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Aegypiinae | Table of Content | Short description, Taxonomy, Genera, Fossil genera, References, Further reading |
File:DS Dire Straits.jpg | Summary | Summary |
File:DS Dire Straits.jpg | Licensing | Licensing
Category:Dire Straits album covers |
File:DS Dire Straits.jpg | Table of Content | Summary, Licensing |
Polar drift | Short description | thumb|upright=1.1|The North Magnetic Pole's drift
Polar drift is a geological phenomenon caused by variations in the flow of molten iron in Earth's outer core, resulting in changes in the orientation of Earth's magnetic field, and hence the position of the magnetic north- and south poles.
The North magnetic pole is approximately from the geographic North Pole. The pole drifts considerably each day, which results in a change of 5-60 km per year. The speed of the change was around 10 km/year for the majority of the 20th century, then increased in the 1990s to over 50 km/year, but slowed down slightly after 2020.North Magnetic Pole Moving Due to Core Flux, National Geographic News, December 24, 2009
International Geomagnetic Reference Field: the thirteenth generation (2021) Retrieved 2024-11-24
The South magnetic pole is constantly shifting due to changes in the Earth's magnetic field.
it was calculated to lie at , placing it off the coast of Antarctica, between Adélie Land and Wilkes Land.
In 2015, it lay at (est).British Geological Survey – Magnetic Poles That point lies outside the Antarctic Circle and it is moving northwest by about per year. Its current distance from the actual Geographic South Pole is approximately . The nearest permanent science station is Dumont d'Urville Station. Wilkes Land contains a large gravitational mass concentration.
North magnetic pole
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South magnetic pole
1998:
2004: (estimated)
2007:
2015: |
Polar drift | See also | See also
Geomagnetic excursion
Geomagnetic reversal
Polar wander |
Polar drift | References | References |
Polar drift | External links | External links
A map of polar drift over the past 200 years
Category:Polar regions of the Earth
Category:Geomagnetism |
Polar drift | Table of Content | Short description, See also, References, External links |
Prefetch input queue | Short description | Fetching the instruction opcodes from program memory well in advance is known as prefetching and it is served by using a prefetch input queue (PIQ). The pre-fetched instructions are stored in a queue. The fetching of opcodes well in advance, prior to their need for execution, increases the overall efficiency of the processor boosting its speed. The processor no longer has to wait for the memory access operations for the subsequent instruction opcode to complete. This architecture was prominently used in the Intel 8086 microprocessor. |
Prefetch input queue | Introduction | Introduction
Pipelining was brought to the forefront of computing architecture design during the 1960s due to the need for faster and more efficient computing. Pipelining is the broader concept and most modern processors load their instructions some clock cycles before they execute them. This is achieved by pre-loading machine code from memory into a prefetch input queue.
This behavior only applies to von Neumann computers (that is, not Harvard architecture computers) that can run self-modifying code and have some sort of instruction pipelining. Nearly all modern high-performance computers fulfill these three requirements.
Usually, the prefetching behavior of the PIQ is invisible to the programming model of the CPU. However, there are some circumstances where the behavior of PIQ is visible, and needs to be taken into account by the programmer.
When an x86 processor changes mode from real mode to protected mode and vice versa, the PIQ has to be flushed, or else the CPU will continue to translate the machine code as if it were written in its last mode. If the PIQ is not flushed, the processor might translate its codes wrong and generate an invalid instruction exception.
When executing self-modifying code, a change in the processor code immediately in front of the current location of execution might not change how the processor interprets the code, as it is already loaded into its PIQ. It simply executes its old copy already loaded in the PIQ instead of the new and altered version of the code in its RAM and/or cache.
This behavior of the PIQ can be used to determine if code is being executed inside an emulator or directly on the hardware of a real CPU. Most emulators will probably never simulate this behavior. If the PIQ-size is zero (changes in the code always affect the state of the processor immediately), it can be deduced that either the code is being executed in an emulator or the processor invalidates the PIQ upon writes to addresses loaded in the PIQ. |
Prefetch input queue | Performance evaluation based on queuing theory | Performance evaluation based on queuing theory
It was A.K Erlang (1878-1929) who first conceived of a queue as a solution to congestion in telephone traffic. Different queueing models are proposed in order to approximately simulate the real time queuing systems so that those can be analysed mathematically for different performance specifications.
Queuing models can be represented using Kendall's notation:
A1/A2/A3/A4
where:
A1 is the distribution of time between two arrivals
A2 is the service time distribution
A3 is the total number of servers
A4 is the capacity of system
M/M/1 Model (Single Queue Single Server/ Markovian): In this model, elements of queue are served on a first-come, first-served basis. Given the mean arrival and service rates, then actual rates vary around these average values randomly and hence have to be determined using a cumulative probability distribution function.
M/M/r Model: This model is a generalization of the basic M/M/1 model where multiple servers operate in parallel. This kind of model can also model scenarios with impatient users who leave the queue immediately if they are not receiving service. This can also be modeled using a Bernoulli process having only two states, success and failure. The best example of this model is our regular land-line telephone systems.
M/G/1 Model (Takacs' finite input Model) : This model is used to analyze advanced cases. Here the service time distribution is no longer a Markov process. This model considers the case of more than one failed machine being repaired by single repairman. Service time for any user is going to increase in this case.
Generally in applications like prefetch input queue, M/M/1 Model is popularly used because of limited use of queue features. In this model in accordance with microprocessors, the user takes the role of the execution unit and server is the bus interface unit. |
Prefetch input queue | Instruction queue | Instruction queue
The processor executes a program by fetching the instructions from memory and executing them. Usually the processor execution speed is much faster than the memory access speed. Instruction queue is used to prefetch the next instructions in a separate buffer while the processor is executing the current instruction.
With a four stage pipeline, the rate at which instructions are executed can be up to four times that of sequential execution.
The processor usually has two separate units for fetching the instructions and for executing the instructions.
The implementation of a pipeline architecture is possible only if the bus interface unit and the execution unit are independent. While the execution unit is decoding or executing an instruction which does not require the use of the data and address buses, the bus interface unit fetches instruction opcodes from the memory.
This process is much faster than sending out an address, reading the opcode and then decoding and executing it. Fetching the next instruction while the current instruction is being decoded or executed is called pipelining.
The 8086 processor has a six-byte prefetch instruction pipeline, while the 8088 has a four-byte prefetch. As the Execution Unit is executing the current instruction, the bus interface unit reads up to six (or four) bytes of opcodes in advance from the memory. The queue lengths were chosen based on simulation studies.
An exception is encountered when the execution unit encounters a branch instruction i.e. either a jump or a call instruction. In this case, the entire queue must be dumped and the contents pointed to by the instruction pointer must be fetched from memory. |
Prefetch input queue | Drawbacks | Drawbacks
Processors implementing the instruction queue prefetch algorithm are rather technically advanced. The CPU design level complexity of the such processors is much higher than for regular processors. This is primarily because of the need to implement two separate units, the BIU and EU, operating separately.
As the complexity of these chips increases, the cost also increases. These processors are relatively costlier than their counterparts without the prefetch input queue.
However, these disadvantages are greatly offset by the improvement in processor execution time. After the introduction of prefetch instruction queue in the 8086 processor, all successive processors have incorporated this feature. |
Prefetch input queue | x86 example code | x86 example code
code_starts_here:
mov bx, ahead
mov word ptr cs:[bx], 9090h
ahead:
jmp near to_the_end
; Some other code
to_the_end:
This self-modifying program will overwrite the jmp to_the_end with two NOPs (which is encoded as 0x9090). The jump jmp near to_the_end is assembled into two bytes of machine code, so the two NOPs will just overwrite this jump and nothing else. (That is, the jump is replaced with a do-nothing-code.)
