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L_1074 | why earth is a magnet | T_5011 | FIGURE 1.1 | image | textbook_images/why_earth_is_a_magnet_23179.png |
L_1076 | work | T_5014 | FIGURE 1.1 | image | textbook_images/work_23180.png |
L_1076 | work | T_5015 | FIGURE 1.2 | image | textbook_images/work_23181.png |
L_0007 | erosion and deposition by gravity | T_0059 | FIGURE 10.30 This 2001 landslide in El Salvador (Central America) was started by an earthquake. Soil and rocks flowed down a hillside and swallowed up houses in the city below. | image | textbook_images/erosion_and_deposition_by_gravity_20047.png |
L_0007 | erosion and deposition by gravity | T_0060 | FIGURE 10.31 Mudslide. A mudslide engulfs whatever is in its path. | image | textbook_images/erosion_and_deposition_by_gravity_20048.png |
L_0007 | erosion and deposition by gravity | T_0062 | FIGURE 10.32 Slump takes place suddenly, like a land- slide. How does slump differ from a land- slide? | image | textbook_images/erosion_and_deposition_by_gravity_20049.png |
L_0007 | erosion and deposition by gravity | T_0063 | FIGURE 10.33 Creep is seen on a hillside. What evi- dence shows creep has occurred? | image | textbook_images/erosion_and_deposition_by_gravity_20050.png |
L_0021 | the atmosphere | T_0196 | FIGURE 15.1 The atmosphere shields Earth from harmful solar rays. | image | textbook_images/the_atmosphere_20133.png |
L_0021 | the atmosphere | T_0198 | FIGURE 15.2 The atmosphere is a big part of the water cycle. What do you think would happen to Earths water without it? | image | textbook_images/the_atmosphere_20134.png |
L_0021 | the atmosphere | T_0205 | FIGURE 15.3 This graph identifies the most common gases in air. | image | textbook_images/the_atmosphere_20135.png |
L_0021 | the atmosphere | T_0207 | FIGURE 15.4 This drawing represents a column of air. The column rises from sea level to the top of the atmosphere. Where does air have the greatest density? | image | textbook_images/the_atmosphere_20136.png |
L_0021 | the atmosphere | T_0209 | FIGURE 15.5 At sea level, pressure was greater outside than inside the bottle. The greater outside pressure crushed the bottle. | image | textbook_images/the_atmosphere_20137.png |
L_0025 | weather and water in the atmosphere | T_0254 | FIGURE 16.1 How much water vapor can the air hold when its temperature is 40 C? | image | textbook_images/weather_and_water_in_the_atmosphere_20156.png |
L_0025 | weather and water in the atmosphere | T_0254 | FIGURE 16.2 How hot does it feel when the air tempera- ture is 90F? It depends on the humidity. | image | textbook_images/weather_and_water_in_the_atmosphere_20157.png |
L_0025 | weather and water in the atmosphere | T_0257 | FIGURE 16.3 Find the cirrus, cirrostratus, and cirrocu- mulus clouds in the figure. What do they have in common? They all form high in the troposphere. Clouds that form in the mid troposphere have the prefix alto-, as in altocumulus. Where do stratocumulus clouds form? | image | textbook_images/weather_and_water_in_the_atmosphere_20158.png |
L_0025 | weather and water in the atmosphere | T_0261 | FIGURE 16.4 Frozen precipitation may fall as snow, sleet, or freezing rain. type of frozen precipitation. Hail forms in thunderstorms when strong updrafts carry rain high into the troposphere. The rain freezes into balls of ice called hailstones. This may happen over and over again until the hailstones are as big as baseballs. Hail forms only in cumulonimbus clouds. | image | textbook_images/weather_and_water_in_the_atmosphere_20159.png |
L_0035 | loss of soil | T_0355 | FIGURE 19.1 Runoff carried away the bare soil in this field. Why do you think the soil bare to begin with? | image | textbook_images/loss_of_soil_20230.png |
L_0035 | loss of soil | T_0355 | FIGURE 19.2 Farming leaves some soil exposed to ero- sion. | image | textbook_images/loss_of_soil_20231.png |
L_0035 | loss of soil | T_0356 | FIGURE 19.3 Sheep and goats can damage plants and leave the soil bare. | image | textbook_images/loss_of_soil_20232.png |
