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Tyndall | William Tyndale | William Tyndale
The most eminent member of the family, William Tyndale (c. 1494 – 1536), was the first translator of the Bible into modern English. His great work was also one of the first vernacular Bibles to be derived from the primary Hebrew and Greek texts. Its effect on the English church was electrifying, leading to thousands of Bibles being smuggled into England; Tyndale's individual contribution to the linguistic development of the modern English language perhaps ranks as second only to that of Shakespeare. Aside from his life work, Tyndale was a prodigious pamphleteer, propounding a Protestant agenda that was significantly more radical than that of his protector, Martin Luther. His radicalism, prodigious output and written battles with Thomas More eventually led to his capture near Antwerp, after which he was burnt at the stake as a heretic. He is regarded as a martyr in the Church of England and his death is commemorated in the Book of Common Prayer.
Born in Gloucestershire, William Tyndale is known to have been the brother of Edward Tyndale of Pull Court, Gloucestershire, receiver to the lands of Lord Berkeley based on the 1533 letter of Bishop Stokesley of London. However, all that can be surmised from data available is that William was related to Richard Tyndale and Tabitha Hitchins of Melksham Court and had brothers John and Edward, the Receiver of Berkley, but most certainly was NOT of the line of Tyndale of Hockwold. (Although Edward Tyndale is recorded in two genealogies as having been the 'brother of Sir William de Tyndall of Deane and Hockwold' but that William died after 1542 so they were in error on the relationship with that William (but suggesting that he was connected to this branch of the family somehow),Nichols, John Literary Anecdotes, Vol XI (18th century)Burke's Landed Gentry (19th century editions) "Tyndale of Haling" that myth was broken and the suggestion dismissed in "The Memoirs of the extinct family of Chesters of Chicheley" as well as in The Genealogy of the Family of Tyndale (by B. W. Greenfield, 1843) and The Biography of William Tyndale.)William Tindale bio by Demaus p22-23 |
Tyndall | {{anchor | Ralph Dundas Tindal, a Napoleonic and later Dutch Baron
General (Deventer, 24 February 1773,The Nobilities of Europe, by the Marquis de Ruvigny, published by Melville and Company, London, 1910 (page 412). – Zeist, 4 August 1834) served in the Netherlands military, and in French service. His father (whose family was of Scottish origin) had emigrated to Holland and had also served in Dutch service. Whilst in French imperial service, Ralph Dundas Tindal was created Baron de Tindal on 12 April 1813 by the French Emperor Napoleon (Bonaparte). Later he joined Dutch forces and became lieutenant-general in the infantry, and on 8 July 1815, King William I of the Netherlands bestowed a knightly order on him, the Willems-Orde. On 16 September 1815 he was raised in the Dutch nobility, again with the title baron. |
Tyndall | The Tindal/Tindal-Carill-Worsley family | The Tindal/Tindal-Carill-Worsley family |
Tyndall | Derivation | Derivation
The senior branch of the English Tyndall family, last seated at Mapplestead Magna in the 17th century, died out in the direct male line in the 17th century and in the female line over a hundred years later. The senior English branch is thus the Tindal (now Tindal-Carill-Worsley) family, whose history is related in the 1973 volume of Burke's Landed Gentry. This family derived from Rev John Tindal, rector of Bere Ferris, Devon, in the mid-17th century, said (in the Nichols genealogy) to have been the younger son of Sir John Tyndall of Mapplestead, the brother of Dean Humphrey Tyndall, president of Queens' College, Cambridge.
There is, however, support for the contention that Rev. John was the son of Sir John's elder son Dean.The Visitation of Essex of around 1632 records Deane Tyndall as having, amongst other issue, Francis and John. Francis is recorded in the Nichols genealogy and in depositions submitted at the time of a claim to the Barony of Scales in the 19th century as having had daughters whose line died out three generations later. Further support comes from the dates. Rev John married in 1655 yet Francis was born as early as 1614. It is far more likely that Francis was John's brother than his nephew. Rev John's migration to Devon (after his studies for Holy Orders) was typical of the many migrations of the Tyndall/Tyndale/Tindal/Tindell family since the late 15th century. The use of 'Tindal' represents a more Latinised usage which was common amongst many literary figures in this era and there is evidence that it was first used by his sons, Matthew (1657–1733), Thomas (1658–1714) and Richard (1659–1697). Matthew had been described as 'Tyndall' when at Oxford University in 1688;By Anthony Wood in a reference to Tindal/Tyndall taking Anglican communion on 16 June 1688: 'The Life and Times of Anthony Wood', p 264, cited in Lalor, Stephen (Continuum International Publishing Group Ltd., 2006) Matthew Tindal, Freethinker: An Eighteenth-century Assault on Religion, two of his brothers, Thomas and Richard, emigrated to Fenwick's Colony in 1674 and his other brother, John, was the father of Rev Nicolas Tindal (see below). .The arms of Rev John and his successors, a fesse dancette gules below three crescents of the last, are the arms of the family of Deane; though his crest, a plume of five ostrich feathers charged with an ermine spot out of a ducal coronet of five oak leaves, is that of the Tyndales of Deane, Hockwald and Mapplestead. The main branch were the heirs general of the Deane family, having inherited Deane in the 13th century, and quartered their arms directly after the Tyndall arms. The adoption of their arms, together with the Tyndall crest, provides strong further evidence of Rev John's descent (in addition to the genealogies in Nichols and the Visitation), notwithstanding the possible inaccuracy of the former (regarding Rev John' brother or father Deane Tyndall). Rev John Tindal married Ann Hals, who was descended from the Fortescue and Clifford families and was the first cousin of Thomas, Lord Clifford, Lord High Treasurer of England to Charles II. Through this connection and those of Diana Pocklington, the wife of Capt George Tindal, RN, Lord Chief Justice Tindal (see below) was descended from Lords Chief Justices Sir William Yelverton and Sir John Fortescue and from Sir Roger Manwood, Lord Chief Baron of the Exchequer.Burke's Landed Gentry (1863): 'Tindal of Chelmsford'. |
Tyndall | Philosopher, historian and judge | Philosopher, historian and judge
left|thumb|Rev Nicolas Tindal. The Tindal arms shown are those of Deane, whom the Tindal/Tyndale family represent, together with the ancient crest of Tyndall
Dr Matthew Tindal (1657–1733), a Fellow of All Souls College, Oxford, where he lived for most of his life, was an important figure in the early English Enlightenment. Born during the Commonwealth to the above-mentioned Rev John Tindal, he appears to have been an opportunist in his youth, turning to Rome under James II. However, he later wrote the foundation of English deist thought, Christianity as Old as the Creation, later known as the "Deist's Bible". This seminal tract, which had enduring influence on German deism in particular, represented that no true religion could rely on any doctrines that could not be divined through human reason. Thus, Christianity, if a true religion, has no need of revelation to support its dogmas and must be as old as the Creation. His writings provoked scandal and his book was burned by the public hangman, in addition to provoking a number of replies.Lalor, ibidOxford Dictionary of National Biography (DNB) (Oxford, 2004)
right|thumb|Statue of Sir Nicolas Tindal
Dr Tindal's nephew, Rev Nicolas Tindal (1687–1774), was the translator and continuer of the History of England by Paul de Rapin. Very few comprehensive histories existed at the time and Tindal wrote a three volume "Continuation", a history of the Kingdom from the reign of James II to that of George II. Something of a controversialist, he was also known for having been defrauded of his uncle's inheritance by Eustace Brugnell, leading to some lines of Alexander Pope. Rector of two livings, Chaplain of Greenwich Hospital and a Fellow of Trinity College, Oxford,ibid Tindal was sufficiently prosporous to allow his son, Capt George Tindal RN to settle in Coval Hall, Chelmsford.Monument to Capt George Tindal in Chelmsford Cathedral.
Capt George Tindal's grandson, Rev William Tindal (1756–1804), was a Fellow of Trinity College, Oxford and chaplain of the Tower of London. An antiquarian, he published a history of Evesham Abbey.DNB (2004)
Another of George's grandsons, Sir Nicolas Conyngham Tindal (1776–1846), was Lord Chief Justice from 1829 to 1845. His career first came to public notice when he acted for Queen Caroline in the famous attempt of George IV to divorce her in the House of Lords. Shortly afterwards, he was elected to Parliament, serving as Solicitor General for five years. Whilst Lord Chief Justice, he sat in the famous case of Daniel M'Naghten, who had attempted to assassinate Robert Peel, and derived from the common law the defence of insanity.The Gentleman's Magazine, Vol.XXVI (1846) p.199
160px|left|thumb|Louis Symonds Tindal as a midshipman.
Sir Nicolas's second son, Vice Admiral Louis Symonds TindalFor more on Louis Symonds Tindal see: (1810–1876), joined the Royal Navy as a boy, in 1825 and had an adventurous, wide-ranging and distinguished career. Promoted lieutenant in 1832, by 1836 he was in the sloop 'Vestal' on the North American station and later the sloop 'Calliope' on the South American station. In 1841 he was in China, where he was present at the Battle of Chuenpi, the storming of Wampea reach and at attacks on Canton. In recognition of his role in these raids, he was promoted commander that year and given command of the sloop 'Pylades', which he brought home from the east in 1843. In 1846 he commanded the brig-sloop 'Grecian' to open the South American station, returning in 1849. He was promoted captain in 1852, rear-admiral in 1868 and vice-admiral in 1874. |
Tyndall | Australian Tindals | Australian Tindals
Sir Nicolas's youngest brother, Charles, a commander in the Royal Navy, became Governor of the Bank of England in the west of England. His son, Charles Grant Tindal (1823–1914) was a successful cattle breeder, meat processor and landowner. Having started his career on explorations of New South Wales, he leased a cattle station before buying the Ramornie station on the Orana River, near Grafton in NSW. In addition to cattle breeding, he was a highly successful breeder of racehorses, both in Australia and England, where he retained his father's property of Fir Grove, Hampshire. At its peak, Charles's meat processing company slaughtered 35,000 beasts a year and was well established on the English market.
