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L_0369 | sponges and cnidarians | T_1983 | FIGURE 12.2 Jellyfish | image | textbook_images/sponges_and_cnidarians_21306.png |
L_0369 | sponges and cnidarians | T_1983 | FIGURE 12.3 A sponge has many pores in its body | image | textbook_images/sponges_and_cnidarians_21307.png |
L_0369 | sponges and cnidarians | T_1984 | FIGURE 12.4 Body plan and specialized cells of a sponge | image | textbook_images/sponges_and_cnidarians_21308.png |
L_0369 | sponges and cnidarians | T_1986 | FIGURE 12.5 Orange sponges on a coral reef | image | textbook_images/sponges_and_cnidarians_21309.png |
L_0369 | sponges and cnidarians | T_1988 | FIGURE 12.6 Diversity of cnidarians: (clockwise from top left) jellyfish, anemones, hydra and corals. | image | textbook_images/sponges_and_cnidarians_21310.png |
L_0369 | sponges and cnidarians | T_1988 | FIGURE 12.7 Cnidarian nematocyst firing | image | textbook_images/sponges_and_cnidarians_21311.png |
L_0369 | sponges and cnidarians | T_1989 | FIGURE 12.8 Medusa (left) and polyp (right) forms of a cnidarian | image | textbook_images/sponges_and_cnidarians_21312.png |
L_0369 | sponges and cnidarians | T_1990 | FIGURE 12.9 Nerve net in a hydra | image | textbook_images/sponges_and_cnidarians_21313.png |
L_0369 | sponges and cnidarians | T_1992 | FIGURE 12.10 Coral reef in the Red Sea | image | textbook_images/sponges_and_cnidarians_21314.png |
L_0395 | characteristics of living organisms | T_2231 | FIGURE 2.1 These pictures represent the diversity of living organisms. Organisms in the top row (a-c) are microscopic. | image | textbook_images/characteristics_of_living_organisms_21451.png |
L_0395 | characteristics of living organisms | T_2233 | FIGURE 2.2 The green scum in this canal consists of billions of single-celled green algae. Algae are plant-like microorganisms that produce food by photosynthesis. | image | textbook_images/characteristics_of_living_organisms_21452.png |
L_0395 | characteristics of living organisms | T_2234 | FIGURE 2.3 Fruits, vegetables, and nuts are healthy sources of food energy. | image | textbook_images/characteristics_of_living_organisms_21453.png |
L_0395 | characteristics of living organisms | T_2235 | FIGURE 2.4 These ducklings will grow to become as big as their mother by the time they are about a year old. | image | textbook_images/characteristics_of_living_organisms_21454.png |
L_0397 | classification of living things | T_2251 | FIGURE 2.15 A fungus (left) and sponge (right) are placed in two different kingdoms of living things. | image | textbook_images/classification_of_living_things_21465.png |
L_0397 | classification of living things | T_2254 | FIGURE 2.16 | image | textbook_images/classification_of_living_things_21466.png |
L_0403 | first two lines of defense | T_2312 | FIGURE 21.10 Cilia lining the respiratory system sweep mucus and trapped pathogens toward the pharynx in the throat. | image | textbook_images/first_two_lines_of_defense_21494.png |
L_0403 | first two lines of defense | T_2315 | FIGURE 21.11 A splinter in the skin may let bacteria in. | image | textbook_images/first_two_lines_of_defense_21495.png |
L_0403 | first two lines of defense | T_2317 | FIGURE 21.12 Phagocytosis occurs when a phagocyte engulfs bacteria, destroys them with chemicals, and excretes the wastes. | image | textbook_images/first_two_lines_of_defense_21496.png |
L_0403 | first two lines of defense | DD_0160 | The diagram shows the process of phagocytosis in a phagocyte cell. Phagocytes are cells that protect the body by ingesting harmful foreign particles, bacteria, and dead or dying cells. Phagocytosis is the process of taking in particles such as bacteria, parasites, dead host cells, and cellular and foreign debris by a cell. From the diagram, attachment first occurs after the bacteria is bound to molecules called "receptors" that are on the surface of the phagocyte. Ingestion then takes place as the phagocyte then stretches itself around the bacterium and engulfs it. Once inside the phagocyte, the bacterium is trapped in a compartment called a phagosome. Within one minute the phagosome merges with a lysosome with digestive enzymes to form a phagolysosome. The bacterium is then subjected to an overwhelming array of killing mechanisms and is digested and discharged from the cell. | image | teaching_images/phagocytosis_9210.png |
