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Khorog | History | History
thumb|left|200px|Typical scenery in the area
Until the late 19th century, Khorog was in an area disputed between the Emir of Bukhara, Shah of Afghanistan, Russia and Britain. The Russians emerged the winners of the region after The Great Game, which fixed the current northern border of Afghanistan on the Panj River and established the territory of Russian Pamir around Khorog.
Before 1896, when the Russians arrived and built a fort, the main town in the area was Kala-i Bar Panj (or Bar Panja Qal'a) somewhat downriver on the Afghan side. Following the fall of czarist Russia and the rise of the Soviet Union, Khorog became the capital of Gorno-Badakhshan in 1925. Soviet leaders encouraged the migration of settlers to the area with promises of pay, medals and automobiles, but with no industry and little arable land, the effort was not successful.
Khorog occupied headlines in July 2012 due to a government forces clash with guerrillas. Over 40 people, including 12 soldiers were killed (many reports indicated that the number of casualties could be higher). The country’s security forces moved in to arrest suspects in the murder of secret services General Abdullo Nazarov. The alleged criminals were linked to former guerrilla leader-turned-border patrol commander Tolib Ayombekov. Ayombekov is alleged to have been involved in drug trafficking and the smuggling of tobacco and precious stones for many years. In 2014, 2018, 2021 and most recently in May 2022, Khorog was the scene of violent clashes and demonstrations against suspected human rights violations by security forces.
Pamir's botanical garden is the most popular view of Khorog. It was established in 1940 to test the survival rate of various plants in mountain climate conditions. More than 30,000 varieties of plants have been checked according to official statistics, which now covers around 4,000 types of garden collection. Located close to Khorog, the botanic garden of Pamir opens up a great panoramic view of the entire city. |
Khorog | Facilities and education | Facilities and education
Modern Khorog is one of the poorest areas of Tajikistan, with the non-profit Aga Khan Foundation providing almost the only source of cash income. However, the city does have its own university (Khorog State University, founded in 1992), twelve schools, and several hospitals. There is a museum, the Khorog Regional Museum, an Ismaili Centre, and the second-highest botanical garden in the world, the Pamir Botanical Garden.
thumb|315px|Along the Dushanbe–Khorog highway
Khorog is also host to the Aga Khan Lycee and one of the three campuses of the University of Central Asia. The university was founded in 2000 by the governments of Kazakhstan, the Kyrgyz Republic and Tajikistan, and The Aga Khan. It is the world’s first internationally chartered institution of higher education. UCA has three Schools – School of Arts and Sciences, Graduate School of Development and the School of Professional and Continuing Education. The Khorog campus offers Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Science degrees in Global Economics and Earth and Environmental Sciences. |
Khorog | Transportation | Transportation
There is a bridge to the Afghan side of the river. Khorog is situated along the Pamir Highway at the point where it leaves the Panj valley and heads east up the Ghunt valley. The Pamir highway is the main road in Gorno-Badakhshan and connects the Tajik capital of Dushanbe toward the west to the Republic of Kyrgyzstan to the northeast.
The highway is very difficult to pass in both directions, especially during winter and spring. Khorog also has a small airport, which can accommodate smaller airplanes like AN-28 turboprop and the Yakovlev YAK-40, or helicopters. Currently, in 2023, there are no regular flights between Khorog and Dushanbe. |
Khorog | Climate | Climate
Khorog experiences a semi-arid climate (Köppen climate classification BSk) with cold, snowy winters and hot, dry summers. |
Khorog | Notable people | Notable people
The following is a list of well-known people who were born or brought up in Khorog:
Oleg Fesov, prominent Pamiri musical artist
Ulfatmo Mamadambarova, singer and musician and Honoured Artist of Tajikistan
Muhammadboqir Muhammadboqirov, Tajik opposition politician killed in clashes with government forces in 2022
Shodi Shabdolov, chairman of the Communist Party of Tajikistan from 1991 to 2016 |
Khorog | Sports | Sports
Khorog is the locality of highest altitude where bandy has been played. |
Khorog | Photo gallery | Photo gallery
thumb|center|800px|Panorama of Khorog from the north
thumb|center|800px|Panorama of Khorog from the east |
Khorog | References | References |
Khorog | External links | External links
"Welcome to Xoroq (Khorogh)", © Tirdâd Gorgâni, May 2005; (web archive, 1 August 2008).
Photo of Khorugh Airport (source)
A Bird's Eye View of Khorugh (Flickr)
Category:Populated places in Gorno-Badakhshan |
Khorog | Table of Content | Short description, History, Facilities and education, Transportation, Climate, Notable people, Sports, Photo gallery, References, External links |
Khudjand | # | Redirect Khujand |
Khudjand | Table of Content | # |
Essence (media) | # | redirect codec |
Essence (media) | Table of Content | # |
Kulob | Short description | Kulob or Khatlon is a city in Khatlon Region in southern Tajikistan. Located southeast of the capital Dushanbe on the river Yakhsu (a right tributary of Panj), it is one of the largest cities in the country. Its population is estimated at 106,300 for the city proper and 214,700 for the city with the outlying communities (2020). The city is served by Kulob Airport. |
Kulob | History | History |
Kulob | Greek inscription | Greek inscription
During the Hellenistic period following the conquests of Alexander the Great, the region of modern Kulob was part of the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom. A Greek inscription dating to the period 200195BCShane Wallace Greek Culture in Afghanistan and India: Old Evidence and New Discoveries p.206 has been discovered in which a person named Heliodotos dedicates a fire altar to Hestia for the sake of the king Euthydemus I and his son Demetrius I.Osmund Bopearachchi, Some Observations on the Chronology of the Early Kushans , p.48
thumb|left|300px|Kulob inscription, 200–195 BC: "Heliodotos dedicated this fragrant altar for Hestia, venerable goddess, illustrious amongst all, in the grove of Zeus, with beautiful trees; he made libations and sacrifices so that the greatest of all kings Euthydemos, as well as his son, the glorious, victorious and remarkable Demetrios, be preserved of all pains, with the help of Tyche with divine thoughts."Shane Wallace Greek Culture in Afghanistan and India: Old Evidence and New Discoveries p.211 |
Kulob | Later history | Later history
thumb|Tomb of Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani
The historian Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari refers to Khatlon as early as AD 737, although its founding is said to have been much earlier. The Sufi mystic Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani died while travelling through Central Asia in 1384 and was buried in Khatlon in a tomb which still stands.
