar cycle when the 12-month mean of monthly average sunspot numbers reaches a maximum.
The month(s) during the solar cycle when the 12-month mean of monthly average sunspot numbers reaches minimum.
Every 11 years on average the sun reaches a peak period of activity called "Solar Maximum" or "Solar Max" for short. This is followed 5-6 years later, by a period of relative quiet called "Solar Minimum". During Solar Max, there are many sunspots, prominences, and solar storms (solar flares, and coronal mass ejections), all of which can affect communications and technology on Earth. During solar max there can be hundreds of sunspots, formed when magnetic field lines just below the Sun's surface become twisted and poke through the Solar Photosphere.
Solar storms, generated above these sunspot groups blast huge quantities of EM and particle radiation into the solar system. When headed our way, these storms can disrupt radio communications, compromise electrical power systems, damage sensitive satellite electronics, and degrade their orbits, and cause navigational equipment to make mistakes. Astronauts outside of Earth's protective atmosphere or magnetosphere can be endangered by radiation from these events. The effects of these solar storms reach throughout our entire solar system impacting planets, moons, comets and asteroids, and even the boundaries on the solar system itsself. Fortunately, our planet is protected from the harmful effects of the radiation and plasma by our atmosphere and an invisible magnetic field, our magnetosphere. We are also protected by the many spacecraft, telescopes and scientists who monitor the flow of radiation in space (space weather) in order to provide warning for those of us on Earth; a Space Weather Alert.
A typical CME can be millions of kilometers in size, but have the mass of only a small mountain!
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| 0.924017 | 490 | 3.609375 | 4 |
If Wood remains in position what happens?
At some point Longstreet's weight of numbers would have likely pushed Wood's force back to the Dyer defensive line. With this visible threat to his right flank Rosecrans would have kept some men in that vicinity. It is logical to believe that once the size of Longstreet's attack had been known Rosecrans would have suspended the movement orders for Major General Philip Sheridan and Brigadier General Horatio Van Cleve's divisions and retained them in that area. This would have left Rosecrans with Crittenden's artillery, Colonel John T. Wilder's brigade and Brigadier General Jefferson C. Davis, Wood, Sheridan, and Van Cleve's divisions to defend his right flank in the Dyer Ridge area. Major General Gordon Granger had Brigadier General James Steedman's two brigade division of the Reserve Corps in motion at about 1:30 PM and arrived at Snodgrass Ridge around 2:30 or 3 PM. If he had been needed at Dyer Ridge he could have been brought there soon after his arrival at Snodgrass Ridge, certainly by 3:30 P.M.
Dyer Ridge, overlooking the flat ground to the east, offers open fields of fire and a fair amount of elevation change. The distances from the Glenn-Kelly Road (which is the approximate tree line) to the defensive positions along Dyer Ridge range from 300 yards at the southern flank at Lytle Hill to 500 yards where the Union artillery was placed overlooking Dyer Field. The northern extremity of Dyer Field (where the South Carolina monument is now) is a little over 300 yards from the road. The Dyer House is also about that far from the road, while Rosecrans' headquarters is over 600 yards from the road. The elevation differences from the road to the defensive line are pretty steady at about 70 feet higher. The northern extremity of Dyer Ridge is 75 feet higher than the road, at the artillery line it is 70 feet and at Lytle Hill it is 60 feet. The Dyer house is about the same elevation as the road and Rosecrans' headquarters is about 35 feet higher. While not significant distances or heights they would offer some help to the defenders.
According to Hardee’s Rifle and Light Infantry Tactics, the standard training manual for Civil War soldiers, the common march time was 90 steps a minute with a 28 inch stride and double quick as 165 steps a minute with a 33 inch stride. That means to cover the 300-500 yards from the road to the top of the ridge the attackers would have been under fire for 2-3 minutes of quick time or 4-7 minutes at common march. Assuming that an artillery piece could fire about 2 rounds a minute the attacking Confederates would have been subjected to approximately 4-14 rounds of canister from each gun. The supporting Union infantry would also have fired roughly the same number of volleys, perhaps a few more. The parts of the ridge that were closer to 500 yards away from the tree line would be able to fire a significant amount of canister and musketry. Other portions of the defenses would not be able to fire as much; but if Wood had previously battered Longstreet’s column, this fire might have been enough to stop that attack. Future Confederate attacks would also probably have very little artillery support as the nearby tree line would prevent them from moving much up close. It is possible that the Confederates could have put artillery in Brotherton Field and fired from that position against Dyer Ridge but, at least initially, there would have been a tree line that would have interfered with that fire.
Kate Upton Exposed! A Civil War Coupling…
1 week ago
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| 0.980839 | 758 | 2.625 | 3 |
Guest Writer Michelle Dobbie lives and homeschools her two boys in South London. Here she shares some beautiful ways to teach STEM* subjects in our homes and schools.
As a family, we originally found ourselves home educating to meet our eldest son’s very specific educational needs. Sensory Processing Disorder, autism and ADHD meant that he struggled with the noise, visual stimulation and relative chaos of a traditional classroom. He also needed frequent opportunities for movement and ‘brain breaks.’ And his dyslexia meant that progress in core subjects such as reading and writing was slow. His teachers were not optimistic about his educational future.
Soon after we made the transition to homeschooling, I realized that my out-of-the-box kid needed a completely different approach to learning. And because he continues to struggle with literacy and numeracy, I decided that we had to play to his strengths.
So this summer we temporarily set aside reading lessons and copywork to dive deep into science and engineering. This is what my boy is wired for. For the first time he has been asking – begging – for more “school.” Through beautiful books and hands-on projects we have learned about inventors and their creations. It was a simple plan: buy LOTS of books and comb through Google for ideas. I’ve listed below the resources we used.
General STEM Books :
Week 1: Wheels, Turbines, Cogs
Stories about Toy Manufacturing from : Mistakes That Worked
Week 2: Water Technology
+ Water Wheel Project (Homemade)
Week 3: Lifts + Subways
+ no project (the hydraulic lift took a while!)
Week 4: Steam Power
Week 5: Flight
Weeks 6-9: Electricity
What have I learned through our summer of STEM?
Playing to my children’s strengths is always a good move. It lights a fire for learning and exposes them to great ideas and achievements. These educational rabbit trails may feel like diversion from “serious” learning. But by enabling them to explore their interests, we are telling them they are valued at the most fundamental level. We are feeding their deepest sense of self by giving them freedom to discover their unique gifts. And by doing this, we are equipping them to find their voice in the world.
*STEM: Science, Technology, Engineering and Maths
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| 0.969766 | 491 | 3.203125 | 3 |
Most USA supermarkets sell grade A eggs, but did you
know that there are also AA grade eggs? Grade AA egg will stand up tall. The
yolk is firm in the area covered by the white is small. There is a large
production of thick white too thin white. Grade A egg covers a relatively
small area, the yolk is round up standing the thick white is large in
proportion to the thin white and stands fairly well around the yolk. Do know
that there also grade B eggs; we rarely see these because they mostly go to
bakeries and other food production facilities.
Have you ever cracked an egg to see a bloody spot? The blood spots are
actually caused by the rupture of a blood vessel on the yolk surface during
the formation of the egg. Most eggs with blood spots are removed during the
grading process, but a few may escape detection.
Have you eaten a
hard-boiled egg that has appeared to have a greenish ring around the yolk?
The ring is harmless but it's due to an iron and sulfur compound, which
forms when eggs are overcooked or not cooled quickly.
Is there a
difference between brown and white eggs? No. Shell color is determined by
the breed of hen and is not related to quality, nutrients, flavor or cooking
characteristics. Since Brown egg layers are slightly larger birds inquired
require more food, brown eggs are usually more expensive than white. Its
true that brown hens lay brown eggs and white hens white!
will eggs keep? Fresh eggs can be kept refrigerated in their carton for at
least 4 to 5 weeks beyond the package date. Quality losses should be
insignificant if the eggs are refrigerated as soon as possible after
Is it safe to eat raw eggs? The risk of food poisoning from
eggs is highest with raw and lightly cooked dishes. It's best not to serve
raw or lightly cooked dishes made with eggs. What are the stringy white
pieces in egg whites? These rope like pieces of egg white, called chalazae
are not imperfections or beginning embryos but a natural, edible part of the
egg. They keep the yolk centered in the thick white.
Are fertile eggs
more nutritious? Space fertile eggs are not more nutritious than non-fertile
eggs. They do not keep as well as non-fertile eggs and are more expensive to
Why are some hard cooked eggs difficult to peel? Fresh eggs
may be difficult to peel. Those which have been stored for a week to 10 days
before cooking will usually peel more easily.
Why is an egg white
sometimes cloudy or has a yellow or greenish cast to it? Cloudiness of a raw
white, is due to the presence of carbon dioxide which is not had time to
escape through the shell and is an indication of very fresh egg. A slightly
yellow or greenish cast in a raw white indicates the presence of riboflavin.
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| 0.963056 | 627 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Major General Eduardo Lonardi, leader of the coup, took office on September 23, 1955 and was replaced on November 13 by Pedro Eugenio Aramburu, through a palace coup. Both ruled as supreme authorities, claiming the title of President of the Nation.
This government is usually called the “Revolución Fusiladora” (Firing Squad Revolution) among Peronist sectors because of the military and civilians shot by order of the de facto president Pedro Eugenio Aramburu on the occasion of the attempted uprising led by General Juan José Valle. In less than 48 hours, civilians and soldiers were shot in Lanús, La Plata, José León Suárez, Campode Mayo, the Army Mechanics School and the National Penitentiary. By the night of June 11, 1956, those executed amounted to 16 soldiers and 13 civilians.
Aramburu repealed the current National Constitution by means of a military proclamation and replaced the constitutional text of 1853, with the reforms of 1860, 1866 and 1898. Shortly after, the regime organized under its control, through conditional elections, a Constituent Convention that validated the decision and added article 14 bis.
Richly illustrated, detailing the backgrounds of the 1955 coup, multiple conspiracies, failed coups, the bombing of Plaza de Mayo in Buenos Aires, the conflict with the Catholic Church, the 1955 coup itself, detailing all the military units involved and the actions that led to the overthrow of General Perón and his subsequent asylum and exile first in Paraguay and then in Panama, Revolución Libertadora Volume 1 is an indispensable source of reference about dramatic events that shaped the future of Argentina.
"...will be of interest to modelers and aviation historians alike." ~AMPS Indianapolis
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| 0.940843 | 367 | 2.625 | 3 |
Mercury is a naturally occurring metal typically found in the form of cinnabar ore which contains mercuric sulfide. When the ore is heated mercury is vaporized, captured and cooled to form the familiar liquid metal. At room temperature mercury is a silvery odorless liquid which vaporizes easily. Mercury is used in thermometers, thermostats, electronics, propellant and fluorescent lamps.
Mercury in the Environment
Mercury pollution can contaminate air, water, and soil. The largest source of atmospheric mercury results from the burning of fossil fuels, especially coal. In Nevada the largest source of atmospheric mercury is caused from processing gold through precious metal mines operations. Once mercury is released into the atmosphere through smokestacks and processing emissions, it can travel long distances, settle on soil and wash into lakes and rivers.
Mercury in lakes and rivers is converted into methyl mercury by certain bacteria. Fish ingest methyl mercury by swimming or feeding in contaminated water. Methyl mercury accumulates in fish tissue and is carried up the food chain to larger fish, animals and humans. Methyl mercury is dangerous because the concentration of methyl mercury increases as it goes up the food chain.
Mercury & Human Health
Mercury is bioaccumulative in organic systems, which means that mercury ingested by an organism will remain in the body. Mercury can effect people’s health through both long-term low-level exposures, and through short-term acute exposures, such as direct contact with elemental mercury.
The most universal effect of mercury is damage to the nervous system causing mental instability, dizziness, numbness in the limbs and personality changes such as nervousness, increased excitability or insomnia. Children should be cautioned not to play with mercury.
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Palmistry, also called chiromancy or chirosophy, reading of character and divination of the future by interpretation of lines and undulations on the palm of the hand. The origins of palmistry are uncertain. It may have begun in ancient India and spread from there. It was probably from their original Indian home that the traditional fortune-telling of the Roma (Gypsies) was derived. The chiromantic art has been known in China, Tibet, Persia, Mesopotamia, and Egypt, and it underwent significant development in ancient Greece. Medieval palmistry was pressed into service by the witch-hunters, who interpreted pigmentation spots as signs of a pact with the Devil. After a period of disrepute, palmistry flourished again in the Renaissance. In the 17th century, attempts were made to develop empirical and rational foundations for its basic principles. After a second ebb, during the Enlightenment, it underwent a popular revival in the 19th century with the work of Casimir d’Arpentigny, Louis Hamon (byname Cheiro), and William Benham. In the 20th century, palmistry received renewed attention and interpretation by, among others, followers of Carl Jung.
Although there is no scientific support for the contention that the physical features observed in palmistry have psychic or occult predictive meaning, the human hand does show evidence of the person’s health, cleanliness, and occupational and nervous habits (e.g., as evidenced by calluses or nail-biting). Hands are routinely examined in medical diagnosis and provide clues with which the palmist may often astound the unsophisticated.
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THE killer ebola outbreak will get worse before it gets better, health chiefs admitted yesterday, as it was
declared an international emergency.
At least 961 people have died from the virus and 1779 have been infected since it took hold in February. The toll is expected to soar and World Health Organisation director general Margaret Chan said: “It is moving faster than we can control.”
The worst epidemic in almost 40 years has hit people in west African countries Guinea, Liberia, Nigeria and Sierra Leone. But after a summit in Switzerland, the WHO said the chance of a further international spread was “particularly serious” due to the strength of the virus.
They branded the crisis a world emergency.
Chan added: “If we do not in global solidarity come together to help these countries, they will be set back for many years.”
Head of health security Keiji Fukuda warned the outbreak could be “at a high level for a number of months” and added: “The likelihood is things will get worse before they get better.”
Ebola, which causes severe dehydration through vomiting, bleeding and diarrhoea, has no proven cure and there is no vaccine to stop infection.
Liberia is now under 90-day emergency powers which let police and troops impose quarantines on affected communities.
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Autism Sisters Project Expanded
The Autism Science Foundation (ASF) announced the launch of three new multi-year research grants to expand the Autism Sisters Project at the University of California at San Francisco (UCSF) and the Broad Institute in Cambridge, MA. The Autism Sisters Project is an ASF initiative that explores the Female Protective Effect by studying autism families with an undiagnosed sister. Multiple lines of scientific evidence now show that females with an autistic sibling may have protective or resilience factors to autism.
For years, scientists have reported higher autism prevalence in males, but the reason for this gender discrepancy isn’t fully understood. One potential explanation is the presence of protective factors in females that may be genetic, epigenetic, environmental, or a combination of these. Research has shown that some females carry genetic deletions or duplications that are known causes of autism, yet these girls do not exhibit clinical symptoms of autism. Other studies have pointed to the presence of a higher genetic “load” for females to reach the autism threshold, compared to males. As a group, girls with autism tend to exhibit more severe symptoms and tend to be diagnosed later. These initial findings warrant a focused study of unaffected sisters of individuals with autism to try to identify this potential protective effect.
The three new research efforts funded by ASF will utilize data collected from families where a sister in the family does not have a diagnosis of ASD. Scientists will analyze thousands of families to understand the association between sex, phenotype and genetic mutation in all family members. Lead researchers will be Dr. Somer Bishop, associate professor at UCSF, Dr. Stephan Sanders, assistant professor at UCSF, and Dr. Elise Robinson, assistant professor at the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and an associate member of the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard.
Funding for Drs. Bishop, Sanders and Robinson will allow them to analyze previously collected genetic and behavioral data to study the female protective effect in autism, specifically the genetic and behavioral features of sisters of individuals with ASD. The unprecedented combination of datasets includes information from thousands of families contained in the Autism Sequencing Consortium as well as datasets such as the Autism Genetic Resource Exchange and the Baby Siblings Research Consortium.
The Autism Sisters Project focuses on three areas:
- Data on unaffected sisters will be gathered from existing databases with rigorous behavioral phenotyping data on all family members, this funding will start in August.
- New families with a member who has autism and a female sibling without an ASD diagnosis will be recruited to the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai to donate saliva samples and participate in a full screening. A full DNA exome scan, among other analyses, will be performed on the entire family. This was funded in 2016 and the study is ongoing.
- In the future, funds will be provided to autism research sites so that sequencing and phenotyping can be expanded to include an unaffected sister in families where samples from parents and the individual diagnosed with autism have already been collected.
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The story of chocolate has been written by numerous people. It is the story that is interwoven with the history of South America for four thousand years and the history of Europe and North America for the last five hundred years. What started as a delicacy for the rich, a currency, it's value similar to that of silver and gold, has become the much loved product that we enjoy today.
We take very seriously the provanence of our products, please click here to read statement from our suppliers.
During tempering, the cocoa butter in the chocolate changes into a stable crystalline form. It ensures the hardness, shrinking force and gloss of the finished product after it has cooled. If the chocolate is melted in the normal way (between 40 and 45 C) then left to cool to working temperature, the finished product will not be glossy. If you make the effort of using a special way of bringing chocolate up to the right working temperature, you are guaranteed to get the desired end result. And that is what we mean by tempering: bringing chocolate up to the right working temperature so that there are sufficient stable crystals.
The 3 factors which are important during tempering are time, temperature and movement.
Did you know that the history of cocoa and chocolate goes back almost 4000 years? Or that cocoa played an important role as a currency in the Mayan and Aztec cultures?
There are few foodstuffs with such a rich and intriguing history as cocoa and chocolate. Just like coffee, we inherited the cocoa bean from the pre-Columbian cultures in Latin America.
When Hernando Cortés first imported cocoa to Europe, and when he learned how to make the chocolate drink with it, it caused quite a stir: divine to some, heretical to others. Even today, cocoa and chocolate still exude an aura of mystery, luxury and pleasure. A little history may help us to understand why. Read more
Casa Luker Chocolate Video
This takes you from the from the growing of the cocoa pod to the production of their quality Chocolate. Watch the video
Chocolate Madagascar Video
Shows Chocolate Madagascar producing their award winning chocolate using "Fino de Aroma" beans from the Sambirano Rainforest of Northwest Madagascar. Watch the Video
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2014 Ebola Outbreak: Implications for Environmental Health Practice
Environmental health practitioners deal with assessing risk of potential environmental contaminants from a variety of sources, including infectious disease such as Ebola virus disease (EVD). Therefore, they are uniquely qualified to contribute to epidemiological discussions of the interactions between agent-host-environment and how those interactions might be disrupted to stop the spread of EVD. Occupational health contributions on the proper use of personal protective equipment are particularly relevant for diseases lacking vaccination and treatment such as EVD. Occupations that may be at increased risk of exposure include health workers, laboratory workers, cleaning crews (for hospitals, ambulances, travel facilities, etc.), transportation workers (e.g., airlines, public transportation, taxis), sanitation workers, and morgue workers. Raising awareness professionally and publicly is an important step to stopping the spread of EVD.
Speaker / Author:
Kendra Ratnapradipa, MSW
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When it comes to fire safety, it is important to know not all fires are the same. In a previous Fireline blog post, we discussed the Class Types of Fires. There are different kinds of fires because different fuels create different fires, which need different types of fire extinguishers. In this article we will provide you information on the different types of fire extinguishers available and when to use them.
There are 9 different types of fire extinguishers:
Water and Foam
The Water and Foam extinguisher eliminates a fire by allowing water to take away the heat component of a fire while foam separates oxygen from the fire. A water extinguisher should only be used on Class A fires (Combustibles such as wood, paper, cloth, trash, and plastics). If used on a Class B fire (flammable liquid of gas or paint. flammable gases, such as propane or butane) the discharge could help spread the flammable liquid or gas. If used on a Class C fire (electrical equipment such as motors or kitchen appliances), it could create a shock hazard.
The foam extinguisher can only be used on Class A and Class B fires only. If used on Class C fires, it will create a shock hazard.
This type of fire extinguisher takes away the oxygen from a fire and removes the heat with a cold discharge. The Carbon Dioxide fire extinguisher should be used on Class B and C fires. It is not effective on Class A fires.
The Dry Chemical Extinguisher removes the chemical reaction of a fire. In this category the multi-purpose Dry Chemical extinguisher is the most used fire extinguisher of all extinguishers because it is effective on Class A, Class B and Class C fires. This is an excellent fire extinguisher because it creates a barrier between the oxygen and fuel elements on Class A fires.
If you are using an ordinary Dry Chemical Extinguisher and not a multi-purpose Dry Chemical extinguisher, only use it on Class B and Class C fires. It is important to use the right extinguisher for a fuel type because using an incorrect fire extinguisher can do more harm than good by re-igniting a fire.
The Wet Chemical Extinguisher extinguishes a fire by removing heat and preventing barriers between oxygen and fuel so a fire cannot be re-ignited.
Wet Chemicals are Class K (examples: cooking oils, greases, animal fat, vegetable fat) Extinguishers. This extinguisher is a must-have if you are in the commercial cooking industry. Some Wet Chemical extinguishers can be used on Class A Fires as well.
The Clean Agent Extinguisher uses both halon and halocarbon by interrupting the chemical reaction component of a fire. The extinguisher is mainly used on Class B and C fires. Larger Clean Agent extinguishers can be used on Class A, Class B, and Class C fires.
Similar to the dry chemical extinguisher, dry powder separates fuel from oxygen or removes the heat element of a fire. Dry powder extinguishers are used on Class D (combustible metal fires) only. They will not be effective on any other type of fire class.
The water mist extinguisher extinguishes a fire by taking away the heat element of a fire. You should mainly use this extinguisher for Class A fires but it is safe to use the water mist extinguisher for Class C fires as well.
Cartridge Operated Dry Chemical
This extinguisher helps extinguish a fire by interrupting the chemical reaction of a fire and works by creating a barrier between oxygen and fuel on Class A fires.
For reliable fire extinguisher products, contact Fireline Corporation.
Fireline Corporation has provided fire extinguishers and portable extinguisher service for more than 60 years. Our salesmen are trained to access the building occupancy, the potential fire hazards and the anticipated class of fire before recommending the proper type and size of extinguishers required to meet the codes. Our technicians are routinely trained to provide the highest quality service for any type of extinguisher.
We are a Maryland corporation founded in 1947 by John S. Waters. Fireline remains a pioneer in the fledgling fire equipment distribution business and we have grown to encompass all facets of fire protection. Our Totally Integrated Protection Solutions provide you with a wide variety of services. We can design, install, inspect, or service any type of fire protection system. From fire alarm to fire extinguisher, we do it all.
If you have any questions about fire extinguishers, fire equipment, or other Fireline products and services, contact Fireline by calling 410.247.1422 or click here today!
Source: Types of Fire Extinguishers
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From the time they start eating solid foods, you worry about your kids’ nutrition. Will their aversion to vegetables affect their SAT scores one day?
But you don’t have to stand sentry over the dinner table to make sure they take two bites of everything on their plate. One of the easiest—and most fun—ways to start your kids on the path to healthy eating habits and better nutrition is to get them in the kitchen with you.
Research shows that kids are more likely to eat foods they’ve helped prepare, and that family meals translate to better nutrition and a decreased risk of obesity, not to mention encouraging communication and family togetherness. It all starts in the kitchen. Whether that means the young ones wash the greens or older siblings help with some of the more involved legwork, a little cooking camaraderie goes a long way.
Here are some kid-friendly kitchen duties:
1. Set-up. Even the tiniest hands can gather the necessary ingredients for a recipe (except maybe the eggs), and you’ll enjoy the convenience of having everything you need at hand.
2. Measuring. A math lesson and a kitchen task in one! Older kids will feel particularly helpful with a measuring cup and a few pourable ingredients.
3. Pouring. Once everything is in place and you (or they) have measured out ingredients, let your kids pour them in the bowl. More fun—and far more practical—than playing with a sand-filled dump truck, this job is especially suited for younger children.
4. Stirring. Hand over a spoon or a whisk and let them have at it. Ignore the splashes and spatters that will probably happen; spills wipe off.
5. Washing. Fresh veggies need a good rinse, and it’s a perfect job to hand off to your kids. Give them a colander and a step-stool, if needed to reach the sink.
6. Crushing and pounding. These jobs are so satisfying you might not want to share them. But a recipe that calls for flattened chicken breasts or crushed nuts is a good way to show your kids the joy of going to town with a rolling pin.
7. Sprinkling and garnishing. Put kids in charge of sprinkling on a breadcrumb or shredded cheese topping, or hand them a few lemon slices or parsley leaves and let them get creative with garnishing a finished dish.
8. Table setting. It may not sound exciting, but it’s an important part of getting ready for the meal. To make it more interesting, let them fold the napkins however they want, create a centerpiece for the table. Disregard table-setting faux pas like forks being paired with spoons.
9. Serving. Older kids can use a ladle or serving utensils to help serve up the dishes you’ve prepared together. The job gives them a sense of ownership and a pleasant dose of responsibility.
10. Clean-up. One of the best perks to having your kids help in the kitchen? They’re more likely to engage in clean-up tasks with less moaning and groaning. Have them clean as you go during dinner prep so there’s less to do after the meal.
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Making a Makerspace
by David Epstein, September 29, 2016
What is a Makerspace?
In the past few years, there has been an increasing focus on hands-on learning experiences where students apply their knowledge and make a tangible product. This trend has resulted in the rise of “makerspaces” to facilitate these activities. In our work with schools, we find that while everyone wants one, many struggle to define exactly what they want.
That is not unexpected as there is no definitive description for this type of space. It really depends on the educational goals and activities you hope to accomplish for the space. If you search the web for “makerspace”, you will see that no two spaces look alike. In this article, we will discuss some different ways to think about these spaces in the hopes of bringing greater clarity.
Obviously, the essential feature of these spaces is that it should support making things. First it helps to identify the types of projects to be made. With this defined, the kind of storage, equipment and space needed to make these objects can be designed. But what about other activities in the space?
It may be useful to step back and think about the steps used to create something. Take a birdhouse, for example. First, a student must research birdhouse design. What are the important features that should be included? Next, they have to design the birdhouse. This could be on paper or on computer. After it is designed, they might prototype it or proceed to final construction.
Three Components of a Makerspace
Looking at this process, we can see three separate activities: Learning, Designing and Making. The question we might ask ourselves is what kind of spaces are necessary to support these activities?
A library is a natural resource for research. Perhaps that is why we are often asked to locate a proposed maker space adjacent to the library. Or perhaps there could be a resource area in the maker space that rotates with each unit. Certainly access to the internet with laptops will be important. The makerspace should definitely have a whiteboard, video projector and screen area as well.
Students will also need drawing space, as well as access to computers for designing. If graphics or video editing is being considered, a maker space might have a small group of capable wired computers for those tasks. If prototyping is appropriate, access to a 3d printer may be worthwhile. Of course a 3d printer could also be used for a final product as well.
For the actual making, the requirement for tools, work surfaces and storage is highly dependent on the type of projects. With the older students, there might be a tabletop drill press, saws and hand tools for wood and metal working, but probably not heavy industrial planers and jointers. Workbenches with vises and electrical drops could be used for work stations. You might consider casters for the work benches to allow for easy reconfiguration.
Variations on a Theme
The nature of a makerspace will be different depending on the age group being served. For elementary age students, it is really more of a project room, while for middle and high school students there will be more power tools and advanced computing. One activity that is usually not included in a makerspace is testing. This is usually done in a science lab where experiments are conducted to teach about scientific processes.
The space may be a separate room that is staffed or signed out by a teacher for a period of time. In a small school, it might serve double function as an art room or some other compatible use. Another model to consider is creating a hands-on learning activity area as part of each classroom (or pair of classrooms). Some educators are concerned that, over time, as hands-on learning becomes integrated into the educational program, the dedicated maker space concept will become obsolete, much the same way that the Computer Lab has become.
As many programs that use maker spaces are evolving, the space should be designed for maximum flexibility. Keep fixed equipment and cabinetry to the perimeter of the room. Using retractable electrical drops from the ceiling for the workbenches allows for easy reconfiguration.
Seeing engaged students making things is exciting, so if possible, try to locate your makerspace in a highly visible location. Consider using plenty of glass and color where it fronts a public area to showcase your new educational resource!
