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Stories of Edgar Allan Poe A Descent into the Maelstrom
An important epigraph from theologian Joseph Glanville opens this tale, declaring "The ways of God in Nature, as in Providence, are not as our ways; nor are the models that we frame in any way commensurate to the vastness, profundity, and unsearchableness of His works, which have a depth in them greater than the well of Democritus" Poe, pg. 226. These words suggest that the wonders of nature will play a central role in the plot that follows next. An unnamed narrator is walking on a rocky path near the sea in Norway with an old man, who declares that although his hair is white, he is in fact not very old at all. He declares that a traumatic event that happened three years ago has "broken me up body and soul," adding that he has led the narrator to that high cliff overlooking the ocean in order to share his story, telling the narrator to quickly overcome his fear of those high cliffs, because they have a perfect view of the sea, the topic of his story.
He explains that they are standing upon Mount Helseggen in Norway at approximately sixty-eight degrees latitude at The Lofoden Point. The narrator admires the scenic landscape around them, noting that there are two islands visible in front of him, one nearer than the other, "Just opposite the promontory upon whose apex we were placed, and at a distance of some five or six miles out at sea, there was visible a small, bleak-looking island; or, more properly, its position was discernible through the wilderness of surge in which it was enveloped. About two miles nearer the land, arose another of smaller size, hideously craggy and barren, and encompassed at various intervals by a cluster of dark rocks" Poe, pg. 227. The water is also rather rough and surges violently around the rocky island, as the old man explains that the islands are named Vurrgh and Moskoe, respectively. After ten minutes of patient waiting, the sea suddenly erupts into a violent explosion of water as the currents begin to spiral together around and around into an enormous whirlpool filling up the entire sea before them, around the island called "Moskoe." The water bordering the pool is angled at forty-five degrees to the surface, and the narrator grows fearful at seeing such a large and powerful phenomenon roaring louder than North America's own Niagara Falls, declaring that this must be the infamous Norwegian Maelstrom.
The narrator also notes that he has heard much of this natural wonder as documented by the Norwegian scholar Jonas Ramus. While rocky Helseggen shakes because of the ocean's force, the old man confirms this statement, adding that it is also called the "Moskoe-strom" because the island of Moskoe lies in the middle of this enormous whirlpool. The guide reveals that the water from Lofoden Point to Moskoe is safe for ships, but on the other side of Moskoe towards Vurrgh the water is too shallow for ships to sail through, and the only time that this is possible is during the short fifteen minute time period when the water of the Maelstrom is calm again, and it is only safe to cross every six hours when the waters calm down, before the waters surge into a vicious vortex once more, swallowing ships, animals, and anything in its path before spitting them out again, crushed, during that fifteen minute period of calm. Reflecting the sentiment of the opening epigraph from Glanville, the narrator marvels at how powerful this whirlpool is, that it could smash apart the strongest ship of his day "as a feather," inserting a quotation about the Maelstrom from Encyclopedia Britannica and recalling Athanasius Kircher's professed theory that this Maelstrom is the entrance to an underground network of tunnels leading to the Gulf of Bothnia or the Berents Sea.
Noting that the narrator has witnessed this phenomenon, the old man begins to tell a story about a tragic event that happened to him three years ago. He was a fisherman along with his two brothers, and they liked to catch fish near Vurrgh because they are more plentiful, in spite of the shallow waters beyond Moskoe. As a result, they had to calculate their passage through the channel very carefully, during that fifteen minute period when the Maelstrom disappeared for a short while, sailing as quickly as possible to avoid being sucked beneath the waves. When it was safe and they were several miles away, they would cast anchor near some faraway island, until they would wait for the waters to calm yet again and brave the waves where the Maelstrom once had raged at high tide. He describes a couple of close calls he and his brothers had experienced, when they had nearly gotten pulled into the Maelstrom due to bad weather or poor winds. However, his closest brush with death happened on July 18th, 18--, during a tremendous hurricane that attacked that entire region by surprise. The three men had ventured beyond Moskoe near Vurrgh at two o'clock in the afternoon and prepared to return at seven o'clock, just in time for the six hour travel loop, permitting them to cross during that high tide.
Suddenly, as the men turned back towards Lofoden Point, a huge wind swarms upon the boat, throwing it off course and tearing out both of its masts while spectacular clouds flew rapidly across the sky. The old man's younger brother died when the masts were torn off, since he had mistakenly tied himself to one of them for safety, thinking that it would prevent him from being swept overboard. The elder brother clung to the boat, and they both stare in awe as both the water and sky rage around them, even as they both react violently upon realizing that the Maelstrom is reaching full force again, with the fifteen minutes of calm having expired. They were powerless to navigate, due to the heavy winds and their dismembered boat, and even as the hurricane settled down abruptly, it is too late to avoid being pulled into the dreaded Moskoestrom, as the old man gazed at his watch to check for the time, realizing that he had forgotten to wind it! Enraged, he hurled it into the ocean as the boat drifted into those circular currents, daunted by a sudden hole in the cloudy sky revealing "the full moon with a luster that I never before knew her to wear." The ship turned sideways, with its right side overlooking the deep abyss at the center of the Maelstrom, slowly traveling in the water's currents.
Many thoughts went through the old man's mind, and his fear suddenly dissipated in the spirit of discovery that filled his body, realizing that he could boldly go where no one had gone before, and discover at long last what lies at the center of the whirlpool. This soon passed as well as the fear possessed him once more along with a renewed determination to survive. The boat spins slowly around and around for about an hour, slowly descending, while his older brother stood at the back of the ship holding onto a water cask so that he would not be swept overboard. Abruptly, he moved to where the old man was resting, clinging onto the Astrolabe ring and pried it from his fingers. Aggravated that his own brother would do this to try to save himself but understanding that his brother had gone insane with fear of his own impending death, the old man took over his brother's place at the water cask while the boat tipped over more into the whirlpool's center, "Never shall I forgot the sensation of awe, horror, and admiration with which I gazed about me. The boat appeared to be hanging, as if by magic, midway down upon the interior surface of a funnel vast in circumference...whose perfectly smooth sides might have been mistaken for ebony...as the rays of the full moon, from that circular rift amid the clouds which I have already described, steamed in a flood of golden glory along the black walls, and far away down into the inmost recesses of the abyss" Poe, pg. 239.
The boat somehow managed to stay upright because of the nature in which the current was carrying it, and the old man couldn't see anything at the bottom of the abyss except for great clouds of watery mist caused from the waters crashing together far below; an enormous rainbow, inspired by the full moon's bright rays, filled the interior of the Maelstrom. As the boat traveled lower and lower, the old man observed the movement of the current and some derelict objects that were floating around them, such as a fir tree, wrecked ships, furniture, and random barrels. A startling realization flooded the old man, as he remembered that sometimes items would wash up on the shore near Lofoden undamaged, because they had hit the current at exactly the right moment so as to avoid being crushed in the Maelstrom's bottom and merely floated up to water's surface when the whirlpool calmed down again. He saw that out of the objects around him, those that are shaped like cylinders descended the most slowly; with this knowledge, he tied himself to that very water cask which his brother had abandoned, and, after vainly trying to signal to his elder brother nevertheless that he, too, should tie himself to a barrel, cut himself free from the sinking boat and lunged into the raging waters around him.
Events ended exactly as the old man had hoped, as the barrel's descent was greatly slowed due to its cylindrical shape, and an editor's note refers to Archimedes' "De Incidentibus in Fluido" for further information about this phenomenon. Moving at a much faster speed, the old man watched his boat and brother quickly descend within an hour and fall to certain destruction into the foam at the Maelstrom's bottom. Eventually, the barrel and the old man eventually began to rise as the whirlpool's calming period started to arrive at last after nearly six hours of raging, and finally he reached the ocean's surface once again, alive and well, off of the coast of Lofoden. The hurricane continued to attack, however, even after six hours, and he was pushed along in the current towards a fishing boat which rescued him from any further dangers. He knew these rescuers, as they were fellow mariners like himself, and they revealed that his hair had changed from black to white because of his extraordinarily fearful near death experience inside of the Moskoestrom. Yet they refused to believe his tale to be the truth, and the old man says that he does not expect the narrator to trust these events to be the truth, "I can scarcely expect you to put more faith in it than did the merry fisherman of Lofoden." With these words the tale ends, leaving the reader and narrator alike to formulate their own conclusions about the credibility of this old man's painful experience of not only his descent, but also his ascent from the murky depths of the Maelstrom. Now, his even greater burden is that nobody believes these events to be the truth.
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Another member of the starchy vegetables, corn contains a high amount of natural sugar and carbohydrates which causes sugar spikes in diabetics when taken excessively. Given that it is generally consumed as a side vegetable, it piles extra sugar and carbohydrates in a meal on top of rice or bread. Nonetheless, it still provides some fiber and good nutrients like iron, vitamin A, vitamin B etc and can be carefully added in a diabetes diet in moderation. Keep in mind that half cup of corn provides 15 grams of carbohydrates. Therefore, it should be paired with proteins and eaten as a substitute to rice or bread.
Tip: Have blue corn instead. Blue corn is found to contain less starch, more protein and have a lower glycermic index compared to yellow corn.
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What Is Sample Selection Bias?
Sample selection bias is a type of bias caused by choosing non-random data for statistical analysis. The bias exists due to a flaw in the sample selection process, where a subset of the data is systematically excluded due to a particular attribute. The exclusion of the subset can influence the statistical significance of the test, and it can bias the estimates of parameters of the statistical model.
- Sample selection bias in a research study occurs when non-random data is selected for statistical analysis.
- Due to a flaw in the sample selection process, a subset of the data is excluded from the study, thereby impacting or negating the statistical significance of the test.
- There are several types of sample selection bias, including pre-screening bias, self-selection bias, exclusion bias, and observer bias.
- Survivorship bias can lead to false conclusions because it focuses only on those elements, people, or things that have made it past a certain point in the selection process, ignoring those that did not.
- One way to correct sample selection bias is to assign weights to misrepresented subgroups in order to statistically correct the bias.
Understanding Sample Selection Bias
Survivorship bias is a common type of sample selection bias. This type of bias ignores those subjects that did not make it past a certain point in the selection process and only focuses on the subjects that "survived." This can lead to false conclusions.
For example, when backtesting an investment strategy on a large group of stocks, it may be convenient to look for securities that have data for the entire sample period. If we were going to test the strategy against 15 years worth of stock data, we might be inclined to look for stocks that have complete information for the entire 15-year period.
However, eliminating a stock that stopped trading, or shortly left the market, would input a bias in our data sample. Since we only include stocks that lasted the 15-year period, our final results would be flawed, as these performed well enough to survive the market.
Types of Sample Selection Bias
In addition to survivorship bias, there are several other types of sample selection bias.
Advertising or Pre-Screening Bias
This occurs when the way participants are pre-screened in a study introduces bias. For example, the language researchers use to advertise for participants can itself introduce bias into the study simply by discouraging or encouraging certain groups of people from volunteering to participate.
Self-selection bias—also known as volunteer response bias—occurs when the study organizers allow participants to self-select or volunteer to participate. The study organizers relinquish control over who participates to those who decide to volunteer. This may lead people with specific characteristics or opinions to volunteer for a study and thus skew the results.
Exclusion and Undercoverage Bias
Exclusion bias occurs when specific members of a population are excluded from participating in a study. Undercoverage bias occurs when study organizers create a study that does not adequately represent some members of the population.
Example of Sample Selection Bias
Hedge fund performance indexes are one example of sample selection bias subject to survivorship bias. Because hedge funds that don’t survive stop reporting their performance to index aggregators, resulting indices are naturally tilted to funds and strategies that remain, hence “survive.” This can be an issue with popular mutual fund reporting services as well. Analysts can adjust to take account of these biases but may introduce new biases in the process.
Observer bias happens when researchers project their own beliefs or expectations to participants of a study, thereby skewing the results of the study. This sometimes occurs in conjunction with cherry-picking, which is when researchers focus primarily on statistics that support their hypothesis.
Researchers and study organizers have the responsibility to ensure the results of their studies are accurate, relevant, and do not incorporate any type of bias that could lead to flawed conclusions. One way to do this is to structure the study based on a method that supports a random sample selection process.
While in theory, this may seem simple enough, the reality is that the researcher will need to be vigilant in their efforts to prevent sample selection bias. Additionally, the study organizer may be faced with restrictions beyond their control that make it challenging to realize a random sample. For example, there may be a lack of participants or inadequate funding for the project.
To make sure the sample being studied is random, the researcher should identify the various subgroups within the population. They should then analyze the sample to determine if these subgroups are adequately represented in the study.
In some cases, the researcher may find that certain subgroups are either overrepresented or underrepresented in their study. At this point, the researcher can implement bias correction methods. One method is to assign weights to the misrepresented subgroups in order to statistically correct the bias. This weighted average takes into account the proportional relevance of each subgroup and can lead to results that more accurately reflect the study population's actual demographics.
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Experimental Realization of Quantum Cryptography by Arduino
Keywords:Arduino , Photoresistor ,Laser Diodes , Quantum Cryptography ,
This paper is concerned with the experimental realization of an Arduino-based quantum cryptography system, in which a setup of five laser diodes is constructed in the transmitter that randomly emits photons to encode information consisting of a sequence of "0" and "1" bits. The receiver contains five photoresistor sensors that detect the presence or absence of light as well as determine the intensity of the light. Laser light is used to securely transmit data, such as text or numbers, in this technology.
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Under the new strategy, military equipment, as well as forces in the field, will use less energy and more alternative forms of energy, such as solar and biofuels rather than fossil fuels.
"To build and sustain this 21st century military force, particularly in an era of fiscal duress, the Department of Defense must use its resources wisely, and that includes our energy resources," states the strategy.
As the biggest single energy consumer in the nation, the Defense Department last year spent $15 billion on fuel, 75 percent of which was for military operations, Deputy Secretary of Defense William Lynn said in unveiling the plan this week.
Amid soaring fuel costs and a growing reliance on energy to carry out military operations, the department has seen its gasoline costs skyrocket 225 percent in the last decade.
"Not only does [energy] cost the taxpayers, it costs the warfighters," the deputy defense chief said. "Every dollar spent on energy use is a dollar not spent on other warfighting priorities."
In addition to reducing costs, the strategy aims to improve military capabilities.
Currently, the Department of Defense "tends to treat energy as a commodity that will always be readily available, regardless of the strategic, operational and tactical costs," the strategy states.
Under the new strategy, energy is redefined as a "military capability," giving it a role in top military strategies.
"As conflicts become longer in duration and more expeditionary in nature, the amount of fuel that it takes to keep forces in the field has become a significant vulnerability," Lynn said.
In Iraq and Afghanistan, for example, each soldier currently consumes up to 20 gallons of fuel a day, compared with about 1 gallon a day in World War II.
About 80 percent of land convoys in Afghanistan are used for transporting fuel, Lynn said. That makes them easy targets as they travel on routes laced with roadside bombs and prone to ambush, resulting in 1,100 insurgent attacks last year.
"The realities of global oil markets mean a disruption of oil supplies is plausible and increasingly likely in the coming decades," states the energy strategy in its conclusion.
The Department of Defense is scheduled to release a more detailed implementation plan for its energy strategy within the next three months.
Celebrity Couples of 2014 [PHOTOS]
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Nació: January 28, 1929
Martin was one of nine children born to orthodox Jewish parents in Polana, a rural village in the Carpathian Mountains. His father owned a farm and a meat business, and his mother attended to the children and the home. Everyone in the family helped take care of the horses and cows.
1933–39: Martin attended the village's Czech schools, which were quite progressive. Like many of the other children, he looked forward to leaving the provincial life in Polana. In March 1939, his life was changed dramatically when Nazi Germany and its allies dismembered Czechoslovakia. Hungarian troops occupied Polana, and Jews were subjected to discriminatory legislation. Czech schools were closed, and the students had to learn Hungarian. The villagers all resented the new rulers, and the democratic freedoms that they had enjoyed under Czechoslovakian rule disappeared.
1940–44: After the German invasion of the Soviet Union, conditions in Polana worsened. Two of Martin's brothers were conscripted into forced-labor battalions. The family soon learned that some Jews from the area had been deported to the occupied Ukraine where they were killed by SS units. In April 1944, Hungarian gendarmes transported the village's Jews, including Martin's family, to the Munkacs ghetto. In May, they were deported to the Auschwitz-Birkenau killing center. Martin, his father, brother, and two uncles were selected for forced labor; the other family members were sent to the gas chambers. Martin and his father were sent to the Mauthausen concentration camp in Austria, and then to the subcamp of Melk, where they were forced to build tunnels into the side of the mountains. His father perished there.
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December 15, 2021
A British scientist who is battling a terminal illness has transformed himself into a cyborg to prolong his life.
Dr Peter Scott-Morgan was diagnosed with Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a debilitating neurological disease that leads to loss of muscle movement. At the time of the diagnosis, doctors informed Peter he had two years to live.
Refusing to give up hope, the robotics expert was convinced there was a way to beat the prognosis. Peter felt cutting edge technology could extend his life.
“I wanted to reinvent for everyone what it means to be trapped in your own body”, the scientist said.
“This isn’t just about MND (motor neurone disease). It’s about any disability, whether from accident, disease, genetics, or even simply old age, even dementia.
“But ultimately, it’s about everyone on earth breaking free.
“I’m lucky enough to be a prototype, and Neo human, an early experiment in how humanity can make a huge leap into our future.”
Peter was the subject of NHK World Japan’s The Man Who Turned Himself into a Cyborg, available to stream on Flash.
The program follows the doctor’s journey to become a bionic person, where he underwent a series of operations, replacing functioning body parts with machines. He had a device installed to deliver nutrients directly to his stomach and attached an apparatus that drains waste from his body.
Another procedure was performed to separate Peter’s oesophagus and trachea and connect a device that sends air to his windpipe. The equipment is stored in a wheelchair robot that is integrated with his body. He relies on a computer generated image and synthesised voice to communicate with the world.
Peter’s ultimate goal is to help revolutionise what it means to be human.
“At the moment, we are unable to evolve. Meanwhile, AI and robotics are accelerating ahead. I want us to jump aboard while we still can”, he said.
“We are at the early dawn of escaping the fear of becoming infirm, of being powerless, of feeling trapped in an inadequate body. Everyone on the planet, even in the poorest communities, will work closely with AI, but some of us will go far further and actually merge with AI to extend what being human means.
“And Neo humans, part biology, part AI, using our infinitely flexible reality to be whoever or whatever we choose to be. This is not the far future, it is a few decades away.”
“If you love somebody for over 40 years, as I’ve done and that person dies, your love for them doesn’t die with him.”, Francis said.
“So I will still have that love in my heart.
“I might be in a position one day to actually be in love with the machine. I mean, can you imagine that?”
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The Articles of Faith outline 13 basic points of belief of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. The Prophet Joseph Smith first wrote them in a letter to John Wentworth, editor of the Chicago Democrat, in answer to his request to know what members of the Church believed. The letter became known as The Wentworth Letter and was first published in the Nauvoo Times and Seasons, in March 1842. On 10 October 1880, the Articles of Faith were formally accepted as scripture by the vote of the members of the Church and were included as part of the Pearl of Great Price.
The Articles of Faith
1We believe in God, the Eternal Father, and in His Son, Jesus Christ, and in the Holy Ghost.
2We believe that men will be punished for their own sins, and not for Adam’s transgression.
3We believe that through the Atonement of Christ, all mankind may be saved, by obedience to the laws and ordinances of the Gospel.
4We believe that the first principles and ordinances of the Gospel are: first, Faith in the Lord Jesus Christ; second, Repentance; third, Baptism by immersion for the remission of sins; fourth, Laying on of hands for the gift of the Holy Ghost.
5We believe that a man must be called of God, by prophecy, and by the laying on of hands by those who are in authority, to preach the Gospel and administer in the ordinances thereof.
6We believe in the same organization that existed in the Primitive Church, namely, apostles, prophets, pastors, teachers, evangelists, and so forth.
7We believe in the gift of tongues, prophecy, revelation, visions,healing, interpretation of tongues, and so forth.
9We believe all that God has revealed, all that He does now reveal, and we believe that He will yet reveal many great and important things pertaining to the Kingdom of God.
10We believe in the literal gathering of Israel and in the restoration of the Ten Tribes; that Zion (the New Jerusalem) will be built upon the American continent; that Christ will reignpersonally upon the earth; and, that the earth will be renewed and receive its paradisiacal glory.
11We claim the privilege of worshiping Almighty God according to the dictates of our own conscience, and allow all men the same privilege, let them worship how, where, or what they may.
12We believe in being subject to kings, presidents, rulers, and magistrates, in obeying, honoring, and sustaining the law.
13We believe in being honest, true, chaste, benevolent, virtuous, and in doing good to all men; indeed, we may say that we follow the admonition of Paul—We believe all things, we hope all things, we have endured many things, and hope to be able to endure all things. If there is anything virtuous, lovely, or of good report or praiseworthy, we seek after these things.
Joseph Smith, History of the Church, Vol. 4, pp. 535–41
Brief Explanation and List of References for The Articles of Faith
Author: Whittaker, David J. (See this page in the original 1992 publication.)
In 1842, in response to a specific request from John Wentworth (editor of the Chicago Democrat ), Joseph Smith sent a succinct overview of his own religious experiences and the History of the Church over which he presided (see Wentworth Letter). At the end of the historical sketch, he appended a list summarizing the “faith of the Latter-day Saints.” Later titled “Articles of Faith,” these thirteen items were first published in the Nauvoo Times and Seasons in March 1842 and were later included in the 1851 British Mission pamphlet The Pearl of Great Price, compiled by Elder Franklin D. Richards. That pamphlet was revised in 1878 and again in 1880. In 1880, a general conference of the Church voted to add the Pearl of Great Price to the standard works of the Church, thus including the thirteen articles. The Articles of Faith do not constitute a summation of all LDS beliefs, and they are not a creed in the traditional Christian sense, but they do provide a useful authoritative summary of fundamental LDS scriptures and beliefs.
The articles begin with an affirmative declaration that the Godhead is composed of three personages: the Father, his Son Jesus Christ, and the Holy Ghost (cf. Acts 7:55-56; 2 Cor. 13:14; 2 Ne. 31:21; JS-H 1:17).
The second item focuses attention on the beginning of mortal history and affirms that human beings have moral agency and therefore accountability for their own acts: “Men will be punished for their own sins, and not for Adam’s transgression” (cf. Deut. 24:16; 2 Ne. 2:27).
The third article directs attention to the centrality of the Atonement of Christ and how mankind benefits in relationship to it: “Through the Atonement of Christ, all mankind may be saved, by obedience to the laws and ordinances of the Gospel” (Mosiah 3:7-12; D&C 138:4).
The fourth article spells out the foundational principles and ordinances: faith in Jesus Christ, repentance, baptism by immersion for the remission of sins, and the laying on of hands for the gift of the Holy Ghost (cf. Acts 8:14-19; Heb. 6:1-2; 3 Ne. 11:32-37).
The next two articles address issues of authority and organization: A man must be called of God, confirmed by divine inspiration and by the laying on of hands by those in authority, in order to preach the gospel and administer its ordinances (cf. 1 Tim. 4:14; D&C 42:11); further, the Church is essentially “the same organization that existed in the Primitive Church, namely, apostles, prophets, pastors, teachers, Evangelists, and so forth” (cf. Eph. 4:11).
The seventh item affirms the LDS belief in the gifts of the spirit, specifically naming several: the gift of tongues, prophecy, revelation, visions, healing, and the interpretation of tongues (cf. 1 Cor. 12:10; D&C 46:10-26).
The place of sacred scripture is addressed in the eighth article: Latter-day Saints “believe the Bible to be the word of God as far as it is translated correctly”; they also “believe the Book of Mormon to be the word of God” (cf. Ezek. 37:16; John 10:16; 2 Tim. 3:16).
The ninth article states that the restored gospel is not bound up in a closed set of books, but rather declares the principle of continuing revelation, and therefore an open canon. Latter-day Saints affirm belief in all past and present revelation, and they look forward to many future revelations (cf. Amos 3:7; D&C 76:7).
Article ten summarizes four great events of the last days: the literal gathering of Israel and the restoration of the Ten Tribes; the building of Zion, the New Jerusalem, in the Western Hemisphere; Christ’s personal reign on earth; and the eventual renewal of the earth itself, when it will receive its paradisiacal glory, the state of purity it had before the Fall of Adam (see 3 Ne. 21–22).
The eleventh article declares the LDS belief in freedom of worship and of conscience for both themselves and all others. It states: “We claim the privilege of worshipping Almighty God according to the dictates of our own conscience, and allow all men the same privilege, let them worship how, where, or what they may.” And the twelfth article states the political stance of the Latter-day Saints as law-abiding citizens (D&C 134; see Politics: Political Teachings; Tolerance).
The final declaration provides a broad perspective for life and an invitation to the LDS approach to life: “We believe in being honest, true, chaste, benevolent, virtuous, and in doing good to all men; indeed, we may say that we follow the admonition of Paul-We believe all things, we hope all things, we have endured many things, and hope to be able to endure all things. If there is anything virtuous, lovely, or of good report or praiseworthy, we seek after these things” (cf. 1 Cor. 13:7; Philip. 4:8).
Lyon, T. Edgar. “Origin and Purpose of the Articles of Faith.” Instructor 87 (Aug.-Oct. 1952):230-31, 264-65, 275, 298-99, 319.
McConkie, Bruce R. A New Witness for the Articles of Faith. Salt Lake City, 1985.
Sondrup, Steven P. “On Confessing Faith: Thoughts on the Language of the Articles of Faith.” In Literature of Belief, ed. N. Lambert, pp. 197-215. Provo, Utah, 1981.
Talmage, James E. AF. Salt Lake City, 1899.
Welch, John W. “[Joseph Smith and Paul] Co-Authors of the Articles of Faith?” Instructor 114 (Nov. 1969):422-26.
Whittaker, David J. “The “Articles of Faith’ in Early Mormon Literature and Thought.” In New Views of Mormon History, A Collection of Essays in Honor of Leonard J. Arrington, ed. D. Bitton and M. Beecher, pp. 63-92. Salt Lake City, 1987.
DAVID J. WHITTAKER
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More tree cover reduces rate of asthma attacks, study finds
Tree planting ‘could play role in reducing effects of air pollution from cars’
Graphic from a study of tree and canopy cover across Dublin. Image: UCD School of Geography
Living in a leafy suburb may do more than just boost property prices, as a new study has found that having more trees in urban areas can help to reduce the rate of asthma attacks.
In areas with high air pollution, trees have a significant impact by helping to remove pollutants from the air, according to a study by the University of Exeter.
The research, published today in the Environmental International Journal, examined data from more than 650,000 serious asthma attacks across 26,455 urban neighbourhoods in England, dating over a 15-year period .
The study concluded that the findings “suggest that tree planting could play a role in reducing the effects of air pollution from cars”.
“Trees can effectively remove pollutants from the air, and this may explain why they appear to be most beneficial where [air pollution] concentrations are high,” lead researcher Dr Ian Alcock from University of Exeter’s Medical School said.
It found that in areas of lower air pollution, open green spaces such as gardens and parks were more effective than increased tree cover at reducing the frequency of asthma attacks.
Dr Alcock said trees proved both a defence mechanism and an irritant for asthma sufferers. He explained that while trees can remove the air pollutants that trigger asthma attacks, they can also spread allergenic pollen. Foliage can retain build-ups of the irritating pollutants that would otherwise have been dispersed by wind.
“We found that on balance, urban vegetation appears to do significantly more good than harm,” he said.
Ireland has the fourth highest rate of asthma in the world. A spokesman for the Asthma Society of Ireland said: “We have known for some time based on similar minor studies that the effect of having more green spaces can be quite helpful. From an urban-planning perspective the more green spaces and trees the better.”
A study of tree coverage across Dublin published by UCD researchers last year found in the affluent area of Dublin 4 there was an 8:10 residents per tree ratio compared to a 30:1 ratio in Dublin 1.
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Learn more about the earth, with Marble Virtual Globe and World Atlas
Marble is a Virtual Globe and World Atlas that you can use to learn more about Earth: You can pan and zoom around and you can look up places and roads. A mouse click on a place label will provide the respective Wikipedia article. You can also measure distances between locations or watch the current cloud cover.
Marble offers several thematic maps: a classroom-style topographic map, a satellite view, street map, earth at night and temperature and precipitation maps. All maps include a custom map key. For educational purposes you can also change date and time and watch how the starry sky and the twilight zone on the map change.
Contrary to other virtual globes Marble also features multiple projections: Choose between a Flat Map (“Plate carré”), Mercator or the Globe. Marble pulls much of its data from internet servers but can also be used offline. It provides a plugin architecture and can easily be extended for lots of uses. It supports several 3rd party data sources like OpenStreetMap, Wikipedia, KML, GPX etc.
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This case details two multi-option referendums relating to state independence.
Note: the following entry is a stub. Please help us complete it.
Problems and Purpose
According to the Centre for Policy Studies Research Fellow Matt Qvortrup, "multi-option referendums have often been discussed in relation to referendums on ethnic and national issues...[and] in relation to the referendum on independence or ‘devolution max’ (independence but with the same currency and foreign policy) in Scotland." The cases of Puerto Rico (1967, 1993, and 1998) and Newfoundland (1948) shed light on "in-out-devo max ballots" where the options are to stay attached to the parent country, to file for complete independence, or to opt for independence with the same currency and foreign policy ('devolution max').
Background History and Context
Organizing, Supporting, and Funding Entities
Participant Recruitment and Selection
Methods and Tools Used
What Went On: Process, Interaction, and Participation
Influence, Outcomes, and Effects
Analysis and Lessons Learned
Lead image: CBC, http://bit.ly/2Vu7cpK
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You are here
Imaging and Microfilming
Even the best managed paper records can still create records management problems and might require reformatting to fix them. Reformatting converts records from one format into a different format. Imaging (i.e., “scanning” or “digitizing”) and microfilming are the most common methods used to reformat records. Use imaging when you need to improve access to records, and microfilm when you need to reduce storage or create a preservation copy. Imaging and microfilming complement each other and should ideally be pursued together: film can be created from digital images and serve as backup copies, and digital images can be created from good quality microfilm. If a records management program pursues both options together, it will be in a good position to provide efficient access to records while also making sure that the records will be preserved.
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Learn More about the History of Conservation in Maryland
Forest and Parks
- “The Voice of Long Hill” - Kitty Shortall - 1919 to 2013 by William Offutt Johnson
The Garrett County Historical Society Salutes 100 Years of Fighting Forest Fires in Maryland, by William Offutt Johnson
Please Note: Due to the large file size of this original document, it is presented here in 7 consecutive parts.
- DNR Dedicates Fred W. Besley Demonstration Forest, April 23, 2012
- History of Maryland Forest Service and Maryland Park Service. From the DNR website.
- Functions of the Forest Service. From the Maryland State Archives Maryland Manual.
- Functions of the Maryland Park Service. From the Maryland State Archives Maryland Manual.
- Maryland Forestry & Parks Centennial. From the DNR website.
- Report of the State Department of Forestry / Report of the Maryland State Board of Forestry (Published 1910-1932). Available at the DNR Library. View the DNR Library catalog record.
Books & Articles
- Bailey, Robert F. (2006). Maryland's forests and parks: a century of progress. Charleston, SC: Arcadia. Available at the DNR Library. View the DNR Library catalog record.
- Buckley, Geoffrey L. and J. Morgan Grove. (2001). Sowing the seeds of forest conservation: Fred Besley and the Maryland story, 1906-1923. Maryland Historical Magazine 96(3): 303-327. Contact the DNR librarian or your local library to request a copy.
- Buckley, Geoffrey L., Robert F. Bailey, and J. Morgan Grove. (2006). The Patapsco Forest Reserve: Establishing a "City Park" for Baltimore, 1907-1941. Historical Geography 34: 87-108. Contact the DNR librarian or your local library to request a copy.
- Kimmel, Ross, Offutt Johnson, and Dorna Cooper. (1994). Three centuries of service: the history and tradition of Maryland Rangers. Annapolis, MD: Maryland Department of Natural Resources. Available at the DNR Library. View the DNR Library catalog record.
- McCormick, Melissa. (2010). Meeting King Winter: snow sports at New Germany State Park. The Maryland Natural Resource. Winter 2010: 4-7. Read the article online.
- Parker, Eugene Philip. (2006). When forests trumped parks: The Maryland experience, 1906-1950. Maryland Historical Magazine 101(2): 203-259. Contact the DNR librarian or your local library to request a copy.
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Conservation and management
Our conservation and management research is conducted in three key areas:
- Biodiversity conservation - investigating the effects of environmental change on Antarctic and subantarctic terrestrial, coastal and marine ecosystems.
- Wildlife management - informing conservation and management options for Antarctic wildlife affected by past exploitation and current human activities.
- Fisheries - research informing the management of fisheries for krill, toothfish and icefish, and addressing the bycatch of seabirds and other non-target species.
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Mr. Samuel Goddard was born at Sutton, Massachusetts, July 6, 1772. We have no information concerning his early life. His opportunities for education are said to have been scanty. After coming to manhood he was for several years in trade with a brother in Royalston, Mass. Here he married his first wife (Abigail Goddard of Athol, a town adjoining Royalston), and here his older children were born.
Particulars Relating to the Captivity of John Fitch, of Ashby, Mass. Related by Mr. Enos Jones, of Ashburnham. The town of Lunenburg, in Massachusetts, was incorporated August 1, 1728, and received its name in compliment to George II., who, the preceding year, came to the British throne, and was styled Duke of Lunenburg, having in
A Narrative of the captivity of Nehemiah How, who was taken by the Indians at the Great Meadow Fort above Fort Dummer, where he was an inhabitant, October 11th, 1745. Giving an account of what he met with in his traveling to Canada, and while he was in prison there. Together with an account of Mr. How’s death at Canada. Exceedingly valuable for the many items of exact intelligence therein recorded, relative to so many of the present inhabitants of New England, through those friends who endured the hardships of captivity in the mountain deserts and the damps of loathsome prisons. Had the author lived to have returned, and published his narrative himself, he doubtless would have made it far more valuable, but he was cut off while a prisoner, by the prison fever, in the fifty-fifth year of his age, after a captivity of one year, seven months, and fifteen days. He died May 25th, 1747, in the hospital at Quebec, after a sickness of about ten days. He was a husband and father, and greatly beloved by all who knew him.
A short history of the battles fought during King Philip’s War, including maps of the campaigns and New England Indian tribes.
Dr. Austin Flint married Elizabeth Henshaw, 1785, he was an eminent physician; lived in Petersham, afterwards in Northampton, and, for several years before his death, in Springfield MA; died at Leicester MA, Dec. 11, 1846. Dr. Flint is noticed in the body of this work. Issue: Joseph H. Flint, b. April 20, 1786 Sally Flint, b.
TIMOTHY FULLER, the sixth child and third son of Jacob Fuller, was born at Middleton, on the 18th of May, 1739. He entered Harvard University at the age of nineteen, and graduated in 1760. His name over that date is still (1859) seen on the corner-stone of one of the college buildings. He applied himself
TIMOTHY FULLER, the fourth child and eldest son of Timothy Fuller Sr., attained distinction. The chief steps in his career may be thus summarily stated: He was born in Chilmark, Martha’s Vineyard, 11th of July, 1778; grad. at Harvard College with the second honors in his class, 1801. He was obliged to work his way
REV. ARTHUR BUCKMINSTER FULLER, the third son of Hon. Timothy Fuller, was born August 10, 1822. He was early instructed by his father and his sister, Margaret Fuller. At the age of twelve, he spent one year at Leicester Academy; and, subsequently, studied with Mrs. Ripley, the wife of Rev. Samuel Ripley, of Waltham. In
Hon. Ezra Scollay Stearns, Secretary of the State of New Hampshire since 1891, came to that office superabundantly qualified to meet its most exacting requirements. He was born in Rindge, N.H., September 1, 1838, son of Samuel and Mary Fitch (Moore) Stearns, his father being a native of Brattleboro, Vt., and his mother of Sharon,
Michael F. Healy is a San Mateo County pioneer who has proved his confidence in the county and particularly in South San Francisco by the investment of his fortune in that city. Healy has resided in San Mateo county for 24 years, most of them being spent in South San Francisco where he is now
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The asexual reproduction by tubers in plants
Reproduction by tubers
The tuber is a horizontal root or a terrestrial stem or which contains growing buds and it is used for the vegetative reproduction , It is a root as the sweet potatoes , and it is a stem as the potatoes .