Charles's descendants remain in Australia to this day (although several Australian Tyndalls descend from the Irish branch of the family). One, Wing Cdr Archibald Tindal, who was killed during the bombing of Darwin on 19 February 1942, became the first RAAF airman to be killed on the Australian mainland during World War II. After the war, Carson's Airfield, located approximately south-east from Darwin, was renamed RAAF Base Tindal in his honour. |
Tyndall | Modern era | Modern era
thumb|right|Nicolas Tindal-Carill-Worsley
Sir Nicolas ultimately left no descendants in the male line, though a branch of the Bosanquet family are his descendants and Reginald Bosanquet, the broadcaster for ITN, was his great-great-grandson. Members of the main branch of the English family descend from his brother, Thomas Tindal of Aylesbury, Clerk of the Peace for Buckinghamshire. He married Anne, the daughter of Acton Chaplin, Clerk of the Peace for Buckinghamshire. Chaplin was a great-great-grandson of Sir Francis Chaplin, Lord Mayor of London in 1677Burke's Landed Gentry, 1973, Tindal-Carill-Worsley, formerly of PlattHistory of Finmere, Rev. JC Blomfield, Finmere and Little Tidgewick Historical Society, 1998, p 61 and the great-grandfather of Sir Arthur Havelock, Governor of Sierra Leone and Tasmania.Burke's Peerage Havelock Thomas's son, Acton Tindal, Lord of the Manor of Aylesbury, married Henrietta Euphemia Harrison, an eminent poetOxford Dictionary of National Biography (2006) and descendant of Francis Turner, one of the seven Bishops to defy James II and his Declaration of Indulgences, Sir Francis Windebank, Secretary of State to Charles I, and Sir Edmund Plowden, the eminent Elizabethan jurist.Burke's Landed Gentry (1868) 'Harrison of Ramsey' Acton's son, Nicolas, married Elizabeth Carill-Worsley, heiress of Platt Hall near Manchester and the family adopted the name Tindal-Carill-Worsley.Burke's Landed Gentry (1973) Tindal-Carill-Worsley, formerly of East Carleton & Platt Elizabeth was a descendant of Erasmus Darwin, the 2nd Earl of Portmore, the Lord Monteagle who foiled the Gunpowder Plot and Charles Worsley of Platt, one of Oliver Cromwell's most trusted Major Generals, to whom was entrusted the Mace when Cromwell famously cried 'rid me of that bauble' in expelling the House of Commons in 1652.Booker, Rev J History of Birch Chapel (19th century) pp 48/49.
The current head of the English family is Charles Tindal of Ballyloughan (he does not use 'Carill-Worsley'), son of Group Captain Nicolas Tindal-Carill-Worsley (1911–2006), a bomber pilot during World War II and one of the organisers of the "Great Escape" from Stalag Luft III. His brother, Anthony, son, Matthew and niece and nephew William and Harriet together run Tindal Wines in England and Ireland.http://www.tindalwine.com, www.tindalwines.co.uk
(See also Darwin–Wedgwood family) |
Tyndall | Irish branch and distinguished individuals | Irish branch and distinguished individuals |
Tyndall | Derivation | Derivation
A branch of the family settled in Ireland in the Middle Ages, and manuscript genealogical records of these exist in Trinity College Dublin.Manuscript genealogies: see MS. vols. F.3.23, F.3.27, F.4.18 in Trinity College Library, Dublin The family originated in Gloucestershire and were closely related to William Tyndale, the Bible translator. Another William Tyndall is mentioned in the 1659 census as living in Duganstowne, Catherlagh (County Carlow), co-owned by him and a Richard Andrewes as tituladoes. Similarly, a John Tyndall came from Gloucestershire to Ireland during the Wars of Rebellion and had a grant of land confirmed to him in 1668. He married Isabelle de Rinzy of County Wexford.
Amongst the landed gentry in Ireland in the 19th century, Tyndalls appeared established with estates and seats at Ballyanne House, and Berkeley Forest, both in New Ross, County Wexford, and Prospect Hall, County Kilkenny, as well as in County Carlow, and Kildevin, County Westmeath, and Dublin City. Samuel Tyndall served as Lord Mayor of Dublin from 1826 to 1827. E.L. Tyndall was a Knight Grand Cordon, 6th Class, of the Order of the Sacred Treasure of Japan (founded by the Emperor Meiji (Mutsuhito) on 8 January 1888)Source: The Nobilities of Europe, edited by the Marquis de Ruvigny, published by Melville and Company, London, 1909. Page 296. |
Tyndall | Prominent Irish Tyndalls | Prominent Irish Tyndalls
right|thumb|140px|John Tyndall
John Tyndall (1820–1893) from Leighlinbridge, County Carlow, Ireland, a staunch Protestant Unionist, was a well-known physicist from Ireland, who discovered the Tyndall effect.Brock, WH, and Mollan, RC (ed) (Royal Dublin Society 1981) John Tyndall – Essays on a Natural Philosopher.Dublin Almanacks, 1830, 1840, & 1860. A relative, another John Tyndall of Newcastle ran a forge, coachmaking and saddlery, in the middle of the 19th century, and his grandson, David P. Tyndall (1890–1970), from Chapelizod, became a prominent Irish businessman in the 20th century, who founded the firm D. Tyndall & Sons, as well as several other companies, and consolidated and modernised the wholesale trade sector, introducing the SPAR chain into Ireland.
John Hutchyns Tyndall (1934–2005) born Exeter, Devon, England, was a British politician who was involved in a number of nationalist movements in post-war Britain, best known for leading the National Front in the 1970s and founding the contemporary British National Party (BNP) in 1982. His paternal family were Protestant Unionists from County Waterford, his ancestors having settled in Ireland in the 16th century. His grandfather had been a district inspector in the Royal Irish Constabulary.
Other lines of the Irish branch of the family have spread to Australia and the USA. |
Tyndall | Tyndall-named institutions and places | Tyndall-named institutions and places
England: The Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research has locations in the University of East Anglia in Norwich, the University of Manchester, the University of Southampton, the University of Sussex in Brighton, Oxford University, and the University of Newcastle upon Tyne. 'Tindal Square' in Chelmsford is named after Sir Nicolas Conyngham Tindal. 'Tindal Hospital', Aylesbury, is named after the family of Thomas and Acton Tindal, Lords of the Manor of Aylesbury. A branch of the Tyndall family settled in Bristol, and created Tyndalls Park in the 18th century; they built Royal Fort House, now part of the campus of the University of Bristol: there is a Tyndall lecture theatre and, nearby, a road named Tyndall Avenue.
Republic of Ireland: In honour of physicist John Tyndall, the Tyndall National Institute was created in Ireland in 2004 at the initiative of the Department of Enterprise Trade and Employment and University College Cork (UCC) to bring together complementary activities in photonics, electronics and networking research at the National Microelectronics Research Centre (NMRC), several UCC academic departments and Cork Institute of Technology (CIT).
New Zealand: The Tyndall name has lent itself to an important investment fund management enterprise.
USA: Tyndall Air Force Base, named for World War I flying ace Lt. Frank B. Tyndall, is located in Bay County, Florida. The small city of Tyndall, South Dakota, named for John Tyndall, is the county seat of Bon Homme County. Tyndall Glacier in Colorado is also named after John Tyndall.
Australia: Royal Australian Air Force Base Tindal, in the Northern Territory is named after Wing Cmdr Archibald Tindal, the first Australian airman to be killed on the Australian mainland in World War II (see above under Tindal/Tindal-Carill-Worsley family).
Canada: The town of Tyndall, Manitoba. Tyndall stone is the name of a limestone often used in construction and decoration in Manitoba.
A crater on Mars is named after John Tyndall. |
Tyndall | In The United States | In The United States
Richard Tindall continued as surveyor-general of Fenwick's Colony following the sale of the Salem Tenth to William Penn in 1682. Quit Rents and Warrants, History and Genealogy of Fenwick's Colony, page 496. His brother Thomas Tindall was the first purchaser of land in Hopewell, New Jersey and had many children.Ege, Ralph Pioneers of Old Hopewell (1908), Race & Savidge, Hopewell, New Jersey, pg 13-14. "This Houghton tract was surveyed by Thomas Revell, agent for the West Jersey Society, for Thomas Tindall, on February 27, 1696, and was without doubt the first farm located in the Hopewell Valley. On November 10, 1699, a deed was given by Thomas Revell, agent for 'Ye Honorable The West Jersey Society in England' of the one part, and Thomas Tindall of the other part, for the above tract, the consideration being 'ten pounds per hundred acres,' or fifty cents per acre in US currency, which was the regulation price for all the societies lands of the 30,000 acre tract. The above deed describes the as a part of the 30,000 acre tract 'lying above ye fialls of ye Delaware.'"