thumb|Kulob Marketplace
The city was conquered by the Mongol Empire under Genghis Khan and subsequently formed part of the Timurid Empire.. It was incorporated into the Khanate of Bukhara in 1559 and subsequently usually aligned with the Emirate of Bukhara against Kokand and Afghanistan after the 18th century. Its name was changed to Kulob in 1750. The local lord Surrah Khan imprisoned the British and Kokand agent Abdul Mejid on behalf of Bukhara in 1861 before the disorder in the emirate prompted him to release the party., printing a letter dated 19 October 1861.
Following agreements between the British and Russian Empires over the disposition of Afghanistan, the city and its hinterland were incorporated into the Russian Empire as part of its conquest of most of Central Asia. After the Russian Revolution, Kulob was only incorporated into the Soviet Union in March 1921 and was organized as part of the Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic in 1929. Kulob was one of the largest cities in the republic.
During the Tajikistani Civil War in the early 1990s, the city served as the main base of the Popular Front militias. Danghara, a village in the Kulob area, is the birthplace of Tajikistan's president Emomali Rahmon. In September 2006, Kulob celebrated its 2700th anniversary.
After Tajikistan's independence in 1991, Kulob was one of the three citiesalongside Dushanbe and Qurghonteppawhere the Russian 201st Motor Rifle Division was deployed. Following a number of scandals with local residents, Russia unexpectedly pulled its troops from Kulob in November 2015, effectively abandoning the base there. |
Kulob | Geography | Geography |
Kulob | Climate | Climate
Kulob has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification: Csa). The average annual temperature is . The warmest month is July with an average temperature of and the coolest month is January with an average temperature of . The average annual precipitation is and has an average of 72.8 days with precipitation. The wettest month is March with an average of of precipitation and the driest month is August with an average of 0 mm of precipitation. |
Kulob | Subdivisions | Subdivisions
Before ca. 2018, Kulob was the seat of Kulob District, which covered Kulob's outlying rural areas. The city of Kulob covers Kulob proper and four jamoats. These are as follows:Jamoat-level basic indicators , United Nations Development Programme in Tajikistan, accessed 8 October 2020
Jamoat Population (Jan. 2015) Dahana 29,776 Kulab 19,840 Zarbdor 23,839 Ziraki 28,747 |
Kulob | Notable people | Notable people
Orzu Iso (born 1976), presenter, TV and radio journalist, songwriter and blogger
Mavzuna Chorieva (born 1992), boxer
Moses Znaimer (born 1942), co-founder of Citytv
Shabnam Surayyo (born 1981), singer
Manija Dawlat (born 1982), singer
Gulchehra Sodiq (born 1952), singer
Davlatmand Khol (born 1953), singer
Odina Hoshim (born 1926), singer |
Kulob | Notes | Notes |
Kulob | References | References
Category:Populated places in Khatlon Region |
Kulob | Table of Content | Short description, History, Greek inscription, Later history, Geography, Climate, Subdivisions, Notable people, Notes, References |
1794 in science | Short description |
The year 1794 in science and technology involved some significant events. |
1794 in science | Anatomy | Anatomy
Antonio Scarpa publishes , the first work to give an accurate depiction of cardiac innervation, and to include the discovery that the inner ear is filled with fluid. |
1794 in science | Astronomy | Astronomy
Ernst Chladni publishes Über den Ursprung der von Pallas gefundenen und anderer ihr ähnlicher Eisenmassen und über einige damit in Verbindung stehende Naturerscheinungen ("On the Origin of the Pallas Iron and Others Similar to it, and on Some Associated Natural Phenomena") in which he proposes that meteorites have their origins in outer space.
Completion of the Radcliffe Observatory for the University of Oxford, Thomas Hornsby being the first observer. |
1794 in science | Biology | Biology
Erasmus Darwin publishes the first edition of Zoonomia, a medical work in two volumes that touches upon proto-evolutionary concepts, notably arguing that all extant organisms are descended from one common ancestor. The work will later influence his grandson, Charles Darwin.
Lazzaro Spallanzani publishes his conclusion that bats use a means other than sight for locating themselves in darkness.Spallanzani, Lazzaro (1794). Lettere sopra il sospetto di un nuovo senso nei pipistrelli (Letters on the suspicion of a new sense in bats). Turin: Stamperia Reale (in Italian). |
1794 in science | Mathematics | Mathematics
Adrien-Marie Legendre publishes Éléments de géométrie, which becomes a popular textbook for many years.