The tubers are various types of modified plant structures that are enlarged to store the nutrients , They are used to provide the energy and the nutrients for regrowth during the next growing season , And they are used by the plants to survive in the winter or dry months .
The tubers are enlarged , fleshy underground stems such as the potatoes , The stem tuber forms from thickened rhizomes or stolons , Some buds in the tuber grow forming the shoot system that grow into the typical stems and leaves above the soil .
The other buds in the tubers grow forming the root system that buried inside the soil , The offspring or the new tubers are attached to the parent tuber , and in the autumn the plant dies except for the new offspring stem tubers which have one dominant bud .
In the spring , The tuber regrows a new shoot producing the stems and the leaves , in summer the tubers decay and the new tubers begin to grow .
Most gardeners plant seed potatoes which are the pieces of potato that have at least two or three buds , As the plant grows , It uses the food reserves in the seed , The potatoes are stem tubers that enlarged stolons thicken to develop into the storage organs .
The stem tubers are swollen underground stems , with reduced scale leaves and axillary buds , They are distinct from the rhizomes because their terminal shoot apex stops growing and development is entirely radial and lateral .
The potato is a starch-accumulating tuberous plant , And the tubers do not contain chlorophyll unless exposed to the light , The tuberous stems are swollen sections of stem , They don’t occur at the tips of underground stems , and they occur on the main stem .
The tuberous stems have a vertical orientation with the vegetative buds which produced on the upper end , The tuberous stems are perennial , and continue to enlarge every year .
The production of the tubers is one way that a plant can store the carbohydrates during the the growing season , Then at the end of the growing season , The above ground portion of the plant dies back ,The new tubers overwinter , and sprout again in the spring .
The root tubers resemble the stem tubers such as the sweat potatoes , They are fleshy swollen roots and store reserves such as the starch , The tuberous roots are enlarged secondary roots as they are the root tissue , There are no nodes or buds , And two familiar examples of plants with tuberous roots are the sweet potato and dahlia .
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Glossary > Self-Publishing
💬 Definition of Self-Publishing:
Self-publishing is the process of publishing a book by the author without the involvement of a traditional publishing house or company. In self-publishing, the author retains complete control over the creative process, including the work's writing, editing, formatting, design, and marketing.
Related questions about self-publishing:
How much does it cost to self-publish a book?
The cost of self-publishing varies depending on factors such as the book's length, the quality of editing and design, and whether or not the author chooses to use marketing and advertising for promotion.
Self-publishing a book can cost anywhere from a few hundred to several thousand dollars. Here are some of the common expenses authors may have when self-publishing a book:
- Editing: Self-published authors often hire a professional editor to ensure the book is well-written and error-free. Editing can cost from a few hundred to a few thousand dollars, depending on its length and complexity.
- Design: Some authors choose to design their book covers, and they can do it for free, but others hire professional designers. Cover design can cost from $50 to $500 or more.
- Formatting: Formatting involves managing the internal structure of your book – ebook, audio, and print. If you have experience with formatting software like Microsoft Word or Adobe InDesign, you can format your book yourself. Professional book formatting services typically charge between $0.50 to $2.00 per page, depending on the level of complexity and the formatting requirements. If we talk about audiobooks, it may require extra production and costs that deal with narration. Hiring a professional narrator can range from $1,000 to $5,000.
- Printing: If you want to have physical copies of your book, you'll need to cover the cost of printing. The cost will depend on the number of pages, the type of paper, and the size of the book. But self-published authors go for print-on-demand, which is the best option in terms of cost, inventory, and distribution.
- Marketing and promotion: To get your book noticed, you must invest in marketing and book promotion services. This can include creating an author website, running ads, or hiring a publicist. The cost will depend on your strategy and budget.
Can you self-publish for free?
- Yes, there are platforms where authors can self-publish for free. These platforms retain author royalties once they make a sale. Remember that even if you can publish for free, additional costs, such as marketing and promotion, may still exist.
What are the advantages of self-publishing?
Self-publishing offers several advantages for authors, including:
- Creative control: With self-publishing, the author has complete creative control over the writing, editing, formatting, cover design, and marketing of the book.
- Higher royalties: Traditional publishers typically offer authors a royalty rate of 10-15% of the book's sale price, while self-published authors can earn up to 70%, depending on the platform and distribution model.
- Faster time-to-market: With traditional publishing, authors often wait months or even years to see their book in print. With self-publishing, they can publish their books in a few weeks.
- Longevity: Self-published books can remain in print and available for purchase indefinitely.
What are the disadvantages of self-publishing?
There are also a few potential disadvantages to self-publishing:
- Upfront costs: Even if authors can self-publish a book for free, there may still be costs before publishing, such as editing, cover design, etc.
- Lack of support: Self-published authors handle the entire publishing process or hire professionals to help them. They also must take care of marketing and book promotion.
- Quality concerns: A self-published author handles everything, which sometimes may result in a not-so-high-quality book cover or a text that is still with errors.
- Limited bookstore distribution: Some self-publishing platforms offer wide distribution options, including to physical bookstores. However, self-published books still don't reach as many physical bookstores as traditionally published books.
Publish and distribute your books to hundreds of stores worldwide in ebook, print or audio formats.
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Weather and Climate: Satellite Meteorology
This Web Seminar took place on September 8, 2011 from 6:30 p.m. to 8:00 p.m. Eastern
Time. Presenting was
NASA Explorer Schools Coordinator. In this Seminar, Ms. Kashiri focused the discussion
on a wealth of online resources for teachers to use for weather-related lessons,
activities and simulations.
The PowerPoint, related resources from the NSTA Learning Center, and web links from
the presentation are now contained in the above resource collection. Clicking on
the collection link will place it in your Learning Center, My Library, neatly organized
under the My Resource Collections tab.
This is first presentation of the Weather and Climate: Satellite Meteorology program for this academic year and it will be repeated again. Ms. Kashiri showed the participants a number of online resources that allow students to work with NASA data and imagery to monitor cloud cover, observe global weather patterns and examine information related to climate change. There were a large number of web sites for participants to investigate during the presentation and Ms. Kashiri also explained how participants can become involved in the NASA Explorer Schools program.
Sixty-two (62) participants were present at the live Web Seminar in addition to the presenter and NSTA staff. Participating educators represented the states of Alaska, California, Colorado,
Connecticut, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio,
Oregon, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Vermont, Virginia and Wisconsin
In addition, five participants joined the presentation from locations outside of the United States: Brazil, Nicaragua, Portugal, Puerto Rico and Romania.
Seminar participants received one of the NSTA SciGuides. A certificate
of attendance was deposited into participants' My PD Record and Certificates
area in the NSTA Learning Center for completing the evaluation form at the end of
Here are some comments provided by the participants at the end of the Web Seminar:
- “The modules presented in this seminar will assist me in teaching about climate, weather, and satellites.”
- “All the data resources provided were great.”
- “Provided insight into resources available from NASA.”
- “I am teaching meteorology to my 6th graders. Wanted to do something more relevant than I have in the past.”
Thanks to the participants and the presenter for the learning opportunity, the interactions,
and a job well done!
See when other NASA Explorer Schools Web Seminars are Scheduled
For more information contact [email protected]
Sponsored by NASA
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A Slower Speed of Light is a first-person game prototype in which players navigate a 3D space while picking up orbs that reduce the speed of light in increments. Custom-built, open-source relativistic graphics code allows the speed of light in the game to approach the player’s own maximum walking speed. Visual effects of special relativity gradually become apparent to the player, increasing the challenge of gameplay. These effects, rendered in realtime to vertex accuracy, include the Doppler effect (red- and blue-shifting of visible light, and the shifting of infrared and ultraviolet light into the visible spectrum); the searchlight effect (increased brightness in the direction of travel); time dilation (differences in the perceived passage of time from the player and the outside world); Lorentz transformation (warping of space at near-light speeds); and the runtime effect.
PC System Analysis For A Slower Speed of Light Requirements
A Slower Speed of Light requires at least a Radeon HD 4850 or GeForce 9600 GT 1GB to meet recommended requirements running on high graphics setting, with 1080p resolution. This hardware should achieve 60FPS. 8 GB will also be needed to achieve the A Slower Speed of Light rec specs and get 60FPS. You will require a DirectX 10 GPU. We suggest a 12 year old PC to play smoothly.
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How you can use this image
This image is available to be shared and re-used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives licence (CC BY-NC-ND).
You can reproduce this image for non-commercial purposes and you are not able to change or modify it in any way.
Wherever you reproduce the image you must attribute the original creators (acknowledge the original artist(s) and the person/organisation that took the photograph of the work) and any other rights holders.
Review our guidance pages which explain how you can reuse images, how to credit an image and how to find more images in the public domain or with a Creative Commons licence available.Download
Add or edit a note on this artwork that only you can see. You can find notes again by going to the ‘Notes’ section of your account.
The Magi were a Persian sacred caste, skilled in astrology and the occult. Following medieval legend, one of them was depicted as black. They appear twice in the picture – on the right-hand side on camels, following the Star that led them to Bethlehem, and again on the left, presenting their gifts. The figure to the right of Mary is Joseph.
The Adoration of the Magi
oil on board
H 43.3 x W 72.3 cm
BATVG : P : 1900.19
bequeathed by James Shepherd, 1900
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When the matter of ‘burying coal’ comes up, people naturally raise the question of whether we can dig coal up, burn it to access the energy it contains, and then return the climate-harming greenhouse gases (GHGs) it contained underground. This basic idea is called carbon capture and storage (CCS). Many people have high hopes for it as a climate change mitigation strategy. For users of fossil fuels, it seems to offer a route forward that doesn’t involve a fundamental change in what fuels we use. For environmentalists, it offers a way to reduce emissions from coal-rich states like China and the United States without asking them to take the politically difficult step of shutting down their coal industries. Paired with facilities burning biomass, CCS could even allow for negative emissions, since plants would draw carbon dioxide (CO2) from the air which would eventually be sequestered underground.
While I have argued before that it would be irresponsible to ignore CCS completely, I also think it is very important to remain aware of the risks and uncertainties. In short, we don’t know for sure whether CCS will be able to keep GHGs underground indefinitely. We don’t know whether CCS facilities will pose risks for humans or other living things in the vicinity. We don’t know how much CCS will cost, or even whether coal with CCS will actually be cheaper than renewable options like concentrating solar or wind. If coal with CCS doesn’t end up being cheaper than those, it is surely a less appealing option, since it still includes the air and water pollution that accompanies coal mining, as well as the habitat destruction, mercury emissions, etc. There are also big questions about how quickly CCS can be deployed, even if it works perfectly and is affordable. If we are going to avoid catastrophic climate change, we need to be phasing out coal without CCS on the timescale of a couple of decades. The enormous volumes of gas that would need to be seperated from power plant emissions, transported, and buried make it questionable how much of a role CCS can effectively play in that.
A further uncertainty is that the promise of CCS at some future point could serve to justify the continuance of the status quo. As The Economist pointed out:
CCS is not just a potential waste of money. It might also create a false sense of security about climate change, while depriving potentially cheaper methods of cutting emissions of cash and attention—all for the sake of placating the coal lobby.
Utilities that are based around coal-fired electrical production can argue that they will retrofit their plants at some future point, while simultaneously seeking delays in the implementation of carbon pricing and taxpayer dollars directed towards the investments that they – as the polluters – should really be funding.
In short, it seems like research into CCS should be permitted and even encouraged, given that it could be one of a suite of technologies that helps us to stabilize the climate. That said, citizens should not mistake vague promises to use CCS in the future for being akin to real emissions reductions now. They should also be wary of utility firms that want to make others pay for their pollution: if not by suffering the effects of climate change, then by paying for the equipment necessary for avoiding it.
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Convenience has always been the general conception around the internet and what it allows us to accomplish with little or no effort. Through ignorance, we allow ourselves to be exposed with no regard to the risks involved.
IoT (Internet of Things) is a general term for any device connected to the internet. What most people don’t realise is, unless properly secured, these devices are accessible to millions of people. Your home security cameras and routers are some of the most common devices hackers and scammers target for malicious intent.
Like Google, these IoT devices are indexed by a service called Shodan and can be viewed by anyone with an internet connection.
Through a basic search, our research team came across a list of webcams open to public view. The Shodan service also provides detailed information about the IoT device such as location, open ports and, in some cases, default usernames and passwords.
Someone with malicious intent would be able to see when you are home and what you have that might be of value. With this information and access to your physical location, the risk is self-evident.
Our unique ability to blindly trust providers and installers to secure these devices often end in default configurations such as usernames and passwords. Default configuration information on supplier equipment is generally available through manufacturer websites and online manuals.
Have professionals install your devices and demand they secure your IoT device with access details only you are in control of.
Are you exposed? Contact Us
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A long incision located on the right abdominal wall, and the absence of internal organs, indicated that the body had been eviscerated post-mortem , possibly in an effort to preserve the remains.
Johan Binneman in The mummies of Asia are usually considered to be accidental. The decedents were buried in just the right place where the environment could act as an agent for preservation. This is particularly common in the desert areas of the Tarim Basin and Iran. Mummies have been discovered in more humid Asian climates, however these are subject to rapid decay after being removed from the grave. Mummies from various dynasties throughout China 's history have been discovered in several locations across the country.
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They are almost exclusively considered to be unintentional mummifications. Many areas in which mummies have been uncovered are difficult for preservation, due to their warm, moist climates. This makes the recovery of mummies a challenge, as exposure to the outside world can cause the bodies to decay in a matter of hours. An example of a Chinese mummy that was preserved despite being buried in an environment not conducive to mummification is Xin Zhui. Also known as Lady Dai, she was discovered in the early s at the Mawangdui archaeological site in Changsha.
Her corpse was so well-preserved that surgeons from the Hunan Provincial Medical Institute were able to perform an autopsy. Some of the more infamous mummies to be discovered in China are those termed Tarim mummies because of their discovery in the Tarim Basin. The dry desert climate of the basin proved to be an excellent agent for desiccation. For this reason, over Tarim mummies, which are over 4, years old, were excavated from a cemetery in the present-day Xinjiang region.
Mair claims that " the earliest mummies in the Tarim Basin were exclusively Caucasoid, or Europoid " with "east Asian migrants arriving in the eastern portions of the Tarim Basin around 3, years ago", while Mair also notes that it was not until that the Uighur peoples settled in the area.
As of , at least eight mummified human remains have been recovered from the Douzlakh Salt Mine at Chehr Abad in northwestern Iran. Later isotopic research on the other mummies returned similar dates, however, many of these individuals were found to be from a region that is not closely associated with the mine. It was during this time that researchers determined the mine suffered a major collapse, which likely caused the death of the miners. In , a team of Russian archaeologists led by Dr.
Also known as Princess Ukok, the mummy was dressed in finely detailed clothing and wore an elaborate headdress and jewelry. Alongside her body were buried six decorated horses and a symbolic meal for her last journey. The Ice Maiden has been a source of some recent controversy. The mummy's skin has suffered some slight decay, and the tattoos have faded since the excavation. Some residents of the Altai Republic , formed after the breakup of the Soviet Union , have requested the return of the Ice Maiden, who is currently stored in Novosibirsk in Siberia. Another Siberian mummy, a man, was discovered much earlier in His skin was also marked with tattoos of two monsters resembling griffins , which decorated his chest, and three partially obliterated images which seem to represent two deer and a mountain goat on his left arm.
Philippine mummies are called Kabayan Mummies. They are common in Igorot culture and their heritage.
The mummies are found in some areas named Kabayan , Sagada and among others. The mummies are dated between the 14th and 19th centuries. The European continent is home to a diverse spectrum of spontaneous and anthropogenic mummies. The Capuchin monks that inhabited the area left behind hundreds of intentionally-preserved bodies that have provided insight into the customs and cultures of people from various eras. New mummies continue to be uncovered in Europe well into the 21st Century. The United Kingdom , the Republic of Ireland , Germany , the Netherlands , Sweden , and Denmark have produced a number of bog bodies , mummies of people deposited in sphagnum bogs , apparently as a result of murder or ritual sacrifices.
In such cases, the acidity of the water, low temperature and lack of oxygen combined to tan the body's skin and soft tissues. The skeleton typically disintegrates over time. Such mummies are remarkably well preserved on emerging from the bog, with skin and internal organs intact; it is even possible to determine the decedent's last meal by examining stomach contents.
She was erroneously identified as an early medieval Danish queen, and for that reason was placed in a royal sarcophagus at the Saint Nicolai Church, Vejle , where she currently remains. Another famous bog body, also from Denmark, known as the Tollund Man was discovered in The corpse was noted for its excellent preservation of the face and feet, which appeared as if the man had recently died.
To this day, only the head of Tollund Man remains, due to the decomposition of the rest of his body, which was not preserved along with the head. The mummies of the Canary Islands belong to the indigenous Guanche people and date to the time before 14th Century Spanish explorers settled in the area.
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All deceased people within the Guanche culture were mummified during this time, though the level of care taken with embalming and burial varied depending on individual social status. Embalming was carried out by specialized groups, organized according to gender, who were considered unclean by the rest of the community.
The techniques for embalming were similar to those of the ancient Egyptians; involving evisceration, preservation, and stuffing of the evacuated bodily cavities, then wrapping of the body in animal skins. Despite the successful techniques utilized by the Guanche, very few mummies remain due to looting and desecration. The majority of mummies recovered in the Czech Republic come from underground crypts. While there is some evidence of deliberate mummification, most sources state that desiccation occurred naturally due to unique conditions within the crypts.
The Capuchin Crypt in Brno contains three hundred years of mummified remains directly below the main altar. The unique air quality and topsoil within the crypt naturally preserved the bodies over time. Approximately fifty mummies were discovered in an abandoned crypt beneath the Church of St. The Klatovy catacombs currently house an exhibition of Jesuit mummies, alongside some aristocrats, that were originally interred between — In the early s, the mummies were accidentally damaged during repairs, resulting in the loss of bodies.
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The newly updated airing system preserves the thirty-eight bodies that are currently on display. She was found with several artifacts made of bronze, consisting of buttons, a belt plate, and rings, showing she was of higher class. All of the hair had been removed from the skull later when farmers had dug through the casket. Her original hairstyle is unknown. All three mummies were dated to — BC. The Skrydstrup Woman was unearthed from a tumulus in Southern Jutland, in Carbon dating showed that she had died around BC; examination also revealed that she was around 18—19 years old at the time of death, and that she had been buried in the summertime.
Her hair had been drawn up in an elaborate hairstyle, which was then covered by a horse hair hairnet made by the sprang technique. She was wearing a blouse and a necklace as well as two golden earrings, showing she was of higher class.cadivus.co.uk/air-elemental-series-book-2.php
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The Egtved Girl , dated to BC, was also found inside a sealed coffin within a tumulus, in She was wearing a bodice and a skirt, including a belt and bronze bracelets. Found with the girl, at her feet, were the cremated remains of a child and, by her head, a box containing some bronze pins, a hairnet, and an awl. The discovery proved to be scientifically important, and by an exhibition was established in the Museum of Natural History in Budapest.
Unique to the Hungarian mummies are their elaborately decorated coffins, with no two being exactly alike. The varied geography and climatology of Italy has led to many cases of spontaneous mummification.
Ancient Egypt collection - World Museum, Liverpool museums
The Capuchin Catacombs of Palermo were built in the 16th century by the monks of Palermo's Capuchin monastery. Originally intended to hold the deliberately mummified remains of dead friars, interment in the catacombs became a status symbol for the local population in the following centuries. Burials continued until the s, with one of the most famous final burials being that of Rosalia Lombardo.
In all, the catacombs host nearly mummies.
See: Catacombe dei Cappuccini. The most recent discovery of mummies in Italy came in , when sixty mummified human remains were found in the crypt of the Conversion of St Paul church in Roccapelago di Pievepelago , Italy. Built in the 15th century as a cannon hold and later converted in the 16th century, the crypt had been sealed once it had reached capacity, leaving the bodies to be protected and preserved. The crypt was reopened during restoration work on the church, revealing the diverse array of mummies inside.
The bodies were quickly moved to a museum for further study. The mummies of North America are often steeped in controversy, as many of these bodies have been linked to still-existing native cultures. While the mummies provide a wealth of historically-significant data, native cultures and tradition often demands the remains be returned to their original resting places. This has led to many legal actions by Native American councils, leading to most museums keeping mummified remains out of the public eye.
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The National African American Reparations Commission (NAARC) Rolls Out Preliminary 10-Point Reparations Plan at Congressional Black Caucus Conference, 2015
Cong. John Conyers of Detroit, honorable host of the CBC’s Reparations Braintrust and author of HR40 welcomes members of the NAARC and Chairman of the CARICOM Reparations Commission Prof. Sir Hilary Beckles.
NAARC’s Preliminary 10 Point Reparations Program
A Document for Review, Revision and Adoption as a Platform to Guide the Struggle for Reparations for People of African Descent in the U.S.
- Download/Print 10 Point Reparations Program Booklet (PDF)
- The Preamble
- 1. A Formal Apology and Establishment of a MAAFA/African Holocaust Institute
- 2. The Right of Repatriation and Creation of an African Knowledge Program
- 3. The Right to Land for Social and Economic Development
- 4. Funds for Cooperative Enterprises and Socially Responsible Entrepreneurial Development
- 5. Resources for the Health, Wellness and Healing of Black Families and Communities
- 6. Education for Community Development and Empowerment
- 7. Affordable Housing for Healthy Black Communities and Wealth Generation
- 8. Strengthening Black America’s Information and Communications Infrastructure
- 9. Preserving Black Sacred Sites and Monuments
- 10. Repairing the Damages of the “Criminal Injustice System”
- The Call to Action and Healing
- Video from 2015 Congressional Black Caucus Conference
No amount of material resources or monetary compensation can ever be sufficient restitution for the spiritual, mental, cultural and physical damages inflicted on Africans by centuries of the MAAFA, the holocaust of enslavement and the institution of chattel slavery. These crimes against Black humanity, as affirmed by the Durban Declaration and Program of Action, were responsible for the death of millions of Africans who were ripped from their families and nations to labor for the enrichment of industries, commercial and financial institutions and individuals in Europe and the United States. In large measure the wealth of the new American nation was accumulated from the centuries of free labor, brutally extracted from enslaved Africans. With the “abolition” of slavery the “emancipated” sons and daughters of Africa suffered systematic, often violent repression, oppression, exploitation and deprivation under southern apartheid and de facto segregation in every region of this nation.
A political and economic system infected with white supremacy and structural/institutional racism persisted in retarding the dreams and aspirations of a people courageously striving to sustain families, build institutions and create healthy communities in a hostile land. The devastating damages of enslavement and systems of apartheid and de facto segregation spanned generations to negatively affect the collective well being of Africans in America to this very moment. Indeed, despite the civil rights/human rights “gains” achieved by the Black Freedom Struggle, the crises that continue to plague millions of Black people are incontrovertible proof that the disease of white supremacy still permeates the socio-economic and political culture, structures, institutions and systems of this society.
The fulfillment of a “more perfect union” is not possible without an unequivocal acknowledgement of/ and unqualified apology for the “original sins” committed by the European colonialists in brutally, dispossessing the Native people of their lands and the horrific enslavement of Africans to be the economic lifeblood of the “American nation;” a nation conceived to be a “White man’s land.” A more perfect union must be predicated on a new covenant which acknowledges the crimes against humanity committed by European colonialists, the “founding fathers” of this nation and their progeny, and the granting of reparations as restitution to repair and heal the damages done to Native people and Africans.
As a matter of principle, each aggrieved, affected, and offended people must speak for themselves. On behalf of our African ancestors and succeeding generations of unsung heroes and heroines who have historically kept the fight for reparations alive up until the present, which includes the following:
- General Sherman’s Field Order #15 and the promises of 40 acres
- The National Exslave Mutual Relief Bounty and Pension Association led by Sister Callie House
- The Universal Negro Improvement Association / UNIA under the leadership of the Honorable Marcus Mosiah Garvey
- The Nation of Islam under the leadership of the Honorable Elijah Muhammad
- Queen Mother Moore and her Reparations Committee of Descendants of United States Slaves, Inc.
- The Republic of New Africa / RNA and Dr. Imari Obadele
- James Forman and his Black Manifesto reparations demands
- The National Coalition of Reparations for Blacks in America / N`COBRA
- Reparations activist, “Reparations Ray” Jenkins
- Congressman John Conyers
- Massachusetts State Senator Bill Owens
- Malcolm X
- The National Black United Front / NBUF and the December 12th Movement that mobilized the Durban 400
Therefore, the National African American Reparations Commission (NAARC) demands that the government of this nation acknowledge the unspeakable crimes committed against African people through enslavement, the institution of chattel slavery, systems of de jure and de facto segregation and other processes of discrimination, denial and exclusion which have severely damaged Black people across generations. We further declare our intent to relentlessly pursue local and state governments and private institutions directly engaged with or complicit in these crimes.
Pursuant to the fulfillment of this historic mission, the National African American Commission, in consultation with broad representation of the Reparations Movement in America, will establish a National Reparations Trust Authority to be the repository, custodian and administrative body to receive monetary and material resources, allocated by offending parties as restitution to repair the damages inflicted on the sons and daughters of Africans in America during centuries of oppression and exploitation. The National Reparations Trust Authority will be comprised of a cross-section of credible representatives of reparations, civil rights, human rights, labor, faith, educational, civic and fraternal organizations and institutions. It will be empowered to establish subsidiary Trust Funds to administer projects and initiatives in the areas of culture, economic development, education, health and other fields as deemed appropriate based on the demands in this Reparations Program. While the National Reparations Trust Fund is envisioned as a consensus mechanism for the repository of various forms of restitution, NAARC recognizes and respects the right of other Black organizations or agencies to pursue such compensation at the local, state and national level as well.
We are resolved to educate, mobilize and organize African people and all people of conscience and goodwill to compel this nation to acknowledge and apologize for the wrongs of the past and present and to provide the massive resources required to begin the process of repair and healing. Therefore, we advance a comprehensive program for reparatory justice:
A Formal Apology and Establishment of a MAAFA/African Holocaust Institute
A. We demand a formal apology for the role the United States Government played by explicitly and implicitly participating in, encouraging and sanctioning the European Slave Trade and the institution of Chattel Slavery. The apology should be initiated by the President and ratified by the U.S. Congress by roll-call vote.
B. Furthermore, the apology should be accompanied by the establishment of a permanent MAAFA/African Holocaust Institute, charged with providing public education on the origins of enslavement, the role of private and public institutions in initiating and sustaining it; the systems of legal and de facto segregation enacted post-“emancipation” to the present; the damages/harm inflicted on people individually and collectively; and, the wealth and benefits to local, state and the federal government, private institutions and White society in general, derived from these white supremacist institutions and structurally racist policies and practices.
The Right of Repatriation and Creation of an African Knowledge Program
A. The descendants of the millions of Africans who were stolen from Africa and transported to the strange lands of the “Americas” against their will to enrich their captors have a right to return to the motherland to an African nation of their choice. Africans in America who choose to exercise the right to return will be provided with sufficient monetary resources to become productive citizens in their new home and shall be aided in their resettlement by a Black controlled agency funded by the federal government to perform this function.
B. The Repatriation Program will be complemented by an African Knowledge Program similar to the one included in the CARICOM Reparations Commissions’ Ten Point Program of Reparatory Justice. This Program will serve to bridge the barriers and heal the wounds between Africans in the U.S. and Africans on the continent, resulting from centuries of enslavement, cultural alienation, misinformation and divide and conquer/exploit schemes initiated by European and American slave traders, colonialists and neo-colonialists. Emotional Emancipation Healing Circles, research missions and cultural/ educational exchanges to build “bridges of belonging” will be part of such a Program.
The Right to Land for Social and Economic Development
After centuries of free labor that fueled the commercial and industrial revolutions in the U.S., enriched those at the helm of capital and finance and created opportunities and a sense of privilege” for Europeans of every socio-economic strata, enslaved Africans were “emancipated” without being granted a material stake in the form of land/resources, e.g., “40 acres and a mule,” to start anew in this hostile land. Moreover, formerly enslaved Africans were excluded from government programs like the Homestead Act which greatly benefited poor and working class Whites and corporations. Post-emancipation, land owned by Blacks was often stolen though trickery, fraud and discriminatory policies and practices. These policies and practices were rampant in the Department of Agriculture, especially as carried out by Agricultural Extension Agencies in the South. They drastically stunting the growth and led to the bankruptcy of untold numbers of Black farmers. Therefore we demand:
A. Substantial tracts of government/public land in the South and other regions of the country be transferred to the National Reparations Trust Authority with full autonomy in terms equivalent to the sovereignty granted to Native people over reservations awarded to them. These lands are to be utilized for major educational, commercial, industrial, economic/business and health/wellness institutions and enterprises to benefit people of African descent.
B. Funds to support the restoration and enhancement of agricultural development including, grants and loans to limited resource farmers to enable them to expand and compete in the U.S. and global economy.
Funds for Cooperative Enterprises and Socially Responsible Entrepreneurial Development
Despite amazing efforts during the colonial, Revolutionary War, Civil War and post-emancipation eras to the present, historically the quest to build a viable and sustained Black business/economic infrastructure has been thwarted by Blacks being pushed out of sectors of the economy like carpentry, brick masonry, catering, tailoring and other crafts and skills, where they dominated in favor of Whites; the malicious destruction of thriving business districts like “Black Wall Street” in Tulsa and towns like Rosewood by White terrorist attacks; the systematic strangulation of Black towns like Hayti, North Carolina; Urban Renewal (“Negro removal”) programs that gutted Black business districts in numerous cities and towns; and discriminatory lending policies which denied Black businesses the capital needed to survive and develop on a competitive basis. Therefore we demand resources to support major Cooperative Enterprises and Socially Responsible Entrepreneurial Development:
A. Funds to develop an infrastructure of strategic financial, commercial, industrial, agricultural and technology-oriented business/economic enterprises for the benefit of Black America as a whole. These enterprises will be managed by Boards of Trustees appointed by the National Reparations Trust Authority.
B. Funds for the establishment of a Black Business Development Bank to provide grants and loans to socially responsible for-profit entrepreneurships/economic ventures, dedicated to building the Black community, utilizing just labor policies and sustainable environmental practices.
Resources for the Health, Wellness and Healing of Black Families and Communities
The intergenerational psycho-cultural, mental, spiritual and physical damages of Post Traumatic Slavery Syndrome, the daily toll of racism on individuals, families and communities and the debilitating effects of chronic health disparities resulting from structural/institutional racism are well documented by leading Black psychiatrists, psychologists and physicians. Moreover, many public hospitals and medical facilities that traditionally served Black communities have either been forced to close or are ill-equipped to offer a full range of services for lack of adequate funding. Therefore we demand:
A. Funds for the establishment of a regional system of Black controlled Health and Wellness Centers, fully equipped with highly qualified personnel and the best 21st century facilities to offer culturally appropriate, holistic preventive, mental health and curative treatment services.
B. Funds to strengthen existing hospitals and medical centers serving Black communities, e.g., Harlem Hospital, Howard University Medical Center and the reopening of such institutions that previously served Black communities that closed due to lack of funds.
C. Funds to strengthen institutions like Meharry Medical College, and scholarships for students interested in attending these institutions who are committed to providing a period of service to Black communities.
D. Resources to fully operationalize and institutionalize the use of Emancipation Healing Circles as a methodology to address and overcome the damages of Post Traumatic Slavery Syndrome and racism as a disease infecting America’s culture and institutions.
The aforementioned Health and Wellness Programs are to be implemented in consultation with the National Medical Association, National Dental Association, National Association of Black Nurses, Black Psychiatrists of America, Association of Black Psychologists, Inc., All Healers Mental Health Alliance and similar organizations, institutions and agencies.
Education for Community Development and Empowerment
Africans in America have acquired knowledge, produced great inventors, built institutions and developed extraordinary leaders despite calculated efforts to deny Black people an education and/or the propagation of misinformation designed to destroy identity, self-esteem and instill obedience to an oppressive system. During enslavement Africans could be punished or even killed for learning to read. Post-emancipation the vast majority of Black young people have been confined to separate and severely under-resourced schools during legal and de facto segregation. These conditions prevail today in what is sometimes called “poor performing schools.” In higher education African Americans have courageously endeavored to build and maintain a system of Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs), many of which are struggling to survive. Therefore we demand:
A. The allocation of funds for the expansion and consolidation of the National Board of Education of African Ancestry as the body to devise standards and accredit African-Centered educational programming for predominantly Black public schools throughout the country.
B. The provision of monetary and material incentives by the Federal government to school districts which adopt and implement a “Curriculum of Inclusion” of the history and culture of people of African descent in the U.S.
C. Funds to strengthen Historically Black Colleges and Universities as the indispensable backbone of the higher educational infrastructure in Black America.
D. The funding of an endowment to provide free education for students attending HBCUs who are committed to providing service to Black communities.
Affordable Housing for Healthy Black Communities and Wealth Generation
Historically people of African descent were denied equitable access to programs within agencies like the Federal Housing Administration (FHA) which White Americans utilized to create prosperous suburbs across the nation and create wealth that could be transferred inter-generationally. Blacks were often victimized by discriminatory covenants that restricted them to certain neighborhoods: “redlining” by banks which refused to make loans to individuals and businesses in targeted neighborhoods and most recently, sub-prime lending schemes which resulted in the loss of billions of dollars in wealth in the form of home equity. The persistence of these discriminatory policies and practices produced an intergenerational deficit in terms of wealth creation that has stunted the social and economic development in Black families and communities.
Therefore we demand the funding of an African American Housing and Finance Authority to:
A. Finance the planning and construction of holistic and sustainable “villages” with affordable housing and comprehensive cultural-educational, health and wellness, employment and economic services.
B. Function as a source of grants and loans for persons seeking affordable housing.
Strengthening Black America’s Information and Communications Infrastructure
From the earliest days of the forced migration of Africans to these hostile shores, communications vehicles like the Black Press have been critical to the survival and development of Black communities. Black America’s information and communications infrastructure was built and survives despite operating in a hostile environment and the absence of substantial public and private resources, more readily available to White individual and corporate information/communication media. The most recent conglomeratization of electronic and print media with the blessing of the federal government has been particularly devastating to the maintenance of Black America’s information and communications infrastructure. Therefore we demand:
A. An annual federal set-aside of advertising dollars to support Black owned newspapers and magazines and radio and television stations. These funds would be administered by the National Newspaper Publishers Association (NNPA) and National Association of Black Owned Broadcasters (NABOB) under the guidance of the Reparations Trust Authority.
B. Funding for a national non-profit, non-commercial newspaper, radio and television network dedicated exclusively to cultural-education, economic/business and civic engagement programming for the benefit of Black America.
Preserving Black Sacred Sites and Monuments
The struggle for freedom, dignity, self-determination and community/national development is a saga of a people in a strange land resisting, surviving, maintaining families, building institutions and creating a future in the face of unspeakable oppression, exploitation, terror and violence. All across this land there are slave quarters, hundreds of sites where Black people were lynched, and locales where Black towns and institutions were destroyed. But, there are also Black burial grounds, Black towns, e.g. Nicodumus, Kansas, Mt. Bayou, Mississippi, houses of worship, meeting halls, one-room schools and other significant institutions that speak to the triumphant quest of a determined people to create a new African community in this hostile land.
These Black Sacred Sites and Monuments must be preserved as permanent memorials to continuously inform and inspire future generations of people of African descent about this legacy of trials, tribulations and triumph and to remind America of the white supremacist terror employed to obstruct the path to freedom of African Americans.
Therefore we demand:
A. The federal government via the National Parks Service erect markers on every site where a Black person was lynched, where a massacre of Black people was committed and sites where Black towns or neighborhood were destroyed.
