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Orthodox Celts | 2010s | 2010s
In 2012, Dejan Popin was replaced by Bojan Petrović, leader of the Celtic rock band Irish Stew of Sindidun. In Orthodox Celts Petrović played whistles and sung backing vocals, continuing to front his own band. In March 2012, the band held their traditional Saint Patrick's Day's day tour, including two 20th anniversary celebration concerts at the Students' Cultural Centre in Belgarade, one being an unplugged set for a limited number of visitors, and the other a standard tour set. On 12 July 2013, the band performed at the 47th Montreux Jazz Festival. In 2016, Bojan Petrović left Orthodox Celts and Dragan Gnjatović came to his place.
thumb|250px|Orthodox Celts in 2017
On 13 January 2017, the band released their latest studio album, Many Mouths Shut!, previously announced by singles "Save Me", released in March 2014, and "One / Milk & Honey", released in March 2015. The album featured seven songs authored by the band and six covers of traditional Irish songs. It was produced by Dejan Lalić and released through the band's own label, O'Celts Records."Orthodox Celts: Čujte i počujte ‘Many Mouths Shut’", rockomotiva.com The album artwork was designed by Italian comic book artist Walter Venturi and inspired by Venturi's work on Zagor. In 2018, the band performed in Ireland for the first time, in the club Fibber Magees in Dublin. In June 2020, the band, in cooperation with the Gvint brewery, launched their own brand of beer, Orthodox Celts Irish Red Lager."Bend Ortodox Celts promovisao svoje pivo: Crveni irski lager", telegraf.rs |
Orthodox Celts | 2020s | 2020s
In 2023, the remastered edition of the album One, Two... Five! was released on green vinyl. In February 2024, the band appeared in the non-competitive part of Pesma za Evroviziju '24, the Radio Television of Serbia-organized contest for Serbian entry for the 2024 Eurovision Song Contest, performing a cover of "Does Your Mother Know" as a part of ABBA medley. |
Orthodox Celts | Legacy | Legacy
In 2021, the band's album Green Roses was polled 57th and the album A Moment Like the Longest Day was polled 91st on the list of 100 Best Serbian Albums Since the Breakup of SFR Yugoslavia. The list was published in the book Kako (ni)je propao rokenrol u Srbiji (How Rock 'n' Roll in Serbia (Didn't) Came to an End). |
Orthodox Celts | Members | Members |
Orthodox Celts | Current members | Current members
Aleksandar Petrović - vocals (1993–present)
Dejan Lalić - octave mandola, mandolin, banjo, backing vocals (1992–present)
Nikola Stanojević - violin (2009–present)
Vladan Jovković - acoustic guitars, backing vocals (1993–present)
Dejan Grujić - bass guitar, backing vocals (2001–present)
Dušan Živanović - drums, bodhran (1992–present)
Dragan Gnjatović - tin whistles (2016–present) |
Orthodox Celts | Past members | Past members
Ana Đokić - violin (1992–2009)
Dejan Jevtović - bass guitar (1993–2001)
Dejan Popin - tin whistles (1997–2012)
Bojan Petrović - tin whistles (2012–2016) |
Orthodox Celts | Discography | Discography |
Orthodox Celts | Studio albums | Studio albums
Orthodox Celts (1994)
The Celts Strike Again (1997)
Green Roses (1999)
A Moment Like the Longest Day (2002)
One, Two... Five (2007)
Many Mouths Shut! (2017) |
Orthodox Celts | Live albums | Live albums
Muzičke paralele (split live album, with Pachamama; 1996) |
Orthodox Celts | Other appearances | Other appearances
"Galija" (with Madame Piano; Predeli, 1997) |
Orthodox Celts | References | References |
Orthodox Celts | External links | External links
Orthodox Celts at Discogs
Category:Serbian rock music groups
Category:Serbian celtic rock groups
Category:Celtic music groups
Category:Musical groups from Belgrade
Category:Musical groups established in 1992 |
Orthodox Celts | Table of Content | Short description, Band history, 1990s, 2000s, 2010s, 2020s, Legacy, Members, Current members, Past members, Discography, Studio albums, Live albums, Other appearances, References, External links |
Herrliberg | Infobox Swiss town
| Herrliberg is a municipality in the district of Meilen in the canton of Zürich in Switzerland. |
Herrliberg | History | History
thumb|left|Postcard from 1794 showing the vineyards above Herrliberg
thumb|left|Aerial view from 150 m by Walter Mittelholzer (1919)
There are findings dating back to the Bronze Age.
In the 8th century, a village called Tächliswil was established. A hamlet called Wezzo (today Wetzwil) was donated to the St. Gallen Abbey in 797. There are also a number of other hamlets, including Breitwil, Kittenmühle and Intwil.
Herrliberg is first mentioned in 1153–1155 as Hardiperc. In 1273 it was mentioned as Herdiperch and in the mid-15th Century as Härliberg.
Wine growing was important for centuries. In the Middle Ages, most of the land belonged to the churches of Zürich (Grossmünster and Fraumünster), but in 1412 Herrliberg was established as the place of a reeve. This made Herrliberg associated with Zürich. Since 1815, the municipality is part of the district of Meilen.