Jurij Vega publishes Thesaurus Logarithmorum Completus, a book of mathematical tables which reaches its 90th edition in 1924. |
1794 in science | Physiology and medicine | Physiology and medicine
October 31 – John Dalton delivers a pioneering paper on colour blindness (a condition which he inherited) to the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society in England a few weeks after joining.
December – Glasgow Royal Infirmary first opens in Scotland.
Thomas Beddoes with James Watt publish Considerations on the Medicinal Use and on the Production of Factitious Airs in Bristol. |
1794 in science | Technology | Technology
March 14 – Eli Whitney receives a patent for his cotton gin in the United States.Later numbered as X72.
Journal des Mines first published in Paris by l'Agence des mines de la République.Accès en ligne du Journal et des Annales des mines 1794-1881. |
1794 in science | Institutions | Institutions
The École centrale des travaux publics is founded by Lazare Carnot and Gaspard Monge in Paris under the National Convention in Revolutionary France; a year later it becomes the École Polytechnique.
The Musée des Arts et Métiers is established in Paris. |
1794 in science | Awards | Awards
Copley Medal: Alessandro Volta |
1794 in science | Births | Births
January 7 – Eilhard Mitscherlich, German chemist (died 1863)
February 8 – Friedlieb Ferdinand Runge, German analytical chemist (died 1867)
May 24 – William Whewell, English natural philosopher (died 1866)
May 29 – Johann Heinrich von Mädler, German astronomer (died 1874)
August 15 – Elias Magnus Fries, Swedish botanist (died 1878)
September 24 – Jeanne Villepreux-Power, French marine biologist (died 1871)
October 6 – Charles Wilkins Short, American botanist (died 1863)
October 28 – Robert Liston, Scottish surgeon (died 1847)
December 31 – Pierre Adolphe Piorry, French physician (died 1879)
Ferdinand Deppe, German naturalist, explorer and painter (died 1861)
Friedrich Freese, German botanist (died 1878) |
1794 in science | Deaths | Deaths
February 22 – Caspar Friedrich Wolff, German physiologist (born 1733)
February 27 – Jean-Rodolphe Perronet, French bridge engineer (born 1708)
March 29 – Marquis de Condorcet, French mathematician (born 1743) (in prison)
May 8 – Antoine Lavoisier, French chemist (born 1743) (guillotined)
October 28 – John Smeaton, English civil engineer (born 1724)
Date unknown – Jacques Anselme Dorthès, French physician, entomologist and naturalist (born 1759) (on military service) |
1794 in science | References | References
Category:18th century in science
Category:1790s in science |
1794 in science | Table of Content | Short description, Anatomy, Astronomy, Biology, Mathematics, Physiology and medicine, Technology, Institutions, Awards, Births, Deaths, References |
Bokhtar | Infobox settlement
| Bokhtar (), previously known as Qurghonteppa, Kurganteppa and Kurgan-Tyube, is a city in southwestern Tajikistan, which serves as the capital of the Khatlon region. Bokhtar is the largest city in southern Tajikistan, and is located south of Dushanbe and north of Kunduz, Afghanistan. |
Bokhtar | Population | Population
As of 2019, the city's population was estimated at 110,800, making it the third-largest city in the country. The population fluctuates depending on the season, due to the many Tajik migrant workers in Russia.
Along with the capital Dushanbe, Bokhtar is more demographically diverse than other major Tajik cities such as Khujand, Kulob or Istaravshan.Borjian, Habib, “Kurgan Tepe”, Encyclopaedia Iranica. Online edition 2005. Its population includes Tajiks, Uzbeks, Russians, Pashtuns, Tatars, Ukrainians, Kazakhs, Greeks, and many more. The city had a large number of ethnic Russians who worked in the industrial and agricultural complexes in and around the city.
Bokhtar is a stronghold of Tajikistan's political opposition.Ethnic groups at risk: The status of Tajiks Heritage Society |
Bokhtar | Overview | Overview
During the civil war in Tajikistan, Bokhtar (then Qurghonteppa) became the epicenter of conflict by the summer of 1992, and was seriously damaged. Many of the local Kulobi and Uzbeks were forced to flee in 1992, following attacks by the pro-opposition Gharmi forces.
The city was officially renamed from Qurghonteppa to Bokhtar on 22 January 2018. The name change was one of many in Tajikistan targeting places whose names derive from the Uzbek and Kyrgyz languages.
Near Bokhtar are the ruins of a Buddhist monastery complex called Ajina Tepe, believed to be built in the 7th or 8th centuries CE. It features a 12-meter-long image of Buddha in Nirvana.
Bokhtar International Airport provides flights to a handful of cities in Tajikistan, Russia and Kazakhstan. |
Bokhtar | Climate | Climate
Bokhtar has a semi-arid climate (Köppen climate classification BSk), with cool winters and very hot summers. Precipitation is quite low. It is highest in the spring, while summers are very dry. |
Bokhtar | Notable people | Notable people
Sergei Mandreko (1971-2022) - football coach
Nurudin N. Mukhitdinov (1959-) - politician |
Bokhtar | Trivia | Trivia
Finnish electronic duo Pan Sonic have a track entitled "Radio Qurghonteppa" on their 2010 farewell album Gravitoni.
thumb|300px|TV Khatlon |
Bokhtar | See also | See also
List of cities in Tajikistan
FC Khatlon football club
Buddhistic cloister of Ajina-Tepa |
Bokhtar | References | References |
Bokhtar | External links | External links
Kurgan Tepe in Encyclopaedia Iranica Online
Category:Populated places in Khatlon Region |
Bokhtar | Table of Content | Infobox settlement
, Population, Overview, Climate, Notable people, Trivia, See also, References, External links |
Prime Minister of Vietnam | short description | The Prime Minister of Vietnam () is the head of government of Vietnam who presides over the meetings of the Government (formerly the Council of Ministers). The prime minister directs the work of government members, and may propose deputy prime ministers to the National Assembly.