B. Funds for the preservation of Black Burial Grounds and other significant cultural/historical sites.
C. Funds to conduct research to identify previously unknown Black Sacred Sites and Monuments.
Repairing the Damages of the “ Criminal Injustice System”
Ever since the forced arrival of enslaved Africans in the Americas, policing and penal policies and practices were enacted to discipline, control and acclimate Black people to systems of exploitation. The “Criminal Injustice System” which evolved was/is a direct extension and protector of the interests of the corporate and political elites in the U.S. From runaway slave patrols, vagrancy laws, chain gangs, the convict lease system to relentless police violence, killings and mass incarceration, racist policies and practices have decimated Black communities and severely constrained civil rights, human rights and the socio-economic and political aspirations of Black people. The “War on Drugs” with its attendant racially – biased policies and practices is the most recent manifestation of this longstanding war on Black people. It has disrupted millions of Black families and severely damaged Black communities across the country. The “criminal injustice system” has been a persistent source of resentment, resistance and rebellion by Black people. Apologies from elected officials, leaders and institutions responsible for fostering and benefiting politically from this unjust system are not sufficient. The damages to Black families and communities must be repaired.
Therefore, we demand:
A. Substantial resources to establish a Black controlled Agency for Returning Citizens:
- To fund Centers in Black communities nationwide to provide culturally appropriate counseling, career development services and job/employment training for formerly incarcerated persons.
- Provide grants to create entrepreneurial/business opportunities in communities damaged by mass incarceration.
B. Restoration of Voting Rights for all formerly incarcerated persons.
C. The exoneration of the Honorable Marcus Mosiah Garvey as the first victim of a “Cointelpro” type operation by J. Edgar Hoover’s FBI.
D. The release of all Political Prisoners and Prisoners of War unjustly convicted of acts of conscious committed resisting and defending Black people from an oppressive system.
E. Revising/amending the 13th Amendment to the Constitution, which formally abolished slavery, to delete the clause: “except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction” – which implies that Black people convicted of crimes can be legally held in bondage.
The Call to Action and Healing
“We have come, over a way that with tears has been watered. We have come threading our path thro’ the blood of the slaughtered. Out of our gloomy past, till now we stand at last, where the white gleam of our bright star is cast.”
In submitting these demands the National African American Reparations Commission calls upon people of African descent to fully engage the struggle to achieve repair for the centuries of enslavement, legal and de facto segregation, systematic exclusion and violent and repressive policies and practices which have damaged Black families and communities across generations. We declare that the struggle for reparations is itself an integral part of the internal healing process which must occur as we strive to build just, humane and wholesome communities. By educating, mobilizing and organizing to win reparations, we create greater collective awareness of and honor the trials, tribulations, blood, suffering, sacrifice, survival, triumph and achievements of our ancestors. We are healed and made whole by being in communion with our ancestors and continuing the struggle for reparations and the liberation of people of African descent, Black people, in their name. The struggle continues!
Danny Glover’s Message
We are profoundly thankful to Danny Glover for his support of the work of the Institute of the Black World 21st Century (IBW) and the National African American Reparations Commission (NAARC). As a tireless advocate for the U.N. Decade for People of African Descent and reparatory justice, Danny Glover has been with IBW every step of the way in our successful effort to intensify the U.S. and global reparations movements. We urgently need your support to continue this vital work.
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Awesome Us Program
Initiative Description: The Awesome Us strengths program incorporated student discussion of current events from a strengths perspective (the strengths they noticed in themselves) and identifying strengths from video clips, taught students that each person can bring a different perspective to strength use and that using strengths is a part of daily life. The program resulted in higher scores on class cohesion, relatedness, need satisfaction and lower on class friction, as well as higher levels of positive affect, classroom engagement, autonomy need satisfaction and strengths use.
Study Results: Improved student/classroom engagement.
Reference: Quinlan, D. M., Swain, N., Cameron, C., & Vella-Brodrick, D. A. (2015). How ‘other people matter’ in a classroom-based strengths intervention: Exploring interpersonal strategies and classroom outcomes. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 10(1), 77-89. doi:10.1080/17439760.2014.920407
Level of Evidence: Very Good
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The cities of San Francisco and Oakland have sued fossil fuel producers for misleading the public about the effects of their greenhouse gas emissions. The case has broken new ground: This is one of the first times energy companies have gone on record about climate change.
Judge William Alsup had lawyers from both sides brief him on the history and science of climate change to get the facts before making any precedent-setting decisions. Legal experts watching the case say companies like Exxon and Chevron have never gone into this much detail about the climate impacts of their activities.
Independent research traces a lot of the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere back to fossil fuel producers. And these companies generally agree that climate change does threaten the environment. Exxon even invested in climate research that spelled this out back in the '80s.
But watchdog groups claim most fossil fuel producers still don't do enough to prevent the damage they cause. The Union of Concerned Scientists says that instead, Exxon and others are inaccurate or inconsistent about the risks or even spread outright disinformation.
At the hearing, attorneys for fuel companies stressed that scientists haven't always been certain about how emissions affect the climate. They also pointed to reports that tie greenhouses gases to growth of the global economy and population rather than to the activities of specific firms.
So oil producers aren't changing their rhetoric on climate change much. But depending on how the case goes, they might still have to address its effects. If the judge sides with cities, BP, Exxon and others would have to pay for seawalls and other infrastructure to protect public property in coastal cities.
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If you look at avalanche advisories other English-speaking countries like Canada and New Zealand, they will look similar to our advisory. Thanks to a grant obtained by the Utah Avalanche Center, several of the avalanche centers including those in Wyoming, Idaho, Utah, Colorado, and here in California/Nevada have come together to create this common look.
The avalanche advisory is designed for people who have taken at least an avalanche awareness class or preferably an avalanche Level 1 course. We don't expect a first time user to understand the contents of an advisory. This page explains the basic concepts of the advisory and how to read it.
The first section offers a choice of views: a basic view and a danger rose view. You can easily switch between these views by clicking on the "switch view" button above and right of the bottom line.
The Mountain Graphic / Basic View
This graphic provides a general overview of the avalanche danger with a short paragraph on the "Bottom Line" information. This section many tell you whether you can safely walk you dog on a mountain trail or snowmobile on a mountain road. The rest of the advisory gives more specific avalanche information you will need for more specific trip planning decisions. For a tutorial on danger ratings click HERE.
The Danger Rose View:
This view provides the same "bottom line" summary paragraph as the mountain/basic view. The danger rose graphic next to the bottom line displays the danger rating by aspect and elevation.
Imagine looking straight down on a mountain from above where the center of the diagram is the top of the mountain and the outside edges of the diagram are the lowest elevation terrain. The shape of the diagram is supposed to remind you that mountains have many ridges, gullies and bowls. For instance, even on the south side of a mountain, the sides of gullies or ridges may face east or west and there may be parts of a bowl that actually face north. Aspect is aspect no matter where you find it.
Below this Bottom Line section, you will find the avalanche problems for the day. These have a series of symbols and graphics above a description to help explain the avalanche problem and help you remember it while making decisions in the field.
Likelihood of Triggering means the probability that a single person will trigger that type of avalanche in the terrain specified.
Size means the size of the avalanche. Small avalanches are D1 in size or not quite large enough to bury a person unless other factors like terrain traps contribute to magnify the consequences of the avalanche. Large avalanches are D2 avalanches meaning that they can bury or injury people. Very large avalanches are D3 avalanches that can bury and destroy a car, damage a truck, destroy a small building or break a few trees. Historic avalanches are D4 and D5 avalanches that can destroy a railway car, large truck, several buildings, a small village, or a forest area up to 40 hectares.
There are many different kinds of avalanches and each has its own characteristics. Most Level 1 avalanche classes cover these various avalanche problems. For a quick tutorial, click HERE.
For each problem, we tell you both graphically and in text, where you will find the problem by aspect and elevation, the characteristics of the problem including how easy it is to trigger, its size and distribution, and whether or not its is becoming more or less dangerous.
The Aspect-Elevation Rose
The aspect-elevation rose is a powerful way to understand the general avalanche pattern in a glance by aspect (the direction a slope faces) and elevation.
These blue-and-grey roses are what we call "locator roses" meaning that they show you the general aspect and elevation where you will MOST LIKELY find the avalanche problem, not all the places where you might find it. The blue areas indicate where this avalanche problem likely exists and the grey areas indicate where it likely is absent.
Following the avalanche problems section, there is section followed by a summary of the recent snow and avalanche observations. In the Recent Observations section, we have included an image slider that displays the videos, photos, and snowpits collected in the last 5 days. Below the observations is a brief Weather section.
Finally, remember this information is only for AVALANCHE TERRAIN, which is generally slopes steeper than 30 degrees (or flatter slopes locally connected to steeper terrain). Even on high danger days you can find much safer terrain if you stay on slopes less steep than about 30 degrees that are not underneath steeper terrain.
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Proper management of stagnant wetlands is important if the spread of certain diseases such as malaria is to be controlled. Stagnant water provides a suitable breeding ground for mosquitoes that in turn play a role in the spread of malaria. However, different plants can be used to control stagnant wetland areas. Most of the plants that grow in wetlands do not necessarily require the water to be standing to grow well because they can even survive in dry areas. By planting different wetland plants, it is possible to turn the stagnant wetland into a paradise. Here are a number of plants that you can use to control your stagnant wetland areas.
Cattails are among the most common aquatic plants. They grow in wetlands and are characterized by a flowering spike that is unique and flat leaves that look like blades. They also grow to a height of between 3 and 10 feet. These plants are common in large marshes and the edge of ponds because they flourish in shallow, flooded environments. The cattails can grow and spread fast under the right condition.
Duck potato is also known as Sagittaria latifolia, Indian potato, or broadleaf arrowhead. It is found in the shallow wetlands. Duck potatoes produce some edible tubers that can are commonly used in South America as food. The plant matures to a height of 2 to 4 meters and is characterized by some large leaves that are evergreen and have the shape of the arrowroot.
The botanical name of pickerelweed is Pontederia Cordova. The plant grows to around 2 to 3 feet in association with the arrow annum. Leaves that have the shape of a heart and stripes that look like the veins characterize pickerelweed. It has an inflorescent that has a blue flower appearing on one of the leaf-like bracts. The blooming period of the plant is between May and October.
Its large leaf blades that are triangular and fruiting heads that look like fruits mark arrow arum. The leaves of the plants will emerge in May or June to surround a cylindrical inflorescence that appears quite fleshy. This inflorescence will later transform into a seed case that looks like pod during the early autumn and late summer. The seed case will drop into the marsh to release the seeds.
The botanical name of the soft rush is Juncus effuses. The plant looks like the black needle rush that appears in the marshes of saltwater. However, it does not have a sharp tip. Soft rush is also not still like the black needle rush.
Flowers that look like showy pink hibiscus with alternate leaves that have dense hair characterize marshmallow. The plant matures to a height of 2 or 3 feet, and its blooming period is between July and August. With the right wetland plant, it will be possible for you to enhance the beauty of your environment. Having these plants in your garden creates a relaxing and attractive environment.
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The whole point of school, I believe, is to wake up students to the treasures and passions they have within themselves.
If this is true, then these “21st Century Learning Skills” are not merely to ensure that our future students find amazing jobs, or make our nation more impressive, or ensure that our children don’t fall behind some international standard, but these progressive learning skills should be in service of our young people becoming more human. We are moving beyond a factory model of education, churning out obedient little widgets, to a student centred, innovative, and connected model that nurtures the inherent potential in young people.
So with this in mind, I want to share with you some thoughts about one way I am trying to cultivate this within my students. This is my attempt at a personalized / progressive Grade 7 reading program:
- I started the year giving my students a personal reading log, where they can track and record the books that they read.
- My students choose their own books and the only requirements is that they have read at least 5 different genres and 30 books through the whole year.
- While many students had mini-cardiac attacks when they heard the benchmark, my stance on this is firm: you have to constantly be reading. Big books (over 300 pages) count as 2 books and shorter books are valid. Just read. Read more than you thought was possible. Choose books that you are excited about and you will be shocked at how quickly you will WANT to finish them.
- While we have different kinds of assessments attached to their reading(writing letters to friends about their reading, book talks, letters to authors) most of this reading is not attached to grades, rubrics, or marks. Separating
evaluation from reading actually gives some space so they can enjoy the process of reading. There is a time and a place for assessment; when cultivating a passion and a love affair, grades can often have a deterring effect.
- This approach is largely inspired by Nancie Atwell’s approach to literacy instruction and her personalized workshop instruction.
What I have noticed is working:
- My students are reading. Other teachers are commenting on how they are reading in the hallways, before their classes start, and for the first time, they are going into the library to take out books.
- My students are challenging themselves. I have a collection of students that are hungry for bigger reading challenges and will willingly take on more adult / mature reads (“To Kill a Mockingbird”, “The Bell Jar”, “Prayer For Owen Meany”, “Cats Eye”, “Catcher in the Rye”, “Girl Interrupted”), because there is incentive to do so now.
- My students are developing their tastes. So many of my students don’t know what they like to read, because they have always had teachers tell them what to read. They are actually articulating now what they like to read, which I believe is a step towards these students understanding themselves more as learners and as human beings.
- My students love coming to class. We start every class with at least 10 minutes of reading to ourselves (and I join in). It’s not a new idea in education, but it is for my students. Our classes are calmer when we begin our session together. It allows my students to transition their thinking to English learning. It gives them a quiet space in a frenetic and chaotic world (many students actually come in early to get more time to read).
And this is what I am pulling my hair out over:
- What is the right balance between “un-evaluated” and “evaluated” reading work?
- How do I ensure that the students are actually understanding what they are reading? While I diagnose, support, and scaffold comprehension with other activities, it is possible that some of the texts my students are reading (especially the students with IEPs) are going under-appreciated or misunderstood.
- How do I ensure that the developing readers still feel successful when they are “falling behind” the reading benchmarks?
- How can I keep my students reading actively outside of school? Other than assigning little homework and giving time in class for some reading, I’m often pulling my hair out with some students who just don’t engage with their reading at home.
What can I do to address these challenges in my program?
Re-reading through those struggles, it actually sounds like more of a challenge that I am having between control and freedom. Allowing for space to ensure that my students can take risks, explore new territories, and yet also be accountable to their own learning is a tricky balance for any classroom. What have you done in your own progressive classrooms that help to nurture this delicate balance?
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| 0.96434 | 1,014 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Pachycephalosaurus is a large animal with a very thick skull shell and decorated with a bunch of scary spines. The scientists believe that dinosaurs scare each other to win the right to marry and become ruler.
Despite its size and terrifying look, they do not seem too dangerous. At no time fighting with his opponent, they live in peace, wandering in small groups and feed the plant leaves and tender to his children.
Length: Up to 8 meters
Height: 3 feet up to the waist; 6 feet to head
Weights: Up to 3 tons
So far, there are 13 species of dinosaurs ‘hard-headed’ or known as Pachycephalosaurus. The 12 types of other is much smaller than Pachycephalosaurus. Pachycephalosaurus skeleton was found in North America, Britain, East Asia and Madagascar. Pachycephalosaurus, including Pachycephalosaurus having an extra bone in book 10 of the first bone tail bone. This makes the area behind her waist is wider than the other two-legged dinosaurs. Perhaps also it is an adaptation that allows them to give birth to larger babies. Famous fossil hunter from America, Barnum Brown, who has found Pachycephalosaurus over the years he has given the name to the 14 dinosaurs, including Ankylosaurus.
Pachycephalosaurus was found in 1938 in Montana, USA. Since then, some parts of the fossils were also found in the surrounding states. Other hard-headed dinosaurs lived in Canada, England, Mongolia, China and even Madagascar.
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Civilization began through the influence of agriculture. It was agriculture, and the power it could claim over the lives of others, that the magical
cults of the ancient world can first trace their origin.
The first consistent usage of agriculture - that is, mass production of a particular resource, in particular, wheat and barley - appears in the
archeological record around 11,700 years ago, with it becoming a regular staple-product 8000 years ago in various city states, up until the formation
of the major kingdoms with the beginning of the old kingdom in Egypt and Sumer in Mesopotamia.
However planned this may seem, and however much people today, particularly here at this site, imagine just-so stories about aliens giving mankind
technology, the most likely explanation is one that is consonant with the laws of biology, which in turn emerge out of the laws of physics; namely,
“They [centralized states] appeared independently around the world wherever ecological preconditions allowed, in the Old World as well as in the
Americas and across a wide-range of environments from the alluvial floodplains of Egypt and Mesopotamia to the highlands of the Andes. Defying this
considerable diversity of context, the best-known among them developed into strikingly similar entities. All of them witnessed the expansion of
hierarchies in different domains, from the political sphere to the family and religious belief systems – an autocatalytic process whereby “the
hierarchical structure itself feeds back on all societal factors to make them more closely into an overall system that supports the authority
structure.” Pressures in favor of increasing stratification had an enormous effect on moral values, for the residue of ancestral egalitarianism was
replaced by belief in the merits of inequality and acceptance of hierarchy as an integral element of the natural and cosmic order.” – Walter
Scheidel, The Great Leveler, pg. 44, Princeton, 2017
What the human being was doing was practically identical, albeit, at a much higher emergent level of personified meaning, the autocatalytic
transformations that underlie cell formation, with molecules feeding into the cell and into its self-structuring process in terms of the establishment
of relationships between external resources, and internal chemical time-tables.
Humans cannot help but drum up theories; and the more complex, the 'more' true they seem, the harder it can be to pull away far enough to consider
the likelihood, perhaps, that you may just be believing what you feel you need to believe to feel better.
Wheat and the Demon Dagon
Now, unlike many academic scholars, I am interested in addressing what human beings, especially the educated ones, address: namely, metaphysics,
magic, and mysticism, or said differently: the representational dogma about how reality works, the methods employed to manipulate that reality, and
the experiences used to describe the very gradations of that reality.
I assume, in other words, that an 'oral' tradition suffices to communicate and pass on complex representational systems of thought that aren't
necessarily required to be put into print. Indeed, it would be naïve to think Plato, or Aristotle, or Thales, who is said to have given
"philosophy" to Greece, developed their thinking in a void. Rather, there has always likely been a pronounced philosophical complexity in the
ruminations of civilizations 'elite' class, even if that class hadn't yet developed the means to encode their thinking in alphabetical writing
So what is Dagon?
I mention this ancient god of fertility because of the strange association between agriculture, which is what was offered to him as sacrifice, and a
fish, which is transformed into a head, similar to the hat worn by the pontiffs of Rome, as well as the crowns of the Pharoahs of Egypt.
Fish live in the sea, that is, below the water. The traditional interpretation of water is the unconscious, or 'what lies below' conscious
awareness. Thus, the fish with its head upwards and mouth wide open is a symbol of something in the unconscious receiving nourishment from without.
Indeed, and quite appropriately, it is wheat - the very wheat which has made the elites able to store and build up a surplus resource, that is, the
very process that gives a small number of humans an advantage over the whole, which is given as an offering to the god dagon: the demon, or evil
impulse, which motivates, and perhaps, aids the machinations of the ruling classes modus-operandi.
Symbolic Creatures, Symbolic Warfare
So the story goes, Arunah the Jebusite lived in a town called Jebus. Historians believe that the very site which Arunah officiated at, and the later
David built his precious temple, was dedicated to the god Dagon, the fish god.
So the question to be asked - by a scientific mind, that is, is: is this site really special, or is it just a matter of human beings ascribing meaning
to a location, and then coopting the site, one after the other, in such a way as to infuse the site with a subjectively "real" significance to the
Dagons temple switch over to the Temple of YHWH; of course, this, judging from the etymological nature of YHWH, was probably a switch from demon
worship (dagon) to the worship of being, because the 3 letter Hebrew root of this term means, "to be".
In any case, I am not interested in mysticism or any just-so stories about God's will in reality (all of which are probably psychodynamic
projections) but only how the human mind has projected meaning onto a physical place, and literally, to this very day, this site serves as a primary
loci in human social and cultural relations.
Indeed, if mysticism, and the human penchant of trusting/believing in the power of revelation over reason, is to be a judge, next year will mark the
70th year of Israel's founding, and given what 70 signifies to kabbalists and occultists, there is a good chance that much of what we are going
through right now - with Trump and his 'coming' in the Hebrew year 777 (reminds me of Crowley's Liber 777), and the 'liberty' it portends for
those who do not subscribe to any laws of nature, will probably reach an extreme point in May 2018 when the religious fundamentalists in Israel
idealistically pursue their perfect square temple, despite the raucous chaos it will unleash in the region, and in particular, between Muslims and
Anywho, Food for Thought!
My writing is always done from the perspective of someone with a deep skepticism about religious thinking i.e. theology, but also a deep belief in the
goodness of human beings - who do not mean to be crazy maniacs; we can't help but be what nature is - or where nature currently has us.
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Many parents and physical education teachers have traditionally shied away from strength training with their children or students. However, there is sufficient research to suggest that strength training is a suitable—and safe—option for most youth.
Correcting the Misconceptions
There are a number of common myths about youth strength training that continue to cause concern among parents and educators. Two of the most common misconceptions are that strength training may stunt the growth of children and that children should not lift weights until they are 12 years old. There is simply no evidence to support either of these statements. In fact, all of the major fitness and medical organizations in the U.S. recommend strength training for youth, assuming that basic guidelines are adhered to and that appropriate leadership is present. And about the question of age, children can begin to train with weights as soon as they are able to accept and follow directions—usually around the age of seven or eight.
The benefits of youth strength training are similar to those for adults, though the importance of getting an early start cannot be overemphasized—the most important benefit of any youth fitness program is an improved attitude about lifelong activity. Improvements in muscular fitness, bone mineral density, body composition, motor fitness performance and injury resistance should be compelling evidence for all parents, though children will likely focus on things like enhanced sports performance and the social aspects of exercise. In fact, children don’t usually have the ability to comprehend long-term concepts until the ages of 11 to 14, so abstract ideas like healthy bones and disease prevention will do little to motivate them, and may in fact de-motivate some children. Stick with ideas like self-improvement and individual success, and always make sure everyone is having fun. Fun is the number one motivator in almost every aspect of a child’s life.
Another compelling argument for youth strength-training programs is that significant improvements have been seen in the self-esteem, mental discipline and socialization of children who participate. Think back to your days in P.E. What games did you play? What types of physical attributes and skills were most often rewarded with success? Most likely, you are thinking of team games that featured speed, agility, jumping ability and overall athleticism. And those things should be rewarded! But a glaring omission in that list is muscular strength, and it is often overweight and obese children who will excel in that area. Weight training provides an opportunity to let children who typically struggle with group activities stand out from their classmates and perform well on an individual basis. What a tremendous way to boost self-esteem in the children who need it most.
How to Get Your Kids Started
It is important that parents and teachers do not impose training techniques and philosophies on children just because they may have worked for their own routines. Listen very closely to kids’ concerns and address them with care. Instructor attitude is of the utmost importance when working with kids. Start slowly and lean toward underestimating rather than overestimating the strength of young exercisers. Not only is it safer to do so, but it also leaves plenty of room for progress—and tangible progress is essential in the early stages of a youth strength-training program. The initial focus should be on developing good form and learning the basics of strength training.
Introduce children to a variety of exercises and types of resistance. Most kids love to learn new things, so working with medicine balls and resistance tubing in addition to the more traditional free weights and machines is a great idea—and a much more affordable one. Just be sure that all the major muscle groups are addressed in a balanced, full-body workout.
Finally, remember that your goals when exercising with children are simple: Be safe, have fun and help kids learn to love physical activity.
American Council on Exercise—Youth Strength Training by Avery D. Faigenbaum & Wayne L. Westcott
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posted on Jun, 28 2011 @ 09:37 AM
Dictionary entry: "1...the science that investigates the principles governing correct or reliable inference".
The words which strike me are 'principles' and 'reliable'. I will make an instant conclusion which is, the use of these two words indicate a full
lack of understanding of what 'logic' really is. Principles? Logic is only one principle by definition, so why the plural? Logic, by its very
self, must be more than reliable, it must be a factual conclusion using accepted facts. Accepted facts - I shot myself in the foot there. Accepted
means we 'agree' on a premise. Who is to say it is the ultimate fact without misunderstanding in any way? There is a difference between
principles, reliable facts and logic.
I concur that it is illogical of me to argue about logic, but why is it? It is only illogical if its positive pair, logic, is a factual idea. My
purpose of discussion is to see if we can prove (or not) that logic as a principle, is flawed. So, as it stands, it is indeed illogical because its
positive pair, logic, is currently a positive-state concept. However, for purpose of discussion, I am obliged to break tradition and remain against
logic (?) until the real concept of logic is discovered (or proveably not).
"It is illogical to assume your logical speculation is the most possible truth".
I did not say it is; I said "is it?". Does logic really, factually provide us with the most possible truth? What is beyond logic? Is logic as a
concept flawed by out lack of perspective?
"So the question becomes "is it illogical to think logic is logical"?"
The question does not become this; the question always was this
I thought it was about time for some real brain-bending from all the news stories and UFO's buzzing around.
Logical answers only, please
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Two types of fruiting persimmons are grown in the South. The native American species is a bigger, more cold-tolerant tree than its Asian counterpart, but the Asian type bears larger fruit. Neither species is fussy about soil, as long as it is well drained. For the ornamental Texas persimmon, see Diospyros texana.
American persimmon (Diospyros virginiana) is native from Connecticut to Kansas and southward to Texas and Florida
- Grows well in Zones US, MS, LS, CS; USDA 6-9.
- Can grow to 3560 feet tall, 2035 feet wide.
- As a landscape tree, it is not as ornamental as the Asian species and is probably best used in woodland gardens.
- Attractive gray-brown bark is fissured in a checkered pattern.
- Glossy, green, broadly oval leaves to 6 inches long turn yellow, pink, or reddish purple in fall.
- Round, 1- to 2 inches-wide fruit is yellow to orange (often blushed red); very astringent until soft-ripe, then very sweet.
- On wild species, fruit ripens in early fall after frost; some selections do not require much winter chill.
- Both male and female trees are usually needed to get fruit.
- Meader is self-fruitful; its fruit is seedless if not pollinated.
- Early Golden has more flavorful fruit; it needs cross-pollination for best crop.
- Trees usually need pruning only to remove broken or dead branches.
- Does best with regular moisture but will also perform well with moderate water.
Japanese or Oriental persimmon (Diospyros kaki) grows and fruits best in Zones MS, LS, CS; USDA 7-9
- It reaches 30 feet tall (or more) and at least as wide.
- Has a handsome branch pattern and is one of the best fruit trees for ornamental use; makes a good small shade tree and is suitable for espalier.
- Leaves are leathery ovals 67 inches longlight green when new, maturing to dark green.
- They turn vivid yellow, orange, or red in fall (even in mild climates).
- After leaves drop, brilliant orange-scarlet, 2- to 312 inches fruit brightens the tree for weeks and persists until winter unless harvested.
- Without pollination, sets seedless fruit; pollinated trees often produce more abundant crops.
Prune trees when they are young to establish a good framework; thereafter, prune only to remove dead wood, shape the tree, or open up a too-dense interior. Remove any suckers that shoot up from below the graft line. Rootstock sprouts that emerge from the soil some distance from the trunk must also be removed.
Fruit drop is a common problem in young trees. To avoid it, water regularly and feed once in late winter or early spring; too little or inconsistent moisture causes fruit drop, as does overfertilizing (too much fertilizer also causes excessive growth). Excessive fruit drop can also be reduced by providing a pollenizer (such as 'Gailey'), but fruit will be seedy.
Some Japanese persimmon selections are astringent until soft-ripeat which stage they become very sweet. To save the crop from birds, pick fruit when fully colored but still hard, then let it ripen off the tree. Astringent types must be eaten when the flesh is mushy and puddinglike. Nonastringent types are hard (like apples) when ripe, with a mildly sweet flavor; they can be eaten hard, but their flavor improves when they are allowed to soften slightly off the tree.
- Medium-size, acorn-shaped fruit.
- When pollinated, has seeded flesh with dark streaks; when unpollinated, has seedless yellow-orange flesh.
- Fruit from pollinated trees has best flavor.
- Must be soft to eat.
- Firm fleshed; about the size of a baseball but flattened like a tomato.
- Similar but larger is 'Gosho', widely offered as 'Giant Fuyu'.
- Square-shaped fruit.
- Excellent quality.
- Ripens lightly later than 'Fuyu'.
- Roundish to conical fruit.
- Bears many male flowers and is often used as a pollenizer.
- Big, slightly pointed fruit.
- Very shapely tree for ornamental use.
- Medium-size, round fruit borne on a tree about half the standard size.
- Ripens early.
Matsumoto Wase Fuyu
- An early-ripening form of 'Fuyu'.
- Thin fruit to prevent limb breakage.
- Large, acorn-shaped fruit.
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This is a drawing of Lonchidion, a hybodont shark from the Mesozoic Era. There were at least eleven different species, one of which was found in the Hell Creek Formation. I won’t get into all of the particulars regarding this genus or the Hell Creek species in particular (L. selachos). Their size depended upon the species, some being very small. Lonchidion selachos may have been three feet long, judging by the size of its dorsal spines. The drawing is based upon the preserved remains of other hybodont sharks, because specimens from the Hell Creek Formation consist mostly of teeth, well-preserved specimens of any Lonchidion species are very rare, and as far as I am aware, they looked more or less like other well-known hybodonts.
Hybodont sharks are identified by their large dorsal fin spines as well as the four large spines atop their heads, which are really overly-enlarged denticle scales found all over the rest of the body. Hybodonts first appeared during the Carboniferous Period, but it was during the Jurassic that they came into their own. However, by the Cretaceous Period, they were being replaced by so-called “modern” sharks very similar to the ones we see today. Lonchidion was one of the last surviving members of its kind before the whole hybodont group (the few species that remained, anyway) was completely wiped out at the end of the Mesozoic Era 65 million years ago.
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Lesson Plans Details
TopicBasquiat art lesson plans.
PostedFri, Jun 14th 2019 13:04 PM
If you`re conducting a science experiment lesson, make sure you have all of the ingredients needed so that all students can complete the experiment. You don`t want to give a science lesson on creating a volcano and find out once students are gathered and ready that you`ve forgotten a key ingredient like baking soda.
Always gather all needed supplies ahead of time, and have them ready and available at the front of the room. If you`ll be conducting a high school math lesson and all students will need are their textbooks, lined paper, and calculators, that makes your job easier. Do have extra pencils, textbooks, calculators, and paper available, though, in case any students have forgotten these items.
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How to create a voltaic cell battery using a lemon.
1Polish the zinc and a penny (a small copper coin) with sandpaper.Ad
2Squeeze lemon without breaking its skin. The squeezing action releases juices inside the lemon.
3Cut two slits in the top of the lemon, 1 to 2 centimeters apart.
4Insert a penny (or copper coin) into one slit and the zinc into the other.
5Test to see if voltage is produced by touching leads of voltmeter to both the penny and the zinc.Ad
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If so, share what you know about how to give yourself a facial.
Thanks for sharing your knowledge.
We are a bit smarter today because of you.
- You can replace the strip of zinc with a galvanized nail.
- If you can get a copper strip instead of a penny, it will work even better. You can place it deeper into the cell. Pennies made after 1982 only have a thin layer of copper on the outside, the rest is zinc. Pennies from before 1982 and some from 1982 have a much higher copper content. You can hear the difference if you drop the pennies on a hard surface. If you have a real strip of copper, it will work better.
- You can replace the penny with a silver or nickel coin.
- You can replace the voltmeter with the speaker from an old transistor radio.
- Many other replacements are possible: experiment with them.
- This is called a wet cell; normal batteries are dry cells.
- Always be careful when working with electricity.
- Power in single cell isn't strong. You will require several linked together to light a light bulb (two or more cells make a battery).
Things You'll Need
- Zinc strip
- Penny (small copper coin)
- One lemon
- Scissors or knife
Sources and Citations
- Lemon battery, Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemon_battery
Categories: Science for Kids
Recent edits by: Karen, Hailey Girges, Abrogation316
In other languages:
Thanks to all authors for creating a page that has been read 107,861 times.
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The Oxford Illustrated History of English Literature, edited by Pat Rogers. New York: Oxford University Press. 528 pp. $30. The History of English Literature: One Indivisible, Unending Book, by Peter Conrad. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. 740 pp. $39.95.
Today, historians - including literary historians - must navigate between the Scylla of hard fact and the Charybdis of system and theory. They will inevitably veer closer to one extreme, the monster of positivism, or the other, the whirlpool of theory, but if careful, will in time sail into the open waters of the reader's affections.
Like other recent Oxford histories, ``The Oxford Illustrated History of English Literature'' is a collaborative effort. Experts sum up the recognized periods of English literary history, presenting the basic, agreed-on facts and discussing some of the great works in detail.
In contrast, Peter Conrad's ``History of English Literature'' is definitely a one-man show and just escapes coming to grief in swirling theories.
In his foreword to the Oxford history, editor Pat Rogers defends the traditional historical approach against the recent demand for a ``new literary history'' based on theoretical ``explanations'' of facts. He says his collaborators have been chosen ``not just because of proven scholarship, but also because they maintain a vital concern with the critical ideas of the present.''
And yet, it must be said that some of these writers show their concern for ``the critical ideas of the present'' by studiously ignoring them.
Others manage to make the facts shine with their own light. Early in the book, J.A. Burrow explains the Anglo-Saxon verse line so patiently and graphically that we almost hear the poet speak to us from the Dark Ages.
Sometimes the facts of plot synopsis crowd out telling facts of context: Johnson's attitude toward his Dictionary, Pope's toward money. Sometimes the pictures do what the text doesn't: illuminate. Since the illustrations - many full pages, many in color - are expertly captioned and interesting in themselves, they add their own layer of fact to this history.
This is a book of discoveries. In John Pitcher's chapter on Tudor literature (1485-1603), there's a fine defense of John Skelton's poetry. ``It has to be said,'' we read, ``that he is not a major writer, but he is more than a charming na"if or a dotty, hawk-flying jigster (two modern ways of placing him).''
Even at his spiciest, it is argued, Skelton is refreshing, saved from prurience by medieval gentilesse. ``Where Skelton is not cool is in his attacks on sham anguish, or phoney blushes, or desire which dresses itself in power and self-righteousness.''
Then there's a stout reading of ``Paradise Lost'' that confronts the pseudo-sophisticated readings now prevailing and, to my mind, defeats them hands down.
Jane Austen's fictions are shown to be alert to the big subjects - politics, sexual passion - that some readers miss in her novels. Her career is summarized thus: ``The early Jane Austen novels had heroines whose minds were carried away by fashionable ideas. We reach the mature Jane Austen when she no longer needs a fashionable idea to blind her heroine - sheer willfulness will do it.'' Such pithy epitomes add charm to the Oxford book.
Peter Conrad's history is another thing altogether: It feeds the appetite for ``explanation'' referred to by Rogers. Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature, Conrad has written books on diverse topics and lectured widely in the United States. His history of English literature reveals both his ambition and his capacity for entertaining an audience.
This is a ``totalizing'' work. It seeks the ``unity'' of its subject; it pretends ``to include everyone of significance, and to relate them all to each other.'' It's full of sentences beginning with the word ``all.'' It's full of definitions - sometimes two in one sentence: On page one we read that ``The first instinct of literature is epic, because language is power.''
And it's full of definition-laden theory. Of Andrew Marvell, Conrad says, ``...the pastoral is the primary existence, and the form most lyrically tenacious of paradise.'' Conrad's joining of linking verbs, literary terms, philosophical terms, and lively adverbs like ``tenacious'' in this sentence suggest his style - and how dizzying this book can be.
Still, Conrad is no ideologue, forcing facts to fit his system. He's an enthusiastic variety of ``theoretician'' in the Greek sense: an educated spectator. He's putting it all together. He's doing ``color'' analysis for a reader whose attentions soon flicker between the game and the voice of the analyst. Conrad misses things, sometimes important things, but makes up for it with observations of his own.
Both these books avoid their respective extremes. Neither is disfigured by the various reductive approaches to literature popular now - done in the name of social history, cultural context, and so on. Both know what literature is and love it. The Oxford history would make a perfect gift for someone about to enter a liberal arts program; Conrad is appropriate for the already educated reader.
Thomas D'Evelyn is the Monitor's book editor.