The chapel in Wetzwil predates 1370. The first school was opened in 1639. Thereafter, in 1687, the local parish church was built.
In 1886, the peak of wine growing, Herrliberg counted 174 wine growers, tending of vineyards.
With the opening of the railway link to Zürich in 1896, Herrliberg started to develop as part of the suburbs of Zürich. |
Herrliberg | Geography | Geography
thumb|left|Herrliberg from across Lake Zurich
Herrliberg has an area of . Of this area, 56.5% is used for agricultural purposes, while 24.2% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 19.2% is settled (buildings or roads) and the remainder (0.1%) is non-productive (rivers, glaciers or mountains). housing and buildings made up 15.1% of the total area, while transportation infrastructure made up the rest (4.2%). Of the total unproductive area, water (streams and lakes) made up 0.1% of the area. 18.2% of the total municipal area was undergoing some type of construction.
It is located on the north bank of the Lake Zürich in the Pfannenstiel region.Kanton Zürich, Statistisches Amt: Region Pfannenstiel In the local dialect it is called Herrlibärg.
The distance from the main square to Zürich Hauptbahnhof is . The locality is placed on five tiers.
The municipality is composed of three separate settlements along Lake Zurich, a settlement along the shore, the double village on the terraced slopes and the settlement on the top of the hill. It also includes the hamlets of Wetzwil, Breitwil (today known as Kittenmühle) and scattered farm houses. |
Herrliberg | Demographics | Demographics
thumb|Herrliberg on 21 May 1786, watercolor by Hans C. Escher of the Linth
thumb
thumb
thumb|The "cup marks" of the Nordic Bronze Age
Herrliberg has a population (as of ) of . , 14.6% of the population was made up of foreign nationals. the gender distribution of the population was 48.5% male and 51.5% female. Over the last 10 years the population has grown at a rate of 13.8%. Most of the population () speaks German (89.2%), with English being second most common ( 2.9%) and French being third ( 2.2%).
In the 2007 election the most popular party was the SVP which received 41% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the FDP (26.5%), the SPS (10%) and the CSP (8.8%).
The age distribution of the population () is children and teenagers (0–19 years old) make up 21.4% of the population, while adults (20–64 years old) make up 62.6% and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 16%. The entire Swiss population is generally well educated. In Herrliberg about 88.5% of the population (between age 25–64) have completed either non-mandatory upper secondary education or additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). There are 2422 households in Herrliberg.
Herrliberg has an unemployment rate of 1.48%. , there were 94 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 25 businesses involved in this sector. 122 people are employed in the secondary sector and there are 29 businesses in this sector. 785 people are employed in the tertiary sector, with 194 businesses in this sector.Swiss Federal Statistical Office accessed 10-Aug-2009 55.6% of the working population were employed full-time, and 44.4% were employed part-time.Statistics Zurich accessed 4 August 2009
there were 1571 Catholics and 2564 Protestants in Herrliberg. In the 2000 census, religion was broken down into several smaller categories. From the , 52.3% were some type of Protestant, with 50.8% belonging to the Swiss Reformed Church and 1.5% belonging to other Protestant churches. 26.6% of the population were Catholic. Of the rest of the population, 0% were Muslim, 3.7% belonged to another religion (not listed), 2.6% did not give a religion, and 14.5% were atheist or agnostic.
The historical population is given in the following table:
year population 1467 42 Households 1634 516 1760 979 1850 1,144 1888 964 1900 985 1950 2,298 2000 5,499 |
Herrliberg | Sights | Sights
thumb|upright|Herrliberg church (2009)
There are three churches in Herrliberg. The Protestant churches can be found in Wetzwil and Tal. The Catholic Church St. Marien is remarkable as it was built recently. The architecture is distinctive. |
Herrliberg | Transportation | Transportation
Herrliberg-Feldmeilen railway station is a stop of the S-Bahn Zürich on the line S6 and the terminal station of line S16.
In the summer there are regular boats to Zurich as well as along the lake to Rapperswil, run by the Zürichsee-Schifffahrtsgesellschaft (ZSG). |
Herrliberg | Famous people | Famous people
Herrliberg is the home of Christoph Blocher, a Swiss politician, industrialist, and former member of the Swiss Federal Council. It is also the home of Jürg Marquard, a Swiss publisher.
Famous organist, harpsichordist, conductor and Bach interpreter Karl Richter resided in Wetzwil, when not working in Munich with his Münchener Bachchor und Bachorchester.
Willem Sandberg, the Dutch typographer served an apprenticeship to a printer here.
In December 2011, tennis player Roger Federer and his wife Mirka purchased a 1.4 acre (5779 sq meters) development lot in the Laubhölzli area of Herrliberg, leading to speculation that they intend to build a home there.
On 2 November 2014 Nikolaus Senn, the former co-director of Schweizerische Bankgesellschaft, died in Herrliberg. |
Herrliberg | References | References |
Herrliberg | External links | External links
Official Page (German)
Catholic Church (German)
Protestant Churches (German)
Category:Municipalities of the canton of Zürich
Category:Populated places on Lake Zurich |
Herrliberg | Table of Content | Infobox Swiss town
, History, Geography, Demographics, Sights, Transportation, Famous people, References, External links |
Wan Hu | Short description | Wan Hu is a legendary Chinese official described in modern sources as possibly the first man to attempt to use a rocket to launch into outer space. Possibly depicted as the "world's first astronaut" and "the first martyr in man's struggle to achieve space flight", NASA named the crater Wan-Hoo on the far side of the Moon after him.