Because the machine code of the jump is already read into the PIQ, and probably also already executed by the processor (superscalar processors execute several instructions at once, but they "pretend" that they don't because of the need for backward compatibility), the change of the code will not have any change of the execution flow. |
Prefetch input queue | Example program to detect size | Example program to detect size
This is an example NASM-syntax self-modifying x86-assembly language algorithm that determines the size of the PIQ:
code_starts_here:
xor bx, bx ; zero register bx
xor ax, ax ; zero register ax
mov dx, cs
mov [code_segment], dx ; "calculate" codeseg in the far jump below (edx here too)
around:
cmp ax, 1 ; check if ax has been altered
je found_size
; 0x90 = opcode "nop" (NO oPeration)
mov byte [nop_field+bx], 0x90
inc bx
db 0xEA ; 0xEA = opcode "far jump"
dw flush_queue ; should be followed by offset (rm = "dw", pm = "dd")
code_segment:
dw 0 ; and then the code segment (calculated above)
flush_queue:
; 0x40 = opcode "inc ax" (INCrease ax)
mov byte [nop_field+bx], 0x40
nop_field:
times 256 nop
jmp around
found_size:
;
; register bx now contains the size of the PIQ
; this code is for [[real mode]] and [[16-bit protected mode]], but it could easily be changed into
; running for [[32-bit protected mode]] as well. just change the "dw" for
; the offset to "dd". you need also change dx to edx at the top as
; well. (dw and dx = 16 bit addressing, dd and edx = 32 bit addressing)
;
What this code does is basically that it changes the execution flow, and determines by brute force how large the PIQ is. "How far away do I have to change the code in front of me for it to affect me?"
If it is too near (it is already in the PIQ) the update will not have any effect. If it is far enough, the change of the code will affect the program and the program has then found the size of the processor's PIQ.
If this code is being executed under multitasking OS, the context switch may lead to the wrong value. |
Prefetch input queue | See also | See also
Sequence point |
Prefetch input queue | References | References |
Prefetch input queue | External links | External links
Category:Instruction processing |
Prefetch input queue | Table of Content | Short description, Introduction, Performance evaluation based on queuing theory, Instruction queue, Drawbacks, x86 example code, Example program to detect size, See also, References, External links |
Gyps | Short description | Gyps is a genus of Old World vultures that was proposed by Marie Jules César Savigny in 1809. Its members are sometimes known as griffon vultures. Gyps vultures have a slim head, a long slender neck with downy feathers, and a ruff around the neck formed by long buoyant feathers. The crown of their big beaks is a little compressed, and their big dark nostrils are set transverse to the beak. They have six or seven wing feathers, of which the first is the shortest and the fourth the longest. |
Gyps | Taxonomy | Taxonomy
The genus Gyps was introduced in 1809 by the French zoologist Marie Jules César Savigny to accommodate the Eurasian griffon vulture. The genus name is from Ancient Greek gups meaning "vulture". The genus contains eight extant species.
Image Name Distribution and IUCN Red List statusframeless Eurasian griffon vulture G. fulvus (Hablitz, 1783) framelessframeless White-rumped vulture G. bengalensis (Gmelin, 1788) India and Nepal, Pakistanframeless Cape vulture G. coprotheres (Forster, 1798) Southern Africaframeless Indian vulture G. indicus (Scopoli, 1786) Pakistan, India and Nepalframeless Slender-billed vulture G. tenuirostris Gray, 1844 Indiaframeless Rüppell's vulture G. rueppelli (Brehm, 1852) Sahel and East Africaframeless White-backed vulture G. africanus Salvadori, 1865 West and center, East, Southern Africaframeless Himalayan vulture G. himalayensis Hume, 1869 frameless
Two fossil species have been described:
† Maltese vulture G. melitensis Lydekker, 1890 – Fossil remains were found in Middle to Late Pleistocene sites all over the central and eastern Mediterranean.
† G. bochenskii Boev, 2010 – Fossil remains were found near Varshets in northwestern Bulgaria that were dated to the Late Pliocene. |
Gyps | References | References
Category:Bird genera
Category:Taxa named by Marie Jules César Savigny |
Gyps | Table of Content | Short description, Taxonomy, References |
Karpathos | Distinguish | Karpathos (, ), also Carpathos, is the second largest of the Greek Dodecanese islands, in the southeastern Aegean Sea. Together with the neighboring smaller Saria Island it forms the municipality of Karpathos, which is part of the regional unit Karpathos-Kasos. Because of its remote location, Karpathos has preserved many peculiarities of dress, customs and dialect, the last resembling those of Crete and Cyprus. The island has also been called Carpathus in Latin and Scarpanto in Italian. |
Karpathos | Etymology | Etymology
Homer calls the island Krapathos, with metathesis of two letters in the first syllable.Οἳ δ' ἄρα Νίσυρόν τ' εἶχον Κράπαθόν τε Κάσον τε [...]Ομήρου Ιλιάδα, Ραψωδία Β', στ.676.Homer. The Iliad with an English Translation by A.T. Murray, Ph.D. in two volumes. Cambridge, MA., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann, Ltd. 1924: Hom. II. 2.676. Other names of the island include Tetrapolis«Δωδεκάνησα, ταξίδι στον πολιτισμό - Κάρπαθος». Αρχειοθετήθηκε από το πρωτότυπο στις 16 Οκτωβρίου 2008. Ανακτήθηκε στις 9 Ιουνίου 2009. and Anemoessa. |
Karpathos | Municipality | Municipality
thumb|The community of Olympos|left|180x180px
The present municipality of Karpathos was formed at the 2011 local government reform, by the merger of the following two former municipalities, that became municipal units:Kallikratis law Greece Ministry of Interior
Karpathos
Olympos
The municipality has an area of 324.800 km2, and the municipal unit spans 219.924 km2. |
Karpathos | Mythology | Mythology
Karpathos is the mythological homeland of the Titan Iapetus, and the birthplace of Proteus.Vergil. Bucolics, Aeneid, and Georgics Of Vergil. J. B. Greenough. Boston. Ginn & Co. 1900. |
Karpathos | History | History
thumb|Remains of the early Christian basilica of St Fotini, Pigadia|left|180x180px
thumb|Diafáni village.|left
thumb|Menetes village.|left
thumb|The Administration Building in Papagos Square, Pigadia, also houses the Karpathos Archaeological Museum.
thumb|Map of Karpathos, by Buondelmonti Cristoforo, 1420.
The island of Karpathos was in both ancient and medieval times closely connected with Rhodes. Its current name is mentioned, with a slight shift of one letter, in Homer's Iliad as Krapathos ().http://textcritical.net/work/geography/10/5/15 Geography By Strabo at TextCritical.net Apollonius of Rhodes, in his epic Argonautica, made it a port of call for the Argonauts travelling between Libya and Crete ().http://www.sacred-texts.com/cla/argo/argo57.htm Argonautica 4.1635-36 The island is also mentioned by Diodorus who claims it was a colony of the Dorians, Pomponius Mela, Pliny the Elder, and Strabo.thumb|Main church of Diafani|left|180x180pxThe Karpathians sided with Sparta in the Peloponnesian War in 431 BCE and lost their independence to Rhodes in 400 BCE. In 42 BCE, the island fell to Rome. After the division of the Roman Empire in 395 CE, the island became part of the Byzantine Empire.