L_0035 | loss of soil | T_0360 | FIGURE 19.4 Logging, mining, construction, and paving surfaces are some of the ways that soil erosion increases. | image | textbook_images/loss_of_soil_20233.png |
L_0035 | loss of soil | T_0360 | FIGURE 19.5 Whats fun for people may be bad for soil. Off-road vehicles can destroy plants and leave the ground bare. This sets up the soil for erosion. | image | textbook_images/loss_of_soil_20234.png |
L_0035 | loss of soil | T_0361 | FIGURE 19.6 There are many farming methods that help prevent soil erosion. | image | textbook_images/loss_of_soil_20235.png |
L_0046 | century tsunami | T_0449 | FIGURE 1.1 | image | textbook_images/century_tsunami_20315.png |
L_0046 | century tsunami | T_0450 | FIGURE 1.2 This map shows the peak tsunami wave heights. | image | textbook_images/century_tsunami_20316.png |
L_0046 | century tsunami | T_0450 | FIGURE 1.3 An aerial view shows the damage to Sendai, Japan caused by the earthquake and tsunami. The black smoke is coming from an oil refinery, which was set on fire by the earthquake. The tsunami pre- vented efforts to extinguish the fire until several days after the earthquake. | image | textbook_images/century_tsunami_20317.png |
L_0046 | century tsunami | T_0451 | FIGURE 1.4 A sign in Thailand shows an evacuation route. | image | textbook_images/century_tsunami_20318.png |
L_0063 | the universe | T_0633 | FIGURE 26.15 This is a simplified diagram of the ex- pansion of the universe. The distance between galaxies gets bigger, but the size of each galaxy stays about the same. | image | textbook_images/the_universe_20440.png |
L_0063 | the universe | T_0635 | FIGURE 26.16 HUDF09 is 13.2 billion light years away from us. This is only 480 million years after the Big Bang. The smaller box shows where the galaxy is and the larger box contains a larger image of the galaxy. This is part of the Hubble Ultra Deep Field. | image | textbook_images/the_universe_20441.png |
L_0064 | minerals | T_0638 | FIGURE 3.1 Silver is used to make sterling silver jew- elry. Table salt is the mineral halite. Glass is produced from the mineral quartz. | image | textbook_images/minerals_20442.png |
L_0064 | minerals | T_0640 | FIGURE 3.2 A water molecule has two hydrogen atoms (shown in gray) bonded to one oxygen molecule (shown in red). | image | textbook_images/minerals_20443.png |
L_0064 | minerals | T_0645 | FIGURE 3.3 Sodium ions (purple balls) bond with chloride ions (green balls) to form halite crystals. | image | textbook_images/minerals_20444.png |
L_0064 | minerals | T_0645 | FIGURE 3.4 Diamonds (A) and graphite (B) are both made of only carbon, but theyre not much alike. | image | textbook_images/minerals_20445.png |
L_0064 | minerals | T_0646 | FIGURE 3.5 Under a microscope, salt crystals are cubes. | image | textbook_images/minerals_20446.png |
L_0064 | minerals | T_0648 | FIGURE 3.6 One silicon atom bonds to four oxygen atoms to form a pyramid | image | textbook_images/minerals_20447.png |
L_0064 | minerals | T_0648 | FIGURE 3.7 Beryl (a) and biotite (b) are both silicate minerals. | image | textbook_images/minerals_20448.png |
L_0064 | minerals | T_0650 | FIGURE 3.8 The deep blue mineral is azurite and the green is malachite. Both of these carbon- ate minerals are used for jewelry. | image | textbook_images/minerals_20449.png |
L_0064 | minerals | T_0654 | FIGURE 3.9 Gypsum is the white mineral that is common around hot springs. This is Mammoth Hot Springs in Yellowstone National Park. | image | textbook_images/minerals_20450.png |
L_0065 | identification of minerals | T_0656 | FIGURE 3.10 You can use properties of a mineral to identify it. The color and rose-like struc- ture of this mineral mean that it is gyp- sum. | image | textbook_images/identification_of_minerals_20451.png |
L_0065 | identification of minerals | T_0659 | FIGURE 3.11 Quartz comes in many different colors including: (A) transparent quartz, (B) blue agate, (C) rose quartz, and (D) purple amethyst. | image | textbook_images/identification_of_minerals_20452.png |