L_0403 | first two lines of defense | DD_0161 | This diagram shows the process called Phagocytosis. Through this process, our defense system fights bacteria and destroys them keeping them out of our system. An amoeba is a type of cell or organism which has the ability to alter its shape, primarily by extending and retracting pseudopods. Once the white blood cells detect any inflammation, they go to where damaged tissue is located and eat pathogens and dead cells by engulfing and destroying them. In order to do this, bacteria is digested and nutrients are absorbed and the waste products are expulsed out by the amoeba. | image | teaching_images/phagocytosis_9211.png |
L_0404 | immune system defenses | T_2319 | FIGURE 21.13 Parts of the immune system | image | textbook_images/immune_system_defenses_21497.png |
L_0404 | immune system defenses | T_2323 | FIGURE 21.14 Lymph nodes are represented by black dots in this drawing. | image | textbook_images/immune_system_defenses_21498.png |
L_0404 | immune system defenses | T_2323 | FIGURE 21.15 This image shows a lymphocyte thousands of times its actual size. | image | textbook_images/immune_system_defenses_21499.png |
L_0404 | immune system defenses | T_2324 | FIGURE 21.16 How an antibody binds to an antigen | image | textbook_images/immune_system_defenses_21500.png |
L_0404 | immune system defenses | T_2326 | FIGURE 21.17 How a killer T cell destroys a cell infected with viruses | image | textbook_images/immune_system_defenses_21501.png |
L_0404 | immune system defenses | DD_0162 | The diagram shows the main parts of the lymphatic system. The lymphatic system is part of the circulatory system and a vital part of the immune system, comprising a network of lymphatic vessels that carry a clear fluid called lymph directionally towards the heart. The lymphatic system also functions as a defense mechanism in the immune system. A lymph node is an oval- or kidney-shaped organ of the lymphatic system, present widely throughout the body including the armpit (axillary) , pelvic, lumbar and stomach and linked by lymphatic vessels. Lymph nodes are major sites of B, T, and other immune cells called Lymphocytes. Lymphocytes are concentrated in the lymph nodes. The spleen and the thymus are also lymphoid organs of the immune system. Lymph nodes are important for the proper functioning of the immune system, acting as filters for foreign particles and cancer cells. | image | teaching_images/human_system_immune_9117.png |
L_0404 | immune system defenses | DD_0163 | This diagram shows the some of the organs in the human body that are involved in the immune system. The organs shown here include bone marrow, the thymus gland, the spleen, and the tonsils and the adenoids. Each organ has a different job in the immune system. Bone marrow is found inside many bones. Its role in the immune system is to produce white blood cells. The thymus gland is in the chest behind the breast bone. It stores some types of white blood cells while they mature. The spleen is in the abdomen below the thymus gland. Its job is to filter pathogens out of the blood. The two tonsils are located on either side of the throat and is located above the thymus gland. They trap pathogens that enter the body through the mouth or nose.The lymph nodes are present in the head just below the jaw. They are also located under the armpits and in the groin area. Lymph nodes act like filters and remove pathogens from lymph. Lymph vessels make up a circulatory system that is similar to the blood vessels of the cardiovascular system. However, lymph vessels circulate lymph instead of blood. | image | teaching_images/human_system_immune_9110.png |
L_0421 | lifes building blocks | T_2455 | FIGURE 3.1 | image | textbook_images/lifes_building_blocks_21571.png |
L_0421 | lifes building blocks | T_2457 | FIGURE 3.2 The cell in the middle of this clump of cells is dividing. It will produce two identical daughter cells. | image | textbook_images/lifes_building_blocks_21572.png |
L_0421 | lifes building blocks | T_2460 | FIGURE 3.3 Prokaryotic Cell. This diagram shows the structure of a typical prokaryotic cell, a bacterium. Like other prokaryotic cells, this bacterial cell lacks a nucleus but has other cell parts, including a plasma mem- brane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, and DNA. Identify each of these parts in the dia- gram. | image | textbook_images/lifes_building_blocks_21573.png |
L_0421 | lifes building blocks | T_2461 | FIGURE 3.4 Model of a eukaryotic cell: animal cell | image | textbook_images/lifes_building_blocks_21574.png |
L_0421 | lifes building blocks | T_2462 | FIGURE 3.5 Examples of specialized cells include (a) nerve cells, (b) red blood cells, (c) sperm cells, and (d) pollen cells | image | textbook_images/lifes_building_blocks_21575.png |