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Music at SJF
Music is a universal language that embodies one of the highest forms of creativity. Music education at St John Fisher engages and inspires pupils to develop a love of music and their talent as musicians, and so increases their self-confidence, creativity and sense of achievement. As pupils progress, they develop a critical engagement with music, allowing them to compose, and to listen with discrimination to the best in the musical canon. Pupils learn through the exciting and dynamic ‘Charanga’ scheme of work, and in KS2 their provision is further nourished by specialist instrument and vocal teachers.
Due to the current COVID 19 restrictions we have adapted the long term plan for Music. If you would like any further information please contact the school office.
Year 3 Music
BBC School Radio
Some great resources here with video/audio downloads for Early Years, KS1 & KS2. Eg – A to Z of Nursery Rhymes, Medleys, Action Songs etc.
Bring The Noise
Free primary school music, songs and resources for teachers, pupils and parents. For EY and KS1 with plenty of activities, tips, games, warm ups, SEND guidance and ideas to try at home.
Out of the Ark
These are currently offering 7 free songs for use at home or in school, with downloadable resources and ideas for other activities. There is also a promise of more over the following weeks. These are all suitable for KS1 & KS2. We’ll be linking up with Out of the Ark in the new academic year for our Knowsley Singing Challenge so it’s a good opportunity for schools to become familiar with the platform.
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Arizona gained its current status as a state in the year 1912. The government of Arizona is lead by Doug Ducey and is based in the state capital of Phoenix (Population: 1,445,632).
Arizona State - Quick Facts
|Year of Establishment||1912|
|Capital||Phoenix (Population: 1,445,632)|
|Head of Government||Doug Ducey|
|Total Area||295,260 sq km (114,000 sq miles)|
|Population Density||21.6 sq km (56.1 sq miles)|
This page was last updated on July 24, 2015.
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Lime fruit, Citrus, is a fruit harvested from trees approximately 4-6 meters tall all year long. There are innumerous varieties of Lime fruit, but usually there are round and oval shaped, with a green, yellow (lemon) or tangerine colored skin.
There are four main types of Australian Limes: Australian desert lime (Citrus glauca), Australian finger lime (Citrus australasica), Australian lime (Citrus australis) and Blood lime (red finger lime × sweet orange / mandarin).
According to Google Trends Australia, in the last 12 months:
As we can see in some Google Australia Trends figures, there is an increasing trend of growing interest in Lime fruit in Australia (not just the company named after the fruit).
Regardless of Lime fruit interest growth be in fruits, plant cultivation, spice usage, flavour enhancer, cosmetics usage etc, the healthy segment of food industry can take advantage of Lime fruit. Since it is largely cultivated and available around the world, it does not present cost issues. Nor storage or lack of recipes. Due to its sour acid flavour, it can be used on the preparation of any dish, meal, snack, desserts and beverages (juices, vitamins, drinks).
For example, there are multi-usage beverages options for Lime, both in natura and Lime Pulp. Non-alcoholic vitamins and famous drinks are Lime-based. For example, you can use Lime Pulp for Lime juices. Due to its refreshing “bitter-citrus” flavour it can be consumed solely or combined with almost any other fruit or pulp. It can also be added to vitamins for a “refreshing punch”. Of course, one famous alcoholic Lime fruit-based beverage is “Caipirinha”.
Desserts for instance… mousses, ice cream, cakes, jams, jelly you name it! Lime fruit, in natura and Lime Pulp, can be used as a main ingredient of almost any dessert you can think of. For example, using Lime Pulp as a basis combined with the same ingredients in different measures (basically flour, sugar, eggs, milk and butter) you can make delicious different varieties of Lime fruit Cakes and Lime fruit Mousses.
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If you own a Doberman Pinscher or breed them, in your studies about this magnificent dog you’ve no doubt come across the subject of von Willebrand’s disease. It is widely considered in the veterinary community as the most common inherited bleeding disorder for dogs, and it can definitely be life-threatening. Although it’s relatively most prevalent in Dobies, it’s also seen most often in German Shepherd Dogs, Standard Poodles, Shelties, and Golden Retrievers. So what is von Willebrand’s disease, what are the symptoms, and how can you help to prevent it from being passed on to future generations of puppies? Here are some answers to “What is von Willebrand’s disease in dogs?” in simple terms.
A Quick Definition of vWD
Von Willebrand’s disease in dogs (vWD) is a hereditary blood-clotting disorder. It most closely resembles hemophilia in humans in that it can lead to massive amounts of bleeding following an injury, due to the lack of clotting ability. This inability for the blood to clot is caused by a deficiency in the glycoprotein required for blood platelets to stick together.
What is von Willebrand’s disease and what does it look like? There are many ways this disorder can manifest itself, but one of the most telltale signs is spontaneous hemorrhaging for no apparent reason:
- Bleeding from the nose
- Bright red or black blood in feces or urine
- Excessive bleeding from the vagina in bitches
- Blood in the mouth (due to bleeding gums)
You may also notice skin-bruising and prolonged bleeding if the skin is cut—either by accident or due to surgery.
Why it Happens and What to Do
This is an inherited disease caused by a specific genetic mutation—your dog can’t “catch it” from another dog. Both males and female are equally at risk. If you suspect your dog is at risk due to his breed, it is wise to do a dog DNA test . Doing a dog DNA test is especially critical if you plan on breeding your dog. Even if your pet is not symptomatic, he may still be a carrier. If he mates with a bitch who is also a carrier, there is a 25% chance it will produce some symptomatic offspring.
What Does a DNA Test for vWD Tell Me about My Dog?
There are three (3) basic genotypes that are reported for von Willebrand’s Type 1 when you do a dog DNA test with DDC Veterinary, and you can expect your dog to fall into one of these categories.
- Clear: Considered free of vWDI risk, your dog has two (2) copies of the normal allele on the genes tested
- Carrier: If your dog is identified as a carrier, he will have one (1) copy of a normal allele and one (1) copy of the vWD mutation on the genes tested
- Affected: A dog with an affected genotype has two (2) copies of the genetic mutation and is therefore at risk of suffering from a grave bleeding incident
Unfortunately, von Willebrand’s disease cannot be “cured,” but symptoms of an affected dog can be managed to provide a better quality of life. Working closely with your veterinarian is essential, and he/she can be your best resource for preventive measures and treatment. Here are some suggestions for things owners can do to mitigate problems caused by vWD:
- To prevent accidental injury, keep your dog from engaging in rough play either with other dogs, with children, or with you
- If a dog has problems with gum-bleeding, soft food or treats may be better choices than hard kibble. And rawhide chewies and similar treats should probably be avoided altogether
- Be sure your dog visits the vet for an annual checkup
The Tip of the Tail
Von Willebrand’s disease in dogs is not a death sentence—your dog’s happy and healthy life simply requires extra vigilance and care from you. If you plan on finding a mate for your dog, the most responsible thing you can do for the breed’s gene pool is to first test for vWD before embarking on a breeding program.
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Consultant cardiologist at the Department of Medicine, Bayero University and Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Prof Kamilu Karaye, tells EMMANUEL OJO, the risks and complications associated with low blood pressure, also called hypotension
What is hypotension?
Hypotension is the exact opposite of hypertension which is high blood pressure. So, hypotension simply means low blood pressure. Blood pressure is basically the force with which blood passes through arteries, that is blood vessels, after being pumped by the heart. So, when the force with which the blood passes through the artery is low, that is when we say that there is hypotension and it is measured by a sphygmomanometer. It is a small piece of equipment we use to check blood pressure in the hospital.
So, many people actually have their definition and classification of what hypotension is but most people don’t worry much about it unless there are complaints. So, technically and normally, when the upper blood pressure (systolic) is measured, it is usually more than 100 mmHg (millimeters of mercury). When it is below that, then we say it is low. Usually, we don’t worry until it is less than 90 mmHg. The lower one, which is the diastolic blood pressure, should also be between 60 and 89mmHg but when it is less than that, we say that it is low but the most important as far as hypotension is concerned is systolic (the higher one), that is low systolic blood pressure.
What causes hypotension?
There are many causes. First of all, to understand the causes, let us consider factors that generate the blood pressure itself. Blood pressure is a function of how wide or how narrow the arteries are and the heart rate, that is the frequency with which the heart beats every minute and the volume of blood that the heart pumps every minute. That will disrupt or reduce the heart rate or widen the arteries. Making them wider will lead to lower blood pressure.
If you look at it from the point of view of peripheral resistance, many drugs that we use to treat high blood pressure, if one is not careful, maybe the patient takes an excessive dose or the medical practitioner gives a dosage that is too high, it can lead to hypotension and it is a very common experience in my practice as a cardiologist. Also, a very high fever for a long time can lead to that. A severe form of infection like what is called sepsis can even lead to excessively low blood pressure. Another important one is anything that reduces blood volume. So, dehydration from diarrhoea, and vomiting, if frequent and severe, can easily cause low blood pressure or blood loss. Also, in a case of an accident where the victim bled so much, it can lead to low blood pressure. Heart disease that does not allow the heart to pump blood adequately can as well lead to very low blood pressure sometimes.
Low blood pressure or hypotension does not feature prominently as much as high blood pressure. Is it because it is less severe?
Well, the thing is many people have ‘lowish’ blood pressure but when it is critically low, it’s as deadly as hypertension. I used the word ‘lowish’ not ‘low.’ ‘Lowish’ means that it is a bit lower than usual but not critically low or very low. When it is very low, particularly when it causes a compromise of vital organs, it is very deadly. It results in what is called shock. Once it’s low enough that it can lead to adequate perfusion of vital organs like the brain or the kidneys, it can lead to death. It’s a major cause of death. So, it depends on how severe it is, just like hypertension but in general, ‘lowish’ blood pressure is actually healthy. People with ‘lowish’ blood pressure tend to live longer but when it is critically low, that is another issue. Nobody wants extremes. Extremes are dangerous.
Is hypotension as common as hypertension?
As you’ve pointed out, it’s not something that is well studied (in Nigeria) but in societies where it’s been studied, it’s said to be about five per cent of those below the age of 50. Prevalence increases with age. For those above the age of 70, it affects about 30 per cent of them. Those above the age of 70 are fairly common but you see, most of the time, it doesn’t cause much problem, except when it gets critically low to the extent that the person begins to feel sick and that is when it becomes dangerous and the person needs to get it treated. The patient needs to present it to the doctor.
Are there early symptoms that suggest hypotension in a patient?
Once there is impairment of perfusion of important organs like the brain, at that time, the person begins to feel light-headed. Some can even faint if it’s severe enough. So, when it gets to that level, then, it’s really dangerous. Other symptoms include fast heartbeats because the heart will make an attempt to increase its rate and its cardiac output. You remember that it’s a function of some of the heart’s functions and also the peripheral resistance. So, some of the symptoms present themselves because the body is trying to compensate, so, there could also be sweating, the person will feel very weak, maybe reverse in urine output if it’s on for a while and generally, the person will know that something is wrong. There will be dry mouth, especially if it’s because of dehydration. Severe dehydration can also cause that. There are many symptoms and it depends on how it presents but the early ones are the central nervous system functions, that is those that affect the brain functions because the brain doesn’t compromise its blood supply, oxygen and nutrients, it doesn’t tolerate it. Those that have to do with brain function will manifest fast, earlier than the others.
It’s said that the blood pressure in pregnant women is usually lower than it is when they are not pregnant. Does that suggest that pregnant women are prone to having a low blood pressure condition?
Well, many hormonal changes in the body can lead to low blood pressure but pregnant women have a sort of distorted hormonal balance within them because of the pregnancy. Pregnancy hormones lead to ‘lowish’ blood pressure. It doesn’t usually get to the level (the critically low level) that the patient is affected. So, as I told you, many people carry ‘lowish’ blood pressure around without having a problem. Sometimes, if some things happen, for instance, if the patient has a fever or goes in the sun for a very long time, such that there is dehydration, diarrhoea, or any other thing, they can easily become symptomatic of ‘lowish’ blood pressure. It’s usually common in pregnant women as you said and it is usually due to hormonal imbalance during pregnancy.
Does it predispose them to any form of risk?
It doesn’t go as low as that to cause symptoms or serious risk. If they have ‘lowish’ or low blood pressure, particularly if the systolic pressure is lower than 90mmHg, then surely, the doctors will look at the kind of drugs she takes or if she has some problems that can lead to lowering the blood pressure. If they don’t find anything and the patient does not complain about anything, it’s just an incidental finding, then the patient can simply be observed. It might not signify anything serious but if something is indicating a disease process going on that is leading to a ‘lowish’ blood pressure, for example, if the heart function is affected, there are other signs and symptoms that will be observed and the patient will be further evaluated to check any possible cause of blood pressure. It’s not usually looked at in isolation, the patient has to be wholly examined in general and find if something else can be found apart from the ‘lowish’ blood pressure which will signify that something is wrong.
What are the other general risk factors that predispose one to hypotension?
Pregnancy is one of them. It’s generally more in females than males, so, gender is also a factor. Inadequate intake of water, especially for those that work in hot environments like Kano, where the weather is hot, moving around in the sun, and not taking adequate fluids can make one develop ‘lowish’ blood pressure. Also, other factors like diarrhoea and vomiting can lead to that too. So, we can call some of the causes risk factors.
Are there health complications?
Yes. If it goes very low, it can lead to poor perfusion of vital organs, what we call ‘shock’. Once it gets to the level of shock, then, the whole scenario changes because, in such a situation, the patient is at high risk of dying. It can lead to kidney failure, collapse, and coma; the patient could lose consciousness, and from there if care is not taken and the patient is not properly treated, they can easily die. Also, depending on the cause, if the cause is, for example, infection and the infection is so severe that it has led to a fall in the blood pressure that vital organs are not well perfused, sometimes, it can lead to shock and because the infection is very severe, something drastic and serious must be done.
So, in itself, low blood pressure may not even be symptomatic but when it gets to a critical level that can affect the vital organs, the whole scenario changes. It depends on how severe it is and for how long it has been going on.
With your experience as a cardiologist, do you think people are well informed about low blood pressure as much as they are about high blood pressure? Or do you think it’s underrated?
Yes, it is true but it is actually less common than high blood pressure, that is hypertension. For example, in Nigeria, hypertension affects about 30 per cent, even sometimes higher in those below 50 years and I was telling you that low blood pressure (hypotension) affects just about five per cent of those less than 50. But as I told you too, it increases with age just like hypertension. Just as it is commonly said that hypertension is a silent killer; even if you don’t have any symptoms, the patient with hypertension can come with a lot of risks and complications. Hypotension doesn’t really cause problems until it reaches a critical level that affects the perfusion of organs, otherwise, it’s not really like hypertension that causes many changes, even when there are symptoms. So, there are important differences between them.
It’s not surprising that many people are not aware of hypotension but if people are aware of hypotension and can fix the problem earlier on, then, it doesn’t deteriorate to the level of perfusion of vital organs, so, it’s a good thing that we are talking about it because whatever is not good is not good.
How is it diagnosed?
Just by simply measuring the blood pressure, just like hypertension. Hypotension is also by measuring blood pressure but it is important for people, especially those taking medicines for hypertension to know that when the blood pressure is too low, it puts them at risk. There should be moderation in the treatment. Treatment should not be overzealous if not, the person becomes hypotensive.
Sometimes, in the treatment of hypertension, if the person is not careful, the person becomes hypotensive. Recently, I diagnosed a patient and I let the patient realise that that was the problem; a new medicine was added to the patient’s blood pressure medication and that was because the doctor felt that the blood pressure was not well controlled. When the dose was too high, the patient started having symptoms up to the extent that he almost fainted, so we diagnosed and discussed it. So, it’s not uncommon for hypertensive patients to end up with hypotension. So, while trying to treat one disease, another problem comes if care is not taken, hence, moderation is important.
How is it managed?
The treatment depends on the cause. The most important thing is to identify what the cause is. Sometimes, we just advise the patient to take more fluids. For example, if the person is dehydrated, it’s just to revitalise the person with some fluids. Sometimes, oral fluid is given and some other times, intravenous fluids have to be given, depending on how severe it is and then, if the cause is heart disease, the doctor will have to look at it and see how to improve the heart’s functions. If it is caused by a drug, it’s just to drop the drug and that alone can just solve the problem. Sometimes, specialised medications have to be used if it is caused by a nervous system disease because some nervous system diseases can also lead to hypotension. So, it depends on the cause.
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Carpentry jobs represent one of the oldest professions in the world, and they’re not going anywhere any time soon. In fact, the demand for carpenters will continue to grow for the next decade. For veterans, carpentry represents a stable, well respected career path after the military
Here’s what you need to know about carpentry jobs.
What do Carpenters Do?
Carpenters build, construct, shape, mold and repair building structures that are made of wood and other materials. Carpenters do not only work with wood, but they may work with concrete, plastic, drywall and other building materials. There are many different tasks that carpenters handle. For example, a carpenter may insulate a building or build and install cabinets in somebody’s home.
Duties of Carpentry Jobs
Carpenters use tools to cut, shape and mold wood, plastic, drywall and other materials. In their work, carpenters use a variety of hand tools such as levels, squares, chisels and power tools. They must be able to follow blueprints and work within the dimensions of a given area, while still performing their job up to standards.
Carpenters will be hire to perform tasks such as building/structure inspections and constructing building frameworks. They may also be required to direct other laborers to perform their tasks as well.
Types of Carpentry Jobs
Rough Carpenters: Rough carpenters build rough wooden structures, such as concrete forms and scaffolds. They also may build tunnel, bridge, or sewer supports and temporary frame shelters. They work off of sketches and blueprints.
Construction Carpenters: Construction carpenters construct, install, and repair structures of wood, plywood, and wallboard, using hand tools and power tools.
Work Environment of Carpentry Jobs
Due to the nature of their work, Carpenters often work at construction sites or homes of somebody who has hired them. Carpenters must be in good physical shape, as their work requires them to shift from sitting, standing and lifting quite often.
Carpenters also have one of the highest rates of illness and injury of any profession in the United States. The most common injuries are strains from lifting, falls from ladders and cuts from sharp tools and objects.
How to Become a Carpenter
Typically, a high school diploma or equivalency is required to become a carpenter. Carpenters must be well versed in mathematics, as measurements, fractions and other numbers are dealt with regularly.
Most carpenters learn their craft through on the job experience or through an apprenticeship.
Outlook for Carpentry Jobs
According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the average salary for carpentry jobs was $45,170 as of May 2017. The employment rate for carpentry jobs is expected to rise 8% by 2026, which is about average for all occupations.
As the population continues to grow, carpenters should see demand for their work increase, as they will need to build new homes for the growing population. One hindrance to the growth of carpentry jobs could be prefabricated components of homes and buildings, which allow components of structures to be easily assembled on job sites.
Companies Hiring for Carpentry Jobs
AECOM: AECOM is built to deliver a better world. They design, build, finance and operate infrastructure assets for governments, businesses and organizations in more than 150 countries.
Hilton: Hilton is one of the largest and fastest growing hospitality companies in the world, with more than 4,700 properties comprising more than 775,000 rooms in 104 countries and territories.
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There are no open spots for this class, but we found something similar!
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Multiplication, Division, Decimals and Fraction Math Skills
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Fifth Grade Math Skills 1 FLEX
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Let Me Help! Reading, Writing or Math 1:1 Private Tutor (Certified Teacher 1st-6Th Grade)
Math Individual Tutoring Grades 4 - 6
This is a one-time course to provide support to students and parents needing explicit instruction in mathematical concepts for grades 4 thru 6. #confidence
New on Outschool
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learner per class
30 minute class
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This class will cover concepts related to 4th thru 6th grade math curriculum. Students will be able to receive support in --place value with decimals, multiplication of multi-digit numbers --division with one and two-digit divisors --decimals (adding, subtracting, multiplying and dividing) --fractions and mixed numbers (adding, subtracting, multiplying and dividing) --ratios --proportions--integers--tables--functions--patterns--2D/3D shapes--angles--measurement conversions and coordinate...
This class is taught in English.
Students will come to me with the topics they need help understanding. I will provide instruction with examples including uploading screenshots for later review. We will work problems together then your child will work problems independently to achieve mastery.
Certified middle grades math educator Experience working with all levels of learners Gifted certified
Homework will be given if it appears your learner needs additional practice to support retention of the concepts covered.
I will provide updates at the end of the session so you know if additional support is necessary.
30 minutes per week in class, and maybe some time outside of class.
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WE provide academic support and instruction in math, reading, writing and science. Additional courses are available to provide students with organizational skills and time management. All teachers are CERTIFIED educators. We have more than 35...
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An advocate is a person who argues for, recommends, or supports a cause or policy. Advocacy is also about helping people find their voice. There are three types of advocacy – self-advocacy, individual advocacy and systems advocacy.
How many types of advocates are there?
There are mainly three categories of Advocates In India who are entitled to practice law before the Supreme Court of India. They are senior advocates, advocates on record and other advocates. These are Advocates who are designated as Senior Advocates by the Supreme Court of India or by any High Court.
What are the classes of advocates?
(1) There shall be two classes of advocates, namely, senior advocates and other advocates.
What are two types of advocates?
Under this, the advocates are mainly classified into Advocates & Senior Advocates, who can be designated by the Supreme Court or any of the 21 High Courts by virtue of their exemplary standing at the Bar or knowledge and special experience.
What are advocates called?
Synonyms for advocate. attorney, attorney-at-law, counsel, counselor.
What are the 5 types of law?
In the United States, the law is derived from five sources: constitutional law, statutory law, treaties, administrative regulations, and the common law (which includes case law).
How many categories of advocates are given under the Supreme court rules?
Karnataka State Bar Council. (1) There shall be two classes of advocates, namely, senior advocates and other advocates.
What are the duties of advocate?
it is the duty of the advocate to maintain the decorum of the court and act properly with his opponents or colleagues. He must always act in the best interests of his clients and should not do any kind of act that betrays their trust upon him.
What is the difference between advocate and lawyer?
A lawyer is a general term used to describe a legal professional who has attended law school and obtained a Bachelor of Law (LLB) degree. An advocate is a specialist in law and can represent clients in court.
What are the 3 types of advocacy?
Advocacy involves promoting the interests or cause of someone or a group of people. An advocate is a person who argues for, recommends, or supports a cause or policy. Advocacy is also about helping people find their voice. There are three types of advocacy – self-advocacy, individual advocacy and systems advocacy.
What are the 5 principles of advocacy?
Clarity of purpose,Safeguard,Confidentiality,Equality and diversity,Empowerment and putting people first are the principles of advocacy.
Can you be different types of lawyers?
For instance, personal injury lawyers may specialize in niche areas like medical malpractice or claims against pharmaceutical companies. However, additional types of lawyers include contract lawyers, environmental lawyers, traffic lawyers—and the list goes on.
What are the qualities of a good advocate?
10 Qualities of Successful Advocate
- Honesty integrity and character : An advocate should be honest and must be a man of integrity and character. …
- Patience and perseverance : …
- Legal learning: …
- General education : …
- Memory : …
- Study of Law Reports: …
- Use of legal phraseology : …
- Manner in court:
What are the qualifications of an advocate?
To become an advocate in India, it is compulsory for a person to complete his bachelor’s degree in law, i.e L.L.B (Legum Baccalaureus). The bachelor degree of law can be either of 3 years or 5 years.
What is the full form of LLB?
The full form of LLB is Bachelor of Legislative Law or Legum Baccalaureus.
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The analogy has been used that while the thyroid gland is the accelerator, the adrenal glands must provide the gas. Unfortunately, today, many individuals suffer from Adrenal Fatigue, and can not respond appropriately when they receive the signal. Dr. James L. Wilson, author of Adrenal Fatigue: The 21st Century Stress Syndrome, notes it is impossible for a person with tired adrenal glands to achieve optimal hormonal balance. Anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant adrenal hormones like cortisol help to minimize allergic and negative reactions, such as cancer and autoimmune disorders. These hormones closely affect the utilization of carbohydrates and fats, the conversion of fats and proteins into energy, and cardiovascular and gastrointestinal function. Recommendations to improve adrenal health include eating wholesome food, getting plenty of sleep, regular moderate exercise, stress management, slowing down to regain a proper perspective on life, taking appropriate supplements for adrenal support, and replacement of deficient hormones.
The adrenal glands secrete hormones such as cortisol, estrogen, and testosterone that are essential to health and vitality and significantly affect total body function. After mid-life, the adrenal glands gradually become the major endogenous source of sex hormones in both men and women. Intense or prolonged physical or emotional stress commonly associated with modern lifestyles or chronic illness can lead to Adrenal Fatigue, which is an important contributing factor in health conditions ranging from allergies to obesity.
Ask us for more information and recommendations to put you on the pathway to optimal health.
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| 0.89592 | 302 | 2.625 | 3 |
Imagine you’re asleep and during that time your soul disconnects from your body. As your consciousness separates from your physical form, you are able to travel all over the world, as well as through time and space. Does this sound to good to be true? Well, it’s actually quite a common occurrence and is known as an out-of-body experience (OBE) or as others call it–astral projection.
There have been many debates in the science community on whether or not astral projection is actually possible. While some believe it is simply a hoax, others claim it is a spiritual or paranormal experience. Over the course of history, there have been many mentions of out-of-body experiences, from the ancient Egyptians to the secret societies of the Middle Ages. Is it possible there is more to it than people understand?
One study at a university in France, set out to prove that astral projection could be scientifically proven and that it was a condition of the body, not of the spirit. Their study is the closest anyone has come to explaining the condition and what triggers it. Read on to learn more about the study and what the research team found.
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Before you "like" a friend's or company's post on Facebook, think twice. A new study shows that your Facebook "likes" may be far more revealing than you ever thought.
Researchers at the University of Cambridge in the U.K. announced on Monday that a new study shows that users' Likes on Facebook alone accurately indicate their race, age, IQ, sexuality, personality, substance use and political views.
The study also notes that Facebook Likes could be used to extract sensitive information about almost anyone regularly using Facebook, which is the largest social network, with more than 1 billion global users.
"I am a great fan and active user of new amazing technologies, including Facebook. I appreciate automated book recommendations, or Facebook selecting the most relevant stories for my newsfeed," said Michal Kosinski, operations director at the university's Psychometric Centre and a researcher in the study. "However, I can imagine situations in which the same data and technology is used to predict political views or sexual orientation, posing threats to freedom or even life."
Using an algorithm, researchers analyzed the data from more than 58,000 U.S. Facebook users, who volunteered their Likes, demographic profiles and personality tests. They were able to accurately predict males' sexuality 88% of the time, distinguish African-Americans from Caucasian Americans 95% of the time, and tell the difference between Democrats and Republicans 85% of the time.
The researchers also said that they could use Likes to predict a user's relationship status 65% of the time, and if there was a substance abuse problem 73% of the time.
All of this could be a threat to users' privacy, the rsearchers said, noting that governments, companies and individuals could use their own predictive software to analyze users' Likes information and get more personal information about people than they had meant to reveal.
"Just the possibility of this happening could deter people from using digital technologies and diminish trust between individuals and institutions, hampering technological and economic progress," said Kosinski. "Users need to be provided with transparency and control over their information."
Just last month, a study came out showing that Facebook users often cause trouble in their own relationships, by posting too many intimate details on the social networking site.
Sharon Gaudin covers the Internet and Web 2.0, emerging technologies, and desktop and laptop chips for Computerworld. Follow Sharon on Twitter at @sgaudin, on Google+ or subscribe to Sharon's RSS feed. Her email address is [email protected].
Read more about privacy in Computerworld's Privacy Topic Center.
Join the CIO Australia group on LinkedIn. The group is open to CIOs, IT Directors, COOs, CTOs and senior IT managers.
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Engineers say 3D printing is poised to significantly alter Canada’s manufacturing workforce.
Nigel Southway, the Toronto chair of the Society of Manufacturing Engineers, says 3D printing will “be ready for full implementation and roll-out within the next five years.”
Southway warns of job losses, but some of those losses will be offset by a more skilled workforce.