L_0065 | identification of minerals | T_0659 | FIGURE 3.12 Rub a mineral across an unglazed porce- lain plate to see its streak. The hematite shown here has a red streak. | image | textbook_images/identification_of_minerals_20453.png |
L_0065 | identification of minerals | T_0663 | FIGURE 3.13 (A) Diamonds have an adamantine luster. These minerals are transparent and highly reflective. (B) Kaolinite is a clay with a dull or earthy luster. (C) Opals luster is greasy. (D) Chalcopyrite, like its cousin pyrite, has metallic luster. (E) Stilbite (orange) has a resinous luster. (F) The white ulexite has silky luster. (G) Sphalerite has a submetallic luster. (H) This Mayan artifact is carved from jade. Jade is a mineral with a waxy luster. Hardness 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Mineral Gypsum Calcite Fluorite Apatite Orthoclase feldspar Quartz Topaz Corundum Diamond | image | textbook_images/identification_of_minerals_20454.png |
L_0065 | identification of minerals | T_0665 | FIGURE 3.14 Minerals with different crystal structures have a tendency to break along certain planes. | image | textbook_images/identification_of_minerals_20455.png |
L_0065 | identification of minerals | T_0665 | FIGURE 3.15 Cubes have six sides that are all the same size square. All of the angles in a cube are equal to 90. Rhombohedra also have six sides, but the sides are diamond-shaped. Octahedra have eight sides that are all shaped like triangles. | image | textbook_images/identification_of_minerals_20456.png |
L_0065 | identification of minerals | T_0667 | FIGURE 3.16 This mineral formed a smooth, curved surface when it fractured. | image | textbook_images/identification_of_minerals_20457.png |
L_0066 | formation of minerals | T_0669 | FIGURE 3.17 Lava is melted rock that erupts onto Earths surface. | image | textbook_images/formation_of_minerals_20458.png |
L_0066 | formation of minerals | T_0670 | FIGURE 3.18 When the water in glass A evaporates, the dissolved mineral particles are left behind. calcite tufa towers form. When the lake level drops, the tufa towers are revealed. | image | textbook_images/formation_of_minerals_20459.png |
L_0066 | formation of minerals | T_0670 | FIGURE 3.19 Tufa towers are found in interesting forma- tions at Mono Lake, California. | image | textbook_images/formation_of_minerals_20460.png |
L_0066 | formation of minerals | T_0671 | FIGURE 3.20 (A) A quartz vein formed in this rock. (B) Geodes form when minerals evaporate out in open spaces inside a rock. | image | textbook_images/formation_of_minerals_20461.png |
L_0067 | mining and using minerals | T_0673 | FIGURE 3.21 Aluminum is made from the minerals in rocks known as bauxite. | image | textbook_images/mining_and_using_minerals_20462.png |
L_0067 | mining and using minerals | T_0675 | FIGURE 3.22 This diamond mine is more than 500 m deep. | image | textbook_images/mining_and_using_minerals_20463.png |
L_0067 | mining and using minerals | T_0678 | FIGURE 3.23 The dome of the capital building in Hart- ford, Connecticut is coated with gold leaf. | image | textbook_images/mining_and_using_minerals_20464.png |
L_0067 | mining and using minerals | T_0679 | FIGURE 3.24 Gemstones come in many colors. is popular, unusually large or very well cut, it will be more valuable. Most gemstones are not used exactly as they are found in nature. Usually, gems are cut and polished. Figure 3.25 shows an uncut piece of ruby and a ruby that has been cut and polished. The way a mineral splits along a surface allows it to be cut to produce smooth surfaces. Notice that the cut and polished ruby sparkles more. Gems sparkle because light bounces back when it hits them. These gems are cut so that the most amount of light possible bounces back. Other gemstones, such as turquoise, are opaque, which means light does not pass through them. These gems are not cut in the same way. | image | textbook_images/mining_and_using_minerals_20465.png |
L_0067 | mining and using minerals | T_0679 | FIGURE 3.25 Ruby is cut and polished to make the gemstone sparkle. Left: Ruby Crystal. Right: Cut Ruby. | image | textbook_images/mining_and_using_minerals_20466.png |
