title
stringlengths 1
80
| section
stringlengths 1
623
| text
stringlengths 0
40.4k
|
|---|---|---|
Earl of Portland | Earls of Portland; Second creation (1689; Reverted) | Earls of Portland; Second creation (1689; Reverted)
Henry Noel Bentinck, 11th Earl of Portland (1919–1997), great-great-great-great-grandson of Willem Bentinck, 1st Count Bentinck, third son of the 1st Earl
Timothy Charles Robert Noel Bentinck, 12th Earl of Portland (born 1953), only son of the 11th Earl
The heir apparent is the present holder's eldest son, William Jack Henry Bentinck, Viscount Woodstock (born 1984). |
Earl of Portland | Counts Bentinck, of the Holy Roman Empire (1732) | Counts Bentinck, of the Holy Roman Empire (1732)
In 1732, the title Count Bentinck (Graf Bentinck), of the Holy Roman Empire, was created by Emperor Charles VI in the Duchy of Guelders for Willem Bentinck, the second surviving son of Hans William Bentinck, 1st Earl of Portland.
Willem Bentinck, 1st Count Bentinck (1704–1774), son of the 1st Earl of Portland and his second wife, Jane Martha Temple
William Gustavus Frederick Bentinck, 2nd Count Bentinck (1762–1835), grandson of the 1st Count
John Charles Bentinck, 3rd Count Bentinck (1763–1833), brother of the 2nd Count
Charles Anthony Ferdinand Bentinck, 4th Count Bentinck (1792–1864), son of the 3rd Count
Henry Charles Adolphus Frederick William Bentinck, 5th Count Bentinck (1846–1903, who married in Dec 1874 Harriet Eliza McKerrell, of the McKerrells, lairds of Hillhouse), son of the 4th Count
The 5th Count Bentinck renounced the title in 1875, thus his younger brother William became the 6th Count. However, in 1886, the former 5th Count was granted a Royal Licence which allowed him and his descendants the use of the title Count (or Countess) before their Christian names.
William Charles Philip Otto Bentinck, 6th Count Bentinck (1848–1912), brother of the 5th Count
William Frederick Bentinck, 7th Count Bentinck (1880–1958), son of the 6th Count
Charles Bentinck, 8th Count Bentinck (1885–1964), first cousin of the 7th Count
Godard Adrian Henry Jules Bentinck, 9th Count Bentinck (1887–1968), brother of the 8th Count
Henry Noel Bentinck, 10th Count Bentinck (1919–1997), grandson of the 5th Count and first cousin once removed of the 9th Count; already the 10th Count Bentinck since 1968, in 1990 he also became the 11th Earl of Portland after inheriting the English peerage from a distant cousin
Timothy Charles Robert Noel Bentinck, 11th Count Bentinck (born 1953), son of the 10th Count; he is also the 12th Earl of Portland and is known as the actor Tim Bentinck
The heir apparent is the present holder's eldest son, William Jack Henry Bentinck (born 1984), whose courtesy title is Viscount Woodstock. |
Earl of Portland | Family tree | Family tree |
Earl of Portland | See also | See also
Baron Bolsover
Bentinck family
Bentinck family (Dutch Wikipedia)
Duchess of Portland
Edward Herbert (judge), created Earl of Portland in the Jacobite peerage in 1690 by James II of England while both were in exile |
Earl of Portland | References | References |
Earl of Portland | External links | External links
Biographies of the Earls and Dukes of Portland and their predecessors, with links to online catalogues, from Manuscripts and Special Collections at the University of Nottingham
Category:Earldoms in the Peerage of England
Category:Extinct earldoms in the Peerage of England
Portland
Category:Extinct earldoms in the Jacobite Peerage
Category:Noble titles created in 1633
Category:Noble titles created in 1689
Category:1633 establishments in England
Category:1689 disestablishments in England |
Earl of Portland | Table of Content | short description, First creation (1633), Second creation (1689), Other members of the Cavendish-Bentinck family, Seat, Place name legacies, Historical documents, Earls of Portland; First creation (1633), Earls of Portland; Second creation (1689), Dukes of Portland (1716), Earls of Portland; Second creation (1689; Reverted), Counts Bentinck, of the Holy Roman Empire (1732), Family tree, See also, References, External links |
Tayside | Short description | Tayside () was one of the nine regions used for local government in Scotland from 16 May 1975 to 31 March 1996. The region was named after the River Tay. |
Tayside | History | History
Tayside region was created in 1975 under the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973, which established a two-tier structure of local government across mainland Scotland comprising upper-tier regions and lower-tier districts, following recommendations made by the 1969 Wheatley Report. Tayside region covered the whole area of the counties of Angus, Dundee (which was a county of a city), Kinross-shire and most of Perthshire. Tayside region was divided into three districts: Angus, Dundee, and Perth and Kinross.
Tayside region was abolished in 1996 under the Local Government etc. (Scotland) Act 1994, which replaced regions and districts with unitary council areas. Each of Tayside's three districts became a separate council area, with some adjustments to boundaries around Dundee.
Tayside Regional Council directly operated local bus services in the City of Dundee from 1975 until 1986, when bus deregulation under terms of the Transport Act 1985 was implemented. The restructured Tayside Buses became employee-owned in 1991, was sold to National Express in 1997 and McGill's Bus Services in 2020, and today trades as Xplore Dundee.National Express sells Xplore Dundee to McGill's Buses issue 791 February 2021 page 84
Tayside continues to have a joint electoral, valuation, and health board. It retained its police and fire services until they were merged, on 1 April 2013, into bodies known as Police Scotland and the Scottish Fire and Rescue Service, which cover the whole of Scotland. Provision of healthcare across the region also continues via NHS Tayside.
Angus Council, Dundee City Council and Perth and Kinross Council formed Tayside Contracts as their commercial arm and to provide shared services, such as road and housing maintenance, winter maintenance (snow clearing and gritting), catering and cleaning services across the former Tayside area. Tayside Contracts services are open to the public and all profits from the company are equally fed back into each of the three councils to bolster revenue to the local authorities to provide cash for services as a boost to central government and council tax income. |
Tayside | Political control | Political control
The first election to the regional council was held in 1974, initially operating as a shadow authority alongside the outgoing authorities until it came into its powers on 16 May 1975. Political control of the council from 1975 was as follows:
Party in controlYears 1975–1978 1978–1986 1986–1996 |
Tayside | Leadership | Leadership
The leaders of the council were:
Councillor Party From To Ian Mackie 16 May 1975 8 May 1986 Ron Tosh 16 May 1986 23 Jun 1987 Chris Ward 23 Jun 1987 14 Dec 1989 Bill Derby 14 Dec 1989 13 May 1994 Lena Graham 13 May 1994 25 Jul 1994 Ewan Dow 25 Jul 1994 31 Mar 1996 |
Tayside | Elections | Elections
Election results were as follows:
YearSeatsSNPLabourConservativeLiberal DemocratsIndependent / OtherNotes 1974 46 0 15 22 0 9 1978 46 0 15 25 0 6 1982 46 5 12 27 0 2 1986 46 9 20 14 1 2 1990 46 10 18 14 2 2 1994 46 22 16 4 2 2 |
Tayside | Premises | Premises
thumb|Tayside House
The regional council established its headquarters at Tayside House at 28 Crichton Street in Dundee. It was already under construction when the council was created, and the council started moving into the building in May 1976. After the regional council's abolition, ownership of the building passed to the three successor councils. Dundee City Council bought out the other two councils' interests in the building in 1997 and used it as its own offices until 2011, after which the building was demolished. |
Tayside | References | References |
Tayside | External links | External links
Category:Regions of Scotland
Category:1975 establishments in Scotland
Category:1996 disestablishments in Scotland
Category:States and territories established in 1975
Category:States and territories disestablished in 1996 |
Tayside | Table of Content | Short description, History, Political control, Leadership, Elections, Premises, References, External links |
Central Scotland | dabconcept | Central Scotland may refer to:
Central Belt, the area of highest population density in Scotland, also known as the "Midlands" or "Scottish Midlands"
Central Lowlands, a geologically-defined area of relatively low-lying land in southern Scotland
Central Scotland (Scottish Parliament electoral region), one of the eight electoral regions of the Scottish Parliament
Central Region, Scotland, a local government region of Scotland 1975-1996
Centre of Scotland, the geographical centre of Scotland, located in the Highlands |
Central Scotland | See also | See also
Scottish Lowlands |
Central Scotland | Table of Content | dabconcept, See also |
Grampian | Short description | Grampian () was one of nine local government regions of Scotland. It was created in 1975 by the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973 and took its name from the Grampian Mountains. The regional council was based in Aberdeen.