Tindall, Missouri is named for Union Army colonel Jacob T. Tindall.
First Lieutenant (Air Service) Frank Benjamin Tyndall, United States Army Air Service flew as an ace fighter pilot with 22d Aero Squadron. By direction of the president, under the provisions of the act of Congress approved 9 July 1918 (Bul. No. 43, W.D., 1918), LT. Frank B. Tyndall is cited by the commanding general, American Expeditionary Forces, for gallantry in action and a Silver Star may be placed upon the ribbon of the Victory Medals awarded him. First Lieutenant Tyndall distinguished himself by gallantry in action while serving with the 22d Aero Squadron, American Expeditionary Forces, in action near Conflans, France, 29 October 1918, in pursuing an enemy Fokker far within the enemy's lines and bringing it down. After the war was over he worked with Boeing on loan from the government as a consultant and test pilot. During one of his test flights his plane had a mechanical failure and he had to bail out. As a result, he was the second Airman to successfully survive using a parachute. He died 15 July 1930 after the plane he was flying crashed. Ten years later Tyndall Air Force Base was named in his honour. He was survived by his wife Grace Tyndall and his daughter Mary Tyndall. |
Tyndall | Notes | Notes
right|thumb|250px|Memorial to John Pocock Tindal, RN, brother of Sir Nicolas Tindal, at Chelmsford Cathedral
right|thumb|250px|Memorial to Sir Nicolas Tindal at Chelmsford Cathedral |
Tyndall | References | References
Langley Barony Records at the National Archives (UK) (from ADM 74/3/11 of 13 Charles I to QCD/17 of 1954)
Rudder, Samuel (1779) A New History of Gloucestershire
Burke, John (1838, London) A Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Commoners of Great Britain and Ireland
Dictionary of National Biography – entries include William Tyndale, Dr Matthew Tindal, Rev Nicolas Tindal, Sir Nicolas Conyngham Tindal, Henrietta Euphemia (née) Harrison (Mrs Acton Tindal).
Burke's Landed Gentry: 19th century editions: Tyndale of Haling, 'Tindal of Chelmsford' (1863); Tindal-Carill Worsley of Platt (1973)
Burke's Colonial Gentry: Tindal of Ramornie.
John Nichols (printer)Literary Anecdotes (18th century), Vol IX
Bence-Jones, Mark (Constable & Co, 1988) A Guide to Irish Country Houses, pp 19 and 41.
Coller, DW (1861) 'A People's History of Essex'
Lalor, Stephen (Continuum International Publishing Group Ltd., 2006) Matthew Tindal, Freethinker: An Eighteenth-century Assault on Religion,
Eve, AS, and Creasey, CH (Macmillan, 1945) Life and Work of John Tyndall
Manuscript genealogies: see MS. vols. F.3.23, F.3.27, F.4.18 in Trinity College Library, Dublin
Haydn, Joseph (Allen, 1894) The Book of Dignities
Fairbairn, James (Jack, London, 1905) Fairbairn's Book of Crests of Families of Great Britain and Ireland
Vicars, Sir Arthur (Dublin, 1897) Prerogative Wills of Ireland (1536–1810) – Index.
Brock, WH, and Mollan, RC (ed) (Royal Dublin Society 1981) John Tyndall – Essays on a Natural Philosopher.
Dublin Almanacks, 1830, 1840, & 1860.
"Genealogy of the family of Tyndale" B.W.Greenfield. (Private 1843)
"Memoirs of the Extinct Family of Chesters of Chicheley" by Robert Waters in two vols, Published by Robson and Sons 1878 |
Tyndall | External links | External links
Tyndall National Institute (Ireland)
Tyndall Center for Climatic Change Research (UK)
Tyndall Air Force Base (USA)
[www.tindalwine.com Tindal Wines]
Rev John Tindal's Descendents in America (USA) http://www.tindalltree.com/index.html
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Tyndall | Table of Content | Short description, Origins, Barony of Tindale, ''"Tindale"'' in the Peerage, From the Middle Ages to the early modern era, The Tyndalls at court, The Tyndall Family and the Throne of Bohemia, William Tyndale, {{anchor, The Tindal/Tindal-Carill-Worsley family, Derivation, Philosopher, historian and judge, Australian Tindals, Modern era, Irish branch and distinguished individuals, Derivation, Prominent Irish Tyndalls, Tyndall-named institutions and places, In The United States, Notes, References, External links |
U.S. Agriculture | # | Redirect Agriculture in the United States |
U.S. Agriculture | Table of Content | # |
Options | # | Redirect Option |
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U.S. Defense | # | Redirect United States Department of Defense |
U.S. Defense | Table of Content | # |
STS-90 | Multiple issues | {{Infobox spaceflight
| name = STS-90
| names_list = Space Transportation System-90
| image = Sunrise over Spacelab.jpg
| image_caption = Spacelab Module LM2 in Columbias payload bay, serving as the Neurolab
| insignia = Sts-90-patch.svg
| spacecraft =
| mission_type = Bioscience research
| operator = NASA
| COSPAR_ID =
| SATCAT =
| orbits_completed =
| distance_travelled =
| mission_duration = 15 days, 21 hours, 50 minutes, 58 seconds
| launch_mass =
| landing_mass =
| payload_mass =
| launch_site = Kennedy, LC-39B
| launch_date = UTC
| landing_date = UTC
| landing_site = Kennedy, SLF Runway 33
| crew_size = 7
| crew_members =
| crew_photo = STS-90 crew.jpg
| crew_photo_caption = Left to right – Front row: Altman, Searfoss; Back row: Pawelczyk, Linnehan, Hire, Williams, Buckey
| apsis = gee
| orbit_epoch =
| orbit_reference = Geocentric
| orbit_regime = Low Earth
| orbit_periapsis =
| orbit_apoapsis =
| orbit_period = 89.7 min
| orbit_inclination = 39.0 degrees
| programme = Space Shuttle program
| previous_mission = STS-89
| next_mission = STS-91
}}STS-90''' was a 1998 Space Shuttle mission flown by the Space Shuttle Columbia. The 16-day mission marked the last flight of the European Space Agency's Spacelab laboratory module, which had first flown on Columbia on STS-9, and was also the last daytime landing for Columbia.
Crew
Backup crew
Crew seat assignments
Seat Launch Landing 150pxSeats 1–4 are on the flight deck.Seats 5–7 are on the mid-deck. 1 Searfoss 2 Altman 3WilliamsLinnehan 4 Hire 5LinnehanWilliams 6 Buckey 7 Pawelczyk
Mission highlights
Neurolab was a Spacelab module mission focusing on the effects of microgravity on the nervous system. The goals of Neurolab were to study basic research questions and to increase the understanding of the mechanisms responsible for neurological and behavioral changes in space. Specifically, experiments would study the adaptation of the vestibular system and space adaptation syndrome, the adaptation of the central nervous system and the pathways which control the ability to sense location in the absence of gravity, and the effect of microgravity on a developing nervous system. The science lead was Mary Anne Frey.
The mission was a joint venture of six space agencies and seven U.S. research agencies. Investigator teams from nine countries would conduct 31 studies in the microgravity environment of space. Other agencies participating in the mission included six institutes of the National Institutes of Health, the National Science Foundation, and the Office of Naval Research, as well as the space agencies of Canada, France, Germany, and Japan, and the European Space Agency.
Neurolab's 26 experiments targeted one of the most complex and least understood parts of the human body – the nervous system. Primary goals were to conduct basic research in neurosciences and expand understanding of how the nervous system develops and functions in space. Test subjects were rats, mice, crickets, snails, two kinds of fish and the crew members themselves. Cooperative effort of NASA, several domestic partners and the space agencies of Canada (CSA), France (CNES) and Germany (DLR), as well as the European Space Agency (ESA) and the National Space Development Agency of Japan (NASDA). Most experiments conducted in pressurized Spacelab long module located in Columbias payload bay. This was the 16th and last scheduled flight of the ESA-developed Spacelab module although Spacelab pallets would continue to be used on the International Space Station.
Research conducted as planned, with the exception of the Mammalian Development Team, which had to reprioritize science activities because of the unexpected high mortality rate of neonatal rats on board.
Other payloads included the Shuttle Vibration Forces experiment, the Bioreactor Demonstration System-04, and three Get-Away Special (GAS) canister investigations.
STS-90 was the first mission to make an Orbital Maneuvering System (OMS) assist burn during the ascent.
Three of the seven STS-90 crew (Williams, Pawelczyk and Buckey) appeared on the Canadian television series Popular Mechanics for Kids. Working with engineers on the ground a week into the flight, the on-orbit crew used aluminum tape to bypass a suspect valve in the Regenerative Carbon Dioxide Removal System that had threatened to cut short the mission.
Mission Management Team considered, but decided against, extending the mission one day because the science community indicated an extended flight was not necessary and weather conditions were expected to deteriorate after planned landing on Sunday, 3 May.
STS-90 Mission Specialist Kathryn Hire was Kennedy Space Center's first employee to be chosen as an astronaut candidate.
