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L_0080 | nature of earthquakes | T_0817 | FIGURE 7.29 Love waves and Rayleigh waves are the two types of surface waves. motions cause damage to rigid structures during an earthquake. | image | textbook_images/nature_of_earthquakes_20551.png |
L_0080 | nature of earthquakes | T_0819 | FIGURE 7.30 This dramatic image shows the Boxing Day Tsunami of 2004 coming ashore. | image | textbook_images/nature_of_earthquakes_20552.png |
L_0080 | nature of earthquakes | T_0820 | FIGURE 7.31 Travel time map for the Boxing Day Tsunami (in hours). Countries near red, orange, and yellow areas were affected the most. | image | textbook_images/nature_of_earthquakes_20553.png |
L_0081 | measuring and predicting earthquakes | T_0823 | FIGURE 7.33 This seismograph records seismic waves. | image | textbook_images/measuring_and_predicting_earthquakes_20555.png |
L_0081 | measuring and predicting earthquakes | T_0824 | FIGURE 7.34 These seismograms show the arrival of P- waves and S-waves. through liquid. So the liquid outer core creates an S-wave shadow zone on the opposite side of the Earth from the quake. | image | textbook_images/measuring_and_predicting_earthquakes_20556.png |
L_0081 | measuring and predicting earthquakes | T_0825 | FIGURE 7.35 Seismographs in Portland, Los Angeles, and Salt Lake City are used to find an earthquake epicenter. | image | textbook_images/measuring_and_predicting_earthquakes_20557.png |
L_0081 | measuring and predicting earthquakes | T_0830 | FIGURE 7.36 Earthquake and tsunami damage in Japan, 2011. The Tohoku earthquake had a magnitude of 9.0. | image | textbook_images/measuring_and_predicting_earthquakes_20558.png |
L_0081 | measuring and predicting earthquakes | T_0830 | FIGURE 7.37 This map shows earthquake probability regions in the United States. | image | textbook_images/measuring_and_predicting_earthquakes_20559.png |
L_0082 | staying safe in earthquakes | T_0832 | FIGURE 7.38 This hazard map predicts the likelihood of strong earthquakes in the area around San Francisco, California. | image | textbook_images/staying_safe_in_earthquakes_20560.png |
L_0082 | staying safe in earthquakes | T_0833 | FIGURE 7.39 Mexico City suffers tremendously in earthquakes because it is built on an old lake bed. In 1985 many buildings col- lapsed. | image | textbook_images/staying_safe_in_earthquakes_20561.png |
L_0082 | staying safe in earthquakes | T_0833 | FIGURE 7.40 A landslide in a neighborhood in Anchor- age Alaska after the 1964 Great Alaska earthquake. | image | textbook_images/staying_safe_in_earthquakes_20562.png |
L_0082 | staying safe in earthquakes | T_0835 | FIGURE 7.41 The Transamerica Pyramid in San Francisco is more stable in an earth- quake or in high winds than a rectangular skyscraper. | image | textbook_images/staying_safe_in_earthquakes_20563.png |
L_0082 | staying safe in earthquakes | T_0837 | FIGURE 7.42 Buildings can be retrofit to be made more earthquake safe. | image | textbook_images/staying_safe_in_earthquakes_20564.png |
L_0083 | volcanic activity | T_0839 | FIGURE 8.1 This map shows where volcanoes are located. | image | textbook_images/volcanic_activity_20565.png |
L_0083 | volcanic activity | T_0841 | FIGURE 8.2 The Pacific Ocean basin is a good place to look for volcanoes. The light blue wavy line that goes up the right-center of the diagram is the East Pacific Rise. Trenches due to subduction are on the west and east sides of the plate. Hawaii trends southeast-northwest near the center-top of the image. | image | textbook_images/volcanic_activity_20566.png |
L_0083 | volcanic activity | T_0842 | FIGURE 8.3 Mantle plumes are found all over the world, especially in the ocean basins. The size of the eruptions is different at differ- ent plumes. | image | textbook_images/volcanic_activity_20567.png |