L_0067 | mining and using minerals | T_0683 | FIGURE 3.26 Scientists test water that has been contaminated by a mine. | image | textbook_images/mining_and_using_minerals_20467.png |
L_0075 | inside earth | T_0749 | FIGURE 6.1 The properties of seismic waves allow scientists to understand the composition of Earths interior. | image | textbook_images/inside_earth_20495.png |
L_0075 | inside earth | T_0750 | FIGURE 6.2 The Willamette Meteorite is a metallic meteorite that was found in Oregon. | image | textbook_images/inside_earth_20496.png |
L_0075 | inside earth | T_0752 | FIGURE 6.3 A cross-section of Earth showing the fol- lowing layers: (1) continental crust, (2) oceanic crust, (3) upper mantle, (4) lower mantle, (5) outer core, (6) inner core. | image | textbook_images/inside_earth_20497.png |
L_0075 | inside earth | T_0754 | FIGURE 6.4 How a convection cell is formed in the mantle. | image | textbook_images/inside_earth_20498.png |
L_0075 | inside earth | T_0756 | FIGURE 6.5 The rising and sinking of mantle material of different temperatures and densities creates a convection cell. | image | textbook_images/inside_earth_20499.png |
L_0075 | inside earth | DD_0047 | The diagram shows the different layers of the earth. The earth is composed of mainly 3 layers: crust, mantle and the core. The crust is the outer layer of the earth. It is a thin layer between 0-33 km thick. The crust is the solid rock layer upon which we live. The mantle is the widest section of the earth. The mantle is made up of semi-molten rocks called magma. Mantle can be further divided into upper mantle and lower mantle. Upper mantle lies between 33-670 km below the earth's crust and the rock is typically hard in this layer. Lower mantle lies between 670-2900 km below the earth's crust and consists of semi-molten rocks. Core is the innermost layer of the earth. It is further divided into upper core and inner core. Inner core is the center and the hottest part of the earth. It is solid and made up of iron and nickel with temperatures of up to 5500ÁC. It lies between 5150-6370km below earth's crust. Outer core is the layer surrounding the inner core. It is a liquid layer made up of iron and nickel with temperatures similar to inner core. It lies between 2900-5150 km below the earth's crust. | image | teaching_images/earth_parts_4015.png |
L_0075 | inside earth | DD_0048 | This diagram shows the nature of earthquakes. An earthquake is sudden ground movement. This movement is caused by the sudden release of the energy stored in rocks. An earthquake happens when so much stress builds up in the rocks that the rocks break and energy is transmitted by seismic waves. As depicted in the diagram, Focus is the point where the rock ruptures are the earthquakes focus. The area just above the focus, on the land surface, is the earthquakes epicenter. | image | teaching_images/seismic_waves_8192.png |
L_0075 | inside earth | DD_0049 | This diagram shows the structure of the Earth. The outer layer is the crust and this is the thinnest layer. The mantle lies beneath the crust. There is an upper mantle and a lower mantle and they are formed of hot, solid rock. The outer core lies beneath the lower mantle and this is a fluid layer. The inner core is a solid ball and is the hottest of the layers. This is the Earth's innermost part. The distance from the crust to the center of the Earth is 6371 kilometers. | image | teaching_images/earth_parts_4020.png |
L_0075 | inside earth | DD_0050 | This diagram shows the various parts or layers of the earth. The outermost layer is the Crust. The crust is the thinnest layer of the earth. Below the crust lies the mantle. The mantle is made of hot, solid rock. Below the mantle lies the outer core. The outer core of the Earth is a fluid layer. The inner core is the Earth's innermost part. It is a solid ball with a rdius of about 1220 kilometers. The inner core is the hottest of the layers. The temperature at the inner core boundary is approximately 5700 K. | image | teaching_images/earth_parts_539.png |