STS-90 was the second shuttle flight where a bat was observed landing on the External Tank (the first being STS-72'''), but it flew away just after main engine start. Another bat was observed landing on the External Tank during STS-119, but remained on the tank during liftoff. |
STS-90 | See also | See also
List of human spaceflights
List of Space Shuttle missions
Outline of space science |
STS-90 | References | References |
STS-90 | External links | External links
NASA mission summary
STS-90 Video Highlights
Category:Spacecraft launched in 1998
Category:Space Shuttle missions |
STS-90 | Table of Content | Multiple issues, See also, References, External links |
U.S. Education | # | Redirect United States Department of Education |
U.S. Education | Table of Content | # |
STS-91 | Short description | STS-91 was the 24th flight of Discovery, and the final Space Shuttle mission to the Mir space station. It was flown by Space Shuttle Discovery, and launched from Kennedy Space Center, Florida, on 2 June 1998. |
STS-91 | Crew | Crew |
STS-91 | Crew seat assignments | Crew seat assignments
Seat Launch Landing 150pxSeats 1–4 are on the flight deck.Seats 5–7 are on the mid-deck. 1 Precourt 2 Gorie 3Chang-DiazKavandi 4 Lawrence 5KavandiChang-Diaz 6 Ryumin 7 UnusedThomas |
STS-91 | Mission highlights | Mission highlights
STS-91 marked the final Shuttle/Mir Docking Mission, as well as the only such docking for Discovery. This Phase 1 Program was a precursor to the International Space Station maintaining a continuous American presence in space and developing the procedures and hardware required for an international partnership in space.
The mission was the first to use the super lightweight external tank (SLWT) which was the same size, at long and in diameter, as the external tank used on previous launches, but lighter. The tank was made of an aluminium lithium alloy and the tank's structural design had also been improved making it 30 percent stronger and 5 percent less dense. The walls of the redesigned hydrogen tank were machined in an orthogonal waffle-like pattern, providing more strength and stability than the previous design. These improvements would later provide additional payload capacity to the International Space Station.
Docking of Discovery to Mir, the first for that orbiter, occurred at 16:01 UTC, 4 June 1998 at an altitude of 208 miles. Hatches opened at 2:34 pm the same day. At hatch opening, Andy Thomas officially became a member of ''Discoverys crew, completing 130 days of living and working on Mir. The transfer wrapped up a total of 907 days spent by seven U.S. astronauts aboard the Russian space station as long-duration crew members. During the next four days, the Mir 25 and STS-91 crews transferred more than of water, and almost of cargo experiments and supplies were exchanged between the two spacecraft. During this time, long-term U.S. experiments aboard the Mir were moved into Discoverys middeck locker area and the SPACEHAB single module in the orbiter's payload bay, including the Space Acceleration Measurement System (SAMS) and the tissue engineering co-culture (COCULT) investigations, as well as two crystal growth experiments. The crews also conducted Risk Mitigation Experiments (RMEs) and Human Life Sciences (HLS) investigations. When the hatches closed for undocking at 9:07 am, 8 June, and the spacecraft separated at 12:01 pm that day, the final Shuttle-Mir docking mission was concluded and Phase 1 of the International Space Station (ISS) program came to an end.
thumb|right|250px|Mir as seen from Discovery after undocking
STS-91 also carried a prototype of the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS) into space. The AMS, designed to look for dark and missing matter in the universe, was powered up on Flight Day 1. Data originally planned to be sent to ground stations through Discovery'''s Ku-band communications system was recorded on board because of a problem with the Ku-band system that prevented it from sending high-rate communications, including television signals, to the ground. The system was able to receive uplink transmissions. On 3 June 1998 the crew was able to set up a bypass system that allowed AMS data to be downlinked via S-band/FM communications when the orbiter came within range of a ground station. Data that could not be recorded by ground stations was recorded on board throughout the mission.
The Ku-band system failure was determined to be located in a component that was not accessible to the crew. The failure prevented television transmission throughout the mission. Television broadcasts from Mir were prevented by a problem between a Russian ground station and the mission control center outside Moscow, limiting communications to audio only on NASA television.
Other experiments conducted by the Shuttle crew during the mission included a checkout of the orbiter's robot arm to evaluate new electronics and software and the Orbiter Space Vision System for use during assembly missions for the ISS. Also on board in the payload bay were eight Get Away Special experiments, while combustion, crystal growth and radiation monitoring experiments were conducted in Discoverys mid-deck crew cabin area. |
STS-91 | See also | See also
List of human spaceflights
List of Space Shuttle missions
Outline of space science |
STS-91 | References | References |
STS-91 | External links | External links
NASA mission summary
STS-91 Video Highlights
Category:Spacecraft launched in 1998
Category:Space Shuttle missions |
STS-91 | Table of Content | Short description, Crew, Crew seat assignments, Mission highlights, See also, References, External links |
U.S. Interior | # | Redirect United States Department of the Interior |
U.S. Interior | Table of Content | # |
STS-95 | short description | STS-95 was a Space Shuttle mission launched from Kennedy Space Center, Florida on 29 October 1998, using the orbiter Discovery. It was the 25th flight of Discovery and the 92nd mission flown since the start of the Space Shuttle program in April 1981. It was a highly publicized mission due to former Project Mercury astronaut and United States Senator John H. Glenn Jr.'s return to space for his second space flight. At age 77, Glenn became the oldest person to go into space, a record that remained unbroken for 23 years until 82-year-old Wally Funk flew on a suborbital flight on Blue Origin NS-16, launching on 20 July 2021, which in turn was broken by William Shatner at age 90 on 13 October 2021 and then by Ed Dwight on May 19, 2024. Glenn, however, remains the oldest person to reach Earth orbit. This mission is also noted for inaugurating ATSC HDTV broadcasting in the U.S., with live coast-to-coast coverage of the launch. In another first, Pedro Duque became the first Spaniard in space.
The mission's objectives involved investigating life-sciences experiments, using the SpaceHab module to perform these experiments on Senator Glenn. Scientific objectives on this mission were not limited to furthering an understanding of the human body, but also to increase astronomical understanding with regards to the Sun, and how it affects life on Earth. The Spartan 201 spacecraft was released by the crew, flying free from the Shuttle, studying the acceleration of the solar wind that originates in the Sun's solar corona. The mission lasted just under ten days, with Discovery completing its voyage by landing at the Kennedy Space Center's Shuttle Landing Facility.
The launch was rare in that the official launch weather forecast provided by the 45th Weather Squadron was 100 percent for favorable weather for launch as well as the Shuttle Landing Facility.
Bill Clinton became the second sitting U.S. president to witness a crewed space launch, joined by his wife Hillary on the roof of the Launch Control Center, and the only one to witness a Space Shuttle launch (President Richard Nixon witnessed the launch of Apollo 12). |
STS-95 | Crew | Crew |
STS-95 | Crew seat assignments | Crew seat assignments
Seat Launch Landing 150pxSeats 1–4 are on the flight deck.Seats 5–7 are on the mid-deck. 1 Brown 2 Lindsey 3 Duque Robinson 4 Parazynski 5 Robinson Duque 6 Glenn 7 Mukai |
STS-95 | Mission highlights | Mission highlights
thumb|The seven crew members pose for photographers prior to participating in a training session
thumb|STS-95 lands at the Shuttle Landing Facility, 7 November 1998
thumb|Launch of STS-95
The primary objectives included conducting a variety of science experiments in the pressurized Spacehab module, the deployment and retrieval of the Spartan free-flyer payload, and operations with the HST Orbital Systems Test (HOST) and the International Extreme Ultraviolet Hitchhiker (IEH) payloads carried in the payload bay. |
STS-95 | Spacehab | Spacehab
The Spacehab module flown on STS-95 was provided by Spacehab, Inc., a private company. The Spacehab system provided additional pressurized workspace for experiments, cargo and crew activities. Spacehab modules supported various Shuttle science missions along with several of the joint Shuttle-Mir missions.
For STS-95, a single-module Spacehab flew in the forward portion of Discovery's payload bay, with the crew gaining access to the module through the airlock tunnel system. A variety of experiments sponsored by NASA, the Japanese Space Agency (NASDA) and the European Space Agency (ESA) focused on life sciences, microgravity sciences and advanced technology during the flight. |
STS-95 | Spartan | Spartan
The Spartan 201-5 free-flyer was deployed and retrieved using the Shuttle's mechanical arm. It was designed to investigate physical conditions and processes of the hot outer layers of the Sun's atmosphere, or solar corona. While deployed from the Shuttle, Spartan gathered measurements of the solar corona and solar wind. NASA expected that information collected during this mission would lead to a much better understanding of the solar winds that directly influence orbiting satellites and weather conditions on Earth which in turn impact television and phone communications. This was the fifth flight for the Spartan payload; it originally flew on the STS-56 mission in April 1993.