L_0421 | lifes building blocks | T_2463 | FIGURE 3.6 Levels of organization in living things | image | textbook_images/lifes_building_blocks_21576.png |
L_0422 | cell structures | T_2465 | FIGURE 3.7 Model of an animal cell | image | textbook_images/cell_structures_21577.png |
L_0422 | cell structures | T_2466 | FIGURE 3.8 Arrangement of phospholipids in a cell membrane | image | textbook_images/cell_structures_21578.png |
L_0422 | cell structures | T_2472 | FIGURE 3.9 Cytoskeleton and nuclei of cells | image | textbook_images/cell_structures_21579.png |
L_0422 | cell structures | T_2475 | FIGURE 3.10 Nucleus of a eukaryotic cell | image | textbook_images/cell_structures_21580.png |
L_0422 | cell structures | T_2475 | FIGURE 3.11 RER and SER are located outside the cell nucleus. The red dots on the RER are ribosomes. | image | textbook_images/cell_structures_21581.png |
L_0422 | cell structures | T_2482 | FIGURE 3.12 Model of a plant cell | image | textbook_images/cell_structures_21582.png |
L_0422 | cell structures | DD_0178 | This diagram shows the Anatomy of an Animal cell. Animal cells are have outer boundary known as the plasma membrane. The nucleus and the organelles of the cell are bound by a membrane. The genetic material (DNA) in animal cells is within the nucleus that is bound by a double membrane. The cell organelles have a vast range of functions to perform like hormone and enzyme production to providing energy for the cells. They are of various sizes and have irregular shapes. Most of the cells size range between 1 and 100 micrometers and are visible only with help of microscope. The animal cells perform variety of activities by the aid of the cellular organelles. These cells function as a unit and the cells together form tissues. A group go tissues with similar function form an organ and a group of organ of specific function to perform becomes and organ system. | image | teaching_images/parts_cell_1182.png |
L_0422 | cell structures | DD_0179 | This diagram is of a plant cell. A plant cell has a cell wall and chloroplast, which sets it apart from an animal cell. The cell wall and membrane work to protect the cell. The chloroplast reflects green light, which gives plants their green color. Its ribosomes produce proteins. Its vacuole stores material. Its mitochondria provides energy and is known as the powerhouse of the cell. The nucleus and nucleolus store genetic material and work to control the cell and reproduce. The endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus play a role in producing proteins and moving materials, respectively. A given plant will have millions of these tiny cells that each work in different areas to provide life. | image | teaching_images/parts_cell_3181.png |
L_0422 | cell structures | DD_0180 | This diagram shows the cross section of an animal cell. It shows several parts of the cell such as the cell membrane, nucleus, mitochondrion, ribosomes and golgi body. The outermost part of the cell is called the cell membrane. It resembles a bag holding the cytoplasm and other parts of the cell. Cytoplasm is everything inside the cell membrane including the gell like cytosol. The nucleus is the largest organelle in the animal cell. It has an outer covering called the nuclear membrane. The nucleus contains most the cells DNA. The ribosomes are small organelles where proteins are made. The endoplasmic reticulum labelled as Rough ER and Smooth ER are organelles that help transport proteins and lipids. It is made up of folded membranes. | image | teaching_images/parts_cell_1166.png |
L_0422 | cell structures | DD_0181 | The image below shows the Prokaryotic cell. A prokaryote is a single-celled organism that lacks a membrane-bound nucleus (karyon), mitochondria, or any other membrane-bound organelle. In the prokaryotes, all the intracellular water-soluble components (proteins, DNA and metabolites) are located together in the cytoplasm enclosed by the cell membrane, rather than in separate cellular compartments. Bacteria, however, do possess protein-based bacterial microcompartments, which are thought to act as primitive organelles enclosed in protein shells. At least some prokaryotes also contain intracellular structures that can be seen as primitive organelles. Membranous organelles (or intracellular membranes) are known in some groups of prokaryotes, such as vacuoles or membrane systems devoted to special metabolic properties, such as photosynthesis or chemolithotrophy. In addition, some species also contain carbohydrate-enclosed microcompartments, which have distinct physiological roles (e.g. carboxysomes or gas vacuoles). | image | teaching_images/parts_cell_6232.png |