Learn how 3D printing works
“It’s a fact of life with technology, if it’s a good technology, it will make costs go down and things get more simplified. That means fewer jobs, unfortunately,” Southway said. “It’s not a huge job loss situation. But if we don’t embrace this technology we’ll lose even more, because we’re not going to have the products developed in Canada and we won’t have the option to retain the products we have.”
Statistics Canada’s most recent numbers show manufacturing was worth $49.5 billion in August, down slightly after three months of gains.
‘Can’t afford not to do this’
Southway said the skilled workforce in Canada has to evolve to keep up with the changing technology.
“We can’t afford not to do this. This is a very portable technology. Very soon everyone will have this technology,” Southway said. “If we don’t do it, someone else will and we won’t be in the game.”
Jill Urbanic , an associate professor in the department of mechanical, automotive and materials engineering at the University of Windsor says, “You can always find a negative argument” for any technological development.
“The bottom line is, we have to develop something that people want, that people like, in a cost-competitive manner and in a way that it adds value and you always have to be on top of the latest and greatest technologies,” she said. “There’s a lot of potential. It’s up to us to figure out how to use that potential, that’s where I’m coming from. There are always issues.”
Southway and Urbanic say 3D printing will reduce costs, increase opportunities and encourage innovation.
“It allows an engineer to make a one-off and try something,” Southway said.
“The idea behind it is as limited as your imagination,” Urbanic said.
3D printing — also called additive manufacturing — involves creating a solid object by layering thin slices of material including plastic, metal and ceramic.
The technology has been around for decades but has caught the public eye over the last few years as the technology has become more refined and cheaper.
Manufacturing, he added, is “turning into a button in your browser,” Chris Anderson, author of Makers: The New Industrial Revolution told CBC News in May.
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There are only 24 hours in a day, but it sure seems like certain people are able to do way more with their time than the rest of us. Some of us barely have time to do the laundry, while others write plays or compose symphonies.
Mason Currey writes about 161 creative minds, among them are painters, composers, philosophers and poets, in his book, "Daily Rituals: How Artists Work." He finds that many of these artists and geniuses accomplished so much each day because they used their time wisely and efficiently, and practiced rituals.
"People would find that a certain habit was associated with a period of productivity or great insight and they would often, kind of relentlessly stick to that one ritual in a sort of superstitious fashion believing that it somehow enabled their creativity," Currey says.
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N7.1.d Explain the result of dividing a quantity of zero by a non-zero quantity.
N7.1.e Explain (by generalizing patterns, analogies, and mathematical reasoning) why division of non-zero quantities by zero is not defined.
N7.2 Expand and demonstrate understanding of the addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division of decimals to greater numbers of decimal places, and the order of operations.
N7.2.a Provide a justification for the placement of a decimal in a sum or difference of decimals up to thousandths (e.g., for 4.5 + 0.73 + 256.458, think 4 + 256 so the sum is greater than 260; thus, the decimal will be placed so that the sum is in the hundreds).
N7.2.b Provide a justification for the placement of a decimal in a product (e.g., for $12.33 × 2.4, think $12 × 2, so the product is greater than $24; thus, the decimal in the final product would be placed so that the answer is in the tens).
N7.2.c Provide a justification for the placement of a decimal in a quotient (e.g., for 51.50 m ÷ 2.1, think 50 m ÷ 2 so the quotient is approximately 25 m; thus, the final answer will be in the tens). (Note: If the divisor has more than one digit, students should be allowed to use technology to determine the final answer.)
N7.3 Demonstrate an understanding of the relationships between positive decimals, positive fractions (including mixed numbers, proper fractions and improper fractions), and whole numbers.
N7.3.a Predict the decimal representation of a fraction based upon patterns and justify the reasoning (e.g., knowing the decimal equivalent of 1/8 and 2/8, predict and verify the decimal representation of 7/8).
N7.5 Develop and demonstrate an understanding of adding and subtracting positive fractions and mixed numbers, with like and unlike denominators, concretely, pictorially, and symbolically (limited to positive sums and differences).
N7.5.a Estimate the sum or difference of positive fractions and/or mixed numbers and explain the reasoning.
N7.6.b Explain, using concrete materials such as integer tiles and diagrams, that the sum of opposite integers is zero (e.g., a move in one direction followed by an equivalent move in the opposite direction results in no net change in position).
P7.3 Demonstrate an understanding of one-and two-step linear equations of the form ax/b + c = d (where a, b, c, and d are whole numbers, c less than or equal to d and b does not equal 0) by modeling the solution of the equations concretely, pictorially, physically, and symbolically and explaining the solution in terms of the preservation of equality.
P7.3.a Model the preservation of equality for each of the four operations using concrete materials or using pictorial representations, explain the process orally and record it symbolically.
P7.4 Demonstrate an understanding of linear equations of the form x + a = b (where a and b are integers) by modeling problems as a linear equation and solving the problems concretely, pictorially, and symbolically.
P7.4.a Represent a problem with a linear equation of the form x + a = b where a and b are integers and solve the equation using concrete models (e.g., counters, integer tiles) and record the process symbolically.
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The U.S. Government Vs. the Public
Find an easy chair. Sit down and lean back. Close your eyes and take a deep breath. Exhale slowly and breathe rhythmically. Think pleasant thoughts. Now that you’re in a receptive state, give the first answer that comes to mind to this question: “What is the function of government?” Ordinary people will quickly blurt out answers like “To do the right thing,” “Protect the public” and “Make us safe.” A political economist wouldn’t be satisfied with such vague generalities, but they capture the visceral appeal that government action holds for us.
Now, respond off the top of your head to this: “Why can’t we rely on our own voluntary activities to do the right thing, protect us and keep us safe?” And the answer will come back: “Because we are selfish and act in our own interest; we need government to act in the public interest for all rather than the selfish interest of one or a few.” Again, this wouldn’t satisfy any rigorous student of political economy, but it is seems to summarize the inchoate feelings of the general public.
Accepting these feelings as our baseline for public expectation of performance by government, consider the following incident.
The Discovery of Kennewick Man
Two college students were spending a summer day in 1996 wading in the Columbia River near Kennewick, Washington. They noticed what appeared to be a human skull in shallow water and called police. The police notified Benton County coroner, Floyd Johnson. Johnson quickly realized that this was no ordinary skull. He brought in local archaeologist, James Chatters, who quickly returned to the location where the students had found the skull. Working in the twilight, Chatters painstakingly unearthed nearly an entire skeleton from the sandy, muddy water.
Upon examination in his laboratory, the skeleton dealt Chatters a succession of shocks. First, the archaeologist noted that the bones were obviously quite old. But they did not appear to belong to a Native American or American Indian. (As we will see, there is good reason for equivocation in usage here.) Second, they were apparently not those of a white pioneer or trapper, either, because the teeth were not only cavity-free but also worn down to the roots. This suggested a prehistoric origin. When Chatters found a stone spearpoint stuck in a hip joint, this confirmed that suspicion.
When carbon-dating estimated the age of the skeleton as over 9,000 years old, it established “Kennewick Man” as an archaeological find of historic proportions. Physical anthropologist Douglas Owsley of the Smithsonian Institution told writer Douglas Preston of Smithsonian Magazine (Smithsonian, September 1994, pp.52-63) that “you can count on your fingers the number of ancient, well-preserved [North American] skeletons there are.” This is “one of the oldest skeletons ever found in the Americas.” It goes without saying, then, that scientists were frantic to get their hands on Kennewick Man for study.
Before this could happen, though, there was a legal question that had to be answered. Who had ownership of the bones? Or, more properly, who had legal jurisdiction over the bones – a question whose answer might well determine who owned them and whether or not the bones would be examined prior to burial.
It seemed that the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers was the legal custodian (manager) of the land on which the bones were found. The publicity attendant to the find and radiocarbon dating alerted them and they claimed jurisdiction over the bones. This would give them the right to make all decisions relating to handling of, and access to, the bones.
Stop right there. Is it right for government to involve itself in the questions of possession, handling and access to the bones? What do we want government to achieve by its involvement?
Answer: We want government to do the right thing. What is the right thing? Uh… well, this is obviously one of the great scientific finds of all time, so we want government to make sure that the bones are safe, properly cared for and scrupulously examined by our leading scientists. And we want government to make sure that the bones are not … uh… exploited by one person or a comparatively small group of persons for their private gain when they could benefit “the country as a whole.” Yes, that sounds like what the man or woman on the street would say. OK, on with our story.
The Fight Over Possession of Kennewick Man
County Coroner Johnson objected to the Engineers’ claim, saying that he had jurisdiction. And his argument had one very practical aspect – he had physical possession of the bones in an evidence locker in the county sheriff’s office. When the Corps of Engineers weighed in, Johnson decided to enlist a heavy hitter for his team. He called in Douglas Owsley, curator at the National Museum of Natural History. Owsley may be the leading expert in the field of physical anthropology, having performed over 10,000 examinations for institutions ranging from the CIA, FBI and State Department to local police departments. He has reassembled skeletons from mass graves, from the fire that consumed the Branch Davidians in Waco, Texas and from the terrorist attack on the Pentagon on 9-11.
Owsley knew the enormous scientific implications of this finding. He put together a team of scientists to study the bones. Unfortunately, attorneys for the Corps of Engineers persuaded county lawyers that federal law superseded local jurisdiction. The Corps took possession of the skeleton and stored it with another federal agency, the Department of Energy at DOE’s Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. That laboratory takes its name from the Battelle Corporation that operates it.
Why was this “unfortunate?” Isn’t this precisely what we want and expect – the federal government taking possession of the skeleton in order to make sure that it is in safe hands and properly stored prior to its study by qualified scientists?
Had the skeleton remained in county custody, it would have been handed over to Douglas Owsley, probably the country’s leading physical anthropologist. In his care, it would have been studied carefully by the country’s leading – that is to say, some of the world’s leading – scientists. But when the federal government’s Corps of Engineers took possession of the skeleton, bad things began to happen. First, portions of both femurs disappeared somewhere in transit between Benson County and Battelle. To this day, the disappearance remains mysterious. Second, the skeleton was improperly stored, according to Owsley’s panel of scientists. “Substandard, unsafe conditions” were the words they used to describe the excessive variations in temperature and humidity at Battelle and subsequently at the Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture in Seattle, Washington, where the skeleton was later transferred. The skeleton suffered damage due to this mishandling.
The FBI was called in to investigate the case of the missing femurs. Its leading suspects were country coroner Floyd Johnson and archaeologist James Chatters. Despite intensive search and questioning, neither the culprit(s) nor the femurs were found. Years later (remember, the find occurred in 1996), the femurs mysteriously reappeared in the country coroner’s office.
OK, OK – but at least the scientists eventually got to examine Kennewick Man, didn’t they?
We haven’t come to the end of our story. This is just its beginning. The fight that wounded Kennewick Man was perhaps less fierce and definitely much shorter than the one waged over his remains 9,000 years after his death.
The Fight Against Premature Burial of Kennewick Man
The Corps of Engineers wasn’t the group with a special interest in Kennewick Man. While the Corps was sharpening its legal claws to acquire the skeleton, a group of American Indian tribes native to the Columbia River basin lodged a claim for the skeleton. They based their claim on a 1990 federal law called the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (hereinafter, NAGPRA). This is how Smithsonian’s Douglas Preston rationalized NAGPRA: “In the 19th century, anthropologists and collectors looted fresh Native American graves and burial platforms, dug up corpses and even decapitated dead Indians lying on the field of battle and shipped the heads to Washington to study. Until NAGPRA, museums were filled [sic] with American Indian remains acquired without regard for the feelings and religious beliefs of native people. NAGPRA was passed to redress this history and allow tribes to reclaim their ancestors’ remains and some artifacts.”
Both Smithsonian Museum and Owsley himself had participated in such repatriations in the past. But, as Preston pointed out, this case was different. This skeleton had nothing to link it with any particular one of the Columbia River Basin tribes. In fact, it had none of the characteristic features of American Indians.
The statement issued by a tribal spokesman made it clear that ceding Kennewick Man to the tribes would kiss goodbye to any hope of further scientific study. “Scientists have dug up and studied Native Americans for decades. We view this practice as desecration of the body and a violation of our most deeply-held religious beliefs. From our oral histories, we know that our people have been part of this land since the beginning of time. We do not believe that our people migrated here from another continent, as the scientists do.” Upon receiving the skeleton, the tribal coalition declared, they would bury it in a secret location to prevent any future study by scientists.
What do you suppose would happen if Christian fundamentalists decried scientific study of human fossil remains as a desecration and called for the reburial of all uncovered skeletons without subjecting them to tests or examination? Uh… the government would allow scientific research to proceed. And the fundamentalists would be publicly excoriated.
In this case, though, the Corps of Engineers said that after a standard 30-day period for public comment, the skeleton would be “returned” to the tribal coalition.
Well… perhaps the Corps didn’t appreciate the magnitude of the scientific value represented by Kennewick Man.
Owsley phoned the Corps and left messages expressing his disbelief and chagrin at the huge loss that science was about to suffer. So did the members of his team. Owsley stressed that he and his colleagues would themselves bear the expenses of any study of the skeleton.
The Corps of Engineers didn’t return any of the phone calls.
Members of Congress tried to intervene on Owsley’s behalf. They got nowhere. Owsley and his colleagues hired an attorney, Alan Schneider. They pointed out to Schneider that the law seemed to be on their side. The terms of NAGPRA seemingly required that a study of the skeleton be made in order to verify that the bones really were those of a “Native American.” Otherwise, the law would simply give tribes carte blanche to seize any skeleton they chose. Schneider made the usual legal overtures to the Corps of Engineers.
The Corps of Engineers ignored him.
The decisive moment had arrived. From a legal standpoint, the next move would be to file a lawsuit against the Corps of Engineers and seek an injunction against the release of the skeleton to the tribes. But, as Schneider forcibly told his clients, this involved suing the federal government. As he put it: “If you’re going to sue the government, you better be in it for the long haul.”
Owsley had collected an impressive panel of scientists from leading universities and museums. He hoped they would join him as plaintiffs in the lawsuit. Now he got his first taste of what Schneider meant. All of those prestigious institutions took a pass on the suit. Why? First, suing the government was bound to be more than just expensive. The government has resources that are virtually unlimited. It wins lawsuits simply by outlasting opponents, regardless of the merits of the action. Second, almost all universities are creatures of government since they get funds from governments, and “governments” means the federal government since it supplies funds to lower governments. Third, museums get funds from donations and a lawsuit against the government generates bad publicity, which tends to repel donors.
And if all that wasn’t enough to discourage plaintiffs, Schneider explained what the long haul entailed. A plaintiff “had to be strong enough to stand the heat, knowing that efforts might be made to destroy their careers. And efforts were made.”
Owsley went ahead with the lawsuit because “this [study of Kennewick Man] was one of those extremely rare and important discoveries that come once in a lifetime.” To lose that chance would be “unthinkable.” Undoubtedly that was what persuaded his colleagues to stand with him purely as private citizens, without the backing of their employers.
Sure enough, when the suit went public the Society for American Archaeology opposed their efforts. Censure rained down on them from all sides. They really knew what it felt like to sue the federal government when the Justice Department sent a letter to the Smithsonian Institution suggesting that Owsley might be guilty of a criminal conflict of interest by violating the federal statute prohibiting federal employees from making claims against the U.S. government. Despite an advisory by his general counsel, Owsley’s boss Robert Fri backed the lawsuit.
Eventually, the scientists were required to broaden the scope of their action to include not merely the Corps of Engineers but also the Army, the Department of the Interior and individual officials. Schneider and his co-counsel were forced to do much of the work pro bono in order to see the case through to completion. In order to recover their fees, they would have to not only win the case but recover attorney’s fee as well. This rarely happens; judges only grant attorney’s fees when the other side is deemed to have acted in bad faith.
The federal government apparently employed as many as 93 different attorneys against the scientists. The case took years to work its way through the courts.
The first victory for Owsley, et al, came just before the expiration of the public comment period. With only hours before the skeleton was scheduled to be awarded to the tribes, a judge stayed that event until the litigation was resolved. In 2002, six years after the college students found Kennewick Man awash in the Columbia River shallows, a court ruled that the skeletal remains were not related to any living tribe, thereby invalidating any claim based upon NAGPRA. The federal government appealed to its most friendly venue, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals. In 2004, eight years after the discovery, the Ninth Circuit reaffirmed the lower court’s finding for the scientists. And that wasn’t all. Presiding Judge John Jelderks ruled “that the Corps on multiple occasions misled or deceived the court. He found that the government had indeed acted in ‘bad faith’ and awarded attorney’s fees of $2,379,000 to Schneider’s firm. Counting the government’s own attorney’s fees, Schneider estimated that the case had cost the taxpayers a minimum of $5 million. An economist, reckoning the true cost in opportunity-cost terms, would undoubtedly put the cost much higher.
But this story has been told from the perspective of a hostile, unfriendly observer of government. Surely the Corps of Engineers had good reasons for acting as they did.
Here is the response by the Corps of Engineers to Smithsonian magazine’s query about its actions: “The United States acted in accordance with its interpretation of NAGPRA and its concerns about the safety and security of the fragile, ancient human remains.”
It doesn’t take a hostile observer to recognize that this rationale is insanely illogical. The actions of the Corps of Engineers make a mockery of NAGPRA for the reason already stated; namely, to grant the tribes’ claim without scientific verification of it allows them carte blanche. The actual result reinforces the necessity for scientific study and validates the lawsuit. The claim that the Corps of Engineers acted to preserve the skeleton is equally absurd because (1) the skeleton suffered damage due to their improper handling and its transfer away from the care of Owsley, et al; (2) parts of the skeleton were lost or stolen during the transfer of the skeleton from the country coroner to the Corps; and (3) the Corps resolved to prevent scientific study and secure the skeleton for burial by the tribes, which would make “the safety and security of the fragile, ancient remains” superfluous. Why was the Corps ostensibly safeguarding the safety and security of the skeleton – so it would hold up better underground after it was buried?
Since the scientists won their lawsuit in 2006 and it is now 2015, I assume they finally got to perform a full examination of the skeleton. What were their conclusions?
You’re showing more scientific curiosity than the U.S. government did. Yes, the long-delayed scientific examination did finally take place. And it’s safe to say that its findings justified the trouble and expense that everybody endured.
The Scientific Significance of Kennewick Man
When the case was first decided in 2002, Owsley’s band of scientists presented a plan for study to the Corps of Engineers. It proposed that the scientists be allowed to examine Kennewick Man for a limited period before the skeleton was relinquished to the Corps. The Corps -following a pattern that was by now all too familiar – took its own sweet time about responding to the proposal. Finally, after the government’s appeal was heard and denied, the scientists were given 16 days to examine the skeleton. The first examination took place in July, 2005 – nine years after Kennewick Man’s discovery. The second and last examination occurred in February, 2006. The results of these studies are presented in detail in Kennewick Man: The Scientific Investigation of an Ancient American Skeleton (Texas A&M University Press, 680 pages; October, 2014). The book credits 48 authors and 17 researchers as contributors to the project. Smithsonian called it “the most complete analysis of a Paleo-American skeleton ever done.”
Kennewick Man was about 5 feet, 7 inches tall and weighed about 160 pounds. He was right-handed. His age at death was approximately 40 years. From markings on the bones of his shoulders, we know that he often threw something with his right arm. Presumably, it was a spear. This hypothesis is reinforced by the fact that his left leg was apparently stronger than his right leg. He also spent much time raising and lowering something in front of him, as he would if spearing fish or seals in water. He often waded in shallow water and had “surfer’s ear,” caused by swimming underwater. He subsisted on a diet of marine animals and glacial meltwater – such as might have been found in latter-day Alaska.
Douglas Owsley believes that Kennewick Man believes that Kennewick Man traveled to what is now North America by sea from another continent. His people were the original settlers of our land, not the people now known as Native Americans. If Owsley is correct, that means that the stylized plaint of Native American about having been displaced from their original ancestral homeland by barbaric European intruders is somewhat quaint – the Native Americans themselves displaced at least one other race of peoples who arrived here before them. What we know of Indian life tells us that the vast majority of the tribes lived as hunter-gatherers who befriended some tribes and warred endlessly with others. This suggests that they displaced the Polynesian competitors primarily through warfare and annihilation.
High-radiation CT scans of Kennewick Man’s bones verify that he does not belong to any living human population. His closest relatives among contemporary humans seem to be a Polynesian people, the Moriori of the Chatham Islands. They are located about 420 miles southwest of New Zealand. The Ainu people of Japan are another close relation.
Kennewick Man belonged to the class of people who originally populated both Polynesia and Japan. The modern-day Ainu have light skin and light-colored eyes and sport heavy beards. The reconstruction of Kennewick Man in Owsley’s office is built on this model.
Kennewick Man alters the traditional view of North American prehistory. Previously it was thought that the original settlers of North American traversed the Bering Strait to reach what is now Canada and, later, the U.S. (The Bering Strait was then a connecting land mass that is referred to as the “Bering Land Mass.”) These humans came from Central Asia. Now it appears that the first humans to settle North America came from what is now Polynesia by sea in boats made of wooden planks, following the coastline down from what is now Alaska to today’s Pacific Northwest. This migration may have occurred some 15,000 years ago. (In emulation of Kon-Tiki, an American daredevil paddled a kayak from Japan to Alaska beginning in 1999 and finishing in 2000.)
Owsley believed that the Polynesian migration came first, followed by the Asian migration. But the Asian migration was larger. The Asians eventually overcame the Polynesians. Owsley claims that there is a tiny, but detectible, strain of the Polynesian DNA remaining in some North American tribes today. It seems highly likely, though, that the victory of the Asians was primarily martial rather than cultural; that is, through war rather than intermarriage and assimilation. The DNA material is so small and weak, according to Owsley, that we cannot call possessors “descendants” of the Polynesians.
Ever since the discovery of Kennewick Man, the field of physical anthropology has been buzzing with activity. In Mexico, the bones of a teenage girl found in an underwater cave have been dated at approximately 13,000 years old. Her skull appears to be similar to that of Kennewick Man but she shares DNA features with North American Indians.
At this point, it seems likely that the discovery of Kennewick Man will turn out to be one of the momentous scientific discoveries of the 21st century. To be sure, that conclusion is premature. Time is the only sure test.
This is the scientific discovery that the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers spent years trying to bury forever.
Why was the Corps of Engineers desperately anxious to prevent scientific study of Kennewick Man and bury the skeleton forever?
Lawyer Alan Schneider was asked by writer Kenneth Preston to explain the behavior of the Corps of Engineers toward the scientists. Schneider noted that the Corps “was involved in tense negotiations with the tribes over a number of thorny issues, including salmon fishing rights along the Columbia River, the tribes’ demand that the Corps remove dams and the ongoing, hundred-billion-dollar cleanup of the vastly polluted Hanover nuclear site.” According to Schneider, “‘They weren’t going to let a bag of old bones get in the way of resolving other issues with the tribes.'”
Summing Up: A Theory of Government
Previously we tentatively advanced a “theory” of government. Actually, it is better called an emotional, heartfelt wish that government behave in a certain way. That wish was for government to (a) do the “right thing” – whatever in the world that might mean; (b) “protect the public and make us safe;” and (c) “act in the general or public interest rather than the selfish interest of one or a few.” The Nobel Laureate James Buchanan, co-originator of the Public Choice school of economic thought, referred to this line of (wishful) thinking as the “romantic” theory of government. Smithsonian writer Douglas Preston is apparently an adherent of this view. In commenting on his article, he says, “What shocked me the most in my research was the illogical resistance of the government.”
This is what shocked Preston. The federal government – specifically, the Corps of Engineers, backed by the Department of the Interior and the Justice Department – blatantly violated all of the above tenets. The Corps did the wrong thing by spending years thwarting scientists in their determination to unearth of the notable scientific discoveries of the young century. The Corps harmed the public by suppressing scientific knowledge and acting in bad faith in legal proceedings. It made the world unsafe for science by storing Kennewick Man under unsuitable conditions. It acted in its own selfish interest by putting the interests of its dams ahead of those of science, by putting the financial interests of the government ahead of those of science and by putting the anti-scientific bias of the American Indian political movement ahead of the legitimate advance of science. In pursuit of these selfish interests, the Corps was willing to completely distort the meaning of the law.
All I can say is that this is only one isolated case.
Students of government and regulation can attest that this is how every government agency behaves. It is not atypical. This is the typical case. It varies only by degree, not by kind. The true theory of government is that of a self-interested body promoting “its” own interests at the expense of the interests of its citizens. What remains to be fleshed out is the content of the word “its.” What can be said is that it includes politicians, bureaucrats and the people who depend on government for their livelihood. People like Douglas Preston, who apparently view government in the hazy light of Buchanan’s “romantic” theory, are living in a fool’s paradise.
As of late last year, Kennewick Man lay in storage in the Burke Museum, under the control of the Corps of Engineers. Owsley and the scientists would like to perform a few more tests to narrow down Kennewick Man’s age more precisely and pin down his geographic origin. Meanwhile, the tribes continue to insist that Kennewick Man be buried with no further testing.
The Corps of Engineers continues to deny the scientists’ requests for more tests.
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Crops that thrive in changing climates could be developed more easily, thanks to fresh insights into plant growth.
A new computer model that shows how plants grow under varying conditions could help scientists develop varieties likely to grow well in future.
Scientists built the model to investigate how variations in light, day length, temperature and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere influence the biological pathways that control growth and flowering in plants.
They found differences in the way some plant varieties distribute nutrients under varying conditions.
This leads some to develop leaves and fruit that are smaller but more abundant than others.
Their findings could help scientists develop crops that have high yield in particular environmental conditions.
Researchers at the University validated their results in lab tests by measuring the leaves of tiny cress plants.
They say their findings give valuable insights into how plants adapt to ensure survival in less favourable conditions.
Their study, published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, was funded by the Darwin Trust, the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council and the European Commission.
It was carried out in collaboration with the Max Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology in Germany, Aberystwyth University and Cirad-Amis in France.
Commercial partner Simulistics of Edinburgh also took part.
The more we understand the underlying reasons governing plant growth in different varieties, the better equipped we will be to breed crop varieties with stable, high yields in the future.
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Educator Sees Holocaust Evidence First Hand
By Sue Roush
It was the hair that made her cry. That coupled with the luggage, toys and shoes – evidence of mankind’s worst atrocities.
Erin DeHart, assistant professor of Education at York College, recently took a 22-day study trip to Israel, Germany and Poland to continue her extensive studies on the Holocaust. It was when the group of 25 educators reached Auschwitz II - Birkenau that they saw the rooms filled with hair and other belongings left behind by the one million Jews and others who were murdered at that location.
“They shaved the heads of the victims before they killed them,” DeHart said, “The hair was more important than human lives. What causes a normal person to follow along and do these things?”
After leaving this particular concentration camp, DeHart was overcome with sadness saying, “I thought to myself, ‘I can never be happy again.’” But she was wrong. After leaving the gas chamber, DeHart saw an old friend and Holocaust survivor, Irving Roth.
Roth is an Auschwitz survivor DeHart had met on a previous trip to New York City who has had a significant impact on her. “He is so strong. He can go back to Auschwitz and take people and tell his story.” she said, “If he can do that, so can I.” While a prisoner, Roth witnessed his brother being led to the gas chamber, but he never lost his faith. Roth is credited as saying, “I must live and love, because if not, they were successful.” Roth also said, “God didn’t create Auschwitz.”
On a visit to the synagogue in Poland, DeHart met a Polish survivor. “She came in and sat down in front of us,” DeHart remembered, “I knew she was a survivor of the camps because she had a number tattooed on her arm. Following the service our tour guide spoke to her and heard her story. She then looked at us and said, “You need to tell the stories so people will remember.”
DeHart is telling the stories. In her position at York College she is part of the Department of Education whose job is to teach and train students to become teachers, “students don’t need to see the grotesque, but they need to hear the stories.”
For DeHart this trip was not a vacation, but a study trip that was partially funded by a grant from the Holocaust and Jewish Resistance Teachers’ program. DeHart also received funding from the local chapter of Delta Kappa Gamma Education Society and the Levitt Trust.
DeHart is available to speak to area civic organizations and other groups about her travels and experiences studying the Holocaust. To contact her, call York College at 363-5684 or [email protected].