On its previous mission, STS-87 in November 1997, Spartan developed problems shortly after being deployed from the Shuttle and had to be brought back into the Shuttle's payload bay by spacewalk. These problems were due with the attitude control system for fine pointing toward solar targets, and Spartan was cleared for use again on STS-95. Its mission was to successfully perform the same experiments from the previous year. |
STS-95 | HOST | HOST
The Hubble Space Telescope Orbital Systems Test (HOST) platform carried experiments to validate components planned for installation during the third Hubble Space Telescope servicing mission and to evaluate new technologies in an earth orbiting environment. There were four experiments on the HOST platform. The NICMOS Cooling System allowed for zero-g verification of a reverse turbocharged Brayton cycle cooler, which allowed for longer life operation than the dewar system used on Hubble at the time. The HST 486 computer allowed for the identification of any radiation-susceptible parts in the DF-224 replacement computer to be carried on the third servicing mission, and demonstrate hardware and software responses to Single Event Upsets (SEUs). A solid state recorder compared on-orbit operation of the flight-spare solid state recorder with the unit installed in Hubble. A fiber optic line test used the same 4 kbit/s data stream that was sent to the orbiter's Payload Data Interrogator (PDI) and routed to a laptop computer for post-flight comparison. |
STS-95 | IEH | IEH
The International Extreme Ultraviolet Hitchhiker (IEH) payload involved a half dozen different experiments mounted on a support structure which was carried in Discovery's payload bay. The six experiments that made up the IEH payload were the Solar Extreme Ultraviolet Hitchhiker (SEH) payload, which obtained EUV and FUV fluxes that are required when studying the Earth's upper atmosphere; an Ultraviolet Spectrograph Telescope for Astronomical Research (UVSTAR) payload designed to measure EUV fluxes which could be used to form images of extended plasma sources (ex. Jupiter, hot stars, etc.); the STAR-LITE payload which made observations of extended and diffused astrophysical targets; the CONCAP-IV payload designed to grow thin films via physical vapor transport; the Petite Amateur Navy Satellite (PANSAT) payload which was managed by the Department of Defense Space Test Program, and involved a small deployable satellite that stored and transmitted digital communications to PANSAT ground stations; and a Getaway Special (GAS) payload. |
STS-95 | Medical experiments on Glenn | Medical experiments on Glenn
According to the New York Times, Glenn "won his seat on the shuttle flight by lobbying NASA for two years to fly as a human guinea pig for geriatric studies", which were named as the main reasons for his participation in the STS-95 mission. This series of experiments conducted on Glenn during the mission was sponsored by NASA and the National Institute on Aging, and based on the fact that the aging process and a space flight experience share a number of similar physiological responses. The investigations were expected to gather information which may provide a model system to help scientists interested in understanding aging. Some of these similarities include bone and muscle loss, balance disorders and sleep disturbances. Shortly before the flight, researchers learned that Glenn had to be disqualified from another of the flight's two main priority human experiments (about the effects of melatonin) because he did not meet one of study's medical conditions; he still participated in two other experiments about sleep monitoring and protein use.
Data provided from Glenn during this mission was compared to data obtained from Glenn's Friendship 7 orbital mission in 1962. |
STS-95 | Trivia | Trivia
Glenn was the oldest person, and the third sitting member of Congress, to fly into space. He was preceded by U.S. Senator from Utah Jake Garn (STS-51-D) and U.S. Representative (later Senator) from Florida Bill Nelson (STS-61-C). At the time, Glenn was Ohio's senior or ranking Senator. Other astronauts who later entered politics include Harrison Schmitt (Apollo 17), later U.S. Senator from New Mexico, Jack Swigert (Apollo 13), who was elected to Congress in the state of Colorado but died before being sworn in, and U.S. Senator from Arizona Mark Kelly (STS-108, STS-121, STS-124, and STS-134).
In a reprise of his first space flight, while in orbit, Glenn was greeted again by the citizens of Perth and Rockingham in Australia. They left their private and municipal lights on while the Discovery passed overhead, just like they did during his Friendship 7 flight.
This is the first mission wherein a Space Shuttle orbiter (Discovery in this mission) uses NASA's meatball insignia on its markings. It replaced the worm logotype that all orbiters had. Endeavour, Atlantis, and Columbia would follow in their respective missions of STS-88, STS-101, and STS-109. Space Shuttle orbiters Enterprise and Challenger didn't have this change, for Enterprise became the property of The Smithsonian in 1985 and Challenger was destroyed in 1986. |
STS-95 | Crew award | Crew award
The crew of STS-95 was awarded the Space Foundation's Douglas S. Morrow Public Outreach Award in 1999. The award is given annually to an individual or organization that has made significant contributions to public awareness of space programs. |
STS-95 | Anomalies | Anomalies
The drag chute door detached and fell from the orbiter at main engine ignition. There was some concern that the drag chute could deploy prematurely prior to touchdown, and the decision was made not to use the chute during landing rollout. Wheel brakes and speedbrakes were sufficient to bring Discovery to a stop on Runway 33 at the Shuttle Landing Facility.NASA.gov
An RCS leak venting from a thruster on the left-hand OMS pod was observed in orbit. An isolation valve was used to disable the jet. Attitude control was maintained by system redundancy; there were 44 jets located around the orbiter. |
STS-95 | Inaugural HDTV broadcast | Inaugural HDTV broadcast
The Advanced Television Systems Committee (ATSC) provided live coverage of the lift-off as the public launch of the high-definition television system in the United States. The signal was transmitted coast-to-coast, and was seen by the public in science centers, and other public theaters specially equipped to receive and display the broadcast. The Harris Corporation provided the equipment necessary for transmitting and receiving the broadcast. The coverage was hosted by former CBS News anchor Walter Cronkite, and former Gemini/Apollo-era astronaut Pete Conrad. |
STS-95 | Wake-up calls | Wake-up calls
NASA had begun a tradition of playing music to astronauts during the Gemini program, which was first used to wake up a flight crew during Apollo 15. Each track is specially chosen and often has a particular meaning to an individual member of the crew, or it is somehow applicable to their situation.
Flight Day Song Artist Played for Day 2 "What a Wonderful World" Louis Armstrong Scott Parazynski Day 3 "Cachito" Nat King Cole Pedro Duque Day 4 "This Pretty Planet" Tom Chapin Steven Lindsey Day 4 "Halelujahs" Chris Rice Steven Lindsey Day 5 "Moon River" Andy Williams John Glenn Day 6 "The House Is Rockin'" Stevie Ray Vaughan Steve Robinson Day 7 "Wakaki Chi" ("Young Spirit") Keio University "cheering song" Chiaki Mukai Day 8 "I Know You're Out There Somewhere" The Moody Blues Curtis Brown Day 9 "Voyage into Space" Peter Nero John Glenn Day 10 "La Cucaracha" Pedro Duque |
STS-95 | Mission insignia | Mission insignia
The STS-95 mission insignia was designed by the crew, and evokes the scientific, engineering and historic elements of the flight.
It depicts a stylized blue Space Shuttle with yellow, red, and blue streamers coming from its stern that represent the global benefits of the mission's science experiments and the solar science objectives of the Spartan satellite. A small Mercury space capsule is depicted orbiting the Shuttle, and the red streamer extends up towards the center of the Shuttle to form a "7". The capsule and the number seven are in reference to Glenn's historic association with the Mercury Seven astronauts and their spacecraft: all of the crewed Mercury spacecraft had "7" as part of their name. The mission payloads—microgravity material science, medical research for humans on Earth and in space, and astronomy—represent three major scientific fields and are symbolized in the insignia by rocket plumes. |
STS-95 | See also | See also
John H. Glenn Jr.
List of human spaceflights
List of Space Shuttle missions
Mercury-Atlas 6
Outline of space science |
STS-95 | References | References |
STS-95 | External links | External links
NASA mission summary
STS-95 Video Highlights
Category:Spacecraft launched in 1998
Category:Space Shuttle missions
Category:John Glenn |
STS-95 | Table of Content | short description, Crew, Crew seat assignments, Mission highlights, Spacehab, Spartan, HOST, IEH, Medical experiments on Glenn, Trivia, Crew award, Anomalies, Inaugural HDTV broadcast, Wake-up calls, Mission insignia, See also, References, External links |
U.S. Justice | # | Redirect United States Department of Justice |
U.S. Justice | Table of Content | # |
STS-88 | Short description | STS-88 was the first Space Shuttle mission to the International Space Station (ISS). It was flown by Space Shuttle Endeavour, and took the first American module, the Unity node, to the station.
The seven-day mission was highlighted by the mating of the U.S.-built Unity node to the Functional Cargo Block (Zarya module) already in orbit, and three spacewalks to connect power and data transmission cables between the Node and the FGB. Zarya, built by Boeing and the Russian Space Agency, was launched on a Russian Proton rocket from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan in November 1998.
Other payloads on the STS-88 mission included the IMAX Cargo Bay Camera (ICBC), the Argentine Scientific Applications Satellite-S (SAC-A), the MightySat 1 Hitchhiker payload, the Space Experiment Module (SEM-07) and Getaway Special G-093 sponsored by the University of Michigan. |
STS-88 | Crew | Crew |
STS-88 | Launch attempts | Launch attempts |
STS-88 | Crew seat assignments | Crew seat assignments
Seat Launch Landing 150pxSeats 1–4 are on the flight deck.Seats 5–7 are on the mid-deck. 1 Cabana 2 Sturckow 3 Ross Newman 4 Currie-Gregg 5 Newman Ross 6 Kirkalev 7 Unused |
STS-88 | Mission highlights | Mission highlights
thumb|left|STS-88 launches from Kennedy Space Center, 4 December 1998.
thumb|The ISS after STS-88 construction.
thumb|Illustration of the International Space Station after STS-88.
Node 1, named Unity, was the first space station hardware delivered by the Space Shuttle. It has two Pressurized Mating Adapters (PMA), one attached to either end. One PMA (PMA-1) is permanently mated to Zarya, and the other (PMA-2) is used for orbiter dockings and crew access to the station. Unity also contains an International Standard Payload Rack used to support on-orbit activities, which was activated after the fifth Shuttle/Station assembly flight.