The head of government is responsible to the National Assembly and serves as the deputy chairman of the Council for Defence and Security. Moreover, prime minister is also the chairman of the Council for National Education, Standing Member of the Central Military Commission and the Central Police Party Committee. The tenure of a prime minister is five years, and the term is renewable once. The current prime minister Phạm Minh Chính has served since 2021. In case of incapacity, a deputy prime minister assumes the office of acting prime minister until the prime minister resumes duty, or until the appointment of a new prime minister.
The powers and prestige of the prime minister have varied through the years. Phạm Văn Đồng, unified Vietnam's first prime minister, often lamented that in practice he had little power. Since the death of Phạm Hùng in 1988, the prime minister has been ranked third in the order of precedence of the Communist Party's Politburo, the highest decision-making body in Vietnam. |
Prime Minister of Vietnam | History | History
Ho Chi Minh, who also served as the country's president, was appointed Vietnam's first prime minister in 1946 by the National Assembly, after having served months as the acting chairman of the Provisional Government and foreign minister in the aftermath of the 1945 August Revolution. Both the 1946 and 1959 constitutions state that the National Assembly had the power to appoint and relieve the prime minister of his duties. The prime minister presided over the Council of Ministers, the highest executive body of state, from 1981 until it was renamed to Government in the 1992 constitution. The office of prime minister was renamed in the 1980 constitution to that of Chairman of the Council of Ministers.
Phạm Văn Đồng, served as North Vietnamese prime minister from 1955 until 1976, when he became prime minister of a unified Vietnam, and then until 1987, when he resigned. At his resignation, he was the longest-serving prime minister in Vietnamese history, and the oldest serving prime minister in the world. He often lamented that he was one of the world's weakest prime ministers, on one occasion saying; "I can do nothing. When I say something, nobody listens. If I propose changing a deputy minister, it turns out to be impossible. I cannot even choose my own ministers." Since the death of Phạm Hùng in 1988, the prime minister has been ranked third in the order of precedence of the Communist Party's Politburo. |
Prime Minister of Vietnam | Duties, powers and responsibilities | Duties, powers and responsibilities
The National Assembly by a proposal of the president of Vietnam elects the prime minister. The prime minister is responsible to the National Assembly, and the Assembly elects all ministers to government. Activity reports by the prime minister must be given to the National Assembly, while the Standing Committee of the National Assembly supervises the activities of the Central Government and the prime minister. Finally, the deputies of the National Assembly have the right to question the prime minister and other members of government.
The prime minister is the only member of government who must be a member of the National Assembly. This is because the prime minister is accountable to the National Assembly, and he reports to it, or to its Standing Committee, and to the president. The prime minister issues directives and supervises the implementation of formal orders given by the president, the National Assembly or the Standing Committee. Cabinet members and members of the Central Government in general are responsible to the prime minister and the National Assembly for the fields they specialise in. According to the Constitution of Vietnam, the following are the duties, powers and responsibilities of the prime minister:
To head the Central Government, and direct the works of members of the Central Government, the People's Councils at all levels and to chair the meetings of the Cabinet;
To propose to the National Assembly that ministries, or organs with ministerial rank, be established or dissolved; to present to the National Assembly or, when the latter is not in session, to its Standing Committee, for approval, proposals on the appointment, release from duty, or dismissal of deputy prime ministers, cabinet ministers and other members of the Government;
To appoint, release from duty, or dismiss deputy ministers and officials of equal rank; to approve the election, release from duty, secondment and dismissal of chairmen and deputy chairmen of People's Committees of provinces and cities under direct central rule;
To suspend or annul decisions, directives and circulars of cabinet ministers and other Government members, decisions and directives of People's Councils and chairmen of People's Committees of provinces and cities under direct central rule that contravene the Constitution, the law, or other formal written documents of superior State organs;
To suspend the execution of resolutions of People's Councils of provinces and cities under direct central rule that contravene the Constitution, the law, or the formal written orders of superior State organs; at the same time to propose to the Standing Committee of the National Assembly to annul them;
To make regular reports to the people through the mass media on major issues to be settled by the Government.
When the prime minister is absent, he must choose one of his deputy prime ministers to direct the work of the government.
The prime minister serves concurrently as the secretary of the CPV Government Caucus Commission. The National Assembly chairman serves as the commission's deputy. Currently there are ten members of the commission, all of whom hold government posts. Commission members are appointed by the Politburo, and the commission itself is responsible to the Politburo and the Secretariat. The decision-making process within the commission is based on the principles of collective leadership. |
Prime Minister of Vietnam | References | References |
Prime Minister of Vietnam | Bibliography | Bibliography
Category:Government of Vietnam
Category:1945 establishments in Vietnam
hi:वियतनाम के प्रधान मंत्री |
Prime Minister of Vietnam | Table of Content | short description, History, Duties, powers and responsibilities, References, Bibliography |
Merton Park | Short description | Merton Park is an area within the district of Morden in the London Borough of Merton. Bordering areas are Colliers Wood, Morden, South Wimbledon and Raynes Park. It is southwest of Charing Cross. It lies east of Kingston upon Thames, west of Mitcham and north of Sutton.