L_0083 | volcanic activity | T_0842 | FIGURE 8.4 A bathymetric map of Loihi seamount. Loihi will be the next shield volcano in the Hawaiian-Emperor chain. | image | textbook_images/volcanic_activity_20568.png |
L_0084 | volcanic eruptions | T_0845 | FIGURE 8.6 (A) Eyjafjallajkull volcano in Iceland spewed ash into the atmosphere in 2010. This was a fairly small eruption, but it disrupted air travel across Europe for six days. (B) The eruption seen from nearby. | image | textbook_images/volcanic_eruptions_20570.png |
L_0084 | volcanic eruptions | T_0846 | FIGURE 8.7 A lava flow in Iceland in 1984. | image | textbook_images/volcanic_eruptions_20571.png |
L_0084 | volcanic eruptions | T_0849 | FIGURE 8.8 Magma beneath a volcano erupts onto the volcanos surface. Layer upon layer of lava creates a volcano. | image | textbook_images/volcanic_eruptions_20572.png |
L_0084 | volcanic eruptions | T_0849 | FIGURE 8.9 Ropy pahoehoe flows are common on Kilauea Volcano in Hawaii. | image | textbook_images/volcanic_eruptions_20573.png |
L_0084 | volcanic eruptions | T_0849 | FIGURE 8.10 A lava tube in a pahoehoe flow. | image | textbook_images/volcanic_eruptions_20574.png |
L_0084 | volcanic eruptions | T_0849 | FIGURE 8.11 These underwater rocks in the Galapagos formed from pillow lava. | image | textbook_images/volcanic_eruptions_20575.png |
L_0084 | volcanic eruptions | T_0851 | FIGURE 8.12 (A) Mount Etna in Italy is certainly an active volcano. (B) Mount Rainer in Washington State is currently dormant. The volcano could and probably will erupt again. (C) Shiprock in northern New Mexico is the remnant of a long-extinct volcano. | image | textbook_images/volcanic_eruptions_20576.png |
L_0084 | volcanic eruptions | T_0855 | FIGURE 8.13 Mount Cleveland, in Alaska, is monitored by satellite. | image | textbook_images/volcanic_eruptions_20577.png |
L_0085 | types of volcanoes | T_0858 | FIGURE 8.14 Mt. Fuji is a well-known composite vol- cano. | image | textbook_images/types_of_volcanoes_20578.png |
L_0085 | types of volcanoes | T_0858 | FIGURE 8.15 A cross section of a composite volcano reveals alternating layers of rock and ash: (1) magma chamber, (2) bedrock, (3) pipe, (4) ash layers, (5) lava layers, (6) lava flow, (7) vent, (8) lava, (9) ash cloud. Frequently there is a large crater at the top from the last eruption. | image | textbook_images/types_of_volcanoes_20579.png |
L_0085 | types of volcanoes | T_0859 | FIGURE 8.16 This portion of Kilauea, a shield volcano in Hawaii, erupted between 1969 and 1974. | image | textbook_images/types_of_volcanoes_20580.png |
L_0085 | types of volcanoes | T_0862 | FIGURE 8.17 A cinder cone volcano in Lassen National Park. | image | textbook_images/types_of_volcanoes_20581.png |
L_0085 | types of volcanoes | T_0862 | FIGURE 8.18 Crater Lake, Oregon is the remnant of Mount Mazama. After an enormous erup- tion the mountain collapsed, forming a caldera. Crater Lake should actually be named Caldera Lake. Wizard Island, within the lake, is a cinder cone. | image | textbook_images/types_of_volcanoes_20582.png |
L_0085 | types of volcanoes | T_0862 | FIGURE 8.19 Lake Toba is now a caldera. It was the site of an enormous super eruption about 25 million years ago. | image | textbook_images/types_of_volcanoes_20583.png |
L_0085 | types of volcanoes | DD_0066 | This diagram shows a cross section of a composite volcano. Composite volcanoes have broad bases and steep sides. At the top of the volcano is the volcanic crater. Below the surface of the earth lies the magma chamber. This is a large underground pool of magma or molten rock. When a volcano erupts, magma travels from the magma chamber up the conduit channel and exits the volcano through the volcanic crater and side vents. Ash, smoke and steam are other byproducts of volcanic eruptions. | image | teaching_images/volcanoes_1467.png |