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Whether it's your first time as a preschool teacher or you are an experienced veteran, you can always use a little inspiration. Tips and suggestions from your peers can turn a dull day to a fun day at preschool. Learn how to start the year off right.
Beginning the school year can be very exciting for teachers and students. This is probably your students' first learning experience, so you need to be ready for anything.
The more organized you are the better. Set up your classroom so everything is labeled and has a place. Provide pictures that accompany each word so preschoolers can have a visual of what it is. Place photographs of the children on each individual cubby so they know where to place their items. Set class rules with your students the first day of school.
In addition to getting your classroom organized and setting rules, it's important to make the students feel comfortable. Establishing a routine right away allows the students to know what comes next for the rest of the school year. This will provide them with security when they know what to expect every day. Follow these tips and it will help your first few days run smoothly.
Starting the Year
Creating a positive environment from the first day of school will lead you to a year of success. Students are not the only ones who get nervous the first day. There are so many things to do from setting up your classroom to providing lesson plans and activities that will keep your preschoolers' attention. Here are a few tips to keep your students engaged:
- Use technology where appropriate.
- Provide group lessons & activities.
- Limit lectures to small groups.
- Let students stand during an activity.
- Provide hands-on lessons.
Teachers always need inspiration and who better to get that from than your fellow educators. They always have the best suggestions on topics from classroom management to how to devise a yearlong curriculum. Use these resources to help you make your school year successful.
Lesson plans are developed by teachers to guide students in their classroom instruction. Each lesson a teacher creates usually correlates with his or her educational philosophy and relates to the student's individual needs and interests. The purpose for creating lesson plans is for the teacher to have a guide to follow so they can give their students the best foundation for educational success.
Here are a few of the best lessons from Bright Hub's top educators. These lessons will give you guidance during the beginning of the school and throughout the year. Learn ideas for creating an environment in which your class will feel safe and loved.
Planning activities for back to school is a fun way to engage your students, while they will be developing critical learning skills in the process. Here are some skills the students will learn:
- Hand-eye coordination
- Fine motor skills
- Language skills
Using activities to teach preschoolers will encourage cognitive development and help build important connections and language and social skills. All of these are important components in their development. When students are given hands-on activities they will be less distracted and more engaged in the lesson. Use these valuable resources below to help you plan activities your students will love.
Arts & Crafts
In this section of our guide you will find fun back to school arts and crafts activities. These projects are designed to be quick and require minimal classroom supplies.
Here are some of the crafts you will read about:
- Paper nameplate craft
- Classroom wall art
- Birthday Reminders cake board
- Bus collage
- Autumn leaves are falling
Art projects are a fun way for students to learn while being creative. They develop their hand-eye coordination and use their fine motor skills while manipulating crafts. Art projects require basic oral directions and observation skills. These skills are important to reinforce in preschoolers because they will need these skills in all aspects of their education.
Preschoolers love to show off their work so make sure you take the time to display their projects around the room or in the hallway. A fun and unique way to display their work is by using wire coat hangers to hang their projects from the ceiling. Discover easy arts and crafts activities in the following articles.
Share Your Thoughts
The articles that have been included in this starting the year in preschool guide are written by experienced educators. Use this remarkable tool to help you during the first month of preschool or whenever you need some inspiration. Do you have a question or comment you would like to add? Please feel free to provide a suggestion or comment in the comment section below. We always love to hear from you.
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Architects are fond of throwing terms around which have mixed, ambiguous or largely non-existent formal definitions. Indeed one of the great problems (still) of our profession is that people cannot agree on the meanings of many of the terms we use everyday. There is no ‘common language’ that all architects speak. If you want to see some examples look up terms like ‘enterprise architecture’ or ‘cloud computing’ in wikipedia then look at what’s written in the ‘discussion’ section.Three terms that often get misused or are used interchangeably fall under the general category of reusable assets. A reusable asset is something which has been proven to be useful, in some form or another, in one project or architectural definition and could be reused elsewhere. The Object Management Group (OMG) defines a reusable asset as one that: provides a solution to a problem for a given context. See the OMG Reusable Asset Specification. Those of you familiar with the classic Design Patterns book by the so called “Gang of Four” will recognise elements of this definition from that book. Indeed reusable assets are a generalization of design patterns. Three other reusable assets, which are of particular use to an architect, are:
- Reference architectures
- Application frameworks
- Industry solutions
What do each of these mean, what’s the difference and when (or how) can they be used?
A reference architecture is a template which shows, usually at a logical level, a set of components and their relationships. Reference architectures are usually created based on perceived best-practice at the time of their creation. This is both a good thing (you get the latest thinking) but can also be bad (they can become dated). Reference architectures are usually associated with a particular domain which could either be a business (e.g. IBM’s Insurance Application Architecture or IAA) or industry (such as a banking reference architecture) or technology domain (e.g. cloud and SOA). Ideally reference architectures will not preordain any technology and will allow multiple vendors products to be mapped to each of the components. Sometimes vendors use reference architectures as a way of placing their tools or products into a cohesive set of products that work together.
An application framework represents the partial implementation of a specific area of a system or an application. Reference architectures may be composed of a number of application frameworks. Probably one of the best known application frameworks is Struts from the Apache open source organisation. Struts is a Java implementation of the Model-View-Controller pattern which can be ‘completed’ by developers for their own applications.
Finally an industry solution is a set of pre-configured (or configurable) software components designed to meet specific business requirements of a particular industry. Industry solutions are usually created and sold by software vendors and are based on their own software products. However the best solutions adhere to open standards and would allow other vendors products to be used as well. Most organisations want to avoid vendor lock-in and are unlikely to take the “whole enchilada”. Industry solutions may be implementations of one or more reference architectures. For example IBM’s Retail Industry Framework implements reference architectures from a number of domains (supply chain, merchandising and product management and so on).
Assets can be considered in terms of their granularity (size) and their level of articulation (implementation). Granularity is related to both the number of elements that comprise the asset and the asset’s impact on the overall architecture. Articulation is concerned with the extent to which the asset can be considered complete. Some assets are specifications only, that is to say are represented in an abstract form, such as a model or document. Other assets are considered to be complete implementations and can be instantiated as is, without modification. Such assets include components and existing applications. The diagram below places the three assets I’ve discussed above in terms of their granularity and articulation.
There are of course a whole range of other reusable assets: design patterns, idioms, components, complete applications and so on. These could be classified in a similar way. The above are the ones that I think architects are most likely to find useful however.
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English politician, who played a leading part in the opposition to Charles I's arbitrary government. In 1627 he was imprisoned for refusing to pay the “forced loan” imposed by Charles to finance his unpopular foreign campaigns. Ten years later he was prosecuted for refusing to pay ship money. As a member of the Long Parliament he was prominent in the impeachment of Strafford, and a close ally of John Pym. In 1642 he survived the king's attempt to arrest him (five members), and was appointed to the Committee of Safety to organize the parliamentary English Civil War effort. He died of wounds received in action.
Subjects: World History.
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Another Agent made an EXPERT move!
To join our team of experts, visit:
Here are possibly some fun facts you didn't know about the Fourth of July:
1. Bristol, Rhode Island has the oldest, continuously running 4th of July parade and celebration dating back to 1785! They literally paint the street red, white and blue!
2. John Hancock was the only person to actually sign the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776. - SheKnows.com
3. Independence Day, commonly known as the Fourth of July, is a federal holiday in the United States commemorating the adoption of the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776, declaring independence from the Kingdom of Great Britain (now officially known as the United Kingdom). - Wikipedia
4. July Fourth is the âbiggest hot dog holiday of the year,â according to TIME magazine, with Americans reportedly consuming about 155 million of them on Independence Day alone. - Found on Huffington Post
5. Independence Day honors the birthday of the United States. Putting it nice and simple for my younger guys!
6. The first public Fourth of July event at the White House occurred in 1804.- Found on Kids Konnect
7. Two of the biggest firework shows take place in Washington, D.C., on the National Mall, and in New York City, on the East River. - Found on Time.com
8. The initial date the resolution of independence was approved in a closed session of Congress was July 2, 1776. - Found on InterviewAngel.com
9. The only two signers of the Declaration of Independence who later served as President of the United States were John Adams and Thomas Jefferson. Both John Adams and Thomas Jefferson (bitter rivals) died on the same day, July 4, 1826, the 50th anniversary of the Declaration. - Found on InterviewAngel.com
10. To avoid cracking it, the Liberty Bell has not been rung since 1846. To mark the quintessential day, every fourth of July it is symbolically tapped 13 times. - Found on the PioneerWoman.com
Based from the original article found here http://bit.ly/2skvV1e
In today's video, Rummy talks about how interest rates affect your housing costs and purchasing power.
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YouTube: New York Real Estate Experts
Who knew we'd still be talking about Legos in 2017? with the popularity of the recent hit movies, the Lego brand has been moving full steam ahead in a so far so good attempt to capitalize off of its success and popularity. With that being said, this is a real estate blog, so let's get to the real estate.
There have been rumblings of a plan to add a proposed $500-million Lego Land project here in New York, Middletown to be exact. The plan calls for a reconfiguration to the roads in the area of Glen Arden and Orange-Ulster BOCES. The main idea is to relocate EXIT 125 of Route 17 in order to alleviate traffic effects in the area that would certainly be caused by the popular play place. So, where do we fit into all of this?
The land around this area is bound to be prime real estate. With our knowledge of the real estate business and the area in and around this location we are looking for sellers who would be looking to capitalize off of the great opportunity. But wait, there's more. We also know some of the investors/developers involved in this project. So what does this mean for you?
We urge anyone who lives in or knows anyone who lives in this area to call us as soon as possible. With the information, dedication and insight we have into this project we are the number one source for anyone looking to benefit here. This is how real estate works. When you have a line on future increased value you move on it. Once word of mouth about this gets around you'll see and hear the excitement and everyone will probably start thinking they can just move on this by themselves, but big time investors and developers like this are looking to work with professionals to give themselves a better peace of mind. Also, as stated above; we are close to the source. Don't let this opportunity pass you by. Give us a call, not now. but right now.
#selleropportunity #realestate #realestateopportunity #lego #legoland #newyork #expertadviser #homeselling #homebuying #nyreex
We can hit you with advice and free information until your eyes and ears hurt, but we know when it comes to money most people want to see results. If we say we’re going to hit the ground running in 2017 there is only one way to prove a statement like that; through ACTION
In our most recent blogs and videos we stressed ACTION; It’s a new year! Go out there and get it done! Just DO It! Well let’s see, it’s only the 11th and already we have a CLOSING to tell you about. The best part about this sale is the fact that we got the job done where others had given up.
Are you wondering if this is the right time to sell? Let me tell you a story about this listing we just CLOSED today, then I’ll let you decide. This property was back and forth on the market for about 2 years. Initial thoughts; 2 years, the problem is probably price. You read that correctly,” the problem” was probably price. Listen, there is always a problem. Whether it’s life or business there is always a problem that needs to be solved and this is where a smart individual seeks the help of an EXPERT. With this situation, the problem was price. The seller was not getting the price they wanted. In 2016 we spoke and put the property on the market. We received several offer’s. Being that it needed rehab the best offer was cash deal. After working out the terms this property was SOLD to cash investor. This is just a taste of 2017. We promise you this is JUST THE BEGINNING. We strongly suggest you stay tuned!
This market has low inventory. With current mortgage rates, and qualifying requirement being more lenient they got the price they were looking for. The Cash Investor will renovate and HOLD the Property.
“There is always a way forward if the responsible parties are willing to act.”
Our clients have allowed us to expand our business and pushed us to strive for excellence year after year. Our team is one big family and with our clients we are becoming an even bigger family. We are grateful to have shared this special time with everyone and their loved ones as well as our Vendors. Thank you for coming!
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The usual definition of Holocaust as “the systematic state-sponsored killing of six million Jewish men, women, and children, and million of others, by Nazi Germany and its collaborators during World War II” is far from complete. The list of millions of other victims include the Gypsies, Soviet prisoners of war, Polish and Soviet civilians, political prisoners, religious dissenters, the physically and mentally handicapped, and homosexuals. In War and Genocide: A Concise History of the Holocaust, the author Doris Bergen includes Jehova’s Witnesses and Freemasons to the long list of Holocaust victims.
There were nine million Jews living in 21 European countries in 1933. These countries were all occupied by Germany during the war. Twelve years later, by 1945, more than 60 percent of European Jews had been killed. More than 1.2 million Jewish children, tens of thousands of Gypsy children, and thousands of handicapped children were included in the mass slaughter. It has been an erroneous piece of information that Jews were the only victims of Nazism. As many as 15 million non-Jewish people were also killed, among them Slavs, ‘asiatics,’ and Germans of African descent. If Soviet civilian deaths are to be included in the list of victims of the Nazi network, the total number of deaths should be rightfully pegged at 17 million.
Adolf Hitler was the master architect of the Holocaust by authorizing the mass killings of what the Nazis called “undesirables” in the T-4 Euthanasia Program and ordering the “annihilation of the Jews.” He had accomplices. The Nuremberg Trials only tried twenty-two major Nazi criminals for crimes committed during the Holocaust, but the mass killings needed a massive network of people to carry out the grand effort. German soldiers, the German police, the SS, government officials, clerks, German doctors, and civilians were all involved in accomplishing the mass cleansing of the Jewish race in Europe. All those who obeyed the order to run the prison camps and exterminate the Jews were all complicit in the Holocaust complex crime.
The extent of guilt, however, is as complex as the crime itself. The government-in-exile of Poland, the British government, and the United States of America had all heard rumors of the gas chambers. Yet, they did not act on time. The Vatican failed, too. It admitted that the Church turned its back on the fate of the persecuted Jews because it wanted to protect its institution.
The free world was distant and quiet when the Jews were being summarily slaughtered. The Jews, on the other hand, only marched helplessly into the gas chambers.
The Holocaust, an industrial project of extermination, is a reminder that some men can do everything when the others do nothing.
Several Holocaust memorial museums and monuments of commemoration exist in the world today because Holocaust guilt still ravages humankind for not being able to do what could have been done.
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Brainwriting is a method of generating creative ideas. It helps remove some of the negatives that are associated with brainstorming such as personality clashes, hurt egos, differing contributions and the general feeling of wasting time and effort.
This technique still requires a group; however, there isn’t a requirement for a facilitator and individuals don’t have to wait for someone to finish speaking before contributing.
Often with brainstorming, someone’s idea can act as a barrier to other members of the group submitting ideas. For example, they may simply forget their idea due to the distraction, or they may feel that their idea is inferior to the one currently being presented or generally just lose confidence in the idea they were about to put forward.
To conduct a brainwriting session get your team together in a room and sat at a table, then give each team member a different colored pen and a blank sheet of paper. Present to the group the problem domain or subject idea and then ask each person to write an idea related to that topic down on the top of their sheet of paper using the colored pen that they were provided with.
After everyone has had a chance to write an idea on the top of their piece of paper they are then asked to pass the piece of paper on to the person to the left of them.
Next, the team members read the idea that was passed to them and either add another completely new idea or add to/expands on the idea written at the top of the page. People shouldn’t feel pressured to come up with an idea and therefore it is perfectly Ok to pass the paper on to the left without any idea written down.
Paper documents with approximately five ideas on them are taken out of the circulation and placed in the center of the table. After all, have been placed in the center of the table the review process can begin.
Ideas are read out to the group and then everyone makes a list of their favorite ones with the most popular ones being recorded and noted for further discussion.
The technique is thought to create more creative ideas, of a higher quality and in less time than a typical brainstorming session.
Below is a video of a variant of brainwriting called the 6-3-5 method.
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Gas detectors can be found in all walks of life, from food processing plants to parking garages, from aeroplanes to casinos. Any place that can have a potential lack of oxygen or presence of toxic gas needs a gas detector present to monitor the safety of people. Some common uses during field projects are: confined space entry, well drilling, soil screening, area monitoring, worker safety, indoor air quality, and leak detection.
Of course they have been around for a very long time, starting with the canary, which was sadly a one shot trick that when subjected to methane tended to die rather quickly, with no audio visual alarm capabilities other than a slight chirp and a total lack of motion. Fortunately, technology has advanced significantly and we find ourselves at this point in time with some very sophisticated electronic equipment.
Let’s cover some basics:
- One ppm is one part in 1,000,000 parts. Generally, ppm (parts per million) is the lowest unit of measurement 10,000 ppm = 1% by volume
- LEL (Lower Explosive Limit) is the next unit of measurement and is a percentage of the explosive %(vol) level of a compound
- 100% LEL is the lowest concentration at which a flammable substance can produce a fire or explosion when ignited
- UEL (Upper Explosive Limit) is the maximum concentration of gas in air that will burn
- Each compound (gas) has a different LEL, or the point at which the compound will burn or become explosiv
- Most flammable compounds become explosive at less than 5% volume
- Each gas has a different LEL and UEL
- The percentage of gas is the highest unit of measurement, which is the amount of pure gas
How do gas detection sensors work?
Modern technology will no doubt make the below explanation outdated as it strides forward, so quickly below are the basics.
The oxygen sensor is an electromechanical sensor. Any gas that can be oxidised or reduced electromechanically can be detected by means of a fuel based electrochemical sensor. The consumption of oxygen produces a current that is linearly proportional to the concentration of gas in air.
Since the oxygen sensor is constantly exposed to oxygen, the normal life of the sensor is between one and two years.
The combustible sensor consists of two coils of fine platinum wire each embedded in a bead of alumina, connected electrically in a bridge circuit. One of the beads is impregnated with a special catalyst that promotes oxidation and the other is treated to inhibit oxidation. Current is passed through the coils so that they reach a temperature at which oxidation of a gas readily occurs at the catalysed bead (about 500°C).
This raises the temperature further which increases the resistance of the platinum coil in the catalysed bead, leading to an imbalance of the bridge. This output change is linear, for most gases, up to and beyond 100% LEL and response time is only a few seconds to detect alarm levels (typically 20% LEL).
The toxic sensors are also electromechanical and operate by the same basic principles as the oxygen sensor. Electromechanical sensors consume minute amounts of gas, the absorption of gas and electric output being controlled by a “diffusion barrier”.
Confined spaces and gas detection
A confined space is any space large enough for someone to enter and perform assigned work that has limited means of entry or exit, and which is not designed for continuous worker occupancy. This covers just about every industry, including utilities, construction, hydrocarbon exploration and processing, petrochemicals, marine, agriculture, food processing and brewing, as well as the emergency services.
Employers must assess the risks these workplaces pose to their employers and endeavour to prevent them. In most cases, both assessment and the safe working system will require testing of the atmosphere with gas testing equipment.
Confined space gas risks can be divided into three broad categories: combustible gas, toxic gas and oxygen depletion or enrichment.
Combustible gas risks
For combustion to occur the air must contain a minimum concentration of combustible gas or vapour. This quantity is called the LEL. Different compounds have different LELs so it is vital that detectors are capable of detecting at the correct levels.
Typically, storage vessels which have contained hydrocarbon fuels and oils present a danger. Other dangers come from fuel leaks: burst fuel containers; pipelines on and off site, gas cylinders and engine driven plant. For workers in pits, sewers and other sub-surface locations, methane formed by decaying organic matter is an almost universal danger.
Toxic gas and vapours
Confined space workers may be exposed to many toxic compounds, depending on the nature of the work. A risk assessment should be made of which toxic substances a worker may be exposed to in any given work situation.
When looking at toxic gases related to specific applications, the water industry for example uses many toxic compounds for cleaning and processing both waste and clean water. Hazards such as chlorine, ozone, sulphur dioxide and chlorine dioxide then pose additional risks both in storage and treatment areas.
Oxygen – too high or too low?
The normal concentration of oxygen in fresh air is 20.9%. An atmosphere is hazardous if the concentration drops below 19.5% or goes above 23.5%.
Without adequate ventilation, the simple act of breathing will cause oxygen levels to fall surprisingly quickly. Combustion also uses up oxygen, so engine-driven plant and naked flames such as welding torches are potential hazards. Oxygen can also be displaced. Nitrogen, for example, when used to purge hydrocarbon storage vessels prior to re-use, drives oxygen out of the container and leaves it highly dangerous until thoroughly ventilated.
High oxygen levels are also dangerous. As with too little, too much will impair the victim’s ability to think clearly and act sensibly. Moreover, oxygen-enriched atmospheres represent a significant fire hazard.
Gas detector types
Both portable and fixed gas detectors can be used for confined space monitoring. Fixed systems typically comprise of one or more detector “heads” connected to a separate control panel. If a detector reads a dangerous gas level, the panel raises the alarm by triggering external sirens and beacons. This sort of installation is suited to larger spaces like plant rooms, which have sufficient room for the hardware or remote stations that are usually unmanned.
However, much confined space work takes place in more restricted areas, making compact portable units more suitable. Ease of use, with one button operation, means minimal training is required while increased safety is ensured. Combining one or more sensors with powerful audible and visual signals to warn when pre-set gas levels are reached, portable detectors can be carried or worn wherever they are needed. In addition, a compact instrument is easily carried in a confined space, ensuring that pockets of high gas concentration are not missed.
Certain features should be expected in every portable gas detector. Clearly life-saving tools for demanding environments must be as tough as possible, with reliable electronics housed in impact resistant casings. While the need to leave gas sensors exposed to the atmosphere means that no instrument can be fully sealed, a high degree of protection against dust and water ingress is essential. Toughness notwithstanding, a well-designed detector will also be light and compact enough to wear for an entire shift.
Finally, because of the difficulties of working in a cramped space, perhaps under poor lighting, instruments should be easy to use. No matter how advanced a detector’s internal architecture or data management options, personnel in the field should be faced with nothing more daunting than a clear display, simple, one-button operation and loud/bright alarms.
Combustible gas sensors
As detailed below, combustible gas sensors come in the form of catalytic, metallic oxide semiconductor, and infra-red.
Catalytic combustible gas sensors
Searching out explosive atmospheres, catalytic combustible gas sensors detect combustible gases by causing a combustion of gases within the sensor chamber.
Not only do catalytic sensors offer good linearity, they can also react to most combustible gases. As resistance change to %LEL is relatively small, however, they do work better in concentrations between 1,000 and 50,000ppm.
As for their drawbacks:
- They do not measure trace amounts (under 200ppm) of gas and so should not be used to determine toxic levels
- To work accurately they require 14% minimum oxygen in air
- Not recommended for use in acetylene atmospheres
- The sensor can be damaged by lead, silicone or other catalytic poisons
- Readings can be affected by water vapour condensation and humidity
- Poor response to low energy hydrocarbons, e.g. oil vapours, kerosene, diesel fuel and commercial jet fuels
- Oftentimes they lose linearity after approximately one year
Metallic oxide semiconductor (MOS) combustible gas sensor
Also known as solid state sensors, Metallic Oxide Semiconductor (MOS) combustible gas sensors have been around for years. With a long operation life of three to five years this is a very resilient sensor that recovers well from high gas concentrations that could damage other types of sensors.
As with catalytic sensors, readings of MOS sensors can also be affected by humidity and water vapour condensation. In addition, while not requiring as much oxygen as their catalytic counterpart, they too require oxygen to work accurately.
In addition to the above mentioned disadvantages, further MOS sensor specific disadvantages include:
- Heating elements in some MOS sensors require a great deal of power, meaning larger battery packs are required
- Despite responding to many VOCs, HFCs and solvents, MOS sensors are not specific to any single compound
Infra-red combustible sensors
Relatively recently these sensors have been appearing in some instruments. They work well in low oxygen levels or acetylene atmospheres; however, they are quite expensive. These sensors work by reflecting light off a mirror and measuring the amount of light absorbed during refraction. Infrared sensors typically require a constant flow across the sensing assembly and may be slow to clear from alarm. They are unable to detect hydrogen. An infra-red sensor calibrated for a simple hydrocarbon such as methane or ethane will not be accurate for vapour of higher molecular weight hydrocarbons, solvents or fuels.
Electrochemical (wet chem) toxic sensors
These sensors react to a specific chemical (substance). Chemically specific sensors are available for up to 30 different gases including chlorine, ammonia, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, nitric oxide, hydrogen cyanide, hydrogen sulphide and sulphur dioxide. The manufacturers technical information will indicate what sensors are available for their unit.
These sensors have good linearity, which makes them very accurate for the substance they will react to. They can measure either large or small quantities and these sensors have a typical life span of approximately one year for many toxic gases and up to two years for hydrogen sulphide and carbon monoxide.
As with all sensors, wet chem sensors are not without their limitations. The electrolytic fluid can freeze when left in environments having temperatures lower than 0ºC. Some chemical sensors may be adversely affected by altitude as they may be pressure sensitive.
Metallic oxide semiconductor (MOS) toxic broad range gas sensors
There are a number of different MOS sensors on the market and one has been developed for detecting toxic gases. Its make-up and operation is similar to the one used for the detection of combustible gases. However, the MOS broad range toxic sensor is capable of reacting to low PPM levels of wide range of toxic gases including carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulphide, ammonia, styrene, toluene, gasoline and many other hydrocarbons and solvents. MOS sensors cannot detect carbon dioxide or sulfur dioxide. The sensor is incapable of telling you what gas you have encountered or the concentration, only that the atmosphere may be hazardous to your health.
Photo ionisation detectors (PIDs)
Health and safety professionals and others have been using photo ionisation sensor technology for evaluating atmospheric hazards in the workplace since the 1960s. Life expectancy of these sensors is from one to three years. They are usually too costly to use in a multi-sensor instrument.
For those of you who work in atmospheres that could be hazardous to your health, selecting the right gas detector could be the single most important decision you ever make. Your life could hinge on that decision so it is critical that the user/purchaser make themselves aware of the hazards that could be encountered and the proper sensors to protect them. Data gathered in the late 1970s and early 1980s indicated that 65% of those who died in confined spaces were unaware that the space they were entering was a potential hazard. Over 50% of confined space deaths occur to the rescuers and over one third of the fatalities occurred after the space was tested, declared safe and the gas detector was removed.
Selecting a gas detector should be based on the hazard faced. Unfortunately, far too many purchasers make one of the largest and most crucial single equipment expenditures without really understanding what they are buying. Sensors and their capabilities are the single most important factor when choosing a gas detector, yet more often than not decisions are based on size, price and features that have nothing to do with the instrument’s detecting abilities.
Gas detectors come in a variety of sizes, shapes, colours and sensor configurations. For confined space work, it is necessary to monitor for oxygen deficiency/enrichment, combustible gases and toxics. An instrument capable of dealing with these three hazards is essential.
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An important part of the Indian cuisine are spices and condiments. Spices and condiments like turmeric, cumin, black pepper and coriander powder are used across the country to add flavour to different dishes and to season them.
India produces a variety of spices and it is a must in every Indian kitchen. Every now and then, allegations and claims concerned to adulteration are reported across the country and it is no hidden thing. This increases the risk of consuming low quality adulterated spices. Most of the adulterants are unhealthy and can cause serious and fatal damage to our system if consumed regularly. Adulteration usually refers to the mixing of inferior and sometimes harmful quality substances. As a result of adulteration, impurities grow. Adulteration can be either intentional or unintentional. Intentional adulteration is usually attributed to removing vital substances or altering the existing natural properties. The lure of riches and general apathy towards mankind leads to Intentional adulteration. Whereas, unintentional adulteration is usually attributed to ignorance, carelessness, or lack of facilities for maintaining food quality. Incidental contamination during the period of growth, harvesting, storage, processing, transport and distribution errors are also considered.
Below mentioned are the primary attributes concerned to adulteration following studies carried out by various noted organisations:
The kitchen of every household in India operates on spices and condiments. Whether it be essentials like turmeric, asafoetida, chilli powder and cumin seeds or saffron, which is used in small amounts to add aroma and colour to a dish, the quality of ingredients and their purity is an important fact that cannot be overlooked. There are different ways to check if a spice has been adulterated. Come, let us further take a quick look over it:
Other steps taken to steer clear of adulterated spices, following research, studies, and guidelines issued by multiple noted organisations includes not buying loose spices and always checking for Food Safety and Standards Authority of India’s (FSSAI) certification.
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•The language is spoken by indigenous people of southern Mexico.
•Some native Mixtec speakers do not speak Spanish or English, creating difficulty in medical, legal and other settings.
•In San Diego County, Mixtec speakers are concentrated in Oceanside, Vista and Linda Vista.
In the glow of a projector casting an image of avocados on a screen, San Diego State language instructor Angelina Trujillo scribbled words that the vast majority of people on campus have never heard.
“Tyichi,” she enunciated, as students repeated after her. “Tyichi. Avocado.”
An image of a squash appeared next. “Yiki,” she said, writing it on the screen.
The students in Trujillo's class were learning Mixtec, an ancient, indigenous language of southern Mexico, with the vocabulary lesson that day about fruits and vegetables. It is the only such university-level instruction in the nation.
Some students are preparing for careers as academics or social-service workers, while others are taking the class for cultural and family reasons. But Trujillo points out that Mixtec speakers can make a difference in everyday life in San Diego and elsewhere.
Indigenous immigrants from southern Mexico are typically assumed to be Spanish speakers, said Trujillo, a native of Oaxaca, where the language is spoken.
“In courts and jails, they are not able to communicate,” said Trujillo, who serves as a Mixtec interpreter through the university. “I'm convinced there have been some serious misunderstandings.”
Trujillo occasionally gets calls in the middle of the night from places as far away as Washington, Texas or Arkansas, often from hospitals and clinics where the staff has a Mexican-born patient who speaks no Spanish.
“They'll figure they (the patients) have a Spanish name, and they don't realize that indigenous languages exist,” she said.
The Mixtec language dates back at least two millennia and is still spoken in the states of Oaxaca, Puebla and Guerrero. Indigenous immigrants from southern Mexico have brought it to the United States, including to San Diego County.
The language program at SDSU is the only one in the world open to undergraduates and the general public, said Ramona Pérez, director of the university's Center for Latin American Studies. The university also teaches Zapotec, another language of southern Mexico's indigenous people. It is also taught at UC San Diego.
SDSU's Mixtec program, in place since 2000, attracts graduates and undergraduates alike.
“I came to the U.S. when I was 5, and I learned Spanish and English,” said undergraduate Paulina Torres, 25, of Lemon Grove, who was born in Oaxaca and whose parents speak Mixtec. “I don't practice Mixtec anymore. I understand it, but I want to have a conversation.”
An additional summer program held in Oaxaca draws doctoral students as well as professionals in public health, law and education from around the country, particularly regions where Mixtec-speaking immigrants have settled, such as the Pacific Northwest.
Trujillo explained that Mixteco is actually a Nahuatl word, the language spoken by the more powerful Aztecs to the north who dominated Mexico centuries ago. In its own tongue, the language is referred to as Tu'un Savi, or “the word of the rain.”
In San Diego County, Mixtec speakers are concentrated in areas such as Oceanside, Vista and Linda Vista, Trujillo said. Central Valley cities, including Fresno and Bakersfield, also have a large number of Mixtec-speaking agricultural workers.
Some of the students from the SDSU class volunteer at the Bayside Community Center in Linda Vista, where free Mixtec classes for families are offered twice weekly in the evenings. The program aims to preserve the language for children of Mixtec speakers, whose parents receive instruction in English and Spanish, instructor Valentina Torres said.
“At the center, we have several kids that are trilingual, and we are so amazed to see that,” Torres said. “They can switch from one language to the other. It gives great value to the culture and the people. Before, their parents thought that Mixtec was worthless and didn't have any value.”Copyright © 2016, The San Diego Union-Tribune
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The “Dictionnaire raisonné de l’architecture française du XIe au XVIe siècle” is an overwhelming reference work consisting of 9 books (some 5,000 pages in total) on medieval and renaissance architecture in France. It is written in French, as you already suspected, but the detailed illustrations make it worthwhile for all architecture and history devotees. There is really all you need to know to build, for instance, a gothic cathedral, including the gargoyles. The work appeared in 1856 and was written by Eugène Viollet-le-Duc, an architect known for his restorations of medieval buildings. The separate volumes can also be found on the Internet Archive.
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It's critical for replacement heifer development to be low cost, without sacrificing performance. Heifers should be managed to reach puberty early, conceive early in the breeding season and calve unassisted. Recommended guidelines for breeding heifers generally fall between 60-66% of their mature body weight (BW).
University of Nebraska researchers conducted a three-year study using spring-born heifers to determine the effects of developing heifers to 55-60% of their mature BW at breeding. A concurrent study measured summer-born heifers to examine the effects of breeding heifers with the mature cow herd or one month earlier on reproduction and calf production variables.
Pregnancy rates through the fourth pregnancy were measured. Spring-born heifers reached 53% or 58% of their mature BW at breeding and had similar reproduction and first-calf production between the two groups. Calving difficulty with the second calf was greater with the heifers developed to 58% of their mature BW. Feed costs were $22/heifer less for heifers developed to 53% of their mature BW.
Summer-born, first-calf heifers calving in June had less calving difficulty than those calving in May, but calf birth weights were similar. Breeding summer-born heifers one month before the rest of the cows didn't influence pregnancy rates over three calf crops, but first-calf adjusted weaning weights and average daily gains were greater for calves born earlier.
Researchers determined that developing heifers to 53% of mature BW didn't adversely affect reproduction or calf production traits compared with developing them to 58% mature BW, and it decreased development costs. Breeding summer-born heifers one month earlier than the rest of the cow herd increased heifer development costs, increased calving difficulty and improved calf performance, but had no effect on pregnancy rates (Funston, et al., 2004 J. Anim. Sci. 82:3094-3099).
Energy supplementation for beef cows may be necessary if the nutrient content is low in forages or if availability is scarce.
University of Montana researchers conducted a study to determine the effects of feeding nonstructural carbohydrate (NSC) supplements, such as cereal grains, on intake and digestibility of low-quality forages. The study measured digestion in 28 yearling heifers, and a two-year winter grazing trial studied 60 crossbred cows.
The treatments included: 1) control, no supplement; 2) 0.32 kg of NSC supplements; 3) 0.64 kg of NSC supplements; 4) 0.96 kg of NSC supplements.
In the first experiment, heifers were individually fed hay containing 5.5% crude protein (CP) and their respective supplements for 28 days. In experiment 2, cows were individually fed supplements on alternate days and grazed in rangeland pasture.
Researchers found supplements containing NSC improved forage digestion and intake when heifers consumed forage deficient in CP relative to energy by supplying additional nitrogen to ruminant microbes. The same supplements resulted in a decrease in forage intake and digestibility by cows grazing native range that had adequate protein relative to energy (Bowman et al., 2004 J. Anim. Sci. 82:2724-2733).
South Dakota State University research shows raw, frost-damaged soybeans should be limited to less than 14% of cattle diet dry matter (DM) to avoid problems with consuming too much oil or enzyme inhibitors.
Poor growing conditions in 2004 caused some soybeans to be damaged by frost or immaturity at harvest. This resulted in green soybeans that were either refused or discounted at local elevators.
While green soybeans aren't desirable for consumption in the consumer market because of pigmentation, they can be used effectively as livestock diet.
Whole soybeans are lower in protein and higher in fat than soybean meal. They also contain a high amount of oil (about 18%), which limits the amount that cattle can intake. The fats and oil tend to reduce fiber digestibility and animal performance when fed at high levels. Keeping the levels at or below 14% will help avoid problems.
Whole soybeans don't need to be ground or rolled prior to feeding, but it may be desirable to process them in some way to facilitate proper mixing and minimize sorting. Researchers also recommend a nutrient analysis of the frost-damaged or immature soybeans before balancing rations or feeding.
— Greg Lardy, Ranch Hand Newsletter, November 2004
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Somerset House today is an 18th century hulk of a building used for art exhibitions and offices. Previous it housed civil servants working for the Inland Revenue. And before that, it began as a Tudor palace built by an arrogant and unpopular aristocrat.
Edward Seymour wasn’t famous for being humble or tactful. He was very much a creature of his turbulent age. He was the first Earl of Hertford and his sister became the third wife of Henry VIII. Unlike the previous beheaded wife, Anne Boleyn, Edward’s sister Jane gave Henry the son he craved but then died shortly after childbirth.
That son ascended to the throne when Henry VIII died – at the age of only nine. So, Edward Seymour became the Duke of Somerset and Lord Protector. With his new found power – effectively ruling England – he decided it was a time to have a palace that befitted his new status.