Farmland in the area was bought by John Innes in 1864 and developed in the following decades. Innes provided in his will for his home, the Manor House, to become what is now the John Innes Centre which remains a leading centre for plant genetics albeit now in Norwich. While in Merton it created new plant varieties such as the ‘Merton Thornless’ blackberry and the Malling-Merton (MM) series of apple rootstocks, as well as John Innes composts. |
Merton Park | History | History
Until the last quarter of the 19th century, the parish of Merton was mainly rural. The area now known as Merton Park was farmland bought by City wine merchant John Innes in 1864 following the rapid development of Wimbledon to the north. He took as his model the garden suburbs (particularly Bedford Park in Chiswick) and between 1870 and 1904 developed the tree-lined roads of detached and semi-detached houses for which the area is known.
Innes bought Manor Farm for his own home, and in the 1890s had it rebuilt as the Manor House by architect Henry Goodall Quartermain. Around 1872, Innes became Lord of the Manor of Merton. After his death in 1904 he left most of the grounds of the Manor House to be converted into a public park, with the rest becoming the John Innes Horticultural Institution . The first director was William Bateson, who had coined the word "genetics" and would found The Genetics Society in 1919. The geneticist J. B. S. Haldane worked part-time at the Institution from 1927 to 1937. When Sir Alfred Daniel Hall became director after Bateson's death in 1926, one of his earliest tasks was to appoint as assistant director "a man of high quality in the study of genetics" as Hall lacked a background in genetics. Upon the recommendation of Julian Huxley, the council appointed Haldane in March 1927, with the terms: "Mr. Haldane to visit the Institution fortnightly for a day and a night during the Cambridge terms, to put in two months also at Easter and long vacations in two continuous blocks and to be free in the Christmas vacation." He was officer in charge of Genetical Investigations. Haldane was credited with helping the John Innes become "the liveliest place for research in genetics in Britain".
The genetics research of Dorothea De Winton and Haldane required the reliable cultivation of large numbers of primulas; after large losses in the 1933-34 season William Lawrence and John Newell formulated composts that would give consistently good and reliable results. In 1938 they published their recipes for what became known as John Innes composts. New fruit varieties released by the Institution included the blackberries ‘Merton Early’ (1936) and ‘Merton Thornless’ (1941), and the Malling-Merton (MM) series of apple rootstocks. The Institution moved to Bayfordbury, Hertfordshire, in 1950 and subsequently to Norwich, where it is now known as the John Innes Centre. |
Merton Park | Government | Government
A notable feature of the Merton Park ward is that it regularly returns Merton Park Ward Independent Residents to Merton London Borough Council. Five MPWRA have also been Deputy Mayor of Merton: Peter Southgate in 2005/06, Krysia Williams in 2008/09, Karin Forbes in 2009/10, John Sargeant in 2013/14 and Edward Foley 2019/20.
The John Innes Society is a charity that promotes good design and area embellishment in Merton Park. |
Merton Park | Geography | Geography
The approximate boundaries of the Merton Park area can be considered to be The Broadway (A219) to the north, Morden Road (A24) to the east, Martin Way to the south and Cannon Hill Lane to the west. Additionally, the area north of Kingston Road between Merton Hall Road, Avebury Road and Kingswood Road is often included. This definition of the area does not correspond directly with the Local Government ward of the same name which for administrative convenience includes areas as far south as Morden South railway station.
The area contains two state schools: Merton Park Primary and Rutlish School (boys) and is almost entirely residential in character without shops or pubs except a bar at the Old Rutlishians ('Old Ruts') playing field and clubhouse in Poplar Road.
Residential roads in Merton Park include:
Dorset Road (B285),
Hartfield Road (B285),
Mostyn Road (B2850),
Kenley Road,
Windermere Avenue,
Sandbourne Avenue,
Gladstone Road,
Russell Road,
Pelham Road,
Merton Road (A219),
The Broadway (A219),
Poplar Road,
Cannon Hill Lane (In SW20),
Aylward Road (In SW20).
Several of these are named after former Prime Ministers. |
Merton Park | Transport | Transport
Merton Park is relatively rich in public transport, being served by National Rail, London Underground, and London Trams.
The area is served by Wimbledon railway station with access to the District Line, South Western Railway, Thameslink and Southern Services, Wimbledon Chase Railway Station, (located just outside the area), and South Merton Railway Station, both providing a 2 t.p.h. Thameslink service towards Central London or Sutton. Wimbledon station provides access to London Waterloo and the District line.
Morden tube station provides access to the Northern Line.
The London Trams also serve the area from Merton Park tram stop. The tram stop occupies part of the former Merton Park railway station, which closed in 1997. |
Merton Park | Landmarks | Landmarks
The area is centred on the historic parish church, St Mary's. The church was founded in the 12th century by the Augustinian order of the nearby Merton Priory of which only the Western Gate remains. John Innes is buried in the churchyard.
The northern section of Merton Park each side of Kingston Road (A238) and Below Dorset Road to the B286 are now conservation areas.
Parks in the area include:
John Innes Park & Recreation Ground
Mostyn Gardens
Kendor Gardens
Church Lane Playing Fields
St Mary's Glebe |
Merton Park | Notable people | Notable people
John Innes, property developer and philanthropist
William Bateson, geneticist and first director of the horticultural institution
Sir Alfred Daniel Hall, agricultural educator
J. B. S. Haldane, geneticist
Dorothea De Winton, geneticist
John Dimmer, recipient of the Victoria Cross in 1914, lived here.