L_0422 | cell structures | DD_0182 | This image shows the cross section of a plant cell. These eukaryotic cells differ in several key aspects from the cells of other eukaryotic organisms. Several structures are shown, such as the Golgi body, the chloroplast, the nucleus and the nucleolus. The Golgi body is a large organelle that sends proteins and lipids where they are necessary. The nucleus controls many of the functions of the cell (by controlling protein synthesis) and contains most of the cellÕs DNA. The cell wall is a thick, rigid membrane made of cellulose that surrounds a plant cell. The vacuole is a large sac-like structure within a plant cell that is filled with fluid. The mitochondrion converts the energy stored in glucose into ATP, that is, adenosine triphosphate, for the cell. | image | teaching_images/parts_cell_1177.png |
L_0423 | transport | T_2484 | FIGURE 4.1 Blowing soap bubbles | image | textbook_images/transport_21583.png |
L_0423 | transport | T_2486 | FIGURE 4.2 Simple diffusion of molecules (blue) from outside to inside a cell membrane | image | textbook_images/transport_21584.png |
L_0423 | transport | T_2487 | FIGURE 4.3 Transport proteins | image | textbook_images/transport_21585.png |
L_0423 | transport | T_2490 | FIGURE 4.4 Sodium-potassium pump | image | textbook_images/transport_21586.png |
L_0423 | transport | T_2491 | FIGURE 4.5 Vesicle transport | image | textbook_images/transport_21587.png |
L_0426 | cell division | T_2514 | FIGURE 5.1 Structure of DNA | image | textbook_images/cell_division_21599.png |
L_0426 | cell division | T_2516 | FIGURE 5.2 Human chromosome | image | textbook_images/cell_division_21600.png |
L_0426 | cell division | T_2516 | FIGURE 5.3 DNA replication | image | textbook_images/cell_division_21601.png |
L_0426 | cell division | T_2518 | FIGURE 5.4 Binary fission in a prokaryotic cell | image | textbook_images/cell_division_21602.png |
L_0426 | cell division | T_2520 | FIGURE 5.5 | image | textbook_images/cell_division_21603.png |
L_0426 | cell division | T_2520 | FIGURE 5.6 Cell division in a eukaryotic cell Phases of mitosis | image | textbook_images/cell_division_21604.png |
L_0426 | cell division | T_2523 | FIGURE 5.7 Eukaryotic cell cycle 1. Growth phase 1 (G1): The cell grows rapidly. It also carries out basic cell functions. It makes proteins needed for DNA replication and copies some of its organelles. A cell usually spends most of its lifetime in this phase. 2. Synthesis phase (S): The cell copies its DNA. This is DNA replication. 3. Growth phase 2 (G2): The cell gets ready to divide. It makes more proteins and copies the rest of its organelles. | image | textbook_images/cell_division_21605.png |
L_0426 | cell division | DD_0186 | The diagram shows the process of Meiosis of cells. Five stages are involved in the process of Meiosis. Meiosis is a specialized type of cell division that reduces the chromosome number by half. Meiosis begins with a diploid cell, which contains two copies of each chromosome. In meiosis, DNA replication is followed by Pairing and Recombination. After this, the cell goes through two rounds of cell division, called Meiosis I and Meiosis II. These stages produce four potential daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes as the original parent cell. During Meiosis II, sister chromatids decouple and the resultant daughter chromosomes are segregated into four daughter cells. | image | teaching_images/cell_division_8022.png |
L_0426 | cell division | DD_0187 | The diagram is a representation of the cell cycle. The cell cycle consists of four discrete phases: G1, S, G2, and M. The S or synthesis phase is when DNA replication occurs, and the M or mitosis phase is when the cell actually divides. The other two phases äóî G1 and G2, the so-called gap phases äóî are less dramatic but equally important. During G1, the cell conducts a series of checks before entering the S phase. Later, during G2, the cell similarly checks its readiness to proceed to mitosis. Together, the G1, S, and G2 phases make up the period known as interphase. Cells typically spend far more time in interphase than they do in mitosis. Of the four phases, G1 is most variable in terms of duration, although it is often the longest portion of the cell cycle. Mitosis consists of four basic phases: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. These phases occur in strict sequential order, and cytokinesis - the process of dividing the cell contents to make two new cells - starts in anaphase or telophase. | image | teaching_images/eukaryotic_cell_cycles_6873.png |