Of its Christian bishops, the names that are known of are; Olympius, who was a supporter of Nestorius, Zoticus (in 518), Mennas (in 553), Ioannes, Leo (in 787), and Philippus (in 879). In the 14th century, the island was a see of the Latin Church, four of whose bishops bore the name Nicolaus.Pius Bonifacius Gams, Series episcoporum Ecclesiae Catholicae, Leipzig 1931, p. 449Konrad Eubel, Hierarchia Catholica Medii Aevi, vol. 1, p. 439 No longer a residential bishopric, Karpathos (in Latin Carpathus) is today listed by the Catholic Church as an archiepiscopal titular see.Annuario Pontificio 2013 (Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2013 ), p. 859
In 1304, Karpathos was given as fief to the Genoese corsairs Andrea and Lodovico Moresco, but in 1306 it fell to Andrea Cornaro, a member of the Venetian Cornaro family.Bertarelli, 137 The Cornaro controlled Karpathos until 1538, when it passed into the possession of the Ottoman Turks.
During the Greek War of Independence from 1821 to 1822, the island rebelled, but afterwards it fell again under Ottoman rule. In 1835, Sultan Mahmud II conceded to the island the privilege of the maktu tax system; that is, the tax was calculated as an annual lump sum, and not on a household basis. The Ottoman rule ended on 12 May 1912, when the Italians occupied the island and the rest of the Dodecanese, during the Italo-Turkish War of 1911–12. On that day, sailors from the Regia Marina battleship Vittorio Emanuele and the destroyer Alpino landed in Karpathos. With the Treaty of Lausanne (1923), Karpathos joined the other islands of the Dodecanese in the Italian possession of the Italian Aegean Islands. The Italians occupied the island until September 1943, when Italy surrendered. Afterwards, Karpathos was occupied by German forces, who eventually left the island on 4 October 1944. The island was ceded by Italy to Greece with the Paris Peace Treaties of 1947. The island formally joined the Kingdom of Greece on 7 March 1948, together with the other Dodecanese islands.
In the late 1940s and 1950s, due to the economic problems after World War II, a number of Karpathians emigrated to the U.S. eastern seaboard cities; Karpathos today has a significant Greek-American constituency who have returned to their island and invested heavily. Inhabitants of the mountains to the north are more traditional. |
Karpathos | Exploration | Exploration
Among 19th-century explorers of the island were the British explorers Theodore and Mabel Bent in the spring of 1885. Most of their energies were spent in excavating the site of Vroukounta in the far north of the island. Some of their finds are now in the British Museum, London.Theodore Bent's Karpathos bibliography: 'The Carpathiote Dialect', Athenæum, 1885, Issue 3011 (Jul), p.48; 'The Islands of Telos and Karpathos', The Journal of Hellenic Studies, 1885, Vol. VI, pp.233-42; 'Idyls of Karpathos', The Gentleman's Magazine, 1885, Vol. CCLX (Jan-Jun), pp.185-190; 'A Christening in Karpathos', Macmillan's Magazine, 1886, Vol. 54 (May/Oct), pp.199-205. |
Karpathos | Geography | Geography
thumb|Modern fountain of Neptune (Poseidon) in Diafáni.|left|240x240px
thumb|200px|Map of Karpathos (Scarpanto), by Giacomo Franco, 1597
The island is located about southwest of Rhodes, in the part of the Mediterranean which is called the Carpathian Sea (). The Sea of Crete, a sub-basin of the Mediterranean Sea, has its eastern limit defined by the island of Karpathos.Peter Saundry, C.Michael Hogan & Steve Baum. 2011. Sea of Crete. Encyclopedia of Earth. Eds.M.Pidwirny & C.J.Cleveland. National Council for Science and Environment. Washington DC. Karpathos' highest point is Kali Limni, at . Karpathos comprises 11 villages. Pigadia (official name Karpathos), the capital and main port of the island, is located in the southeast of the island. The capital is surrounded by the villages of Menetes, Arkasa, Finiki, Pyles, Othos, Volada and Aperi. The villages of Mesochori and Spoa are located in central Karpathos while Olympos and the second port of Karpathos Diafani are in the north.
The island Saria was once united with Karpathos, but an earthquake divided them. Saria preserves many important antiquities. |
Karpathos | Climate | Climate
Karpathos has a hot semi-arid climate (Köppen climate classification: BSh). The island has one of the mildest winters in Europe, and according to the Hellenic National Meteorological Service, the lowest temperature that has been recorded, was on 9 February 1976 and 14 February 2004. |
Karpathos | Transportation | Transportation
thumb|The airport
Karpathos Island National Airport, with its relatively large runway, is located on the south side (Afiartis area). Karpathos is connected to neighboring islands and to the mainland via ferries and airplanes. The ferries provide transport to and from Piraeus (via Crete and Rhodes). Scheduled domestic flights connect the island with Rhodes, Kasos, Crete and Athens daily. Additionally, charter flights from various European cities are frequently scheduled during the high season (April–October).thumb|254x254px|The twelve villages of KarpathosWithin the island, cars are the preferred mode of transportation. The port, the airport, the main villages and other popular locations are connected by an adequate system of municipal roads, most of which are paved. During the summer months, small private boats depart from Pigadia to various locations daily, including Olympos (via Diafani) and some inaccessible beaches. Fixed-rate taxis (agoraia) and municipal buses are also available all year long. |
Karpathos | Population | Population
The municipality's 2021 census population was 6,567 inhabitants. This number more than doubles in the summer months as many Karpathian expatriates come to the island for their vacation with their families. Also, taking into consideration the number of tourists that visit, there can be up to 20,000 people on the island during the summer months. The population density is greatest on the 15th of August due to the Panagias festival (Dormition of Mary), which is considered the most important festival on the island. Individuals travel from around the world to attend the festival and view the many traditions that still remain on the island. |
Karpathos | Census | Census
Community 1947 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011 2021 Karpathos (Pigadia) - - - - - - 2,180 2,788 3,047 Menetes 1,651 1,499 1,413 1,233 1,179 954 760 662 638 Arkasa - - - - 390 394 507 564 540 Olympos - - - - - - 684 556 530 Mesochori - - - - 357 344 446 371 451 Aperi - - - - 457 402 470 355 428 Othos - - - - 282 229 385 281 264 Volada - - - - - - 418 264 241 Spoa 339 340 380 293 251 254 301 169 224 Pyles - - - - - - 414 216 204 |
Karpathos | Beaches | Beaches
The beaches of Karpathos island can be divided into four large groups: the beaches on the east coast are smaller and gravelly but without wind; the beaches of the southern part of the island, near the airport, are made of fine white sand; the sandy beaches on the west coast are the most exposed to the Meltemi and they are available only in low wind conditions; the beaches of the north of the island are accessible only by sea and partly by jeep.
East coast: Amoopi, Karpathos Beach (Vrontis), Achata, Kato Latos (reachable only on foot), Kyra Panagia, Apella, Agios Nikolaos (Spoa).
South coast: Mihaliou o Kipos (known by inhabitants of the village of Othos as "Shell beach"), Damatria, Diakoftis, Devils Bay, Agrilaopotamos (nude beach), Pounta beach.
West coast: Lefkos beach, Mesohori, Finiki, Arkasa Leucadius.
North coast: Diafani, Alimounta (Saria island), Palatia (Saria island), Kalamia, Vananda, Apokapos (or Papa-Mina), Opsi, Kantri, Forokli, Kapi, Nati, Philios (or Agios Minas), Agnontia. |
Karpathos | See also | See also
List of traditional Greek place names |
Karpathos | Notes | Notes |
Karpathos | Sources | Sources
|
Karpathos | External links | External links
Karpathos Hotel Association
Independent website for Karpathos
Karpathian Association Australia
Ιndependent website for North Karpathos
Category:Municipalities of the South Aegean
Category:Populated places in Karpathos-Kasos
Category:Islands of Greece
Category:Dodecanese
Category:Landforms of Karpathos-Kasos
Category:Islands of the South Aegean
Category:Dorian colonies
Category:Populated places in the ancient Aegean islands |
Karpathos | Table of Content | Distinguish, Etymology, Municipality, Mythology, History, Exploration, Geography, Climate, Transportation, Population, Census, Beaches, See also, Notes, Sources, External links |
Will Penny | short description | Will Penny is a 1968 American Western film written and directed by Tom Gries and starring Charlton Heston, Joan Hackett and Donald Pleasence. The picture was based upon an episode of the 1960 Sam Peckinpah television series The Westerner starring Brian Keith called "Line Camp," also written and directed by Tom Gries. Heston mentioned that this was his favorite film in which he appeared.Charlton Heston: The Last Interview on YouTube The supporting cast features Lee Majors, Ben Johnson, Bruce Dern, and Slim Pickens. |
Will Penny | Plot | Plot
A trail drive is coming to an end, with the resulting payoff of the now out-of-work trail hands. A trio of punchers, Blue, Dutchy, and an aging Will Penny decide to drift south and avoid the oncoming winter. Will trades his position riding on the train with the cattle to a young cowboy who wants to visit his dying father and tells Will there may be work at the Flat Iron ranch.