Folk singer Sandy Denny was born in the Nelson Hospital.
Ronnie Wood from the Rolling Stones lived on Mostyn Road after they moved back to the UK from America in 1986. They left the area in 1991. |
Merton Park | See also | See also
Merton Park Studios
The Merton Parkas |
Merton Park | References | References |
Merton Park | External links | External links
St. Mary the Virgin, Merton
Merton Park Ward Residents Association
Love Merton Park
Category:Areas of London
Category:Districts of the London Borough of Merton |
Merton Park | Table of Content | Short description, History, Government, Geography, Transport, Landmarks, Notable people, See also, References, External links |
Trepan | '''Trepan''' | Trepan may refer to:
Trepanning, the medical procedure
Trepan (drill bit), a type of drill bit
Trepan (grape), another name for the Spanish wine grape Trepat
Trepan Records, a record label |
Trepan | See also | See also
Trepanation (disambiguation)
Trepang (disambiguation)
Trephine |
Trepan | Table of Content | '''Trepan''', See also |
STS-84 | Short description | STS-84 was a crewed spaceflight mission by Space Shuttle Atlantis to the Mir space station. |
STS-84 | Crew | Crew |
STS-84 | Crew seat assignments | Crew seat assignments
Seat Launch Landing 150pxSeats 1–4 are on the flight deck.Seats 5–7 are on the mid-deck. 1 Precourt 2 Collins 3 Clervoy Lu 4 Noriega 5 Lu Clervoy 6 Kondakova 7FoaleLinenger |
STS-84 | Mission highlights | Mission highlights
The STS-84 mission was the sixth Shuttle/Mir docking mission and is part of the NASA/Mir program which consisted of nine Shuttle-Mir dockings and seven long duration flights of U.S. astronauts aboard the Russian space station. The prior Shuttle-Mir missions were STS-71, STS-74, STS-76, STS-79 and STS-81. The U.S. astronauts launched and landed on a Shuttle and served as Mir crew members while the Russian Mir crewmembers used their Soyuz vehicle for launch and landing. This series of missions expanded U.S. research on Mir by providing resupply materials for experiments to be performed aboard the station as well as returning experiment samples and data to Earth.
STS-84 involved the transfer of of water and logistics to and from the Mir. During the docked phase, of water, of U.S. science equipment, of Russian logistics along with of miscellaneous material were transferred to Mir. Returning to Earth aboard Atlantis were of U.S. science material, of Russian logistics, of ESA material and of miscellaneous material.
Sixth Shuttle-Mir docking highlighted by transfer of fourth successive U.S. crew member to the Russian Space Station. U.S. astronaut C. Michael Foale exchanged places with Jerry Linenger, who arrived at Mir 15 January 1997 with the crew of Shuttle Mission STS-81. Linenger spent 123 days on Mir and just over 132 days in space from launch to landing, placing him second behind U.S. astronaut Shannon Lucid for most time spent on-orbit by an American. Another milestone reached during his stay was one-year anniversary of continuous U.S. presence in space that began with Lucid's arrival at Mir 22 March 1996.
Other significant events during Linenger's stay included first U.S.-Russian space walk. On 29 April 1997 Linenger participated in five-hour extravehicular activity (EVA) with Mir 23 Commander Vasily Tsibliyev to attach a monitor to the outside of the station. The Optical Properties Monitor (OPM) was to remain on Mir for nine months to allow study of the effect of the space environment on optical properties, such as mirrors used in telescopes.
On 23 February, a fire broke out on the 11-year-old station. It caused minimal damage but required station's inhabitants to wear protective masks for about 36 hours until cabin air was cleaned. Besides Linenger, crew members aboard Mir at the time included two Mir 22 cosmonauts and a German cosmonaut, and two Mir 23 cosmonauts.
STS-84 docking with Mir occurred on 17 May at 02:33 UTC above the Adriatic Sea. Hatches between two spacecraft opened at 04:25 am, 17 May. Greetings exchanged between STS-84 crew and Mir 23 Commander Vasily Tsibliyev, Flight Engineer Aleksandr Lazutkin and Linenger, followed by a safety briefing. Linenger and Foale officially traded places at 14:15 UTC.
Transfer of items to and from Mir proceeded smoothly and was completed ahead of schedule. One of the first items transferred to station was an Elektron oxygen-generating unit. Altogether about 249 items were moved between the two spacecraft, and about of water moved to Mir, for a total of about of water, experiment samples, supplies and hardware.
The research program conducted by Foale featured 35 investigations total (33 on Mir, two on STS-84, and another preflight/postflight) in six disciplines: advanced technology, Earth observations and remote sensing, fundamental biology, human life sciences, space station risk mitigation, and microgravity sciences. Twenty-eight of these were conducted during previous missions and were to be continued, repeated or completed during Foale's stay. Seven new experiments were planned in biological and crystal growth studies and materials processing.
thumb|left| Comet Hale–Bopp imaged by a shuttle crew member
right|thumb|Atlantis lands at the end of the STS-84 mission.
Undocking occurred at 01:04 UTC on 22 May. Unlike prior dockings, no flyaround of the station by the orbiter was conducted, but the orbiter was stopped three times while backing away to collect data from a European sensor device designed to assist future rendezvous of a proposed European Space Agency resupply vehicle with the International Space Station.