L_0426 | cell division | DD_0188 | The diagram shows two types of cell division process called mitosis (on the left) and meiosis (on the right). Both types of cell division result in the division of the original cell called the parent cell but the difference is that mitosis a cell splits to create two identical copies of the original cell. In meiosis, cells split to form new cells with half the usual number of chromosomes, to produce gametes for sexual reproduction. The two cell division process share a number of stages e.g. doubling of DNA, assemly in center of cell, separation of chromosomes and finally cell division. | image | teaching_images/cell_division_6617.png |
L_0426 | cell division | DD_0189 | The diagram shows the different phases of the cell cycle. There are two main phases: the mitotic phase and the interphase. During the interphase, the cell grows and prepares to divide into daughter cells. The interphase has three main sub-phases. The G1 phase, or the first growth phase, is the longest phase. During G1, the cell grows rapidly. In addition to carrying out its basic cell functions, it also copies some of its organelles and creates the proteins it will need to replicate its DNA. The second phase is called the S stage, or the synthesis phase. During this phase, the cell copies its DNA. This is called DNA replication. The third phase is the second growth phase, or the G2 stage. During G2, the cell prepares for mitosis by making more proteins and copying the rest of its organelles. During the mitotic phase, the cell nucleus divides into two. Each new nucleus then becomes its own cell, forming two daughter cells. This process is called mitosis. | image | teaching_images/eukaryotic_cell_cycles_9100.png |
L_0426 | cell division | DD_0190 | This diagram shows the process of cell division known an mitosis. Mitosis has 5 distinct phases. The interphase is the first phase followed by prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. In the final phase , the Telophase, the cell divides into two new cells. | image | teaching_images/cell_division_9038.png |
L_0426 | cell division | DD_0191 | The diagram below shows the Eukaryotic cell Cycle. The division cycle of most cells consists of four coordinated processes: cell growth, DNA replication, distribution of the duplicated chromosomes to daughter cells, and cell division. In bacteria, cell growth and DNA replication take place throughout most of the cell cycle, and duplicated chromosomes are distributed to daughter cells in association with the plasma membrane. In eukaryotes, however, the cell cycle is more complex and consists of four discrete phases. Although cell growth is usually a continuous process, DNA is synthesized during only one phase of the cell cycle, and the replicated chromosomes are then distributed to daughter nuclei by a complex series of events preceding cell division. Progression between these stages of the cell cycle is controlled by a conserved regulatory apparatus, which not only coordinates the different events of the cell cycle but also links the cell cycle with extracellular signals that control cell proliferation. | image | teaching_images/eukaryotic_cell_cycles_9101.png |
L_0427 | reproduction | T_2524 | FIGURE 5.8 These kittens have the same parents, but each kitten is unique. | image | textbook_images/reproduction_21606.png |
L_0427 | reproduction | T_2525 | FIGURE 5.9 Binary fission in a bacterium | image | textbook_images/reproduction_21607.png |
L_0427 | reproduction | T_2526 | FIGURE 5.10 A sea star can reproduce by asexually by fragmentation. It can also reproduce sexually. | image | textbook_images/reproduction_21608.png |
L_0427 | reproduction | T_2527 | FIGURE 5.11 Budding in yeast cells | image | textbook_images/reproduction_21609.png |
L_0427 | reproduction | T_2528 | FIGURE 5.12 Fertilization: human sperm and egg | image | textbook_images/reproduction_21610.png |
L_0427 | reproduction | T_2531 | FIGURE 5.13 Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes in each body cell | image | textbook_images/reproduction_21611.png |
L_0427 | reproduction | T_2532 | FIGURE 5.14 Meiosis occurs in two stages: meiosis I and meiosis II | image | textbook_images/reproduction_21612.png |
L_0436 | introduction to prokaryotes | T_2635 | FIGURE 8.1 The tiny red rods in this micrograph are prokaryotes that cause the disease known as leprosy. | image | textbook_images/introduction_to_prokaryotes_21662.png |