The region was abolished in 1996 under the Local Government etc. (Scotland) Act 1994, which divided the region into the three single-tier council areas of Aberdeen City, Aberdeenshire, and Moray. |
Grampian | History | History
The Grampian region was created in 1975 under the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973, which created a two-tier structure of local government across Scotland. Grampian covered the combined area of four former counties, which were abolished for local government purposes at the same time:
Aberdeenshire
Aberdeen (which was a county of a city)
Kincardineshire
Moray (except Grantown-on-Spey and Cromdale, which went to Highland region)
Grampian was divided into five districts: City of Aberdeen, Banff and Buchan, Gordon, Kincardine and Deeside and Moray.
Grampian region was abolished in 1996 under the Local Government etc. (Scotland) Act 1994 which replaced regions and districts with unitary authorities. The region was divided into three single-tier council areas. The former City of Aberdeen and Moray districts each became council areas (although 'City of Aberdeen' was renamed 'Aberdeen City' to coincide with the reforms), and Banff and Buchan, Gordon, and Kincardine and Deeside merged into a new Aberdeenshire council area. |
Grampian | Geography | Geography
The Grampian region was encompassed almost all of what could be considered the north-east of Scotland. thumb|The region takes its name from the Grampian Mountains
thumb|Street in Old Aberdeen
thumb|Plainstones in Elgin
thumb|StonehavenAberdeen was the major city of the region. Other major towns are the former royal burgh of Elgin, the major fishing port of Peterhead, Fraserburgh, Inverurie, Westhill, Stonehaven, Forres, Ellon and Portlethen. Grampian Regional Council was based at Woodhill House, Westburn Road, Aberdeen. |
Grampian | Political control | Political control
The first election to the regional council was held in 1974, initially operating as a shadow authority alongside the outgoing authorities until it came into its powers on 16 May 1975. Political control of the council from 1975 was as follows:
Party in controlYears 1975–1986 1986–1996 |
Grampian | Leadership | Leadership
The conveners of the council were:
Councillor Party From To Sandy Mutch 1975 1982 John Sorrie 1982 1986 Geoff Hadley 1986 1990 Bob Middleton 1990 1994 Rhona Kemp 1994 1995 Gordon McDonald 1995 1996 |
Grampian | Elections | Elections
Election results were as follows:
YearSeatsConservativeLabourLiberal DemocratsSNPIndependent / OtherNotes 1974 53 28 13 2 0 10 1978 53 33 13 0 2 5 1982 54 28 15 6 3 2 1986 57 16 17 13 8 3 1990 57 10 19 11 14 3 1994 57 8 12 18 17 2 |
Grampian | Modern day use | Modern day use
Grampian continues to have a regional NHS board. The region also had a regional fire and rescue service and Police service before they were merged into Scottish Fire and Rescue Service and Police Scotland respectively in 2013. Grampian also had its own Television region called Grampian Television until it was dissolved and incorporated in STV North in 2006. |
Grampian | Successor council areas | Successor council areas
+Council areaComposition in terms of districts specified by the 1994 actAberdeen City (Named 'City of Aberdeen' by the 1994 act but changed its name to 'Aberdeen City' prior to the changes coming into force)City of AberdeenAberdeenshireBanff and Buchan, Gordon, Kincardine and DeesideMorayMoray |
Grampian | Premises | Premises
thumb|Woodhill House, Regional Headquarters
The regional council was based at Woodhill House in the western suburbs of Aberdeen. The site had formerly been occupied by a large house, which had been bought by the old Aberdeenshire County Council in 1967. The new building was designed in 1971 to be a headquarters for the county council, to replace its old offices at County Buildings in the centre of Aberdeen. The possibility that local government reform may be coming was taken into account in the design of the building, which was completed and occupied in phases from early 1975 onwards. An official opening ceremony for the building was held in May 1977.
On the abolition of the regional council in 1996 the building passed to the new Aberdeenshire Council. |
Grampian | See also | See also
Politics of Scotland
Politics of the United Kingdom
Subdivisions of Scotland |
Grampian | References | References |
Grampian | External links | External links
Category:Regions of Scotland
Category:1975 establishments in Scotland
Category:1996 disestablishments in Scotland
Category:States and territories established in 1975
Category:States and territories disestablished in 1996
Category:Politics of Aberdeen
Category:Politics of Aberdeenshire
Category:Politics of Moray |
Grampian | Table of Content | Short description, History, Geography, Political control, Leadership, Elections, Modern day use, Successor council areas, Premises, See also, References, External links |
Thomas D'Alesandro Jr. | short description | Thomas Ludwig John D'Alesandro Jr. (August 1, 1903 – August 23, 1987) was an American politician who served as the 41st mayor of Baltimore from 1947 to 1959. A member of the Democratic Party, he previously represented in the United States House of Representatives from 1939 until 1947. He was known for his own political prominence as well as that of his children and was the patriarch of the D'Alesandro political family, which includes Nancy Pelosi, the 52nd speaker of the United States House of Representatives; and Thomas D'Alesandro III, the 44th mayor of Baltimore. |
Thomas D'Alesandro Jr. | Early life | Early life
D'Alesandro was born in Baltimore on August 1, 1903. He was the son of Maria Antonia Petronilla (née Foppiani) and Tommaso F. D'Alessandro. His father was born in Montenerodomo, Abruzzo, Italy, and his mother was born in Baltimore, to parents from Genoa, Liguria, Italy.Stated on Finding Your Roots, January 12, 2021 D'Alesandro attended Calvert Business College in Baltimore. Before beginning his political career, he worked as an insurance and real estate broker. |
Thomas D'Alesandro Jr. | Career | Career
thumb|right|D'Alesandro being sworn in as a member of the Renegotiation Board in 1961
D'Alesandro served as a member of the Maryland State House of Delegates from 1926 to 1933. After serving in Annapolis, D'Alesandro was then appointed as General Deputy Collector of Internal Revenue, a post in which he served during 1933–1934. He then was elected to serve on the Baltimore City Council from 1935 to 1938.
D'Alesandro was then elected to the 76th Congress and to the four succeeding Congresses, serving from January 3, 1939, until he resigned on May 16, 1947. While in Congress, D'Alesandro strongly supported the Bergson Group, a "political action committee set up to challenge the Roosevelt Administration's policies on the Jewish refugee issue during the Holocaust, and later lobbied against British control of Palestine" despite his equally strong support for Roosevelt's other policies.Medoff, Rafael, "Pelosi's father and the Holocaust". The Jerusalem Post. April 11, 2007. April 16, 2007.