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Chapter 1: Population Issues
History of the U.S. Population Issue
The notion that America s best interests may not lie in continued population growth has been widely discussed only since the 1960s. Before then, population growth was generally viewed not only as necessary and inevitable but desirable.
In the 1960s, people began to examine critically the notion that all population growth is desirable. Several public interest groups were established and population issues joined environmental and social issues on the public agenda.
In 1969, President Nixon issued to Congress a "Message on Population." Referring to the expectation of the time that the U.S. population might exceed 300 million by the year 2000, he said:
This growth will produce serious challenges for our society. I believe that many of our present social problems may be related to the fact that we have had only fifty years in which to accommodate the second hundred million Americans. In fact, since 1945 alone some 90 million babies have been born in this country. We have thus had to accommodate in a very few decades an adjustment to population growth which was once spread over centuries. And now it appears that we will have to provide for a third hundred million Americans in a period of just 30 years.
THE CREATION OF TITLE X
The Rockefeller Commission's most widely cited recommendation reads:
Recognizing that our population cannot grow indefinitely, and appreciating the advantages of moving now toward the stabilization of population, the Commission recommends that the nation welcome and plan for a stabilized population.
When President Nixon transmitted his message to Congress in 1969, U.S. families averaged between two and three children-the total fertility rate was 2.5-so that parents more than replaced themselves, and generation numbers were growing ever larger. By the time the Commission released its report in 1972, the total fertility rate had fallen to two children, or replacement level. The following year, it fell below two children per family, where it stayed until 1989.
CONFUSION OVER FERTILITY AND ZERO POPULATION GROWTH
In fact, the huge U.S. baby-boom generation entered childbearing age during the 1970s and 1980s. As described above, such a large generation produces an enormous total number of babies even though the average family has only two children. Thus, the number of births has exceeded the number of deaths in the United States throughout the period-and U.S. population has grown significantly even without taking immigration into account.
FORMATION OF THE TASK FORCE
In contrast, immigration has received considerable attention. Several national commissions have reviewed immigration issues, including illegal immigrants and refugees, and published reports and recommendations. The most recent effort, which was chaired by the late Barbara Jordan, is the U.S. Commission on Immigration Reform. Its work is still under way.
Rapid population growth elsewhere in the world has received regular attention, especially at three United Nations international meetings in 1974, 1984, and 1994. At the most recent meeting, a broader consensus emerged on a new approach to population concerns than has occurred at these meetings before.
THE CAIRO CONSENSUS
Nations at the Cairo conference reached broad agreement that development (poverty alleviation, education, basic health care, and economic opportunity) and family planning each are important for reducing population growth rates-but that they work best when pursued together. Similarly, the consensus recognized that population growth is not the only driving force behind environmental concerns, and that consumption patterns also play an important role. Finally, it was widely agreed that family planning should be provided as part of broader primary and reproductive health initiatives, and that population policy should encompass economic opportunity for women and the elimination of legal and social barriers to gender equality.
The United States actively participated in the Cairo process, provided important leadership, and is part of the broad consensus that now exists worldwide for this approach to stabilizing world population.
DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDSThe United States is today the only major industrialized country in the world experiencing population growth on a significant scale. The U.S. population grows at 0.7 percent annually when immigration is not taken into account, compared to an average annual growth rate (also without counting immigration) of not more than 0.2 percent in all of Europe. The U.S. population grows at approximately 1.0 percent when immigration is taken into account.
In 1994, the United States added nearly 2.0 million people to the population from the excess of births over deaths and, it is estimated, at least 1.0 million people from net migration into the country. This scale of growth adds another Connecticut in population each year, and another California each decade. Only a handful of countries, all of them developing, contribute more to their populations annually.
Today's annual immigration to the United States is high by historical standards, matching levels achieved during the peak years of 1901-1910. And fertility has risen in recent years. In 1989, the average number of children born per woman in the United States exceeded 2.0 for the first time in 17 years, after remaining between 1.7 and 1.8 for 15 years. After reaching 2.1 children per woman on average for a year or two, the rate is now again 2.0. This means that current U.S. fertility matches birth .rates in less wealthy countries such as Ireland and Malta, rather than the birth rates of European and Asian economic peers.
CENSUS BUREAU PROJECTIONS
If fertility and immigration fall slightly, U.S. population will still increase until about 2030, when it will reach about 290 million people. In another decade, a slow decline in numbers would begin. (This is the "low projection.")
The opposite assumption-involving rises in fertility and immigration -would produce 500 million Americans by the year 2050, with continued growth inevitable and no stabilization in sight. (This is the "high projection.")
Continued population growth in the United States, particularly on the scale envisioned by the medium and high projections, has enormous implications. Coupled with the technologies and resource consumption patterns that underlie the U.S. standard of living, population growth in America produces an environmental impact unparalleled by any other country at this time.
Continued population growth also has the potential to overwhelm efficiency and productivity gains, negating technology-based efforts to reduce U.S. environmental impact. Population growth also challenges industry's best efforts to provide new, higher quality jobs for all Americans and to improve real wages for American workers-which have been stagnant for 22 years. It similarly adds to the nation's needs to reduce poverty, improve education, and provide health care for all Americans. In short, the United States is already severely challenged by the need to provide better opportunities for millions of disadvantaged citizens, and continued population growth will exacerbate those challenges.
THE IMPLICATIONS OF SLOW GROWTH
Demographer Geoffrey McNicoll, summarizing the consensus, writes that "the effects of low fertility on labor supply, technological change, and investment and consumption appear relatively slight."
The Rockefeller Commission examined several aspects of the relationship between population
and prosperity in its 1972 report, comparing the effect of an American population with a two-child family average with that of a three-child family average. Essentially, the Commission
analyzed the difference between a growing and a stable U.S. population. "The nation has nothing
to fear from a gradual approach to population stabilization," the report said. "From an economic
point of view, a reduction in the rate of population growth would bring important benefits." The
report also cited the testimony of the chair of the Atlantic-Richfield board of trustees, who
testified at a hearing convened by the Commission:
There is a habit of thinking in some segments of the business community that population increase is something essential to the maintenance of vigorous demand and economic growth, just as there is an instinctive reaction against any new cost factors being added to the processes of production and distribution. But our economy has already, and in many ways, shown its tremendous adaptability to new social demands and necessities. I have not the slightest doubt that it can meet this new challenge.
The Commission report goes on to state, "In short, we find no convincing economic argument for continued national population growth."
Many analysts express concern that countries with low fertility will eventually have trouble financing public old-age pensions as the ratio of workers to elderly people falls. It is possible, however, that rising costs of supporting the elderly may be offset by declining costs of supporting children. The precise calculation for each country depends on the exact age structure of the population, the social security system, and immigration patterns. In any case, population policy is a crude tool for making social security policy, and it makes little sense to endure high levels of unwanted fertility and environmental degradation from continued population growth in the hope of helping a program with many other problems.
For decades, Americans have not had a desire for an ever-larger population. This is suggested by polls over the years. In 1974, 87 percent of respondents to a Roper poll said they did not wish the country had more people. A 1971 poll by the U.S. Commission on Population Growth and the American Future found that 22 percent felt U.S. population should be smaller than it was then, which was close to 200 million. As long ago as 1947, when U.S. population was 140 million, Gallup found that 55 percent of Americans believed the country would be "worse off' with more people.
FINDINGS AND POLICY RECOMMENDATIONSImportant findings presented in the roundtables, combined with the expertise of Task Force members, shaped the Task Force's policy recommendations on population matters. Principal findings on fertility, immigration, and population distribution are summarized below. Before each section, the relevant policy recommendations are stated. For the full policy recommendation, including specific actions, see Chapter 4.
Since 1989, the U.S. fertility rate has been 2.0, the highest fertility experienced in the United States since 1972 and exceeding current fertility rates among European and Asian economic peers of the United States. Americans achieve this fertility rate with high levels of unintended pregnancies and births and high levels of induced abortion.
Unintended pregnancies can have disturbing consequences. They are associated with higher rates of low birthweight and infant mortality than are planned pregnancies. It is estimated that eliminating unintended pregnancies would reduce U.S. infant mortality by 10 percent and the incidence of low birthweight babies by 12 percent. Also, half of all unintended pregnancies in the United States that do not end in spontaneous miscarriage end in abortion. If all pregnancies were planned, demand for abortion would be scant indeed.
Women of all ages and income levels experience unintended pregnancies, but teens, women over 40, and poor women do so more often than others. Four in five adolescent pregnancies are unintended, and for women over 40 more than three-quarters of pregnancies are unintended. Women with family incomes below the poverty level also report three-quarters of their pregnancies as unintended.
Unintended births can have significant economic consequences for families. For example, 39 percent of new entrants onto the welfare rolls in any given year are the result of a first birth to an unmarried woman. More than half the teens who give birth receive welfare within five years- although not all of these are unintended births. While women of all ages and incomes experience unintended births, mistimed births are highest among young women, and unwanted births are highest among older women. Poor women have the highest percentage of both.
If all U.S. births were wanted, their number would fall by 10 percent-to 3.6 million a year. Population growth from the excess of births over deaths would fall to 1.6 million. Delaying currently mistimed births, through better access to contraceptive services, education, and economic opportunities, would also reduce total births-significantly so. Demographers have not made this calculation for the United States, but estimates for other populations have found that even slight delays reduce fertility a great deal.
Contraceptive failures are not entirely failures of technology. Contraceptives fail more often among U.S. women who are single, younger, and poor. And Americans experience higher contraceptive failure rates than their European counterparts. Variations such as these suggest that human behavior contributes to contraceptive failure.
Of the estimated 62 million women of reproductive age (15-44) in the United States in 1990, an estimated 55 million were sexually experienced. Of these, 25 million were pregnant, had just given birth, were attempting to become pregnant, were protected from pregnancy by contraceptive sterilization--either of themselves or their partners--or were sterile for other reasons. The rest-some 30 million American women-were estimated to be technically at risk of an unintended pregnancy. It is estimated from surveys that approximately four or five million of these women did not use contraception, and just over half of all unintended pregnancies (53 percent) occurred to them. The remaining unintended pregnancies occurred to the 25 million women who used a contraceptive method other than sterilization, but for whom the method failed.
The risk of unintended pregnancy is exaggerated for 15 million women who need subsidized family planning and reproductive health care. The poor are overrepresented in the ranks of these women. An estimated 56 percent of low-income women and 69 percent of sexually active teenagers in need of family planning services do not receive medically supervised contraceptive care.
Some 4,000 clinics and other agencies nationwide will receive $193.4 million in fiscal year 1995 and provide services to more than four million clients. More than 60 percent of Title X clients are under 25 years old, 30 percent are adolescent, and 85 percent are low income. Although the numbers seem large, Title X reaches fewer than half of those eligible for the services it provides. In particular, men, teens, substance abusers, and the homeless are populations that under-use Title X services.
Though they are not able to provide universal access to services for poor women-in part because funding for Title X fell by more than 70 percent in real dollars between 1980 and 1992-Title X is estimated to prevent an average of 1.2 million unintended pregnancies-and about half that number of abortions-a year. It does this at a cost of about $200 per woman for comprehensive family planning services. In comparison, an ordinary, nonsurgical birth without complications cost $6,400 in 1992.
Family planning is dramatically cost-effective. For every dollar spent on publicly funded family planning services of any kind, $4.40 is saved that the federal government would otherwise be obliged by law to spend on medical care, welfare benefits, and other social services.
In addition to Title X, three other federal programs fund contraceptive services and supplies: the Maternal and Child Health Block Grant, Medicaid, and the Social Services Block Grant (Titles V, XIX, and XX of the Social Security Act, respectively). Funds are targeted specifically for family planning only in Title X; block grants can be used for many different purposes.
In 1986, the federal government expanded Medicaid coverage to pregnant women and infants with incomes 133 percent of the poverty level, regardless of whether they meet other requirements for welfare. But coverage under this extension does not include family planning services until after childbirth, and then only for 60 days. Thus, Medicaid is not an effective source of services for preventing first pregnancies among these women.
Thus, an important strategy for reducing the number of unintended pregnancies and births in the United States is to expand access, particularly for poor women, to contraception and related reproductive health services. Contraception is cost-effective, assists women in having the number of children they want when they want them, prevents abortions, and works toward the goal of having every child born in the United States be a wanted child.
Both private and public support for contraceptive research has declined sharply in the last 25 years. In 1970, 13 major drug companies were involved in the development of new contraceptives worldwide, nine in the United States. Today, four are involved and only one is based in the United States.
Support of research by the National Institutes of Health and the U.S. Agency for International Development, the two principal federal sources of funds for contraceptive research, has waned significantly. Analysts identify political factors and the withdrawal of federal support during the 1980s, as well as standards of legal liability for harm from contraceptives, as leading causes of the decline.
Of the more than 50 brands of oral contraceptives currently approved in the United States, six are effective for emergency post-coital use. These are not labeled as approved by the Food and Drug Administration for such use, however, and physicians and other medical personnel either do not know about the legality of this use or are not at ease with it. Furthermore, pharmaceutical companies are not permitted to market drugs for uses that are not labeled. Yet, it is estimated that wider use of emergency contraception could reduce unintended pregnancies by 1.7 million and abortions by 800,000 annually.
The Role of Men
Twenty-five years of experience with Title X and other subsidized family planning programs shows that few men use these services without special outreach, counseling, education, and other efforts to make them feel at ease.
Special programs are also required to reach young men, before they become sexually active, to build the skills and strategies required for sexual health and responsibility. Reducing unintended pregnancies in the United States will require the empowerment and participation of both men and women; special programs to improve men's participation are an integral part of achieving this goal.
First, Americans are reluctant to discuss these issues as either parents or children and are sometimes ambivalent about having them taught by professional educators. Only 10 percent of American students receive comprehensive sexuality education, for example, although 73 percent of U.S. parents support sexuality education in the schools. It appears that many would rather deny the need for family planning and reproductive health services, particularly for young people, and allow the punishing consequences, than address the need for prevention forthrightly.
Second, media images in advertising, television, and movies are laden with sex and especially sex without consequences. It is perhaps not surprising that conversations and knowledge about reproduction and contraception-both required for effective contraception and fully planned pregnancies-are rare, when the media provides few models for this behavior.
Several factors suggest that reliance on such financial incentives is not appropriate, with limited exception, in a wealthy country with as much unintended fertility as this one. People already want fewer children; the difficulty is matching outcomes with intentions. Broader access to family planning services and more education about sexuality and contraception seem more appropriate than financial incentives.
It is undeniable that financial incentives related to fertility and family planning have a bad reputation. In poor countries, incentives tend to be offered in isolation from broader reproductive health services. Even small payments (such as clean clothing or travel costs to a clinic) carry the risk of being so large in a poor individual's eyes that they override individual judgment, becoming so attractive that they destroy meaningful choice. In short, they coerce.
Developing country experience might seem irrelevant to the United States except for another factor. Programs to promote childbearing in wealthy European countries, where the costs of raising a child reach to several hundreds of thousands of dollars, have found that a financial incentive has to be quite large to be effective. Such incentives not only cost a great deal, but, more importantly, they also run the risk of amounting to coercion of the poor in a wealthy country.
What About Tax Breaks?
The Task Force has not reached consensus on whether limiting tax deductions at the federal level to two children would be a useful symbol, but in general believes that financial incentives at the federal level are not advisable.
Any such incentives should not be administered through the federal welfare system, however. For that system to encourage fertility behavior of any kind is inappropriate. The current system of welfare and federal family planning and health services in fact does encourage childbearing, but not in the sense that welfare critics of the day suggest. It does so, not by encouraging women to have children to gain welfare coverage, but by failing to fund the full range of reproductive health services, while paying for pregnancy- and birth-related services.
The constellation of federal welfare and family planning services should not inadvertently operate as an incentive for or against childbearing. Federal services should neither coerce poor women into childbearing, punish women for childbearing, nor punish the children born by denying them welfare benefits.
In general, everything said in the previous pages about unintended fertility applies to adolescent fertility, because more than 80 percent of teen pregnancies are unintended. But adolescent fertility is also a special case requiring programs designed specifically for young people.
The costs of adolescent pregnancy in the United States are incalculable: in impaired health of the teen mothers and their infants; in the stunted lives of the families created; and in lost educational, economic, and social opportunities. Yet every year, more than one million teens become pregnant, a number that represents 11 percent of all teenaged women and 20 percent of sexually active teenaged women. Half a million of the four million births in the United States annually occur to teenaged mothers. Birth rates among teens appear to be rising. Also, the pregnancy rate among U.S. teens is at least twice as high as in Canada, England and Wales, France, and Sweden, and more than nine times as high as in the Netherlands. This is so despite similar levels of sexual activity.
Causes of Teen Pregnancy
While both higher-income and lower-income teenage girls become pregnant, poverty is an important predictor of adolescent pregnancy. Only slight differences exist in levels of sexual activity among adolescents from lower- and higher-income families; yet young women from poorer circumstances are less likely to use contraceptives, more likely to become pregnant even if they do use a method, more likely to give birth if they become pregnant, and less likely to marry if they give birth.
The younger a girl is when she first engages in sexual activity, the more likely it is that the activity was pressured, if not coerced, either by a family member or a significantly older male. Nearly 70 percent of children born to teenaged girls are fathered by men 20 years of age or older. Usually the younger the mother, the greater the gap between her age and that of the father: one study has found that girls 11 to 12 years old were impregnated by men on average 10 years older.
Programs for Teens
As important as the promotion of abstinence is to preventing teen pregnancy, it cannot be the only strategy. Approximately one-third of American 15-year-olds have had sexual intercourse at least once. At age 18, the percentages are 56 for girls and 73 for boys. Effective teen pregnancy prevention programs, then, must acknowledge the reality of sexual activity among teens and equip young people to behave responsibly.
Such programs can be school- or community-based. They should educate young people in reproductive health, contraception, and sexuality; they should involve males as well as females; and they should be built on the successes observed around the country.
Successful programs include: the Meharry Medical College "I Have A Future" program in Nashville; the Harriet Tubman Express adolescent pregnancy prevention program in Chattanooga; the New York Children's Aid Society pregnancy prevention program; and the Grady Memorial Hospital "Human Sexuality, Postponing Sexual Involvement" program in Atlanta. At the same time, we also need to better understand the elements of successful teenage pregnancy prevention programs.
Women, Poverty, and Opportunity
Beyond poverty, a variety of other conditions can affect childbearing decisions-most notably hope for the future, a sense of self-worth, and the expectation of a job and career. Even in a country as advanced as the United States, significant room remains for improving educational, social, economic, and political opportunities for all Americans, and particularly for women and minorities.
Immigration in U.S. History
During the third wave, which began in 1880 and ended with World War 1, southern and eastern Europeans migrated to the Midwest, and Chinese, Japanese, and other Asians migrated to the West, joining the western and northern Europeans. The fourth wave of large-scale immigration began in 1965 and is still under way: Latin Americans and Asians outnumber Europeans in this most recent migration stream.
The 1986 law, attempting to change the conditions that draw illegal migrants to the United States, addressed illegal or undocumented immigration by creating sanctions against employers who knowingly hire them. The law granted legal resident status to certain illegal immigrants who had been living in the country for some time and also included antidiscrimination measures.
The 1990 law changed the composition of-and raised the numerical ceiling on-legal immigrants, placing a greater emphasis on work-related migration than previous laws had done. It also established a program to diversify the sources of legal immigration. Both laws have worked to increase numbers of immigrants; IRCA with its amnesty program, in the short term, and the 1990 law with its numerical ceiling, in the long term.
Congress established the U.S. Commission on Immigration Reform, and charged it with exploring a number of issues related to immigration, including the effect of immigration on natural resource use, the environment, and U.S. demographic conditions. The executive director of the Commission, Susan Martin, testified before the Population and Consumption Task Force that not enough is known to allow valid, detailed conclusions about the effects of immigration on job displacement and creation; on working conditions, wages, and income levels of resident U.S. workers; and on the parts of the U.S. population that are already disadvantaged, The environmental impacts of immigration are not fully understood, either. Thus, it is not possible today for immigration policy to be guided in detail by fine-grained understanding of economic and environmental impacts. The Commission is working to change this limitation, however.
The Population and Consumption Task Force endorses the Commission on Immigration Reforrn's work in general, and agrees specifically with the need for better information and research findings; the need to reduce illegal immigration but to do so with sensitivity to the human and civil rights of those affected; and the need to create conditions in sending countries that provide meaningful economic opportunity and development for people who live there.
The deliberations of the Task Force concluded before the Commission issued its findings on legal immigration in the summer of 1995. While that work was underway, the Task Force urged the Commission to consider larger demographic conditions-specifically the need to move toward population stabilization-in developing its recommendations.
Additions to the U.S. population are also unevenly distributed. Between 1980 and 1990, the West grew by more than 22 percent; the South by 13 percent; the Northeast by 3.4 percent; and the Midwest by just 1.4 percent. More than half the country'.s total population growth took place in California, Florida, and Texas.
An additional trend is deconcentration, or "exurbanization," the spread of settlement beyond cities and suburbs into formerly rural areas. A recent analysis has found that "exurban" counties were the fastest-growing component of the American demographic scene and accounted for 30 percent of U.S. population growth between 1960 and 1985.
Between 1970 and 1990, population along the southeastern Atlantic seaboard grew by 74 percent. In all, more than 40 percent of the nation's 263 million people live in coastal areas. Population densities exceed 192 people per square kilometer in 20 percent of coastal counties. Densities in the urban cores of some of these areas exceed 3,800 people per square kilometer. Government studies indicate that a 15 percent increase in coastal population over the next two decades is likely, with growth concentrated in California, Florida, and Texas.
Uneven population distribution exacerbates all these effects of rapid local growth. The uneven distribution and movement of people also has important national implications. The destruction of coastal areas, the massing of population in areas that would suffer from rising sea levels and severe storms due to climate change, the loss of prime farmland, and concentrated stress on scarce water resources are all issues of interest to the national government.
While unevenly distributed economic activity is at the root of uneven population distribution- both as a cause and an effect-other factors are also at play. These include perceptions about quality of life in various locales and government policies whose operation and effects are not well understood. Further, the narrow range of policy tools available to the multiple governments affected-federal, tribal, state, county, municipal-are largely untried, and a broader range of tools remains unexplored.
At the same time, the right to move anywhere is a constitutionally protected right for Americans, and derives from some of the most strongly held beliefs in American culture. Indeed, the freedom of mobility is nothing less than the basis on which the country was founded and built, and it needs to be protected.
We are clearly at an early stage in our understanding of uneven population growth and of intense population impacts on the local level. We are similarly at an early stage in the development of policy tools for dealing effectively with these dimensions of the population issue in the United States.
CONCLUSIONS ON POPULATION ISSUESThe Population and Consumption Task Force's findings have led it to a number of conclusions. To enable individuals to make responsible fertility choices, it seems particularly important to focus on the following goals:
The two most important external conditions affecting fertility decisions appear to be poverty and the specific features of women's low status that inhibit access to reproductive health care and meaningful economic opportunity.
With regard to immigration, the Task Force recognizes the comprehensive work being done by the U.S. Commission on Immigration Reform and has identified aspects of the Commission's work that it supports and areas where more needs to be done.
The Task Force finds the following facts important with regard to
Finally, with regard to the uneven U.S. population distribution, the Task Force concludes that a good deal of research and fact-finding are needed in order to understand the implications for sustainability and to develop the policy tools that can deal effectively with population distribution concerns.
Table of Contents | Chapter 2: Consumption
Population and Consumption
Population and Consumption: Endnotes
President and First Lady | Vice President and Mrs. Gore
Record of Progress | The Briefing Room
Gateway to Government | Contacting the White House | White House for Kids
White House History | White House Tours | Help
T H E W H I T E H O U S E
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Honeywell introduces revolutionary plastics recycling technology to drive a circular plastics economy
Honeywell today announced the commercialization of a revolutionary process that expands the types of plastics that can be recycled and can produce feedstock used to make recycled plastics with a lower carbon footprint. The new technology can reduce the need for fossil fuels in the creation of virgin plastics while enabling hundreds of cycles of recycling, with the goal of enabling a circular economy for plastics.
Honeywell’s UpCycle Process Technology utilizes industry-leading molecular conversion, pyrolysis, and contaminants management technology to convert waste plastic back to Honeywell Recycled Polymer Feedstock, which is then used to create new plastics. The UpCycle Process technology expands the types of plastics that can be recycled to include waste plastic that would otherwise go unrecycled, including colored, flexible, multilayered packaging and polystyrene. When used in conjunction with other chemical and mechanical recycling processes -- along with improvements to collection and sorting – Honeywell’s UpCycle Process Technology has the potential to increase the amount of global plastic waste that can be recycled to 90%.
According to a study published by AMI International in September 2020, waste plastics processed through advanced recycling technologies, such as UpCycle Process Technology, could amount to between 5 and 15 million tons of additional plastic waste being recycled per year by 2030.
Recycled plastics produced via UpCycle Process Technology can result in a 57% reduction of CO2-equivalent (CO2e) emissions compared with the production of the same amount of virgin plastic from fossil feeds.. The process also reduces CO2e emissions by 77% compared with conventional modes of handling waste plastic, such as incineration and landfilling. These CO2e reductions are some of the largest improvements among all pyrolysis technology offerings.
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Sacyr, a Spain-based global engineering and services company with operations in more than 20 countries worldwide, will be the first to deploy Honeywell’s proprietary UpCycle Process Technology. Honeywell and Sacyr will form a joint venture where the two companies will co-own and operate a facility in Andalucía, in Southern Spain, with a capacity to transform 30,000 metric tons per year of mixed waste plastics into Honeywell Recycled Polymer Feedstock. Production is expected to begin in 2023.
Partnering with companies that have waste management experience such as Sacyr allows Honeywell to help close the loop within the plastics supply chain by bringing the recycling technology onsite to the collection source. The recycling plants employ a modular design, enabling straightforward deployment and installation, striking the right balance between economy of scale and amount of waste plastic generated locally.
“Our partnership with Honeywell will enable Sacyr to bring sustainable, circular solutions to market,” said Domingo Jiménez, Manager of Sacyr Circular. “The speed with which we can start up plants and the global viability of this solution has the potential to greatly accelerate the impact we can have on the communities we serve, the environment, and society as a whole.”
Honeywell’s UpCycle Process Technology was created within Honeywell’s Sustainable Technology Solutions (STS) group, which is part of Honeywell UOP. This latest technology builds upon Honeywell’s focus to deliver high impact, environmentally sustainable solutions for customers and society.
Honeywell has a long legacy of sustainability-related innovation, including Solstice®, a new generation of low-global-warming-potential hydrofluoroolefin (HFO) refrigerants, aerosols, solvents and blowing agents that can reduce the greenhouse gas emissions impact of current offerings on the market by more than 99 percent. The company also pioneered Ecofining™, a process that converts non-edible natural oils, animal fats and other waste feedstocks to Honeywell Green Diesel™, which is chemically identical to petroleum-based diesel.
Honeywell announced today SK Innovation and Energy, a Korea-based energy refining company, has selected Honeywell UOP for a feasibility study to retrofit SK’s hydrogen ...
Honeywell UOP announced today that Big West Oil has selected ISOALKY™ technology to produce high-quality alkylate used to make clean-burning motor fuels at its Salt ...
Honeywell announced today its UOP Ecofining™ technology supported the world’s first jet flights using sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) produced from algal oil. Two ...
Honeywell and ZoneFlow Reactor Technologies, today announced a joint agreement to commercialize ZoneFlow™ Reactor Technology. This technology promises to provide a ...
Honeywell today announced the commercialization of a revolutionary process that expands the types of plastics that can be recycled and can produce feedstock used to make ...
Honeywell today announced that JGC Holdings Corporation and Cosmo Oil Company will use Honeywell Ecofining™ technology for the first commercial scale sustainable aviation ...
Honeywell and Wood today announced a comprehensive package of technologies to support the effort to produce carbon-neutral aviation fuel. When used together, the technologies, ...
Honeywell announced today the completion of a commercial refinery trial with Preem AB for co-processing of biomass-based pyrolysis oil in a fluidized catalytic cracking ...
Honeywell today announced that PBF Energy Inc., an independent petroleum refiner and supplier of transportation fuels, would use Honeywell Ecofining™ ...