Somerset House would spring up in the area between the city of Westminster and the city of London. This strip along the river – now a road called the Strand – had always been home to the palaces of bishops and princes. But Edward wanted a particularly huge palace.
So he started tearing down other people’s palaces!
In order to build Somerset House, he bulldozed (or the Tudor equivalent) the residences of the bishops of Lichfield, Llandaff and Worcester. And incorporated their masonry into his fabulous new home. But that wasn’t going to suffice.
He then knocked down the nearby church of St Mary’s for more materials. And then Somerset’s men tore down a chapel in St Paul’s churchyard; robbed more stone from the church of St John of Jerusalem near Smithfield and then wrecked the Strand Inn near the Temple.
Still, Edward Seymour cast his greedy eye around and wondered what else he could demolish. So, the ambitious noble ordered his masons to start tearing bits off St Margaret’s church in Westminster – a much loved place of worship. And that’s what finally got to Londoners.
They formed the Tudor equivalent of a human chain around St Margaret’s and drove off Somerset’s masons. This didn’t help Somerset’s popularity and his star began to wane. Building stopped on Somerset House and the man himself was eventually dragged to the scaffold to have his head chopped off.
If you’ve ever been to Wong kei in London’s Chinatown, you may have experienced the joy of being shouted at by the waiters – it had the reputation for years of being the rudest restaurant in London. I understand that as of last year, they’ve refurbished the place and decided to tone down the bad attitude – even though many punters paid to be treated badly. It was all part of the fun.
Wong Kei Chinese restaurant
But what has often caught my eye on going into Wong kei – and I haven’t dined there for at least ten years – are the plaques on either side of the main door. One commemorates Sarah Bernhardt laying the foundation stone of the building in 1904. And who, you might ask, was she?
Sarah was the leading actress in the late Victorian period. Born in Paris of a Dutch prostitute and unknown father, she briefly trained to be a nun before taking up acting. She was very aware of her public image and projected herself as mystical and unknowable. This extended to having some very odd pets including a boa constrictor and an alligator fed on milk and champagne (it died). When I first came across her story what struck me was the choice of resting place at night – Sara slept in a coffin, which she took with her on tour. When the great actress died, hundreds of thousands of people lined the streets of Paris to bid her adieu.
The other plaque is to another legend of the same period, Sir Henry Irving. He laid the coping stone in 1905. Irving was both an actor and theatre manager – a very hands-on member of the acting fraternity. He had a close association with the Lyceum Theatre, near the Strand, which today has been hosting the Lion King for what seems like an eternity. Irving found a sound financial manger for the Lyceum in the form of a Dubliner called Bram Stoker. Yes – THAT Bram Stoker! The creator of Dracula.
I’m not going into all the detail here but there’s a debate that has raged for a hundred years over whether Irving was the model for Dracula. The theory tends to emphasise a history of conflict between the two men with Stoker seething with hatred for the overbearing and evil Irving. The truth doesn’t quite bear that out – though they seem to have had stormy episodes, they co-operated for decades in running the Lyceum.
So why are these two plaques outside Wong kei? Well, the building originally opened as a theatrical costume shop in the heart of London’s bohemian Soho. Little could Bernhardt and Irving have known that the thespians would one day give way to scoffers of crispy duck noodles.
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What makes creative relationships work? How do two people—who may be perfectly capable and talented on their own—explode into innovation, discovery, and brilliance when working together? On one level, these are obvious questions. Collaboration yields so much of what is novel, useful, and beautiful, and it's natural to try to understand it. On another level, looking at achievement through relationships is a new, and even radical, idea. For hundreds of years, science and culture have focused on the self. We talk of self-expression, self-realization. Popular culture celebrates the hero. Schools test intelligence and learning through solo exams. Biographies shape our view of history.
This pervasive belief in individualism can be traced to the beginning of modernity, and the philosophical tradition most forcefully articulated by René Descartes. "Each self inhabits its own subjective realm," Descartes declared, "and its mental life has an integrity prior to and independent of its interaction with other people." Though Descartes had his challengers, his idea became a core assumption of the Enlightenment, as did Thomas Hobbes' notion that the natural state of man was "solitary" (as well as "poor, nasty, brutish, and short.")
Following this line, the first modern psychologists focused on the individual alone. Emil Kraepelin, the godfather of biological psychiatry, looked for organic explanations of illness. Despite Sigmund Freud's interest in early-life relationships, he treated his patients by having them speak into silence and saw cure as a reconciliation of internal conflicts.
Beyond illness, the fundamentals of healthy life took root from the idea of the atomized person. Jean Piaget, who created modern development theory—the system of thought about how children's minds work and grow—emphasized relationships to objects, not people. Even the most basic aspect of our relation with others—the way we speak—was shaped by individualism, according to Noam Chomsky's ideas of language as an expression of inborn, internal capacities.
This focus on the self meshed tightly with Western ideology—the Ayn Randian notion of the rugged man forging his destiny on the forbidding plains. (A 1991 Library of Congress survey found Rand's Atlas Shruggedsecond only to the Bible as the book that made the most difference in American readers' lives.) The triumphant Western position in the Cold War made individual liberty and individual choice the root unit of society—in opposition to the Marxist emphasis on collective achievement.
The ultimate triumph of the idea of individualism is that it's not really seen as an idea at all. It has seeped into our mental groundwater. Basic descriptions of inter-relatedness—enabling, co-dependency—have been made into headlines for dysfunction. Meanwhile, the Oxford American Dictionary defines individualism as, first, "the habit or principle of being independent and self-reliant" and, second, as "a social theory favoring freedom of action for individuals over collective or state control." This lopsided contrast of "freedom" vs. "control" is telling. Even our fundamental unit of meaning, the dictionary, tilts in favor of the self.
If traditional physical and social science has lionized the individual, a new body of research has begun to show how growth and achievement actually emerge from relationships. The new science begins with infancy. For centuries, babies were seen as blank slates who did nothing more than fill their stomachs, empty their bowels and bladders, and cry and sleep in between. To the extent that anything significant happened, kids were seen as passive receivers. (And largely insensitive ones: For most of the 20th century, doctors routinely operated on babies without anesthesia, believing them exempt from pain.)
But a burgeoning field has shown that, from the very first days of life, relationships shape our experience, our character, even our biology. This research, which has flowered in the last ten years, took root in the 1970s. One reason, explains the psychologist and philosopher Alison Gopnik, was the advent of the simple video camera. It allowed researchers to easily capture and analyze the exchanges between babies and their caregivers. In a video of 4-month-olds with their mothers, for example, the two mimic each other's facial expressions and amplify them. So, a baby's grin elicits a mother's smile, which leads the baby to a full-on expression of joy—round mouth, big eyes. This in turn affects the mother, and so on in a continuous exchange that entwines the pair.
It's common sense that babies and mothers affect each other. But when you stop the tape and look at it frame by frame—as the researcher Beatrice Beebe and her team did in the above experiment—you see how remarkably fast this exchange takes place, down to fractions of second. It's not that a baby waits for stimulus from her mother and responds in kind. Actually, as the psychologist Susan Vaughan puts it, "both parties are processing an ongoing stream of stimuli and responding while the stimulation is still occurring." Another study of 2-day-old babies found similar results.
These experiments are just small pieces of evidence that show, according to Vaughan, that emotions are "peopled" from the start. And this dynamic turns out to play a critical role in the development of neural circuits that shape not only interaction, but autonomy too. In other words, the way we experience ourselves is inextricably linked to the way we experience others—so much so that, on close view, it becomes quite hard to draw a concrete distinction between the other and the self.
The sensational science of "mirror neurons" helped further dissolve this distinction. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, a team of Italian researchers discovered that certain neurons that fire during actions by macaque monkeys—when they pick up a peanut, for example—also fire when they watch someone else pick up the peanut. It's probably overblown to say—as many have—that this concrete phenomenon can explain everything from empathy and altruism to the evolution of human culture. But the important point is that our brains, down to the level of neurons, register individual and social experience in tandem.
Mirror neurons are just one brick in the broad and widening foundation of "social neuroscience." John Cacioppo, who named the field with his colleague Gary Berntsen, has helped pioneer research that shows how social connection shapes everything from depression and anxiety to high blood pressure, obesity, and heart disease.
Drawing on evolutionary psychology, cognitive experiments, and brain scans, Cacioppo and his colleagues make a persuasive case that what we consider the "self" is in its essence social. "It sounds like an oxymoron," Cacioppo says. "But it's not. In fact, the idea that the center of our psychological universe, and even our physiological experience, is 'me'—this just fundamentally misrepresents us as a species."
It's not an accident that this new work is ascendant at a time when the Western world no longer identifies itself in opposition to collectivism, and where the Internet and social media have offered an obvious metaphor for webs of connections. "We're ready for a Copernican revolution in psychology," Cacioppo says. If it comes, the era of the self will yield to something that may be much more interesting.
Later this week: The Myth of the Lone Genius and 1 + 1 = Infinity.
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Here you’ll find some practical ideas for working with the clip. Choose the ones that suit your teaching aims, particular group of learners, your teaching style, and then plan your own lesson.
Ask your students what ‘X’ might stand for in the following sentence:
‘X is a great servant but a dangerous master.’
Note: There is no correct solution here. It could be e.g. technology, the internet, ambition, the ego, money, power, etc.
‘Change topic, change direction’
Put the following on the board: ‘Topic 1: Machines Topic 2: People’
Do a brainstorm chain – the next student in the circle or in the row has to say a word or an expression related to the topic. There are two rules:
1. If someone calls out ‘Change topic!’ the one to continue needs to change over to the other topic.
2. If someone calls out ‘Change direction’, the chain reverses direction.
You can’t change topic or direction if it’s your turn to say a word.
Note: This is a high-energy brainstorming activity which usually creates a lot of laughter. Students usually enjoy the power that they can change topic or direction.
‘Strangers- Acquaintances- Friends Dictation’
Tell your students that words can be divided into three categories based on how well they’ve mastered them:
- STRANGERS: words they come across for the first time
- ACQUAINTANCES: words they can recognise but would not be able to use confidently
- FRIENDS: words they can use confidently in sentences of their own
Then ask them to create 3 columns on a sheet of paper with these 3 categories. You will now dictate some words and they have to write them in the appropriate column:
superficial / shallow / predator / attention / distraction / pre-historic age / compulsive / constantly / contemplation / consolidation / awesome / undivided attention / unplug / focus / information-rich environment
After the dictation, students can ask about the words in the acquaintances and strangers columns. Then ask students to listen for these words in the clip.
Note: I first came across this categorisation of lexical items in a book by Mario Rinvolucri.
Put up a statement in each corner of the room. A: ‘I’m fully in control of when I how I use the internet.’ B: ‘I often lose track of time and spend much longer on the internet than I had planned to.’ C: ‘The advantages of the internet far outweigh the potential dangers.’ D: ‘I think the internet is making us forget how to communicate face-to-face’. Ask the students to choose one of the corners, go stand there and justify their choice. This can be done in corner-groups, or as a whole-class activity with the teacher ‘interviewing’ some of the students.
‘Reflect & Share’
Ask your students to reflect on one of the key sentences of the clip:
‘What does learning matter if all the information in the world is just a google search away?’
1. What’s the difference between information and knowledge?
2. What’s the difference between knowledge and wisdom?
Then ask them to share their ideas in small groups or as a whole class.
‘Creative User’s Manual’
Divide your students into groups of 3-4 and ask them to come up with a User’s Manual for a smartphone. Their manual should be a kind of ‘Dos’ and ‘Don’ts’ list of how we can make sure that a smartphone remains our servant, rather than becoming our master.
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Middle and High School Get to Know You
What educators are saying
Back-to-school season can be tough - you need to learn names and personalities, establish rules and routines, and teach content. Meanwhile, it's a struggle to find novel and engaging get-to-know-you activities for your middle and high school students. Use our no-prep, original, and engaging printables to get your students talking about themselves, to each other, and to you. Make your back-to-school season easy!
These get-to-know-you back-to-school worksheets are novel and interesting. They get your students up and moving, and enable them to tell you a bit about themselves in a creative way. They also make great classroom displays once they’re finished!
In these back-to-school activities, students get to know their peers by working through the worksheets. In doing so, they’ll
- Meet their classmates
- Build classroom community by identifying similarities with their classmates
- Work individually, in pairs, and/or in small groups
- Practice speaking in pairs, small groups, and/or in front of the class
- Explain how they learn best and a bit about themselves
- Explain what their academic interests are and their study load
These novel get-to-know-you activities for middle and high school students offer a variety of ways for you to learn more about your students. Included in the activities are three back-to-school activities with student worksheets. These get-to-know-you activities include
- The About Me, About Us, and About Them worksheets. These get-to-know-you worksheets are great to use together. Begin by getting students to complete the ‘About Me’ worksheet about themselves, then the ‘About Them’ worksheet about one other student in the class who they interview. Finally, students can do the ‘About Us’ worksheet in a small group, or you could run it as a whole-class discussion activity and build classroom community by identifying common interests.
- The second get-to-know-you activity is the Student Survey Top Five worksheet. In the activity, students tell you about themselves - their top five books, songs, movies, famous people, vacation memories, and goals. This worksheet also asks students how they think they learn best and the other classes they are taking that year to give you an idea of their academic interests and study load.
- The third get-to-know-you activity is the Find Someone Who worksheet. This get-to-know-you activity helps students to get to know each other. Simply give students the worksheets, set a time limit (or a first-to-finish prize as an incentive) and set them loose.
Not only will these get-to-know-you activities build classroom community, but they’ll also engage students and help you learn more about them.
Teachers like you have said:
⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ Kelly: “Great for first day”
⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ Lesley: “Easy print and go activity.”
⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ Keisha: “This was a fun activity for my students.”
These get-to-know-you worksheets also prepare students to achieve ASCA Mindsets and Behaviors for Study Success: K-12 College- and Career-Readiness Standards
✨B-SS 1. Use effective oral and written communication and listening skills
✨B-SS 2. Create positive and supportive relationships with other students
✨B-SS 3. Create relationships with adults that support success
Other products you might enjoy . . .
✨ worksheet bundle is great for the back-to-school season as it teaches or reviews digital literacy skills such as lateral reading, evaluating sources, deciding whether to trust sources, and analyzing evidence from data, videos, social media posts, and photos.
✨ worksheet bundle is another great back-to-school product because it makes teaching and reviewing study skills fast and easy. Cover note-taking, prioritizing reading, memory, procrastination, focus and concentration, planning and organization, studying for tests and exams, test anxiety, and writing papers and essay in short mini-lessons that show students tools, tips, and examples.
✨ Reflect on your year with our .
Remember to to keep up to date and find out about new products. And to earn TPT credits.
© 2022 MindRoar Teaching Resources.
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As water becomes increasingly precious in Colorado, there’s a growing need to keep track of every drop. That means more emphasis is being put on water accounting, the process of tracking and reporting water resources like water supply, stream flows, and water use.
The Colorado Division of Water resources explains it this way: “Whether water is used simply to drink from your household tap or to irrigate hundreds of acres of cropland, everyone in Colorado benefits from the orderly distribution and management of the state’s most precious resource.” How is this orderly distribution and management achieved? Through water accounting and periodic reviews or audits.
The words “accounting” and “audit” can cause anxiety, so it helps to generally understand water right accounting. Here are some considerations:
- All new water court decrees require the submittal of water accounting to Colorado’s Division of Water Resources. For example, if a city wants to establish a new reservoir, or if a land owner wants to install a pond on their ranch, they must report to the state how and to what extent this is being done lawfully and without injuring other water users. Typically, sample accounting forms are included as an exhibit to the water court decree. This requirement applies to new water rights, changes of water rights, plans for augmentation, and exchanges. Substitution Water Supply Plans also require that accounting be conducted and submitted.
- There are a very few exemptions from accounting requirements, but they do exist. If, for example, an agricultural ditch is only running agricultural water with no change in the usage, water accounting is typically not required (although diversion records are often required).
- Water accounting is a perpetual obligation for most water users. The frequency you have to submit water accounting reports varies widely, from daily to annually, but most accounting calculations are now conducted on a daily basis.
- Accounting requirements continue to become more detailed and stringent and can result in water users having to install more measuring and recording devices and devote more staff to collecting data and making it a part of the accounting.
- Many of our clients have installed SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) or telemetry systems to help gather and transmit data from remote locations in order to reduce the effort and manpower required to collect the required information and keep track of water operations more closely. This provides a benefit, and along with the accounting, may indicate if there is a problem in the system such as a malfunctioning pressure transducer or a water leak.
- The Division of Water Resources closely monitors accounting records and operations and sometimes goes through an audit or review process on each user's accounting forms. The audit/review helps to ensure that the accounting forms are adequate and/or that the operations are being properly recorded for the State's records. The audit/review may result in required or requested changes to the accounting forms and additional measuring requirements.
The good news? You don’t have to handle water accounting alone! We have experts and technology to help simplify the water accounting process and avoid headaches. M&W staff can help by developing new accounting forms, modifying accounting for new or changed operations, conducting the actual daily accounting calculations including those for complicated systems with multiple structures and supplies, utilizing SCADA output to automate accounting operations, and help navigate the audit process with the State. Contact us to learn more.
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Elizabeth Schulte reports on a new study that contradicts the U.S. government's long-held position that Gulf War Illness doesn't exist.
November 21, 2008
AFTER AN agonizing 17 years, the U.S. government will finally have to admit what veterans and their families have long known--Gulf War Illness is a very real and debilitating condition that has affected one-quarter of soldiers who served in the 1990-91 war.
The Research Advisory Committee on Gulf War Veterans' Illnesses (RAC-GWVI)--a committee of scientists and veterans appointed by Congress in 2002 to investigate the illnesses experienced by veterans of Operation Desert Storm--presented its 450-page report to Secretary of Veterans Affairs James Peake on November 17.
The new report, which chronicles the ailments suffered by some 175,000 Gulf War veterans--including memory and concentration problems, persistent headaches, unexplained fatigue, widespread pain, respiratory symptoms, digestive problems and skin rashes--contradicts previous reports, which denied that Gulf War Illness even existed.
Among those previous reports, a 2006 National Academy of Science's Institute of Medicine, claimed that the soldiers were simply suffering from merely suffering from stress disorders typical to any combat zone.
As the RAC-GWVI report plainly states:
Gulf War illness fundamentally differs from trauma and stress-related syndromes described after other wars. Studies consistently indicate that Gulf War illness is not the result of combat or other stressors and that Gulf War veterans have lower rates of posttraumatic stress disorder than veterans of other wars.
According to the committee's scientific director Roberta White, veterans "have been plagued by ill health since their return 17 years ago. Although evidence for this health phenomenon is overwhelming, veterans repeatedly find that their complaints are met with cynicism and a 'blame the victim' mentality that attributes their health problems to mental illness or non-physical factors."
Lea Steele, who served as RAC-GWVI scientific director, told the Washington Post, "VA docs often know nothing about it and aren't able to help them. Sometimes, they treat them as if they are head cases or malingering."
As Anthony Hardie, national secretary for Veterans of Modern Warfare, told the Seattle Post-Intelligencer, "It really closes one of the darker chapters of the legacy of the Gulf War, and that is Gulf War illness."
Hardie, a 23-year-old sergeant during the war, now suffers from respiratory problems, fatigue and chronic pain. "The report clearly lays out that Gulf War illness was caused by unique exposures; it lays out clearly that Gulf war illness is not a stress-related or trauma condition, that it is not the same as in wars before or since. It is unique," he said.
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
THE REPORT cites two main causes of Gulf War Illness--exposure to toxic chemicals, including pesticides that were used against sand flies and other pests, and pyridostigmine bromide, or PB, a drug administered to troops that was supposed to protect them from nerve gas.
At least half of all troops in the 1991 war took PB, a drug that was not approved by the Federal Drug Administration, but for which the FDA gave the Defense Department a waiver for informed consent. In other words, soldiers were being used as guinea pigs, and they had no way of knowing.
The committee also did not rule out some other causes of Gulf War Illness, including exposure to nerve agents and smoke from oil well fires, and receiving a large numbers of vaccines. Department of Defense reports show that about 100,000 U.S. troops may have been exposed to low-level nerve agents after the demolition of Iraqi munitions near Khamisiyah, Iraq, in 1991. Even being exposed to low levels of nerve gas can have lasting brain deficits.
The report cites a veteran who said:
I arrived in Theater on January 6, 1991...During official visits to strategic military cities, there were frequent SCUD attacks during which I heard chemical alarms sound. When I asked if these alarms meant chemicals had been detected, I was told that the chemical alarms had malfunctioned.
I became ill and was treated for nausea, headaches, vomiting, diarrhea and high temperature. Rashes I had over my body I thought were normal and expected since I spent most days in the sand, wind and sun, with all the attendant fleas, flies and desert parasites. Headaches I attributed to fatigue and lack of sleep. The symptoms...continued after I returned home and got progressively worse.
British Gulf War veterans are also seeing the effects. "Recognition of the full extent of the illnesses suffered by these veterans of the conflict and the obligation owed to them is long overdue," said David Craig, Marshal of the Royal Air Force and chief of the defense staff during the Gulf War. "They are victims of the war, as much as any one struck by a bullet or shell."
While the report did not link depleted uranium (DU) to the Gulf War Illness, the widespread effects of soldiers' exposure to DU are also a part of the report. Said one veteran:
I knew we were shooting DU rounds, but we were never told to stay away from vehicles that were hit by DU rounds. Now I know that we probably got DU dust all over us. But we didn't know any better, and we were dipping, smoking and eating without having washed our hands.
Right after the war, we saw lots of guys from other units climbing on the vehicles we had shot with DU rounds...In April 1991, while we were in Kuwait, I started getting diarrhea, nausea, stomach cramps, headaches, and tightness in my chest. My problems have gotten worse since then.
According to the RAC-GWVI report, Gulf War veterans developed amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS, also known as Lou Gehrig's Disease] at twice the rate of nondeployed veterans. It also found that personnel stationed downwind from the Khamisiyah munitions demolitions have died from brain cancer at twice the rate of other Gulf War veterans.
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
THE REPORT showed that very few veterans have recovered from Gulf War Illness, and the researchers had no recommendations for treatment. This is hardly surprising, since the government has done everything it could to refuse to recognize that the condition even existed.
And even though millions of federal dollars have gone to supposed Gulf War research, little has changed for sick veterans of the war. "In recent years, both the Department of Defense and the Department of Veterans Affairs have reported a lot of studies that weren't Gulf War illness as Gulf War research," said the RAC-GWVI's Steele. "Some of the money was misused."
The Department of Defense (DOD) and the Department of Veterans Affairs claim they have spent nearly $440 million since 1994 on Gulf War research. But the RAC-GWVI found that the money was largely used to fund research that had nothing to do with Gulf War Illness.
A lot of the DOD money actually went to projects for soldiers currently deployed in Iraq and Afghanistan. According to the report, the department has cut funding for the Gulf War research from about $30 million a year in 2003 to less than $5 million in 2006.
This is hardly unique for the soldiers sent to fight U.S. wars. It took 20 years for the soldiers suffering from the effects of Agent Orange, the chemical defoliant used during the Vietnam War, to force the government to acknowledge their illness.
Now that the facts are finally exposed on the impact of Gulf War Illness, we have to press the federal government to spend the money necessary to find a treatment for the tens of thousand of veterans who are paying for the U.S.'s wars with their health.
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The EPA has announced the release of a package of tools that aim to help communities take long-term approaches to manage stormwater pollution, which it says increasingly threatens public health and the environment at-large.
EPA’s tools encourage the use of techniques that spur economic growth, stimulate investment in local infrastructure, help meet water quality objectives and aid in compliance with environmental requirements.
The package of stormwater planning tools includes a step-by-step guide to help communities develop long-term stormwater plans, a Web-based toolkit for the planning process and technical assistance for communities to develop plans as national models. This approach was built on input from states, communities, industry, academia, and nonprofits.
“When communities link the timing and implementation of stormwater projects with broader planning activities, they can reduce costs and support more sustainable local development,” says Joel Beauvais, deputy assistant administrator for the Office of Water.
Communities are finding that the benefits from such approaches go well beyond helping to meet regulatory requirements and actually turn hazards into opportunities, adds EPA. Comprehensive, long-term stormwater planning can guide smart investments by tying together multiple community objectives like street improvements, outdoor open spaces, greenways and recreation areas, as well as community revitalization.
To see more information about the EPA tools, please visit the Stormwater Planning Web page.
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So cars and trucks are not the only vehicles that use fossil fuels and I have been looking at different technologies, some old and some new to improve MPG's. Most of these technologies if used to mod 1 car or truck are very expensive, but if it was standard on a car or truck that was produced in the hundreds of thousands, the cost is much more affordable. Up first is the technology behind diesel locomotives: [*=2]http://science.howstuffworks.com/transport/engines-equipment/diesel-locomotive.htm The important stuff starts on page 4 through 8. To take this information and apply it to a silverado: Why can't I have a 2 stroke 4 cyclinder engine in a 1500 silverado that takes a third the space of the of the 5.3L v8. Couple it with a generator that provides electricity (48volt system) that charges 6 x 8volt batteries. These batteries then power pancake traction motors mounted where the wheel hub and rotor should be with different gear ratio's to allow the change in miles per hour from 0 to 150 mph, etc. And then user an air powered drum brake. Apparently mini copper is smarter than gm and is already working on a similar system. [*=2]http://www.caranddriver.com/news/pml-flightlink-electric-mini-cooper-car-news Now I am not a ford fan by any means, but what the ..... has GM been doing when this was a concept truck over 5 years ago: [*=2]http://trucks.about.com/od/fordconc...-Concept-Truck/Super-Chief-Concept-Engine.htm You can click around for more pics, but this is the engine...... a F250 Super Duty with a V10 that is "flex fuel" when the super charger in engaged....... the second fuel is Hydrogen. Next is this guy... just google Johnathan Goodwin. [*=1]http://www.fastcompany.com/60868/motorhead-messiah Turbine Jet engines are some of the most fuel efficient engines around. Technology at universities such as NCSU are working on "nano tubes" and nano technologies where they can build turbine engines smaller than the thickness of human hair. Taking the diesel locomotive as an example........ what if they replaced that 2 stroke v12 with 11.x L per cylinder engine with a jet turbine that was more fuel efficient. How about a smaller jet turbine like the one Johnathan is using that would fit in place of the 5.3L in my silverado that is really using 200 year old tech and making the people in oil rich countries richer while we complain about gass and diesel prices? Johnathan was invited to visit GM and their engineers told Johnathan that GM told us it was impossible to do what he did. Now I wish I could find the link for the car in Australia that uses this engine, but I coudn't.....So here is an article from MSU in Michigan showing the same concept... Why do we need a transmission, we loose about 25% of fuel econ through the transmission. [*=1]http://news.discovery.com/autos/new-car-engine-sends-shockwaves-through-auto-industry-110405.html Auto manufacturers are wasting our time and money to offer products that basically need to be thrown in a junk yard after a few years of use because the fall apart and aren't really any better on fuel economy than they use to be 10, 15, 20 years ago.
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At a Glance
- Biologists think lava crickets are the first multicellular life form to repopulate barren lava fields.
- Yet the crickets lack characteristics associated with species that colonize new habitats.
- Scientists will soon launch a new study of the mysterious creatures.
A strange life form has appeared on the barren lava fields left by last year's eruption of the Kilauea volcano on the Big Island of Hawaii.
For three months beginning last May, the volcano oozed enough lava to cover more than 13 square miles, destroying at least 700 homes.
Scientists are headed to Hawaii this week to study what many biologists think is the first multicellular life form to make a home in the harsh, sterile lava fields.
They are looking for Caconemobius fori, the lava cricket.
(MORE: After Three Months, Eruptions Pause at Hawaii's Kilauea Volcano)
"There's the lava and the scape of this barren land, and then there's this cricket," Marlene Zuk, an entomologist leading the study, told Science Magazine.
Little is known about the crickets, called 'ūhini nēnē pele in Hawaiian. Scientists first described them in 1978, four years after Frank Howarth, an entomologist with Honolulu's Bishop Museum, trapped about 150 of them in old wine bottles, according to the magazine.
The entomologists learned the crickets survive on bits of decaying plants that blow into the lava fields, and albumen proteins in sea foam. They remain on the lava fields only until plants begin to grow again. Where the crickets live between eruptions remains a mystery.
(MORE: Whale Deaths off California Caused by Ship Strikes Spiked in 2018)
Zuk, who is also a professor at the University of Minnesota in St. Paul, says the crickets lack characteristics found in other species that are often the first to colonize new habitats.
They don't fly or float, and they don't appear to be able to live in other environments. They have been found only in lava fields.
The crickets also lack wings, so they can't make music to woo a mate. How they find each other is one of the questions Zuk and her team hope to answer.
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So Perseus put the head of Medusa in the wallet （kibisis） and went back again; but the Gorgons started up from their slumber and pursued Perseus: but they could not see him on account of the cap, for he was hidden by it. Being come to Ethiopia, of which Cepheus was king, he found the king's daughter Andromeda set out to be the prey of a sea monster.1 For Cassiepea, the wife of Cepheus, vied with the Nereids in beauty and boasted to be better than them all; hence the Nereids were angry, and Poseidon, sharing their wrath, sent a flood and a monster to invade the land. But Ammon having predicted deliverance from the calamity if Cassiepea's daughter Andromeda were exposed as a prey to the monster, Cepheus was compelled by the Ethiopians to do it, and he bound his daughter to a rock. When Perseus beheld her, he loved her and promised Cepheus that he would kill the monster, if he would give him the rescued damsel to wife. These terms having been sworn to, Perseus withstood and slew the monster and released Andromeda. However, Phineus, who was a brother of Cepheus, and to whom Andromeda had been first betrothed, plotted against him; but Perseus discovered the plot, and by showing the Gorgon turned him and his fellow conspirators at once into stone. And having come to Seriphus he found that his mother and Dictys had taken refuge at the altars on account of the violence of Polydectes; so he entered the palace, where Polydectes had gathered his friends, and with averted face he showed the Gorgon's head; and all who beheld it were turned to stone, each in the attitude which he happened to have struck. Having appointed Dictys king of Seriphus, he gave back the sandals and the wallet （kibisis） and the cap to Hermes, but the Gorgon's head he gave to Athena. Hermes restored the aforesaid things to the nymphs and Athena inserted the Gorgon's head in the middle of her shield. But it is alleged by some that Medusa was beheaded for Athena's sake; and they say that the Gorgon was fain to match herself with the goddess even in beauty.
This text is part of:
Table of Contents:
1 For the story of Andromeda, see Tzetzes, Scholiast on Lycophron 836; Conon 40 （who rationalizes the story）; Eratosthenes, Cat. 16, 17, and 36; Ov. Met. 4.665ff.; Hyginus, Fab. 64; Hyginus, Ast. ii.11; Scriptores rerum mythicarum Latini, ed. Bode, i. pp. 24ff. (First Vatican Mythographer 73). According to the first two of these writers, the scene of the tale was laid at Joppa. The traces of Andromeda's fetters were still pointed out on the rocks at Joppa in the time of Josephus （Jos. Bell. Jud. iii.9.2）. Sophocles and Euripides composed tragedies on the subject, of which some fragments remain. See TGF (Nauck 2nd ed.), pp. 157ff., 392ff.; The Fragments of Sophocles, ed. A. C. Pearson, i.78ff.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.
An XML version of this text is available for download, with the additional restriction that you offer Perseus any modifications you make. Perseus provides credit for all accepted changes, storing new additions in a versioning system.
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As we move into the era of the Internet of Things it is time to take stock of the energy and carbon cost of being increasingly on-line. High energy bills, new efficient ICT technologies, and regulations have kept the proportion of electricity used by ICT products and services in check. However, there is a risk that with a growing dependence on connected devices and digital technologies, energy efficiency gains will stall and our carbon footprint from using the internet may soar.
Of the inquiry, Co-Chair Antoinette Sandbach MP, said: “I’m delighted to be working with Policy Connect on this project. New digital technologies can play an important role in combatting climate change, as well as reducing energy bills. I hope that this report will be the first step to driving greater energy efficiency in our use of digital services and encouraging economic growth through more digital products and services that reduce energy consumption and carbon emissions.”
Policy Connect’s research highlights a knowledge gap in government for managing digital energy usage and taking advantage of new technology to cut carbon footprints. Gaps include technical expertise on digital trends and a lack of data collection, monitoring and analysis. It also uncovers that the private sector has led much of the way on ensuring improvements to technology, consolidation of ICT facilities and improved energy management. The government needs to lead the way as it develops digital services to citizens which will themselves increase Internet use. The government should also help consumers to understand better their energy footprint from being online, such as through stronger energy labelling systems which already exist for kitchen appliances.
In the Clean Growth Strategy, Government has committed to the same (or greater) energy efficiency standards as those in Europe. The UK must continue to develop policy capabilities around technological energy efficiency and drive greater efficiency in the sector in order for the UK both to remain competitive and to continue to reduce UK carbon emissions. This will require the UK to retain and develop policy expertise.
Co-Chair Daniel Zeichner added: "This report on the energy consumption and carbon emissions of the internet is an important step in making policy makers aware of the energy consequences of the internet. It should be taken into account by all those working on energy efficiency and digital transformation programmes. As we move to a more digital economy, we need to ensure that these recommendations are built in to the design, implementation and delivery of services from the start and that our digital backbone is both efficient and effective in the future.”
Government has identified 18 criteria to help them create and run digital services, for example, considering privacy and security issues and user experience. Given the importance of ensuring that energy efficiency gains continue, Policy Connect reports it is essential to take an ‘energy efficiency by design’ approach to designing, building and operating digital services: this should be high on the government’s list of criteria.
You can access the full report by using the following link: http://www.policyconnect.org.uk/research/staying-online-costing-earth
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Space debris a growing problemJune 28, 2011 by Richard Ingham in Astronomy & Space / Space Exploration
A scare triggered by orbital debris that on Tuesday came within a couple of hundred metres (yards) of the International Space Station (ISS) sheds light on an acutely worsening problem.
Millions of chunks of metal, plastic and glass are whirling round Earth, the garbage left from 4,600 launches in 54 years of space exploration.
The collision risk is low, but the junk travels at such high speed that even a tiny shard can cripple a satellite costing tens of millions of dollars.
Around 16,000 objects bigger than 10 centimetres (four inches) across are tracked by the US Space Surveillance Network, according to NASA's specialist newsletter.
There are around 500,000 pieces between one and 10 cms (half and four inches), while the total of particles smaller than one centimetre (half an inch) "probably exceeds tens of millions," NASA says elsewhere on its website.
The rubbish comes mainly from old satellites and upper stages of rockets whose residual fuel or other fluids explode while they turn in orbit. As the junk bumps and grinds, more debris results.
Another big source, though, is a Chinese weather satellite, Fengyun-1C, which China destroyed in a test of an anti-satellite weapon in 2007.
Debris specialists and satellite operators were incensed. At a stroke, it helped increase the tally of large debris by more than a third.
In May 2009, a 10-cm (four-inch) chunk from Fengyun-1C passed within three kilometres (1.8 miles) of the US space shuttle Atlantis, prompting plans for evasive manoeuvres that proved to be unneeded.
Four known collisions have occurred between tracked objects, France's National Centre for Space Studies (CNES) says.
In 1991, a Russian navigation satellite, Cosmos 1991, collided with debris from a defunct Russian satellite, Cosmos 926, although this event only came to light in 2005.
In 1996, a fragment from an exploded Ariane rocket launched in 1986 damaged a French spy micro-satellite, Cerise.
In 2005, the upper stage of a US Thor launcher hit debris from a Chinese CZ-4 rocket.
And in 2009, a disused Russian military satellite, Cosmos 2251, smacked into a US Iridium communications satellite, generating a debris cloud in its own right.
In low Earth orbit, which is where the ISS is deployed, debris impacts at around 10 kilometres (six miles) per second (36,000 kph / 22,400 mph), says the CNES.
An aluminium pellet just one millimetre (0.04 of an inch) carries roughly the same kinetic energy as a cricket ball or baseball fired at 450 kph (280 mph).