Other activities conducted during the mission included investigations using the Biorack facility, located in the SPACEHAB Double Module in Atlantis'''s payload bay, a photo survey of Mir during docked operations, environmental air samplings and radiation monitoring.
Orbiter performance was normal from launch to landing. For the mission, Atlantis'' was equipped with a SpaceHab Double Module, and a Orbiter Docking System. |
STS-84 | See also | See also
List of human spaceflights
List of Space Shuttle missions
Outline of space science |
STS-84 | References | References |
STS-84 | External links | External links
NASA mission summary
STS-84 Video Highlights
STS-084
Category:Spacecraft launched in 1997 |
STS-84 | Table of Content | Short description, Crew, Crew seat assignments, Mission highlights, See also, References, External links |
North Nibley | Use dmy dates | North Nibley is a village in Gloucestershire, England about northwest of Wotton-under-Edge. |
North Nibley | Name | Name
The village is commonly known as Nibley, but the official name distinguishes it from the village of Nibley, just outside Yate, about away in South Gloucestershire. Nibley Green is an associated hamlet to its northwest at . |
North Nibley | History | History
The Battle of Nibley Green, fought on 20 March 1469/1470, is notable as the last battle fought in England entirely between the private armies of feudal magnates.
thumb|upright=1.2|Nibley, the Seat of George Smyth, Esq., by Jan Kip, 1709
The Tyndale Monument was built in honour of William Tyndale, who was born nearby, possibly at Melksham Court, Stinchcombe. Tyndale was responsible for translating the New Testament into English, for which he was sentenced to death and burned at the stake in Vilvoorde, Flanders.
Nibley House, next to the church, was the home of John Smyth (1567–1641), steward of Berkeley Castle and the estates of the Berkeley family, author of Lives of the Berkeleys and historian of the early settlement of Virginia. |
North Nibley | Geography | Geography
thumb|upright=1.2|The Tyndale Monument, built in 1866
Nearby Stinchcombe Hill has become popular with walkers and horse riders, and is crossed by the Cotswold Way. The Tyndale Monument stands on Nibley Knoll just above the village, at on the Cotswold Way. From 1992, volunteers have cleared the area to recreate the previously open panoramic views of both the Severn Bridges and beyond to the Black Mountains in Wales. |
North Nibley | Present | Present
The village shop on Barrs Lane has been run as a voluntary organisation by villagers since 2001. Since 2007 the villagers have organised the annual Nibley Music Festival. The village is home to the Nibley Cobras football team and Nibley cricket team, who have won the Pratt Cup two consecutive seasons. North Nibley Cobras reformed in 2014. Starting in Stroud Division 7, they have gone on to win two league titles and three Cup titles, including a historic treble 2018–19, and are in Division 3 for the 2020–21 season. They set a Stroud League record by not conceding a goal en route to winning the Dennis Mason Trophy 2018–19.
In 2014 the final episode of the third series of BBC One's Sherlock featured the futuristic Swinhay House, home of Renishaw plc founder Sir David McMurtry, designed by eco-architect David Austin. |
North Nibley | See also | See also
Battle of Nibley Green |
North Nibley | References | References |
North Nibley | External links | External links
Village website
Category:Villages in Gloucestershire
Category:Stroud District
Category:Civil parishes in Gloucestershire |
North Nibley | Table of Content | Use dmy dates, Name, History, Geography, Present, See also, References, External links |
Cephas | wiktionary | Cephas may refer to: |
Cephas | Religion | Religion
The title of Saint Peter
Diocese of Cephas, an ancient episcopal seat of the Roman province of Mesopotamia, in present-day Tur Abdin, Turkey
Cephas of Iconium, among the Seventy Disciples of Jesus, bishop of Iconium or Colophon, Pamphylia
Moses Bar Cephas or Moses Bar-Kepha (c. 813–903), Syriac writer and bishop of the Syriac Orthodox Church |
Cephas | People | People |
Cephas | Given name | Given name
Cephas Yao Agbemenu (born 1951), Ghanaian sculptor and a traditional African wood carver and Art Professor
Céphas Bansah (born 1948), Ngoryifia ("developmental chief") of the Gbi Traditional area of Hohoe, Ghana
Cephas Chimedza (born 1984), Zimbabwean footballer
Cephas Lemba (born 1970), Zambian sprinter
Cephas Lumina, Zambian lawyer and human rights expert
Cephas Malele (born 1994), Angolan-born Swiss footballer
Cephas Matafi (born 1971), Zimbabwean long-distance runner
Cephas Mark (1872–1942), Canadian druggist and political figure
Cephas Msipa (1931–2016), Zimbabwean politician
Cephas Pasipamiri, Zimbabwean long distance and marathon runner
Cephas Quested, leader of the Aldington Gang, a 19th-century band of smugglers in England
Cephas Thompson (1775–1856), American itinerant portrait painter
Cephas Washburn (1793–1860), Christian missionary and educator
Cephas Zhuwao (born 1984), Zimbabwean cricketer |
Cephas | Middle name | Middle name
Collen Cephas Gwiyo, Zimbabwean politician and deputy secretary general of the Zimbabwe Congress
Edward Cephas John Stevens (1837–1915), New Zealand politician
Jasmine Cephas Jones (born 1989), American actress
Ron Cephas Jones (1957-2023), American actor |
Cephas | Surname | Surname
Diana Cephas, African American plaintiff in freedom suit
Kassian Cephas (1845–1912), Javanese photographer
McColm Cephas (born 1978), Liberian footballer |
Cephas | Other uses | Other uses
Cephas & Wiggins, an American acoustic blues duo |
Cephas | Table of Content | wiktionary, Religion, People, Given name, Middle name, Surname, Other uses |
STS-94 | Short description | STS-94 was a mission of the United States Space Shuttle Columbia, launched on 1 July 1997. |
STS-94 | Crew | Crew
STS-94 was flown by the same crew that flew STS-83, the only time in the history of human spaceflight that two missions with more than one crewmember had exactly the same crew. |
STS-94 | Crew seat assignments | Crew seat assignments
Seat Launch Landing 150pxSeats 1–4 are on the flight deck.Seats 5–7 are on the mid-deck. 1 Halsell 2 Still 3 Voss Gernhardt 4 Thomas 5 Gernhardt Voss 6 Crouch 7 Linteris |
STS-94 | Mission highlights | Mission highlights
thumb|left|Launch of STS-94
This was a reflight of the STS-83 Microgravity Science Laboratory (MSL) mission. MSL was originally launched on 4 April 1997 at 2:20 pm EST and was intended to be on orbit for 15 days, 16 hours. The mission was cut short due to a problem with Fuel Cell #2 and Columbia landed on 8 April 1997 after 3 days 23 hours.