L_0075 | inside earth | DD_0051 | The diagram shows the different layers of the Earth, from the inner core to the atmosphere. The three main layers of the Earth are the crust, the mantle, and the core. The crust is the thin, brittle outer shell that covers the Earth. There are two types of crusts: oceanic and continental. Oceanic crust is what we call the ocean floor. It is composed mostly of dense volcanic rock and mud that flowed to the bottom of the ocean. Continental crust makes up what we call the land masses or continents. It is formed three different types of rocks: igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary. Under the crust is the EarthÕs mantle, which is made of hot, solid rock. The mantle is also divided into two kinds: lower and upper. The lower mantle gets its heat directly from the EarthÕs core. Finally, the innermost layer of the Earth is called the core, which is made up of dense, iron core. The outer core is liquid, whereas the inner core is solid. The liquid outer core creates the EarthÕs magnetic fields. The inner core is the innermost layer and comprises the center of the Earth. | image | teaching_images/earth_parts_4016.png |
L_0075 | inside earth | DD_0052 | The diagram illustrates the cross section of the Earth's crust and what causes Earthquakes. A Fault is a fracture in the EarthÕs crust separating two blocks of the Earth's crust that slide against one another during an earthquake. The Epicenter is the point on the EarthÕs surface located directly over the Focus, where the most violent tremors are felt. The Focus is also a point in the EarthÕs crust where an earthquake is triggered. Also called the Hypocenter. Shown also are the Wave fronts or seismic waves which is a series of vibrations generated at the focus that disperse in all directions, causing shaking of the EarthÕs surface. A fault scarp is a small step or offset on the ground surface where one side of a fault has moved vertically with respect to the other. They are characterized by uneven landscapes. Fault scarps may be only a few centimeters or many meters high. | image | teaching_images/seismic_waves_7551.png |
L_0075 | inside earth | DD_0053 | This diagram shows how body waves from and earthquake travel through the Earth. There are two types of body waves: P-waves and S-waves. Both types originate at the earthquake's epicenter. P-waves, or primary waves, travel faster than S-waves and are first to reach a seismometer. They can travel through solids, liquids, and gases, meaning they are able to penetrate the Earth's mantle, liquid outer core, and solid inner core. S-waves, or secondary waves, are about half as fast as P-waves and can only travel through solids. Therefore, they cannot penetrate the Earth's liquid outer core and only travel through the mantle. This creates a large section of the Earth at about 140 degrees away from the epicenter where there are no direct S-waves. | image | teaching_images/seismic_waves_8194.png |
L_0077 | seafloor spreading | T_0766 | FIGURE 6.9 A ship sends out sound waves to create a picture of the seafloor below it. The echo sounder pictured has many beams and as a result it creates a three dimen- sional map of the seafloor beneath the ship. Early echo sounders had only a single beam and created a line of depth measurements. | image | textbook_images/seafloor_spreading_20504.png |
L_0077 | seafloor spreading | T_0766 | FIGURE 6.10 A modern map of the eastern Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. Darker blue indicates deeper seas. A mid-ocean ridge can be seen running through the center of the Atlantic Ocean. Deep sea trenches are found along the west coast of Central and South America and in the mid-Atlantic, east of the southern tip of South America. Isolated mountains and flat, featureless regions can also be spotted. | image | textbook_images/seafloor_spreading_20503.png |
L_0077 | seafloor spreading | T_0769 | FIGURE 6.11 Scientists found that magnetic polarity in the seafloor was normal at mid-ocean ridges but reversed in symmetrical pat- terns away from the ridge center. This normal and reversed pattern continues across the seafloor. | image | textbook_images/seafloor_spreading_20505.png |