To begin the assembly sequence, the crew conducted a series of rendezvous maneuvers similar to those conducted on other Shuttle missions to reach the orbiting FGB. On the way, Currie used the Shuttle's robot arm to place Node 1 atop the Orbiter Docking System. Cabana completed the rendezvous by flying Endeavour to within of the FGB, allowing Currie to capture the FGB with the robot arm and place it on the Node's Pressurized Mating Adapter.
Once the two elements were docked, Ross and Newman conducted two scheduled spacewalks to connect power and data cables between the Node, PMAs and the FGB. The day following the spacewalks, Endeavour undocked from the two components, completing the first Space Station assembly mission.
Endeavours astronauts toured the new International Space Station on Thursday, 10 December 1998, entering the Unity and Zarya modules for the first time, and establishing an S-band communications system that enables U.S. flight controllers to monitor the outpost's systems. Reflecting the international cooperation involved in building the largest space complex in history, Commander Robert Cabana and Russian Cosmonaut Sergei Krikalev opened the hatch to the U.S.-built Unity connecting module and floated into the new station together.
The rest of the crew followed and began turning on lights and unstowing gear in the roomy hub to which other modules would be connected in the future. Each passageway within Unity was marked by a sign leading the way into tunnels to which new modules would later be connected.
About an hour later, Robert Cabana and Sergei Krikalev opened the hatch to the Russian-built Zarya control module, which was the nerve center for the station in its embryonic stage. Joined by Pilot Frederick Sturckow and Mission Specialists Jerry Ross, James H. Newman and Nancy Currie, Cabana and Krikalev hailed the historic entrance into the International Space Station and said the hatch opening signified the start of a new era in space exploration.
thumb|left|STS-88 lands at the Shuttle Landing Facility, 15 December 1998.
Ross and Newman went right to work in Unity, completing the assembly of an early S-band communications system that allows flight controllers in Houston to send commands to Unitys systems and to keep tabs on the health of the station with a more extensive communications capability than exists through Russian ground stations. The astronauts also conducted a successful test of the videoconferencing capability of the early communications system, which was used by the first crew to permanently occupy the station in November 2000 (Expedition 1). Newman downlinked greetings to controllers in the station flight control room in Houston and to astronaut Bill Shepherd, who commanded the first crew and lived aboard the station with Krikalev and Cosmonaut Yuri Gidzenko.
Krikalev and Currie replaced a faulty unit in Zarya which controlled the discharging of stored energy from one of the module's six batteries. The battery had not been working properly in its automatic configuration, but the new unit was functioning normally shortly after it was installed.
The astronauts also unstowed hardware and logistical supplies stored behind panels in Zarya, relocating the items for use by the Shuttle crew that was to visit the station in May 1999 and by Shepherd's expedition crew. The astronauts also completed their initial outfitting of the station.
The hatches to Zarya and Unity were closed before Endeavour undocked from the new station, leaving the new complex to orbit the Earth unpiloted.
Mission timeline
Launch preparations
At 12:15 am EST on Monday, 23 June 1997, an Air Force C-5 air cargo plane arrived at the Shuttle Landing Facility carrying Unity (Node 1). On 1 February 1998, Endeavour was towed to Orbiter Processing Facility Bay 1. On 15 October 1998, Endeavour was moved from Orbiter Processing Facility Bay 1 to the Vehicle Assembly Building. On 21 October 1998, Endeavour was transported atop the Crawler Transporter to Kennedy Space Center's Launch Pad 39A.
3–4 December (Flight Day 1, Launch)
Space Shuttle Endeavour launched at 3:35:34 am EST from the Kennedy Space Center's Launch Pad 39A. STS-88 was the first shuttle flight to the International Space Station. After launch, the crew opened the shuttle's payload bay doors, deployed the Ku-Band antenna, and activated the shuttle's Hitchhiker payload. The crew also started preparing for the multiple engine firings that will be performed to bring shuttle Endeavour within the Shuttle Remote Manipulator System's reach of the Zarya FGB. At launch, Zarya was 240 statute miles above the Kennedy Space Center (KSC), and the module was on its 222nd orbit of the Earth since its launch.
4 December (Flight Day 2)
On Flight Day 2, the crew of Endeavour performed several tasks to get ready for the docking on Sunday and the extra-vehicular activities (EVA) to be completed on the mission. Nancy Currie conducted a photo survey of Unity and Endeavours payload bay, using the shuttle's robotic arm, Canadarm. Jerry Ross and Jim Newman checked out the spacesuits they would use on the three EVAs and prepared the shuttle's airlock for use during the spacewalks. Rick Sturckow, who would be choreographing the EVAs from inside the shuttle, joined Ross and Newman to check out the SAFER units to be worn during the spacewalks in case Ross or Newman were to become separated from Endeavour during one of the spacewalks.
5 December (Flight Day 3)
On Flight Day 3, Currie used Canadarm to grapple and place Unity onto the Orbiter Docking System at 6:45 pm EST. The crew pressurized PMA-2 and entered it. They put several caps over vent valves to prepare for the entrance into Unity later in the week. Commander Bob Cabana performed a debris avoidance maneuver to move Endeavour out of the way of a casing from a Delta II rocket that launched on 6 November from Vandenberg Air Force Base in California.
6 December (Flight Day 4, Docking with Zarya)
On Flight Day 4, Bob Cabana fired Endeavour's rockets several times to maneuver the shuttle within Canadarm's reach of the Zarya FGB. At 6:47 pm EST, Currie grappled Zarya. Later, at 9:07 pm EST, Cabana fired Endeavours downward jets to bring the two modules together.
7 December (Flight Day 5, EVA 1)
During a 7-hour, 21-minute spacewalk, astronauts Jerry Ross and Jim Newman helped activate the Unity node, the first module to the U.S. segment of the International Space Station. They connected 40 connectors and cables running along the 35-ton, space station. At 10:49 pm EST, flight controllers in Houston saw Unity'''s systems come on.
8 December (Flight Day 6)
On the 6th day of Endeavour's STS-88 mission, Mission Specialists Jerry Ross and Jim Newman relaxed after their long spacewalk on Flight Day 5. Ross, Newman, Nancy Currie, and Sergei Krikalev prepared equipment for Flight Day 7's EVA. Commander Bob Cabana and Pilot Rick Sturckow fired Endeavours main reaction control system jets for 22 minutes to raise the ISS approximately 5 statute miles. The crew conducted interviews with ABC News, Discovery Channel, and MSNBC.
9 December (Flight Day 7, EVA 2)
At 3:33 pm EST, Mission Specialists Jerry Ross and Jim Newman commenced on a 7-hour, 2-minute EVA to continue the installation of Unity. The two spacewalkers first installed two antennas on the outside of Unity. The astronauts also removed launch restraint pins on the four radial common berthing mechanisms of Unity. They installed covers on Unitys two data relay boxes to protect them from sunlight. Lastly, Newman freed a backup rendezvous system antenna on the Zarya FGB.
10 December (Flight Day 8, Entrance into the ISS)
Flight Day 8 was a historic day as the International Space Station was opened for the first time on orbit. At 2:54 pm EST, Commander Bob Cabana and Russian Cosmonaut Sergei Krikalev opened the hatch to the Unity Node of the new International Space Station. The other members of the crew started unstowing gear and turning on the lights. At 4:12 pm EST, Cabana and Krikalev opened the hatch into Zarya. Jerry Ross and Jim Newman assembled a S-band communications system in Unity, and Krikalev and Nancy Currie replaced a problematic battery discharging unit in Zarya.
11 December (Flight Day 9)
On Flight Day 9, Pilot Rick Sturckow and Mission Specialist Nancy Currie continued unstowing hardware in Unity. After turning off the lights, the crew later closed the hatches to Zarya and Unity. The crew prepared for the mission's third and final spacewalk on Flight Day 10. Endeavours crew also conducted interviews with CNN and CBS News.
12 December (Flight Day 10, EVA 3)
At 3:33 pm EST, astronauts Jerry Ross and Jim Newman commenced on a 6-hour, 59-minute EVA to finish the installation of the Unity Node to Zarya. The two stowed tools on the side of Unity to prepare for the spacewalks on STS-96, the next mission to the ISS. Ross also freed another antenna on Zarya, similar to the one Newman freed on EVA-2. The spacewalkers also tested the redesigned SAFER jet packs, to be used in the event an astronaut became separated from the spacecraft during a spacewalk. After the EVA, Pilot Rick Sturckow depressurized the vestibule between Endeavour and PMA-2 to prepare for the undocking of the two spacecraft on Flight Day 11.
13 December (Flight Day 11, Undocking)
On Flight Day 11, Space Shuttle Endeavour undocked from the International Space Station. At 3:25 pm EST, Pilot Rick Sturckow backed Endeavour away from the station and started a nose-forward fly-around of the station, so that the crew could take pictures of the space station. At 4:49 pm EST, Sturckow performed a final separation burn. Later, the crew deployed SAC-A, a small satellite for the Argentinean National Commission of Space Activities.
14 December (Flight Day 12)
On the last full day on orbit, the crew deployed a small Air Force satellite called MightySat-1. The crew tested the orbiter's aerosurfaces and steering jets to be used on landing day and stowed equipment.