The primary payload on STS-83 was the Microgravity Science Laboratory (MSL). MSL was a collection of microgravity experiments housed inside a European Spacelab Long Module (LM). It built on the cooperative and scientific foundation of the International Microgravity Laboratory missions (IML-1 on STS-42 and IML-2 on STS-65), the United States Microgravity Laboratory missions (USML-1 on STS-50 and USML-2 on STS-73), the Japanese Spacelab mission (Spacelab-J on STS-47), the Spacelab Life and Microgravity Science Mission (LMS on STS-78) and the German Spacelab missions (D-1 on STS-61-A and D-2 on STS-55).
MSL featured 19 materials science investigations in 4 major facilities. These facilities were the Large Isothermal Furnace, the EXpedite the PRocessing of Experiments to the Space Station (EXPRESS) Rack, the Electromagnetic Containerless Processing Facility (TEMPUS) and the Coarsening in Solid-Liquid Mixtures (CSLM) facility, the Droplet Combustion Experiment (DCE) and the Combustion Module-1 Facility. Additional technology experiments were to be performed in the Middeck Glovebox (MGBX) developed by the Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) and the High-Packed Digital Television (HI-PAC DTV) system was used to provide multi-channel real-time analog science video.
The Large Isothermal Furnace was developed by the Japanese Space Agency (NASDA) for the STS-47 Spacelab-J mission and was also flown on STS-65 IML-2 mission. It housed the Measurement of Diffusion Coefficient by Shear Cell Method Experiment, the Diffusion of Liquid Metals and Alloys Experiment, the Diffusion in Liquid Led-Tin-Telluride Experiment, the Impurity Diffusion in Ionic Melts Experiment, the Liquid Phase Sintering II Experiment (LIF), and the Diffusion Processes in Molten Semiconductors Experiment (DPIMS).
The Combustion Module-1 (CM-1) facility from the NASA Lewis Research Center housed experiments on Laminar Soot Processes Experiment and the Structure of Flame Balls at Low Lewis-number Experiment (SOFBALL).
The Droplet Combustion Experiment (DCE) is designed to investigate the fundamental combustion aspects of single, isolated droplets under different pressures and ambient oxygen concentrations for a range of droplet sizes varying between and . The DCE apparatus is integrated into a single width MSL Spacelab rack in the cargo bay.
thumb|STS-94 crew on orbit
The EXPRESS rack replaces a Spacelab Double rack and special hardware will provide the same structural and resource connections the rack will have on the Space Station. It will house the Physics of Hard Spheres (PHaSE) experiment and the Astro/PGBA Experiment.
The Electromagnetic Containerless Processing Facility (TEMPUS) is used for the Experiments on Nucleation in Different Flow Regimes, Thermophysical Properties of Advanced Materials in the Undercooled Liquid State Experiment, Measurements of the Surface Tension of Liquid and Undercooled Metallic Alloys by Oscillating Drop Technique Experiment, Alloy Undercooling Experiments, the Study of the Morphological Stability of Growing Dendrites by Comparative Dendrite Velocity Measurements on Pure Ni and Dilute Ni–C Alloy in the Earth and Space Laboratory Experiment, the Undercooled Melts of Alloys with Polytetrahedral Short-Range Order Experiment, the Thermal Expansion of Glass Forming Metallic Alloys in the Undercooled State Experiment, the AC Calorimetry and Thermophysical Properties of Bulk Glass-Forming Metallic Liquids experiment and the Measurement of Surface Tension and Viscosity of Undercooled Liquid Metals experiment.
There were also experiments on measuring microgravity. They included the Space Acceleration Measurement System (SAMS), the Microgravity Measurement Assembly (MMA), the Quasi-Steady Acceleration Measurement System and the Orbital Acceleration Research Experiment (OARE).
The Middeck Glovebox (MGBX) facility supported the Bubble and Drop Nonlinear Dynamics (BDND) Experiment, the Study of the Fundamental Operation of a Capillary-driven Heat Transfer (CHT) Device in Microgravity Experiment, the Internal Flows in a Free Drop (IFFD) experiment and the Fiber Supported Droplet Combustion experiment (FSDC-2). |
STS-94 | See also | See also
List of human spaceflights
List of Space Shuttle missions
Outline of space science |
STS-94 | Notes | Notes |
STS-94 | References | References |
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