L_0077 | seafloor spreading | T_0771 | FIGURE 6.12 Seafloor is youngest near the mid-ocean ridges and gets progressively older with distance from the ridge. Orange areas show the youngest seafloor. The oldest seafloor is near the edges of continents or deep sea trenches. | image | textbook_images/seafloor_spreading_20506.png |
L_0077 | seafloor spreading | DD_0057 | This image shows the sea floor spreading. Seafloor spreading is a process that occurs at mid-ocean ridges, where new oceanic crust is formed through volcanic activity and then gradually moves away from the ridge. Seafloor spreading helps explain continental drift in the theory of plate tectonics. When oceanic plates diverge, tensional stress causes fractures to occur in the lithosphere. Basaltic magma rises up the fractures and cools on the ocean floor to form new sea floor. Older rocks will be found farther away from the spreading zone while younger rocks will be found nearer to the spreading zone. | image | teaching_images/seafloor_spreading_8189.png |
L_0077 | seafloor spreading | DD_0058 | This diagram shows the how seafloor spreading happens. Seafloor spreading is a process that occurs at mid-ocean ridges, where new oceanic crust is formed through volcanic activity and then gradually moves away from the ridge. Seafloor spreading occurs along mid-ocean ridgesóîlarge mountain ranges rising from the ocean floor. The Mid-Atlantic Ridge separates the South American plate from the African plate. As new seafloor forms and spreads apart from the mid-ocean ridge it slowly cools over time. Seafloor is youngest near the mid-ocean ridges and gets progressively older with distance from the ridge. The age, density, and thickness of oceanic crust increases with distance from the mid-ocean ridge. Orange areas show the youngest seafloor. The oldest seafloor is near the edges of continents or deep sea trenches. | image | teaching_images/seafloor_spreading_7543.png |
L_0078 | theory of plate tectonics | T_0773 | FIGURE 6.13 The Ring of Fire that circles the Pacific Ocean is where the most earthquakes and volcanic eruptions take place. | image | textbook_images/theory_of_plate_tectonics_20507.png |
L_0078 | theory of plate tectonics | T_0774 | FIGURE 6.14 A map of earthquake epicenters shows that earthquakes are found primarily in lines that run up the edges of some continents, through the centers of some oceans, and in patches in some land ar- eas. most plates are made of a combination of both. Scientists have determined the direction that each plate is moving (Figure 6.15). Plates move around the Earths surface at a rate of a few centimeters a year. This is about the same rate fingernails grow. | image | textbook_images/theory_of_plate_tectonics_20508.png |
L_0078 | theory of plate tectonics | T_0774 | FIGURE 6.15 Earths plates are shown in different col- ors. Arrows show the direction the plate is moving. | image | textbook_images/theory_of_plate_tectonics_20509.png |
L_0078 | theory of plate tectonics | T_0775 | FIGURE 6.16 Plates move for two reasons. Upwelling mantle at the mid-ocean ridge pushes plates outward. Cold lithosphere sinking into the mantle at a subduction zone pulls the rest of the plate down with it. | image | textbook_images/theory_of_plate_tectonics_20510.png |
L_0078 | theory of plate tectonics | T_0778 | FIGURE 6.17 The rift valley in Iceland that is part of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge is seen in this photo. | image | textbook_images/theory_of_plate_tectonics_20511.png |
L_0078 | theory of plate tectonics | T_0779 | FIGURE 6.18 The Arabian, Indian, and African plates are rifting apart, forming the Great Rift Valley in Africa. The Dead Sea fills the rift with seawater. | image | textbook_images/theory_of_plate_tectonics_20512.png |
L_0078 | theory of plate tectonics | T_0782 | FIGURE 6.19 Subduction of an oceanic plate beneath a continental plate forms a line of volcanoes known as a continental arc and causes earthquakes. | image | textbook_images/theory_of_plate_tectonics_20513.png |