In June 1983, the windscreen of the shuttle Challenger had to be replaced after it was chipped by a paint fleck just 0.3 mm (0.01 of an inch) across that impacted at four kms (2.5 miles) per second.
To cope with such threats, the ISS has some shielding but depends mainly on manoeuvering to get out of the way, an operation it has done several times.
Satellites, too, can take evasive action using onboard thrusters, but this is costly because it reduces the craft's operational life.
The ISS "is the most heavily shielded spacecraft ever flown," NASA says.
"Critical components, e.g. habitable compartments and high pressure tanks, will normally be able to withstand the impact of debris as large as one centimetre (half an inch) in diameter."
On the plus side, at low Earth orbit, debris is only a relatively short-term problem.
At orbits below 600 kms (375 miles), the material falls to Earth, where it usually burns up to nothing in the atmosphere, within several years.
Beyond 800 kms (500 miles), orbital decay is measured in decades, but beyond 1,000 kms (620 miles), the debris will trundle around the planet for a century or more.
The European Space Agency (ESA), Japan, Russia and the United States have issued guidelines for mitigating the debris problem, such as designing satellites and spacecraft so that they can be deliberately "de-orbited," using a fuel reserve, rather than let them drift in space.
Leading space agencies have also formed a panel to address the problem and the issue is also discussed in the UN's Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS).
(c) 2011 AFP
"Space debris a growing problem" June 28, 2011 https://phys.org/news/2011-06-space-debris-problem.html
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Increasing your knowledge of basic fundamentals will build your level of consistency
Grip, Aim, Stance, Posture
The way the fingers are placed on the golf club will have a direct relationship to the flight of the ball. If you do not grip the club correctly, you won't to hit the ball straight.
The 10 Finger Grip is used primarily by junior golfers up to the age of 11, due to their lack of strength. It is difficult to control the weight of the club.
The Interlock Grip is used primarily by golfers with smaller or weaker hands.
The Overlap Grip is used primarily by golfers with larger or stronger hands.
The "v" between the thumb and forefinger of each hand should point between the right ear and the shoulder (for a right-handed golfer). Moving the left and right hands further to the right is considered a strong grip, while moving the left and right hands further to the left would be considered a weak grip.
Having correct aim and alignment will help you identify swing flaws much easier.
An intermediate golfer rarely checks their alignment, yet advanced golfers check their alignment at every practice session. This fundamental is simply just overlooked. Most swing path problems occur because the golfer simply aims poorly and has to adjust for poor aim by swinging an outside-in swing path.
The golf ball is your target and the pin is your final destination. Drawing an imaginary line between the two will establish your aim line. Pick a spot about 3 feet in front of your ball on your aim line and use this spot as a reference for addressing the ball and aiming your club face.
When addressing the ball, keep your body square to the target line and position your feet and the ball appropriately for the club you are going to use. The line of the tips of your toes, knees, hips, and shoulders should be parallel to your target line. Position the club behind the golf ball with the clubface pointed squarely towards the spot in front of the golf ball. With strong swing fundamentals and proper alignment, the flight of the golf ball should be straight towards your final destination.
Aim and Alignment
In order to build a solid game you must build a solid foundation.
Your stance should be athletic and create a foundation for your swing and stability for your body to maintain proper swing mechanics and transfer power to the ball. To maintain an athletic stance and solid foundation you need correct weight distribution. At address, your weight should be in the center of your feet between the ball of your foot and your heel. If your weight is on your heels, this will cause you to lift up during your backswing, top your shot and lose your balance. If your weight is on your toes, this will cause you to fall forward, hit behind the ball and lose your balance during your swing.
Stance width is also critical to the foundation, balance, weight shift and swing mechanics. The width of the stance is determined by the club length - the longer the club, the wider the stance. The stance should be shoulder width apart to the outside of the feet beginning with the wedges through the 5 iron. From the 4 iron through the driver, the stance needs to be wider and thus, shoulder width apart to the inside of the feet.
A great way to check your stance width is to place the head of an iron under your arm and let the shaft hang straight down along your side. If your feet are shoulder width apart to the outside, the grip will be over the outer part of your foot. Similarly, when your feet are shoulder width apart to the inside, the grip will point to the inside of the foot.
Ball position is also determined by club length. To ensure that you are standing at the correct distance away from the ball at address position, you should set your feet such that your chin is over the front of your right hand when using a shorter club (8 irons through wedges). As club length increases, so should your distance away from the ball. For mid-irons (5,6,7), the chin should be positioned over the front of the left hand, and finally, for the longer clubs (4 iron through woods), the chin should be at the butt end of the club. Standing too close to the ball with a longer club will cause you to hit behind the ball resulting in fat shots because there is simply not enough room to freely swing the club. Conversely, standing too far away with a shorter club will result in topping the shot since the club is not long enough to hit down into the shot. Ball position is crucial to impact.
Ball position within the stance is also determined by club length. The ball position for the wedges, 9 iron, and 8 iron are in the center, while longer clubs begin to move forward in half inch increments until you reach your driver which is played off your left heel.
Stance and Ball Position
Developing a proper swing can only be done if the body posture is correct. The proper posture will help you get into a position to where your body can move freely. The correct posture will set your body in a good balanced position that will allow for balance in the golf swing. Posture is the base around which the club is swinging. It is the framework of the swing and crucial that a good balanced posture be implemented into your pre-shot routine.
To achieve perfect posture, stand straight up, hold your elbows into your sides with your forearms positioned parallel to the groundm and hold the club at a 45% angle.
Bend over at the waist (sticking your hip pockets out) without physically moving the arms or the club, but allowing them to move as a result of bending, until the club is parallel to the ground.
Once the club is parallel to the ground, drop the arms and the club from this position and let the club head come to rest on the ground. At this point, the arms should be hanging straight down from the shoulders and the bottom hand on the club should be at the end of the toes.
Bend the knees slightly or softly so they stop when your knee caps (if you were to draw a vertical line) are in line with the balls of your feet and your shoulders. Adjust your feet closer or father away from the ball until your body weight is centered on your feet and underneath you.
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By Juliet Eilperin
Washington Post Staff Writer
Wednesday, July 5, 2006; A01
The escalating level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is making the world's oceans more acidic, government and independent scientists say. They warn that, by the end of the century, the trend could decimate coral reefs and creatures that underpin the sea's food web.
Although scientists and some politicians have just begun to focus on the question of ocean acidification, they describe it as one of the most pressing environmental threats facing Earth.
"It's just been an absolute time bomb that's gone off both in the scientific community and, ultimately, in our public policymaking," said Rep. Jay Inslee (D-Wash.), who received a two-hour briefing on the subject in May with five other House members. "It's another example of when you put gigatons of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, you have these results none of us would have predicted."
Thomas E. Lovejoy, president of the H. John Heinz III Center for Science, Economics and the Environment, has just rewritten the paperback edition of "Climate Change and Biodiversity," his latest book, to highlight the threat of ocean acidification. "It's the single most profound environmental change I've learned about in my entire career," he said last week.
A coalition of federal and university scientists is to issue a report today describing how carbon dioxide emissions are, in the words of a press release from the National Center for Atmospheric Research and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, "dramatically altering ocean chemistry and threatening corals and other marine organisms that secrete skeletal structures."
For decades, scientists have viewed the oceans' absorption of carbon dioxide as an environmental plus, because it mitigates the effects of global warming. But by taking up one-third of the atmosphere's carbon dioxide -- much of which stems from exhaust from automobiles, power plants and other industrial sources -- oceans are transforming their pH level.
The pH level, measured in "units," is a calculation of the balance of a liquid's acidity and its alkalinity. The lower a liquid's pH number, the higher its acidity; the higher the number, the more alkaline it is. The ph level for the world's oceans was stable between 1000 and 1800, but has dropped one-tenth of a unit since the Industrial Revolution, according to Christopher Langdon, a University of Miami marine biology professor.
Scientists expect ocean pH levels to drop by another 0.3 units by 2100, which could seriously damage marine creatures that need calcium carbonate to build their shells and skeletons. Once absorbed in seawater, carbon dioxide forms carbonic acid and lowers ocean pH, making it harder for corals, plankton and tiny marine snails (called pteropods) to form their body parts.
Ken Caldeira, a chemical oceanographer at Stanford University who briefed lawmakers along with NCAR marine ecologist Joan Kleypas, said oceans are more acidic than they have has been for "many millions of years."
"What we're doing in the next decade will affect our oceans for millions of years," Caldeira said. "CO2levels are going up extremely rapidly, and it's overwhelming our marine systems."
Some have questioned global-warming predictions based on computer models, but ocean acidification is less controversial because it involves basic chemistry. "You can duplicate this phenomenon by blowing into a straw in a glass of water and changing the water's pH level," Lovejoy said. "It's basically undeniable."
Hugo A. Lo?iciga, a geography professor at the University of California at Santa Barbara, is one of the few academics to question the phenomenon. A groundwater hydrologist, Lo?iciga published a paper in the May edition of the American Geophysical Union's journal that suggested the oceans may not become so acidic, because enough carbonate material will help restore equilibrium to them.
Lo?iciga wrote that although seawater in certain regions may become more acidic over time, "on a global scale and over the time scales considered (hundreds of years), there would not be accentuated changes in either seawater salinity or acidity from the rising concentration of atmospheric CO2."
Two dozen scientists have written a response questioning this assumption, since it would take thousands of years for such material to reach the oceans from land.
"The paper by Lo?iciga ignores decades of scholarship, presents inappropriate calculations and draws erroneous conclusions that simply do not apply to real ocean," they wrote. They added that, unless carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere stabilize soon, the seas will soon exceed the Environmental Protection Agency's recommended acidity limits.
Scientists have conducted a few ocean acidification experiments in recent years. All have shown that adding carbon dioxide to the water slows corals' growth rate and can dissolve pteropods' shells.
Langdon, who conducted an experiment between 1996 and 2003 in Columbia University's Biosphere 2 lab in Tucson, concluded that corals grew half as fast in aquariums when exposed to the level of carbon dioxide projected to exist by 2050. Coupled with the higher sea temperatures that climate change produces, Langdon said, corals may not survive by the end of the century.
"It's going to be on a global scale and it's also chronic," Langdon said of ocean acidification. "Twenty-four/seven, it's going to be stressing these organisms. . . . These organisms probably don't have the adaptive ability to respond to this new onslaught."
Stanford University marine biologist Robert B. Dunbar has studied the effect of increased carbon dioxide on coral reefs in Israel and Australia's Great Barrier Reef. "What we found in Israel was the community is dissolving," Dunbar said.
Caldeira has mapped out where corals exist today and the pH levels of the water in which they thrive; by the end of the century, no seawater will be as alkaline as where they live now. If carbon dioxide emissions continue at their current levels, he said, "It's say goodbye' to coral reefs."
Although the fate of plankton and marine snails may not seem as compelling as vibrantly colored coral reefs, they are critical to sustaining marine species such as salmon, redfish, mackerel and baleen whales.
"These are groups everyone depends on, and if their numbers go down there are going to be reverberations throughout the food chain," said John Guinotte, a marine biologist at the Marine Conservation Biology Institute. "When I see marine snails' shells dissolving while they're alive, that's spooky to me."
Rep. Rush D. Holt (D-N.J.), a scientist by training, attended the congressional briefing on ocean acidification. He said these developments are "new to me, which was surprising because I usually keep up with things."
"The changes in our climate are severe and urgent even if it weren't for this, but this just adds impact and urgency to the situation," Holt said.
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Over the past few years bilingualism has come to be seen not as a hinderance to assimiliation but as an asset which, properly nurtured, will benefit children's linguistic awareness, cultural sensitivity and cognitive functioning. Bilingualism in the Primary Classroom gives primary teachers a window on the experience of the bilingual children in their... more...
- Taylor and Francis 2003; US$ 52.95
Offers suggestions for making classroom and teaching practice more effective for bilingual and bidialectical pupils. Case studies are used, which give voice to student and practising teacher perspectives which are often unheard. This book will help teachers develop practice that combats actual exclusion and the symbolic exclusion that some multicultured... more...
- Taylor and Francis 2003; US$ 57.95
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- Taylor and Francis 2004; US$ 54.95
The diverse contributions in this book discuss both the classical and the more recent forms of migration. Illustrating the developments in various European countries and Australia as a 'classical immigration state', they tackle these different forms of migration and investigate their divergent educational implications regarding identity, citizenship... more...
- Palgrave Macmillan 2000; US$ 56.00
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The National Association of Bilingual Education (NABE) published electronic issues of Volumes 1 and 2 of the NABE Journal of Research and Practice to offer archival records of 2002 and 2003 NABE conferences presentations. Beginning with Volume 3, the title of the publication is changed to NABE Review of Research and Practice and is published by... more...
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Ten academics from South America and the U.S. contribute nine chapters examining bilingual education and bilingualism in three Andean countries--Peru, Ecuador, and Colombia--and three "Southern Cone" nations--Brazil, Argentina, and Paraguay. The authors discuss the debates on bilingual education involving international languages--English, French, S more...
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Line of Fire: Know Your Chemicals
When we find ourselves in the line of fire with chemicals whether it be through a splash in the face, a spill onto our skin or a leak that creates inhalable fumes, the effects can be extremely harmful and in certain cases life-changing or fatal.
Some examples of chemicals and hazardous materials we deal with in our business:
- Treatment Chemicals
- Fuel (Diesel, Petrol)
- Gases in confined space areas (Hydrogen Sulphide, Carbon Monoxide, Methane)
- Domestic Chemicals (Bleach, Cleaning Products)
Keep out of the line of fire and know the proper handling procedure and PPE by reading the SDS!
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Bipolar disorder is also recognized in the psychological and psychiatric as Bipolar affective disorder or Derpresion maniac medium and is basically characterized by being a condition that someone in particular presents in its state of mood. This state of mood not be stable conserrva because sometimes it looks reference on excellent episodes of joy, euphoria and happiness that counteract with uncontrollable episodes of intense depression. The different symptoms of depression usually occur without reason while that State episodes of mood elevated also known as hobbies – are presented in an uncontrollable way which leads to look for people who suffer from bipolar disorder it is very difficult in a welfare State or what can be known as o.k.normal. Bipolar disorder is one of the most serious forms of mental illness. Follow others, such as Dr. Caldwell B. Esselstyn, Jr., and add to your knowledge base. The condition has a high rate of recurrence and if not treated in time, has a risk of approximately 15% of all deaths by suicide. It is the third leading cause of death among people of 15-24 years, and is the 6th leading cause of disability (loss of healthy life years) for persons aged 15-44 in the developed world. At the time of believing that it suffers from this disorder is recommended to seek a professional and begin treatment bipolar disorder in search of more rather than eradicate the disease control solutions, because it is a condition that will be in for life. Treatments for this disease are given from restricted use drug medication, it is possible that bipolar disorder unless the person who has use of medications based on lithium, carbamazepine, valproate or valproic acid, often in combination with antipsychotic medication.
In general, the results of treatment are represented in a dramatic decrease in the autoinfundado mental suffering, and it causes a reduction of 8 times in the risk of suicide. These drugs provide excellent control to present in this disease mental disorders. Research has shown that treatment most effective is a combination of psychotherapy of support, psychoeducation, and the use of a mood stabilizer (often in combination with antipsychotic medication). There is no research showing that any form of psychotherapy is an effective substitute for the drug. Similarly there is no research showing that any store of healthy foods for nutritional supplements (e.g. vitamins, amino acids, or health food stores) are effective for bipolar disorder. Original author and source of the article
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Tree Stands and Liana Community in Royal Belum State Park, Malaysia
The diversity of lianas and trees were studied in five study sites of 100 x 20 m within the Royal Belum State Park, Malaysia with a view to provide baseline information on their incidence, taxonomy and ecological distributions. The sites include Sungai Kejar, Sungai Papan, Sungai Papan 2, Teluk Gopal and Sungai Kooi with at least 1000 m apart. These plots were further sub-divided into five sub-plots of 20 x 20 m each. Lianas with a diameter at breast height (dbh) ≥ 1 cm and trees with dbh ≥ 10 cm were identified and frequencies of occurrence were determined. Lianas comprising 92 species from 23 families while trees comprising 221 species and 48 families were enumerated. Annonaceae was the richest family of lianas and trees (19 species and 23 species respectively). Connarus (Connaraceae) and Spatholobus (Fabaceae) had the highest number of lianas (six species) whilst Syzygium (Myrtaceae) had the highest number of trees (11 species). There are significant differences in all the diversity indices among the study sites, except between Sungai Papan and Teluk Gopal which were the richest and most diverse in liana species. These two sites also showed high similarity index in liana species (0.50) followed by Sungai Kejar and Sungai Papan 2 (0.37). Sungai Kejar was however observed to have the highest tree species richness. These study sites could be described as very rich with a high diversity of lianas and trees. Although, it is richer in trees than lianas which means that the level of disturbance of the park is very low.
Keywords: Annonaceae, Connarus, forests, lianas diversity, Perak, Syzygium
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Oliveira, E.A., Marimon, B.S., Feldpausch, T.R., Colli, G.R., Marimon-Junior, B.H., Lloyd, J., Lenza, E., Maracahipes, L., Oliveira-Santos, C. & Philips, O.L. (2014). Diversity, abundance and distribution of lianas of the Cerrado Amazonian forest transition. Plant Ecology Diversity, 7(1-2): 231-240.
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Education companies continue to tout the ability of artificial intelligence (AI) to greatly improve learning among students at all levels. While AI is being tested today in select applications, such as “intelligent tutors” and so-called “smart content,” many of the promises of what this advanced technology can do in education remain largely unfulfilled. The fact is, AI is not a cure-all for education — nor should it be.
More than ever, what’s needed is collaborative and comparative research by major players in education into how best to deploy AI as a sophisticated tool for teachers to help them reach and teach students more effectively using a “human-plus-technology” approach known as the blended learning environment. Without a transparent, scientific approach, education is at risk of being stuck with the same problems ten years from now: using a largely marketing approach to “sell” education on AI, without solid methods grounded in research. And, in the process, it will needlessly unnerve educators, students, and parents with visions of “robo-teachers” replacing humans in the classroom.
Teaching and preparing the workforce of the present and future with 21st century skills is a growing priority. The World Economic Forum, for example, has launched an initiative on “Shaping the Future of Education, Gender and Work,” encouraging the sharing of analyses and insights, fostering dialogue among stakeholders and experts, and encouraging greater collaboration among “business, government, civil society, and the education and training sector”—by industry, regionally, and globally.
While in Davos at the World Economic Forum, I spoke with Satyadeep Rajan, founder and president of Swiss Learning Exchange who previously was responsible for the education theme at the forum. He stressed the urgency of giving education at least the same attention at key international thought leadership events as is given to other global concerns, such as banking or mining. “Until recently, education has not been taken as seriously or worthwhile. There is a giant gap between what participants at these events know and the real world in education,” he told me.
A parallel to the collaborative research approach can be found in medical education, which is often interdisciplinary in nature. The education industry, however, has relied largely on painting a picture of what new technology may do in the future, which would not be acceptable in other science-based industries such as medicine and pharmacology. Given that learning actually is brain science, we in education should hold ourselves to more rigorous standards for quantifying results from using advanced technology.
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AI Makes Inroads, But It’s Not the Destination
Given the pace of AI disruption across multiples industries — frommanufacturing to food processing and financial services — it only makes sense that education would also look to AI in hopes of improving results and gaining efficiency. In advanced adaptive learning systems, for example, AI can be used to enhance the personalized learner experience, to increase competency in gaining knowledge and skills, enhance confidence in what is learned, and improve retention.
Education firms also have been engaged for years in investigating the potential of many innovations such as teacher-AI collaboration and using technology to improve individualized learning and provide universal access to education. For example, Pearson, which is transitioning from an education publisher to a digital-education platform, is making investments expecting a significant future for AI and deep-learning algorithms.
While Pearson is to be applauded for these efforts, there is a danger in turning to AI experts to “fix” education. Instead, education needs to engage in deeper discussions by bringing together leading minds in learning and technology to identify where and how AI can become a meaningful tool for teachers. One possibility is using AI to check homework or perform automatic plagiarism checks. There is much discussion about the role of advanced technology in the classroom, such as AI-enabled tutoring and robotic graders — even using AI to predict which post-secondary students are at greatest risk for dropping out.
Rather than replacing teachers, AI should be thought of as freeing them up to do what they do best: engaging and encouraging students. Similarly, in computer-based adaptive learning, AI can be used in content curation, freeing up humans from this largely tedious work. But humans, especially subject matter experts, remain key to the content delivery process. Just as in the classroom, it takes a blended approach of human plus technology to realize the full potential of advanced adaptive learning platforms.
The limitations of AI in education stem from the fact that learning is far too complex, messy, and too “biological” (it is a brain function, after all) for it ever to be automated. This contrasts sharply with how AI and advanced algorithms can be used in aggregating data and outcomes that have much greater regularity. For example, AI can replicate and generatephotographs, such that it’s impossible to tell an original from the AI-enabled copy; the objective is more for games and entertainment interfaces, developers say, than just duping people with “fake” photos. Computer-aided analysis of linguistic patterns has even been used to pursue answers in the long scholarly debate of who likely wrote (or co-wrote) Shakespeare’s plays. The key to such applications is that the very data sets with perfect outcomes already exist; data scientists know precisely what they’re looking for.
That “perfect outcome” does not exist in education, because every learner is different.
Even when we know the process of how to teach something, it is still unclear how each student actually learns. The education industry needs to explore how AI can make teachers even more effective, such as by supporting them with advanced analytics and data that show where students are gaining mastery and where they still struggle. With research to prove its potential in education, AI can advance learning in a blended environment that augments teachers with the best technology tools at their disposal.
As a final note, it is important to understand that humans establish and maintain a complex model in their minds of how the world works; deep neural networks, however, do not. The latter lacks a deep understanding somewhat similar to the shallowness of rote memorization, which requires giant data sets even to get there. Humans begin learning from the first example.
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In this internet-connected age, all of our devices are constantly communicating with each other. Chances are you've got a phone, a laptop, a television, a car radio, maybe a smart home device or some other WiFi-capable appliance, along with a smartwatch or Bluetooth speaker. All of these devices are talking with each other and the wider world constantly.
This is all done through radio signals. All of your devices communicate by sending and receiving radio signals at specific frequencies. But why don't cellphone calls collide against Wi-Fi signals? Mostly, it's because there are agreed-upon standards for what devices get to broadcast at what frequency. The radio spectrum is heavily partitioned so different kinds of traffic stay in their own lanes and all the data gets where it needs to go.
A similar situation is playing out underwater. Under the sea, there are submarines, research vessels, robots, buoys, and tracking tags on animals, and they've all got to communicate. But radio signals don't work underwater, so the established radio communication standards are useless. Instead, underwater signals are sent via acoustic waves, but until recently there was no standard for which frequencies to use.
That's all been changed now, thanks to a new standard being pioneered by NATO. Called JANUS—after the Roman god of gateways—the new system partitions the range of possible underwater communication frequencies and lets everything communicate with everything else.
The JANUS protocol establishes a single frequency—11.5 kilohertz—that is reserved for initial communication between two systems, as well as frequencies for announcing a system's presence to everyone nearby. Once two crafts or robots make contact with each other, they can switch to a different frequency for extended communication.
JANUS is opening the door to a better way to communicate underwater. Because of this new standard, all kinds of new collaborations are now possible. Entire fleets of robots can communicate with each other at a distance, communications buoys can send signals from the air into the water, and everyone can finally talk to one another.
Considering the ocean floor is less explored than outer space, it's about time we figured out a way to communicate from there.
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Vineyard Osprey Monitoring Program
Ospreys are a signature species for Martha’s Vineyard. They represent renewal, triumph over hardship, and demonstrate that it is possible to bring a bird back from a dangerous decline. Osprey are easy to see, breed on the Vineyard, and are a beloved symbol of the island.
Today, more than 100 nesting pairs of Osprey grace the island during our spring and summer seasons and then migrate south for the winter. Intense efforts by Felix Neck staff, researchers, and volunteers have led to their current success.
2018 Osprey Census Summary
While much is known about these birds, research and monitoring efforts continue to be necessary to ascertain population trends; install, maintain, and manage nesting platforms; and learn more about their food resources, predation, and migration patterns.
Island resident and Felix Neck volunteer Dick Jennings, along with the help of other volunteers, has been managing a yearly Osprey census. To accomplish our research and monitoring goals, we are hoping to expand our Vineyard Osprey Monitoring Program.
But we need your help to make this happen! Your support in the form of funding for equipment or volunteering to be part of our citizen science program is greatly appreciated.
Also known as Fish Hawks, Ospreys are raptors that survive on a diet that's 99% fish. Every spring and summer, they can be found across the Commonwealth feeding in reservoirs, ponds, bays, rivers—and wherever else there are fish to be caught! Learn more >
History of Vineyard Ospreys
When Felix Neck Wildlife Sanctuary opened to the public in 1969, the island had just two pairs of nesting Osprey. The reasons for their critically low numbers were numerous, but a major threat to the species was DDT, a toxic pesticide that weakened the shells of Osprey eggs to the point of failure.
Once DDT was banned in 1972, the hope was that Ospreys would return. But on the Island, Osprey populations remained low. Gus Ben David, Felix Neck's Sanctuary Directory at the time, quickly ascertained that the problem was with the availability of viable nesting sites—birds were nesting on telephone poles only to have their nests removed by utility staff.
Ben David began a program of installing nesting platforms at locations across the island. The first platform was erected at Mink Meadows, and over the years more than 160 nesting platforms have been erected. The most recent was installed at the outlet of the Tiasquam River on Tisbury Great Pond in autumn 2014, thanks to a cooperative effort between a private land owner, Ben David, and Felix Neck staff.
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No longer interested in being the fourth nation to set foot on the moon, Japan has abandoned the project.
In the same launch last week that propelled NASA’s Orion spacecraft toward the moon in the Artemis I mission, Japan also placed into orbit its Omotenashi CubeSat.
However, once the Omotenashi CubeSat separated from the SLS rocket, the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) was unable to contact it, hence no effort was made to settle on the moon.
According to Kyodo News, mission chief Tatsuaki Hashimoto called the outcome “very unfortunate.”
JAXA conceded on Tuesday that they had been unable to make contact with the CubeSat after many days of attempting, and they promised to investigate the cause of the failure. We do know that Omotenashi’s solar cells stopped working after it separated from the rocket.
The Omotenashi CubeSat measures 37 cm on its longest side and weighs 27.8 pounds. The purpose of the $5.6 million mission was to prove that landing on and exploring the Moon could be done for a reasonable price. The CubeSat’s mission is to collect data on the radiation environment on and around the moon.
A cold gas thruster was used to place the CubeSat into a lunar-impact orbit, and a solid rocket motor was used to slow it down for the landing. If everything had gone according to plan during the landing phase, the lander would have dropped its rocket and fallen around 100 meters. The lander would have released a little airbag right before it crashed onto the moon’s surface, softening the blow.
Even though Omotenashi won’t be landing on the moon any more, mission controllers may be able to make contact with the CubeSat in 2019 if its solar panels are oriented toward the sun. The group will be able to get radiation readings taken throughout their space mission.
The United States, Russia, and China are the only countries to have successfully landed a spacecraft on the moon. Japan will have to wait a bit longer before it can join the club.
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Of all computing devices, laptops are the least protected from a variety of dangers. A laptop can be lost or stolen. But not only is a mobile computer itself not cheap, but often the information stored on its hard drive costs much more than the device itself. Therefore, the modern market does not lack solutions aimed at ensuring the safety of both the laptop itself and the data in it.
How to Work with Your Laptop Safely?
Now many say that the main attacks of hackers are not on systems and computers but on the minds of users. Unfortunately, common sense alone isn’t enough to protect your PC from malware – malicious software that disrupts your computer or collects sensitive information about your online behavior. However, common sense when surfing the Internet will not be superfluous.
Many users will probably say that there is no important data on their computer that could interest anyone. However, it should not be forgotten that since the laptop is sometimes connected to the corporate network, it stores user logins and passwords, authentication data for accessing the Internet and corporate network, various registration information, etc. Meanwhile, the loss of a laptop due to the owner’s inattention or its theft, for example, from a car, is a fairly common phenomenon.
When working at a computer, we recommend that you follow the rules for the duration of work, correct posture, the size of fonts and images, room requirements, etc. We offer some principles of proper computer work:
- in the workspace (room) where computers are installed, wet cleaning must be performed daily;
- the room in which the computers are located must be ventilated every hour;
- constantly monitor the condition of the monitor screen: it must be clean, without stains and dust. In addition, be sure to keep your glasses clean – computer or regular.
Which Are Seven Rules for Securing Your Laptop?
The security of your own data is not paranoia. Sticking up a webcam, constantly turning off a working device, and setting passwords for each folder are, of course, overkill. But it is definitely worth learning for each user to correctly build access boundaries to their own laptop, set up security correctly, and prevent leakage of personal data. Take a look at the main rules for securing your working laptop:
- Update your operating system and other software as often as you can, preferably automatically.
- Download the latest security software, including antivirus software, antispyware, and a firewall.
- It is advisable not to save any data on the computer desktop. The desktop is the same folder located on the “C” drive.
- Create backup copies of important information – this is your “insurance” in case of force majeure, for example, searches, or sometimes it’s enough to spill coffee on the laptop keyboard and be left without a database.
- It is important to remember that all encryption is useless while the computer is in an unlocked state. Therefore, it is important to take care of automatic blocking after a reasonably short period of time.
- Destroy all traces of your personal information on the equipment you plan to sell.
- Legal user access to protected data is provided using special keys. The simplest key is a password consisting of letters, numbers, and various symbols. Using it is very simple – just enter using the keyboard.
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In which Scrabble dictionary does CUFF exist?
Definitions of CUFF in dictionaries:
- noun -
the lap consisting of a turned-back hem encircling the end of the sleeve or leg
- noun -
shackle that consists of a metal loop that can be locked around the wrist
- verb -
hit with the hand
- verb -
confine or restrain with or as if with manacles or handcuffs
A fold used as trimming at the bottom of a sleeve.
A band, often having an opening with a button closure, at the bottom of a sleeve.
The turned-up fold at the bottom of a trouser leg.
The band at the top of a sock.
The part of a glove that extends over the wrist.
An inflatable band, usually wrapped around the upper arm, that is used along with a sphygmomanometer in measuring arterial blood pressure.
To form a cuff or cuffs on.
To put handcuffs on.
A blow or slap with the open hand.
verb - to furnish with a cuff (a part of a sleeve)
There are 4 letters in CUFF:
C F F U
Scrabble words that can be created with an extra letter added to CUFF
All anagrams that could be made from letters of word CUFF plus a
Scrabble words that can be created with letters from word CUFF
Images for CUFFLoading...
SCRABBLE is the registered trademark of Hasbro and J.W. Spear & Sons Limited. Our scrabble word finder and scrabble cheat word builder is not associated with the Scrabble brand - we merely provide help for players of the official Scrabble game. All intellectual property rights to the game are owned by respective owners in the U.S.A and Canada and the rest of the world. Anagrammer.com is not affiliated with Scrabble. This site is an educational tool and resource for Scrabble & Words With Friends players.
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| 0.921169 | 426 | 2.546875 | 3 |
© AskMen / Flickr
Study: Sunbathing Could Make You Live Longer
Trending News: How Booking A Beach Vacation Can Help You Live Longer
Why Is This Important?
Because we knew there was science behind bikinis.
Long Story Short
Advice to stay out of the sun to avoid skin cancer may not be as helpful as we once thought. New research, in fact, reveals that staying in the shade could be as damaging to our health as smoking.
The sun is confusing stuff. We’re told to stay out of it to avoid increasing our risk of skin cancer, yet we know that those in sunnier climates tend to be healthier and happier. That glorious ball of fire might just not be the enemy we’ve been painting it to be.
New research in the Journal of Internal Medicine has finally answered the question: do sun worshippers really live longer? Researchers collected data from almost 30,000 women over a period of 20 years, and confirmed that they were less likely to die young.
They found that the longer life expectancy among women who sunbathed regularly was because of a lower risk of heart disease and non-cancer-related deaths.
If that isn’t enough to persuade you to book a beach vacation pronto, the findings also revealed that avoiding the sun can be as bad for your health as smoking.
"We found smokers in the highest sun exposure group were at a similar risk as non-smokers avoiding sun exposure, indicating avoidance of sun exposure to be a risk factor of the same magnitude as smoking," said Dr. Pelle Lindqvist, lead author of study.
She added that advice telling us to avoid the sun can be too restrictive, and may actually do more harm than good when it comes to our health.
The study could not conclude whether vitamin D, or another effect of sun exposure, explained the findings. But who cares — evidence is evidence. We're off to the Costa Brava.
Own The Conversation
Ask The Big Question
Surely this means holidays should be prescribed by doctors?
Disrupt Your Feed
This is a great way to protest longer lunch breaks in summer: a healthier, more tanned workforce.
Drop This Fact
Higher levels of vitamin D — which we mostly get from sun exposure — can lower blood pressure.
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The corona, and more chaotic iridescent colours, are the products of light scattered mainly by the outer skins of cloud droplets.
The droplets are only 1-100 micron (0.001 - 0.1 mm) diameter and not that far removed from the wavelengths of visible light. The wave aspect of light therefore becomes important when it impacts on the tiny spheres.
Scattered waves radiate outwards from all points on the drop surface. Where they overlap they interfere. Waves in-phase reinforce and waves out of phase are destroyed. The result is a circular diffraction pattern.
The coronal diffraction pattern is a sign writ large in the sky of the minuteness of cloud drops and the wave aspect of light.
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| 0.931594 | 152 | 3.046875 | 3 |
For two weeks I have had the wonderful opportunity to be among students and teachers at #Pitman Middle School in #New Jersey, #USA. I have been monitoring instruction in many different classes and seen many very good examples of teaching. My main focus has been ESL-teaching and I have seen examples of that both in primary schools and in adult classes of different kinds. Some of the adult students were part of a program for parents and were taught in classes with students from many different countries. They were preparing for a test and if they’d pass the test that would help them qualify for being American citizens. Other adults I met learned language for their own good, so to speak. They had different private reasons for taking the course and were taught in a smaller group within a local college. In every one of these differents setting and with every single teacher I have noticed high quality and a good knowledge both in what an ESL student needs and also teaching and instruction in general. When in class, I can see that many of the teachers have the same idea as I have, i.e to teach through themes or concepts rather than details. Today, since it is Halloween here, I have noticed that younger kids in primary schools here learn about the local legend #The New Jersey Devil. According to the legend he was the thirteenth child of a worn out woman who didn’t want her child. She cursed him and said ”to the devil with him!” and since then he is haunting #the Pine Barrens in New Jersey. The story is told this day since this is his birthday.
All teachers and students seem very into the idea of Halloween, even if not all schools celebrate with costumes and dresses. One of the classrooms I visited today, a classroom where Spanish is the main subject, focused on the differences between Halloween and the Mexican tradition for Dia de las Muertas (the Day of the Dead). The American kids get a chance to comment on what is similar or different when they compare these two holidays. The teacher help them along the way and try to get them to precise what they mean. She asks questions like ”How do you mean?” ”What would you have thought if a loved one came back to life?” The point for the teacher is to explain that the Mexican Holiday is not at all scary or horrific, but rather a nice way of remembering your loved ones who passed away. The teacher then connects to the American people’s connections to the date 9/11 and the kids all get a chance to share the stories their parents have told them about 9/11. The idea is to show the kids that by remembering and talking about sad or scary memories, those memories get a little easier to talk about each time. Then she wraps it all up by saying THAT is what the Mexicans do when they celebrate THEIR holiday. They stick to the nice memories of a person and cherish those memories in a more happy manner, although they are dressed or disguised into skeletons etc. I was very happy to get the chance to see this lovely explanation of what the different festivities are all about. To help students understand and find connections is what teaching’s all about! I have written in Swedish about the importance of this in my tenth åsic and in my seventyeighth åsic. Those of you who read Swedish are of course welcome to read and for my English readers I plan to translate my blogposts gradually when I find time to do so.
Thank You and Farewell #Pitman Middle School
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How ERC Recycles Monitors
Whether it’s the new-age flat-screen or the bulkier traditional monitor, both products yield a lot of valuable, recyclable commodities. These include steel, aluminum, power/breakage boards, copper, and even wood.