15 December (Flight Day 13, Landing)
Flight Day 13 was landing day for Space Shuttle Endeavour and its crew of six. At 7:07 pm EST, the orbiter's payload bay doors were closed for entry. Flight Director John Shannon gave the go for the crew to fire the orbital maneuvering system engines for the deorbit burn at 9:46 pm EST so that Endeavour could slow down to enter the Earth's atmosphere. At 10:54 pm EST, Endeavour and crew landed on the Kennedy Space Center's Runway 15. Endeavour'' wrapped up a 4.7 million mile mission, and the first to the International Space Station. |
STS-88 | Extra-vehicular activity | Extra-vehicular activity
Three extra-vehicular activity (EVA) spacewalks were scheduled and completed during STS-88.
SpacewalkersStart (UTC)End (UTC)DurationMission EVA 1 Jerry L. RossJames H. Newman 7 December 199822:10 8 December 199805:31 7 hours, 21 minutes Began Unity installation. EVA 2 RossNewman 9 December 199820:33 10 December 199803:35 7 hours, 02 minutes Continued Unity installation. EVA 3 RossNewman 12 December 199820:33 13 December 199803:32 6 hours, 59 minutes Completion of Unity installation. |
STS-88 | Wake-up calls | Wake-up calls
NASA began a tradition of playing music to astronauts during the Gemini program, and first used music to wake up a flight crew during Apollo 15.
Each track is specially chosen, often by the astronauts' families, and usually has a special meaning to an individual member of the crew, or is applicable to their daily activities.
Flight Day Song Artist Played for Day 2 "Get Ready" The Temptations Day 3 "Anchors Aweigh" Charles A. Zimmermann Day 4 "Over the Rainbow" Judy Garland Robert D. Cabana Day 5 "Jerry the Rigger" old Celtic song Jerry L. Ross Day 6 "Streets of Bakersfield" Dwight Yoakam Frederick W. Sturckow Day 7 "Floating in the Bathtub" James H. Newman Day 8 "God Bless the U.S.A." Lee Greenwood Nancy J. Currie-Gregg Day 9 "Trepak" Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky Sergei Krikalev Day 10 "Hound Dog" Elvis Presley Day 11 "Goodnite, Sweetheart, Goodnite" The Spaniels Day 12 "I Got You (I Feel Good)" James Brown "In honor of the good feelings evoked by this successful first International Space Station Assembly mission." Day 13 "Ride of the Valkyries" Richard Wagner |
STS-88 | Media | Media |
STS-88 | See also | See also
List of human spaceflights
List of International Space Station spacewalks
List of Space Shuttle missions
List of spacewalks and moonwalks 1965–1999
Outline of space science
Space Shuttle |
STS-88 | References | References |
STS-88 | External links | External links
NASA mission summary
STS-88 Video Highlights
Category:Spacecraft launched in 1998
Category:Space Shuttle missions
Category:Articles containing video clips
Category:University of Michigan
Category:Spacecraft which reentered in 1998
Category:December 1998
Category:1998 in Florida |
STS-88 | Table of Content | Short description, Crew, Launch attempts, Crew seat assignments, Mission highlights, Extra-vehicular activity, Wake-up calls, Media, See also, References, External links |
Ujiyamada | # | redirect Ise, Mie |
Ujiyamada | Table of Content | # |
STS-103 | Short description | STS-103, the 96th launch of the Space Shuttle and the 27th launch of Space Shuttle Discovery, was a Hubble Space Telescope servicing mission. It launched from Kennedy Space Center, Florida, on 19 December 1999 and returned on 27 December 1999 and was the last Shuttle mission of the 1990s. It was the only mission to span through Christmas after being delayed by 13 days for technical and weather reasons. |
STS-103 | Crew | Crew |
STS-103 | Space walks | Space walks
Smith and Grunsfeld – EVA 1
EVA 1 start: 22 December 1999 – 18:54 UTC
EVA 1 end: 23 December 1999 – 03:09 UTC
Duration: 8 hours, 15 minutes
Foale and Nicollier – EVA 2
EVA 2 start: 23 December 1999 – 19:06 UTC
EVA 2 end: 24 December 1999 – 03:16 UTC
Duration: 8 hours, 10 minutes
Smith and Grunsfeld – EVA 3
EVA 3 start: 24 December 1999 – 19:17 UTC
EVA 3 end: 25 December 1999 – 03:25 UTC
Duration: 8 hours, 8 minutes |
STS-103 | Crew seat assignments | Crew seat assignments
Seat Launch Landing 150pxSeats 1–4 are on the flight deck.Seats 5–7 are on the mid-deck. 1 Brown 2 Kelly 3 Grunsfeld Foale 4 Clervoy 5 Foale Grunsfeld 6 Smith 7 Nicollier |
STS-103 | Mission highlights | Mission highlights
thumb | 220x124px | right|STS-103 launch
The primary objective of STS-103 was the Hubble Servicing Mission 3A. STS-103 had four scheduled Extravehicular Activity (EVA) days where four crew members worked in pairs on alternating days to renew and refurbish the telescope.
NASA officials decided to move up part of the servicing mission that had been scheduled for June 2000 after three of the telescope's six gyroscopes failed. Three gyroscopes must be working to meet the telescope's very precise pointing requirements, and the telescope's flight rules dictated that NASA consider a "call-up" mission before a fourth gyroscope failed. Four new gyros were installed during the first servicing mission (STS-61) in December 1993 and all six gyros were working during the second servicing mission (STS-82) in February 1997. Since then, a gyro failed in 1997, another in 1998 and a third in 1999. The Hubble team believed they understood the cause of the failures, although they could not be certain until the gyros were returned from space. Having fewer than three working gyroscopes would have precluded science observations, although the telescope would have remained safely in orbit until a servicing crew arrived.
Hubble's gyros spin at a constant rate of 19,200 rpm on gas bearings. This wheel is mounted in a sealed cylinder, which floats in a thick fluid. Electricity is carried to the motor by thin wires (approximately the size of a human hair). It is believed that oxygen in the pressurized air used during the assembly process caused the wires to corrode and break. The new gyros were assembled using nitrogen instead of oxygen. Each gyroscope is packaged in a Rate Sensor assembly. The Rate Sensors are packaged in pairs into an assembly called a Rate Sensor Unit (RSU). It is the RSUs that the STS-103's astronauts changed. The RSUs each weigh and are 12.8 by 10.5 by 8.9 inches (325 by 267 by 226 mm) in size.
In addition to replacing all six gyroscopes on the December flight, the crew replaced a Fine Guidance Sensor (FGS) and the spacecraft's computer. The new computer reduced the burden of flight software maintenance and significantly lowered costs. The new computer was 20 times faster and had six times the memory of the DF-224 computer previously used on Hubble. It weighs and is 18.8 by 18 by 13 inches (478 by 457 by 330 mm) in size. The FGS installed was a refurbished unit that was returned from Servicing Mission 2. It weighs and is 5.5 by 4 by 2 feet (1.68 by 1.22 by 0.61 m) in size.
A voltage/temperature improvement kit (VIK) was also installed to protect spacecraft batteries from overcharging and overheating when the spacecraft goes into safe mode. The VIK modifies the charge cutoff voltage to a lower level to prevent battery overcharging and associated overheating. The VIK weighs about .
thumb|left|200px|The Mars flag
The repair mission also installed a new S-Band Single Access Transmitter (SSAT). Hubble has two identical SSATs onboard and can operate with only one. The SSATs send data from Hubble through NASA's Tracking Data Relay Satellite System (TDRSS) to the ground. The new transmitter replaced one that failed in 1998. The SSAT weighs and is 14 by 8 by inches (356 by 203 by 70 mm).
A spare solid state recorder was also installed to allow efficient handling of high-volume data. Prior to the second servicing mission, Hubble used three 1970s-style reel-to-reel tape recorders. During the second servicing mission, one of these mechanical recorders was replaced with a digital solid state recorder. During this mission a second mechanical recorder was replaced by a second solid state recorder. The new recorder could hold approximately 10 times as much data as the old unit (12 gigabytes instead of 1.2 gigabytes). The recorder weighs and is 12 by 9 by 7 inches in size.
Finally, the EVA crew replaced the telescope's outer insulation that had degraded. The insulation is necessary to control the internal temperature on the Hubble. The New Outer Blanket Layer (NOBL) and Shell/Shield Replacement Fabric (SSRF) help protect Hubble from the harsh environment of space. It protects the telescope from the severe and rapid temperature changes it experiences during each 90 minute orbit as it moves from sunlight to darkness.
STS-103 also carried hundreds of thousands of student signatures as part of the Student Signatures in Space (S3) program. The unique project provided elementary schools (selected on a rotating basis) with special posters to be autographed by students, then scanned onto disks and carried aboard a NASA Space Shuttle mission.
It was the Discovery's last solo spaceflight. All later missions by Discovery were International Space Station missions.
Astronaut John Grunsfeld, who was one of the mission specialists on this mission, brought a "Planet Mars Flag" aboard Discovery. |
STS-103 | Wake-up calls | Wake-up calls
NASA began a tradition of playing music to astronauts during the Gemini program, which was first used to wake up a flight crew during Apollo 15.
Each track is specially chosen, often by their families, and usually has a special meaning to an individual member of the crew, or is applicable to their daily activities.