According to some Chinese sources, "Wan Hu" was a title granted to him by the imperial court during the early Ming dynasty, and his real name was Tao Chengdao. As a Ming official, he was interested in technological innovation, particularly concerning rockets. He is said to have died in 1390.
While the legend is well-known, there is no direct evidence surviving to substantiate it. According to Joseph Needham, the story is dubious and may be invented during or after the Chinoiserie period, considering the lack of firm historical reference. However, Li Chengzhi has argued for the story's plausibility, saying that it may have come from oral transmission by European missionaries who came to China during the late Ming and Qing dynasties, or based on records in an ancient Chinese document that has been subsequently lost. |
Wan Hu | Legend | Legend |
Wan Hu | Basic story | Basic story
The story concerns an imperial Chinese official, referred to as Wan Hu. In order to realize his space dream of reaching the heaven, he sat on a chair with 47 rockets tied to it, holding a kite in each of his hands, and flying into the sky after his servants were ordered to light the fuses to the rockets. But the rockets then exploded, which resulted in the ultimate failure, and Wan Hu was gone when the air cleared. There are also variations of this story. |
Wan Hu | "Wang Tu" | "Wang Tu"
A precursor of the story of Wan Hu appeared in an article by John Elfreth Watkins, published in the 2 October 1909 issue of Scientific American, which used the name Wang Tu instead of Wan Hu:
"Tradition asserts that the first to sacrifice himself to the problem of flying was Wang Tu, a Chinese mandarin of about 2,000 years B.C. Who, having had constructed a pair of large, parallel and horizontal kites, seated himself in a chair fixed between them while forty-seven attendants each with a candle ignited forty-seven rockets placed beneath the apparatus. But the rocket under the chair exploded, burning the mandarin and so angered the Emperor that he ordered a severe paddling for Wang."Watkins, John Elfreth (1909-10-02). The Modern Icarus. Scientific American, Vol 101 No 13, 2 October 1909, p 243. Retrieved from https://archive.org/details/scientific-american-1909-10-02.
The possibly farcical text proceeds to describe several other fictional stories of ancient aviators. A date of 2000 BCE pre-dates the emergence of writing in China by three or four centuries and pre-dates the invention of gunpowder-based rockets in China by about 3,000 years. |
Wan Hu | "Wan Hu" | "Wan Hu"
The legend of "Wan Hu" was widely disseminated by an unreferenced account in Rockets and Jets by American author Herbert S. Zim in 1945. Another book from the same year, by George Edward Pendray, describes it as an "oft repeated tale of those early days."
Early in the sixteenth century, Wan decided to take advantage of China's advanced rocket and fireworks technology to launch himself into outer space. He supposedly had a chair built with forty-seven rockets attached. On the day of lift-off, Wan, splendidly attired, climbed into his rocket chair and forty seven servants lit the fuses and then hastily ran for cover. There was a huge explosion. When the smoke cleared, Wan and the chair were gone, and was said never to have been seen again.
The legend of "Wan Hu" according to the United States House Committee on Appropriations in 2006:
Chinese person's space dream could be traced to several centuries ago. Back in the 14th century, a Chinese named Wan Hu attempted to send himself into sky by lighting 47 gunpower-packed bamboo tubes tied to his chair. Although he got killed in his bold attempt, Wan has since been widely regarded as the world's first person using rockets as a flight vehicle.
According to Walter Sierra, "Though doomed to fail, the Chinese scholar Wan Hu has been universally acknowledged as the first man to try flying to space with the help of rockets. In memory, NASA named the Wan-Hoo crater on the back of the Moon after him", although according to Mark Williamson most authorities consider the story apocryphal. Meanwhile, some Chinese scholars believe that foreigners from several different countries in the west were unlikely to fabricate a story about ancient Chinese official flying into the sky out of thin air. The tale may be based on the stories told by European missionaries who arrived in China since the late Ming dynasty, and then passed on by word of mouth. Alternatively, these European and American scholars may have indirectly relied on records in an ancient Chinese document that has been subsequently lost. According to William E. Burrows, "If it really happened, Wan Hu had the triple distinction of being the first person to ride a rocket, the first to fly on a self-propelled, heavier-than-air device, and the first rocket pilot to get killed during a test flight." |
Wan Hu | Popular culture | Popular culture
In the Tokyo DisneySea attraction Soaring: Fantastic Flight a painting of the story of Wan Hu can be seen in the rotunda of the Museum of Fantastic Flight queue area alongside other paintings of legendary attempts at human flight.
In Kung Fu Panda (film), the main character Po straps himself to a chair with fireworks attached and launches himself into the sky in order to attend the Dragon Warrior reveal ceremony. According to the film's director's commentary the idea was based on "a myth of a low level Chinese official from the Ming Dynasty who tried to go to the moon by strapping rockets to a chair."