Following his service in Congress he was the Mayor of Baltimore for 12 years from May 1947 to May 1959. D'Alesandro served on the Federal Renegotiation Board from 1961 to 1969 after being appointed by President John F. Kennedy. On September 21, 1966, President Lyndon Baines Johnson's assistant Mildred Stegall requested a routine FBI name check on D'Alesandro. FBI records released on January 6, 2021 showed D'Alesandro had been the subject of a Special Inquiry investigation in March and April 1961, revealing numerous allegations of association with criminals in Baltimore. |
Thomas D'Alesandro Jr. | Political campaigns | Political campaigns
D'Alesandro was a strong contender for Governor of Maryland in 1954, but dropped out after being implicated in receiving undeclared money from Dominic Piracci, a parking garage owner convicted of fraud, conspiracy, and conspiracy to obstruct justice."The Little World of Tommy", Time. April 26, 1954. Piracci was the father of Margie Piracci D'Alesandro, the wife of D'Alesandro's oldest son and namesake Thomas D'Alesandro III. Mayor D'Alesandro was later exonerated and never indicted.
After withdrawing, D'Alesandro tacitly supported University of Maryland President Curley Byrd, who lost, 54.5% to 45.5%, to Theodore McKeldin, the Republican incumbent and D'Alesandro's predecessor as Mayor of Baltimore.
In 1958, D'Alesandro ran for the United States Senate in a bid to defeat Republican incumbent J. Glenn Beall. D'Alesandro first had to spend money and time defeating perennial candidate/contractor George P. Mahoney in the Democratic primary. D'Alesandro then ran a strong campaign, losing to Beall in a close race, the first election D'Alesandro had ever lost.
In 1959, D'Alesandro was defeated in a bid for another term for Mayor of Baltimore by J. Harold Grady. |
Thomas D'Alesandro Jr. | Retrospective analysis | Retrospective analysis
In 2017, in an effort to counter D'Alesandro's daughter Nancy's efforts to remove statues of Confederate figures from the halls of Congress, conservative commentators noted that in 1948, D'Alesandro dedicated the Stonewall Jackson and Robert E. Lee Monument in his capacity as Mayor of Baltimore, along with the then-Governor of Maryland, William Preston Lane Jr. His son, Thomas D'Alesandro III, who later served as Mayor of Baltimore from 1967 to 1971, said about his father "His whole life was politics. He was not what you would call a flaming liberal, but he was a progressive." |
Thomas D'Alesandro Jr. | Personal life | Personal life
D'Alesandro was married to Annunciata M. ("Nancy") Lombardi (1909–1995).Baltimore Sun, October 1, 1928, p. 20. Together, the couple had six children, five sons and a daughter:
Thomas Ludwig John D'Alesandro III (1929–2019), attorney and politician who served as the mayor of Baltimore from 1967 to 1971.
Nicholas M. D'Alesandro (1930–1934)
Franklin Delano Roosevelt D'Alesandro (1933–2007), who also served in the U.S. Army.
Hector Joseph D'Alesandro (1935–1995)
Joseph Thomas D'Alesandro (1937–2004)
Nancy Patricia D'Alesandro Pelosi (born 1940), politician who served as the speaker of the House from 2007 to 2011 and from 2019 to 2023; she is the first woman elected Speaker and the first woman in American history to lead a major political party in either chamber of Congress.
D'Alesandro did not speak Italian but spoke Yiddish.
Two months after being present at Nancy's swearing in as a congresswoman, D'Alesandro died on August 23, 1987, in Baltimore, Maryland. |
Thomas D'Alesandro Jr. | See also | See also
1947 Baltimore mayoral election
1951 Baltimore mayoral election
1955 Baltimore mayoral election
Thomas D'Alesandro Stadium |
Thomas D'Alesandro Jr. | References | References |
Thomas D'Alesandro Jr. | External links | External links
Biography Provided by the Baltimore City Government
Thomas D' Alesandro Jr. FBI Files
|-
|-
Category:1903 births
Category:1987 deaths
Category:American people of Italian descent
Category:Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Maryland
Category:Italian-American culture in Baltimore
Category:Mayors of Baltimore
Category:Democratic Party members of the Maryland House of Delegates
Category:Pelosi family
Category:20th-century members of the Maryland General Assembly
Category:People of Abruzzese descent
Category:20th-century members of the United States House of Representatives |
Thomas D'Alesandro Jr. | Table of Content | short description, Early life, Career, Political campaigns, Retrospective analysis, Personal life, See also, References, External links |
Martin Heinrich Klaproth | Short description | Martin Heinrich Klaproth (1 December 1743 – 1 January 1817) was a German chemist. He trained and worked for much of his life as an apothecary, moving in later life to the university. His shop became the second-largest apothecary in Berlin, and the most productive artisanal chemical research center in Europe.
Klaproth was a major systematizer of analytical chemistry, and an independent inventor of gravimetric analysis. His attention to detail and refusal to ignore discrepancies in results led to improvements in the use of apparatus. He was a major figure in understanding the composition of minerals and characterizing the elements.
Klaproth discovered uranium (1789)
and zirconium (1789).
He was also involved in the discovery or co-discovery of
titanium (1795),
strontium (1793),
cerium (1803), and
chromium (1797) and confirmed the previous discoveries of
tellurium (1798) and
beryllium (1798).
Klaproth was a member and director of the Berlin Academy of Sciences. He was recognized internationally as a member of the Royal Society in London, the Institut de France, and the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. |
Martin Heinrich Klaproth | Career | Career
Klaproth was born in Wernigerode. He was the son of a tailor, and attended the Latin school at Wernigerode for four years.
For much of his life he followed the profession of apothecary. In 1759, when he was 16 years old, he apprenticed at Quedlinburg. In 1764, he became a journeyman. He trained in pharmacies at Quedlinburg (1759–1766); Hanover (1766–1768, with August Hermann Brande); Berlin (1768); and Danzig (1770).
In 1771, Klaproth returned to Berlin to work for Valentin Rose the Elder as manager of his business. Following Rose's death, Klaproth passed the required examinations to become senior manager. Following his marriage in 1780, he was able to buy his own establishment, the Apotheke zum Baren. Between 1782 and 1800, Klaproth published 84 papers based on researches carried out in the Apotheke's laboratory. His shop was the most productive site of artisanal chemistry investigations in Europe at that time.
Beginning in 1782, he was the assessor of pharmacy for the examining board of the Ober-Collegium Medicum. In 1787 Klaproth was appointed lecturer in chemistry to the Prussian Royal Artillery.
In 1788, Klaproth became an unsalaried member of the Berlin Academy of Sciences. In 1800, he became the salaried director of the Berlin Academy of Sciences. He sold the apothecary and moved to the academy, where he convinced the university to build a new laboratory. Upon completion in 1802, Klaproth moved the equipment from his apothecary laboratory into the new building.
When the University of Berlin was founded in 1810 he was selected to be the professor of chemistry.
He died in Berlin on New Year's Day in 1817. |
Martin Heinrich Klaproth | Contributions | Contributions
thumb|200px|Memorial plate on the Dorotheenstädtischer Friedhof in Berlin, by Ralf Sander.
An exact and conscientious worker, Klaproth did much to improve and systematise the processes of analytical chemistry and mineralogy. His appreciation of the value of quantitative methods led him to become one of the earliest adherents of the Lavoisierian doctrines outside France.
Klaproth was the first to discover uranium, identifying it first in torbernite but doing the majority of his research on it with the mineral pitchblende.
On 24 September 1789 he announced his discovery to the Royal Prussian Academy of sciences in Berlin. He also discovered zirconium in 1789, separating it in the form of its "earth" zirconia, oxide ZrO. Klaproth analyzed a brightly-colored form of the mineral called "hyacinth" from Ceylon. He gave the new element the name zirconium based on its Persian name "zargun", gold-colored.