Flight day Song Artist/composer Day 2 "Takin' Care of Business" Bachman–Turner Overdrive Day 3 "Rendezvous" Bruce Springsteen Day 4 "Hucklebuck" Beau Jocque and the Zydeco Hi-Rollers Day 6 "Magic Carpet Ride" Steppenwolf Day 7 "I'll Be Home for Christmas" Bing Crosby Day 8 "We're So Good Together" Reba McEntire Day 9 "The Cup of Life" Ricky Martin |
STS-103 | See also | See also
List of human spaceflights
List of Space Shuttle missions
Outline of space science |
STS-103 | References | References |
STS-103 | External links | External links
NASA mission summary
STS-103 Video Highlights
Category:Spacecraft launched in 1999
Category:Hubble Space Telescope servicing missions
Category:Space Shuttle missions
Category:December 1999
Category:1999 in Florida
Category:Spacecraft which reentered in 2009 |
STS-103 | Table of Content | Short description, Crew, Space walks, Crew seat assignments, Mission highlights, Wake-up calls, See also, References, External links |
Ise | '''Ise''' | Ise may refer to: |
Ise | Places | Places
Ise, Mie, a city in Japan
Ise Grand Shrine, a Shinto shrine located in Ise, Mie
Ise Ekiti, a city in Nigeria
Ise, Norway, a village in Norway
Ise Province, an ancient province of Japan
River Ise, a tributary of the River Nene in Northamptonshire, England
Ise (river), a tributary of the Aller in Lower Saxony, Germany
Ise Bay, a bay in Japan |
Ise | People with the name | People with the name
(born 1988), Japanese actress
, Japanese swimmer
Lady Ise (c. 875–c. 938), a famous poet in ancient Japan
Ise, stylized as ISE, Danish female singer and participant in Danish version of The X Factor |
Ise | Other uses | Other uses
The Tales of Ise (Ise monogatari), a collection of Heian period Japanese waka poetry
Ise Nanao, a character in the manga and anime series Bleach
Japanese battleship Ise, a battleship of the Imperial Japanese Navy, named after the province
JDS Ise (DDH-182), Japanese helicopter carrier
-ise, a suffix also spelled "-ize". |
Ise | See also | See also
ISE (disambiguation)
Category:Japanese-language surnames |
Ise | Table of Content | '''Ise''', Places, People with the name, Other uses, See also |
STS-99 | Short description | STS-99 was a Space Shuttle mission using Endeavour, that launched on 11 February 2000 from Kennedy Space Center, Florida. The primary objective of the mission was the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) project. This was also the last solo flight of Endeavour; all future flights for Endeavour became devoted to the International Space Station. STS-99 was also the first Shuttle mission of the 2000s. |
STS-99 | Crew | Crew |
STS-99 | Crew seat assignments | Crew seat assignments
Seat Launch Landing 150pxSeats 1–4 are on the flight deck.Seats 5–7 are on the mid-deck. 1 Kregel 2 Gorie 3 Thiele Mohri 4 Kavandi 5 Voss 6 Unused 7MohriThiele |
STS-99 | Mission highlights | Mission highlights
thumb|left|STS-99 launches from Kennedy Space Center, 11 February 2000.
The Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) was an international project spearheaded by the National Imagery and Mapping Agency (now the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency), an agency within the U.S. Department of Defense, and NASA, with participation of the German Aerospace Center DLR. Its objective was to obtain the most complete high-resolution digital topographic database of the Earth. SRTM consisted of a specially modified radar system that flew onboard Endeavour during its 11-day mission. This radar system gathered around 8 terabytes of data to produce high-quality 3-D images of the Earth's surface.
SRTM used C-band and X-band interferometric synthetic aperture radar (IFSAR) to acquire topographic data of Earth's land mass (between 60°N and 56°S). It produced digital topographic map products which met Interferometric Terrain Height Data (ITHD)-2 specifications (30 meter x 30 meter spatial sampling with 16 meter absolute vertical height accuracy, 10 meter relative vertical height accuracy and 20 meter absolute horizontal circular accuracy). The result of the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission was close to 1 trillion measurements of the Earth's topography. Besides contributing to the production of better maps, these measurements could lead to improved water drainage modeling, more realistic flight simulators, better locations for cell phone towers, and enhanced navigation safety.
The Shuttle Radar Topography Mission mast was deployed successfully to its full length, and the antenna was turned to its operation position. After a successful checkout of the radar systems, mapping began at 00:31 EST, less than 12 hours after launch. Crewmembers split into two shifts so they could work around the clock, and began mapping an area from 60 degrees north to 56 degrees south. Data was sent to the Jet Propulsion Laboratory for analysis, and early indications showed the data to be of excellent quality.
thumb|STS-99 ends as Space Shuttle Endeavour lands at the Shuttle Landing Facility, 22 February 2000.
Mapping proceeded fairly smoothly, but during an attitude-hold period for payload mapping during the second day of flight, it was determined that orbiter propellant usage had doubled from 0.07 to 0.15% an hour. The increase was caused by a failure of the payload cold-gas thrust system that was used to offset the gravity gradient torque of the mast. As a result of this failure, orbiter propellant was being used at a higher-than-planned rate to maintain the attitude of the vehicle. Measures to reduce the expenditure were evaluated and based on the analysis, enough propellant could be saved to complete the planned 9-day plus science mission.
The first of a series of "flycast" maneuvers during the mission was also made on the second day of flight. The flycast maneuver was designed to reduce strain on the almost mast extending from Endeavours payload bay when adjustments to Endeavours orbit were needed.
The orbiter, which flew tail-first during mapping operations, was moved to a nose-first attitude with the mast extending upward. A brief reaction control system pulse began the maneuver. This caused the mast to deflect slightly backwards then rebound forward. As it reached vertical, a stronger thrust was applied, arresting the mast's motion and increasing the orbiter's speed.
Radar data gathering concluded at 06:54 EST on the tenth day of flight after a final sweep across Australia. During 222 hours and 23 minutes of mapping, Endeavours radar images filled 332 high density tapes and covered 99.98% of the planned mapping area – land between 60 degrees north latitude and 56 degrees south latitude – at least once and 94.6% of it twice. Only about in scattered areas remained unimaged, most of them in North America and most already well mapped by other methods. Enough data was gathered to fill the equivalent of 20,000 CDs.
Also aboard Endeavour was a student experiment called EarthKAM, which took 2,715 digital photos during the mission through an overhead flight-deck window. The NASA-sponsored program allowed middle school students to select photo targets and receive the images via the Internet. The pictures were used in classroom projects on Earth science, geography, mathematics and space science. More than 75 middle schools around the world participated in the experiment, which set a record. On four previous flights combined, EarthKAM sent down a total of 2,018 images.
STS-99 also saw the recommissioning of the Spacelab pallet system, despite the Spacelab system being discontinued almost two years prior.
The 2007 Smithsonian Networks documentary Oasis Earth was made about the mission, containing HD video from inside Endeavour, including many views looking at the Earth below. One highlight of the documentary features Mamoru Mohri shooting video of the Moon and Mount Fuji.
This was the last mission to fly with the original Space Shuttle cockpit layout in 18 straight years. Although the next mission (STS-101) featured the "glass cockpit" on Atlantis, Endeavour and sister orbiter Discovery continued flying with the original cockpit layout until after the Columbia disaster. |
STS-99 | Wake-up calls | Wake-up calls
NASA began a tradition of playing music to astronauts during the Gemini program, which was first used to wake up a flight crew during Apollo 10.
Each track is specially chosen, often by their families, and usually has a special meaning to an individual member of the crew, or is applicable to their daily activities.
Flight Day Team Song Artist/Performer Played for Link Day 1 Blue Team 8px "Time for Me to Fly" REO Speedwagon WAV Day 2 Red Team 8px Blue Team 8px "Some Guys Have All The Luck" "Eye in the Sky" Robert Palmer Alan Parsons Project WAV WAV Day 3 Red Team 8px Blue Team 8px "Jumpin' Jive" "Linus and Lucy" Cab Calloway/Joe Jackson Vince Guaraldi WAV WAV Day 4 Red Team 8px Blue Team 8px "Radar Love" "Journey to the Stars" Golden Earring Godiego WAV WAV Day 5 Red Team 8px Blue Team 8px "New York, New York" "Canon in D" Frank Sinatra Johann Pachebel / George Winston Kevin Kregel WAV WAV Day 6 Red Team 8px Blue Team 8px "Smack Dab in the Middle" "We Saw the Sea" Ray Charles U.S. Naval Academy Glee Club WAV WAV Day 7 Red Team 8px Blue Team 8px "Die Moldau" "Take a Little Less" Boston Symphony Orchestra Barton and Sweeney WAV WAV Day 8 Red Team 8px Blue Team 8px "Magic Carpet Ride" "Rawhide" Steppenwolf Frankie Laine WAV WAV Day 9 Red Team 8px Blue Team 8px "Catch the Moments As They Fly (Shannon River Dance)" "One After 909" Traditional Celtic Music / Jeff Victor The Beatles Kevin Kregel WAV WAV Day 10 Red Team 8px "Walk Don't Run" California Guitar Trio WAV Day 11 Blue Team 8px "Stay" Frankie Valli and the Four Seasons Not listed |
STS-99 | See also | See also
List of human spaceflights
List of Space Shuttle missions
Outline of space science |
STS-99 | Notes | Notes |
STS-99 | References | References |
STS-99 | External links | External links
NASA mission summary
STS-99 Video Highlights
USGS: Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) Fact Sheet 2009-3087 (Sep 2009)
STS-099
Category:Spacecraft launched in 2000
Category:2000 in the United States
Category:2000 in Florida |
STS-99 | Table of Content | Short description, Crew, Crew seat assignments, Mission highlights, Wake-up calls, See also, Notes, References, External links |
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