Honeywell today announced OOO ZapSibNeftekhim, a subsidiary of PJSC Sibur Holding, will revamp one of its facilities in western Siberia that uses Honeywell UOP C3 Oleflex™ ...
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Sample ASVAB General Science Question
Of the following, which answer best demonstrates the proper order from most to least inclusive?
a) KINGDOM, PHYLUM, CLASS, ORDER, SPECIES
b) KINGDOM, ORDER, CLASS, SPECIES, PHYLUM
c) SPECIES, ORDER, CLASS, PHYLUM, KINGDOM
d) SPECIES, CLASS, ORDER, KINGDOM, PHYLUM
The groups that are more inclusive have various types of organisms within their group....
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At Inverted Software we do lots of Software refactoring and optimization.
We regularly get requests from customers in the form of: “My system is slow, can you help?”
Software refactoring is an art and a vast subject. In this blog post I am going to talk about a very small portion of it called Single instruction, multiple data (SIMD).
SIMD is most suitable for isolated components in your system. If your system as a whole suffers from insufficient architecture, SIMD will probably not help, but, if you have a slow module, especially one that perform graphic or business calculations, SIMD can speed it up ten folds.
What is Single instruction, multiple data (SIMD)?
SIMD is the ability to run processing commands directly on the CPU.
How is that possible? Well, all software essentially runs on the CPU, however, it takes layers of compilation and application management to get there, and when it does, the code looks nothing like it should.
When we code a loop in .NET or JAVA, it will get translated to bytecode or IL, then C++, assembly and finally to zeros and ones. Of course by that time it is immensely bloated, so if it should take the CPU 10 cycles to perform the loop, now it might get done in 200 cycles or more!
The good news is that we can skip the process altogether and “go” directly to the CPU.
Modern CPUs have about 30 sets of commands we can invoke directly to create small instruction sets that will form a code block and even run in parallel on all of our cores. CPUs queue our instructions and run them on available cores for maximum performance.
Sounds too good to be true! How can we do this?
Many programming languages have started to include Vectors packages. A Vector package communicates directly with the Operating System, which in turn, sends messages to the CPU.
How is this done?
Well if your code looks something like this:
float values = GetValues();
float increment = GetIncrement();
// Perform increment operation as manual loop:
for (int i = 0; i < values.Length; i++)
values[i] += increment;
To vectorize it, you will have to write something in the style of:
Vector<float> values = GetValues();
Vector<float> increment = GetIncrement();
// Perform addition as a vector operation:
Vector<float> result = values + increment;
Looks complicated? Not to worry. At Inverted Software we have experts that will insure your product is “vectorized” correctly and is performance tuned.
Get the maximum out of your software and hardware. Let the experts at Inverted Software fine tune your systems. We have great architects that can troubleshoot and resolve any issue.
Contact us today!
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No one knows how unpredictable first graders can be better than a first-grade teacher. In Mommy Couldn’t Find Her Eyelashes, retired elementary educator Mary Jane Fizer shares excerpts from written papers and some of her favorite amusing and poignant conversations with her first-grade students, providing an unforgettable glimpse into the innocent, often uncensored minds and imaginations of children.
Fizer relies on more than forty years of experience in a classroom environment to offer a diverse compilation of funny sayings and heartfelt moments she experienced with her students. From the student who said he wanted to be both the President of the United States and a forklift operator to the boy who announced that he needed to see the nurse because he thought he had head lights, Fizer recalls the unpredictable moments of every day she spent in front of a classroom serving not only as a teacher, but also as a role model, stand-in mother, and a source of information who had to somehow find a creative answer to every creative question.
Mommy Couldn’t Find Her Eyelashes is a delightful collection of quotes from children that encourages all of us to find the pure happiness in every day—even when we are all grown up.
One of the boys in my class usually gets all the words correct on the weekly spelling test, but on one particular Friday, he missed all the words but one. All the words were from the same word family so they all ended wih the same three letters, but there was no logic to the combination of letters he had put down for each word after the first one, which was correct. I questioned him about what happened to cause him to get so many words wrong, and, without any hesitation at all, he said, "My kindergarten teacher taught me so much that my brain is so full that if I put anything else in it, it will explode!" A child was having trouble solving two-digit addition problems one day and I asked her why she couldn't do the problems. She said, "Because I don't have sixty-two fingers and this number is sixty-two!" A writing prompt one day was "Why do birds fly south for the winter?" One girl's response was, "Because it is too far to walk, and because they would freeze their butts off if they didn't."
Mary Jane Fizer earned a bachelor’s degree in elementary education from Concord College in Athens, West Virginia, and a master’s degree in elementary education from George Mason University in Fairfax, Virginia. She spent the last forty years of her teaching career in Prince William County Schools in Woodbridge, Virginia, where she still resides today.
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Malignant pericardial effusions occur in less than 5% of patients with cancer, and are most commonly due to malignant infiltration; other causes include radiotherapy, uremia, and infection.
Cancer can involve the pericardium by direct extension, retrograde lymphatic infiltration, or hematogenous spread.
Lymphatic obstruction in the mediastinum can also lead to the development of a pericardial effusion.
Lung and breast cancers and the hematological malignancies account for 75% of malignant pericardial effusions.
Radiotherapy may cause pericardial effusion either as an acute (weeks/months) or late (years) adverse effect; the latter is often accompanied by signs of pericardial constriction.
- Malignant infiltration
- Mediastinal lymphatic obstruction
late pericardial effusion ± constriction
The clinical features depend on the volume of pericardial fluid, the rate of accumulation, and the underlying cardiac function. The pericardium normally contains less than 50 mL of fluid, but may accommodate several hundred milliliters if the accumulation is slow. If the increase is rapid, serious symptoms and signs can develop with small changes in the pericardial fluid volume. Pericardial tamponade exists when the amount of fluid present is sufficient to cause significant impairment of cardiac function.
Woodruff R. Palliative medicine evidence-based symptomatic and supportive care for patients with advanced cancer. 4th ed. Oxford University Press, 2004. p. 300.
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HOW did the world become so complacent about nuclear weapons? Eric Schlosser, an investigative journalist, suspects that rational minds cannot quite grasp the reality of their destructive power. He recalls growing up in the 1970s, amid talk of a nuclear Armageddon, and coming to view such weapons as a terrible fiction.
He felt differently after witnessing the 1999 launch of a Titan II, the largest intercontinental ballistic missile built by America, at a California air-force base. One moment the silver rocket the size of a ten-storey building stood in its silo, hooked up to hissing, humming support units; the next it was gone, vanishing into the sky. The display profoundly rattled Mr Schlosser, the author of “Fast Food Nation”, a bestselling look at the costs of cheap eating. While at the launch he heard of a 1980 accident in which a Titan II exploded in its silo, propelling its nuclear warhead to land (without detonating) in a ditch near Damascus, Arkansas. Thus began a decade-long probe into the systems that govern America’s nuclear arsenal of nearly 5,000 weapons.
The resulting book, “Command and Control”, aims to drive home the real dangers of nuclear accidents. It is not always an easy read. Mr Schlosser digs up tales from once-secret archives of warheads being dropped, burned and crashed into Arctic ice at 600mph, with near-cataclysmic results. Former nuclear commanders talk of handing over bombs to NATO units which, in retrospect, “you wouldn’t trust with a .22 rifle.” At the height of the Cuban missile crisis an American pilot nearly triggered dogfights over Siberia after getting lost and straying into Soviet airspace. To counter warhead-theft, engineers offered such solutions as storage “igloos” fitted with nozzles to immobilise intruders with very sticky foam.
Pioneers of atomic research pondered jaw-dropping dilemmas. Scientists designing the bombs that would be dropped on Japan debated whether the intense heat of an atom blast might set the atmosphere on fire, killing every living thing on Earth. One Nobel prize-winning physicist put the odds of the world ending at about one in ten: the chance was duly taken.
The book follows dizzying turns in American nuclear strategy. In 1946, after Hiroshima and Nagasaki, a group of generals, politicians and scientists called for the United Nations to control the armed forces of every country—a plan backed by more than half of Americans. But this pacifism was swiftly replaced by secret plans for “nation-killing” first strikes, and for deterrence measured in “megadeaths”, a new term for a million fatalities.
The book intercuts cold-war follies straight from “Dr Strangelove” (pictured) with documentary-style chapters on the 1980 Titan II disaster. There are also long accounts of bureaucratic struggles to improve safety in laboratories and bases. This switchback ride may try readers’ patience, but the various threads come together in the book’s epilogue. Here Mr Schlosser argues that nuclear arsenals are such complex and catastrophic systems that human beings—no matter how well trained or disciplined—cannot prevent a disaster from occurring, sooner or later. A retired general says that nuclear command and control during the cold war felt like “holding an angry tiger by the tail”.
Since nuclear weapons cannot be uninvented, the author cites expert witnesses—military commanders and nuclear scientists among them—who think that the least perilous solution might be a “minimum deterrent” of a few hundred American warheads, with foreign powers told in advance where they would land. The status quo, all agree, is terrifying: an accident waiting to happen.
These claims may seem incredible. It is to Mr Schlosser’s credit that his patient accumulation of evidence forces readers to give them serious thought.
This article appeared in the Books & arts section of the print edition under the headline "Start worrying"
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Natural gas comes from deep within the earth. But how did it get there?
- You already know that dinosaurs roamed the earth millions of years ago.
- When the dinosaurs and the plants they ate died, the remains were buried under many layers of rock and soil.
- Over time, the tremendous heat and pressure created by the layers of earth turned the animal and plant matter into natural gas and petroleum (oil). We call natural gas a "fossil fuel" because it was created by prehistoric animals and plants, just like fossils.
- Just like electricity, natural gas has to travel a long way to get to your home. The gas that heats your home or cooks your food might have come from thousands of miles away!
How natural gas gets to your house:
- Natural gas is trapped in layers of rock with tiny holes hundreds or even thousands of feet beneath the ground. The rock holds the gas like a sponge.
- To bring it to the surface, natural gas companies drill into the earth. They use big wells and pumps to bring the gas to the surface.
- The gas is sent to your town through gas mains (giant pipes) buried underground.
- Utility companies (like Alliant Energy) bring it to your house in smaller pipes.
- Those pipes connect to the meter outside your house, which measures how much natural gas your family uses.
- More pipes connect the meter to the gas appliances you use at home, like the furnace, water heater, clothes dryer or stove.
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Good nutrition is the foundation for a healthy lifestyle. It is essential to maintaining optimal physical and mental performance, to defending against infectious and chronic diseases, and to living a long and healthy life.
It can help protect against chronic illnesses such as heart disease, diabetes, and obesity. It can also reduce the risk of cancer, stroke, and heart attack. Additionally, it can help make you leaner and stronger, making you look younger. Unfortunately, we as a culture are not generally well informed with regard to proper diet. Worse yet, many popular diet systems and “fad diets” counter good nutritional practices.
Read on on to learn about how to eat healthy. Also, check out The Guiding Principles of Nutrition: How to Eat Healthy Infographic, which visually provides the core principles of good nutrition. Learn how to consume a well-balanced diet with the recommended proportions of proteins, fats, and carbohydrates and how to choose “healthy” proteins, fats, and carbohydrates. Also, learn which specific foods are healthy and which foods are unhealthy. (See Core Nutrition Articles for EMG’s full collection of nutrition articles.)
What Is Good Nutrition?
Good nutrition is not a fad diet or a one-size-fits-all program. It is a set of principles (not rules) that provide individuals with the understanding of how to consume the appropriate balance of nutrients to maintain optimal health and performance. Because it is a set of principles, this how to eat healthy guide can be applied across a wide variety of life situations.
Just like with any activity, optimizing one’s diet requires time, understanding, and effort. Fortunately, EMG provides the fundamental principles on how to eat healthy in a concise, comprehensive, and easily understood format.
How to Eat Healthy: The Guiding Principles
Good nutrition can be simple: learn the basic principles and practice them consistently. Just like anything in life, optimizing nutrition requires knowledge and discipline. Below are guiding principles that can be applied across a wide variety of individual needs and preferences.
- 1. Consume a well-balanced diet consisting of recommended amounts of macronutrients (protein, carbohydrates, and fats) – Shown below is the typical American diet compared to a healthier, more well balanced diet. The typical American diet consists of far too much sugar and unhealthy fats, like saturated fat. Sugar should be eliminated entirely and saturated fat should be limited.
The well balanced diet consists of a more sensible combination of necessary macronutrients. In general, a well-balanced diet consists of 15-25% protein, 50-65% carbohydrates, and 20-25% fats. Each macronutrient serves essential roles within the body, so a well balanced diet must include all three (protein, carbohydrates, and fats). (See Proteins, Carbohydrates, and Fats).
- 2. Choose “healthy” proteins, fats, and carbohydrates – Within each macronutrient class, there are healthy options and unhealthy options.
- Proteins – Healthy proteins include lean meats (particularly organic, grass-fed meats), eggs, and dairy (all in moderation) as well as whole-grains, beans, nuts/seeds, vegetables, and soy products. (For more comprehensive information, see What is Protein and High Protein Foods List).
- Carbohydrates – Carbohydrates are broken down into two categories: Simple Carbohydrates and Complex Carbohydrates. Simple carbohydrates are simple sugars, like glucose and fructose. They are digested and absorbed into the bloodstream quickly, giving the body a quick energy high. Simple carbs can produce a corresponding energy low, potentially leading to hunger cravings and excessive eating.
Complex carbs are long strands made up of many simple carbs. In order to be digested, they must be broken down over time. Therefore, complex carbs take longer to absorb into the bloodstream providing a longer-lasting energy supply resulting in reduced hunger cravings.
A vast majority of carbohydrate consumption should come in the form of complex carbohydrates (whole-grains, vegetables). Avoid simple carbohydrate sources (sugars) with the only exception being fresh fruits.
- Fats – Fats are broken down into two broad categories: Saturated Fat and Unsaturated Fat. Healthier fats include unsaturated fat (fats from plant sources): monounsaturated fat and Polyunsaturated Fat. Saturated fats (fats from animal sources) are less healthy. High saturated fat consumption increases one’s risks of heart disease, heart attack, and stroke. Most fat consumption should be unsaturated fat not saturated fat. Limit saturated fat consumption and completely avoid Trans Fat consumption.
- 3. Optimize your nutritional intake by choose whole-food options over processed alternatives – Processed foods are certainly more convenient in a fast-paced society. However, refined foods are stripped of essential nutrients like vitamins and minerals. Food manufacturers fortify processed foods with vitamins, minerals, and fiber, but these added nutrients do not have the same health-preserving effects as whole-foods. Whole-foods also possess more of these essential nutrients, and the nutrients are more easily utilized within the body (Healthiest Foods List).
- 4. Start the day with a healthy breakfast and continue to eat regularly in moderation – Eat a basic breakfast consisting of complex carbohydrates, proteins, and healthy fats. Continue to feed yourself every three to four hours with moderately sized meals consisting of complex carbohydrates, proteins, and healthy fats.
How to Eat Healthy Infographic
Share this How to Eat Healthy Infographic on Your Site
External Resources: HelpGuide.org: How to Eat Healthy
Updated: April 17, 2015
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The pedagogy of place has led my students and me on trips to different parts of the United States and Mexico.
Museums and monuments are worth visiting, but I believe that historical places (i.e. places at which important historical events occurred) can offer a deeper appreciation for our shared history—for example, the 9/11 Memorial & Museum in New York, Independence Hall in Philadelphia, and even places with good food, like Ben’s Chili Bowl in Washington, D.C. When we teach and visit historical places, it allows students to develop a more dynamic understanding of the world.
The immigration station on Angel Island in the San Francisco Bay has been called many things, including the “Ellis Island of the West” and “Gateway to Gold Mountain.” It operated between 1910 and 1940 and has been part of the Angel Island State Park since 1962, but like many native Californians, I didn’t learn about it in school. In fact, the immigration station was boarded up and nearly forgotten until a park ranger started a preservation effort in 1970.
Places such as Angel Island, and San Francisco’s Chinatown, to which it has a close connection, are often omitted from state standards and viewed as beyond any curricular necessity. This is where the pedagogy of place needs to be emphasized.
(I want to acknowledge that Angel Island is part of the traditional territory of the Coastal Miwok Native Americans.)
Several years ago, I was finishing up a unit on Chinese history when I read an article about the immigration station on Angel Island. What a fascinating connection between our history curriculum and local history. I decided to set up a field trip to visit Angel Island and also Chinatown. Since then, it has become an important focus in the spring during Asian American and Pacific Islander Heritage month.
After learning about Imperial Chinese history, my students took a deep dive into the history of Angel Island and Chinatown. We read the book Angel Island Gateway to Gold Mountain, by Russell Freedman, and students used the facts that they gleaned to create nonfiction narrative journals or a series of letters from the point of view of a Chinese immigrant who was detained on the island. They also wrote Cantonese poems in the style of those carved into the walls of the detention barracks on the island.
The writing components of this project help students appreciate the richness of the place and develop an understanding of the sacrifices that were made there.
When we stand on historical ground and face injustices past and present, we absorb the hardships and sacrifices of others and make it our mission to confront similar injustices today.
Statue Design for Angel Island
As a design component, my students conceptualize a statue for Angel Island, using the Statue of Liberty near Ellis Island in New York City as an example. We learn about the symbolism woven into the Statue of Liberty and other statues, and then students draw, paint, sculpt, or use Tinkercad, a free online 3D modeling program, to depict their design.
The most interesting designs often show the outward appearance of welcome with a more subliminal message of unwelcome. Later, they take a photo while on the island, which becomes their base image, and then they overlay an image of their statue design.
Chinatown History and Culture
Many Chinese immigrants who entered California worked on the transcontinental railroad or the California Aqueduct or became commercial fishermen. If they were not bound for other parts of the West Coast, they often settled in the familiar ethnic enclave of San Francisco’s Chinatown.
Sociologists tell us that ethnic enclaves exist for two reasons: They offer safety and familiarity, with shared language, food, and customs, and they are the manifestation of racist policies meant to enforce segregation.
After learning about the Chinese Exclusion Act, the founding of Chinatown, and the 1906 earthquake and fire in San Francisco that destroyed nearly all of the structures, we looked more closely at the bubonic plague outbreak in Chinatown between 1900 and 1904. This last year, my students were granted a special preview of the PBS documentary Plague at the Golden Gate. The earthquake and plague outbreak both highlighted discrimination against Chinese Americans.
Pedagogy of Place
As an extended day field trip, my students visit the Immigration Station on Angel Island and go on a photo scavenger hunt in Chinatown.
The Immigration Station tour is run by park rangers, although docents are often present to share personal connections to the island. The detention barracks are home to more than 200 poems, which were carved into the walls by Chinese immigrants. The former hospital at the Immigration Station has reopened as a museum. A granite monument and a fog bell serve as iconic landmarks, honoring the lives of those who passed through this important place.
For educators and students unable to visit the island, there is a live and interactive virtual tour.
After touring the Immigration Station, my students continue on to Chinatown to find the landmarks that they learned about in class.Highlights include a replica Goddess of Democracy statue, Old St. Mary’s Cathedral, the Dragon Gate, and Tin How Temple. We also visit the Chinese Historical Society of America Museum and sample some regional Chinese food, such as lotus mooncakes and dan dan noodles. With this, my students are simultaneously learning about history and culture, while standing on the ground where these converge.
When we merge project and place, we create a dynamic understanding of our shared history.
- Island: Poetry and History of Chinese Immigrants on Angel Island, 1910–1940, edited by Him Mark Lai, Genny Lim and Judy Yung
- Black Death at the Golden Gate: The Race to Save America from the Bubonic Plague, by David K. Randall
- The White Devil’s Daughters: The Women Who Fought Slavery in San Francisco’s Chinatown, by Julia Flynn Siler
- The Chinese Exclusion Act, a PBS documentary
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The technologies needed back in the days of the Apollo space missions were well understood. But with NASA's current missions, it faces a broader and more complicated list of priorities.
The National Research Council this week laid out a roadmap for the technologies not yet developed NASA will need over the next five years. The long list addresses energy storage and power generation, human health and safety, materials and sensors, propulsion, and imaging.
The Apollo program provided a clear target for engineers and technology developers, but NASA's mission is substantially more broad these days. The preliminary report was issued to prioritize among many conflicting choices.
NASA's three objectives are to extend and sustain human activities beyond low Earth orbit; explore the evolution of the solar system and the potential for life elsewhere; and expand understanding of the Earth and universe.
The reports details several high-level technology goals, such as better launch and in-space propulsion, with an even longer list of more detailed requirements. But the National Research Council's summary provides some insights into specific technologies needed.
Some examples for space exploration include more research to protect humans from excessive radiation in space, nuclear-powered propulsion systems and power generation, and light-weight materials.
In exploring for life elsewhere in space, NASA singles out solar photovoltaic and thermal power generation, electric propulsion systems and precision landing systems as well as instruments and sensors. The report specifically highlights greater need for autonomous robots and remotely controlled robots for tasks such as operating fuel depots or launching probes.
The NASA report makes clear that there are a number of technical challenges on its roadmap but for space exploration fans, the document provides some clues for technologies to watch in the years ahead.
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Dogs, our loyal companions, are adept at communicating through body language and vocalizations. However, there are nuances about their health and experiences that they cannot articulate.
One such condition that remains largely unspoken of, primarily because our canine friends cannot express it, is the presence of warbles.
Warbles are larval infestations caused by the larvae of the botfly, also known as Cuterebra, which can affect a dog’s skin and underlying tissues.
10. The Silent Threat of Warbles
Warbles, though not commonly discussed, represent a silent threat to many dogs, especially those with outdoor lifestyles.
The larvae of the botfly find their way into a dog’s skin through small openings, initiating a cycle of infestation that is both disturbing and complex.
Dogs, curious by nature, are often exposed to these parasites during their explorations in grassy or wooded areas where botflies are prevalent.
The subtlety of the initial infestation means that the signs can be easily overlooked until the larvae have grown significantly.
9. Signs and Symptoms Go Beyond Skin Deep
The physical manifestations of warbles in dogs are often mistaken for other skin conditions or injuries.
A small, raised lesion with a hole in the center is a classic sign of a warble beneath the skin. However, what your dog cannot articulate is the discomfort and possible systemic effects that accompany this condition.
The presence of the larva can lead to localized pain, itching, and swelling, extending beyond mere skin irritation. In some cases, if the larvae migrate to other parts of the body, they can cause more severe internal issues, including respiratory distress or neurological problems, depending on their location.
8. The Lifecycle of the Culprit
Understanding the lifecycle of the botfly is crucial in comprehending the complexity of warbles. The botfly lays eggs near areas frequented by potential hosts.
These eggs then hatch into larvae upon contact with a warm-bodied host. Once on the host, the larvae burrow into the skin, creating a small hole for breathing as they feed on the surrounding tissue.
This lifecycle is not only fascinating but also highlights the resilience and adaptability of these parasites, making prevention and early detection challenging.
7. Diagnosis Involves More Than Meets the Eye
Diagnosing warbles in dogs is a multifaceted process that goes beyond the visible signs. Veterinarians often rely on a combination of physical examination, the dog’s history of exposure, and sometimes imaging techniques like ultrasound to confirm the presence of the larva.
The challenge in diagnosis lies in the fact that symptoms can mimic other conditions, and without a thorough examination, the underlying cause could be missed.
This diagnostic complexity is something dogs cannot convey, underscoring the importance of vigilant observation by pet owners and timely veterinary consultation.
6. Treatment: A Delicate Extraction
The treatment of warbles requires precise and careful intervention to remove the larva intact. This procedure, typically performed by a veterinarian, involves enlarging the opening and using forceps to gently extract the larva.
This delicate process is crucial to avoid rupturing the larva, which can lead to an immune response and potential infection. After removal, treatment may include antibiotics to prevent secondary infections and anti-inflammatory medications to alleviate discomfort.
The intricacy and sensitivity of this treatment are aspects that dogs endure silently, often showing resilience and patience through recovery.
5. Prevention and Protection
Preventing warbles in dogs is primarily about minimizing exposure to botfly habitats and maintaining regular veterinary check-ups. While this sounds straightforward, the challenge lies in balancing a dog’s natural desire to explore with the need for protection against parasites.
Effective preventative measures include applying veterinarian-recommended flea and tick preventatives that also offer protection against other parasites and monitoring dogs closely after time spent in high-risk areas.
These proactive steps are vital in safeguarding the health and wellbeing of our canine companions against the silent menace of warbles.
4. The Emotional and Psychological Impact
The presence of warbles can have an emotional and psychological impact on dogs that is not immediately apparent.
The discomfort and irritation caused by the larvae can lead to behavioral changes, such as increased agitation, restlessness, or a decrease in normal playful behaviors.
These subtle shifts in demeanor are a dog’s way of signaling distress, emphasizing the importance of attentive care and empathy from pet owners during these challenging times.
3. The Role of the Environment in Warble Infestation
Environmental factors play a significant role in the prevalence of warbles. Areas with high rodent populations, for example, are more likely to harbor botflies, as rodents are common hosts for the larvae.
The environmental conditions that facilitate the lifecycle of the botfly can aid in the development of targeted prevention strategies, reducing the risk of infestation among dogs and other animals.
2. The Impact of Climate Change on Parasitic Diseases
Climate change is altering the distribution and lifecycle of many parasites, including the botfly.
Warmer temperatures can extend the breeding season of botflies and expand their geographical range, potentially increasing the incidence of warbles in dogs.
1. The Importance of Community Awareness
Raising community awareness about warbles and their impact on canine health is crucial in combating this condition.
Educating pet owners about the signs of warbles, the importance of preventative care, and the need for prompt veterinary intervention can help mitigate the spread of infestations.
Community efforts, such as organized clean-ups of areas with high rodent populations or the distribution of educational materials, can complement individual preventative measures, fostering a collective approach to protecting the health of dogs.
Can warbles transmit diseases to humans or other pets?
Warbles themselves are not known to transmit diseases directly to humans or other pets.
How long does it take for a warble larva to mature under a dog’s skin?
The lifecycle of a warble larva under a dog’s skin varies, but it generally takes about 3 to 8 weeks for the larva to mature. During this time, it grows inside the tissue before it’s ready to emerge and complete its development cycle outside of the host.
Are certain breeds of dogs more susceptible to warbles than others?
There’s no evidence to suggest that certain breeds of dogs are more susceptible to warbles.
The risk is more closely related to a dog’s environment and activities. Dogs that spend more time outdoors, especially in wooded or grassy areas, are at higher risk of encountering botflies and subsequently developing warbles.
Can warbles affect a dog’s internal organs?
While rare, it is possible for warble larvae to migrate to unusual locations within the body, including internal organs.
This migration can lead to serious health issues depending on the affected organ. However, such cases are uncommon and typically involve larvae that have accidentally entered the body through an unusual route.
Is there a specific season when dogs are more at risk for warbles?
Yes, there is a seasonal pattern to warble infestations, which typically occurs during the warmer months when botflies are most active. This period can vary geographically but generally spans late spring through early fall.
During these months, it’s especially important to be vigilant about prevention and checking your dog for signs of warbles.
After a warble has been removed, how long does it take for the wound to heal?
The healing time for a wound left by a removed warble can vary depending on the size of the lesion and the dog’s overall health.
Generally, with proper care, including cleaning the wound and possibly using prescribed antibiotics, the site should start to heal within a week. Complete healing might take several weeks, during which it’s important to monitor the area for signs of infection or complications.
Warbles in dogs represent a complex interplay of environmental, biological, and health-related factors that our canine friends cannot articulate.
Through a deeper understanding of this condition, informed by vigilant observation, prompt veterinary care, and a commitment to prevention, we can protect our beloved pets from the silent threat of warbles.
The bond between dogs and their owners is built on trust and care—a commitment to understanding and addressing health issues like warbles is a testament to this enduring relationship.