L_0085 | types of volcanoes | DD_0067 | The lava begins in the magma chamber. It makes its way up the main vent and comes out of the crater. Volcanic bombs, ash, and an ash cloud are by products of a volcanic eruption. Lava can also come out of a secondary cone by the secondary vent. | image | teaching_images/volcanoes_4902.png |
L_0085 | types of volcanoes | DD_0068 | The diagram shows a simple cross section of a volcano. The bottom most part is the magma chamber, where the lava is stored. The lava flows out of the volcano through an opening called crater. The lava flows from the magma chamber to the crater through the main vent. During the flow, it also flows out through the secondary cone. The mountain like structure on the side are layers of ash and lava. | image | teaching_images/volcanoes_4896.png |
L_0085 | types of volcanoes | DD_0069 | This diagram shows a cross-section of a composite volcano revealing alternating layers of lava and ash. The volcano grows larger with each eruption as lava and ash are deposited onto its surface. The magma that flows from volcanoes comes from underneath the Earth's crust in a magma chamber. It is thick and travels slowly, creating the volcano's steep sides. There are frequently craters at the top from the last eruption. When the volcano erupts from the vent at the top, it spews large amounts of ash into the air creating an ash cloud. Sometime the magma is diverted from the main vent and find its way out of the side of the volcano, creating a secondary vent. Over time, the If the magma remains trapped, it creates a sill. | image | teaching_images/volcanoes_632.png |
L_0088 | soils | T_0884 | FIGURE 9.6 Climate is the most important factor in determining the type of soil that forms in a particular area. In tropical regions with high temperatures and lots of rain, thick soils form with no unstable minerals or nutrients. Conversely, dry regions produce thin soils, rich in unstable minerals. | image | textbook_images/soils_20593.png |
L_0088 | soils | T_0888 | FIGURE 9.7 This diagram plots soil types by particle size. | image | textbook_images/soils_20594.png |
L_0088 | soils | T_0890 | FIGURE 9.8 In this diagram, a cut through soil shows different soil layers. | image | textbook_images/soils_20595.png |
L_0088 | soils | T_0893 | FIGURE 9.9 This image shows the various soil hori- zons. | image | textbook_images/soils_20596.png |
L_0088 | soils | T_0894 | FIGURE 9.10 Pedalfer soils support temperate forests, such as in the eastern United States. | image | textbook_images/soils_20597.png |
L_0088 | soils | T_0895 | FIGURE 9.11 Grasslands grow on pedocal soils. | image | textbook_images/soils_20598.png |
L_0088 | soils | T_0896 | FIGURE 9.12 The Amazon Rainforest grows on laterite soils. | image | textbook_images/soils_20599.png |
L_0088 | soils | T_0898 | FIGURE 9.13 Material that is not held down can blow in the wind. Topsoil is lost this way. | image | textbook_images/soils_20600.png |
L_0088 | soils | T_0899 | FIGURE 9.14 Trees form a windbreak at the edge of these fields. | image | textbook_images/soils_20601.png |
L_0088 | soils | DD_0070 | This diagram shows that of the soil horizon. There are many different types of soils, and each one has unique characteristics, like color, texture, structure, and mineral content. The depth of the soil also varies. The kind of soil in an area helps determines what type of plants can grow. Soil is made up of distinct horizontal layers; these layers are called horizons. They range from rich, organic upper layers (humus and topsoil) to underlying rocky layers ( subsoil, regolith and bedrock).O Horizon - The top, organic layer of soil, made up mostly of leaf litter and humus (decomposed organic