Klaproth characterised uranium and zirconium as distinct elements, though he was unable to isolate them.
Klaproth independently discovered cerium (1803), a rare earth element, around the same time as Jöns Jacob Berzelius and Wilhelm Hisinger, in the winter of 1803.
William Gregor of Cornwall was the first to identify the element titanium in 1791, correctly concluding that he had found a new element in the ore ilmenite from the Menachan valley. He proposed the name "menachanite", but his discovery attracted little attention.
Klaproth verified the presence of an oxide of an unknown element in the ore rutile from Hungary in 1795. Klaproth suggested the name "titanium". It was later determined that menachanite and titanium were the same element, from two different minerals, and Klaproth's name was adopted.
Klaproth clarified the composition of numerous substances until then imperfectly known, including compounds of then newly recognised elements tellurium, strontium and chromium.
Chromium was discovered in 1797 by Louis Nicolas Vauquelin and independently discovered in 1798 by Klaproth and by Tobias Lowitz, in a mineral from the Ural mountains. Klaproth confirmed chromium's independent status as an element.
The existence of tellurium was first suggested in 1783 by Franz-Joseph Mueller von Reichenstein, an Austrian mining engineer who was examining Transylvanian gold samples. Tellurium was also discovered independently by Hungarian Pál Kitaibel in 1789. Mueller sent some of his mineral to Klaproth in 1796. Klaproth isolated the new substance and confirmed the identification of the new element tellurium in 1798. He credited Mueller as its discoverer, and suggested that the heavy metal be named "tellus", Latin for 'earth'.
In 1790 Adair Crawford and William Cruickshank determined that the mineral strontianite, found near Strontian in Scotland, was different from barium-based minerals.
Klaproth was one of several scientists involved in the characterization of strontium compounds and minerals.
Klaproth, Thomas Charles Hope, and
Richard Kirwan independently studied and reported on the properties of strontianite, the preparation of compounds of strontium, and their differentiation from those of barium. In September 1793, Klaproth published on the separation of strontium from barium, and in 1794 on the preparation of strontium oxide and strontium hydroxide.
In 1808, Humphry Davy became the first to successfully isolate the pure element.
Louis Nicolas Vauquelin reported the existence of a new element common to emerald and beryl in 1798, and suggested that it be named "glucine". Klaproth confirmed the presence of a new element, and became involved in a lengthy and ongoing debate over its name by suggesting "beryllia". The element was first isolated in 1828, independently by Friedrich Wöhler and Antoine Bussy. Only in 1949 did IUPAC rule exclusively in favor of the name beryllium.
Klaproth published extensively, collecting over 200 papers by himself in Beiträge zur chemischen Kenntnis der Mineralkörper (5 vols., 1795–1810) and Chemische Abhandlungen gemischten Inhalts (1815). He also published a Chemisches Wörterbuch (1807–1810), and edited a revised edition of F. A. C. Gren's Handbuch der Chemie (1806).
Klaproth became a foreign member of the Royal Society of London in 1795, and a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1804.
He also belonged to the Institut de France.
The crater Klaproth on the Moon is named after him.
In 1823, botanist Carl Sigismund Kunth published a genus of flowering plants (belonging to the family Loasaceae), from Central America as Klaprothia in his honour.
His son Julius was a famous orientalist. |
Martin Heinrich Klaproth | Works | Works
Beiträge Zur Chemischen Kenntniss Der Mineralkörper . Vol. 1–5 . Rottmann, Berlin 1795–1810 Digital edition by the University and State Library Düsseldorf
Chemisches Wörterbuch . Vol. 1–9 . Voss, Berlin 1807–1819 Digital edition by the University and State Library Düsseldorf
Chemische Abhandlungen gemischten Inhalts . Nicolai, Berlin [u. a.] 1815 Digital edition by the University and State Library Düsseldorf |
Martin Heinrich Klaproth | Bibliography | Bibliography
Publication list of Klaproth Archived |
Martin Heinrich Klaproth | Additional resources | Additional resources |
Martin Heinrich Klaproth | See also | See also
Philip Ralshleigh
John Hawkins
William Gregor |
Martin Heinrich Klaproth | References | References |
Martin Heinrich Klaproth | External links | External links
Category:18th-century German chemists
Category:Discoverers of chemical elements
Category:1743 births
Category:1817 deaths
Category:Fellows of the Royal Society
Category:Honorary members of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences
Category:Members of the Prussian Academy of Sciences
Category:Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
Category:Academic staff of the Humboldt University of Berlin
Category:People from Wernigerode
Category:19th-century German chemists
Category:Rare earth scientists |
Martin Heinrich Klaproth | Table of Content | Short description, Career, Contributions, Works, Bibliography, Additional resources, See also, References, External links |
Haskovo | Short description | Haskovo ( ) is a city in the region of Northern Thrace in southern Bulgaria and the administrative centre of the Haskovo Province, not far from the borders with Greece and Turkey. According to Operative Program Regional Development of Bulgaria, the urban area of Haskovo is the seventh largest in Bulgaria and has a population of 184,731 inhabitants. Haskovo has a population of 64,564 as of 2022, making it Bulgaria's 12th largest city.
The first settlement found in Haskovo is from circa 5000 BC. Haskovo celebrated its 1,000th anniversary as a town in 1985. To mark the event, a new clock tower was erected in the centre of the town.
Haskovo Cove in Greenwich Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica, is named after the city of Haskovo. |
Haskovo | Geography | Geography |
Haskovo | Climate | Climate
Haskovo has a temperate climate (Köppen: Cfa, Trewartha: Do), closely bordring on a continental climate, with an average yearly temperature of about . Winters are cold, albeit not as snowy as the western and northern parts of the country. Summers are hot, and late-summer is somewhat dry. |
Haskovo | Etymology | Etymology
The name of the town is derived from its earlier Ottoman-era name Hasköy, which is a hybrid Arabic-Turkish compound meaning "special village" (Turkish has "special" via Arabic خَاصّ + Turkish köy "village"). It was so named after it became the centre of an Ottoman administrative district in the region.Sahin, İlhan. Hasköy (TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi). 1997. The ancient Thracian name of the settlement was Marsa (Greek: Μάρσα), by which it was known until as late as 1782. By 1830, it was known by its Turkish name, Hasköy.Arrowsmith, John. Turkey in Europe . 1832. The Bulgarian (and common Slavic) placename suffix "-ovo" replaced the Turkish "köy" after the city switched to Bulgarian from Ottoman rule. |
Haskovo | History | History
According to archeologists, the area of Haskovo was originally settled about seven thousand years ago. In and around Haskovo, evidence has been preserved that confirms its long history during the prehistoric, Thracian, Greek, Roman, and Byzantine periods. In the 9th century – during the First Bulgarian Empire – a fortress was built in Haskovo that soon was transformed into a town. The town was located at the centre of a sizable region between the Klokotnitsa, Harmanliyska, and Maritsa rivers. |
Haskovo | Ottoman era | Ottoman era
The village and surrounding area became part of the Ottoman Empire shortly after the conquest of Edirne in 1361. During the time of Mehmed the Conqueror, Hasköy, as it was then known, was settled by around 750 people, consisting of 150 Muslim families spread across 12 neighbourhoods: Hacı Mahmud, Îsâ Fakih, Sofular, Saraç İnebey, Saraç Musa, Hacı Kayalı, Cüllâh, Hacı İsmâil, Kadı, Debbâğlar, Hacı Bayezid and Dervişan. The village acquired a largely agricultural character during most of the Ottoman period; there was also a thriving cottage industry and craftsmen such as saddlers, tanners, shoemakers, furriers and soapmakers, dyers, and chandlers made their home in Hasköy. In 1515 the population increased to 1400 people in 274 households, and in 1530 it was recorded that there was one Friday mosque (cami) as well as six smaller mosques in the village.
