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L_0163
explosive eruptions
T_1165
FIGURE 1.4
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textbook_images/explosive_eruptions_20761.png
L_0163
explosive eruptions
T_1166
FIGURE 1.5
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textbook_images/explosive_eruptions_20762.png
L_0166
finding and mining ores
T_1175
FIGURE 1.1
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textbook_images/finding_and_mining_ores_20769.png
L_0166
finding and mining ores
T_1176
FIGURE 1.2 gold traveled down rivers and then settled in gravel deposits. Currently, California has active mines for gold and silver and for non-metal minerals such as sand and gravel, which are used for construction.
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textbook_images/finding_and_mining_ores_20770.png
L_0166
finding and mining ores
T_1177
FIGURE 1.3 Underground mine.
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textbook_images/finding_and_mining_ores_20771.png
L_0209
intraplate activity
T_1334
FIGURE 1.1
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textbook_images/intraplate_activity_20866.png
L_0209
intraplate activity
T_1334
FIGURE 1.2 The Hawaiian-Emperor chain can be traced from Hawaii in the central Pacific north of the Equator into the Aleutian trench, where the oldest of the volcanoes is being subducted. It looks like a skewed "L".
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textbook_images/intraplate_activity_20867.png
L_0209
intraplate activity
T_1335
FIGURE 1.3
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textbook_images/intraplate_activity_20868.png
L_0214
landforms from erosion and deposition by gravity
T_1351
FIGURE 1.1
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textbook_images/landforms_from_erosion_and_deposition_by_gravity_20881.png
L_0214
landforms from erosion and deposition by gravity
T_1353
FIGURE 1.2
image
textbook_images/landforms_from_erosion_and_deposition_by_gravity_20882.png
L_0214
landforms from erosion and deposition by gravity
T_1353
FIGURE 1.3
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textbook_images/landforms_from_erosion_and_deposition_by_gravity_20883.png
L_0214
landforms from erosion and deposition by gravity
T_1353
FIGURE 1.4 Creep is the extremely gradual movement of soil downhill. Curves in tree trunks indicate creep because the base of the tree is moving downslope while the top is trying to grow straight up (Figure 1.5). Tilted telephone or power company poles are also signs of creep.
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textbook_images/landforms_from_erosion_and_deposition_by_gravity_20884.png
L_0214
landforms from erosion and deposition by gravity
T_1353
FIGURE 1.5
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textbook_images/landforms_from_erosion_and_deposition_by_gravity_20885.png
L_0214
landforms from erosion and deposition by gravity
T_1357
FIGURE 1.6 A rock wall stabilizes a slope that has been cut away to make a road.
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textbook_images/landforms_from_erosion_and_deposition_by_gravity_20886.png
L_0220
locating earthquake epicenters
T_1380
FIGURE 1.1
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textbook_images/locating_earthquake_epicenters_20906.png
L_0234
mesozoic plate tectonics
T_1426
FIGURE 1.1
image
textbook_images/mesozoic_plate_tectonics_20937.png
L_0234
mesozoic plate tectonics
T_1426
FIGURE 1.2
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textbook_images/mesozoic_plate_tectonics_20938.png
L_0241
mineral formation
T_1442
FIGURE 1.1
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textbook_images/mineral_formation_20946.png
L_0241
mineral formation
T_1444
FIGURE 1.2
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textbook_images/mineral_formation_20947.png
L_0241
mineral formation
T_1444
FIGURE 1.3
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textbook_images/mineral_formation_20948.png
L_0241
mineral formation
T_1445
FIGURE 1.4
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textbook_images/mineral_formation_20949.png
L_0241
mineral formation
T_1445
FIGURE 1.5
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textbook_images/mineral_formation_20950.png
L_0241
mineral formation
T_1446
FIGURE 1.6
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textbook_images/mineral_formation_20951.png
L_0242
mineral groups
T_1448
FIGURE 1.1
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textbook_images/mineral_groups_20952.png
L_0242
mineral groups
T_1448
FIGURE 1.2
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textbook_images/mineral_groups_20953.png
L_0242
mineral groups
T_1449
FIGURE 1.3 A gold nugget.