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The use of m-learning - education disseminated and accessed by means of mobile devices such as smartphones - is one exciting potential way to boost the Senegalese education system. Senegal is one of several countries in Sub-Sahara Africa with an education system that is not accessible to all. This is reflected in the statistics relating to the Senegalese education system. Recent UNICEF statistics show, for example, that female literacy in Senegal is as low as 56.2%. Net enrolment in primary school is just over 76% with not all students making it to the end of their primary school studies. When it comes to enrolment in secondary school, the rates are just over 30% for both male and female students. Something needs to be done in order to ensure that literacy rates improve, especially for girls, and that all students get full access to education. Mobile learning is a powerful edtech tool for solving this problem. Before we can understand the benefits of m learning in Senegal, though, it is crucial to understand why the education infrastructure as it is is not working for all.
Several factors impact negatively on the education infrastructure in Senegal. Child labour is a key one, with many children being encouraged by their families to work to earn a living instead of going to school. This is due to high levels of poverty in Senegal, which is classed as one of the main low income countries in Sub-Sahara Africa. Around 37% of children do some form of work. In addition, the shortage of schools throughout the country (and especially in rural areas) means that many children need to walk many miles each day to get to school, which can make the journey to school seem less than worthwhile. Poor sanitation and healthcare can also mean that children miss many days of school, though healthcare initiatives from NGOs and other organisations are seeking to change this by providing vaccinations and treatments free of charge. When it comes to female students, high rates of child marriage also mean that many girls are taken out of school at a young age to stay in their husband's family home instead. As many as 1 in 3 women and girls in Senegal are, or were, married as a child. It is clear, then, that simply introducing a free mobile learning edtech initiative to Senegal (or indeed any online platform such as MOOC), will not solve Senegal's problems with its education system unless it is also accompanied by initiatives that counter poverty, child labour and child marriage.
Mobile learning and e-learning such as MOOC will only work in a given country if citizens of that country have the technology available for them to take advantage of these new online courses and other initiatives. Senegal has a very good telecommunications system, and when it comes to mobile phones in particular, subscribers to mobile phone services increased tenfold between 2005 and 2012 from 1.3 million to 13.3 million. Given that there are roughly 13 million inhabitants in Senegal, this suggests that a large percentage of the population has access to a mobile phone and all of the features that come with it such as educational apps. Nevertheless, in more poverty stricken areas of the country, initiatives providing free mobile phones to anyone who needs one to ensure that m-learning will be for all in Senegal. Interest in e-learning in Senegal has been growing, particularly as more and more cyber cafes spring up in Dakar and more and more institutions start offering online courses based in the country. These e-learning institutions are most usually not universities, but rather language schools or skills based institutions offering diplomas and e-learning experiences often in the short term.
Something is needed to address the crisis in Senegal's education system, and mobile learning could well be an important part of that. M-learning looks particularly promising when we consider the strengths of the Senegalese telecommunications network. However, it will be vital to integrate any new educational platforms introduced in Senegal with measures to combat the key educational hurdles facing young people including child marriage, child labour, poverty, and a shortage of schools and universities. Only then can mobile learning truly work for all.
Ghana is a country that does not have a coherent policy for education infrastructure. At the same time, rising rates of mobile phone use among the population make this country ripe for an m-learning revolution. School infrastructure in Ghana can be very poor, with inadequate ventilation, security features (for example, for laboratory equipment) safety for flooring and other issues. These conditions can make it especially difficult for learners with disabilities either to make it to school in the first place or to learn in comfort once they are there. M-learning is a viable nation wide solution to these defects in Ghana's present education infrastructure. M-Learning has the potential to reach all students in the country through the simple medium of their mobile phones. As a result, it would surmount the difficulties inherent in Ghana's less than perfect current educational infrastructure.
Ghana has one of the best developed mobile phone markets in all of Africa. In fact, most Ghanaians do not only own a mobile, they also prefer to use their mobile instead of using a landline. Most Ghanaians also prefer to access the internet through their mobile phones rather than via a fixed wifi or cable internet system in the home. Though 3G coverage in Ghana is relatively new, this is also growing as well, which again suggests that the future of m-learning in Ghana will be a very positive one. MTN Ghana, Vodafone, Tigo and Airtel are the four largest mobile phone providers in Ghana, with MTN Ghana being by far the biggest provider (having cornered around 50 % of the market). With both affordable pay as you go and sim packages readily available in Ghana, m-learning has the potential to reach the whole of the country's population. Ghana is currently classed as a middle income country, which means that its citizens are usually able to afford items such as mobile phones. In addition, app literacy in Ghana is very prevalent, with exciting new apps for both learning and leisure (like Esoko and RetailTower) being developed in the country every year.
The secondary education system in Ghana is known as Senior High School, and it can often be supplemented or even (in parts) replaced by m-learning. What is particularly pertinent to know is that
ICT is actually part of the 'integrated science' section of the SHS curriculum, which means that new generations of Ghanaians are growing up with the skills that they need to learn via the web.
Though the buzz of the classroom environment can be something that benefits learners, as mentioned above, not all schools in Ghana are totally fit for purpose and thus m-learning is a viable
alternative to both the SHS curriculum and to TVET (vocational training) curricula that are offered after completion of the SHS.
When it comes to tertiary education, Ghana has 49 private universities and 6 public universities. Many of these institutions are focused around a specific subject, such as Agriculture. E-learning is already well integrated into the curricula of many of Ghana's top universities. For example, the University of Ghana has recently created the KEWL - Knowledge Environment for Web Based Learning - initiative. Many online courses are also available as part of the rise and rise of e-learning in the country. In addition, the edtech phenomenon of MOOC has really been taking off throughout Ghana and Sub-Sahara Africa. MOOC is an initiative which offers an online course to a large number of people and it is usually free of charge. This initiative is, as may be expected, particularly useful for low income or very poor communities in Sub-Sahara Africa for whom financial factors would otherwise pose a significant barrier to their ability to access education. As a result, mobile learning projects could simply adapt and build on the existing e-learning infrastructure in Ghana's tertiary education system.
The future of the power of m-learning in Ghana looks very bright. This is due to two key factors. Firstly, the existing educational infrastructure is - particularly at the secondary level - often physically and materially inadequate for students to learn successfully. As such, there is a clear problem here that mobile learning could solve. Secondly, Ghana's population is made up of some of Africa's most skilled, savvy and frequent mobile phone users. The ubiquity of mobile phones means that the uptake of m-learning strategies would likely be very high. Add to this the fact that many tertiary education institutions in the country are already using e-learning platforms and other edtech to teach students remotely (for example, through online courses) and the future of m-learning across the country looks very positive indeed.
M-learning, or 'Mobile Learning', has become increasingly popular in recent years with students participating in courses from all around the globe. The platform allows students to partake in courses offered by top universities and gain recognized qualifications through distance learning. Sub-Sahara Africa has come a long way in terms of development and education with more residents gaining a level of education which was almost unattainable in the past.
M-learning means to take part in online courses through mobile devices. E-learning is a general term for all online courses that are available via electronic devices such as computers. Both of these revolutionary methods of education are imperative in the development of education in less developed societies with a lack of educational infrastructure. With M-learning or E-learning, individuals from such communities with access to the internet can sign up to a MOOC (Massive Open Online Course). These are flexible courses offered by well-established universities. Other types of E-learning and distance learning courses are available including those recognised at Bachelors and Masters level.
Edtech is a growing sector that assists those from less developed communities with access to mobile devices and apps gain an education with relative ease. Areas like Sub-Sahara Africa can benefit
greatly from Edtech advances due to its rapidly expanding mobile economy. By 2020 it is estimated that 540 million smartphones will be used in Sub-Sahara Africa, equating to a growth of approximately
380 million when compared to statistics gathered in the latter part of 2015. Mobile penetration is predicted to rise exponentially with the penetration rate of connections reaching 93 percent by the
The mobile ecosystem in the area is expected to have created 2.7 million jobs by 2020, which is a huge progression in areas that have been subject to deprivation for many years. It is also predicted that USD 20 billion will be contributed to public funding as a result of the success of the mobile ecosystem. Between 2014 and 2015 there were 15 new 4G networks launched including in areas that had no access to this type of connection before, such as Kenya, Rwanda, and Ethiopia.
With the increase in connections, the popularity of apps has risen. Kenya is seeing a huge rise in download figures with regards to mobile devices. The Sub-Sahara is gaining significant interest from app developers of all kinds with huge corporations making momentous penetrations in the market. Mobile is currently the biggest platform providing internet access to Sub-Saharan populations.
Although there has been a decline in Application Service Providers (ASP), the effect that this has had on affordability of mobile devices has been positive. In 2015, a Chinese company introduced
smartphones into Malawi retailing at approximately 20 US dollars. The phones had the capability of providing residents with video calling, and internet browsing, a huge step in assisting the country
to contribute to the mobile market. Poorer countries are still slightly behind in the mobile market than countries with a larger middle-class population. This is due to the taxation applied on mobile
devices and the pay gap between men and women in these areas. However, with an increase in residents with access to internet, online education is becoming increasingly available. There are a number
of top universities offering courses free of charge. Although these courses tend not to be recognised qualifications, they do provide knowledge and education to those in less developed communities.
This can not only have an effect to the economic growth of these areas but also educate residents in a way that was previously unattainable.
Although there has been a good level of growth in poorer areas, mobile devices and e-learning would appear to be more affordable in more densely populated areas with a larger middle-class. Secondary and tertiary educational institutions are becoming more technologically advanced in some areas. For example, all public secondary schools in Botswana have internet access which enables students to benefit from e-learning in an educational environment.
Kenya is becoming a well-established and developed nation. With increasing mobile infrastructure and rising middle class, it is probable that M-learning will be hugely popular.
The middle class in Kenya makes up approximately 45 percent of the population and is rising each year. The literacy rate in Kenya is estimated at nearly 90 percent of the population. Although this
may seem low when compared to more developed societies, it is an excellent rate that would appear to be on the rise. With more individuals participating in all types of learning, the economy and
general public wealth should show a steady growth. This will allow more Kenyans to participate in online learning with a higher access to mobile services and overall wealth as a result of growth in
Online courses when undertaken through distance learning are generally much more affordable than gaining the qualification through campus based learning. Online learning is a fantastic tool for those in the Sub Sahara that wish to educate themselves in a variety of different subjects that lead to professional and fulfilling careers. With the mobile penetration rate showing a positive growth, the future of Kenya in terms of online education seems both plausible and probable.
Learning through mobile phones is a revolutionary new type of edtech that enables people to learn remotely. M-learning is particularly useful in countries where literacy rates are low, and where school children struggle to complete their education - whether due to poor school facilities, the prevalence of child labour or poor transport infrastructure making it hard for children physically to reach the classroom. Through their mobile phones, learners can engage with all kinds of courses, such as adult education courses, exam revision, diplomas, language qualifications and MOOC.
Thus, m-learning has great potential for improving a population's access to education in any region of the world. In West Africa and Sub-Sahara Africa in particular, mobile learning and edtech offers some very exciting possibilities.
But what about the specific case of Nigeria? Knowing whether or not these types of technology will have a positive impact on a given country will depend on many factors, including the population's mobile phone use rates, existing educational facilities, the economic situation of the country and the quality of telecommunications infrastructure. So, let's look more closely at each of these factors for Nigeria.
Nigeria has a well-established and wide ranging mobile and satellite phone network, especially when compared to other countries in the region of Sub-Sahara Africa. With its telecommunications
industry having recently been deregulated, Nigeria offers both many new opportunities and many new challenges for mobile and e-learning. Mobile phone penetration rates in the country are currently at
30%, which of course will limit the numbers of communities that can access online courses and other e-learning materials through their mobile phones. However, these penetration rates are forecasted
to improve over the coming years, with the number of mobile phone users in Nigeria predicted to exceed 23 million by 2019. Those people who do have smartphones are generally au fait with a wide range
of smartphone based technology, including apps.
In terms of the affordability of mobile based e-learning technology, this will differ for different sections of society. Nigeria has one of highest economic growth rates in the world (averaging at 7.4%) and yet it has poverty rates that are very high. Around a third of the Nigerian population is defined as living in poverty, with over 100 million people currently attempting to get by on less than $1 every day. Elites tend to be concentrated in urban areas, and it is in urban areas that the best mobile phone coverage, and highest rates of mobile phone use, are concentrated. As such, new solutions for e-learning will need to be found for the impoverished populations of Nigeria (i.e. those people who arguably stand to gain the most from the introduction of m-learning initiatives) and especially those who live in areas with poor mobile phone penetration rates.
In terms of its education system, Nigeria has what is known as a 6-3-3-4 system which means that students spend 6 years at primary school, 3 years each at junior and senior secondary school, and 4 years at university. Nigeria's education is well established and it has some of Africa's best universities including the University of Lagos, the University of Nigeria and the University of Benin.
MOOC, online courses and other edtech to be accessed through mobile phones has great potential in Nigeria. One way that it can be used is to complement the existing education system. Nigeria's well established universities, for example, could implement online learning opportunities for remote learners. However, in terms of increasing literacy and education rates among Nigeria's poorest populations, there are several challenges to overcome. The first is the low prevalence of smartphone use among many Nigerians, a third of whom are (as we have seen) living in poverty. The second is the low rate of mobile phone penetration in the country. Economic solutions are needed alongside eductional ones in order to meet these people's needs. However, statistical forecasts suggest that mobile phone use in Nigeria is going to continue to increase over the next few years, thus providing more and more opportunities for mobile learning (m-learning) to be implemented in this country.
With wealth increasing in Sub-Sahara Africa, now is most definitely the time to explore the potential for edtech to revolutionise e-learning in this region of the continent. This article explains some of the implications of recent studies and statistics relation to edtech in Tanzania, and formulates some strategies for implementing m-learning technologies in this country.
Tanzania has a well established education infrastructure, in terms of both its secondary and its tertiary institutions. What is more, student bodies are increasing in numbers. The University of
Dar es Salaam, for example, which is one of the 30 public universities in the country, had a student body of just 2, 000 back in 1991. Today, that number has increased more than tenfold to around 15,
000 students. The story is similar across the Tanzanian education system. What is also notable about this university, however, is its committment to e-learning.
In fact, Dar es Salaam university has just opened an 'Open and Distance Learing Centre' around 80 km from the main campus. The purpose of this centre is to provide opportunities for remote e-learning, for instance via online courses and technologies such as MOOC. It is safe to say that this adaptability, this willingness to take part in the m-learning revolution, has contributed substantially to the continued success of this university. Crucially the Open and Distance Learning Centre is used not only for remote learning for people who cannot reach the main campus, but also for self-learning for people who are enrolled in the main campus. This demonstrates the flexibility and versatility of edtech solutions.
There is a rising amount of local and regional companies which provide products and materials for online courses and exam preparations, the classical fields of m-learning. This African providers guide illustrates a list of edtech startups in several countries.
Mobile phone and satellite coverage is already increasing in Tanzania, as it is through much of Sub-Sahara Africa. The laying down of the Seacom fibre optic cable along the east coast of Africa, moreover, will also help to improve internet access throughout the country. Though only around 6% of the world's smartphone users (a study from the World Bank shows) are situated in Africa, that number is increasing all the time. That means that the foundations for m-learning and other forms of online learning ought to be laid right now, so that the online educational infrastructure will be ready to use as more and more young Tanzanians feel the need to do so. Over the next few years, more and more regions of Tanzania will get connected to the Seacom fire optic cable and this will open up more and more opportunities for taking part in MOOC and other edtech.
As Africans living in very rural areas continue to struggle to afford smartphones, many commentators suggest that e-learning initiatives ought not to be implemented until the economy has developed sufficiently in these remote areas to enable populations to buy the technology that they need in order to take part in online courses. However, I suggest that there is another way to think about this matter - i.e. by reversing the factors of economic development and m-learning technology. Particularly with respect to Tanzania, it is the case that implementing new technologies for remote learning right now will actually help to stimulate positive economic development. So, rather than waiting for economic development to happen before we can start the m-learning revolution in Tanzania, we should implement mobile learning right now so that (on the contrary), the economy will start to pick up.
This overview of mobile learning in Tanzania has produced two key conclusions. Firstly, existing education infrastructure in the country, particularly at the tertiary level, is already starting to integrate e-learning with its more traditional pedagogical strategies. Secondly, online courses and other remote learning opportunities can actually drive positive economic development in this country rather than simply rely on it. This suggests that Tanzania is a country whose population is ready for mobile learning, increasingly savvy with MOOC and other educational technology, and ready to use new pedagogical technologies to make a positive difference in the economy of both Tanzania and of the region of Sub-Sahara Africa as a whole.
What is the potential for e-learning via smartphones via online courses such as MOOC and other mobile based edtech solutions (collectively known as m-learning strategies) for East Africa? Home to key mobile phone using economies such as Kenya and Egypt, East Africa has great potential to start off with. But, how might mobile based learning change the educational landscape of East Africa? East Africa is a varied region of Africa, comprising some booming economies and others that are struggling, some of Africa's top economies and some countries that are classed as very low income. So, one key question to ask here is whether it is advisable (or even feasible) to implement a region wide solution for all of East Africa or to take things on a country by country basis.
Globally, more and more people are accessing the internet through their smartphones and other mobile and touch screen devices, preferring the convenience and flexibility that this provides. Obviously, this has implications for m-learning too: as populations become more and more au fait with app based technology and mobile sites, people can learn and gain qualifications wherever they are using e-learning technologies. Smartphone usage is climbing by around 50 percentage points a year at the moment in both the Middle East and Africa, and Sub-Sahara Africa (including East Africa) is a growing market.
In terms of East Africa in particular, the subscriber base of mobile phone users has grown by 21% in recent years. In addition, the East African mobile phone provider OneM has (in 2016) developed technology that enables even mobile phone users who do not have smartphones to access the internet (for example, pages such as Wikipedia) for a small fee. So, the future definitely looks very promising for the world of e-learning and online courses such as MOOC in Sub-Sahara Africa.
Access to traditional classroom style education has been improving in East Africa over the past few decades, as data collection from UNESCO shows. Nevertheless, it is still the case that only around half of school age children actually attend school in several East African countries. This is reflected in literacy rates. In Madagascar, for example, UNESCO found that the overall literacy rate amid school age children was still only 65%. On the other hand, in the Seychelles, school attendance has been very high over the past couple of decades with over 99% of children consistently in school and literacy rates of over 99% as well.
Thus, it is clear that whilst some East African nations are very much in need of an additional boost to their education infrastructure, in others, this is not the case. In countries such as Madagascar, Tanzania and Uganda, for example, factors such as child labour, child marriage, poverty and poor educational facilities mean that very few children attend primary level education - let alone secondary education. Here, perhaps remote learning would help to boost literacy levels as children and adults could both learn at home.
In many ways, it is difficult to discuss the future of m-learning in East Africa as a whole as this region of the continent is so varied.
As we have seen, we have Kenya on the one hand which is home to several thriving tertiary education institutions such as Kenyatta University and Mount Kenya University. On the other hand, some rural areas of Uganda have literacy levels that are well below the half way mark.
Thus, it seems that edtech will need to be adapted to suit the particular location. However, the growing trend of mobile phone usage in East Africa as a whole looks very positive. So, it is definitely safe to say that mobile platform based e-learning can be a very useful feature of the East African educational economy. However, as the countries in this region differ so widely from each other in terms of their educational infrastructure, the sophistication of their knowledge based economies and their school attendance and literacy levels, there will no doubt need to be adjustments made.
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Quantity 250 Seeds
Germination approx. 10 to 24 days at 20 ° C do not bury the seeds, place them on the substrate surface and press lightly
Common celery seeds (Apium graveolens var. Sweet)
Celery is a spice and also a vegetable. eg tt can be used in chicken soup. Celery was first cultivated 3000 years ago in the Mediterranean area, but the root is little known in this area. It is consumed in fresh salads or in "dips" with sauces. Its fresh leaves can be used like parsley and the fruit / seeds are a very aromatic seasoning (although you should be careful with their use).
Celery is an important herb in Ayurvedic Medicine. It has antispasmodics effects, is a digestive (anti- flatulent), and is used for hypertension and improving problems of rheumatism. It also contains some anticancer components .
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Like many other teens in the North ern Hemisphere, perhaps you are seeking or have found a summer job. Did you know the Bible reveals principle s that will guarantee success and happiness on your job? Why not study these important keys to success so you will be prepared for a rewarding and fulfilling summer?
Before you begin, be sure to get your Bible, a pen and some paper.
1. When God put Adam in the Garden of Eden, did He put him to work? Genesis 2:15.
In the first two chapters of Genesis, God reveals Himself to us as a worker. Within six days His creative work unfolded. And when He created the first human beings in His own image, He made them workers, too. He put the man into the Garden of Eden to cultivate and beautify it.
2. Does the commandment to rest on the Sabbath have another side? Exodus 20:9.
"Rest" from what? Work, of course. Though many have not realized it, the Fourth Commandment also instructs mankind to labor during the other days of the week.
The Sabbath commandment actually dates back to creation week. It was given to keep man in a close spiritual relationship with his Creator who is a worker who created and now sustains His creation. And God intends for us to become like Him!
3. Was Jesus Christ sent to this earth to work? John 9:4. Did He reveal that the Father is still busily engaged in His job? John 5:17.
4. Does God intend for us to enjoy and profit from the work we do? Ecclesiastes 2:24, 3:22.
5. How zealously should we do all of our work? Ecclesiastes 9:10.
God works with zeal. We are to be come more like God by working diligently at whatever we set our hands to do — whether we are working for an employer, our parents, for ourselves and even in doing our school work!
Editor in Chief Herbert W. Armstrong once knew a philosopher and writer named Elbert Hubbard. Mr. Hubbard realized the importance of working diligently. He said: "If I worked for a man, I would work for him. I would not work for him part of the time, and against him the rest of the time. I would either work for him all the time, or I would not work for him at all."
6. Will diligent effort always prove its worth? Proverbs 10:4-5, 13:4. Will the hard worker have the necessities of life? Proverbs 20:13, 28:19.
7. Are those who refuse to work forever wishing for the things that the diligent possess, but always ending up empty handed? Proverbs 13:4, 21:25.
8. Does the slothful person look for all kinds of dangers to justify his lack of effort? Proverbs 22:13, 26:13-15. Does he always have clever excuses or hard-luck stories about why he shouldn't work? Proverbs 26:16. Is his love of sleep and lack of effort the cause of his poverty? Proverbs 6:10-11.
9. Does laziness tend to become habit-forming? Proverbs 19:15.
Some use the slightest little excuse to flop down on the couch and watch television when they ought to be working or doing something constructive.
10. Does it take effort, and sometimes even physical discomfort, to avoid being lazy? Proverbs 20:4.
11. How does the condition of the yard, the house or the farm of the lazy person usually reveal what kind of individual he really is? Ecclesiastes 10:18, Proverbs 24:30-34.
Take a look around your room. Do your bed and desk and chest of drawers give you away? If so, take instruction from God's words of wisdom.
God wants us to take care of what we have and be neat: "Be thou diligent to know the state of thy flocks, and look well to thy herds [or whatever possessions you may have]. For riches are not forever..." (Proverbs 27:23-24).
12. Is there profit in all labor? And nothing but poverty in a lot of talk? Proverbs 14:23. If you want to find summer work you can start profiting from this principle right now. How?
By making a "job" out of getting a job. Seek advice on what types of employment are presently in demand. Then ask yourself what kind of work you would like to do. And of course ask God to help you find a job.
13. What did Paul teach regarding service to one's employer — one's boss, foreman or supervisor? Colossians 3:22-24, Titus 2:9-10.
Though Paul's instruction was specifically to Christians who were bond slaves at that time, the principles certainly apply today. Whatever you do, work as if your immediate boss were Jesus Christ Himself — "do it heartily, as to the Lord." Be cooperative and zealous on the job. Be alert to please your boss by doing the job his way. And show your willingness to go beyond what is required.
14. Can one expect to be paid a good salary if he is not worth it? See the principle in Mark 4:24.
The way to receive a greater reward is to be worth more! Be a valuable employee. Don't just plod along in your summer job with a ho-hum, humdrum, every-day-the-same-routine attitude. Be energetic! Produce! Study in order to improve your skills.
15. What is a sluggard like to those who hire him? Proverbs 10:26.
He simply doesn't get the job done. Therefore he isn't paid much, if he can hold a job at all.
16. To whom is the sluggard instructed to go to study and learn about the initiative he lacks? Proverbs 6:6-9.
Many have not really understood the main point of this passage. Notice verse 7. The ant not only works, but does so with "no leader, no foreman or chief" (Moffatt version).
Ants have a built-in, programed ability to work diligently without prodding. Mankind, with the God-given ability to think and reason, should not only be able to do as well, but far better than these lower forms of life. An employee should work diligently whether or not the boss is looking!
17. Notice Proverbs 12:24. Who will be come the leaders directing the rest of the workers? And what will be the lot of the slothful? Same verse.
"The slothful will be put to forced labor" (Revised Standard Version). Do your job without being told. Or do it immediately when told how. Get it right the first time.
Be the kind of person who increases his superior's production and the production of all his fellow workers. When the time comes for raises and promotions, this is the man or woman who will be remembered. Also, you can just about be guaranteed a job with the same employer next summer if you set this kind of example!
18. Will the person who is a self-starter and really applies himself on the job eventually find himself in the company of important people? Proverbs 22:29.
19. Was Joseph an industrious young man who was given greater responsibilities? Genesis 39:2-6, 22-23, 41:40-44.
Are you willing to put forth the effort to be like Joseph? He was diligent. And though he was severely tried and tested for a time, he still obeyed God and God blessed him. He eventually became prime minister of the entire land of Egypt, and will undoubtedly be given a high position in the soon-coming Kingdom of God (see Hebrews 11).
If you will really believe God and set yourself to follow the principles we've just studied, and to please God in other facets of your life, He promises to bless you.
The apostle Paul sums it up in Hebrews 11:6: "He that cometh to God must believe that he is, and that he is a rewarder [both spiritually and physically] of them that diligently seek him."
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120 out of the 675 public feedback received by the Sustainable Singapore are related to bicycling.
This is an impressive figure because the invitation for feedback was wide ranged including:
- The way we work
- The way we commute and
- The way we live and play
Out of this 120 feedback an even more impression 75% suggested we should have bicycle lane to protect the cyclists from motorized transport.
It is very clear that there are many potential cyclists out there, but they are too intimidated by the danger on our roads. Without a safe environment cycling on the smoothly paved Singapore road remain only as a dream for most people.
No one is prepare to risk his life to become more green.
The heated debate over the trial on "Share pavement for pedestrain and cyclist" in Tampines is a clear signal that cyclists need their own space.
There will be less car if we built less road, there will be less people walking if there is no safe pavement. Similarly there are not many cyclists because there is hardly any safety facilities cater for this group of road users.
Judging from the public response, now may be the best time ever for the government to push for some bicycle lanes in Singapore.
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Brighton Dome’s suffragette history officially recognised in nation’s heritage list
8 Jun 2018
100 years on from the first women in the country being granted the right to vote, Brighton Dome has been officially recognised as one of 41 buildings across England that were at the centre of suffragette action.
The sites, which include Westminster Abbey, Epsom Racecourse, and Manchester’s Free Trade Hall, have been updated on the National Heritage List for England – which previously carried no record of their links to the movement.
Brighton Dome, which was converted into a concert and assembly hall in 1867, was an important centre of activity for Brighton members of the Women’s Social and Political Union (WSPU) in the early twentieth century, with suffragette leaders Emmeline and Christabel Pankhurst, Emmeline Pethick Lawrence and Lady Emily Lutyens all speaking at large public meetings there.
The venue was also the scene of militant activity by suffragettes who interrupted several meetings by Liberal politicians. By 1908 the government had resorted to barring women from Ministerial meetings, but this didn’t deter the suffragettes.
In January 1910 police extricated two women from inside the organ at Brighton Dome, after they drew attention to their hiding place with a sneeze. The pair - Brighton-local Eva Bourne and high-profile activist Mary Leigh - had planned to leap from the organ during a talk that evening by anti-suffrage Prime Minister Herbert Asquith. The discovered women displayed a sparky sense of humour, as The Argus reports: “’We are thinking of bringing a counter-charge about the horribly dusty condition of the organ’, remarked one to an Inspector with a twinkle in her eye.”