In 1592, the Ottoman Grand Vizier Sinan Pasha commissioned the building of two caravanserais, two baths, shops, a mosque and an almshouse at the request of the people. According to the Austrian historian and orientalist Joseph von Hammer-Purgstall, Sinan Pasha also inaugurated the nearby Uzuncaova (Uzundzhovo) fair, which would become famous in all of Ottoman Bulgaria.
The town's importance increased in the 19th century. With its markets and fairs Hasköy became a significant centre of commerce in the Sanjak (District) of Filibe. At the same time, an increasing number of Bulgarians and other minorities came to settle in the town. By the second half of the century the population had grown to about 6000 people, of whom 3500 were non-Muslims and only 2500 were Turks. In the 1870s Hasköy was a hotbed of revolutionary activity during the Bulgarian National Revival and subsequent Russo-Turkish War of 1877-1878, after which de facto Ottoman control of the town came to an end. |
Haskovo | Modern era | Modern era
Haskovo was part of Eastern Rumelia from 1878–1885, and was then incorporated into the autonomous Principality of Bulgaria, which declared full independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1908. It was renamed Haskovo after Bulgarian independence.
After the liberation from Ottoman rule in 1878, the Haskovo region became popular for high-quality tobacco production. However, presently there is no cigarette production in the region anymore after the once big Tobacco company "Haskovo-BT" closed in 2005.HighBeam Currently, the biggest enterprises produce food, machinery, and textiles. |
Haskovo | Population | Population
The population of Haskovo was 14,191 in 1887. Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Since then it started growing decade by decade, mostly because of the migrants from the rural areas and the surrounding smaller towns. It reached its peak in the period 1987–1991, when the population exceeded 90,000.National Statistical Institute - Towns population 1956-1992 In December 2017, Haskovo's population was 71,214 people within the city limits. The Haskovo Municipality, with the legally affiliated adjacent villages, had a population of 87,780. |
Haskovo | Ethnic and religious composition | Ethnic and religious composition
According to the 2011 census data, the individuals declared their ethnic identity were distributed as follows:
Bulgarians: 54,869 (79.3%)
Turks: 12,507 (18.1%)
Roma: 691 (1.0%)
Others: 400 (0.8%)
Indefinable: 709 (0.7%)
Undeclared: 7,221 (9.5%)
Total: 76,397
In Haskovo Municipality 63,963 declared as Bulgarians, 16,890 as Turks, 3859 as Roma and 8,984 did not declare their ethnic group. Most of the 28,444 Turks (12.5%) in Haskovo Province are concentrated within the city and the municipality, while the Bulgarians have a higher proportion in the province than the city, numbering 180,541 (79.4%).
According to the 2001 census, the Orthodox Christians are around 80% vs. around 20% Muslims. |
Haskovo | Culture | Culture
right|thumb|170px|Ivan Dimov Drama Theatre (est. 1921), named after the well-known Bulgarian actor
right|thumb|170px|The Monument of the Holy Mother of God, the world's highest monument of the Virgin Mary
The most notable cultural landmarks in Haskovo are the Ivan Dimov drama theater, renovated in 2004, the Museum of History, and an art gallery. The annual Colourful Thrace Sings and Dances folk festival takes place in the nearby park Kenana.
A 32-metre-high monument of the Mother of God and the Infant Jesus was erected on the Hill of Youth near Haskovo in 2003. The monument was inaugurated on 8 September on the occasion of the Nativity of Holy Virgin Mary, when the day of the town of Haskovo is celebrated. It was entered into the Guinness Book of Records as the highest monument to the Mother of God in the world.
Haskovo has recently invested in renovating its town center, with a variety of new sculptures and fountains erected.
Municipal landmarks include the Thracian Aleksandrovo tomb as well as Uzundzhovo's Church of the Assumption, built originally as a mosque during Ottoman times. In 1395 the Eski cami (the Old Mosque) was built as one of the first in the Balkans. Its minaret is slightly inclined. |
Haskovo | Notable people | Notable people
Tane Nikolov (1873–1947), revolutionary
Asen Zlatarov (1885–1936), scientist
Anyu Angelov (1942), acting Minister of Defence
Stanimir Stoilov (b. 1967), footballer and football manager
Grigor Dimitrov (b. 1991), tennis player; 2008 Wimbledon and US Open junior champion
Georgi Andreev (b. 1969), director of the National Folk Ensemble "Filip Kutev"
Ciguli (1957–2014), Turkish-romani singer and musician
Yuri Yunakov (b. 1958), Roma musician, known for participating in the development of Bulgarian wedding music and introducing it to the United States
Asparuh Leshnikov – Ari (b. 1897–1978), musician
Asen Vasilev (b. 1977) acting Minister of Finance
Gabriela Stoeva (b. 1994) badminton player, three-time European Champion and European Games gold medalist as well |
Haskovo | Places to visit | Places to visit |
Haskovo | Monuments | Monuments
Monument to Captain Petko Voivoda
Monument to the Unknown Warrior
Monument to the Haskovo Revivalists
Monument to the 10th Rhodope Infantry Regiment
Monument of Envy
Monument to the Haskovo Revivalists
Monument to the Victory
Monument to Dimitar Ivanov-Litso |
Haskovo | Sacred architecture | Sacred architecture
The monument "Holy Mother of God" entered the Guinness World Records as the world's tallest statue of the Blessed Virgin Mary with the Infant. The monument was erected with respect, love and gratitude to the Mother of God. It was opened in 2003 with the consecration of water by Metropolitan Arseniy. In 2005 it was entered in the Guinness Book of World Records, and since 2009 it is in the list of the Hundred National Tourist Sites of Bulgaria.
The bell tower - with impressive dimensions and unforgettable views rises above the town of Haskovo. The almost 29-meter-high bell tower was erected in 2010 next to the Holy Mother of God monument and quickly took its place in the resulting architectural ensemble.
The Old Mosque (Eski Mosque) is the earliest mosque in the Bulgarian lands. It was built immediately after the invasion of the Ottoman Turks in Bulgaria, in the year 797 AH (1395 AD). In 1968 the Eski Mosque was declared a cultural monument. Currently, the mosque is significantly dug into the ground (probably due to the rising level of the surrounding streets).
The Church of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin in the village of Uzundzhovo, near Haskovo, is unique not only in its architecture, but also in the history it tells. Created as a Christian temple, it was destroyed by the Ottoman Empire and a mosque was built in its place. At the beginning of the 20th century, Turkey returned the property to Bulgaria and then began the reconstruction of the mosque into a church. In 2007 the church was restored mainly by the Municipality of Haskovo. During the restoration, two medieval inscriptions in Arabic with religious and philosophical themes were found, which have not yet been precisely dated. In the last century, the Church of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary in the village of Uzundzhovo was declared a cultural monument. |
Haskovo | Twin towns – sister cities | Twin towns – sister cities
Haskovo is twinned with:
Edirne, Turkey
Enguera, Spain
Leicester, England, United Kingdom
Shatura, Russia
Veszprém, Hungary
Viseu, Portugal |
Haskovo | Economy | Economy
The branch structure of the economy of Haskovo municipality is diverse and consists of Bulgarian and international companies of different sizes. These companies sell their products in both foreign and domestic markets.