One morning Blue is about to fire at a bull elk near a river bottom. Mysteriously, the elk is shot by an unseen party. As Blue and Dutchy move in to claim the elk anyway, they encounter the shooter, a "rawhider" and his family. The two groups contest the right to the meat. Gunfire erupts, and Will shows up, shoots and kills one of the rawhider's sons. The rawhider swears a biblical revenge. Dutchy accidentally wounds himself in the exchange, so the trio head out to find a doctor and first come to a nearby trail store, where they encounter Catherine Allen and her son Horace. After getting a few drinks of whiskey they move on to the nearest town and leave Dutchy at the doctor. Blue decides to look for a job in the town, while Will proceeds alone. He comes across a horse without a rider and locates a dead cowboy, thrown from his saddle. Will turns the body over to the Flat Iron ranch that the cowboy rode for and is offered a job.
Will hires on to ride the far-off boundaries of Flat Iron ranch over the winter. As he arrives at the upper range, he finds Catherine and Horace staying in the line-rider's cabin after being abandoned by their guide. He rides away to inspect the fence line, warning them that they must be gone when he returns in one week.
The next morning as Will is sleeping outside near the fence, he is ambushed and savagely beaten up and knifed by the rawhider group. They rob and leave Will for dead, but he drags himself to the cabin, where he is slowly nursed back to health by Catherine.
As the winter passes, Will and Catherine fall in love, and Will develops fatherly affection for Horace.
As Will and Catherine prepare for Christmas, the Quint family bursts into the cabin, force Will into doing the chores, and coerce Catherine to decide on one of the ne'er do well, belligerent, hair-trigger sons. After some days, Catherine distracts the two Quint sons so Will can make an escape. At that same time his two former saddle pals Blue and Dutchy arrive looking for him. Will and Blue return to attack the cabin to free Catherine and Horace, using a bag of sulfur in the chimney to smoke out the rawhiders and then shoot them all.
With the rawhiders dead the Flat Iron trail boss arrives, Will realizes that he is too old and set in his ways to settle down into a domestic life with Catherine, against her protestations. Deeply regretful about what he is leaving behind, he rides away with Dutchy and Blue to collect on a bet with the store owner on Dutchy’s survival and continue his life as a trail hand. He donated his wages from the ranch to Catherine. |
Will Penny | Cast | Cast
Charlton Heston as Will Penny
Joan Hackett as Catherine Allen
Jon Gries as Horace Greeley "Button" Allen
Donald Pleasence as Preacher Quint
Lee Majors as Blue
Bruce Dern as Rafe Quint
Ben Johnson as Alex (Flat Iron Ranch foreman)
Slim Pickens as Ike Walterstein
Clifton James as Catron
Anthony Zerbe as Dutchy
Roy Jenson as Boetius Sullivan
G. D. Spradlin as Anse Howard
Quentin Dean as Jennie
William Schallert as Dr. Fraker
Lydia Clarke as Mrs. Fraker
Robert Luster as Shem Bodine
Dal Jenkins as Sambo
Matt Clark as Romulus
Luke Askew as Foxy
Anthony Costello as Bigfoot
Gene Rutherford as Rufus Quint
Chanin Hale as Girl
Stephen Edwards as Town Boy |
Will Penny | Production | Production
The film features a David Raksin and Robert Wells song "The Lonely Rider" with vocals by Don Cherry. The exteriors were filmed in Inyo County, California. |
Will Penny | Reviews | Reviews
"The admirable thing about the movie is its devotion to real life. These are the kind of people, we feel, who must really have inhabited the West: common, direct, painfully shy in social situations and very honest." — Roger Ebert, Chicago Sun-Times
"And I got to really like the guy. A lot of people told me that I wouldn't like him, but I liked him. And he tried very hard. I mean, Will Penny is far and away the best thing he's ever done." — Bruce Dern on Charlton Heston
"Intelligent and thoughtful, Will Penny is a good Western and even a better character study. The West is more than deglamorized here; we get a good approximation of what a real cowboy's life might have been like around the turn of the century." — DVD Savant, DVDTalk
"The villains in Will Penny are so unbelievable and so unrealistic that they almost seem like they came out of a Western spoof, rather than the serious, realistic Western which Will Penny aspires to be (and achieves in most other aspects of the story)." — Erik Rupp, Vista Records
"This is one of the classic movies of all time. It will last for all eternity as a classic in writing and in acting." — Ange Kenos, OPA Magazine
"Charlton Heston told me this was the film he is most proud of and was his favorite screen role." — Rick Schmidlin, producer of the re-edited version of "Touch of Evil." |
Will Penny | Accolades | Accolades
The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:
2008: AFI's 10 Top 10:
Nominated Western Film |
Will Penny | See also | See also
List of American films of 1968 |
Will Penny | References | References |
Will Penny | External links | External links
Roger Ebert review
DVDTalk.com Movie & DVD review
Vista Records Movie/DVD review & analysis
Category:1968 films
Category:1968 Western (genre) films
Category:1960s American films
Category:1960s English-language films
Category:American Western (genre) films
Category:Films directed by Tom Gries
Category:Films scored by David Raksin
Category:Paramount Pictures films
Category:Revisionist Western (genre) films
Category:English-language Western (genre) films |
Will Penny | Table of Content | short description, Plot, Cast, Production, Reviews, Accolades, See also, References, External links |
Pink-backed pelican | Short description | The pink-backed pelican (Pelecanus rufescens) is a bird of the pelican family. It is a resident breeder in the swamps and shallow lakes of Africa and southern Arabia; it has also been extirpated from Madagascar. |
Pink-backed pelican | Taxonomy | Taxonomy
The pink-backed pelican was formally described in 1789 by the German naturalist Johann Friedrich Gmelin in his revised and expanded edition of Carl Linnaeus's Systema Naturae. He placed it with the other pelicans in the genus Pelecanus and coined the binomial name Pelecanus rufescens. Gmelin based his description on the "red-backed pelican" that had been described in 1785 by the English ornithologist John Latham in his multi-volume work A General Synopsis of Birds . Latham had been sent a specimen from West Africa. The specific epithet rufescens is Latin for "reddish". The species is monotypic: no subspecies are recognised. |
Pink-backed pelican | Description | Description
thumb|left|Dorsal view showing characteristic pink back
thumb| Pelecanus rufescens – MHNT
thumb|left|400 px|Formation flying
It is a relatively small pelican, although by no means is it a small bird. Its length is from , wingspan is and body mass is from . The bill is in length. The plumage is grey and white, with a pinkish hue on the back occasionally apparent (never in the deep pink of a flamingo). The top of the bill is yellow and the pouch is usually greyish. Breeding adults have long feather plumes on the head.