Votes for Women, the WSPU’s newspaper, printed a picture of one local suffragette, Mrs Newsome, who managed to attend the meeting disguised in her husband’s clothes. Whilst listening to Prime Minister Asquith's speech, 'she chose her moment, and as he mentioned 'justice' she called out: "What about justice for women Mr. Asquith." and stood up, letting her long skirt fall down from where she had tucked it up round her knees under the long, loose coat, and taking off the cap, showing her hair.'
The suffragettes were predominantly members of the radical Women’s Social and Political Union (WSPU), set up by Emmeline Pankhurst in 1903. The suffragettes’ motto was “deeds not words” and to fight for the vote they waged campaigns of sabotage and destruction on public property across the country.
In February 1912 Emmeline Pankhurst declared that “the argument of the broken pane of glass is the most valuable argument in modern politics”. The suffragettes used toffee hammers to smash windows in prominent locations, making a political statement without endangering lives. They also burned post boxes, attacked paintings in galleries and placed homemade bombs in empty buildings in a co-ordinated attack on the public realm.
Among the 41 places relisted by Historic England for the events they witnessed in the suffragettes’ campaign for the vote are Manchester’s Free Trade Hall, where the militant suffrage campaign began and Epsom racecourse, where the renowned suffragette Emily Wilding Davison was trampled by the King’s horse when she ran across the racecourse during the Derby.
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First things first; before embarking on the purchase of a telescope, if you haven’t already then consider following my six simple steps to get started in astronomy and teach you some basic skills. This will allow you to really make the most of your telescope and soon have it whizzing around the sky.
Eventually though you will hopefully want to invest in a telescope. This can be a minefield and daunting to the newcomer so I hope here to demystify it for you and point you in the right direction. I will introduce some more new terms in this section but will explain as I go along. Please also be aware, the aim of this is to serve as a guide for the beginner, there are many many more aspects to telescopes than covered here so this is a basic guide, the rest you will pick up along the way.
The chief difference for our purposes is cost. Since light travels through a lens (which itself is generally made up of a few lenses stuck together) there are more surfaces of the glass to be shaped (it can be up to 8) than with a mirror which has just has one curved surface which the light bounces off. Ultimately reflectors are cheaper for instruments of same size and same quality of image. This enables you to get a bigger reflecting telescope than refracting for the same price. And remember, the most important thing is size of main mirror or lens, the aperture of the instrument. In this case, bigger is better!
For a complete beginner, having perhaps owned a pair of binoculars, a good starting point would be a modest sized reflecting telescope, something around 150mm (6”) aperture.
Now you will also find telescopes are given another specification, along with aperture, the f/ratio which is related to its focal length. The focal length is simply the distance from the mirror or lens at which the incoming starlight is bought to a focus, this is where the image is then magnified by the eyepiece (more on magnification in a short while). Generally, the longer focal length telescopes the higher the magnification you can get but the darker the image and smaller the are of sky you can see. This is defined by its f/ratio, or the focal length divided by the aperture. Again, a good starting point is a telescope that does not have too long a focal length (slow f/ratio such as f/10) nor too short (fast f/ratio such as f/4).
So, a good starting telescope would be something like a 150mm f/6 reflecting telescope or something similar.
So you have a telescope and some eyepieces, you now need something to stand it on. A good rule to work to is spend as much money as you can afford on a good solid mount. Consider that the telescope is magnifying the image often in excess of 200x but it also magnifies any wobbles in the image as a result of vibrations in the ground. I cannot overstate the importance of a good solid mount to stand the telescope on.
There are two basic sorts of telescope mounts; the first is the most basic. Its called an alt-azimuth mount and has two axes about which the telescope can turn, up and down (allowing you to move from horizon to the point overhead) and left and right (allowing you to move around the sky). This basic sort is fine and is very similar to the sort photographers or bird watchers use. The only negative side to these is that it is very difficult to attach motors to track things as they move across the sky. Yes, things do move, as the Earth rotates, objects move from East to West and if you point a telescope at an object and watch you will notice it drift slowly out of view.
This is problem is resolved in a design called an equatorial telescope mount. This type of mount has one of its axes pointing to the same place in space as the axis of the Earth’s rotation. This means that a motor needs to be attached just on this axis and, if it is correctly setup, it will be able to counteract the rotation of the Earth and thus freeze objects in the eyepiece of the telescope. The real beauty of these is in astronomical photography and if its this that you wish to pursue then you will need an equatorial telescope mount.
Whilst equatorial mounts do make visual observing a little easier, getting used to the way they move and getting them to go where you want them to go can actually be quite tricky so for the beginner, a telescope with an alt-azimuth mount is a good starting point. Its always possible to upgrade just the mount at a later date and keep the telescope. A great example that is cheap but very easy to use is the Dobsonian telescope mount PIC. They are often made of wood and are ideally suited to the reflecting telescope.
So thats it, having read this should give you enough basic knowledge and understanding of telescopes and mounts to enable you to make an informed choice. The best thing to do now though is to get out to your local astronomical society and try out some different sorts of telescopes. It will make your choice a whole lot easier.
Probably the most important piece of advice though, the best telescope for you is the one you will use often. There is no point in buying a big complicated piece of equipment if you can’t often be bothered spending an hour or more setting it up, when a smaller more modest setup will mean you can be up and running in minutes. Also consider where you are going to observe, from your home then moving it around is not so much an issue but if you have to drive to a dark site then you don’t necessarily want much equipment to move around so take time to think about that too.
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Advanced Engineering Economics
Solar cells, Photovoltaic power generation -- Economic aspects, Renewable energy resources, Solar energy -- Economic aspects, Solar cells -- Design and construction
Recently there has been a strong push in the United States to move away from dependence on foreign oil. This change in thought has spurred the development of more sophisticated power generation technologies. There are new ideas like harnessing tidal forces and using different forms of biodiesels. There are also refinements on existing technologies such as the use of liquid natural gas, wind turbines, and various solar technologies.
Confronted with these new choices, businesses and individuals need a way to determine if subsidizing their electrical needs with one of these options is a wise decision. Unfortunately the applications for the differing technologies vary greatly in scope. It is not practical to form a model that allows all of these to be assessed on common ground. The thought process that goes into understanding whether installing an alternative power source is a valid idea is the same.
Solar panels are one of the easiest and most accessible options for generating additional power. They are quickly becoming one of the major contenders for next generation power sources. This paper will examine the installation of solar panels for both residential and small business use. The objective is to determine the payback period associated with the installation and maintenance costs of the system coupled with a feed-in tariff buyback scheme modeled after German systems. This payback period will then be compared to the established acceptable duration to determine whether the project is acceptable.
A standard engineering economic analysis procedure will be utilized. This will include problem definition, alternative development, outcome and cash flow generation, criterion selection, analysis and comparison of the alternatives, and finally selection of the preferred alternative.
Siddappa, Jayanth; Colon, Rafael; Yan, Chenxi; and Kuglin, Philip, "Supplemental Power from Solar Panels" (2010). Engineering and Technology Management Student Projects. 703.
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| 0.886436 | 394 | 2.8125 | 3 |
10 YEARS AGO — 2000
Spark plug doubles as fuel injector: A new gasoline direct-injection technology from Delphi Automotive Systems, Troy, Mich., and Australia-based Orbital Engine Corp. combines a spark plug and fuel injector in a single device. The result is low emission, direct fuel injection without costly engine redesign. The injector uses an air-assisted direct fuel-injection system with only one point of access to the combustion chamber for fuel and spark. According to Delphi, the new technology boosts efficiency with only minor changes to today’s engines.
30 YEARS AGO — 1980
Sealed foam quiets diesel engine: Acoustical foam with a newly developed thermal-edge seal is being used to quiet Cummins Engine’s NH-Series diesel engine and generator sets. Called Tufcote Acoustical Foam, it is supplied in die-cut parts by Specialty Composites Corp., Newark, N.J., for use on noise shields around engine-oil pans. The material has a Tedlar facing chemically bonded to the foam. The edge seal protects the foam from hot oils, water, and grease, and allows full noise absorption properties without degradation.
50 YEARS AGO — 1960
World’s shortest and hottest railroad: Traveling along 4 ft of track, a toy locomotive runs samples of nickel isotopes in and out of a nuclear reactor at the Univ. of Michigan. The track winds through a “tunnel” in the concrete-block shielding and stops at the focal point of a neutron beam. Here, isotope samples mounted on the locomotive absorb bombarding neutrons and give off gamma rays. Samples differ in the number of neutrons present in their nuclei, and UM researchers are measuring gamma-ray intensities to chart energy levels of nuclei in each sample. The beam, fatal to man, makes the engine only slightly radioactive.
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| 0.886464 | 400 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Kittitas Indians Fear Few Left To Carry On Band's Culture
Ellensburg Daily Record
ELLENSBURG - Ida Nason Aronica squinted through old-fashioned glasses, her hair in thick white plaits on either side of her head, her face furrowed with age. She looked to the side with a stoic smile.
"Everything change," she said. "Everything change."
Ida was in her 90s when she was interviewed on videotape in 1986. The venerable matriarch of the Kittitas Indians, Ida lived to be more than 100, and in her lifetime she experienced enormous changes that came to her beloved Kittitas Valley.
Now her youngest son, Allen Aronica, 50, is experiencing more changes, changes he fears could mean the end of the line for the Kittitas band.
"What I call the true Kittitas have pretty much all passed away," Aronica said. "The elders have told us that it's important to preserve our culture. They say that to preserve our culture we must keep it going for seven generations. I'm the fifth generation, and if I can't keep it going, there won't be anymore."
Aronica feels the pressure of keeping his ancestors' heritage alive. Aronica is enrolled in the Yakama Indian Nation but so far he hasn't been able to enroll his children. They are not considered "Indian enough," he said.
The Yakama Nation does not recognize the Kittitas band as one of the 14 bands that make up the nation.
How Aronica's family arrived at a cultural crossroads is a complicated story, but one that is fairly common, said Merle Kunz, history professor at Central Washington University in Ellensburg.
Indian cultures have been diminished over the years by a variety of factors, Kunz said, but there are three primary ones: intermarriage, disease and pre-20th-century war.
The major factor for the loss of the Kittitas band's cultural heritage, Kunz said, was the custom of "marrying out," either to members of other bands or to non-Indians.
When Lewis and Clark passed through the Northwest in the early 1800s, they estimated as many as 3,000 to 4,000 combined Yakama and Kittitas Indians in the area.
The valley also was a gathering place for Indians. The old Indian race track is still traceable in the Naneum area where bands would gather to feat, sing and engage in sporting competitions.
As Euro-Americans began to stake homesteads in the 1800s, the Indians were forced from their lands. The Bureau of Indian Affairs encouraged native families to move from the Kittitas to the reservation of the Yakama Nation, about 50 miles to the south, or later to the reservation of the Colville Confederated Tribes, about 100 miles to the north.
"My family was about the only one that refused to move," Aronica said. "They wanted to stay at their home place in the Naneum."
Ida was born in the late 1800s, the daughter of Charlie Joseph. She carried Snoqualmie and Wenatchee Indian blood. When she married into the Kittitas band and assumed the task of caring for Kittitas elders, she made it her quest to preserve the Kittitas culture.
Ida's children also "married out," moving with their spouses to the Colville reservation, the Yakama reservation or to other states. The only child of Ida's marriage to John Sohappy Nason who survives is John Nason. John, 68, lives in Toppenish, about 60 miles south of Ellensburg.
Allen Aronica is married to a woman who is part Blackfoot, but she is not enrolled in the Blackfoot Nation and their children also face enrollment challenges. He indicated his grandchildren will have no chance to enroll unless they marry into one of the recognized bands.
Does the Kittitas band face extinction? It's a real possibility, Aronica said.
He gets emotional about the dilemma. But he said he's not alone. He said when relatives get together, they recall their ancestors and their Kittitas roots.
"The rest of the world looks at us as Colville or Yakama or non-Indian or whatever," he said. "But in our hearts we know we're Kittitas."
Copyright (c) 1998 Seattle Times Company, All Rights Reserved.
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State and Federal Law require public schools to provide equal rights and opportunities to all persons in protected classes.
The District is required by law to notify parents and guardians of their children’s right to a free public education in an environment that is free from discrimination.
California Law requires CUSD to send notifications in 3 languages - English , Spanish and Farsi
Federal Protected Classes- Education
Source: US Department of Education- Office of Civil Rights
Federal Law prohibits Discrimination in Public Schools based on Sex, Race and National Origin, Age, Disability and ensures Equal Access to the Boy Scouts of America.
State Protected Classes - Education
Source: California Education Code Section 200
California Education Code Section 200 was amended January 1, 2018 to broaden the class of people that are protected from discrimination to include Gender, gender identity and gender expression.
It is the policy of the State of California to afford all persons in public schools, regardless of their: disability, gender, gender identity, gender expression, nationality, race or ethnicity, religion, sexual orientation, or any other characteristic that is contained in the definition of hate crimes set forth in Section 422.55 of the Penal Code, including immigration status, equal rights, and opportunities in the educational institutions of the state. The purpose of this chapter is to prohibit acts that are contrary to that policy and to provide remedies therefor.
In 2017 California Assembly Bill 699 added "Immigration status" as a protected class.
California Education Code Section 48985(a)
(a) If 15 percent or more of the pupils enrolled in a public school that provides instruction in kindergarten or any of grades 1 to 12, inclusive, speak a single primary language other than English, as determined from the census data submitted to the department pursuant to Section 52164 in the preceding year, all notices, reports, statements, or records sent to the parent or guardian of any such pupil by the school or school district shall, in addition to being written in English, be written in the primary language, and may be responded to either in English or the primary language.
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The best children's music has to withstand extreme repetition, since kids insist on hearing songs again and again. That immediately rules out the likes of the Chipmunks, Ronald and Donald and Pinky and Perky, since sped-up voices are scientifically proven to drive parents into an apoplectic rage.
Much music made for children music is utilitarian. There are songs that teach them essential information, that help them learn to read or improve their physical coordination skills.
Or in the case of lullabies, help them sleep. Lullabies fulfil that basic human need. Parents have always sung simple, repetitive and soothing songs to their children to get them to drop off and Brahms's lullaby, written 150 years ago, is one of the most enduring. In fact, judging by its use everywhere from cartoons to music boxes, it's the default lullaby.
The Teddy Bears' Picnic spent the first 25 years of its existence as an instrumental, before lyrics were added in the Henry Hall recording of 1932. This version became a staple of the BBC's long-running Children's Favourites and Junior Choice radio request shows, and it's not hard to see why. Hall's witty arrangement superbly evokes the awkward, lumbering subject matter.
TV programmes loom large in many a child's life. A rich source of great music for children is Sesame Street, a show that was an important part of a whole generation's childhood. It was simultaneously educational and cool – no mean feat. The Pointer Sisters' funky counting song still has the power to delight the young'uns, while sending nostalgists scurrying for the DVD boxed set.
Banana Splits was a late-60s Hanna-Barbera children's TV series featuring songs by the likes of Al Kooper, Barry White and Gene Pitney. Ten years later the Dickies were described as "cartoon punks", blazing a trail with their 100mph version of the Banana Splits theme tune. Its wilful silliness seemed subversive at the time.
Disney films aren't all doe-eyed animals and they've featured some enduring soundtrack songs too. One such is I Wan'na Be Like You (The Monkey Song), Louis Prima's jump-jive contribution to The Jungle Book. It sounds exciting, funny and warm, and you don't need to see animated monkeys to enjoy it.
Well-known stories form the basis for many children's songs, and 20s hillbilly fave The Old Ark's a Moving is an original take on the Old Testament tale. And as Bastinado points out AA Gray and Seven-Foot Dilly and His Dill Pickles is arguably the best band name ever.
Animal songs abound. The Gnu Song is more complicated than it sounds, as Flanders and Swann effortlessly steer their way through lavish wordplay and changes in tempo. Thanks to them, humankind has no the need to write further songs about this particular beast, or indeed Ashton-under-Lyne.
More absurdity with Jake the Peg, just one of many fine children's songs recorded by Rolf Harris. When you see him perform Jake the Peg on YouTube you realise what a great performer he is. One thing though: what's with the comedy Jewish accent?
Jonathan Richman gets away with faux-naif anthems such as I'm a Little Airplane because they're audaciously simple, they're performed with love, and rooted in rock'n'roll. And since it's about a vehicle, it's a guaranteed winner with little boys.
It's a measure of the Beatles' boldness that they were never too grand to broaden their appeal to include younger listeners. Yellow Submarine was their best such effort because – as with all good records – those involved sound like they're having a good time, aided to a large extent by George Martin's pedigree producing comedy records. It featured the doleful vocals of Ringo, who went on to sing later Fabs' kids' songs (including Octopus's Garden, a rewrite of Yellow Submarine) and who owes his post-Beatles gig narrating Thomas the Tank Engine to this association.
Here's the A-list:
1) Op49 No4 Wiegenlied/Lullaby – Johannes Brahms
2) Teddy Bears' Picnic – Henry Hall and his Orchestra
3) Pinball Number Count – The Pointer Sisters
4) Banana Splits (The Tra La La Song) – The Dickies
5) I Wan'na Be Like You – Louis Prima
6) The Old Ark's a Moving – AA Gray and Seven-Foot Dilly and His Dill Pickles
7) The Gnu Song – Flanders and Swann
8) Jake the Peg – Rolf Harris
9) I'm a Little Airplane – Jonathan Richman
10) Yellow Submarine – The Beatles
And the B-list:
Sing - The Carpenters
The epitome of innocence. Makes you want to hold hands and dance in a field of daisies while someone films it in soft focus.
Peter and the Wolf - Sergei Prokofiev
A musical symphony for children. The perfect introduction to the instruments of the orchestra, and to the language of music.
Mah Nà Mah Nà - Piero Umiliani
This Muppets favourite deserves a mention, but listen to it in its orginal form: it began life in a film about the sex lives of Swedes.
The Runaway Train - Vernon Dalhart
This 1931 hillbilly classic helped Dalhart become one of the most popular recording artists of his day. Nice use of the jew's harp too.
Pink Panther Theme - Henry Mancini
Sleazy, sexy and sophisticated – but for children! It soundtracked one of the coolest opening title sequences in the movies. So cool, in fact, it inspired an also-extremely-cool cartoon series.
I Got Six - Bob Dorough
Grown-ups need all the help they can get when trying to persuade kids that maths can be fun. This should be an essential piece of their armoury.
Boss of Me - They Might Be Giants
Respect to They Might Be Giants, who've evolved from irritatingly quirky alt-rockers to creditable children's party house band. This theme song to Malcolm in the Middle nails pre-teen rebellion in a sugar-crazed adrenelin rush of buzzsaw guitars.
On Top of Spaghetti - Tom Glazer
A reminder of one of life's simple and most subversive pleasures: changing the lyrics of hoary old campfire songs to something absurd.
That Noise - Anthony Newley
Representative of a certain kind of novelty record that enlivened the UK charts for many decades, and in the early 60s were often produced by George Martin. Kids love sound-effects, particularly when accompanied by jokes from proto-Bowie Newley.
• Tomorrow at guardian.co.uk/readersrecommend we'll be inviting comments on a brand new theme.
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Science relies on signs of water to tell a story of how a celestial body or its region came to be. Now it appears our own solar system holds water older than itself, which could have dramatic consequences for our search for alien life.
To explain this new theory, a previously long-held conception of star formation needs to be examined.
Each star is forged from materials found in its own interstellar molecular cloud.
It also surrounds it with a protoplanetary disk, or a solar nebula – a belt from which its planets are born. Previous research was uncertain whether the ice in this disk comes from open space or is formed in a chemical reaction by the star’s own processes after the previous building blocks of water are evaporated.
That uncertainty is now gone and we can say that our own life is not the result of activity created within the protoplanetary disk at all.
Because water is a definitive marker of life, and because we rely on signs of it to direct our search for new habitable planets, being aware of the conditions required for its survival is a huge leap forward.
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| 0.958309 | 222 | 4.09375 | 4 |
UV coating, UV Spray painting, or ultraviolet coating, is a very glossy, shiny liquid coating applied to a printed paper or plastic surface and cured on a printing press or special machine using ultraviolet light. The coating hardens, or cures when it is exposed to the ultra-violet radiation.
Plastic is used in almost every industry, from aerospace innovation and 3D printing to electronics, medical equipment’s and product packaging. Many applications benefit from the advantages that coatings provide such as wear resistance, insulation, chemical resistance and improved performance – but plastic presents unique challenges such as,
- Heat Sensitive Plastics
- Low Energy Substrate
- Sensitivity to Solvents
Advantages of UV Coating for Plastics:
There are several reasons opting for custom UV coating service is the best decision for manufacturing:
- Scratch Resistance
- Dependable Chemical resistance
- Less Curing Time, which eventually results in better production efficiency
- Versatility in Colour and Finish Options
- Better Product performance in Harsh Environments
- Environment Friendly Solution
Electronics manufacturers use UV coatings to ensure durability and functionality of smaller plastic parts, while the automobile industry relies on UV Coatings on plastic components to have ideal appearance, scratch resistance and better functionality over the years.
All these major performance benefits of UV Coating typically also result in lower production costs compared to other coating options, making UV coating for plastic a cost-effective solution. When it comes to packaging, the excellent adhesion to plastics, visibility of product information on thermoplastic bags and other storage containers is vital for tracking purposes, quality assurance and customer satisfaction makes UV coating an ideal solution for it.
In addition to plastic polymers, UV coatings can be done on wooden surfaces and an endless amount of other industrial surfaces as stated below:
Plastics are of different types and each have their own unique characteristics and the proposed application plays a huge role in deciding the plastic material and coating requirement for to suit the application.
Contact us today to get a quote!
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Our Stabilised Aqueous Ozone (SAO) technology transforms ordinary tap water into the world’s most effective toxin-free commercial cleaner and sanitiser by infusing it with ozone. This ‘Stabilised Aqueous Ozone’ eliminates germs, odours, stains, mould, mildew and other contaminants on any item or surface before changing safely back into water and oxygen.
Benefits of our technology:
- Simplified cleaning
- Requires minimal safety training – converts back into water and oxygen when done
- Quickly kills odours, stains and bacteria including E.coli, Salmonella, and hundreds of other common germs
- No toxins, carcinogens or chemical residue
- Can be used on any surface, from toilet bowls to bedspreads
Ozone (O3) is a powerful oxidiser that:
- Effectively deodorises, sanitises and destroys fungi, mould, allergens and bacteria
- Is made up of three oxygen atoms and is readily found in nature
- Rapidly oxidises bacteria it comes in contact with, then converts safely back into Oxygen (O2)
Where does ozone come from?
Ozone is created naturally when sunlight or lightning adds an extra oxygen atom to some of the O2 molecules in the air. Some of this ozone is then infused into rain drops, resulting in aqueous ozone.
When produced by the Tersano technology, the stabilised aqueous ozone can safely be used as a replacement for traditional chemical cleaners and pathogen-reducing sanitiser.
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A series of interesting phenomena, one which occurred in 2016, and the other, in 2018 turned scientists’ heads towards a research ongoing in Antarctica. The events which transpired caused researchers to come up with wild theories. One of the theories was that of a parallel universe running alongside ours. This was soon debunked and replaced with something much more plausible. Here’s what happened.
The Antarctic Impulsive Transient Antenna (ANITA) used radio antenna placed on high altitude balloons to catch high-energy cosmic rays and neutrinos coming in from space. Neutrinos are created by exploding stars, gamma-ray bursts and can virtually pass through anything.
In other words, if one wants to view the ultra-high-energy universe, studying neutrinos is the way to go about it. They’re usually caught coming into the earth from outer space, and are a good way to look into the activities of regions beyond the telescopic range.
On one odd day, researchers found neutrinos going upwards. They were found rising up from the Earth’s surface but out of no particular source. Instead of coming in from outer space, they were being detected right below our own two feet.
Scientists were baffled by this phenomenon. Some of the theories included the possibility of a ‘fourth neutrino’ known as a sterile neutrino. This would be a brand new form of particle. Some also thought that dark matter had a role in this.
Here’s where the wild conjecture of the possibility of a parallel universe came into the picture and subsequently, went viral. An article on this went viral and it had the strangest explanation to this interesting occurrence.
They thought that this inverse neutrino required the existence of a topsy-turvy universe created in the same big bang as our own and existing in parallel with it. A universe where positive is negative, left is right and time runs backwards.
There is zero evidence of such a theory being real. Here’s what Ibrahim Safa, a lead author of a research paper on the experiments conducted in Antarctica had to say-
“ANITA’s events are definitely interesting, but we’re a long way away from even claiming there’s any new physics, let alone an entire universe.”
Here’s what he tweeted about the current state of news reports-
The IceCube Neutrino Observatory is situated near the South Pole and consists of 5160 optical detectors buried in the ice. They detect if neutrinos are passing through and whether they react with the hydrogen or oxygen present underground. Here’s what Anastasia Barbano, an experimental physicist at the University of Geneva, had to say-
“This process makes IceCube a remarkable tool to follow up the ANITA observations because for each anomalous event that ANITA detects, IceCube should have detected many, many more—which, in these cases, we didn’t. That means that we can rule out the idea that these events came from some intense point source because the odds of ANITA seeing an event and IceCube not seeing anything are so slim.”
So far, consolidated reasoning for why this phenomenon occurred hasn’t been created. The academic papers concluded by saying that this discovery is “inconsistent with a cosmogenic interpretation” and maybe has “new physics” involved. Scientists are going to have to wait for the next generation of experiments to get a clear understanding of the anomaly. More likely than not, this finding might just be an error in the instrument. But it for sure isn’t a parallel universe.
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name Bilsdynd comes from when the family resided in one of several places called Bilton
in the counties of Northumberland
, or Yorkshire.
Early Origins of the Bilsdynd family
The surname Bilsdynd was first found in Yorkshire
at Bilton, a chapelry, in the parish of Swine, union of Skirlaugh, Middle division of the wapentake
of Holderness. "This place, called in Domesday Book
Biletone, at an early period gave name to a family resident here." CITATION[CLOSE]
Lewis, Samuel, A Topographical Dictionary of England. Institute of Historical Research, 1848, Print.
As previous mentioned, there are numerous places name Bilton and part of the reason is that the place name literally means "farmstead of a man called Bill or Billa." CITATION[CLOSE]
Mills, A.D., Dictionary of English Place-Names. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991. Print. (ISBN 0-19-869156-4)
Bilston(e) is similarly popular with places in Staffordshire
Early History of the Bilsdynd family
This web page shows only a small excerpt of our Bilsdynd research.Another 109 words (8 lines of text) covering the years 165 and 1650 are included under the topic Early Bilsdynd History in all our PDF Extended History products and printed products wherever possible.
Bilsdynd Spelling Variations
Before English spelling was standardized a few hundred
years ago, spelling variations
of names were a common occurrence. Elements of Latin, French and other languages became incorporated into English through the Middle Ages, and name spellings changed even among the literate. The variations of the surname Bilsdynd include Bilton, Biltoune, Bilston, Bilson, Bilsden and many more.
Early Notables of the Bilsdynd family (pre 1700)
More information is included under the topic Early Bilsdynd Notables in all our PDF Extended History products
and printed products wherever possible.
Migration of the Bilsdynd family to the New World and Oceana
A great wave of immigration to the New World was the result of the enormous political and religious disarray that struck England
at that time. Families left for the New World in extremely large numbers. The long journey was the end of many immigrants and many more arrived sick and starving. Still, those who made it were rewarded with an opportunity far greater than they had known at home in England
. These emigrant families went on to make significant contributions to these emerging colonies in which they settled. Some of the first North American settlers carried this name or one of its variants: John Bilson who settled in Virginia in 1654; Stafford Bilson settled in Virginia in 1653; William Bilson settled in New England
in 1752; Henry Billson settled in Philadelphia in 1868..
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| 0.935068 | 617 | 3.078125 | 3 |
The March on Washington.