L_0078 | theory of plate tectonics | T_0782 | FIGURE 6.20 A relief map of South America shows the trench west of the continent. The Andes Mountains line the western edge of South America. | image | textbook_images/theory_of_plate_tectonics_20514.png |
L_0078 | theory of plate tectonics | T_0783 | FIGURE 6.21 A convergent plate boundary subduc- tion zone between two plates of oceanic lithosphere. Melting of the subducting plate causes volcanic activity and earth- quakes. | image | textbook_images/theory_of_plate_tectonics_20515.png |
L_0078 | theory of plate tectonics | T_0783 | FIGURE 6.22 The Aleutian Islands that border southern Alaska are an island arc. In this winter image from space, the volcanoes are cov- ered with snow. | image | textbook_images/theory_of_plate_tectonics_20516.png |
L_0078 | theory of plate tectonics | T_0784 | FIGURE 6.23 When two plates of continental crust col- lide, the material pushes upward, forming a high mountain range. The remnants of subducted oceanic crust remain beneath the continental convergence zone. | image | textbook_images/theory_of_plate_tectonics_20517.png |
L_0078 | theory of plate tectonics | T_0784 | FIGURE 6.24 The Karakoram Range is part of the Hi- malaya Mountains. K2, pictured here, is the second highest mountain the world at over 28,000 feet. The number and height of mountains is impressive. | image | textbook_images/theory_of_plate_tectonics_20518.png |
L_0078 | theory of plate tectonics | T_0785 | FIGURE 6.25 The red line is the San Andreas Fault. On the left is the Pacific Plate, which is moving northeast. On the right is the North American Plate, which is moving southwest. The movement of the plates is relative to each other. | image | textbook_images/theory_of_plate_tectonics_20519.png |
L_0078 | theory of plate tectonics | T_0790 | FIGURE 6.26 The White Mountains in New Hampshire are part of the Appalachian province. The mountains are only around 6,000 feet high. | image | textbook_images/theory_of_plate_tectonics_20520.png |
L_0078 | theory of plate tectonics | T_0791 | FIGURE 6.27 This view of the Hawaiian islands shows the youngest islands in the southeast and the oldest in the northwest. Kilauea vol- cano, which makes up the southeastern side of the Big Island of Hawaii, is located above the Hawaiian hotspot. recently. Kilauea volcano is currently erupting. It is over the hotspot. The Emperor Seamounts are so old they no longer reach above sea level. The oldest of the Emperor Seamounts is about to subduct into the Aleutian trench off of Alaska. Geologists use hotspot chains to tell the direction and the speed a plate is moving. | image | textbook_images/theory_of_plate_tectonics_20521.png |
L_0078 | theory of plate tectonics | T_0792 | FIGURE 6.28 Yellowstone Lake lies at the center of a giant caldera. This hole in the ground was created by enormous eruptions at the Yellowstone hotspot. The hotspot lies beneath Yellowstone National Park. | image | textbook_images/theory_of_plate_tectonics_20522.png |
L_0078 | theory of plate tectonics | DD_0059 | The diagram below is an example of continent-continent convergence. This means that two tectonic plates are colliding into one another. This creates mountain ranges like the one you see in the middle of the diagram. The geological layers shown in this diagram are continental crust at the top, then lithosphere under it, and then the asthenosphere deeper than that. Also, the diagram shows ancient oceanic crust. This crust has already been subducted under the convergence zone. There are other types of convergence than the one listed in the diagram. There are actually three types total: oceanic-oceanic convergence, oceanic-continental convergence, and continental-continental convergence. | image | teaching_images/tectonic_plates_motion_9278.png |