The future development of the municipality is related to the full use of natural and climatic conditions in the field of agriculture - efforts to develop promising market-oriented agricultural production, creation of agricultural consulting centers and others. The historical features and the rich culture of the region, in combination with the well-developed transport and tourist infrastructure, are a favorable factor for the development of tourism. The partnership relations established by the municipality with cities from England, Austria, France, Greece, Turkey, Italy, Spain, Portugal, the US, Russia, Serbia, Belarus also have a valuable contribution in this respect. |
Haskovo | Gallery | Gallery |
Haskovo | References | References |
Haskovo | External links | External links
Haskovo municipality website
Online guide of Haskovo
Haskovo.net
Разписание на автобуси от Хасково
Haskovo municipality at Domino.bg
Haskovo.info
Haskovo.biz
Haskovlii.com
Haskovo News
Сайт за безплатни обяви
Tourist Information Center - Haskovo
Category:Populated places in Haskovo Province |
Haskovo | Table of Content | Short description, Geography, Climate, Etymology, History, Ottoman era, Modern era, Population, Ethnic and religious composition, Culture, Notable people, Places to visit, Monuments, Sacred architecture, Twin towns – sister cities, Economy, Gallery, References, External links |
1743 in science | Short description | thumb | right | “Leçons de physique expérimentale", 3rd edition, 1749, by Abbé Nollet (Jean-Antoine Nollet). Exhibit in the Musée Nicéphore Niépce, 28 Quai Messageries, Saône-et-Loire, France.
The year 1743 in science and technology involved some significant events. |
1743 in science | Astronomy | Astronomy
November 29 – Discovery of C/1743 X1, the 'Great Comet of 1744' (sic.), by Jan de Munck at Middelburg and subsequently by de Chéseaux and Klinkenberg. |
1743 in science | Geology | Geology
Sir Christopher Packe produces a geological map of south-east England. |
1743 in science | Metrology | Metrology
May 19 – French physicist Jean-Pierre Christin of Lyon publishes the design of a mercury thermometer with a centigrade scale running from 0 representing the freezing point of water and 100 its boiling point. |
1743 in science | Physiology and medicine | Physiology and medicine
June 2 – British surgeon William Hunter presents his paper "Of the structure and diseases of articulating cartilages". |
1743 in science | Awards | Awards
Copley Medal: Abraham Trembley |
1743 in science | Births | Births
February 13 – Joseph Banks, English botanist (died 1820)
February 28 – René Just Haüy, French mineralogist (died 1822)
April 13 (April 2 O.S.) – Thomas Jefferson, Founding Father and 3rd President of the United States and inventor (died 1826)
June 3 – Lucia Galeazzi Galvani, Italian scientist (died 1788)
August 17 – Eberhard August Wilhelm von Zimmermann, German geographer and zoologist (died 1815)
August 26 – Antoine Lavoisier, French chemist (died 1794)
September 17 – Marquis de Condorcet, French mathematician, philosopher and political scientist (died 1794)
October 20 – François Chopart, French surgeon (died 1795)
November 11 – Carl Peter Thunberg, Swedish botanist (died 1828)
December 1 – Martin Heinrich Klaproth, German chemist (died 1817)
Elisabeth Christina von Linné, Swedish botanist (died 1782) |
1743 in science | Deaths | Deaths |
1743 in science | References | References
Category:18th century in science
Category:1740s in science |
1743 in science | Table of Content | Short description, Astronomy, Geology, Metrology, Physiology and medicine, Awards, Births, Deaths, References |
California State Route 91 | Short description | State Route 91 (SR 91) is a major east–west state highway in the U.S. state of California that serves several regions of the Greater Los Angeles urban area. A freeway throughout its entire length, it officially runs from Vermont Avenue in Gardena, just west of the junction with the Harbor Freeway (Interstate 110, I-110), east to Riverside at the junction with the Pomona (SR 60 west of SR 91) and Moreno Valley (SR 60 and I-215 east of SR 91) freeways.
Though signs along the portion from Vermont Avenue west to Pacific Coast Highway (SR 1) in Hermosa Beach along Artesia Boulevard are still signed as SR 91, the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) no longer controls this portion of the highway, as this segment was relinquished to local jurisdictions in 2003.
SR 91 inherited its route number from the mostly decommissioned U.S. Route 91 (US 91), which passed through the Inland Empire in a northeasterly direction on its way to Las Vegas, Salt Lake City, and points beyond. Those segments of US 91 are now parallel to, or have been replaced altogether by, I-15. |
California State Route 91 | Route description | Route description
From the Harbor Freeway (I-110) to its interchange with the Long Beach Freeway (I-710) in northern Long Beach, SR 91 is named the Gardena Freeway. Between the Long Beach Freeway and its interchange with the Santa Ana Freeway (I-5) in Buena Park, it is named the Artesia Freeway. From the Santa Ana Freeway to its eastern terminus at the interchange of the Pomona, Moreno Valley, and Escondido Freeways, it is named the Riverside Freeway.
Control cities on the route vary by location. Heading westbound, between SR 60/I-215 and the Orange County line, the control city is Beach Cities. With SR 241 heading towards Irvine, Laguna Beach, and the rest of south Orange County, the control city becomes Los Angeles between the Orange–Riverside county line and I-5. I-5 directs travelers to Los Angeles so between I-5 and Pioneer Boulevard, the control city is Artesia. Between Pioneer Boulevard and SR 1, the control city becomes Beach Cities again besides Carmenita Road in Cerritos, the control city is in Long Beach. Heading eastbound, the control city for the entire route is Riverside. The Beach Cities control city may have to do with SR 91's former western terminus in Hermosa Beach.
SR 91 is part of the California Freeway and Expressway System, and is part of the National Highway System, a network of highways that are considered essential to the country's economy, defense, and mobility by the Federal Highway Administration. SR 91 is part of the State Scenic Highway System from SR 55 to the east city limit of Anaheim, in the western part of the Santa Ana Canyon, and is eligible for the system through the canyon to Interstate 15. |
California State Route 91 | Gardena Freeway | Gardena Freeway
The Gardena Freeway is a freeway in southern Los Angeles County. It is the westernmost freeway portion of State Route 91. It begins just west of the Harbor Freeway at the intersection with Vermont Avenue in the eastern edge of the city of Gardena, proceeding eastward approximately until it intersects the Long Beach Freeway. Thereafter, SR 91 is known as the Artesia Freeway.
Until 1991, the Gardena Freeway was known as the Redondo Beach Freeway. The name change reflected the successful efforts of the cities of Torrance and Redondo Beach to block the extension of the freeway westward to its intended terminus at the cancelled Pacific Coast Freeway in Redondo Beach. In 1997, the California government dedicated the portion of SR 91 between Alameda Street and Central Avenue to former assemblyman Willard H. Murray Jr. |
California State Route 91 | Artesia Freeway | Artesia Freeway
The Artesia Freeway is a freeway in southeastern Los Angeles County and northwestern Orange County. It runs east–west from its western terminus at the Long Beach Freeway in northern Long Beach to its eastern terminus at the Santa Ana Freeway in Buena Park. (SR 91 continues west of the Long Beach Freeway as the Gardena Freeway, and east of the Santa Ana Freeway as the Riverside Freeway.) The "Artesia Freeway" name originally was assigned to the entire length of SR 91 west of the Santa Ana Freeway in the early 1970s since it was, in sense, the freeway realignment of SR 91 from the paralleling Artesia Boulevard.
During the 1984 Summer Olympics, a stretch of the highway was home to the cycling men's road team time trial event.
As the only freeway to link Los Angeles, Orange, and Riverside counties, SR 91 is one of the most heavily congested routes in Southern California. |
California State Route 91 | Riverside Freeway | Riverside Freeway
thumb|Eastbound SR 91 just before SR 71 in February 2008 before the toll lane extension
thumb|Eastbound SR 91 at SR 55 (right) and 91 Express Lanes (left) in June 2022
thumb|Easterly view approaching SR 57 in October 2011
Between the Santa Ana Freeway, Interstate 5 (I-5), in Buena Park and the 91 Freeway's eastern terminus at a junction with Interstate 215 and State Route 60 in Riverside, the 91 Freeway's assigned name is the Riverside Freeway. Past the I-215/SR 60/SR 91 junction, the Riverside Freeway continues as I-215.