It shares its habitat with the great white pelican, which is generally larger and has white instead of greyish plumage. |
Pink-backed pelican | Habitat and breeding | Habitat and breeding
The pink-backed pelican is found in a range of aquatic habitats, but prefers quiet backwaters with shallow water, avoiding steep, vegetated lake banks. It prefers for freshwater lakes, swamps, large slow-flowing rivers, and seasonal pools but also frequents reservoirs, seasonally flooded land and flood-plains near river mouths. It may occur on alkaline and saline lakes and lagoons, and can sometimes be found along the coast in bays and estuaries (although seldom on open seashore). The species tends to roost and breed in trees (e.g. mangroves), but will also roost on sandy islands, cliffs, coral reefs and sand-dunes.
Nesting trees have many nests built close together. These nests are re-used every year until the trees collapse, although the birds will normally remain in the area. The species nests colonially in trees, reeds or low bushes along waterfronts as well as (less often) on the ground on sandy islands and in mangroves.
Its nest is a large heap of sticks and may be 10–50 m above the ground. The female lays two to three large white eggs and later the chicks feed by plunging their heads deep into the adult's pouch and taking the partially digested regurgitated fish. |
Pink-backed pelican | Diet | Diet
Food is usually fish (of any size up to 450 g, usually in the 80-290 g range) and amphibians, and is usually obtained by fishing in groups. Among the fish preyed upon are cichlids like Haplochromis and Tilapia. |
Pink-backed pelican | References | References |
Pink-backed pelican | External links | External links
Pink-backed Pelican Pelecanus rufescens at BirdLife International
Pinkbacked Pelican in The Atlas of Southern African Birds
Category:Pelecanus
Category:Birds of Madagascar
Category:Birds of the Middle East
Category:Birds of Africa
Category:Birds of Sub-Saharan Africa
Category:Birds described in 1789
Category:Taxa named by Johann Friedrich Gmelin |
Pink-backed pelican | Table of Content | Short description, Taxonomy, Description, Habitat and breeding, Diet, References, External links |
Conspiracy (Star Trek: The Next Generation) | Use American English | "Conspiracy" is the twenty-fifth and penultimate episode of the first season of the syndicated American science fiction television series Star Trek: The Next Generation, originally aired on May 9, 1988, in the United States. The premise was conceived by the show's creator Gene Roddenberry in a single sentence overview titled "The Assassins", being expanded into a thirty-page story by Robert Sabaroff. From this, the teleplay was produced by Tracy Tormé and the episode directed by Cliff Bole.
Set in the 24th century, the series follows the adventures of the Starfleet crew of the Federation starship Enterprise-D. Following a meeting with a fellow captain, the strange behavior of high-ranking officers leads Jean-Luc Picard (Patrick Stewart) and the crew of the Enterprise to uncover a conspiracy of senior Starfleet officers possessed by parasitic aliens who are preparing to invade the United Federation of Planets.
Numerous make-up effects were created by make-up supervisor Michael Westmore, including an exploding head using raw meat. There were concerns by producers that some of the effects were too graphic, but after a viewing by a staff member's son, they decided to broadcast it uncut. The episode has subsequently been included in some best episode lists of the series, and won one of three Primetime Emmy Awards for The Next Generations first season. Controversial when originally broadcast, the more graphic elements were cut or banned from broadcast in the United Kingdom, and required a warning before airing in Canada. |
Conspiracy (Star Trek: The Next Generation) | Plot | Plot
Captain Picard receives a highly confidential message from Captain Walker Keel of the USS Horatio. Keel refuses to discuss his concerns and insists on a face-to-face meeting. At the meeting, Keel reports strange orders from Starfleet headquarters and what he implies are suspicious deaths of Starfleet officers and expresses concern of a conspiracy. After their meeting, the Enterprise finds that the Starship Horatio has been destroyed. Picard has Lt. Commander Data review all orders issued by Starfleet Command in the past six months. Data finds several strange orders from the senior levels of Starfleet and Picard orders the Enterprise to Earth. As it approaches Earth, a transmission is received from a trio of Starfleet admirals, Savar, Aaron and Quinn. The admirals are surprised by the Enterprises presence but invite Captain Picard and Commander Riker to dinner.
After witnessing the admirals' bizarre behavior and discussion of a "superior life form" Dr. Crusher discovers that a bug-like parasite has wrapped its tendrils around the stem of Quinn's brain and is controlling him. At dinner, it is revealed that the parasites are seeking to take over Starfleet, using humanoids as hosts. Riker and Picard subdue the infected men, causing parasites to leave the hosts and flee. One of the parasites scurries under a closed door, where Picard and Riker find Quinn's assistant Remmick eating the parasite. Remmick begins transmitting a signal. Picard and Riker fire upon Remmick, destroying his body but freeing a giant parasite; the two continue to fire until it is destroyed. Dr. Crusher reports that the other parasites have shriveled up and died, as they were unable to survive without the mother-creature that had been inhabiting Remmick. Data theorizes that Remmick's signal was a homing beacon to more creatures like himself. |
Conspiracy (Star Trek: The Next Generation) | Production | Production
Gene Roddenberry originated the idea for the episode in a single-sentence proposal entitled "The Assassins". Robert Sabaroff expanded this idea to thirty pages but his version was seen as too expensive. Tracy Tormé was then given the job of rewriting it but some producers thought the new version was too dark until Roddenberry saw it and endorsed the new version.Nemecek (1995): p. 68 In one of the original versions, it was a faction within Starfleet who were conspirators rather than alien parasites but Roddenberry did not like showing Starfleet itself in such a dark manner. Wired suggested that the premise was based on the Iran–Contra affair. The episode's cliffhanger ending was meant to lead to the introduction of The Borginitially conceptualized as an insectoid speciesin the second season, a plot element foreshadowed in the following episode, The Neutral Zone. Once the Borg were reimagined as a cybernetic race, this element was dropped, and the story element of the parasites' signal never resolved.Okuda, Denise and Okuda, Michael. Star Trek Chronology: The History of the Future. Pocket books, second edition, pub. 1996. P. 290
The director of the episode, Cliff Bole, was a school friend of makeup supervisor Michael Westmore. The scene with Remmick at the end of the episode was added in post-production, as it was originally scripted to have Riker and Picard come face to face with a full-sized mother creature. The part where the parasite enters Remmick's throat reportedly took many takes because the bulging effect was made by Westmore blowing into bladder under a false neck and Bole kept trying to make Westmore hyperventilate from the exertion.Reeves-Stevens (1998): p. 69 The parasites were created by Makeup & Effects Laboratories from a design by Rick Sternbach.Block, Erdmann (2012): p. 111 A mold of Paul Newman's face was filled with raw meat and then blown up to create the effect used when Picard and Riker fire on Remmick but Rick Berman and Peter Lauritson were concerned that it was too graphic. Dan Curry invited his six-year-old son to watch the episode in order to test how children would react to it; the boy reportedly liked it so much that he suggested the creation of a Remmick action figure whose head would blow up by pressing a button. This resulted in Berman deciding to air the episode uncut with the full sequence included.