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textbook_images/mineral_groups_20954.png
L_0242
mineral groups
T_1450
FIGURE 1.4
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textbook_images/mineral_groups_20955.png
L_0242
mineral groups
T_1451
FIGURE 1.5
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textbook_images/mineral_groups_20956.png
L_0242
mineral groups
T_1451
FIGURE 1.6
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textbook_images/mineral_groups_20957.png
L_0242
mineral groups
T_1452
FIGURE 1.7
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textbook_images/mineral_groups_20958.png
L_0242
mineral groups
T_1453
FIGURE 1.8 Apatite.
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textbook_images/mineral_groups_20959.png
L_0242
mineral groups
T_1454
FIGURE 1.9
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textbook_images/mineral_groups_20960.png
L_0242
mineral groups
T_1455
FIGURE 1.10 This mineral has shiny, gold, cubic crys- tals with striations, so it is pyrite.
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textbook_images/mineral_groups_20961.png
L_0243
mineral identification
T_1458
FIGURE 1.1 Purple quartz, known as amethyst, and clear quartz are the same mineral despite the different colors.
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textbook_images/mineral_identification_20962.png
L_0243
mineral identification
T_1460
FIGURE 1.2
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textbook_images/mineral_identification_20963.png
L_0243
mineral identification
T_1463
FIGURE 1.3 Halite has cubic cleavage.
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textbook_images/mineral_identification_20964.png
L_0243
mineral identification
T_1463
FIGURE 1.4
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textbook_images/mineral_identification_20965.png
L_0243
mineral identification
T_1463
FIGURE 1.5 Fluorite has octahedral cleavage.
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textbook_images/mineral_identification_20966.png
L_0243
mineral identification
T_1464
FIGURE 1.6
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textbook_images/mineral_identification_20967.png
L_0244
minerals
T_1466
FIGURE 1.1
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textbook_images/minerals_20968.png
L_0244
minerals
T_1469
FIGURE 1.2
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textbook_images/minerals_20969.png
L_0247
mountain building
T_1477
FIGURE 1.1
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textbook_images/mountain_building_20977.png
L_0247
mountain building
T_1478
FIGURE 1.2
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textbook_images/mountain_building_20978.png
L_0247
mountain building
T_1479
FIGURE 1.3
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textbook_images/mountain_building_20979.png
L_0267
plate tectonics through earth history
T_1551
FIGURE 1.1 The Appalachian Mountains in New Hampshire.
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textbook_images/plate_tectonics_through_earth_history_21027.png
L_0267
plate tectonics through earth history
T_1551
FIGURE 1.2
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textbook_images/plate_tectonics_through_earth_history_21028.png
L_0272
precipitation
T_1565
FIGURE 1.1
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textbook_images/precipitation_21038.png
L_0272
precipitation
T_1565
FIGURE 1.2
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textbook_images/precipitation_21039.png
L_0272
precipitation
T_1565
FIGURE 1.3
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textbook_images/precipitation_21040.png
L_0273
predicting earthquakes
T_1567
FIGURE 1.1
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textbook_images/predicting_earthquakes_21041.png
L_0273
predicting earthquakes
T_1568
FIGURE 1.2
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textbook_images/predicting_earthquakes_21042.png
L_0274
predicting volcanic eruptions
T_1574
FIGURE 1.1
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textbook_images/predicting_volcanic_eruptions_21043.png
L_0274
predicting volcanic eruptions
T_1575
FIGURE 1.2 An earth observation satellite.
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textbook_images/predicting_volcanic_eruptions_21044.png
L_0307
soil characteristics
T_1689
FIGURE 1.1 Peat is so rich in organic material, it can be burned for energy.