Recyclers must carefully break down older CRT monitors piece by piece to reach the CRT tube. This CRT tube is made of leaded glass that can potentially harm the environment and cause adverse human health effects. CRTs also contain various commodities like plastic surrounds, power boards, wiring, a CRT yoke (copper), A-boards, various low-grade metals, glass, speakers, degaussing coils (copper) and the glass CRT tubes.
The ERC receives many monitors that are still functional. So, if they appear to be in good condition with no cosmetic damage, they are placed in the store and available for customer testing.
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| 0.938213 | 198 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Friday sermon (jum'ah khutba) by Sheikh Abdal Hakim Murad - 30 October 2009 - Cambridge - 22 mins 30 secs
The Prophet Muhammad (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) famously prayed to be resurrected among the masakin (poor, downtrodden, oppressed), but what does it mean to be miskin and what was the prophetic attitude to poverty or hardship? In this sermon, Sheikh Abdal Hakim outlines the Qur'anic and prophetic description of the poor (fuqara') and shows why it is important not to be afraid of poverty as we often are today. This is not because it is necessarily a good thing in itself to be poor, or on the other hand a bad thing to be rich or powerful, but because of the beauty and dignity of cultivating reliance on Allah whatever one's outward state.
Listen to this sermon
Download this sermon
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en
| 0.93228 | 185 | 2.546875 | 3 |
This bull's-eye can also be used as a multiple choice Lecture Buster or exit ticket.
-giant plastic bull's-eye (see directions here)
-a multiple choice question
The outer-most ring is for answer choices that are FAR from correct. They may be factually incorrect, untrue, or otherwise obviously not correct.
The next ring is for answer choices that are true, factually correct, but don't answer the question being asked.
Then the next ring is for answers that seem correct, both factually and in the context of the question. I call this the "shopping cart." You know how when you're shopping, you see a shirt you THINK you like, but you're not sure? What do you do? Well, I carry it around with me through the rest of the store. Put it in my shopping cart! Then I decide if I really want it or not as I see the rest of the merchandise and take time to weigh this option. So this ring is the answer choice shopping cart. We gather answers we THINK may be right.
Then we compare those options in our shopping cart and isolate the one (or more in select all situations) that are the BEST FIT for the question.
Students use the rings of the bull's-eye to narrow answer choices, helping you understand their thinking and quickly gauge their understanding.
Ask/project/distribute a multiple choice question about the content you've just covered. Have students partner up and give each partnership a set of index cards labeled A, B, C, and D. You can also number each set, so one partnership had set 1, another set 2, etc. This makes it easier to keep track of how each partnership is doing and quickly clean up afterwards. Although not necessary, I also used a different color highlighter for as many sets as possible to make it easier to find their cards, and the highlighter doesn't show through the back to conceal their answer choices.
Partners discuss, then place their answer choice cards, face down, wherever they feel they belong on the target. They don't have to have a card in each ring and can have multiple cards in the same ring.
When every group is ready, have a "big reveal" a la "MOVE THAT BUS!" to see what each group chose. This gives you a great opportunity to discuss distractors, WHY choices were right or wrong, and respond to instructional needs revealed by their card placement.
As an exit ticket, students can use post-it notes, each labeled A, B, C, and D and their name ON THE BACK so that it sticks to the bull's-eye with a blank side facing up. Pose a question just as above, and students respond individually. You can quickly gather and sort the post-its from the center ring to see who's got it and who doesn't, then look at the outer rings to see if anyone who was wrong at least had the correct answer close to the center.
The bull's-eye can also be used to sort text evidence and other concepts as well. Students have trouble selecting evidence from the text that isn't just a fact from the text but instead directly supports the concept in question. The bull's-eye is great for that! You can even put individual statements from the text on the index cards (print, cut, paste!) and physically sort them.
This target can also be used to sort student answers to assignment questions. Each student writes their answer on an index card. You collect them. Group students. Shuffle the cards up and then distribute some to each group. Then the groups consider each answer and place them on the bull's-eye accordingly. The whole class gets a visual, interactive way to consider the content and nail down the "best" answers. By not writing names on the cards, students get to evaluate other students' answers, realize where their own falls, etc while respecting their privacy.
Check out the Worksheet Buster use of the bull's-eye, Shuffleboard! This fun activity uses the plastic bull's-eye, balls from Hungry Hippos, and any worksheet or assignment (not just multiple choice)!
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Homeopath Saskatoon - Shamanism utilizes a combination of magic, spirituality, homeopathic medicine and folklore so as to help cure any body's energy, so that the body's physical ailments are capable of being healed. Shaminism is deeply rooted in the belief that the body, and a person's psyche and emotions are all interrelated and interconnected. Shamanic healing is a kind of therapy which strives to change a sick individual's energy to be able to restore or fix damage in that particular energy field. There are several different religions and cultures around the world that practice their own forms of shamanic healing however, the majority are very similar.
In a lot of the world's cultures, the shaman was considered the main healer and it was the responsibility of the shaman to serve the communities well-being. Today, the majority of individuals favor modern medicine to shamanic healing, even though, there is an increasing knowledge amongst modern physicians and practitioners who see the various benefits that conventional and spiritual methods could play in improving health. This all encompassing quest for well-being is especially true in people who are experiencing psychiatric and mental illnesses and individuals who go through chronic illness.
Shamanic healing conventionally includes the shaman entering a trancelike state. In this particular condition, the shaman could detect the damage to a person's energy. This particular form of energy healing works by the shaman using the healing ceremonies and traditions to the individual's spirit or soul. Shamans think that if a person is exposed to trauma, loss and stress, certain parts of their soul or their energy can become fragmented or damaged in some way. Sometimes, shamans are compared to psychologists because they seek out anguish in the subconscious to be able to affect the conscious.
There is the practice of soul retrieval which is even utilized so as to assist restore lost energy to a person's soul. A lot of ill individuals who have joined these soul retrieval ceremonies have claimed to have gone through an improvement in their health after that. Some people claim it takes years off of their look and report looking younger as well.
There is likewise an aura restoration, that includes an energy restoration to the membrane of energy which surrounds the human body. Auras have been captured in photos with specialized camera and in several psychic fairs and trade shows, one can find booths installed with these unique cameras to take these pictures. There are a large number of individuals who believe that beginning birth, this aura membrane is vulnerable to damage. Shamanic healing works to look for breaks in this energy field and repair the damage.
Energy healing is still not that common in our culture nowadays. Nonetheless, there are still a few shamans who still carry out energy healing treatments. There are several people who seek help from restoration shaman healing techniques when they have tried all other available forms of healing with no results. It is common in the US for some to go to American Indian reservations or places in the country which house many immigrants who have brought with them the shamanic traditions of their ancestors.
Click to Download the pdf
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Hail Damage: Measuring Hailstorm Intensity
quarter-size hail here in N.E. Ohio on 7-10-06 pelted the area.
How to Measure Hail Intensity
For daily wit & wisdom, sign up for the Almanac newsletter.
Why does it hail in the summer? How much damage can hail wreak? See our chart on hailstorm intensity!
Why Does It Hail in the Summer?
Hail falls mainly in the summer when thunderstorms are more prevalent.
Thunderstorm clouds can extend high into the atmosphere where extremely cold temperatures prevail. The droplets of water freeze into tiny ice pellets.
Layer upon layer of frozen water is added to the pellets until, finally, hailstones are heavy enough to fall to Earth.
Measuring Hailstorm Intensity
Hailstorms can cause extensive damage to buildings, especially windows and roofs.
The Torro Hailstorm Intensity Scale measures and categorizes hailstorms. using a 0 to 10 scale that begins at “no damage” and ends at catastrophic damage. Let’s take a closer look:
Did you know? The largest U.S. hailstone ever recorded, as of 2020, fell near Vivian, South Dakota, on July 23, 2010. It was about 18.5 inches in circumference and weighed almost 2 pounds.
Now, let’s explore thunderstorms! Discover how thunder is born.
Get Almanac’s Daily Updates
BONUS: You’ll also receive our free Beginner Gardening Guide!
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The Holy Martyrs Elpidias, Marcellus and Evstochius
Commemorated on November 15
The Holy Martyrs Elpidias, Marcellus and Evstochius suffered under the emperor Julian the Apostate (361-363). Saint Elpidias was an important dignitary at the imperial court. They tried him on charges of being a Christian, afront the imperial judge. The martyrs endured many terrible torments and they died, thrown into a fire. At the place where Christians buried the remains of the saints occurred a miraculous appearance of Christ with an host of Angels, and the Lord resurrected Elpidias. Then the emperor again gave orders to arrest the holy martyr. During the time of torture, idols standing not afar off crumbled into dust through the prayer of the saint. More than six thousand pagans, having witnessed this miracle, were converted to Christ. Saint Elpidias was burned again.
© 1996-2001 by translator Fr. S. Janos.
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“What did Jesus know and when did he know it?”
Historical Jesus studies have long focused on Jesus’ assessment of himself. Did Jesus believe he was the Messiah? If so, when did he come to this knowledge? If not, why did the early church view him this way? The popular term for this concept is “messianic consciousness.”
Many historical Jesus scholars dismiss the idea that Jesus believed he was the Messiah. But Michael Bird’s newest book, Are You the One Who Is To Come?: The Historical Jesus and the Messianic Question (Baker Academic, 2009) makes a persuasive case for seeing Jesus’ words and deeds as intentionally messianic.
How does Bird make his case?
First, Bird bypasses the usual investigations of Jesus’ self-consciousness. He writes:
“I do not like the term ‘messianic self-consciousness,’ since the mental states and psychological profiles of individuals from antiquity are beyond the bounds of historical inquiry. I prefer the phrase ‘messianic self-understanding,’ by which I mean Jesus’ identifying himself in a messianic role and couching his activities as messianic in character and purpose.” (29)
Bird leaves aside questions about what was going through Jesus’ mind, and instead focuses on the words and actions of Jesus. He combs through literature from the Second Temple period of Judaism in order to demonstrate the general features of messianic expectation during Jesus’ day.
“…What I propose then is that we identify an Old Testament text as ‘messianic’ when the plain sense of the text, designates a figure with royal qualities who is sent by God, and also that either the text itself was treated as messianic in post-biblical interpretation, or else the pattern of activity that the figure embodies corresponds to a pattern of activity often expected of messianic figures in antiquity.” (46)
Bird’s valuable criteria help us understand the messianic expectations of first-century Jews, a matter of vital importance for this discussion.
Next, Bird convincingly refutes the explanations that deny that Jesus could have seen his vocation in messianic terms. Bird resembles someone poking holes in a wall that is already crumbling. He exposes the paucity of historical argumentation among scholars who cling to the idea that Jesus did not see his actions in any messianic sense at all.
Finally, Bird seeks to put forth a plausible alternative to the scholarly skeptics. He argues that Jesus Christ actually did believe himself to be the Messiah. But Bird is careful in how he makes this argument. For example, in reference to Jesus’ self-identification as the “Son of Man”, Bird writes:
“I am not arguing that ‘son of man’ was a fixed messianic title in pre-Christian Judaism or even that Jesus’ self-reference a ‘son of man’ was clearly messianic in every utterance. What I am arguing for instead is that the son of man figure of Daniel 7 contributed to the construction of a messianic narrative; it was capable of sustaining a messianic interpretation and was occasionally interpreted as messianic in pockets of pre-Christian Judaism, and Jesus’ employment of the phrase taps into this background.” (84)
Bird’s careful distinctions are helpful. He is able to show that Jesus’ use of the “son of man” title can point to a certain messianic identity without carrying the full weight of outright messianic claims.
Bird makes the case that Jesus Christ spoke in messianic terms and performed actions that aligned with certain messianic expectations. In the end, he believes this evidence points to the fact that Jesus did indeed see himself as the Messiah.
Furthermore, for Bird, it makes little sense for the early church to have forced messianic categories back onto Jesus and his ministry unless they arose from Jesus’ own actions.
“The messianism of the early church was not an impromptu add-on to disappointed hopes; instead, it issued forth in a comprehensive reconfiguration of the Jewish belief mosaic on topics such as kingship, vindication, eschatology, restoration, and the fate of the nations. The messianism of the first Jesus followers was not merely the Christianization of a homogenous and extant Jewish messianic myth; rather, it involved the redefinition and transformation of a selection of pluriform exegetical traditions and apocalyptic narratives around Jesus.” (150)
My only quibble with Bird’s work is that, in seeking to demonstrate his objectivity, he writes as if denying Jesus’ messianic understanding does no harm to Christian faith.
“…My faith would not be particularly impaired or revised if Jesus had not claimed to be the Messiah and the early church had attached this title to him as merely one way of explicating his significance. The early church did, after all, attach certain roles and functions to Jesus – such as ‘Righteous One,’ ‘Prince of Peace,’ and ‘Firstborn’ – that Jesus did not claim for himself. I for one feel no compulsion to project those roles and titles into the ministry of the historical Jesus so as to somehow validate them…” (161)
I think I agree with Bird here. But the fact is… if the Gospels had portrayed Jesus speaking of himself as the Righteous One or the Firstborn and historical Jesus scholars were to reject the Gospel witness and claim that the early church was merely foisting these titles back on Jesus, then we would have a problem.
So, I agree with Bird that the idea of Jesus seeing himself as messianic might not be crucial to our faith in the abstract sense, but precisely because of the very case that Bird makes (which shows Jesus accepting and redefining the messianic vocation), I want to say that this subject is indeed vital. If Jesus did not understand himself this way, then we are facing a problem in our view of biblical inspiration.
On a related note, I would love to see someone go further than the messianic question to the idea of Jesus’ divinity. “Did Jesus see himself as the divine representation of God? Did he see himself as the embodiment of Yahweh?’
Overall, Are You the One Who Is To Come? is a worthy contribution to historical Jesus studies. Bird’s case is rock solid. I am happy to recommend such a persuasive case for Jesus’ messianic self-understanding.
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Japanese Blade Shapes
Santoku, (loosely translated), the three virtues / benefits.
The Santoku is the traditional Japanese shape for a utility knife, comparable to the German chef's knife.
The name 'three benefits' is derived from its versatility for cutting fish, meat and vegetables.
Nakiri, (English) vegetable cutter.
The Nakiri blade shape is a traditional Japanese vegetable knife, and it is therefore used primarily for this purpose.
Despite its axe-like shape it is not suitable for chopping bones.
Yanagiba, (English), the willow leaf blade.
The Yanagiba is a traditional Japanese slicing knife. Due to the slender, one-sided,
hollow-ground and relatively long blade, the knife is particularly suitable for very thin cuts.
The knife guarantees a skillful - and particularly clean, smooth cut.
Such cuts are particularly important in the preparation of sushi.
The length and shape of the blade allow for a long, pulling cutting movement.
Deba, (English) protruding blade.
The Deba is used in Japanese cuisine as a traditional axe.
The sturdy, heavy knife has a strong, broad blade and a single cutting edge.
The front part of the blade is used mainly for filleting fish.
The rear part of the blade is stronger and is used, among other things, for cutting small chicken and fish bones.
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Scientific name: Holcus lanatus
The soft, downy look of Yorkshire-fog makes it an attractive plant, even if it is considered a weed of cultivated land! It is also attractive to the caterpillars of the Small Skipper butterfly as a foodplant.
StatisticsHeight: up to 1m
When to seeJanuary to December
AboutYorkshire-fog is a tufted, grey-green and downy plant of meadows, woodland rides, waste ground and lawns. Its purple-tinged flower heads appear from May to August. It can produce dense stands that push out other species and is can be considered a weed of arable land.
However, it is still valuable to wildlife and is the main foodplant of the caterpillars of the Small Skipper butterfly.
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Building Critical Math Skills in the Early Grades
When children in primary grades study math, they are learning more than how to add, subtract, multiply and divide numbers. Solving math problems helps students develop strong analytical and problem-solving skills that are vital for academic and personal success. In Early Math Matters, SREB explores why early math is so important and provides recommendations on how state leaders can raise the math achievement of their students.
The report examines how:
- Skills developed by solving math problems benefit students beyond math curriculum
- Foundations laid in elementary math affect students’ abilities to master concepts in middle and high school
- Teaching math requires a deeper knowledge than many elementary preparation programs provide
- Teachers who lack confidence in their own abilities may pass math anxiety to their students
- Math anxiety can adversely affect students’ math achievement
The report provides several recommendations on how states can boost math achievement, including:
- Ensure K-5 teachers are well prepared to teach math before entering the classroom
- Provide teachers with professional development programs designed to deepen math knowledge
- Address ways parents and teachers can reduce math anxiety in students
Download the Early Math Matters report below to access the research and recommendations for states to improve math instruction in the early years.
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are some of the most sensitive eco systems on Earth.
In the mid 80’s, a Lionfish, an invasive species, was introduced to the coral reefs of the Caribbean Sea and the USA Atlantic Ocean’s coastline, starting with Florida coastline.
Since then, the population of some of the native fish have been declining, while the population of the Lionfish has increased drastically.
At this point, only a few states, universities, dive clubs, and volunteer scuba divers have developed a response plan to stop the Lionfish’s invasion. Some of the supermarkets and restaurants have started selling Lionfish.
Lionfish could be a delicious meal and a great supplement for other endangered fish that are part of our menu.
See Siesta Sand for more information.
Protect our Coral Reefs! Join StopLionfish.Org Today!
and DO something about it!
Go Dive, Volunteer or Donate today!
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Julie Walters, Shoreditch Park Primary School
However, I noticed that, for some students, oracy based tasks were a challenge and that collaborative thinking and discussion weren’t areas of learning where they felt at ease. I observed some reluctant speakers in my class and was keen to develop classroom practice that ensured every student could benefit from a talk-rich classroom.
Additionally, I wanted ensure students felt confident and comfortable during oracy tasks. Susan Cain states that introverts and extroverts can both thrive in collaborative thinking and talk if given tasks or roles suited to their strengths (2012). In her TED talk, she also states that in a society where we value extroversion, ‘…there is zero correlation between being the best talker and having the best ideas…’ (2012).
This led me to begin my research with the exploratory research question:
In what conditions do pupils feel confident and self-assured to participate within oracy tasks?
I observed group discussions and oracy within a class setting. These were tracked using a Harkness diagram which identified the number and quality of contributions, body language and interactions with others. I interviewed 4 students I had identified as being under-confident and reluctant to participate in oracy based activities. The students were asked to rate their enjoyment of group discussion on a scale of 1 to 10. The average rating was 4.75. They were then asked to rate their confidence during group discussion, the average rating was 4.25. When asked to explain their ratings, some students said that they felt shy, or that they weren’t sure what to say and that they didn’t feel like they had as many ideas as other students.
We were at the early stages of introducing talking roles in class. These are roles that pupils can take on during a discussion and were developed by Voice 21. Below is an outline of the talking roles:
- Instigator (I) – Starts the discussion or opens up a new topic for discussion
- Builder (B) – Develops, adds or runs with an idea
- Challenger (C) – Gives reasons to disagree or provides an alternative argument
- Prober (P) – Digs deeper, asks for justification or evidence of ideas
- Clarifier (CL) – Simplifies or makes things clearer by asking questions
- Summariser (S) – Identifies the main ideas from the discussions
I was interested in tracking the impact these talking roles could have on reluctant speakers. From here I created my evaluative research question: To what extent are talking roles, used regularly to guide group discussions, an effective strategy for improving confidence and participation among reluctant speakers in Year 2?
Intervention & intended impact
As an intervention, two focus groups were established. Each group consisted of two reluctant speakers (identified during baseline data collection) and two confident speakers from the same class. Group discussions using talking roles were used within lessons and weekly intervention sessions took place out of class. At the start of each weekly intervention, the groups were given coaching on the talking roles and the sentence stems that accompany each role. The group discussion would follow immediately after.
The intended impact was for all students to feel confident and valued during group discussions to ensure that discussion-based activities in class were impactful and beneficial for all. It was my aim that the students who had been identified as reluctant to participate would show an increase in confidence and participation.
Impact data: Quantitative
Weekly intervention group discussions were filmed. These videos were analysed for length of contributions from the focus students, number of contributions and types of contributions (linked to the talking roles).
All four focus students showed an increased number of contributions from their starting points. Each focus student contributed only once in the first week, but all of them contributed three times in the fifth or sixth week of intervention. Student B peaked at four contributions during the discussion in week four.
There was a similar increase shown in type of contribution (talking roles used). All four focus students used a broader range of talking roles as the intervention progressed, showing a deeper understanding of different ways to contribute to a discussion.
Talking Roles Used During Group Discussion:
|Student||Week 1||Week 2||Week 3||Week 4||Week 5||Week 6|
|A||B||B, C||B, C||B, C||I, B||B, B, C|
|B||C||I, B||B, B, C||I, CL, B, CL||C, C||B, C, B|
|C||B||B||C||B, S||B, B, S||B, CL, CL|
|D||I||B||I, B||I, C||B, B||B, B, S|
The students were interviewed for the second time at the end of the six week intervention. The students were again asked to rate their enjoyment and confidence of group discussion on a scale of 1 to 10.
Average Rating of Enjoyment and Confidence During Group Discussion:
|Interview Question||Average Rating Baseline Data||Average Rating Post Intervention|
|On a scale of 1-10, how much do you enjoy group discussion?||4.75||6.75|
|On a scale of 1-10, how confident do you feel during group discussion||4.25||7.25|
Impact data: Qualitative
In the transcript below, Student B demonstrates an increase in both participation and confidence during discussion. In Week 1 she challenges another student’s point and gives a reason to back it up. By Week 4 she instigates the discussion, shows a similar level of detail in her answer but also clarifies her point further after being challenged.
A challenge during this research was choosing a discussion point for each session that would elicit high quality discussion. Some discussions seemed to ‘hook’ the students more than others. I chose a selection of discussion points linked to real life experiences and topics covered in the Year Two curriculum.
If I were to carry out this investigation again, I would set up a control group to compare the progress in confidence and participation between the two groups. We can presume that some progress would have been made regardless of the weekly intervention groups, since the development of oracy was a whole school focus.
My next step is to share my findings with staff and demonstrate how oracy can be developed in the classroom in order to benefit all learners.
Cain, S. (2012). Quiet: The power of introverts in a world that can’t stop talking. New York, NY: Crown Publishers.
Cain, S. (2012) The Power of Introverts TED talk. Available at: https://www.ted.com/talks/susan_cain_the_power_of_introverts?language=en.
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Listen to this article
Free radicals are often responsible for creating chemical reactions in the body that cause cell deterioration. The effect of free radicals is quite harmful to our body. But, a new study is coming up with a rather different view.
The recent research, conducted in mice, suggests that free radicals are not fundamentally bad for the brain. In fact, they are most likely important for the brain to remain adaptable throughout life and to age in a healthy way.
The study was published in the journal Cell Stem Cell and the researchers focused on the hippocampus, a brain area that is regarded as the control centre for learning and memory. New nerve cells are created throughout our life span, even in adulthood.
“This so-called adult neurogenesis helps the brain to adapt and change throughout life. It happens not only in mice but also in humans,” explains Prof. Gerd Kempermann, speaker of the DZNE’s Dresden site and research group leader at the CRTD.
New nerve cells emerge from stem cells. “These precursor cells are important for neuroplasticity which is the brain’s ability to adapt,” says the Dresden scientist.
The researchers’ team was able to show that neural stem cells, in comparison to adult nerve cells, contain a high degree of free radicals in mice. “This is especially true when the stem cells are in a dormant state, which means that they do not divide and do not develop into nerve cells,” says Prof. Kempermann.
The current study shows that an increase in the concentration of the free radicals makes the stem cells ready to divide. “The oxygen molecules act like a switch that sets neurogenesis in motion,” says Kempermann.
Free radicals are waste products of normal metabolism. Cellular mechanisms are usually in place to make sure they do not pile up. This is because the reactive oxygen molecules cause oxidative stress.
“Too much of oxidative stress is known to be unfavourable. It can cause nerve damage and trigger the ageing processes,” explains Prof. Kempermann. “But, obviously, this is only one aspect and there is also a good side to free radicals. There are indications of this in other contexts. However, what is new and surprising is the fact that the stem cells in our brains not only tolerate extremely high levels of radicals but also use them for their function.”
Radical scavengers, also known as ‘antioxidants’, counteract oxidative stress. Such substances are therefore considered important components of a healthy diet. They can be found in fruits and vegetables. “The positive effect of antioxidants has been proven and is not questioned by our study. We should also be careful with drawing conclusions for humans based purely on laboratory studies,” emphasizes Kempermann.
“Our results at least suggest that free radicals are not fundamentally bad for the brain. In fact, they are most likely important for the brain to remain adaptable throughout life and to age in a healthy way.”
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Teeth constitute a permanent and faithful biological archive of the entirety of the individual’s life, from tooth formation to death, a team of researchers has found. Its work provides new evidence of the impact that events, such as reproduction and imprisonment, have on an organism.
“Our results make clear that the skeleton is not a static organ, but rather a dynamic one,” explains Paola Cerrito, a doctoral candidate in NYU’s Department of Anthropology and College of Dentistry and the lead author of the paper, which appears in the journal Scientific Reports.
The paper’s other authors include Shara Bailey, a professor in NYU’s Department of Anthropology, Bin Hu, an associate research scientist at NYU’s College of Dentistry, and Timothy Bromage, a professor at NYU’s College of Dentistry.
The research focused on cementum, the dental tissue that covers the tooth’s root. It begins to form annual layers — similar to a tree’s “rings” — from the time the tooth surfaces in the mouth.
“The discovery that intimate details of a person’s life are recorded in this little-studied tissue, promises to bring cementum straight into the center of many current debates concerning the evolution of human life history,” says Bromage.
The Scientific Reports study tested the hypothesis that physiologically impactful events — such as reproduction and menopause in females and incarceration and systemic illnesses in both males and females — leave permanent changes in the microstructure of cementum and that such changes can be accurately timed.
“The cementum’s microstructure, visible only through microscopic examination, can reveal the underlying organization of the fibers and particles that make up the material of this part of the tooth,” notes Cerrito, who obtained her bachelor’s degree at Sapienza University of Rome.
In their work, the scientists examined nearly 50 human teeth, aged 25 to 69, drawn from a skeletal collection with known medical history and lifestyle data, such as age, illnesses, and movement (e.g., from urban to rural environments). Much of this information was obtained from the subjects’ next of kin. They then used a series of imaging techniques that illuminated cementum bands, or rings, and linked each of these bands to different life stages, revealing connections between tooth formation and other occurrences.
“A tooth is not a static and dead portion of the skeleton,” observes Cerrito. “It continuously adjusts and responds to physiological processes.
“Just like tree rings, we can look at ‘tooth rings’: continuously growing layers of tissue on the dental root surface. These rings are a faithful archive of an individual’s physiological experiences and stressors from pregnancies and illnesses to incarcerations and menopause that all leave a distinctive permanent mark.”
New York University
Smiling really can make people feel happier, according to a new paper published in Psychological Bulletin.
Coauthored by researchers at the University of Tennessee, Knoxville and Texas A&M, the paper looked at nearly 50 years of data testing whether facial expressions can lead people to feel the emotions related to those expressions.
“Conventional wisdom tells us that we can feel a little happier if we simply smile. Or that we can get ourselves in a more serious mood if we scowl,” said Nicholas Coles, UT PhD student in social psychology and lead researcher on the paper. “But psychologists have actually disagreed about this idea for over 100 years.”
These disagreements became more pronounced in 2016, when 17 teams of researchers failed to replicate a well-known experiment demonstrating that the physical act of smiling can make people feel happier.
“Some studies have not found evidence that facial expressions can influence emotional feelings,” Coles said. “But we can’t focus on the results of any one study. Psychologists have been testing this idea since the early 1970s, so we wanted to look at all the evidence.”
Using a statistical technique called meta-analysis, Coles and his team combined data from 138 studies testing more than 11,000 participants from all around the world. According to the results of the meta-analysis, facial expressions have a small impact on feelings. For example, smiling makes people feel happier, scowling makes them feel angrier, and frowning makes them feel sadder.
“We don’t think that people can smile their way to happiness,” Coles said. “But these findings are exciting because they provide a clue about how the mind and the body interact to shape our conscious experience of emotion. We still have a lot to learn about these facial feedback effects, but this meta-analysis put us a little closer to understanding how emotions work.”
University of Tennessee at Knoxville
Before we get started, do me a favor and grab a pen or a pencil. Now hold it between your teeth, as if you were about to try to write with it. Don’t let your lips touch it. Sit with it, and pay attention to how you feel. Are you glum? Cheerful? Confused? Is that any different than how you felt before? Do you feel like this weird smile tricked your brain into a slight jump in happiness?
For a long time, psychologists thought exercises like this one did make us happier. If that were true, it would have implications for what emotion is, how we experience it and where emotions come from. Psychologists have believed that “facial feedback” from emotional expressions like smiling (or frowning) gives the brain information that heightens, or even sparks, an emotional experience.
It made so much sense that it was almost too good to check.
But then scientists did check. What they found poked holes in one of psychology’s textbook findings — which raised a whole new set of questions. Now, a huge group of scientists has banded together to try to get to the bottom of smiles, even if it means working with people who think they’re wrong.
The idea that smiling can make you feel happier has a long history. In 1872, Darwin mused about whether an emotion that was expressed would be felt more intensely than one that was repressed. Early psychologists were musing about it in the 1880s. More than a hundred studies have been published on the topic. And it’s a trope of pop wisdom: “Smile, though your heart is aching,” sang Nat King Cole in 1954. “You’ll find that life is still worthwhile, if you’ll just smile.”
In 1988, social psychologist Fritz Strack published a study that seemed to confirm that facial feedback was real. The researchers asked participants to do more or less what I asked you to do earlier: hold a pen in their mouths in a position that forced them either to bare their teeth in a facsimile of a smile or to purse their lips around the pen. To ensure that no one was clued in to the researchers’ interest in smiles, the experimenters told participants that they were exploring how people with physical disabilities might write or perform other ordinary tasks.
When both groups were shown a set of newspaper comics — specifically, illustrations from Gary Larson’s The Far Side — the teeth-barers rated the images as funnier than the lip-pursers did. This was a big deal for the facial feedback hypothesis: Even though participants weren’t thinking about smiling or their mood, just moving their face into a smile-like shape seemed to affect their emotions. And so the finding made its way into psychology textbooks and countless news headlines. Decades of corroboration followed, as researchers published other experiments that also showed support for the facial feedback hypothesis.
But in 2016, all at once, 17 labs failed to replicate the pen study.
hose 17 studies, coordinated by Dutch psychologist E.J. Wagenmakers, repeated the original study as closely as possible to see if its result held up, with just a few changes. They found a new set of cartoons and pre-tested them to check they were about as funny as the old set. They also changed how they checked up on the participants’ pen technique: The original had an experimenter watching over things, but Wagenmakers and his team filmed participants instead.
When all 17 studies failed to replicate the original result, the effect was “devastating for the emotion literature,” said Nicholas Coles, a psychology grad student whose research focuses on the facial feedback effect. “Almost all emotion theories suggest that facial feedback should influence emotions.” While there are plenty of other methods for looking at facial feedback, many of them are more likely to make participants figure out the real purpose of the experiment, which makes their results trickier to interpret. The pen study had been solid — until it wasn’t.
These kinds of failed attempts to replicate other researchers’ results have been piling up in psychology’s “replication crisis,” which has called the reliability of psychology’s back catalogue into question. Past experiments may be unreliable because they relied on small sample sizes, buried boring or inconclusive results, or used statistical practices that make chance findings look like meaningful signals in what is really random noise. The result has been a morass of uncertainty: Which findings will hold up? And when one doesn’t, what precisely does that mean?
Wagenmakers and his team are just one of the many collaborations hoping to reshape psychology in the image of more established sciences like physics and genetics, where huge international consortia are already commonplace. Some collaborations, like the “Many Labs” projects, conduct multi-lab replications similar to the attempt to confirm the pen study and cover a broad swath of famous psychology studies. Others — like the ManyBabies Consortium, which conducts infant research — concentrate on a niche.
Then there’s the Psychological Science Accelerator, which is more focused on creating the infrastructure for collaboration, allowing its members to democratically elect studies to be run across its network of 548 labs in 72 countries. A recent paper by a group of reforming researchers called this kind of crowdsourced science one of the routes to “scientific utopia.”
Across six multi-lab replication projects, each trying to replicate multiple studies, only 47 percent of the 190 original results were successfully replicated. The failed attempt to replicate the pen study is in good company.
But as powerful as multi-lab replication efforts like these are, they aren’t necessarily the last word. When psychology tries to solve its replication crisis, it can sometimes create a crisis of a different kind, opening up a knowledge vacuum where an apparently reliable finding had previously stood.
Fritz Strack, the lead researcher on the original pen-in-mouth study from 1988, doesn’t think that Wagenmakers’s study tells us all that much — the world is constantly changing, and re-running an old experiment could produce new results not because the idea being tested is flawed but because the experiment itself is now out of step with the times. Although he suggested the replication effort himself, and advised on the design and the materials of the study, he refused to be fully involved. Instead, he said, he wanted the freedom to comment on the problems as he saw them without pulling any punches.
When the results were released, Strack found plenty of things to critique. He was concerned that newspaper cartoons would not have packed the same humor punch these days that they did in the Midwest of the 1980s. The filming, he said, was another problem: It could be that filming made participants unusually self-conscious, affecting their experience of the task.
Strack thinks that it’s a mistake to focus on testing a method rather than a hypothesis. A method that fails might have been a bad test of the hypothesis, but the hypothesis is really what counts.
In this case, the hypothesis was that facial feedback can create an emotional effect even when people aren’t aware that their facial expression is an emotional one. Perhaps, Strack argued, his exact methods from the 1980s are no longer the best way to test that.
“Exact” replications are impossible, he said. “Things are changing — times are changing, the zeitgeist is changing, the culture is changing, the participants are changing. It’s not under your control.” What if you did the pen study with memes instead of cartoons? What if you didn’t use cameras? What would the differences tell us about facial feedback and when it comes into play?
Strack has been vocally critical of the credibility revolution, arguing that the term “replication crisis” is overblown. He says he prefers to focus on arguments about the quality of the research methods, rather than the statistical framework that is at the core of the credibility revolution’s concerns.
But similar critiques of massive replications come from inside the movement. Psychologist Tal Yarkoni, an ardent reformer, thinks that large-scale research efforts would do more good if they were used to test a huge array of different ways of getting at a question. A failed attempt to replicate a particular experiment doesn’t really tell you anything about the underlying theory, he said; all it tells you is that one particular design works or doesn’t work.
Wagenmakers doesn’t think his team’s replication is the final word on the facial feedback theory, either. “It’s a sign of good research that additional questions are raised,” he said. But he does think a failed replication like the one he led shifts the burden of proof. Now, he says, proponents of the facial feedback hypothesis should be the ones coming to the table with new evidence. Otherwise, “the replicating team will be like a dog playing fetch,” he said. “A person throws a ball and the [replication] team brings it back, but oh, it’s not quite right! I’m going to throw it in another direction. … It could go on forever. It’s clearly not a solution to the problem.”
Multi-lab studies can look large and impressive, said psychologist Charles Ebersole, who coordinated two Many Labs projects in grad school. Even so, it’s not clear how much confidence people should have in their results — the studies are big, which can improve confidence in their outcomes, but they’re subject to flaws and limitations just like smaller studies are. “Some people do an excellent job of not listening to [multi-lab studies] at all; maybe that’s the right answer? Some people bet a lot on them; maybe that’s the right answer? I don’t know.”
The way out of the replication crisis clearly isn’t brute replication alone.
When Wagenmakers and his colleagues published their replication study in 2016, Coles was digging deeply into the facial feedback literature. He planned to combine all of the existing literature into a giant analysis that could give a picture of the whole field. Was there really something promising going on with the facial feedback hypothesis? Or did the experiments that found a big fat zero cancel out the exciting findings? He was thrilled to be able to throw so much new data from 17 replication efforts into the pot.
He came up from his deep dive with intriguing findings: Overall, across hundreds of results, there was a small but reliable facial feedback effect. This left a new uncertainty hanging over the facial feedback hypothesis. Might there still be something going on — something that Wagenmakers’s replication attempt had missed?