Several props and effects seen in the episode were reproduced from the Star Trek movies, including the shots of Earth and Spacedock One and the painting used of Starfleet Command. The doors to the room where dinner is served were reused from season 2 on the set for Ten-Forward. The episode also features two first appearances; the Ambassador class starship was mentioned for the first time (the Horatio was a member of this class, as was the Enterprise-C) and it also marks the first time that a Bolian had been seen on Star Trek,Nemecek (1995): p. 69 the species having been named after the episode's director. Although the parasites never re-appeared in a Star Trek series, they are found in the Deep Space Nine relaunch novels, where they are revealed to be mutated Trill symbionts. They also reappear in several episodes of the game Star Trek Online. The parasites, known as Bluegill, are bio-engineered by the Solanae on behalf of the Iconians. They are not capable of infecting a joined Trill. |
Conspiracy (Star Trek: The Next Generation) | Cultural references | Cultural references
The website Women at Warp noted the similarities to the 1998 Buffy the Vampire Slayer episode "Bad Eggs""In both, insect-like creatures invade human hosts in service to a 'mother' parasite. Not only do each show's creatures look alike (six legs, pincers up front, tail in the back), they even attach to their victims in similar fashion, burrowing into their necks." |
Conspiracy (Star Trek: The Next Generation) | Reception | Reception
"Conspiracy" aired in broadcast syndication within the United States during the week commencing May 13, 1988. It received Nielsen ratings of 9.4, reflecting the percentage of all households watching the episode during its timeslot. This was a decrease of 0.3 ratings points from the previous episode, "We'll Always Have Paris" and was less than the 10.2 rating received by the following episode, "The Neutral Zone". Due to the nature of the content, a warning was aired before "Conspiracy" was screened in Canada. It was initially banned by the BBC in the United Kingdom, but was later aired on BBC Two in a bowdlerised form. The episode was nominated with "Coming of Age" for Best Makeup at the 40th Primetime Emmy Awards, winning the award, one of three Emmys won by the show that year.
Several reviewers re-watched Star Trek: The Next Generation after the end of the series. Keith DeCandido for Tor.com described the episode as "a nasty episode that doesn't quite cohere into the level of nasty it could" but that the series "doesn't do horror/action all that often, and it serves as a good change of pace if nothing else". He gave "Conspiracy" a score of four out of ten. Zack Handlen of The A.V. Club, thought that while "Conspiracy" was a "hard episode to forget", it was not quite as good as he remembered and did not quite "fit" with the rest of the season. He thought that certain parts of the plot were "idiotic" and the admirals reminded him of a "Bond villain convention". He gave the episode an overall grade of B, writing, "fingers crossed that next time we encounter a danger this sinister, the writers know how to handle it".
"Conspiracy" was included as an honorable mention in a list of the best episodes of Star Trek: The Next Generation by Mike Antonucci of the San Jose Mercury News. It was also included in a list of the best and worst episodes by Scott Thill at Wired magazine as one of the best, describing the reactions to the episode as "polarizing" and suggesting that "Conspiracy" might be worthy of becoming a plot in a future film by J. J. Abrams. Total Film also suggested the episode as a potential plot for the film that would become Star Trek Into Darkness, and described it as "easily one of the greatest episodes of Star Trek: The Next Generation". In 2012, David Brown of Radio Times called "Conspiracy" "a definite high point" in the first season and included it on a list of The Next Generation greatest moments.
Wired ranked "Conspiracy" as one of the best of The Next Generation in a 2012 review of the series' "sci-fi optimism", and they noted the creative plot involving a threat to the Federation.
In 2016, Radio Times rated the explosion of Remmick as the 50th greatest scene in Star Trek. In 2016, The Hollywood Reporter rated the episode as the 99th best episode of all Star Trek episodes up to that time. In 2019, Ars Technica noted that the episode made them feel like the Enterprise-D was operating in a larger universe, the stop-motion special effects sequence and the legacy of a secret conspiracy in Starfleet. In 2017, the episode was noted as featuring scary or eerie Star Trek content.
In 2017, Den of Geek ranked "Conspiracy" as one of top 25 "must watch" episodes of Star Trek: The Next Generation. They also note that this episode's plot is foreshadowed by the prior episode "Coming of Age".
In 2018, TheGamer ranked this one of the top 25 creepiest episodes of all Star Trek series.
In 2019, Ars Technica was favourable to the episode, saying "There are plenty of reasons to love the episode" with a reason being "because it feels like part of a larger storyand a larger universe." They are happy with an ending that leaves the mystery open, and gave viewers a break from story-of-the-week formula.
In 2019, The Hollywood Reporter listed this episode among the twenty five best episodes of Star Trek: The Next Generation, noting that it was the favorite episode of the series' property master, Alan Sims.
In 2020, GameSpot noted this episode as one of the most bizarre moments of the series, the startlingly graphic explosion and melting of a parasitic alien and host. |
Conspiracy (Star Trek: The Next Generation) | Home media release | Home media release
The episode was released on VHS cassette in the U.S. on May 26, 1993. The episode was later included on the Star Trek: The Next Generation season one DVD box set, released in March 2002. "Conspiracy" was released as part of the season one Blu-ray set on July 24, 2012. |
Conspiracy (Star Trek: The Next Generation) | Notes | Notes |
Conspiracy (Star Trek: The Next Generation) | References | References
|
Conspiracy (Star Trek: The Next Generation) | External links | External links
Category:1988 American television episodes
Category:Emmy Award–winning episodes
Category:Star Trek: The Next Generation season 1 episodes
Category:Television episodes directed by Cliff Bole
Category:Works subject to expurgation
Category:Television episodes written by Tracy Tormé |
Conspiracy (Star Trek: The Next Generation) | Table of Content | Use American English, Plot, Production, Cultural references, Reception, Home media release, Notes, References, External links |
Roy Bittan | short description | Roy J. Bittan (born July 2, 1949)IMDb is an American musician best known as a long-time member of Bruce Springsteen's E Street Band. Nicknamed "The Professor", Bittan joined the E Street Band in 1974. He plays the piano, organ, accordion and synthesizers. Bittan was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2014 as a member of the E Street Band.
Aside from his membership in the E Street Band, Bittan has worked as a session musician for singer-songwriters and rock and pop artists. |
Roy Bittan | Life and career | Life and career
Bittan was born in Queens, New York and is Jewish. He is a longtime member of Bruce Springsteen's E Street Band and has performed on the majority of Springsteen's albums, beginning with Born to Run (1975). In Springsteen's band introductions, Bittan's "Professor" moniker was given because (supposedly) he was the only member of the group with a college degree. Bittan provided backing vocals for the song Thunder Road, along with Steven Van Zandt and Mike Appel. His voice is also featured slightly on the vocal weaving in "Out in the Street". However, from the Born in the U.S.A. Tour on, his voice was no longer used. When Springsteen decided to break his connection with the E Street Band in 1989, Bittan was the only member he retained.
With the E Street Band, Bittan uses a Yamaha grand piano, preferring the bright sound to cut through the group's sound compared with other acoustic models. He has also been known to use Yamaha, Korg and Kurzweil keyboards as part of his live rig. Bittan is an avid accordion player, which was a skill he seldom used with the E Street Band until he played "American Land" as the closing number on the 2007–2008 Magic Tour and later played the instrument on "4th of July, Asbury Park (Sandy)" after the death of bandmate Danny Federici.
Aside from his membership in the E Street Band, Bittan has worked as a session musician for singer-songwriters and rock and pop artists, including Bonnie Tyler, Jon Bon Jovi, David Bowie, Jackson Browne, Lucinda Williams, Tracy Chapman, Chicago, Catie Curtis, Dire Straits, Bob Dylan, Peter Gabriel, Ian Hunter, Meat Loaf, Stevie Nicks, Bob Seger, Lou Reed, Celine Dion, Nelly Furtado, Patty Smyth, and Jim Steinman.
Bittan played piano on Meat Loaf's 1977 hit album Bat Out of Hell. Composer Jim Steinman wanted Bittan for the album due to his love for Springsteen's early work, particularly on Born to Run. Following those sessions, Bittan regularly and nearly exclusively collaborated with Steinman, appearing on three more Meat Loaf albums (most notably Bat Out of Hell II: Back into Hell), Steinman's solo album Bad for Good, an Air Supply single, a Barbra Streisand single, an album by Pandora's Box, Total Eclipse of the Heart, and others.
Bittan also played on the Dire Straits album Making Movies (1980). Mark Knopfler's decision to have the keyboardist on the album's lineup was reportedly influenced by his affection for "Because the Night", a keyboard-driven hit song cowritten by Springsteen and Patti Smith.