The freeway through the Santa Ana Canyon is paralleled by the 91/Perris Valley Line of Metrolink. Named after SR 91, the line also connects Los Angeles to Orange and Riverside counties.
A weigh station for both directions is located between the Imperial Highway and Yorba Linda Boulevard/Weir Canyon Road exits.
In 2003, Caltrans permanently closed off the Coal Canyon Road westbound and eastbound exits and entrances for environmental purposes; however, there are still traces of unmaintained road where the former exit lay, showing evidence that the ramps still exist, available to use as runaway ramps or for emergency stops.
In 2015, Caltrans permanently closed off the Grand Boulevard eastbound exit and westbound entrance to accommodate the widening of the freeway. If the ramps had stayed open, more businesses and houses would have been demolished. The ramps were scrapped with the widening and there is no emergency exit.
The Riverside Freeway first opened in 1963 signed as U.S. Route 91 and U.S. Route 395 and the last section was built in 1975. |
California State Route 91 | 91 Express Lanes | 91 Express Lanes
The 91 Express Lanes are high-occupancy toll lanes (HOT lanes) contained entirely within the median of the Riverside Freeway in Orange and Riverside counties. The 91 Express Lanes run from the junction of SR 91 with the SR 55 Freeway (Costa Mesa Freeway) in Anaheim to its junction with I-15 in Corona. Before the extension in 2017, they ended at the Riverside County line. With the extension of the toll lanes, the HOV lane between I-15 and Green River Road was converted into a HOT lane. The primary purpose of the toll lanes is to provide a faster output for drivers due to the congestion the highway experiences during peak hours, and to promote carpooling. The toll lanes opened in 1995 and when they opened, it was the country's first fully-automated toll collection system to feature value pricing.
The 91 Express Lanes consist of two primary lanes in each direction, separated from the main lanes of the Riverside Freeway with white, , plastic lane markers (as opposed to concrete barriers or a similar solid barrier, or even just double white lines separating many other California HOT lanes). Entry and exit points for the 91 Express Lanes are only located at their west and east ends, and at the Orange–Riverside county line where the toll road originally terminated before 2017.
, the toll rates differ between the counties. In the Riverside County segment, drivers are tolled using a congestion pricing system based on the real-time levels of traffic. The Orange County segment instead uses a preset variable pricing system based on the time of day, with the highest toll rate set at $9.10 being charged at 2:00 pm to 3:00 pm eastbound on Fridays. Carpools with three or more people, motorcycles, and clean air vehicles are charged 50 percent of the posted toll when traveling eastbound from 4:00 pm to 6:00 pm on weekdays, and travel toll-free at all other times, if they use the designated carpool lane at the toll collection points. All tolls are collected using an open road tolling system, and therefore there are no toll booths to receive cash. Each vehicle is required to carry a FasTrak transponder. The 91 Express Lanes' system predates the introduction of the FasTrak Flex version, with a switch set to indicate the number of the vehicle's occupants, so that or the standard FasTrak tag without the switch may be used. However, carpools with three or more people, motorcycles, and clean air vehicles must still apply for a "special Access account" to receive the carpool discounts. Drivers without any FasTrak tag will be assessed a toll violation regardless of whether they qualified for the carpool discounts. |
California State Route 91 | History | History |
California State Route 91 | Original US 91: Barstow to Nevada | Original US 91: Barstow to Nevada
The Arrowhead Trail, an auto trail connecting Salt Lake City with Los Angeles, initially took a longer route via present US 95 and former US 66 between Las Vegas and Needles, as the more direct Old Spanish Trail was in very poor condition. The "Silver Lake cutoff", which would save about , p. 11 was proposed by 1920, and completed in 1925 as an oiled road by San Bernardino County. The Bureau of Public Roads and the state of Nevada both urged its inclusion in the state highway system, the former as part of the federal aid highway connecting Salt Lake City and Los Angeles, and the state legislature did that in 1925, with it becoming an extension of Route 31. (Across the state line, State Route 6 continued through Las Vegas to Arizona.) The initial plan for the U.S. Highway system simply stated that Route No. 91 would run from Las Vegas "to an intersection with Route No. 60" (which became US 66 in 1926), but in 1926 the cutoff was chosen, ending at US 66 at Daggett, just east of Barstow. (The roadway south from Las Vegas later became part of US 95.) The route was added to the federal-aid secondary system in 1926, which helped pay for a mid-1930s widening and paving, including some realignments (parts of the old road are now known as Arrowhead Trail). The new routing generally followed the present I-15, except through Baker (where it used Baker Boulevard) and into Barstow (where it followed former SR 58 to First Avenue, ending at Main Street, which carried US 66). |
California State Route 91 | SR 18: former extension of US 91 through Santa Ana Canyon to Long Beach | SR 18: former extension of US 91 through Santa Ana Canyon to Long Beach
US 91 was extended southwest to Long Beach in the late 1940s. Beginning at Barstow, the extension overlapped US 66 over Cajon Pass to San Bernardino. From San Bernardino west through Riverside and Santa Ana Canyon to Olive, the state took over a mostly paved county highway in 1931 as part of an extension of Route 43 to Newport Beach via Santa Ana. "State Highway Route 43, Waterman canyon via Santa Ana canyon to Newport Beach." Two branches leading west from Route 43 near Olive along mostly constructed county roads were added in 1933: Route 175 along Orangethorpe Avenue and Artesia Boulevard from near the mouth of the canyon west to Route 60 (now SR 1) in Hermosa Beach (unconstructed through Compton until the mid-1950sNational Bridge Inventory database, 2006: the bridge over Compton Creek and Alameda Street is dated 1956.), and Route 178 along Lincoln Avenue and Carson Street from Olive west to Route 168 (now SR 19) in Lakewood. "State Highway Route 60 near Hermosa Beach to State Highway Route 43 in Santa Ana Canyon via Artesia Avenue." "Cerritos Avenue to State Highway Route 43 near Olive via Anaheim." "Route 31 is from: (a) San Bernardino to the Nevada State line near Calada, via Barstow. (b) Route 26 near Colton to Route 9 near San Bernardino via Mt. Vernon Avenue." "Route 43 is from Newport Beach to Route 31 at Victorville, via Santa Ana Canyon, San Bernardino, Waterman Canyon, "Crest Drive" into Bear Valley, Big Bear Lake and Baldwin Lake. Route 43 includes a highway around Big Bear Lake." "Route 175 is from Route 60 near Hermosa Beach to Route 43 in Santa Ana Canyon via Artesia Avenue." "Route 178 is from Cerritos Avenue to Route 43 near Olive via Anaheim." When state routes were marked in 1934, Route 175 became Sign Route 14, and Sign Route 18 included all of Route 178 and most of Route 43 into the San Bernardino Mountains. When US 91 was extended to Long Beach, it overlapped SR 18 from San Bernardino to Lakewood, where it turned south along SR 19 to the Los Alamitos Traffic Circle. There it turned west along US 101 Alternate to near downtown Long Beach, where it ended at SR 15 (Atlantic Avenue), at a terminus shared with US 6. (This routing along SR 19 and US 101 Alt. also became an extension of SR 18.)