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textbook_images/soil_characteristics_21112.png
L_0307
soil characteristics
T_1689
FIGURE 1.2
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textbook_images/soil_characteristics_21113.png
L_0307
soil characteristics
T_1690
FIGURE 1.3
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textbook_images/soil_characteristics_21114.png
L_0307
soil characteristics
T_1691
FIGURE 1.4 Earthworms and insects are important residents of soils. Click image to the left or use the URL below. URL: https://www.ck12.org/flx/render/embeddedobject/186344
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textbook_images/soil_characteristics_21115.png
L_0308
soil erosion
T_1693
FIGURE 1.1
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textbook_images/soil_erosion_21116.png
L_0308
soil erosion
T_1694
FIGURE 1.2
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textbook_images/soil_erosion_21117.png
L_0308
soil erosion
T_1695
FIGURE 1.3
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textbook_images/soil_erosion_21118.png
L_0308
soil erosion
T_1697
FIGURE 1.4
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textbook_images/soil_erosion_21119.png
L_0308
soil erosion
T_1697
FIGURE 1.5
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textbook_images/soil_erosion_21120.png
L_0308
soil erosion
T_1697
FIGURE 1.6 Urban areas and parking lots result in less water entering the ground. Water runs off the parking lot onto nearby lands and speeds up erosion in those areas.
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textbook_images/soil_erosion_21121.png
L_0308
soil erosion
T_1697
FIGURE 1.7
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textbook_images/soil_erosion_21122.png
L_0309
soil formation
T_1699
FIGURE 1.1
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textbook_images/soil_formation_21123.png
L_0310
soil horizons and profiles
T_1704
FIGURE 1.1
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textbook_images/soil_horizons_and_profiles_21124.png
L_0310
soil horizons and profiles
T_1706
FIGURE 1.2
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textbook_images/soil_horizons_and_profiles_21125.png
L_0322
surface ocean currents
T_1748
FIGURE 1.1
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textbook_images/surface_ocean_currents_21149.png
L_0322
surface ocean currents
T_1748
FIGURE 1.2 The ocean gyres. Why do the Northern Hemisphere gyres rotate clockwise and the Southern Hemisphere gyres rotate counterclockwise?
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textbook_images/surface_ocean_currents_21150.png
L_0322
surface ocean currents
T_1749
FIGURE 1.3
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textbook_images/surface_ocean_currents_21151.png
L_0322
surface ocean currents
DD_0095
The diagram below shows the types of Ocean current. An ocean current is a continuous, directed movement of seawater generated by forces acting upon this mean flow, such as breaking waves, wind, the Coriolis effect, cabbeling, temperature and salinity differences, while tides are caused by the gravitational pull of the Sun and Moon. Depth contours, shoreline configurations, and interactions with other currents influence a current's direction and strength. Ocean currents flow for great distances, and together, create the global conveyor belt which plays a dominant role in determining the climate of many of the EarthÕs regions. More specifically, ocean currents influence the temperature of the regions through which they travel. For example, warm currents traveling along more temperate coasts increase the temperature of the area by warming the sea breezes that blow over them. Perhaps the most striking example is the Gulf Stream, which makes northwest Europe much more temperate than any other region at the same latitude. Another example is Lima, Peru where the climate is cooler (sub-tropical) than the tropical latitudes in which the area is located, due to the effect of the Humboldt Current.
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teaching_images/ocean_currents_7109.png
L_0322
surface ocean currents
DD_0096
This diagram shows the way ocean and waves move. Most ocean waves are caused by winds. A wave is the transfer of energy through matter. A wave that travels across miles of ocean is traveling energy, not water. Ocean waves transfer energy from wind through water. The energy of a wave may travel for thousands of miles. The water itself moves very little. Ocean water also moves from the deep sea to the ocean surface. Places where this happens are called areas of upwelling. The marine life and the climate can be affected as the cold water makes its way up from the deep.
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teaching_images/ocean_currents_7107.png
L_0330
thunderstorms
T_1772
FIGURE 1.1
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textbook_images/thunderstorms_21157.png
L_0330
thunderstorms
T_1773
FIGURE 1.2 giant. Eventually, the drops become large enough to fall to the ground. At this time, the thunderstorm is mature, and it produces gusty winds, lightning, heavy precipitation, and hail (Figure 1.2).