L_0436 | introduction to prokaryotes | T_2635 | FIGURE 8.2 The three domains of life include two prokaryote domains: Bacteria and Ar- chaea. | image | textbook_images/introduction_to_prokaryotes_21663.png |
L_0436 | introduction to prokaryotes | T_2638 | FIGURE 8.3 Prokaryotic cell shapes | image | textbook_images/introduction_to_prokaryotes_21664.png |
L_0436 | introduction to prokaryotes | T_2639 | FIGURE 8.4 Prokaryote flagella | image | textbook_images/introduction_to_prokaryotes_21665.png |
L_0436 | introduction to prokaryotes | T_2642 | FIGURE 8.5 Model of a prokaryotic cell | image | textbook_images/introduction_to_prokaryotes_21666.png |
L_0436 | introduction to prokaryotes | T_2642 | FIGURE 8.6 DNA in a prokaryotic cell | image | textbook_images/introduction_to_prokaryotes_21667.png |
L_0436 | introduction to prokaryotes | T_2643 | FIGURE 8.7 Microscopic view of a bacterial biofilm | image | textbook_images/introduction_to_prokaryotes_21668.png |
L_0436 | introduction to prokaryotes | T_2646 | FIGURE 8.8 Green cyanobacteria on a lake make food by photosynthesis. | image | textbook_images/introduction_to_prokaryotes_21669.png |
L_0439 | protists | T_2667 | FIGURE 9.1 These examples of protists show how var- ied they are. | image | textbook_images/protists_21680.png |
L_0439 | protists | T_2668 | FIGURE 9.2 How cells with organelles may have evolved | image | textbook_images/protists_21681.png |
L_0439 | protists | T_2671 | FIGURE 9.3 Three types of appendages for movement in protozoa | image | textbook_images/protists_21682.png |
L_0439 | protists | T_2672 | FIGURE 9.4 Diatom (left) and kelp (right) | image | textbook_images/protists_21683.png |
L_0439 | protists | T_2673 | FIGURE 9.5 The slime mold (top) is called dog vomit mold. The water mold (bottom) is a plant parasite that has infiltrated a potato. | image | textbook_images/protists_21684.png |
L_0439 | protists | DD_0194 | the diagram below shows the parts of a Euglena cell. Euglena is a eukaryotic unicellular organism, it contains the major organelles found in more complex life. below are the organelles of a euglena. its flagellum is a long, mobile filament that the Euglena uses to propel itself in its environment. the reservoir is the part used for storage of nutrients. the stigma is the light sensitive-spot that allows the Euglena to detect light, so that it may move towards it in order to conduct photosynthesis. the chloroplast is the organelle that allows the organism to conduct photosynthesis. the contractile Vacuole which Expels excess water into the reservoir, or else the cell would burst. the pellicle is the stiff membrane made of proteins and somewhat flexible, can also be used for locomotion when crunching up and down or wriggling. it has the nucleus which is the central organelle which contains DNA and controls the cell's activity, contained within the Nucleolus | image | teaching_images/protozoa_9238.png |
L_0439 | protists | DD_0195 | This diagram shows the structure of a Paramecium. Paramecium is a small unicellular living organism that belongs to the kingdom of Protista. It can move, digest food, and reproduce. The pellicle, a stiff but elastic membrane, gives the Paramecium a definite shape but also allows some small changes. Covering the pellicle are many tiny hairs, called cilia. Paramecium uses its cilia to sweep prey organisms, along with some water, through the oral groove, and into the mouth opening. The food passes through the cell mouth into the gullet. Within the gullet, food particles are transformed into food vacuoles, and digestion takes place within each food vacuole; waste material is excreted through the anus. Depending on the species, a paramecium has from one to several contractile vacuoles located close to the surface near the ends of the cell. Contractile vacuoles function in regulating the water content within the cell and may also be considered excretory structures, since the expelled water contains metabolic wastes. A thin layer of ectoplasm lies directly beneath the pellicle and encloses the endoplasm. The endoplasm contains granules, food vacuoles, and crystals of different sizes. Embedded in the ectoplasm are spindle-shaped bodies (trichocysts) that may be released by chemical, electrical, or mechanical means. Paramecium has two kinds of nuclei: a large ellipsoidal nucleus called a macronucleus that controls vegetative functions and at least one small nucleus called a micronucleus. The organism cannot survive without the macronucleus and it cannot reproduce without the micronucleus. | image | teaching_images/protozoa_9222.png |