In R.A.P. Ferreira & Fumitake Tamura 's "47 rockets taped to my chair" appearing in the album the First Fist to Make Contact When We Dap |
Wan Hu | See also | See also
Lagâri Hasan Çelebi
Space exploration
Larry Walters
List of inventors killed by their own invention
Berthold Schwarz - a semi-legendary inventor of gunpowder, executed for his invention. |
Wan Hu | References | References |
Wan Hu | External links | External links
WAN HOO AND HIS SPACE VEHICLE
NASA List of craters
China's Ming Dynasty astronaut
Ein Mandarin träumt von den Sternen
Category:Inventors killed by their own invention
Category:Ming dynasty scholars
Category:Year of birth unknown
Category:Year of death unknown
Category:Rocket science pioneers
Category:Chinese inventors
Category:Legendary Chinese people
Category:Homebuilt aircraft |
Wan Hu | Table of Content | Short description, Legend, Basic story, "Wang Tu", "Wan Hu", Popular culture, See also, References, External links |
Küsnacht | for | Küsnacht () is a municipality in the district of Meilen in the canton of Zürich, Switzerland. |
Küsnacht | History | History
left|thumb|Bank in Bellevue
Küsnacht is first mentioned in 1188 as de Cussenacho.
Earliest findings of settlement date back to the Stone Age. There are also findings from the Bronze Age. During Roman times, a mansion was located on the commons. It was called fundus Cossiniacus which is probably the origin of the name of Küsnacht. In the 7th century the name was recorded as Chussenacho. The coat of arms shows a golden cushion on a red background. It is probably a derivate of the coat of arms of the aristocrats of Küssnacht am Rigi.
In the Middle Ages, the land was governed by the House of Regensberg who lived in the castle of Wulp in Küsnacht. After 1531 Küsnacht was governed by Zürich.
Like most other municipalities along Lake Zurich, Küsnacht started to become a suburb of the city of Zürich with the development of the railway link in 1896.
The psychiatrist Carl Jung had his clinic in Küsnacht, which attracted patients from all over the world. Thomas Mann lived in Küsnacht between 1933 and 1939, after he was forced to leave Germany by the Nazis. Recently, the town's most famous resident was Tina Turner, who lived there until her death in 2023. |
Küsnacht | Geography | Geography
thumb|left|Aerial view from by Walter Mittelholzer (1919)
thumb|Küsnacht on Zürichsee lakeshore (Switzerland) as seen from Zürichhorn in Zürich-Seefeld, Zürichsee-Schiffahrtsgesellschaft (ZSG) landing gate to the left, Glarus Alps in the background.
Küsnacht has an area of . Of this area, 34.5% is used for agriculture, while 32.1% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 32.8% is settled (buildings or roads) and the remainder (0.5%) is non-productive (rivers, glaciers or mountains). , housing and buildings made up 25.6% of the total area, while transportation infrastructure made up the rest (7%). Of the total unproductive area, water (streams and lakes) made up 0.4% of the area. 33% of the total municipal area was undergoing some type of construction.
It is located on the north-east bank (also known as Goldküste) of Lake Zurich in the Pfannenstiel region.Kanton Zürich, Statistisches Amt: Region Pfannenstiel The local dialect is called Züridütsch. |
Küsnacht | Demographics | Demographics
upright|thumb|left|Church and seminary in Küsnacht, by Rudolf Ringger (about 1865)
thumb|Church and seminary
Küsnacht has a population (as of ) of . , 19.7% of the population was made up of foreign nationals. the gender distribution of the population was 47.4% male and 52.6% female. Over the last 10 years the population has grown at a rate of 6.6%. Most of the population () speaks German (86.1%), with English being second most common (3.6%) and Italian being third (2.5%).
In the 2007 election the most popular party was the SVP which received 32.8% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the FDP (30.5%), the SPS (12.4%) and the CSP (8.9%).
The age distribution of the population () is children and teenagers (0–19 years old) make up 17.7% of the population, while adults (20–64 years old) make up 59.1% and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 23.2%. In Küsnacht about 84.6% of the population (between age 25–64) have completed either non-mandatory upper secondary education or additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). There are 5843 households in Küsnacht.
Küsnacht has an unemployment rate of 1.51%. , there were 167 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 43 businesses involved in this sector. 849 people are employed in the secondary sector and there are 91 businesses in this sector. 3794 people are employed in the tertiary sector, with 664 businesses in this sector.Swiss Federal Statistical Office accessed 10-Aug-2009 40% of the working population were employed full-time, and 60% were employed part-time.Statistics Zürich accessed 4 August 2009
there were 3578 Catholics and 5417 Protestants in Küsnacht. In the 2000 census, religion was broken down into several smaller categories. From the , 49.5% were some type of Protestant, with 48% belonging to the Swiss Reformed Church and 1.5% belonging to other Protestant churches. 26.6% of the population were Catholic. Of the rest of the population, 2% were Muslim, 4.4% belonged to another religion (not listed), 3.7% did not give a religion, and 15.2% were atheist or agnostic.