Bittan played on the 1978 second solo album from Peter Gabriel, appearing on the songs "On the Air", "Mother of Violence", "D.I.Y." and "White Shadow". Bittan also played on two David Bowie albums, Station to Station (1976) and Scary Monsters (1980).
Bittan influenced the sound Stevie Nicks created for her solo debut away from Fleetwood Mac, Bella Donna (1981). About the time that the album reached number one in the United States (and Springsteen's The River Tour concluded), Bittan joined as a sideman on a short tour with Nicks along with some of the other top musicians of the day: Benmont Tench on organ, bass guitarist Bob Glaub, Waddy Wachtel on guitar, Russ Kunkel on drums, and Bobbeye Hall on percussion. Bittan also played on Nicks' second solo album The Wild Heart and has continued to play with her sporadically.
Bittan produced and played accordion on Lucinda Williams's album Car Wheels on a Gravel Road. He also played accordion on Nelly Furtado's album The Spirit Indestructible on a track entitled "Waiting for the Night".
Bittan released his first solo album, Out of the Box, in 2014. |
Roy Bittan | References | References |
Roy Bittan | External links | External links
Category:American rock pianists
Category:American male pianists
Category:American rock keyboardists
Category:American session musicians
Category:E Street Band members
Category:Grammy Award winners
Category:Living people
Category:Musicians from New York (state)
Category:People from Rockaway, Queens
Category:20th-century American pianists
Category:21st-century American accordionists
Category:21st-century American keyboardists
Category:20th-century American keyboardists
Category:1949 births |
Roy Bittan | Table of Content | short description, Life and career, References, External links |
Gostak | Short description | "Gostak", a meaningless noun, occurs in the phrase "the gostak distims the doshes", which exemplifies how it is possible to derive meaning from the syntax of a sentence even if the referents of the terms are entirely unknown. It is an example of a nonce word.
The phrase, coined in 1903 by Andrew Ingraham became popularised through its quotation in 1923 by C. K. Ogden and I. A. Richards in their book The Meaning of Meaning, and has since been referenced in a number of cultural contexts. |
Gostak | History | History
Coined in 1903 by Andrew Ingraham, the sentence became more widely known through its quotation in 1923 by C. K. Ogden and I. A. Richards in their book The Meaning of Meaning (p. 46).
Ogden and Richards refer to Ingraham as an "able but little known writer", and quote his following dialogue: |
Gostak | Deriving meaning | Deriving meaning
This can be seen in the following dialogue:
Q: What is the gostak?
A: The gostak is what distims the doshes.
Q: What's distimming?
A: Distimming is what the gostak does to the doshes.
Q: Okay, but what are doshes?
A: The doshes are what the gostak distims.
In this case, it is possible to describe the grammatical and syntactical relationships between the terms in the sentence — that gostak is a noun subject, distimming is a transitive verb, and doshes is a plural direct object — even though there is no fact of the matter about what a gostak or distimming or doshes actually are. |
Gostak | Cultural references | Cultural references
The phrase appears in a number of subsequent cultural contexts including: |
Gostak | Science fiction | Science fiction
Miles Breuer wrote a story, published in Amazing Stories for March 1930 and now considered a classic, titled "The Gostak and the Doshes" whose protagonist travels to an alternate Earth in which the phrase is a political slogan, one that induces sufficient umbrage throughout the populace to declare justified, righteous war. The protagonist attempts to discern the meaning, but every definition he receives is some rewording of the phrase. Other writers have picked up on the reference, notably David Gerrold. |
Gostak | Interactive fiction | Interactive fiction
The phrase is the namesake of an interactive fiction game called The Gostak, written by Carl Muckenhoupt. Most of the text of the game is in an entirely unknown language (fundamentally English in syntax and grammar, but with much of the vocabulary and even idiomatic constructions changed) which the player must decipher, not only to understand the game's text but also to type commands in the same language. For example, the game opens with the following text:
The Gostak won the 2001 XYZZY Awards for Best Use of Medium and Best Individual Puzzle. |
Gostak | See also | See also
Sepulka
Colorless green ideas sleep furiously
Glokaya kuzdra
Jabberwocky
Nadsat
Part-of-speech tagging
Philosophy of language
Pseudoword
Semantics
Stanley Unwin |
Gostak | References | References |
Gostak | External links | External links
Entry for The Gostak in the IFDB
Category:Semantics |
Gostak | Table of Content | Short description, History, Deriving meaning, Cultural references, Science fiction, Interactive fiction, See also, References, External links |
File:Bat out of Hell.jpg | [[Meat Loaf]] | Meat Loaf - Bat Out of Hell album cover, illustrated by Richard Corben.
Copyright: Sony/Epic/Cleveland International Records |
File:Bat out of Hell.jpg | Fair use rationale for [[Bat Out of Hell]] | Fair use rationale for Bat Out of Hell
Low resolution copy of the album cover.
Does not limit the value of the text.
No free alternative available or could be created.
The cover is critically discussed in the article: Bat_Out_of_Hell#Cover
Words cannot fully express the complexity and symbolism of the image. |
File:Bat out of Hell.jpg | Licensing | Licensing
uk:Файл:Bat out of Hell.jpg
ar:ملف:Bat out of Hell.jpg |
File:Bat out of Hell.jpg | Table of Content | [[Meat Loaf]], Fair use rationale for [[Bat Out of Hell]], Licensing |
Corporal mortification | # | redirect Mortification of the flesh |
Corporal mortification | Table of Content | # |
Earl of Portland | short description | Earl of Portland is a title that has been created twice in the Peerage of England, firstly in 1633 and secondly in 1689. What proved to be a long co-held title, Duke of Portland, was created in 1716 and became extinct in 1990 upon the death of the ninth Duke, at which point the earldom passed to the most senior agnatic (solely male-line) cousin, namely one of the 6th degree. |
Earl of Portland | First creation (1633) | First creation (1633)
The title of Earl of Portland was first created for the politician Richard Weston, 1st Baron Weston, in 1633. He was Chancellor of the Exchequer from 1621 to 1628 and Lord High Treasurer from 1628 to 1635. He had already been created Baron Weston of Nayland in the County of Suffolk in 1628; this title was also in the Peerage of England. He was succeeded by his son, the second Earl. He served as Joint Lord Lieutenant of Hampshire. His son, the third Earl, was killed at the Battle of Lowestoft in 1665. He was unmarried and was succeeded by his uncle, the fourth Earl. He was childless and on his death in 1688, the titles became extinct. |
Earl of Portland | Second creation (1689) | Second creation (1689)
The title was created for a second time in 1689 in favour of William Bentinck, the Dutch favourite and close advisor of King William III. He was made Baron Cirencester and Viscount Woodstock at the same time he was given the earldom, also in the Peerage of England.
The first Earl was succeeded in 1709 by his son from his first marriage, Henry Bentinck, who became the second Earl. He had represented Southampton and Hampshire in the House of Commons. In 1716, he was created Marquess of Titchfield and Duke of Portland in the Peerage of Great Britain.
His grandson, William Cavendish-Bentinck, 3rd Duke of Portland, was a noted politician. He was Prime Minister in 1783 and from 1807 to 1809, and he also served as Home Secretary and as Lord President of the Council. In 1801, he assumed by Royal licence the additional surname of Cavendish (to form Cavendish-Bentinck). He was the husband of Lady Dorothy Cavendish, daughter of William Cavendish, 4th Duke of Devonshire, and was a descendant on his mother's side of Henry Cavendish, 2nd Duke of Newcastle-upon-Tyne.