matter). A Horizon - The layer called topsoil; it is found below the O horizon and above the E horizon. Seeds germinate and plant roots grow in this dark-colored layer. It is made up of humus (decomposed organic matter) mixed with mineral particles. E Horizon - This eluviation (leaching) layer is light in color; this layer is beneath the A Horizon and above the B Horizon. It is made up mostly of sand and silt, having lost most of its minerals and clay as water drips through the soil. B Horizon - Also called the subsoil - this layer is beneath the E Horizon and above the C Horizon. It contains clay and mineral deposits (like iron, aluminum oxides, and calcium carbonate) that it receives from layers above it when mineralized water drips from the soil above. C Horizon - Also called regolith: the layer beneath the B Horizon and above the R Horizon. It consists of slightly broken-up bedrock. Plant roots do not penetrate into this layer; very little organic material is found in this layer. R Horizon - The unweathered rock (bedrock) layer that is beneath all the other layers. | image | teaching_images/soil_horizons_4258.png |
L_0088 | soils | DD_0071 | This diagram depicts the layers of the Earth. The top layer is the O Horizon. This is the humus that is the surface litter, decomposing plant matter. Below that is the A Horizon which is the topsoil. It is mixed humus and leached mineral soil. Below that is the E Horizon which is the zone of leaching. There is less humus and the minerals are resistant to leaching. Below that is the B Horizon. This is the subsoil that is an accumulation of leached minerals like iron and aluminum oxides. The final layer is the C Horizon. It is the weathered parent material that is partly broken-down minerals. | image | teaching_images/soil_horizons_1413.png |
L_0088 | soils | DD_0072 | The figure shows the different horizons and profiles of soil. The A-horizon is also called topsoil. This is the layer of soil where plants grow. Many small animals such as insects and worms also live here. Topsoil is rich in nutrients from decomposed plants and animals. Right under the A-horizon is the B-horizon, or the subsoil. If a plant has very deep roots, these roots may reach the subsoil. Subsoil contains very little organic matter. However, because of accumulated minerals such clay and iron, it holds more water than topsoil. Beneath the B-horizon is the C-horizon or substratum. The C-horizon is mostly composed of particles of bedrock, sediment, and other geologic materials. | image | teaching_images/soil_horizons_7595.png |
L_0097 | avoiding soil loss | T_0935 | FIGURE 1.1 | image | textbook_images/avoiding_soil_loss_20623.png |
L_0097 | avoiding soil loss | T_0938 | FIGURE 1.2 | image | textbook_images/avoiding_soil_loss_20624.png |
L_0097 | avoiding soil loss | T_0938 | FIGURE 1.3 Source of Erosion Agriculture Strategies for Prevention Source of Erosion Building Construction Strategies for Prevention | image | textbook_images/avoiding_soil_loss_20625.png |
L_0105 | cenozoic plate tectonics | T_0973 | FIGURE 1.1 | image | textbook_images/cenozoic_plate_tectonics_20647.png |
L_0105 | cenozoic plate tectonics | T_0974 | FIGURE 1.2 | image | textbook_images/cenozoic_plate_tectonics_20648.png |
L_0108 | chemical weathering | T_0983 | FIGURE 1.1 | image | textbook_images/chemical_weathering_20655.png |
L_0108 | chemical weathering | T_0984 | FIGURE 1.2 | image | textbook_images/chemical_weathering_20656.png |
L_0108 | chemical weathering | T_0985 | FIGURE 1.3 | image | textbook_images/chemical_weathering_20657.png |
L_0108 | chemical weathering | T_0986 | FIGURE 1.4 When iron-rich minerals oxidize, they pro- duce the familiar red color found in rust. | image | textbook_images/chemical_weathering_20658.png |