The historical population is given in the following table:
year population 1467 126 households 1634 1,064 1799 1,512 1850 2,486 1900 3,391 1950 8,920 2000 12,484 |
Küsnacht | Weather | Weather
Küsnacht has an average of 136 days of rain per year and on average receives of precipitation. The wettest month is August during which time Küsnacht receives of precipitation. During that month, there is precipitation for an average of 12.3 days. The month with the most precipitation days is June, with an average of 13.3 days, and of precipitation., the weather station elevation is 412 meters above sea level. |
Küsnacht | Transport | Transport
upright|thumb|ZSG landing gate on Lake Zürich
There are four railway stations within the municipality of Küsnacht. Küsnacht ZH and Küsnacht Goldbach stations are both on the Lake Zürich right-bank line, and are served by S-Bahn Zürich services S6 and S16. Neue Forch and Forch stations are on the inland Forchbahn line, and are served by service S18.
In the summer there are regular boats to Zürich as well as along the lake to Rapperswil, run by the Zürichsee-Schifffahrtsgesellschaft (ZSG). |
Küsnacht | Sports | Sports
The ZSC Lions' affiliates, the GCK Lions, play in the Swiss League (SL). Their home arena is the 2,200-seat Eishalle Küsnacht. |
Küsnacht | Sites of interest | Sites of interest
Apart from Lake Zurich, popular sites to visit include
C. G. Jung Institute
the Cistercian abbey of Kappel am Albis
Küsnachter Tobel with hiking trails among glacial moraine with rare flora and fauna
Johanniterkomturei building (today housing the Kantonsschule)
Oberen Mühle, a mill that now houses the local museum
Seeclub Küsnacht boathouse dating from at least 1290
the dating from the 12th century
Ruins of Wulp Castle
Küsnachter Horn, a park close to the lake and the Küsnacht ship stop, run by the Zürichsee-Schifffahrtsgesellschaft (ZSG) |
Küsnacht | Notable people | Notable people
140px|thumb|Carl Jung
140px|thumb|Tina Turner, 1985 |
Küsnacht | 19th century | 19th century
Eugen Sutermeister (1862–1931), graveur and writer, founded the Sonos Society
Paul Sutermeister (1864–1905), theologian, pastor and editor
Meinrad Lienert (1865–1933), writer, poet and journalist; died here
Thomas Mann (1875–1955), writer, lived here 1933–1939
Carl Jung (1875–1961), psychiatrist and founder of Analytical psychology; lived and died here
Emma Jung (1882–1955), heiress, psychoanalyst and writer; lived and died here
Albin Zollinger (1895–1941), writer; educated here |
Küsnacht | 20th century | 20th century
Albert Frey-Wyssling (1900–1988), botanist
Bernard von Brentano (1901–1964), German writer, poet and playwright; lived here 1933–1949
Hermann Haller, (1914–2002) composer; taught here
Marie-Louise von Franz (1915–1998), Jungian psychologist and scholar; lived and died here
Tina Turner (1939–2023), American-born singer and entertainer, lived here from 1994 and died here
Ursula Biemann (born 1955), video artist, curator and art theorist
Rolf Dörig (born 1957), entrepreneur; lives here
Monisha Kaltenborn (born 1971), the former team principal of the Sauber Formula One team; lives here |
Küsnacht | Sports | Sports
Severino Minelli (1909–1994), footballer
Martin Studach (1944–2007), rower
Karl Grob (born 1946), footballer |
Küsnacht | References | References |
Küsnacht | External links | External links
Official page (German)
Category:Cities in Switzerland
Category:Municipalities of the canton of Zürich
Category:Populated places on Lake Zurich |
Küsnacht | Table of Content | for, History, Geography, Demographics, Weather, Transport, Sports, Sites of interest, Notable people, 19th century, 20th century, Sports, References, External links |
SS Cap Arcona | short description | SS Cap Arcona, named after Cape Arkona on the island of Rügen, was a large German ocean liner, later a requisitioned auxiliary ship of the Kriegsmarine (Nazi German War Navy), and finally a prison ship in the later months of World War II (1939–1945). A flagship of the Hamburg Südamerikanische Dampfschifffahrts-Gesellschaft ("Hamburg-South America Line"), she made her maiden voyage on 29 October 1927, carrying passengers and cargo between Germany and the east coast of South America, and for a brief period of time she was the largest and fastest ship on the route, until one month later she was surpassed on the same Europe-South America route by the Italian liner .
In 1940, the Kriegsmarine (Nazi German War Navy) requisitioned the S.S. Cap Arcona as an accommodation ship. In 1942 she served as the set for the German propaganda feature film Titanic. In 1945 she evacuated almost 26,000 German civilian refugees from East Prussia before the advance of the Red Army.
Cap Arconas final use was as a prison ship. In May 1945 she was heavily laden with prisoners from Nazi concentration camps when the Royal Air Force bombed her in the western Baltic Sea, killing about 5,000 people; with more than 2,000 further casualties in the sinkings of the accompanying vessels of the prison fleet, and .Watson, Robert, The Nazi Titanic: The Incredible Untold Story of a Doomed Ship in World War II, Da Capo Press, 2016 This was one of the largest single-incident maritime losses of life in the Second World War. |
SS Cap Arcona | Building and equipment | Building and equipment
Blohm+Voss in Hamburg built Cap Arcona, launching and completing her in 1927. She was , overall and a beam of .