L_0078 | theory of plate tectonics | DD_0060 | The world is made up of tectonic plates. We can understand and learn a great many things about the Earth from studying tectonic plates and their movements. Plate tectonics helps us to understand where and why mountains form. Using the theory, we know where new ocean floor will be created and where it will be destroyed. We know why earthquakes and volcanic eruptions happen where they do. We even can search for mineral resources using information about past plate motions. Plates interact at three levels of boundaries convergent, divergent and transform boundaries, this is where most of the Earths geologic activity takes place. The tectonic plates movements are responsible for most of the geographical features we see around the world. | image | teaching_images/tectonic_plates_9266.png |
L_0078 | theory of plate tectonics | DD_0061 | The diagram below shows the types of plate margin. Image result for types of plate boundaries There are three kinds of plate tectonic boundaries: divergent, convergent, and transform plate boundaries. This image shows the three main types of plate boundaries: divergent, convergent, and transform. A divergent boundary occurs when two tectonic plates move away from each other. When two plates come together, it is known as a convergent boundary. Two plates sliding past each other forms a transform plate boundary. | image | teaching_images/tectonic_plates_motion_9281.png |
L_0078 | theory of plate tectonics | DD_0062 | The Pacific Plate is the largest tectonic plate. Take a look at the borders of the Pacific Plate, which are dotted by trenches. The Ring of Fire is located in the basin of the Pacific Ocean. Most earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur along the Ring of Fire, because it is the location of most of earth's subduction zones. Look at where all of the major earthquakes have occurred within the last fifty years. Only one significant fault line has not had a major earthquake in that time span: The Juan de Fuca. Earthquakes have occurred in the last fifty years in all thirteen trenches. Perhaps the next big earthquake will occur along America's Pacific Northwest. | image | teaching_images/tectonic_plates_9275.png |
L_0080 | nature of earthquakes | T_0803 | FIGURE 7.21 Elastic rebound theory. Stresses build on both sides of a fault. The rocks deform plastically as seen in Time 2. When the stresses become too great, the rocks return to their original shape. To do this, the rocks move, as seen in Time 3. This movement releases energy, creating an earthquake. | image | textbook_images/nature_of_earthquakes_20543.png |
L_0080 | nature of earthquakes | T_0806 | FIGURE 7.22 The focus of an earthquake is in the ground where the ground breaks. The epicenter is the point at the surface just above the focus. | image | textbook_images/nature_of_earthquakes_20544.png |
L_0080 | nature of earthquakes | T_0808 | FIGURE 7.23 Three people died in this mall in Santa Cruz during the 1989 Loma Prieta earth- quake. | image | textbook_images/nature_of_earthquakes_20545.png |
L_0080 | nature of earthquakes | T_0808 | FIGURE 7.24 The San Andreas Fault runs through the San Francisco Bay Area. Other related faults cross the region. Lines indicate strike slip faults. Lines with hatches are thrust faults. | image | textbook_images/nature_of_earthquakes_20546.png |
L_0080 | nature of earthquakes | T_0809 | FIGURE 7.25 The damage in Minato, Japan after a 9.0 magnitude earthquake and the mas- sive tsunami it generated struck in March, 2011. | image | textbook_images/nature_of_earthquakes_20547.png |
L_0080 | nature of earthquakes | T_0813 | FIGURE 7.26 The range of damage in the 1895 New Madrid earthquake and the 1994 Los An- geles earthquake. New Madrid activity affected a much larger area. | image | textbook_images/nature_of_earthquakes_20548.png |
L_0080 | nature of earthquakes | T_0814 | FIGURE 7.27 The energy from earthquakes travels in waves, such as the one shown in this diagram. | image | textbook_images/nature_of_earthquakes_20549.png |
L_0080 | nature of earthquakes | T_0816 | FIGURE 7.28 P-waves and S-waves are the two types of body waves. | image | textbook_images/nature_of_earthquakes_20550.png |
Subsets and Splits