L_0108 | chemical weathering | T_0988 | FIGURE 1.5 | image | textbook_images/chemical_weathering_20659.png |
L_0112 | clouds | T_1006 | FIGURE 1.1 | image | textbook_images/clouds_20664.png |
L_0112 | clouds | T_1010 | FIGURE 1.2 | image | textbook_images/clouds_20665.png |
L_0112 | clouds | T_1011 | FIGURE 1.3 | image | textbook_images/clouds_20666.png |
L_0112 | clouds | DD_0076 | This diagram shows the common types of clouds in the troposphere. The three main types of clouds are cirrus, stratus and cumulus. The types of clouds varies according to how high it is above the ground from 5,000 feet up to 20,000 feet. Because of the cold temperature at high altitudes, clouds are made up of ice crystals. Cloud types can be easily identified by their appearance. Stratus and Cumulus clouds usually form at lower altitudes, clumpy and usually causes rain and precipitation. While Cirrus clouds form at higher altitudes where the temperature is fairly constant and is usually evenly scattered. Clouds play a big role in maintaining the balance of the earth's temperature and has a big impact on the weather. Shown also are Aerosols that stay in the lower atmosphere. Aerosols are produced naturally but recent concerns have been raised since these are largely man-made and Aerosols have significant impacts on cloud and weather system. | image | teaching_images/types_clouds_7649.png |
L_0112 | clouds | DD_0077 | Below the stratus, there is steady precipitation whereas below the cumulus, there is showery precipitation. Right below 6,500 ft, there are low clouds and between 6,500 ft and 23,000 ft, there are the middle clouds. It is higher than 23,000 ft where there is the cirrus, cirrostratus, and cirrocumulus. There is also a halo around the sun. | image | teaching_images/types_clouds_7645.png |
L_0117 | composition of the atmosphere | T_1028 | FIGURE 1.1 | image | textbook_images/composition_of_the_atmosphere_20677.png |
L_0117 | composition of the atmosphere | T_1031 | FIGURE 1.2 Mean winter atmospheric water vapor in the Northern Hemisphere when temperature and humidity are lower than they would be in summer. | image | textbook_images/composition_of_the_atmosphere_20678.png |
L_0122 | dark matter | T_1041 | FIGURE 1.1 The arc around the galaxies at the center of this image is caused by gravitational lensing. The addition of gravitational pull from dark matter is required to explain this phenomenon. | image | textbook_images/dark_matter_20685.png |
L_0122 | dark matter | T_1042 | FIGURE 1.2 | image | textbook_images/dark_matter_20686.png |
L_0129 | divergent plate boundaries | T_1058 | FIGURE 1.1 This map shows the three major plate boundaries in or near California. | image | textbook_images/divergent_plate_boundaries_20693.png |
L_0130 | divergent plate boundaries in the oceans | T_1060 | FIGURE 1.1 Iceland is the one location where the ridge is located on land: the Mid-Atlantic Ridge separates the North American and Eurasian plates | image | textbook_images/divergent_plate_boundaries_in_the_oceans_20695.png |
L_0134 | earthquake characteristics | T_1081 | FIGURE 1.1 | image | textbook_images/earthquake_characteristics_20701.png |
L_0134 | earthquake characteristics | T_1082 | FIGURE 1.2 In about 75% of earthquakes, the focus is in the top 10 to 15 kilometers (6 to 9 miles) of the crust. Shallow earthquakes cause the most damage because the focus is near where people live. However, it is the epicenter of an earthquake that is reported by scientists and the media. | image | textbook_images/earthquake_characteristics_20702.png |
L_0135 | earthquake damage | T_1084 | FIGURE 1.1 A landslide in a neighborhood in Anchor- age, Alaska, after the 1964 Great Alaska earthquake. | image | textbook_images/earthquake_damage_20703.png |
L_0135 | earthquake damage | T_1084 | FIGURE 1.2 | image | textbook_images/earthquake_damage_20704.png |