She was driven by eight steam turbines, single-reduction geared to two propeller shafts. She had three funnels, and her passenger comforts included a full-size tennis court abaft her third funnel. The ship had at least 26 lifeboats, most of which were mounted in two tiers (see image).
Cap Arcona had modern navigation and communication equipment. She was equipped for submarine signalling which allowed a ship to hear acoustic signals from aids to navigation. She also had wireless direction finding equipment, and from 1934 she had an echo sounding device and a gyrocompass. |
SS Cap Arcona | Peacetime service | Peacetime service
Cap Arcona entered service in 1927, commencing her maiden voyage on Hamburg Süd's route to Buenos Aires 29 October. She joined the older liner on the route, which had been Hamburg Süd's flagship until Cap Arconas completion. Cap Polonio was laid up in 1931 and scrapped in 1935, leaving Cap Arcona as Hamburg Süd's sole prestige ship on its South American route.
On 6 October 1932 Cap Arcona collided with the French cargo ship in the North Sea off the Elbe 4 Lightship. Agen was beached, but later was refloated and escorted into Hamburg, Germany. |
SS Cap Arcona | Accommodation ship | Accommodation ship
In 1940 the Kriegsmarine (German Navy) requisitioned Cap Arcona, had her painted overall grey and used her in the Baltic Sea as an accommodation ship in Gotenhafen (now Gdynia).
In 1942 Cap Arcona was used as a stand-in for , supplying exterior locations for the filming of the Nazi film version of the disaster in the harbour of Gotenhafen. YouTube The production partially repainted the ship's funnels and hull in White Star Line colors for filming. The film was completed, but the original director, Herbert Selpin, was arrested for disparaging remarks he made about Kriegsmarine sailors. His later self-destructive interrogation at the hands of propaganda minister Joseph Goebbels all but sealed his fate. He was found the next day hanged in his cell by his suspenders. |
SS Cap Arcona | Evacuation of East Prussia | Evacuation of East Prussia
On 31 January 1945, the Kriegsmarine reactivated her for Operation Hannibal, where she was used to transport 25,795 German soldiers and civilians from East Prussia to safer areas in western Germany. By then these trips were made very dangerous by mines and Soviet Navy submarines. On 30 January , carrying around 10,000 passengers and crew, was torpedoed by the and sank in 40 minutes. An estimated 9,400 people died. Early on the morning of 11 February, the same submarine torpedoed the on its way to Copenhagen with wounded and bed-ridden soldiers and civilian passengers, killing over 4,000 people. On 20 February, Cap Arconas captain, Johannes Gertz, shot himself in his cabin while berthed in Copenhagen rather than face another trip back to Gotenhafen.
On 30 March 1945, Cap Arcona finished her third and last trip between Gdynia and Copenhagen, carrying 9,000 soldiers and refugees. However, her turbines were completely worn out. They could only be partially repaired and her days of long-distance travel were over. She was decommissioned, returned to her owners Hamburg-Süd and ordered out of Copenhagen Harbour to Neustadt Bay.
thumb|An ID', cap bevo and POW letter used by a former crew member of the SS Cap Arcona Ship |
SS Cap Arcona | Prison ship and sinking | Prison ship and sinking
During March and April 1945, concentration camp prisoners from Scandinavian countries had been transported from all over the German Reich to the Neuengamme concentration camp near Hamburg, in the White Bus programme coordinated through the Swedish Red Crosswith prisoners of other nationalities displaced to make room for them. Eventually Heinrich Himmler agreed that these Scandinavians, and selected others regarded as less harmful to Germany, could be transported through German-occupied Denmark, north to freedom in neutral Sweden. Then between 16 and 28 April 1945, the Neuengamme camp was systematically emptied of all its remaining prisoners, together with other groups of concentration camp inmates and Soviet P.O.W.s; with the intention that they would be relocated to a secret new camp, either on the Baltic Sea island of Fehmarn; or at Mysen in German-occupied Norway where preparations were put in hand to house them under the control of concentration camp guards evacuated from Sachsenhausen. In the interim, they were to be concealed from the advancing British and Canadian military forces from liberated Netherlands, along the North Sea coast, across northern Germany towards Denmark and the Baltic; and for this purpose the SS assembled a prison flotilla of decommissioned ships in the Bay of Lübeck, consisting of the requisitioned former civilian passenger ocean liners S.S. Cap Arcona and , the freighter , and the motor launch . Since the steering motors were out of use in the S.S. Thielbek and the turbines were out of use on the S.S. Cap Arcona, so then the smaller S.S. Athen was used to transfer prisoners from Lübeck to the larger vessels and in between ships; they were locked below decks and in the holds, and denied food and medical attention.
On 30 April 1945 the two Swedish ships Magdalena and Lillie Matthiessen, previously employed as support vessels for the White Bus evacuations, made a final rescue trip to the Bay of Lübeck and back. Amongst the prisoners rescued were some transferred from the prison flotilla. On the evening of 2 May 1945 more prisoners, mainly women and children from the Stutthof and Mittelbau-Dora camps were loaded onto barges and brought out to the anchored vessels; although, as the Cap Arcona refused to accept any more prisoners, over eight hundred were returned to the beach at Neustadt in the morning of 3 May, where around five hundred were killed in their barges by machine-gunning, or beaten to death on the beach, their German SS guards then seeking to make their escape unencumbered by "excess baggage".