In 1935, the state improved the alignment between Fairmont Boulevard and Gypsum Canyon Road, including a bypass of the old road, which curved along the south slope of the canyon, east of Weir Canyon Road. In the late 1930s, the Prado Dam project resulted in the bypassing of a longer section, replacing Prado Road, an abandoned road curving to the east end of the dam, Pomona Rincon Road, Auto Center Drive, Pomona Road, and Yorba Street with the present Green River Road, Palisades Drive, part of SR 91, and 6th Street. "routes usually traveled" as of 1941 "routes usually traveled" as of 1941 |
California State Route 91 | SR 14: present SR 91 to Hermosa Beach | SR 14: present SR 91 to Hermosa Beach
Before the present freeway was constructed, SR 14 ran along Gould Avenue, Redondo Beach Boulevard, Compton Boulevard, Alameda Street, Artesia Avenue, La Habra Boulevard, Firestone Boulevard and Orangethorpe Avenue. In the 1964 renumbering, SR 14 was renumbered to SR 91.
Prior to 1991, the Gardena Freeway was known as the Redondo Beach Freeway, referring to Caltrans's original intention for the freeway portion of the route to continue all the way to the never-built Pacific Coast Freeway.
Before 1997, Caltrans controlled maintenance of SR 91 up to State Route 1 in Hermosa Beach. The portion between Vermont Avenue and Western Avenue was relinquished to Gardena in 1997. In 2003, the western portion, from SR 1 to Western Avenue, was relinquished to the cities that the road goes through.
The first segment of the freeway was built in 1965 as US 91, and the last segment was built in 1975. Despite the relinquishments, however, Artesia Boulevard between I-110 and SR 1 is still signed off as SR 91. |
California State Route 91 | Construction of the 91 Express Lanes | Construction of the 91 Express Lanes
Due to rapid population growth and the decline in the availability of affordable housing closer to job centers in Orange County, new residential development began in earnest in western Riverside County from the 1980s through today. This development is occurring in or around existing cities such as Riverside, Corona, Moreno Valley, Lake Elsinore, Murrieta, and Temecula. This development also led to the incorporation of the cities of Wildomar, Menifee, Eastvale, and Jurupa Valley.
As there are very few direct routes between Orange and Riverside counties because of the Santa Ana Mountains that separate them, the Riverside Freeway is subject to high traffic volumes, composed primarily of commuters traveling between their jobs in Orange County and their homes in Riverside County (often referred to by traffic reporters as "The Corona Crawl"). Typical peak period delays were 30–40 minutes in each direction in the of the tollway before construction.
thumb|left| Westbound Artesia Freeway (SR 91) at the interchange with the Long Beach Freeway (I-710) in August 2013
Solutions to the traffic problem were limited. The chosen solution was to create a toll road in the median of the freeway. This original section of the 91 Express Lanes operated between the Costa Mesa Freeway (SR 55) interchange in eastern Anaheim and the Orange–Riverside county line, a distance of about . The project was developed in partnership with the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) by California Private Transportation Company (CPTC), which formally transferred ownership of the facility to the State of California prior to opening the project to traffic on December 27, 1995. Caltrans then leased the toll road back to CPTC for a 35-year operating period. The new lanes have been officially designated a part of the state highway system. The California Highway Patrol (CHP) is responsible for providing police services at CPTC's expense. Maintenance and operational costs for the facility are also the responsibility of CPTC.
In April 2002, the Orange County Transportation Authority (OCTA) reached an agreement in concept to purchase the private toll road project for $207.5 million. The OCTA took possession of the toll road on January 3, 2003, marking the first time the 91 Express Lanes was managed by public officials. Within a few months, OCTA turned the lanes into the HOT / tollway hybrid that it is today. One of the primary investors in CPTC, Cofiroute USA, continues to manage and operate the lanes under a management contract with OCTA.
Opening in 1995, the 91 Express Lanes was the first privately funded tollway built in the United States since the 1940s, and the first fully automated tollway in the world.
The express lanes have been controversial because of a non-compete agreement that the state made with CPTC. The clause, which was negotiated by Caltrans and never was brought to the legislature, prevented any improvements along of the Riverside Freeway to ensure profit for the express lanes. This includes restricting the state from widening the free lanes or building mass transit near the freeway. CPTC filed a lawsuit against Caltrans over freeway widening related to the interchange with the Eastern Transportation Corridor, which was dismissed once the purchase with OCTA was finalized. Following the settlement, an additional lane was added for a segment eastbound from SR 241 to SR 71.
However, as a result of the controversy, more toll road advocates favor creating local agencies similar to transportation corridor agencies to build and maintain future tollways. New toll roads would be financed with tax-exempt bonds on a stand-alone basis, meaning that taxpayers would not be responsible for repaying any debt if toll revenues fall short. Also, there would be a less restrictive non-compete clause: they would be compensated only for any revenue loss caused by improvements near the toll roads.
In the mid-2010s, the Riverside County Transportation Commission extended the 91 Express Lanes east from their previous terminus at the Orange–Riverside county line to the I-15 interchange in Corona; this extension opened to traffic on March 20, 2017. Both Orange and Riverside County transportation agencies co-manage the 91 Express Lanes. |
California State Route 91 | Future | Future
In 2005, evaluations were made about the feasibility of constructing two tunnels through the Santa Ana Mountains which could carry 72,000 cars per day and allow for a commuter rail service between Corona and Irvine. The financial and technical evaluations found that in the current financial environment, building the tunnels would not be financially or technologically feasible. Additional study of the Irvine Corona Expressway tunnel project has been deferred until such time as financial considerations improve and/or technological advancements warrant reexamination. If built, the Irvine-Corona Expressway would follow a similar route to the 91 Freeway and is designed to reduce the growing traffic congestion on SR 91 that prompted the construction of the 91 Express Lanes. If completed, the Irvine-Corona Expressway is projected to be the longest traffic tunnel in North America, approximately . One tunnel would be a reversible two-lane freeway for autos and trucks, the direction reversed based on time of day. It would carry westbound traffic in the morning hours, and eastbound traffic during the afternoon and early evening hours. The second tunnel would be slated exclusively for light rail commuter train service. The proposed tunnels are opposed by environmental groups, cities in Orange County near the terminus of the proposed road, and by the Irvine Company, which believes that the tunnel is not necessary and distracts from short-term solutions such as freeway widening.
Numerous other projects by the Orange County Transportation Authority are currently underway or in the planning phases for distant completion, some as far out as the year 2030. |
California State Route 91 | Exit list | Exit list |
California State Route 91 | See also | See also |
California State Route 91 | References | References |
California State Route 91 | External links | External links
California @ AARoads - California 91
California Highways: SR 91
60/91/215 Improvement Project
California Highway 91 @ Asphaltplanet.ca
091
091
State Route 091
State Route 091
State Route 091
091
Category:Venues of the 1984 Summer Olympics
Category:Olympic cycling venues
California State Route 091 |
California State Route 91 | Table of Content | Short description, Route description, Gardena Freeway, Artesia Freeway, Riverside Freeway, 91 Express Lanes, History, Original US 91: Barstow to Nevada, SR 18: former extension of US 91 through Santa Ana Canyon to Long Beach, SR 14: present SR 91 to Hermosa Beach, Construction of the 91 Express Lanes, Future, Exit list, See also, References, External links |
Khorog | Short description | Khorog ( ), also Khorugh ( ) or Kharagh ( ), is the capital of Gorno-Badakhshan, Tajikistan. It is also the capital of the Shughnon District of Gorno-Badakhshan. It has a population of 30,500 (2020 ).
Khorog is above sea level in the Pamir Mountains (ancient Mount Imeon) at the confluence of the rivers Ghunt and Panj. The city is bounded to the south (Nivodak) and to the north (Tem) by the deltas of the Shakhdara and Ghunt, respectively. The two rivers merge in the eastern part of the city flow through the city, dividing it almost evenly until its delta in the Panj, on the border with Afghanistan. Khorog is known for its poplar trees that dominate the flora of the city. |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.