The March on Washington
The March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom
The March on Washington was organised by groups of religious, labor and civil rights organisations and was initiated by AP Rudolph. Different organisers of the march had varying objectives. The NCAAP saw it as a means toi promote civil rights whilst other groups saw it as a means to promoting improved working conditions. The March took place on august 28th, 1963 and saw a crowd estimated to between 200,000 and 300,000 people march from the Washington Monument to the Lincoln Memorial. Once the march had reached the Lincoln Memorial they heard speeches from the leaders of the organising groups. The most famous of these speeches was Martin Luther King Jnr’s ‘I have a dream’ speech. There were also performances by musicians such as Bob Dylan, Joan Baez and Peter, Paul and Mary. The March on Washington received widespread media coverage and is widely acknoweldged as having a key role in ensuring that future civil rights legislation took place. Not everyone in the civil rights movement was supportive of the March though. Malcolm X, for example, said that it was ‘a picnic’ and criticised leaders for diluting the original purpose of the march by allowing whites and other organisations to be involved.
Source: Newsreel Footage of the March on Washington
Source: External link. The NPR website hosts a number of interviews with participants in the March on Washington, along with news reports about the March.
Infoplease – article about the March on Washington.
Stanford – detailed account of the March on Washington.
Black Past – narrative account of the events.
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| 0.981966 | 340 | 3.515625 | 4 |
Medical Definition of tympanic nerve
: a branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve arising from the petrosal ganglion and entering the middle ear where it takes part in forming the tympanic plexus
— called also Jacobson's nerve
Love words? Need even more definitions?Merriam-Webster unabridged
Words at Play
Ask the Editors
- Why Do People Pronounce It "Nucular"?
- On Contractions of Multiple Words
- Is Singular 'They' a Better Choice?
- Word Puzzles Take the quiz
- Where in the World? A Quiz Take the quiz
- Spell It Take the quiz
- Add Diction Play the game
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| 0.795991 | 149 | 2.875 | 3 |
At stake in this Referendum:
- New European Union Constitution
Description of government structure:
- Chief of State: Queen BEATRIX
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Jan Peter BALKENENDE
- Assembly: Netherlands has a bicameral States General (Staten Generaal) consisting of the First Chamber (Eerste Kamer) with 75 seats and the Second Chamber (Tweede Kamer) with 150 seats.
Main provisions in the Referendum:
- Referendum to approve the new European Union Constitution. "Are you for or against approval by the Netherlands of the treaty establishing a constitution for Europe?"
"Bent U voor of tegen instemming door Nederland met het verdrag tot vaststelling van een grondwet voor Europa?"
Population and number of registered voters:
- Population: 16,319,868 (2005)
- Registered Voters: 12,172,740 (2005)
· Female Population: 8,244,703 (2005)
· Is Netherlands a signatory to CEDAW: Yes (17 July 1980)
· Has Netherlands ratified CEDAW: Yes (23 July 1991)
· Gender Quota: No
· Female candidates in this election: N/A
· Number of Female Parliamentarians: 51 (Second Chamber) following the 2002 elections; 20 (First Chamber) following the 1999 elections
· Human Development Index Position: 5 (2014)
· Social Institutions and Gender Index (SIGI) Categorization: N/A
· Is Netherlands a signatory to CRPD: Yes (30 March 2007)
· Has Netherlands ratified CRPD: Yes (14 June 2016)
· Population with a disability: 2,422,339 (est.)
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An agricultural labourer, William Fairbrass, the husband of Elizabeth Mount the four times great-aunt of Nigel Horne, was born in Ickham, Kent, England on 21 Jul 17991,2. He married Elizabeth in Sturry, Kent, England on 22 Aug 1819.
During his life, he was living at Bekesbourne Hill, Bekesbourne, Kent on 6 Jun 18416 and in Bekesbourne, Kent on 30 Mar 18512.
He died c. May 1858 in Bridge, Kent3,4 and was buried at St Peter, Bekesbourne, Kent on 2 May 18585.
Marriage date (22 Aug 1819) has no citations
Please send your comments and corrections to Nigel Horne
This website was generated by ged2site. Last updated on 25 Jul 2020
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The Limnological Observatory of the Pyrenees (LOOP) is an observational facility located in the Central Pyrenees, in the vicinities of the Aigüestortes i Estanyde Sant Maurici National Park. It comprises a field station and several monitored catchments. The research sites are equiped with several automatic weatherstations, discharge gauge stations and lake and stream water temperature loggers. A network of sampling stations is visited to collect chemical and biologicalsamples at different time intervals, from biweekly to seasonal. The sampling network consists of eight streams, fourteen lakes and two atmosphericdeposition collectors for water chemistry, and four streams and one lake for biological sampling.
The most detailed limnological monitoring is carried out at Lake Redon, where the water column is sampled monthly at several depths for chemical andbiological determinations. A small cabin with lab, dormitory and kitchen was set at the shore of the lake to facilitate the field work and in situ experimentation.
In addition to the site-based monitoring, we carry out synoptic surveys covering the whole Pyrenean range at decadal intervals.This monitoring is aimed tocompile long term data series on the biochemistry of surface waters as an indicator of the relevant ecological processes taking place in the Pyreneancatchments and their response to global change. We also run short term research projects which benefit from the framework of data, techniques and facilitiesprovided by the monitoring. Short term projects include palaeolimnological studies that expand our data series many years back. As a whole, all theseactivities configure our long term ecological research programme.
More information at:
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| 0.925597 | 337 | 2.890625 | 3 |
|Follow us on:
|For more information call (888) 9-REFLUX|
About GERDSymptoms Causes Diagnosis
What is acid reflux?
Acid reflux, commonly experienced as heartburn or regurgitation, occurs when stomach fluids back up, or reflux, into the esophagus exposing it to gastric acid. While some reflux is normal, it can also be abnormally frequent and severe enough to impact daily life.
What is GERD?
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) is abnormally frequent or chronic reflux. It is the most common gastrointestinal-related diagnosis given by physicians during clinical visits in the U.S. Although GERD is not a life-threatening disease, serious complications such as esophageal stricture, Barrett’s esophagus or adenocarcinoma of the esophagus may occur.
GERD affects patients differently and involves symptoms which vary from mild or moderate to severe. Mild sufferers may experience occasional bouts of heartburn whereas more severe patients may experience heartburn daily. Other patients never experience heartburn but may have atypical symptoms such as asthma, chronic cough, hoarseness or chest pain due to reflux.
Treatment for GERD varies according to the severity of the disease and to the individual. Mild sufferers may experience relief by implementing simple lifestyle changes. Others achieve effective symptom control through medical therapy. Patients who experience more troublesome symptoms of GERD may require or opt for surgery. It is important to remember that GERD is a chronic disease that usually requires lifetime management to control symptoms.
How does chronic acid reflux impact your daily life?
It is estimated that pain and discomfort from acid reflux impacts over 23 million people two or more times per week in the U.S. GERD can impact a patient’s life in some of the following ways:
Chronic, prolonged exposure to reflux may result in general inflammation, irritation or swelling of the esophagus known as esophagitis. Complicated esophagitis is irritation accompanied by pathology such as ulcers, stricture, hemorrhage or precancerous cellular changes.
While symptoms alone can have a significant effect on one’s quality of life, GERD is a serious disorder because it is associated with the development of a condition known as Barrett’s Esophagus. Barrett’s Esophagus is a cellular change in the lining of the distal esophagus. In a percentage of patients, it can progress to esophageal cancer, which can be life threatening.
If you suffer any symptoms of reflux more than twice a week, you may have chronic acid reflux. Take the GERD-HRQL survey and bring the results to your doctor for a GERD evaluation.
Souza RF and Speechler Stuart. Concepts in the Prevention of Adenocarcinoma of the Distal Esophagus and Proximal Stomach. CA Cancer J Clin 2005; 55: 334-351.
Brook RA, et al. Cost of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease to the employer: a perspective from the United States. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2007; 26: 889-898.
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| 0.892003 | 676 | 3.921875 | 4 |
maria1983 wrote:two apartment buildings are 150 feet apart. from a window of a shorter building, the angle od elevation to the top of the other building is 50 degrees and the angle of depression to the base is 38 degrees. find the height of the taller building.
Draw two rectangles, both taller than wide, and one taller than the other.
From somewhere in the middle of the shorter rectangle, draw a horizontal line across to the other rectangle, and label this as "150".
Draw a slantly line from where the horizontal leaves the shorter rectangle to the top of the taller rectangle, and another from the same starting point to the bottom of the taller rectangle. This will form two right triangles.
Label the angles at the shorter building with the given angles values.
Use the tangent ratio, the given distance between the buildings, and the given angles to find the heights of the two right triangles. Add the two heights to find the total height of the taller building.
If you get stuck, please reply showing your work. Thank you!
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http://www.purplemath.com/learning/viewtopic.php?f=12&t=312
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| 0.893118 | 216 | 3.265625 | 3 |
When you do a lot of long distance air travel as a passenger, one thing to worry about is lower leg, deep vein blood clots, also known as thrombosis or DVT deep vein thrombosis. There have been quite a few studies on the relationship of lengthy air travel (prolonged sitting and immobility) and the formation of blood clots (thrombosis) in the legs, but no one can exactly pin down a definite casual relationship. However, DVT is considered a health condition related to air travel.
“Economy-class syndrome” or “travelers’ thrombosis” are just a few of the names given to this condition, which sometimes occurs to travelers on long air flights when their knees become cramped because the legs are too inactive, too low, or the blood flow is too slow. For frequent travelers who don’t exercises, a blood clot can develop in a deep vein, usually in the leg. The symptoms of calf pain, or leg thrombosis, typically occur several days after a long journey due to the clot, and sometimes these clots break away and travel through the bloodstream to cause severe injury or even death. If you develop unexplained leg swelling or tenderness, or leg pain deep in either calf within a few months after a long air flight, please see your physician.
The profile of a traveler most at risk is a female over forty who has a prior history of deep vein thrombosis. Anyone with a prior history of venous thrombosis, elderly travelers or individuals who are obese, pregnant women, people with varicose veins and people who have gone through a recent leg surgery are also at risk.
What can you do to prevent blood clots? There are no definitive methods, but the general advice is as follows:
(1) Dress in comfortable, loose-fitting clothes and shoes that don’t constrict your body.
(2) Stay well hydrated because cabin air tends to cause dehydration (which reduces blood pressure), but avoid alcohol. The idea is to drink non diuretic fluids, so you want to minimize your caffeine and alcohol intake.
(3) Stretch your body and exercise your legs and feet in the plane aisle whenever you get the opportunity. Try to book an aisle seat where it’s easier to stand up and move around the airplane. In other words, regularly change your leg position. Consider getting up and walking around the aisle whenever possible.
(4) Consider fitted, compression stockings – compression of 20 mm. Hg or more is best.
(5) Consider fish oil supplements that are typically taken to help thin the blood, or nattokinase nutritional supplements that have been shown to dissolve blood clots, before trips.
It’s possible that no measure intended to prevent DVT deep vein thrombosis will prevent it. However, since many of the supplements designed to help with health in general may also help support prevention, that’s about the closest logical and practical tie-in you can get.
|Now Foods Ultra Omega 3, Fish Oil Soft-gels, 180-Count
The Natural Fish Oil Concentrate used in this softgel is manufactured under strict quality control more...
|Nature Made Omega-3 Fish Oil 1200 mg (360 mg Omega-3) - 375 Liquid Softgels
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| 0.909654 | 963 | 2.515625 | 3 |
The next generation of hackers, the one that will make us look like we’re still a nation of geeks, will not resemble our previous selves, says a new analysis of data from the Pew Research Center.
The new study, “How to Hack Your Way to Hack Freedom,” says the next generation will look just like the ones who did it in the past, but will not have as much success as the ones that did it before.
For the next wave, the Pew study suggests, they will be more focused on the security of their personal information, and less likely to use the tools that make life easier.
The study finds that the next-generation hackers are more likely to rely on third-party services that allow them to access their data without needing a username and password.
They are also less likely than previous generations to use encryption to protect their data.
The Pew report also found that, among younger people, they are more willing to use tools like social media, social media chat rooms and online forums to spread their message.
They are also more likely than their predecessors to share their personal data online.
In other words, they want to make their actions public, the study says.
That will require new ways to connect, said Scott Fard, senior director of research at the Pew Center.
Social media sites are becoming more popular with the young, he said.
We’ve seen an uptick in social media usage by teenagers, and that’s a great opportunity for younger people to make connections and share things.
The Internet has a great future in that space.
Fard added that the Pew report found that the future of hacking is being driven by technology, not ideology.
But that doesn’t mean we’re not already there.
Fart says that in the next decade, the next new wave will look more like the one who did things like the Columbine shooting or the Occupy Wall Street movement than those who did what we’re doing now.
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CC-MAIN-2021-49
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https://mandymorganinteriors.com/the-next-wave-of-hackers-will-not-be-as-good-as-they-think-a-new-study-shows/
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en
| 0.967432 | 416 | 2.5625 | 3 |
12 CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY
12.1 Mechanism of Action
Thyroid hormones exert their physiologic actions through control of DNA transcription and protein synthesis. Triiodothyronine (T3) and L-thyroxine (T4) diffuse into the cell nucleus and bind to thyroid receptor proteins attached to DNA. This hormone nuclear receptor complex activates gene transcription and synthesis of messenger RNA and cytoplasmic proteins.
The physiological actions of thyroid hormones are produced predominantly by T3, the majority of which (approximately 80%) is derived from T4 by deiodination in peripheral tissues.
Oral levothyroxine sodium is a synthetic T4 hormone that exerts the same physiologic effect as endogenous T4, thereby maintaining normal T4 levels when a deficiency is present.
Absorption of orally administered T4 from the gastrointestinal tract ranges from 40% to 80%. The majority of the levothyroxine dose is absorbed from the jejunum and upper ileum. The relative bioavailability of LEVOXYL tablets, compared to an equal nominal dose of oral levothyroxine sodium solution, is approximately 95% to 98%. T4 absorption is increased by fasting, and decreased in malabsorption syndromes and by certain foods such as soybeans. Dietary fiber decreases bioavailability of T4. Absorption may also decrease with age. In addition, many drugs and foods affect T4 absorption [see Drug Interactions (7)].
Circulating thyroid hormones are greater than 99% bound to plasma proteins, including thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG), thyroxine-binding prealbumin (TBPA), and thyroxine-binding albumin (TBA), whose capacities and affinities vary for each hormone. The higher affinity of both TBG and TBPA for T4 partially explains the higher serum levels, slower metabolic clearance, and longer half-life of T4 compared to T3. Protein-bound thyroid hormones exist in reverse equilibrium with small amounts of free hormone. Only unbound hormone is metabolically active. Many drugs and physiologic conditions affect the binding of thyroid hormones to serum proteins [see Drug Interactions (7)]. Thyroid hormones do not readily cross the placental barrier [see Use in Specific Populations (8.1)].
T4 is slowly eliminated (Table 7). The major pathway of thyroid hormone metabolism is through sequential deiodination. Approximately 80 % of circulating T3 is derived from peripheral T4 by monodeiodination. The liver is the major site of degradation for both T4 and T3, with T4 deiodination also occurring at a number of additional sites, including the kidney and other tissues. Approximately 80% of the daily dose of T4 is deiodinated to yield equal amounts of T3 and reverse T3 (rT3). T3 and rT3 are further deiodinated to diiodothyronine. Thyroid hormones are also metabolized via conjugation with glucuronides and sulfates and excreted directly into the bile and gut where they undergo enterohepatic recirculation.
Thyroid hormones are primarily eliminated by the kidneys. A portion of the conjugated hormone reaches the colon unchanged and is eliminated in the feces. Approximately 20% of T4 is eliminated in the stool. Urinary excretion of T4 decreases with age.
|Hormone||Ratio in Thyroglobulin||Biologic Potency||t½
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CC-MAIN-2019-30
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https://www.pfizermedicalinformation.com/en-us/levoxyl/clinical-pharmacology
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en
| 0.893928 | 718 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Tables are sometimes treated like the poor cousins to chairs, which have captured the imaginations of Arts and Crafts designers like the Stickley brothers, architects such as Frank Lloyd Wright, Danish Modern furniture guru Hans Wegner, and Mid-century Modernists Charles and Ray Eames. But tables deserve our respect, too. Whether they were built for decoration like the console tables of the 1600s or for purely functional use like the Shaker seed tables of the 1800s, tables are often the focal points of the rooms they occupy.
One of the first things furniture designers did after they seized upon the idea of raising a horizontal surface into the air via legs was to devise ways to reduce the size of their creations in order to save space. The surface of a tilt-top table, for example, folded vertically, so the table could be stored against a wall when not in use. Drop-leaf table surfaces were designed to be folded down against their legs, often creating a narrow rectangular table that appeared to be wearing a skirt.
Some drop-leaf tables had gate legs (also spelled as one word, “gatelegs”), which could been swung out to support the leaf when needed or collapsed against the stretchers connecting the bottoms of the legs when not. Others revealed a chair when the tabletop was tilted up and out of the way, although the resulting seat was not especially practical.
The efficiency of other tables was more obviously elegant. Side tables such as console tables were meant to be permanently situated against a wall, often between a pair of windows. Sometimes these occasional tables, as they were also called, had drawers to store household items. Side table surfaces could be rectangular, but half-circles were also popular, allowing the table to be placed flush against a wall.
Center tables, as their name suggests, were typically placed in or near the center of a room. Usually round and mounted on a single pedestal attached to a wide or footed base, center tables were favorites of the Georgian and Victorian Eras, when entertaining one’s guests meant gathering around one of these ornately carved and ornamented pieces for a rousing game of cards.
Though not as associated with storage as desks and cabinets, tables were often asked to pull their weight in this department. Hutch tables, popular in rural 18th-century America, contained hidden compartments beneath the table surface and between the wide trestles that supported it. Library tables often had a wide, horizontal stretcher between the table’s trestles or legs to keep books up off the floor and out of the way. Fancier library tables were elevated by small bookcases at either end.
Early examples of dining tables resembled the communal tables found in both monastery refectories and neighborhood pubs, perhaps the only thing those establishments had in common...
When it comes to interior design, though, no table has had a greater impact than the coffee table. Low-to-the-floor painted, carved, or inlaid tables were historically common in Asia. Coffee tables made of exotic woods, steel, glass, and even mirror were a signature of Art Deco. And after World War II, coffee tables were staples of Mid-century Modern.
Perhaps the most iconic coffee table of the 20th century was designed by artist Isamu Noguchi. His IN50 coffee table for Herman Miller, 1944, featured two interlocking curved legs that supported a thick, glass top. Early in the following decade, Charles and Ray Eames placed a narrow, black, surfboard-shaped ellipse on a pair of wire-rod bases, similar to those used in some of their chairs.
Another minimalist, albeit with a more organic orientation, was George Nakashima, whose slab tables reveled in their defects and irregularities, which the designer took pains not to correct. Other woodworkers, though, preferred their tables fully finished. Sam Maloof, for example, riffed on Shaker traditions by replacing straight lines with gentle curves and contours.
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CC-MAIN-2016-40
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http://www.collectorsweekly.com/furniture/tables
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| 0.978592 | 825 | 3.3125 | 3 |
EWB@WSU is designing a wind-solar hybrid system to be installed at the WSU Organic Farm. Our project objectives are twofold. First, we wish to put the farm off the grid using a sustainable energy technique. This will support the farm manager’s goal in providing a self-sustaining farm. Loads will include a greens washing machine, power tool chargers, scales, lighting, and a computer for inventory. Second, we wish to provide an educational link for the university community to become more involved in renewable energy. One of the important pieces of this link will be a real time transfer of solar, wind, and power information to the Renewable Energy lab on campus. We plan to install a weather system at the site to measure wind speed, wind direction, light intensity, and temperature. This data will accompany the current and voltage measurements in the transmission to the university.
The Project began September 2009 and will be completed by summer of 2011. “Completion” includes implementing debugging, and teaching users how to correctly maintain and use the system.
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CC-MAIN-2022-27
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https://ewb.wsu.edu/renewable-energy-project/
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| 0.919361 | 228 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Leymah Gbowee spoke at the WCC 10th Assembly Peace Plenary, which featured stories, images and signs of hope for justice and peace, drawing on the biblical message of Jesus' "blessed are the peacemakers" (Mathew 5.9).
Gbowee is a peace activist, social worker and women rights advocate. She received the Nobel Laureate prize for peace in 2011. She led a nonviolent movement of Christian and Muslim women that played a pivotal role in ending Liberia's civil war in 2003.
Gbowee shared her personal experience growing up in Liberia. In a moving story, she recalled how the community she knew as peaceful and caring changed after the war erupted. She was then 17 and her life changed radically. She recalled the anger she felt at seeing the destruction of life in her community. She also spoke of her pain at witnessing the countless number of boys recruited as child soldiers.
“This began a journey of healing for me because I realise that there is no way you can engage this vocation of peace if you do not have personal healing,” Gboyee said.
At a press conference later on the same day, the Nobel Laureate called for a reawakening of the social advocacy movement within churches and the ecumenical world. She said oftentimes the role of women in peacemaking is underestimated. She uses her visibility as a Nobel Prize winner to in turn bring visibility to the work of ordinary women and their collective work for peace.
“The women’s movement in Liberia is vibrant. People continue to bring light to the issues. Rape and abuse of women is still a challenge, a huge challenge,” she said.
* More from Ekklesia on the WCC and its 10th Assembly: http://www.ekklesia.co.uk/wcc
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CC-MAIN-2014-41
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http://www.ekklesia.co.uk/print/19426
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| 0.969582 | 383 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Assuming your district/school has established a vision for science education and large-scale, specific goals aligned to that vision, you will next need to determine a system of assessments for evaluating progress toward those goals. As mentioned in my last post, many districts are working to adopt and implement new science standards. Strategically assessing science-related outcomes at multiple levels will provide ongoing evidence of effective change – after all, why make changes if you don’t know whether they actually make any difference?
While it might be obvious, an evaluation of a science program based on these goals will take more than one assessment! In other words, the annual state standardized test, often the only systematic science test used by a school, will not measure the full range of outcomes related to a meaningful vision for science education. That requires leaders to strategically implement a system of assessments. The Wisconsin DPI has a chart that illustrates some components of such a system, including formative, interim, and summative elements.
The majority of assessment will happen formatively at the classroom level. This level is where teachers see the day-to-day use of scientific practices by their students as they investigate, communicate, and ask questions about science. It will be critical for teachers to have the structures to discuss what they’re observing from their students, collaboratively determining next steps. Processes of informal formative assessment should drive instructional practice. If schools are moving toward the NGSS or NRC Science Framework, formative, as well as all levels of assessment, should be three-dimensional.
Common, interim assessments and rubrics across classrooms and grade-levels can support collaborative understanding of students’ abilities. These types of assessments can provide a more formal view into student growth in relation to science content knowledge and practice. Quality performance tasks can potentially provide the clearest information for collaborative groups of teachers to reflect on progress toward their goals. They need to be implemented well, however, in order to be useful. Teachers must have the time to score papers together and come to an agreement on how particular examples of student work meet the rubric criteria.
Large-scale district summative tests (or state level tests) often afford the least amount of data for specific instructional guidance. They might, however, suggest areas for professional development or foci for revised student project rubrics. For example, a set of district end-of-course exams might all show that students across the district struggle with using data effectively. Often these types of tests are multiple-choice, which provide limited information in relation to authentic science practice, but they can be effectively paired with open-ended opportunities for students to describe their reasoning.
An often forgotten element in such an assessment system is an evaluation of student attitudes about science and their general scientific literacy. Do they see how science relates to their lives? Can they make sense of scientific evidence within popular media? Is science meaningful for them?
In summary, schools and districts reviewing and attempting to improve their science programs will have unclear success in that process if they haven’t defined what outcomes they want and how to measure them. A meaningful and strategic system of science assessment will be an essential part of this process.
The next series of blog posts will discuss formative, interim, and summative assessments in more depth, as well as effective surveys of student attitudes. Each will provide examples of these assessment types and suggestions for classroom or school use.
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http://wisdpiscience.blogspot.com/2016/02/
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| 0.950737 | 691 | 3.625 | 4 |
Songs have been written about them, a tv show is named after them, and we all need them: friends. Friends are our cheerleaders, adopted family members and our social network. For some people, however, friendships can be exhausting, angering, and unhealthy. The very definition of friend is called into question when there is a toxic relationship involved. What are the warning signs that you may be a part of a toxic friendship?
1.) You find reasons not to be around them. If being around your friend consistently feels like it is draining you and you find yourself coming up with excuses to avoid them, you may be dealing with a toxic relationship. If you’ve addressed your concerns with this person about their behavior and they still have not made a concerted effort to work on it, then you may very well be dealing with a toxic person.
2.) They are possessive of your time and whom you spend your time with. This friend is jealous when they find out you’ve been spending time with others. This person may “check in” with you often to see what you are doing and then become upset when they learn that what you have done does not involve them.
3.) They can have problems, but you can’t. These friends often are not good listeners, talk about their problems too much and/or minimize the problems you have. Every time you get in touch with them, they complain.
4.) They do not apologize. If you explain to a friend how they have hurt your feelings and they deny it or make it sound like it is your problem, you very well could be dealing with a toxic friend.
5.) You receive no support or encouragement from them. Do you feel like you’re always helping this person, but you don’t receive help when you need it? From biological terms, is the relationship more parasitic and not symbiotic? Are they continually zapping energy from you?
6.) They cannot be happy for you. This friend may have their own personal pity party when something good happens in your life or they may not have the congratulatory tone you might expect a friend to have when something positive happens.
7.) They talk negatively about others. If you have a friend that gossips about others to you the problem is threefold: One, this person is willing to talk about other people behind their backs. Two, this person will talk about you behind your back. Three, you are allowing them to gossip because you are listening to it and not stopping it.
We are all a work in progress. That means sometimes we may make one of the above mistakes, occasionally. If, however, you are noticing a consistent pattern of some or all of these issues in your friendship, you are likely dealing with a toxic friendship.
Need help in ending a toxic friendship? Call 704-658-0238 to schedule an appointment.
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CC-MAIN-2019-35
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https://ccofmooresville.com/seven-signs-you-may-be-in-a-toxic-friendship/
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| 0.972272 | 596 | 2.609375 | 3 |
If you have ever looked into investing or saving money, you have probably seen someone talking or writing about the power of interest (specifically compounding interest). The reason so many people talk about interest is that it makes your money into more money, without you having to do anything.
That is right, free money.
So, in the case that you have no idea what the two types of interest are, or you want a refresher, this article is for you.
First, let’s start with what interest is. Interest is the money a bank or financial institution will pay you to give them your money. Now, you may be wondering, why would a bank pay me to deposit money into their bank? Well, the bank will take your money and invest it (usually in a very safe place, such as a GIC or a Bond). The bank will make money off of your money, and give you a small portion of the profits.
Banks will offer one of the two types of interest rates. The first being simple interest (this one tends to make you less money), and the second being compounding interest (this one tends to make you more money in the longterm).
Simple interest in common terms is money you earn on what you deposit. Compound interest is money you make on what you have deposited, as well as the money you have already received in interest payments.
So, let’s say you have $100, and you put it in a high-interest savings account that pays you 5% simple interest annually. In one year the bank will pay you $5, and the next year it will pay you the same and will continue to do this until you deposit more money.
Banks will tend to offer higher interest rates on simple interest, but, in the long term, this tends to make you less money than a lower compounding interest rate.
Now, an example of how compounding interest works. Let’s say that the bank is offering you a compounding interest rate of 5% annually (if you find this rate at a bank, take it and run). You deposit $100. After a year, your $100 will turn into $105 (100 X 1.05 = 105). You have made $5 interest. The next year, your money will be worth $110.25 (105 X 1.05 = 110.25), which is an increase of $5.25, not the $5 you made the first year. Why? Because compounding interest works with all of your money, not just the money you have deposited.
It may not seem like much, but, when you use compounding interest on larger sums of money, your payments grow significantly each time you receive interest. Let’s say that it is now $10,000 instead of the $100 in the first example. In the first year, you would earn $500, in the second year, you would earn $525. Over two years you would have earned $1025, which is a 10.25% return on you $10,000.
Compounding interest is a powerful tool that has been used by many of the worlds most successful investors. It is a basic concept that is not only used with high-interest savings accounts but, that is for another day.
The purpose of investing is to use your money to make you more money. Simple interest and compounding interest are powerful and safe tools to start your investment journey.
Use it wisely
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| 0.969284 | 718 | 3.203125 | 3 |
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