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textbook_images/thunderstorms_21158.png
L_0330
thunderstorms
T_1776
FIGURE 1.3
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textbook_images/thunderstorms_21159.png
L_0330
thunderstorms
T_1777
FIGURE 1.4
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textbook_images/thunderstorms_21160.png
L_0330
thunderstorms
T_1778
FIGURE 1.5
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textbook_images/thunderstorms_21161.png
L_0333
transform plate boundaries
T_1788
FIGURE 1.1 Click image to the left or use the URL below. URL: https://www.ck12.org/flx/render/embeddedobject/186149
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textbook_images/transform_plate_boundaries_21171.png
L_0340
types of soils
T_1814
FIGURE 1.1
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textbook_images/types_of_soils_21189.png
L_0340
types of soils
T_1815
FIGURE 1.2
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textbook_images/types_of_soils_21190.png
L_0340
types of soils
T_1816
FIGURE 1.3
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textbook_images/types_of_soils_21191.png
L_0340
types of soils
T_1817
FIGURE 1.4 Click image to the left or use the URL below. URL: https://www.ck12.org/flx/render/embeddedobject/186352
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textbook_images/types_of_soils_21192.png
L_0341
types of volcanoes
T_1820
FIGURE 1.1
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textbook_images/types_of_volcanoes_21193.png
L_0341
types of volcanoes
T_1820
FIGURE 1.2
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textbook_images/types_of_volcanoes_21194.png
L_0341
types of volcanoes
T_1821
FIGURE 1.3
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textbook_images/types_of_volcanoes_21195.png
L_0341
types of volcanoes
T_1821
FIGURE 1.4
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textbook_images/types_of_volcanoes_21196.png
L_0341
types of volcanoes
T_1823
FIGURE 1.5
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textbook_images/types_of_volcanoes_21197.png
L_0346
volcanic landforms
T_1849
FIGURE 1.1
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textbook_images/volcanic_landforms_21210.png
L_0346
volcanic landforms
T_1849
FIGURE 1.2
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textbook_images/volcanic_landforms_21211.png
L_0346
volcanic landforms
T_1849
FIGURE 1.3
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textbook_images/volcanic_landforms_21212.png
L_0346
volcanic landforms
T_1850
FIGURE 1.4
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textbook_images/volcanic_landforms_21213.png
L_0346
volcanic landforms
T_1851
FIGURE 1.5
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textbook_images/volcanic_landforms_21214.png
L_0346
volcanic landforms
T_1851
FIGURE 1.6
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textbook_images/volcanic_landforms_21215.png
L_0346
volcanic landforms
T_1852
FIGURE 1.7 Click image to the left or use the URL below. URL: https://www.ck12.org/flx/render/embeddedobject/186309
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textbook_images/volcanic_landforms_21216.png
L_0347
volcano characteristics
T_1854
FIGURE 1.1
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textbook_images/volcano_characteristics_21217.png
L_0347
volcano characteristics
T_1856
FIGURE 1.2 Volcanoes can be active, dormant, or extinct.
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textbook_images/volcano_characteristics_21218.png
L_0348
volcanoes at hotspots
T_1858
FIGURE 1.1
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textbook_images/volcanoes_at_hotspots_21219.png
L_0348
volcanoes at hotspots
T_1858
FIGURE 1.2 The Society Islands are the exposed peaks of a great chain of volcanoes that lie on the Pacific Plate. The youngest island sits directly above the Society hotspot (Figure 1.2).
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textbook_images/volcanoes_at_hotspots_21220.png
L_0349
volcanoes at plate boundaries
T_1866
FIGURE 1.1
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textbook_images/volcanoes_at_plate_boundaries_21221.png
L_0369
sponges and cnidarians
T_1983
FIGURE 12.1 Sponge
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textbook_images/sponges_and_cnidarians_21305.png