The order to transfer the prisoners to the prison ships had come from Gauleiter Karl Kaufmann in Hamburg. Marc Buggeln has challenged Kaufmann's subsequent claim that he had been acting on orders from SS Headquarters in Berlin, arguing that the decision in fact resulted from political and business pressures from leading industrialists in Hamburg, who were already at this stage plotting with Kaufmann to hand the city over to approaching British forces undefended and unharmed, and who consequently wished to whitewash away (literally so in the case of the Neuengamme concentration camp) all evidence for the prisoners' former presence within the city and its industries.
By early May however, any relocation plans had been scotched by the rapid British military advance to the Baltic; so the SS leadership, which had moved to Flensburg on 28 April, discussed scuttling the ships with the prisoners still captive aboard. Later, at a war crimes tribunal, Gauleiter Kaufmann claimed that the prisoners were intended to be sent to Sweden, although, as none of the ships carried any exterior Red Cross hospital ship markings, nor were they even seaworthy, this was scarcely credible. Georg-Henning Graf von Bassewitz-Behr, Hamburg's last Higher SS and Police Leader (HSSPF), testified at the same trial that the prisoners were in fact to be killed "in compliance with Himmler's orders". Kurt Rickert, who had worked for Bassewitz-Behr, testified at the Hamburg War Crimes Trial that he believed the ships were to be sunk by Kriegsmarine submarine U-boats or Luftwaffe aircraft. Eva Neurath, who was present in Neustadt, and whose husband survived the disaster, said she was told by a police officer that the ships held convicts and were going to be blown up.
On 2 May 1945, the British Second Army discovered the empty camp at Neuengamme, and reached the coastal towns of Lübeck and Wismar. No. 6 Commando, 1st Special Service Brigade commanded by Brigadier Derek Mills-Roberts, and the 11th Armoured Division, commanded by Major-General Philip Roberts, entered Lübeck without resistance. Lübeck contained a permanent International Red Cross and Red Crescent offices in its function as a Red Cross port, and Mr. De Blonay of the International Committee of the Red Cross informed Major-General Roberts that 7,000 to 8,000 prisoners were aboard ships off-shore in the Bay of Lübeck.
In the afternoon of 3 May 1945, the British 5th reconnaissance regiment advanced northwards to Neustadt, witnessing the ships burning off-shore in the bay and rescuing some severely emaciated prisoners on the beach at Neustadt, but otherwise finding mostly the bodies of women and children who had died that morning. |
SS Cap Arcona | Gallery | Gallery |
SS Cap Arcona | Locations | Locations
Cap Arcona:
Thielbek:
Deutschland:
Athen
Elmenhorst |
SS Cap Arcona | Sinking | Sinking
On 3 May 1945, three days after Nazi German dictator Hitler's suicide in Berlin, and only one day before the unconditional surrender of the German troops in northwestern Germany at Lüneburg Heath to British Army commander Field Marshal Bernard Law Montgomery (1887–1976), S.S. Cap Arcona, S.S. Thielbek, and the passenger liner S.S. Deutschland were attacked as part of general strikes on shipping in the Baltic Sea by Royal Air Force (R.A.F.) Hawker Typhoon fighter warplanes of No. 83 Expeditionary Air Group of the 2nd Tactical Air Force. Through secret code-breaking of Ultra Intelligence, the Western Allies had become aware that most of the Nazi German SS leadership and former concentration camp commandants had gathered with Heinrich Himmler in Flensburg, hoping to contrive an escape northward to remaining German-occupied Norway. The western allies had intercepted orders from Hitler's designated successor with the rump Grand Admiral Karl Dönitz government, also at Flensburg, that the SS leadership were to be facilitated in escaping Allied captureor otherwise issued with false Kriegsmarine naval uniforms to conceal their identitiesas Admiral Dönitz sought, while surrendering, to maintain the fiction that his administration had been free from involvement in the concentration camps, or in Hitler's policies of genocide and the revealing Holocaust.
The British R.A.F. military aircraft were from the units of No. 184 Squadron, No. 193 Squadron, No. 263 Squadron, No. 197 Squadron RAF, and No. 198 Squadron. Besides four 20 mm cannon, these Hawker Typhoon Mark 1B fighter-bombers carried either eight HE "60-lb" RP-3 unguided rockets or two bombs.
None of the prison flotilla were painted / marked with Red Cross symbols (although the Deutschland had previously been intended as a hospital ship, and retained one white painted funnel with a red cross), and all prisoners were concealed below deck, so the pilots in the attacking force were unaware that they were laden with concentration camp survivors. Although Swedish and Swiss Red Cross officials had informed British intelligence on 2 May 1945 of the presence of large numbers of prisoners on ships at anchor in Lübeck Bay, this vital information was not passed on.From the Till report of June 1945:
"The Intelligence Officer with the 83 Air Group of the R.A.F. has admitted on two occasions; first to Lt H. F. Ansell of this Team (when it was confirmed by a Wing Commander present), and on a second occasion to the Investigating Officer when he was accompanied by Lt. H. F. Ansell, that a message was received on 2 May 1945 that these ships were loaded with Konzentrationslager (KZ) prisoners, but that, although there was ample time to warn the pilots of the military planes who attacked these ships on the following day, by some oversight the message was never passed on...