L_0135 | earthquake damage | T_1085 | FIGURE 1.3 | image | textbook_images/earthquake_damage_20705.png |
L_0136 | earthquake safe structures | T_1086 | FIGURE 1.1 | image | textbook_images/earthquake_safe_structures_20706.png |
L_0136 | earthquake safe structures | T_1087 | FIGURE 1.2 | image | textbook_images/earthquake_safe_structures_20707.png |
L_0136 | earthquake safe structures | T_1089 | FIGURE 1.3 | image | textbook_images/earthquake_safe_structures_20708.png |
L_0137 | earthquake zones | T_1090 | FIGURE 1.1 | image | textbook_images/earthquake_zones_20709.png |
L_0137 | earthquake zones | T_1091 | FIGURE 1.2 Click image to the left or use the URL below. URL: https://www.ck12.org/flx/render/embeddedobject/186182 | image | textbook_images/earthquake_zones_20710.png |
L_0138 | earthquakes at convergent plate boundaries | T_1093 | FIGURE 1.1 | image | textbook_images/earthquakes_at_convergent_plate_boundaries_20711.png |
L_0138 | earthquakes at convergent plate boundaries | T_1093 | FIGURE 1.2 | image | textbook_images/earthquakes_at_convergent_plate_boundaries_20712.png |
L_0138 | earthquakes at convergent plate boundaries | T_1095 | FIGURE 1.3 | image | textbook_images/earthquakes_at_convergent_plate_boundaries_20713.png |
L_0139 | earthquakes at transform plate boundaries | T_1097 | FIGURE 1.1 | image | textbook_images/earthquakes_at_transform_plate_boundaries_20714.png |
L_0141 | earths crust | T_1101 | FIGURE 1.1 | image | textbook_images/earths_crust_20716.png |
L_0141 | earths crust | T_1102 | FIGURE 1.2 | image | textbook_images/earths_crust_20717.png |
L_0143 | earths layers | T_1113 | FIGURE 1.1 | image | textbook_images/earths_layers_20719.png |
L_0145 | earths mantle | T_1118 | FIGURE 1.1 | image | textbook_images/earths_mantle_20721.png |
L_0145 | earths mantle | T_1118 | FIGURE 1.2 | image | textbook_images/earths_mantle_20722.png |
L_0147 | earths tectonic plates | T_1120 | FIGURE 1.1 Earthquakes outline the plates. | image | textbook_images/earths_tectonic_plates_20724.png |
L_0147 | earths tectonic plates | T_1121 | FIGURE 1.2 Mantle convection drives plate tectonics. Hot material rises at mid-ocean ridges and sinks at deep sea trenches, which keeps the plates moving along the Earths surface. | image | textbook_images/earths_tectonic_plates_20725.png |
L_0153 | effusive eruptions | T_1136 | FIGURE 1.1 | image | textbook_images/effusive_eruptions_20737.png |
L_0153 | effusive eruptions | T_1137 | FIGURE 1.2 | image | textbook_images/effusive_eruptions_20738.png |
L_0153 | effusive eruptions | T_1138 | FIGURE 1.3 A road is overrun by an eruption at Ki- lauea volcano in Hawaii. | image | textbook_images/effusive_eruptions_20739.png |
L_0159 | evolution of simple cells | T_1149 | FIGURE 1.1 | image | textbook_images/evolution_of_simple_cells_20749.png |
L_0159 | evolution of simple cells | T_1151 | FIGURE 1.2 | image | textbook_images/evolution_of_simple_cells_20750.png |
L_0159 | evolution of simple cells | T_1151 | FIGURE 1.3 | image | textbook_images/evolution_of_simple_cells_20751.png |
L_0159 | evolution of simple cells | T_1153 | FIGURE 1.4 | image | textbook_images/evolution_of_simple_cells_20752.png |
L_0159 | evolution of simple cells | T_1153 | FIGURE 1.5 | image | textbook_images/evolution_of_simple_cells_20753.png |
L_0163 | explosive eruptions | T_1163 | FIGURE 1.1 Ash and gases create a mushroom cloud above Mt. Redoubt in Alaska, 1989. The cloud reached 45,000 feet and caught a Boeing 747 in its plume. | image | textbook_images/explosive_eruptions_20758.png |
L_0163 | explosive eruptions | T_1164 | FIGURE 1.2 | image | textbook_images/explosive_eruptions_20759.png |
L_0163 | explosive eruptions | T_1164 | FIGURE 1.3 | image | textbook_images/explosive_eruptions_20760.png |
Subsets and Splits