The third Duke was succeeded by his eldest son, William Bentinck, 4th Duke of Portland. The fourth Duke was also a politician and served as Lord Privy Seal in 1827 and as Lord President of the Council from 1827 to 1828. He married Henrietta Scott, daughter of Major-General John Scott, in 1795 and assumed by Royal licence the same year the additional surname of Scott in the manner of Cavendish-Bentinck. His eldest son and heir apparent, William Cavendish-Scott-Bentinck, Marquess of Titchfield, represented two constituencies in Parliament but died unmarried in 1824, 15 years before his father. The fourth Duke was therefore succeeded by his second son, William Cavendish-Scott-Bentinck, 5th Duke of Portland. The fifth Duke is remembered as a capable architect and engineer but eccentric, who excavated an underground art gallery and library under his estate at Welbeck Abbey.
The fifth Duke died unmarried and was succeeded by his first cousin once removed, William Cavendish-Bentinck, 6th Duke of Portland, who was the only son from the first marriage of Lieutenant-General Arthur Cavendish-Bentinck, younger son of Lord Charles Bentinck, the third son of the third Duke. Charles' first son, also named Charles, was a maternal great-grandfather of Queen Elizabeth II. In 1880, the sixth Duke also succeeded his stepmother as second Baron Bolsover. He was a Conservative politician and served as Master of the Horse from 1886 to 1892 and from 1895 to 1905.
His eldest son, William Cavendish-Bentinck, 7th Duke of Portland, was also a Conservative politician and served as a Junior Lord of the Treasury from 1927 to 1929 and in 1932. The seventh Duke had no sons and was succeeded by his third cousin, Ferdinand Cavendish-Bentinck, 8th Duke of Portland, a great-grandson of Major-General Lord Frederick Cavendish-Bentinck, fourth son of the third Duke. The barony of Bolsover became extinct upon the death of the seventh Duke.
The great estates which had been entailed with the dukedom for generations, including Welbeck Abbey, were separated from the title by the sixth Duke, who broke the entail and created a trust which ultimately ensured that his granddaughter Lady Anne Cavendish-Bentinck inherited the ducal wealth on the death of her father, the seventh duke.Lady Anne Cavendish-Bentinck Landowner who inherited a ducal fortune and refused the hand of a Belgian prince by staying in bed, obituary in Daily Telegraph, 31 December 2008
The eighth Duke was a colonial administrator in British Kenya and served as Speaker of the Legislative Assembly of Kenya. He was childless and was succeeded by his younger brother, Victor Cavendish-Bentinck, 9th Duke of Portland, a diplomat who had served as British Ambassador to Poland. The ninth Duke's only son, William James Cavendish-Bentinck (1925–1966), died before him without issue. Upon the ninth Duke's death in 1990 at the age of 93, the dukedom of Portland and the marquessate of Titchfield became extinct.
The ninth Duke was succeeded in his other peerages by his sixth cousin, Henry Bentinck, 11th Earl of Portland. He was the great-great-great-great-grandson of Willem Bentinck, 1st Count Bentinck (1704–1774), eldest son of the first Earl from his second marriage, who had been created a Count of the Holy Roman Empire in 1732 (with a Royal licence of 1886 to use the title in England). , the titles are held by his only son, the twelfth Earl, born in Australia, who is also Count Bentinck of the Holy Roman Empire. He is an actor known by his professional name, Tim Bentinck. |
Earl of Portland | Other members of the Cavendish-Bentinck family | Other members of the Cavendish-Bentinck family
Several other members of the Cavendish-Bentinck family have also gained distinction. Lord William Bentinck, second son of the third Duke, was a prominent soldier, politician and colonial administrator. The aforementioned Arthur Cavendish-Bentinck was a lieutenant-general in the British Army. His grandson Lord Henry Cavendish-Bentinck was a Conservative politician. Lord Frederick Cavendish-Bentinck, fourth son of the third Duke, was a major-general in the army and a Tory MP. His only son George Cavendish-Bentinck was a Conservative politician. Lord George Bentinck, fifth son of the fourth Duke, was a Tory politician. John Charles Bentinck, grandson of the Hon. William Bentinck, eldest son from the second marriage of the 1st Earl, was also a major-general in the army. His younger son Sir Henry John William Bentinck was also a noted soldier. Margaret Bentinck, Duchess of Portland, wife of the second Duke, was a wealthy heiress and collector. Cecilia Bowes-Lyon, Countess of Strathmore and Kinghorne, maternal grandmother of Elizabeth II, was a Cavendish-Bentinck before marriage. |
Earl of Portland | Seat | Seat
The seat of the Dukes of Portland was Welbeck Abbey, Nottinghamshire. Welbeck Abbey and its many acres continued in the senior branch of the family (becoming Cavendish-Bentinck) through the ancestry of a daughter of the 7th Duke. The mansion was in the early 21st century restored as a family home after many years of institutional use. The Dukes of Portland also owned the village of Pegswood in Northumberland.
The traditional burial place of the Dukes of Portland at Welbeck Abbey was the churchyard of St Winifred's Church in the nearby village of Holbeck. |
Earl of Portland | Place name legacies | Place name legacies
Portland, Victoria
Portland House in London
A house of Welbeck College
Portland College in Nottinghamshire |
Earl of Portland | Historical documents | Historical documents
Two major collections of papers of the Cavendish-Bentinck Dukes of Portland have been deposited at the department of Manuscripts and Special Collections, The University of Nottingham. A complementary archive collection has been deposited at Nottinghamshire Archives. |
Earl of Portland | Earls of Portland; First creation (1633) | Earls of Portland; First creation (1633)
Richard Weston, 1st Earl of Portland (1577–1635)
Jerome Weston, 2nd Earl of Portland (1605–1663)
Charles Weston, 3rd Earl of Portland (1639–1665)
Thomas Weston, 4th Earl of Portland (1609–1688) |
Earl of Portland | Earls of Portland; Second creation (1689) | Earls of Portland; Second creation (1689)
thumb|230px|William Bentinck, 1st Earl of Portland
Hans William Bentinck, 1st Earl of Portland (1649–1709)
Willem Bentinck (1681–1688), eldest son of the 1st Earl, died young
Henry Bentinck, 2nd Earl of Portland (1682–1726), second son of the 1st Earl, created Duke of Portland in 1715 |
Earl of Portland | Dukes of Portland (1716) | Dukes of Portland (1716)
thumb|230px|Portrait of the Duke of Portland by Thomas Lawrence, 1792. William Cavendish-Bentinck, 3rd Duke of Portland, who twice served as Prime Minister
Henry Bentinck, 1st Duke of Portland (1682–1726), second son of the 1st Earl
William Bentinck, 2nd Duke of Portland (1709–1762), eldest son of the 1st Duke
William Henry Cavendish-Bentinck, 3rd Duke of Portland (1738–1809), eldest son of the 2nd Duke
William Henry Cavendish-Scott-Bentinck, 4th Duke of Portland (1768–1854), eldest son of the 3rd Duke
William Henry Cavendish-Scott-Bentinck, Marquess of Titchfield (1796–1824), eldest son of the 4th Duke, predeceased his father unmarried
William John Cavendish-Scott-Bentinck, 5th Duke of Portland (1800–1879), second son of the 4th Duke, died unmarried
William John Arthur Charles James Cavendish-Bentinck, 6th Duke of Portland (1857–1943), grandson of Lt.-Col. Lord William Charles Augustus Cavendish-Bentinck, third son of the 3rd Duke
William Arthur Henry Cavendish-Bentinck, 7th Duke of Portland (1893–1977), eldest son of the 6th Duke, died without male issue
Ferdinand William Cavendish-Bentinck, 8th Duke of Portland (1888–1980), great-grandson of Maj.-Gen. Lord Frederick Cavendish-Bentinck, fourth son of the 3rd Duke, died without issue
Victor Frederick William Cavendish-Bentinck, 9th Duke of Portland (1897–1990), younger brother of the 8th Duke, dukedom became extinct upon his death
William James Cavendish-Bentinck (1925–1966), only son of the 9th Duke, predeceased his father without issue |
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