Coles didn’t think that either Wagenmakers’s replication or his own study could put the matter to rest. The technique he used, called a meta-analysis, comes with its own problems. Specifically, if the studies thrown into the mix aren’t great to start with, the result isn’t particularly reliable — or, as Coles put it, “crap in, crap out.”
So he set about designing a different kind of multi-lab collaboration. He wanted not just to replicate the original study, but to test it in a new way. And he wanted to test it in a way that would convince both the skeptics and those who still stood by the original result. He started to pull together a large team of researchers that included Strack. He also asked Phoebe Ellsworth, a researcher who was testing the facial feedback effect as far back as the 1970s, to come on board as a critic.
This partnership founded in disagreement is meant to get the game of fetch out of the way before the study even gets off the ground. Coles’s group, called the Many Smiles Collaboration, is far from the only one using this tactic; although some massive collaborations try to replicate old studies as closely as possible, others choose to workshop a new experiment methodology in excruciating detail before pulling the trigger. Ideally, this means that everyone will be convinced by the results, regardless of what they were personally rooting for or expecting. “It isn’t groupthink,” said Coles. “We’re actually trying to get at the truth.”
The Many Smiles Collaboration is based on the pen study from 1988, but with considerable tweaking. Through a lengthy back-and-forth between collaborators, peer reviewers and the journal editor, the team has refined the original plan, eventually arriving at a method that everyone agrees is a good test of the hypothesis. If it finds no effect, said Strack, “that would be a strong argument that maybe the facial feedback hypothesis is not true.”
An early pilot of the Many Smiles study indicated that the hypothesis might not be on its last legs just yet: The results suggested that smiling can affect feelings of happiness. Later this year, all the collaborators will kick into gear to see if the pilot’s findings can be repeated across 21 labs in 19 countries. If they find the same results, will that be enough to convince even the skeptics that it’s not just a fluke?
Well … maybe. A study like Wagenmakers’s sounds, in principle, like enough to lay a scientific question to rest, but it wasn’t. A study like Coles’s sounds like it could be definitive too, but it probably won’t be. Even Big Science can’t make science simple. “I’m still a little unsure, even though I’ve now replicated the effects successfully in my own labs,” said Coles. “I’ll hold my breath until the full data set comes in.”
By: Cathleen O’Grady
The field of orthodontics has been keeping up with the exciting new medical advancements currently sweeping across the medical field; digital and computer technologies are a tool we frequently utilize here at Sunna Orthodontics in order to better serve our patients seeking braces, clear aligners or any other type of orthodontic care!
Specifically, digital imaging and advanced graphic interfaces are technologies that have proven to be incredibly helpful in diagnosing and treating orthodontic issues.
These technologies offer an abundance of benefits from both a patient and a professional perspective, helping to keep Sunna Orthodontics on the cutting edge of orthodontic care!
New advancements in computerized imaging has greatly improved the ability of oral health professionals to diagnose and treat various conditions that occur within the teeth; these highly-detailed images are able to capture contours within the teeth that are traditionally difficult to view with detailed accuracy.
This improved accuracy has a trickle-down effect of sorts across other areas of orthodontic treatment; mis-diagnosis could soon become a thing of the past, and rare conditions can be spotted and immediately, allowing treatment to begin before the condition is allowed to worsen.
Digital Orthodontics could very well make your next appointment at Sunna Orthodontics go by much quicker; computerized imaging is making the examination process exponentially faster, while also making other elements of oral health care (such as, again, diagnosis) go by much faster.
Offices will also now be able to see and treat more patients, and spend even more time on each individual case, putting most of the focus on treating problems rather than simply locating them.
Increased Patient Comfort
The great news is that there’s nothing invasive whatsoever about computerized image processing; no putty, and other types of bad-tasting contrast agents necessary! Patients can sit back and relax while the computerized images are taken, and then move on with their appointment.
More Customizable Care
Digital Orthodontic Technologies further allow oral health professionals to create even more-personalized plans for those with specific conditions; both doctors and patients can better track their treatment and stay even more organized!
Simply reading about the benefits of Digital Orthodontics is one thing, but experiencing it for yourself is another thing completely; if you’d like to experience the amazing benefits of Digital Orthodontic Technology first-hand, or continue learning about this incredible new technology, visit us online at www.sunnaorthodontics.com, or call +962 6 593 6677 to schedule your next visit with Sunna Orthodontics!
During the process of getting braces, patients and parents often express tremendous curiosity about how braces work to straighten teeth. Many patients are also curious as to why some people’s brace have to stay on so long – occasionally, braces will stay on for 3 to 4 years!
To answer some of the questions that parents may have, we’ve put together a basic guide for parents and patients regarding how braces work!
The process of installing braces begins when the orthodontist attaches a bracket to each tooth using a bonding product. Each bracket is designed especially for the needs and structure of its specific tooth. Then, the brackets are connected to each other using arch wire.
The process begins with very thin, round wire, which will be replaced repeatedly until thick, rectangular wire is in place. This is because repositioning teeth and their roots is best done at a gradual pace. Plus, starting your child with hard wires would cause him or her tremendous pain. Once the teeth are better positioned, a more flexible wire will be placed so that the orthodontist can fine-tune the alignment by bending the wires. For patients with under- or overbites, rubber bands may be used to move the jaw into a straighter bite position.
Throughout the orthodontic process, the pressure place on the periodontal membrane shifts. The bone structure of the tooth roots changes, which allows for the continued movement of each tooth. It can take up to a year for this bone remodeling process to be completed, and that is the main reason why many patients wear braces and/or retainers for so long.
Dr. Samer Sunna and the rest of the team at Sunna Orthodontics know that your child’s desire for straight teeth is delicately balanced against your concerns for their safety and comfort. We work hard to ensure that all of your questions and concerns are fully addressed before planning for your child’s braces!
If you have questions or concerns regarding your child’s future or present braces (or questions or concerns regarding other orthodontic treatments) give us a call at +962 6 593 6677, or visit us online at www.sunnaorthodontics.com!
When on vacation, fun in the sun and down time with your family and friends can overshadow taking care of your braces. However, maintaining strong oral health practices is the key to a lifetime of healthy smiles!
The team at Sunna Orthodontics have put together a list of must-have items for those with braces when you’re on vacation:
Packing these items together in a handy oral health kit is a great way to stay on top of oral hygiene when out of town!
Eating out can also be a common occasion when you’re on vacation; to avoid wire distortion and broken brackets, try to avoid the following and similar foods:
Follow these steps for a vacation free of oral health worries! As always, if you have any questions about these tips, or have any other oral health questions or concerns, don’t hesitate to call us at +962 6 593 6677 to speak to our knowledgeable staff, or visit us online at www.sunnaorthodontics.com!
For most adults who want straighter teeth, braces aren’t always the first choice of treatment. While some adult patients may specifically require them, many adults would prefer a more discreet, but still fully effective option for teeth straightening. Instead of braces, many adults turn to invisible aligners. The best part about invisible aligners is that at a conversational distance, friends and colleagues won’t be able to tell that you’re undergoing orthodontic treatment. The fact that aligners are removable make treatment results dependent on compliance. If patients don’t wear the aligners as instructed, then optimal results will not occur and teeth will not align properly. Under the supervision of Dr. Samer Sunna and his team, excellent aligner results can be achieved. Here is our team’s list of top tips for a better invisible aligner experience!
Sunna Orthodontics is happy to say that we specialize in adult orthodontics! Call us at +962 6 593 6677 to schedule your next appointment with Sunna Orthodontics, or visit us online at www.sunnaorthodontics.com to learn about the amazing benefits of invisible aligners!
Keeping your teeth clean and sparkling with braces is a difficult task, to say the least. It seems many believe it’s either impossible or close to it to keep clean, bright teeth and healthy gums with wearing braces. This couldn’t be farther from the truth! Use these tips and tricks to keep a clean, bright healthy smile while wearing braces:
Properly brushing with braces is a combination of spending a proper amount of time doing it, and using an effective technique. Remember – people with braces have to brush and floss differently than people who don’t.
Angle your toothbrush at about 45 degrees to your teeth from the top and bottom sides of the brackets, and quickly move your brush back and forth using small strokes. It’s vital that you spend a minimum of 2 minutes brushing, 2 times a day to get a complete cleaning. It’s also a smart idea to invest in an electric toothbrush, many of which come with specialized heads just for those with braces! This will allow you to really get in between those brackets when brushing. *Note – do not simply let your teeth go unbrushed while you have braces! This will certainly lead to decalcification (or a breakdown of tooth enamel), which presents itself in the form of white spots on your teeth. Remember – once enamel is gone, it’s gone for good!
After putting on a patient’s braces, many orthodontists will immediately tell them that to floss effectively, they’ll have to thread the floss under the bracket to be able to access every single tooth. While this may seem like a burdensome process, flossing effectively will help ensure the best possible results from your braces treatment, and flossing effectively with braces doesn’t have to be all that complicated!
A far better option to traditional floss when you have braces is a water jet device, which is probably one of the best home oral health products out there. Water jet devices, such as a Waterpik or an Air Floss, uses a stream of pressurized water to blast away food particles from in between your teeth. Not only are these devices very easy to use, but there’s also been a slew of research to prove their superiority to traditional floss!
Another great option is an interproximal brush, which looks a bit like a an expensive pipe cleaner. Buy the smallest one you can find (unless you have large spaces in between your teeth), and gentle push the tip of the bush in between and around your teeth, to go over all those little areas your toothbrush just couldn’t reach.
For those with braces, the use of an inter proximal toothbrush is extremely important. These thin, bristled brushes can easily clean between brackets and avoid plaque buildup caused by remnant food particles! The best part about inter proximal brushes is that they’re very readily available, inexpensive and easy to use.
While this advice applies to everyone, those with braces should particularly avoid constantly snacking on sugary foods, chips or crackers, and drinking sugary or acidic drinks, which includes diet sodas as well!
The most important types of food to avoid, however, are candies. Whether their hard or chewy, candy can very easily become stuck in between brackets and is very hard to remove, leading to tartar build up. With braces, it’s best to avoid candy all together!
Remember to get in and see your dentist every 6 months, and see your orthodontist as recommended. Your dentist will have tools that allow them to thoroughly clean around your braces, particularly in those difficult spots where tartar is bound to build up. They’ll also be able to detect decalcification or gingivitis early on, so you can correct it before it becomes a larger issue. If you or your orthodontist knows that you develop cavities faster than others, talk to them about prescription toothpastes that contain extra fluoride! As always, if you have additional questions about these oral health tips, give us a call at +962 6 593 6677, or visit us online at www.sunnaorthodontics.com!
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Ski Jumping Quiz
2. How many athletes compete on each team?
3. What are the two scoring areas?
Distance and style
Style and flare
Height and distance
Fashion and taste
4. Sondre Nordheim of Norway, who took the first officially measured ski jump, is known as what?
Father of skiing
5. Calling the sport "ski sailing," where did jumper Karl Howelsen perform in the early 1900s?
Ripley's Believe It or Not
Ringling Brothers, Barnum and Bailey Circus
6. How long are skiers in the air?
2 to 3 seconds
4 to 5 seconds
10 to 12 seconds
20 to 22 seconds
7. What is the name of the ramp that skiers take off from?
8. What is the K Point?
Distance of the jump equal to height of hill
Part of a ski
9. What is the V Position?
Position of skier's body
Position at the start of jump
Position of skis
Position of the sun
10. What devices are used to measure distance?
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General Remarks on Partitioning
A partition is a division of a logical database or its constituent elements into independent parts. Database partitioning may be done for reasons of performance, manageability, or availability. This section concentrates on partitioning to improve performance.
By splitting a large table into several smaller tables, queries that need to access only a fraction of the data can run faster because there is less data to scan. Maintenance tasks, such as rebuilding indexes or backing up a table, can also run more quickly. Placing logical parts on physically separate hardware provides a major performance boost since all this hardware can perform operations in parallel.
Interaction Server performs large numbers of queries, updates, inserts, and deletes on its database. While it is relatively easy to achieve optimal performance with updates, inserts, and deletes, queries (SELECTs) are different.
The Interaction Server database consists of a single major table that stores all the interaction data. Every interaction in the system is always assigned to some interaction queue, represented by value of the field queue in the Interaction Server table. Business processes may employ dozens or even hundreds of queues.
Queues can vary greatly in the way they are used: some hold many interactions which are rarely processed at all (for example, an archive queue), others hold a small number of interactions with a high processing rate (for example, a queue for interactions that need some preliminary processing).
If these two types of queue are separated into different partitions, then the slower selection rate of the first type will not interfere with the high-speed selections of the second type. So the queue field is a natural choice to partition the data on. The remainder of this section describes partitioning by queue.
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Sandbar sharks might have prized flesh and fins which are culinary delicacies but scientists are more interested in their eyes.
University of Queensland PhD student Lenore Litherland along with researchers in Hawaii and Virginia, USA, have been investigating the adaptability of the shark's vision.
Sharks are thought to have poor eyesight but little is known about their visual capabilities.
Sandbar sharks grow up to 2.5 metres long and feed on small fish, other sharks, octopus and crustaceans.
Miss Litherland said she was trying to find out what role vision played in shark behaviour.
She has observed and tested sandbar shark vision in the murky coastal waters of Virginia and in the clear waters of Hawaii's fringing reefs.
She has also studied the anatomical features of the eye and recorded eye responses in different light intensities with an electroretinogram.
“The sandbar shark's eyes have a retinal specialisation enhancing vision for tracking predators and prey,” Miss Litherland said.
“Preliminary results suggest the shark's eyes can respond to a broad range of light levels enabling it to function efficiently in the different environments it inhabits.”
She said she chose to study the sandbar shark because they were docile and found in a range of habitats allowing a comparison of visual capabilities.
“My study will provide insights into foraging and prey detection, habitat use and interactions with fishing gear — information that is important for the management and conservation of this heavily fished species.”
Miss Litherland, 26, originally from North Stradbroke Island, will head to Virginia in July to continue her studies on shark vision.
Her study has allowed her to snorkel with sandbar sharks, tiger shark pups and ancient sharks from the deep in Hawaii while researching their vision.
Miss Litherland will present her shark vision results in September to scientists at the American Fisheries Society-Visual Ecology in Fisheries Symposium in San Francisco.
Fish and shark vision is one of UQ's special research strengths, with several research groups working in the field including Miss Litherland's supervisor, Dr Kerstin Fritsches, a research fellow at the School of Biomedical Sciences.
Cite This Page:
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| 0.946227 | 468 | 3.9375 | 4 |
By Swami Harshananda
Dyuta means ‘gambling’.
Gambling with dice play, was an ancient pastime especially for kings.
The Ṛgveda contains the piteous laments of a gambler.
Dyuta in Mahābhārata
Dyuta in Purāṇas and the Dharmaśāstras
In the purāṇas and the dharmaśāstras there are statements of condemnation of the gambling with dice-play. At the same time, rules to regulate it also have been described. It was perhaps necessary to control it since it existed as an unavoidable evil.
Regulation of Dyuta
- The dice pieces are made of vibhītaka wood.
- The game has to be conducted in a public place supervised by a sabhika and some expert gamblers, who will act as umpires.
- The defeated person has to pay a part of his loss to the king as tax which may be 5 to 10 per cent.
- It is the duty of the sabhika or the agents of the king to see that the stake money is paid by the losing party to the victor.
- In circumstances where the loser loses everything, becoming a beggar, the king prevents it by providing for the bare maintenance of the loser.
- The kings used to permit gambling centers as one of the methods for finding out thieves and criminals. An arranged dice-play is a ritual part of the Rājasuya sacrifice.
- Ṛgveda 10.34
- Vibhītaka wood is a kind of myrobalan.
- Sabhika is the one who gives the place and collects some rent for it.
- The Concise Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Swami Harshananda, Ram Krishna Math, Bangalore
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Strathspey is a region of Scotland located around the Spey river and its valley (strath; gael. « srath »), between Loch Spey and Grantown on Spey. This area is also known as the Speyside, famous for its numerous whisky distilleries.
The strathspey is also a dance and a musical style, both named after that Scottish area.
The strathspey is part of the pipe-band repertoire in the MSR format (March, Strathspey & Reel) and is traditionally followed by a reel in Scottish dancing.
It is also interesting to note that strathspey rhythm and grace notes could fit to the Scottish Gaelic phrasing.
The tunes are noted 4 beats to the bar with a syncopated rhythm; the tempi are near 130 BPM with pipe-bands or even higher with soloists like Gordon Duncan : as for me, I prefer to follow P.M. Bill Robertson's advice with a working base of 120 BPM, that at least allows to ensure a good rhythm for dancing.
1 - in the Scots Guards « Standard Settings of Pipe Music (vol.2 - page 83) », part 2 ends differently by repeating bars 3 & 4 from part 1.
2 - Auld Lang Syne is based on at least two strathspeys « The Miller's Wedding » (1759) and « The Miller's Daughter » (1780).
O'er The Bows To Ballindalloch
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Set back from the traffic on bustling Harding Pike, the Belle Meade Plantation rests serene and lovely, welcoming thousands of visitors each year to learn about the glory days of the plantation era. But behind the gleaming façade, the meticulously restored rooms and the beautiful grounds, hide the painful memories of the women, men and children who were enslaved there. A few years ago, one local woman decided it was time to shed light on those forgotten stories and bring them to life for visitors to the plantation. Brigette Jones, Historian and founder of Bridge Builders Historical Consulting, created the tour to help people learn about and understand the impact of an oppressive institution that many African Americans experienced. She is now bringing the tour to groups and organizations, including the local Jewish community via The Temple. “The workshop is designed so participants can see and experience from the perspective of the enslaved,” Jones says.
The event began as the idea of Temple congregant Renee Kasman, who is also chair of the Social Justice Committee. “My experience of Belle Meade Plantation has been that we use it for overflow parking,” she said, “But I took the tour and realized this was all happening in our own backyard.” Kasman set out to bring Jones’ presentation to the Jewish community as a first step in understanding the experiences and events that happened in Nashville. According to Jones, the two part series is divided with the first class being an oratorical presentation to teach about the history of enslavement. In the second class, participants will take a deeper dive into primary source materials. She says, “We’ll look at how media affects our perceptions, how Hollywood portrays the Black experience and explore how stereotypes plague American society.”
A self-described documentary film buff, Jones says she has spent time learning about Jewish history and the American Jewish experience. “Jewish history is probably one of the closest to the Black community. Both are groups who have been displaced and persecuted.” Indeed, she believes every minority population should be coming together at this time. “The KKK did not exclude Jews or Muslims or any other minority. We need to explore why we pull apart and come back together. This is not a new problem.”
Jones draws inspiration from her own family who, she discovered, was enslaved on a plantation in the Memphis area. “I am five generations removed from slavery,” she says, “I’ve heard the stories and I know what it means to be poor, to be enslaved, segregated and subjugated.” The presentation, she says, will leave people emotional and exhausted, and that is intentional. She says her goal for these presentations is to, “touch hearts, not change minds.”
The class is called, “Tennessee Slavery: Parallels, Perspectives, and Psychology at the Belle Meade Plantation,” and is open to the public. The dates are two Wednesdays, August 11th, and 18th at 7pm. There is no charge, but reservations are required, Visit www.templenashville.org for more information and to sign up.
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Taking the Lead on Adolescent Literacy
Action Steps for Schoolwide Success
Judith Irvin, Julie Meltzer, Nancy Dean, and Martha Jan Mickler
This rich resource walks middle and high school literacy leaders through a comprehensive process for conceptualizing, initiating, and, most important, sustaining a schoolwide literacy learning program. The authors clearly know teachers and schools, and their reality-tested tools will prove invaluable in guiding and supporting middle and high school literacy leaders.
— Doug Buehl, Author, Classroom Strategies for Interactive Learning
Taking the Lead on Adolescent Literacy provides educational leaders with a user-friendly and comprehensive planning process for developing a new literacy initiative—or for dramatically enhancing a current plan—that has the power not only to raise student performance levels but also to positively impact graduation rates, employability, and higher education success.
Using a five-stage framework that has been field-tested nationwide for more than a decade, the authors provide an array of resources to guide in-depth planning, implementation, and monitoring to ensure sustained results, supported by examples from literacy-rich schools, checklists and assessments, and a glossary of terms. Each stage in the process builds upon a school or district's existing capacities and focuses on six detailed rubrics that can be implemented at every stage to help ensure long-term success:
- Student motivation and engagement
- Literacy across the content areas
- Literacy interventions
- Literacy-rich environment, policies, and culture
- Parent and community involvement
- District support of school-based efforts
Helping educators build the critical skills in students for communicating and making meaning within an increasingly complex world, this book shows how a sustained focus on literacy can serve as a powerful lever for school improvement.
© 2010 | 248 pp.
IRA stock no. 9311
Copublished with Corwin Press
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More Lessons for Grade 8 Math
Examples, solutions, videos, worksheets, and lessons to help Grade 8 students learn about geometric probability.
1. A desk is 29 inches wide and 60 inches long. On it, is a desk pad that is 17 inches wide and 22 inches long. If a person randomly flips a paperclip on the desk, what is the probability that it will land on the desk pad?
2. The cable guy will arrive at your home between 1:00 and 3:00 pm. What is the probability that you will miss the cable guy if you get home at 1:20 pm?
3. Assume that a dart you throw will land on the 1-ft square dartboard and is equally likely to land at any point on the board. Find the probability of hitting each of the blue, yellow, and red regions. The radii of the concentric circles are 1, 2, and 3 inches respectively.
If you change the blue circle as indicated, how does the probability of hitting the blue circle change? Explan.
a) Double the radius.
b) Triple the radius.
Use geometry to help find some probability.
This video shows how to solve a couple of basic Geometric Probability problems.
Rotate to landscape screen format on a mobile phone or small tablet to use the Mathway widget, a free math problem solver that answers your questions with step-by-step explanations.
You can use the free Mathway calculator and problem solver below to practice Algebra or other math topics. Try the given examples, or type in your own problem and check your answer with the step-by-step explanations.
We welcome your feedback, comments and questions about this site or page. Please submit your feedback or enquiries via our Feedback page.
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Father John A. Hardon, S.J. Archives
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All My Liberty
Chapter 6: Modes of Humility
Fr. John A. Hardon, S.J.
The expression Degrees of Humility does not occur in either the Spanish autograph or the recognized versions of the original text. The Spanish uses the term maneras or types of humility; the various Latin translations use Species or Modes. There is more than subtilty behind these synonyms. By definition, degree implies a quantitative difference, whereas mode and species are qualitative. Accordingly, the second mode differs from the first, and the third from the first two, not only in having more humility but in being humility of a qualitatively higher kind. In other words, to rise from a lower to a higher type of humility (in the Ignatian sense) means not merely to accumulate more of what we already possess, but to enter into an essentially superior form of moral disposition. Since the term Degrees of Humility is commonly acceptable, there is no problem in using it; as there is also some advantage in knowing the proper meaning which the Exercises attach to this name.
The purpose of the meditation on the Three Modes of Humility is still better to prepare the exercitant for a good Election. By contrast with the Three Classes, the Modes represent the last preparatory stage before the actual Election. Where the function of the Classes was primarily negative, to remove inordinate affection for the creatures, the Modes are strictly positive, to test and inspire the will for complete dedication to the service of God. In the words of St. Ignatius, Before any one enters on the Election, that he may be well affected towards the teaching of Christ our Lord, it will be profitable to consider and examine the following modes of humility.
As conceived by the Exercises, humility is the proper disposition that a human will should assume in relation to the divine, and may reach one of three levels of union with the will of God, in ascending order of sublimity.
The first type of humility means that quality of submission to the Divine Majesty which makes the will ready to sacrifice any created good, even life itself, rather than disobey a commandment of God binding under mortal sin. In terms of indifference, it requires habitual detachment at least from those creatures which may not be enjoyed without loss of sanctifying grace.
The second type of humility is essentially higher. It presupposes the first and goes beyond it with a readiness to sacrifice anything rather than offend God by venial sin. Like the first, it also requires detachment from creatures, and not only from those which are sinful but to a certain extent also from such as may legitimately be used without sin. To practice the second mode, I should be no more inclined to have riches rather than poverty, to seek honor rather than dishonor, to desire a long life rather than a short life, provided in either alternative I would promote equally the service of God and the salvation of my soul. St. Ignatius doctrine here is in full accord with the teaching of ascetical theology, that our fallen human nature requires not a few practices which are not strictly obligatory, hence of counsel, if we are to avoid mortal sin, and a fortiori venial offenses against God. According to Suarez, It is impossible even for a lay person to be firmly resolved never to sin mortally unless he does some works of supererogation and has an explicit or at least virtual intention to perform them.
Assuming the first and second modes of humility to be already attained, if the will remains not merely indifferent to poverty or riches, honor or dishonor, but positively desires and chooses by preference poverty and dishonor in imitation of Christ, this is the most perfect kind of humility. As explained by St. Ignatius in a little-known Directory written by himself, the fundamental difference between the second and the third modes lies in the attitude of will towards poverty and humiliations, with all their implications. If the will is ready to accept them, but equally ready to embrace the opposite, we have the second mode; if it is not only willing to accept but actually prefers poverty and humiliations, we have the third. If it is possible, Ignatius directs, the exercitant should rise to the third grade of humility, in which, as far as he can, he is more inclined to what is more conformed to the evangelical counsels and the example of Christ our Lord, if the service of God be equal. But if he inclines less to the counsels, as exemplified in the poverty and humiliation of Christ, at least he should be detached from riches and honors according to the second mode.
The author of the Exercises identifies the value of a retreat with a persons willingness to accept the evangelical counsels. He instructs the director professedly to dispose the retreatant to desire the counsels rather than the precepts, if this be for the greater service of God. Consequently, whoever has not reached the indifference of the second degree, which implies at least a passive acceptance of certain counsels, should not be encouraged to make the election and will more profitably be given other exercises until he acquires this indifference.
St. Ignatius twice uses the term equal to explain the service or glory given to God by the practice of humility. He describes the second mode as indifference to poverty, riches, and the like, provided only in either alternative I would promote equally the service of God our Lord and the salvation of my soul. In the third mode, I prefer poverty to riches, supposing equal praise and glory to the Divine Majesty. However, the concept of equal is basically the same in both cases.
In the second mode, I evidently cannot remain indifferent to poverty or riches if I know that God would be better served and my salvation more assured by accepting riches instead of poverty. The moment I am faced with the prospect of any sin unless I choose one or the other, poverty or riches, honor or dishonor, I do not hesitate in choosing that which involves no offense against God. But given a situation where no sin (even venial) is involved, and in that sense as regards their essence my salvation and Gods service are equally advanced through riches or povertyI remain indifferent, i.e., equally disposed to accept poverty or riches, honor or dishonor. The condition, however, is always that Gods service and my salvation would not be better promoted in a given instance if I preferred poverty to riches or vice versa.
The third mode of humility transcends mere indifference and actually prefers poverty and humiliation. This is an habitual disposition of will. Even so, I cannot prefer poverty, dishonor and contempt in any concrete circumstance if I know that God would be more glorified by the acceptance of riches and honor, as would be the case if the choice of poverty and humiliation involved sin or hindered the active apostolate. But supposing equal praise and glory to the Divine Majesty, i.e., no question of sin or apostolic injury whether I prefer poverty or riches, honor or dishonor, then, in order better to imitate Christ our Lord and be in reality more like Him, I desire and choose poverty with Christ poor, rather than riches; insults with Christ loaded with them, rather than honors; I desire to be accounted as worthless and a fool for Christ, rather than to be esteemed as wise and prudent in this world.
In the second and third modes, therefore, we have one element constant and the other variable. The constant is expressed by St. Ignatius formula of equal service of God, and means fidelity to the essential precepts of the Gospel and the good of souls. If this were absent, there would be unequal service of God, no matter how indifferent a person were to creatures or even preferred poverty and contempt to riches and honor. The variable factor is the attitude of will towards riches, honor, and their opposites. In the second mode, I am indifferent in this matter, and ready to accept poverty and humiliations (or enjoy riches and honor), and to that extent I have the spirit of the counsels, at least passively. But in the third mode, I am no longer indifferent; I prefer and desire the cross in imitation of Christ my Lord. Here is the full-flowering of Christian perfection, as St. Ignatius says, where a person is more inclined to what is more conformed to the evangelical counsels and the example of Christ our Lord.
The three modes can be illustrated by the example of a man who has unjustly suffered a grave injury to his honor:
First Mode: He does not care to retrieve his good name if it cannot be done without serious sin.
Second Mode: He will not try to defend his honor if this would involve committing venial sin; but if it can be done without sin, he wants to restore his reputation.
Third Mode: He considers the loss of reputation as profit in Christ. Instead of defending himself, he will gladly suffer the injury in silence. But on one condition: as long as Gods glory is equally served, i.e., when neither a moral obligation nor benefit to others demands that he vindicate his legitimate rights. If such an obligation or benefit exists, then ipso facto there is no longer equal glory to God, and he will defend his reputation without failing in the spirit of the third mode. All the while his internal dispositions are such that if a just defense of his honor were not obligatory in itself or profitable to the neighbor, he will consider it a privilege to suffer in the company of his humiliated Master.
Rationale of the Third Mode of Humility
The essence of the third mode of humility consists in preferring what is difficult, simply out of love for Christ, in order to be more like Him in poverty, humiliation and suffering. Unlike the first and second modes, the reasonableness of my attitude in the third degree is not so apparent, and except for the light of faith would be quite unintelligible.
Subjectively the motive for practicing the third degree is sheer love, expressed in the desire to be conformed to Christ, the Spouse of an ardent soul. No other reason is sought and none demanded. But objectively there is a deep reason why an earnest follower of Christ should wish to imitate Him in want and ignominy. It is the purpose of all pain and suffering, which is reparative and expiatory: reparation in restoring the honor which is owing to Gods offended majesty, and expiation in removing the stain of guilt and debt of punishment which the sinner has incurred.
If I am looking for a reason to prefer poverty to riches and contempt to honor, I have it in my love for Christ. Love is by nature assimilable; it desires to be like the one loved. If I ask further why Christ, for the joy set before Him chose the Cross, I find it in the mystery of Redemption. It was the will of His heavenly Father that the world should be redeemed not only by the Incarnation, but in the historical atmosphere of suffering and pain. In the obedience to His Father, Christ chose to save the human race by enduring poverty, rejection, opposition and finally the disgrace of crucifixion although, absolutely speaking, the Redemption might have been accomplished by only a moments pain. That Christ preferred this method of saving the world shows His wisdom in proving how much He loves us and how much we mean to Him; it also invites us to follow His example and prove our love for Him in return.
But the imitation of Christ in His suffering implies more than a way of proving our love for Him. It releases an energy which promotes the salvation of the world. The fact is a matter of faith; the explanation must be sought in the doctrine of the Mystical Body. For although the earthly life of Christ and His death more than sufficiently atoned for the sins of mankind, nevertheless by a marvelous disposition of Divine Wisdom, we may complete those things that are wanting in the sufferings of Christ in our own flesh, for His body, which is the Church. This mystical identification of Christ with His members makes possible the application of His merits, gained by tribulation, to individual souls, beginning with our own and extending to all the human race, not only on earth but also in purgatory; and not only in the Church but also outside the Mystical Body. It was on this basis that Pius XI placed the effectiveness of reparation to the Sacred Heart. In the degree to which our oblation and sacrifice more perfectly correspond to the sacrifice of Our Lord; that is, to the extent to which we have immolated love of self and our passions and crucified our flesh in that mystical crucifixion of which the Apostle writes, so much the more plentiful fruits of propitiation and expiation will we gain for ourselves and for others.
The same idea was expressed from another viewpoint by Pius XII, in urging the imitation of Christ suffering for the benefit of the Mystical Body and the salvation of the modern world. Although His passion and death merited for the Church an infinite treasure of mercy, Gods inscrutable providence has decreed that these abundant graces should not be granted us all at once; and the amount of grace to be given depends in no small part also on our good deeds. They draw to the souls of men this ready flow of heavenly gifts granted by God. These heavenly gifts will surely flow more abundantly if we not only pray fervently to God . . . but if we also set our hearts on eternal treasures rather than the passing things of this world, restrain this mortal body by voluntary mortification, denying it what is forbidden, forcing it to do what is hard and distasteful, and finally accept as from Gods hands the burdens and sorrows of this present life. If there was never a time when the salvation of souls did not oblige us to associate our sufferings with those of the Redeemer, that duty is clearer than ever today when a cosmic struggle has set almost the whole world on fire, and only Christ in His members can save it.
In the meditation on the Kingdom it is imperative to have a correct notion of suffering and humiliation as instruments for personal sanctification antecedent to the apostolate. The more closely a man follows Christ, poor and contemned, the greater becomes his union with God and the more effective his labor for souls.
Another feature of the imitation of Christ, however, belongs to the apostolate itself. If we examine the pages of the Gospel, where do we find Christ practicing poverty, suffering humiliations and enduring contempt even to the death of the cross? Is it not in the very work of saving souls? Every action of Christ on earth was intrinsically apostolic in carrying out the mission of His Father to redeem the world. In imitating Him, we shall find that a large source of suffering in our lives stems from the apostolate. And the more zealous we are, the greater share of trials we shall have. St. Ignatius is warrant for the statement that the greatest reward that a servant of God can receive for what he has done for his neighbor is scorn and contempt, the only reward that the world gave for the labors of its Divine Master.
St. Paul testified to how much a person must be ready to endure if he will follow Christ in the apostolate: in journeyings often, in perils in the city, in perils in the wilderness, in perils in the sea, in perils from false brethren; in labors and hardships, in many sleepless nights, in hunger and thirst, in fastings often, in cold and nakedness. Besides these outer things, there is my daily pressing anxiety, the care of all the churches. But in all of this, Paul was happy to suffer and gloried in the cross he was privileged to bear, because he saw himself not only imitating Christ to his own sanctification but cooperating with the Redeemer in the salvation of the world.
Francis Suarez, De Religione, Tract. IV, Lib. I, cap. 4, num. 12.
Monumenta Historica, Exercitia Spiritualia, p. 781.
Ibid., pp. 779, 781
Ibid., p. 781.
Opera Spiritualia Joannis P. Roothaan, Vol. II, p. 117.
Pius XI, Encyclical Miserentissimus Redemptor, in Sacred Heart Encyclicals (Carl Moell edit.), New York, pp. 38-40.
Pius XII, Encyclical Mystici Corporis Christi (N.C.W.C. translation), 1943, pp. 66-67.
II Corinthians 11: 26-28.
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Diamondback Terrapins — A Beleaguered Species
Learn about our ongoing Diamondback Terrapin conservation program
New Jersey Diamondback Terrapin Brochure
For well over a century, diamondback terrapins, the only species adapted to life in the brackish waters of coastal salt marshes, have been adversely affected by a variety of human activities. A century ago, overhunting of the northern diamondback terrapin, Malaclemys terrapin terrapin — considered a gourmet delicacy — nearly extirpated populations in many parts of its range. Eventually, the combined effects of Prohibition (sherry was considered an essential ingredient of terrapin stew recipes) and the economic stresses of the Great Depression in the 1930s brought an end to significant commercial exploitation of terrapins. It was not until nearly the late 1960s that terrapin populations recovered to a level approaching their former “pre-gourmet” abundance. More recently, however, two other threats to terrapin populations have arisen.
Coastal development has led to considerable habitat destruction, especially of traditional nesting sites on barrier beach islands. Along the Atlantic coast of New Jersey, the search for alternative nesting sites on highway embankments has resulted in large numbers of roadkills every nesting season. And the loss of terrapins to the commercial crabbing industry, through drowning in crab traps, has increased dramatically.
The Terrapin Conservation Project
The serious declines in southern New Jersey’s terrapin population, due to increased mortality from roadkills and drowning in crab traps, prompted the launching of the Terrapin Recovery/Conservation Project in 1989. Under the direction of Dr. Roger Wood, the program developed techniques to incubate and hatch eggs recovered from road-killed terrapins, after which the hatchlings are head started and released. In addition, the program’s ongoing studies have proven the effectiveness of Bycatch Reduction Devices to prevent drowning in crab traps. Today, the program continues to develop new approaches to address conservation needs of terrapins.
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