L_0439 | protists | DD_0196 | The diagram shows some parts an organism called an Amoeba. The term "amoeba" refers to simple organisms that move in a characteristic crawling fashion. Amoebas are single celled organism that has a nucleus and appears transparent and gelatin like due to its clear ectoplasm and cell membrane. It is also the part of the cell that allows it to form its pseudopodia and preform its respective functions. Amoeba can change shape and move around by extending their pseudopodia (shown as pseudopodium), or 'false feet. A food vacuole is basically a storage unit of food for the amoeba and is formed only when the amoeba has engulfed its prey completely and then digestive enzymes are released into the vacuole. The contractile vacuole is basically a water bubble within the endoplasm. Its function is to regulate the water content of the cell. It is also a means of excreting its waste from the cell. | image | teaching_images/protozoa_9226.png |
L_0440 | fungi | T_2675 | FIGURE 9.6 The fuzzy growth on this bread is a fun- gus. | image | textbook_images/fungi_21685.png |
L_0440 | fungi | T_2677 | FIGURE 9.7 Examples of fungi | image | textbook_images/fungi_21686.png |
L_0440 | fungi | T_2680 | FIGURE 9.8 White hyphae of a fungus | image | textbook_images/fungi_21687.png |
L_0440 | fungi | T_2680 | FIGURE 9.9 These mushrooms are a visible part of the humongous fungus in Oregon. Most of the fungus is underground in the soil. It spreads by sending out hyphae into the surrounding soil. | image | textbook_images/fungi_21688.png |
L_0440 | fungi | T_2681 | FIGURE 9.10 Sexual and asexual reproduction in fungi | image | textbook_images/fungi_21689.png |
L_0440 | fungi | T_2681 | FIGURE 9.11 Yeast cells budding | image | textbook_images/fungi_21690.png |
L_0440 | fungi | T_2685 | FIGURE 9.12 Lichen growing on a rock | image | textbook_images/fungi_21691.png |
L_0440 | fungi | T_2685 | FIGURE 9.13 Wasp infected by a parasitic white fungus | image | textbook_images/fungi_21692.png |
L_0440 | fungi | T_2687 | FIGURE 9.14 Blue cheese is blue because of the fungus growing throughout it. | image | textbook_images/fungi_21693.png |
L_0440 | fungi | T_2688 | FIGURE 9.15 Ringworm (left) and athletes foot (right) are fungal infections of the skin. | image | textbook_images/fungi_21694.png |
L_0440 | fungi | DD_0197 | The diagram shows the asexual and sexual reproduction cycle of Fungi. In both types of reproduction, they produce spores which are a special reproductive cell. A mass of hyphae makes up the body, or mycelium, of the fungus. During asexual reproduction, mycelium produce haploid spores by mitosis through spore-producing structures of a haploid parent cell. The haploid spores are genetically identical to the parent cell. After germination, spores develop to become mycelium. Sexual reproduction occurs when two haploid hyphae mate, and undergo plasmogamy (fusion of cytoplasm) to reach the heterokaryotic stage. Karyogamy (fusion of nuclei) then occurs to form a diploid cell called zygote. It then undergoes meiosis to form spores. The spores then undergo germination to become mycelium and the cycle continues. | image | teaching_images/fungi_reproduction_6900.png |
L_0440 | fungi | DD_0198 | This diagram shows the asexual and sexual process of a fungi. Fungi can reproduce either of the two depending on the growth condition of the fungi. If the growth condition is stable, the fungi undergoes asexual reproduction. In asexual reproduction, the mycelium produces haploid spores via mitosis. These spores then spread themselves by air, water or other organisms. Once the spores landed on a place with stable growth condition, they will develop into new hyphaes. On the other hand, if the growth condition keeps changing, the fungi will exhibit sexual reproduction. Two haploid mycelia will fuse via plasmogamy and karyogamy, thus creating a diploid spore. This spore then produces haploid daughter cells via meiosis, which can then be developed into new hyphaes. | image | teaching_images/fungi_reproduction_6910.png |
L_0441 | active transport | T_2689 | FIGURE 1.1 The sodium-potassium pump moves sodium ions to the outside of the cell and potassium ions to the inside of the cell, areas where these ions are already highly concentrated. ATP is required for the protein to change shape. ATP is converted into ADP (adenosine diphosphate) during active transport. | image | textbook_images/active_transport_21695.png |
L_0451 | archaea | T_2724 | FIGURE 1.1 | image | textbook_images/archaea_21710.png |
L_0453 | asexual vs. sexual reproduction | T_2732 | FIGURE 1.1 | image | textbook_images/asexual_vs._sexual_reproduction_21713.png |
Subsets and Splits