From the facts and from the statement volunteered by the R.A.F, Intelligence Officer, it appears that the primary responsibility for this great loss of life must fall on the British R.A.F. command personnel who failed to pass to the fighter pilots the message they received concerning the presence of KZ prisoners on board these ships." See: Jacobs and Pool, 2004 and Till, 1945. The R.A.F. commanders ordering the strike believed that a flotilla of ships was being prepared in Lübeck Bay, to accommodate leading SS personnel fleeing to German-controlled Norway in accordance with Admiral Dönitz's orders. "The ships are gathering in the area of Lübeck and Kiel. At S.H.A.E.F. (Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force, commanded by Gen. Dwight D. Eisenhower), it is believed that important Nazis who have escaped from Berlin to Flensburg are onboard, and are fleeing to Norway or neutral countries".
Equipped with lifejackets from locked storage compartments, most of the SS guards managed to jump overboard from S.S. Cap Arcona. German trawlers sent to rescue Cap Arconas crew members and guards managed to save 16 sailors, 400 German SS men, and 20 SS women. Only 350 of the 5,000 former concentration camp inmates aboard Cap Arcona survived. From 2,800 prisoners on board the S.S. Thielbek only 50 were saved; whereas all 2,000 prisoners on the S.S. Deutschland were safely taken off onto the S.S. Athen, before the Deutschland capsized.
R.A.F. Pilot Allan Wyse of No. 193 Squadron recalled, "We used our cannon fire at the chaps in the water... we shot them up with 20 mm cannons in the water. Horrible thing, but we were told to do it and we did it. That's war."
Severely damaged and set on fire, the Cap Arcona eventually capsized. Photos of the burning ships, listed as Deutschland, Thielbek, and Cap Arcona, and of the emaciated prisoner survivors swimming in the very cold Baltic Sea waters, around , were taken on a reconnaissance mission over the Bay of Lübeck by F-6 Mustang (the photo-reconnaissance version of the P-51) of the Allied United States Army Air Forces (USAAF)'s 18th / 161st Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron around 1700 hrs, shortly after the attack.
On 4 May 1945, a British reconnaissance plane also took photos of the two wrecks, Thielbek and Cap Arcona,No. 19 German magazine Schiffe Menschen Schicksale, Schnelldampfer "Cap Arcona", p. 37. With the Bay of Neustadt being shallow. The capsized hulk of Cap Arcona later drifted ashore, and the remains of the beached wreck was finally broken up and scrapped four years later in 1949. For weeks after the attack, bodies of victims washed ashore, where they were collected and buried in mass graves at Neustadt in Holstein, Scharbeutz and Timmendorfer Strand. Parts of skeletons washed ashore occasionally over the next 30 years, with the last casualty find occurring in 1971.
The prisoners aboard the ships were of at least 30 different nationalities: American, Belarrussian, Belgian, Canadian, Czechoslovakian, Danish, Dutch, Estonian, Finnish, French, German, Greek, Hungarian, Italian, Latvian, Lithuanian, Luxembourger, Norwegian, Polish, Romanian, Russian, Serbian, Spanish, Swedish, Swiss, Ukrainian, and possibly others. |
SS Cap Arcona | Notable survivors | Notable survivors
Francis Akos (1922–2016), born Weinman Akos Ferencz in Budapest, Hungary; Chicago Symphony Orchestra violinist
Heinrich Bertram (1897–1956), captain of Cap Arcona Günther Schwarberg, Angriffsziel "Cap Arcona", Steidl Verlag, Göttingen 1998,
Emil František Burian (1904–1959), musician and theatrical director, founder of Theatre D, a leading avant-garde theatre in inter-war Europe
Erwin Geschonneck (1906–2008), who later became a notable German actor, and whose story was made into a feature film in 1982* International Herald Tribune: Famed East German actor, jailed by Nazi Germans for Communist sympathies, dies at 101
Ernst Goldenbaum (1898–1990), German Democratic Republic (D.D.R./G.D.R.) - East German (Communist) politician
Benjamin Jacobs (1919–2004) born Berek Jakubowicz in Dobra, Poland; dentist, Holocaust speaker and author
Philip Jackson (1928–2016), son of an American medical doctor / surgeon, Sumner Jackson, killed in the attacks
Hans van Ketwich Verschuur (1905–1995), Dutch Red Cross and Boy Scouting official.
Heinz Lord (1917–1961), German-American surgeon
André Migdal (1924–2007), French resistant, Holocaust speaker and author, poet, survivor of Athen Migdal, André, Les plages de sable rouge. La tragédie de Lübeck, 3 mai 1945. NM7 éditions, Paris 2001, .
Sam Pivnik (1926–2017), art dealer and lecturer on The Holocaust Lange, Wilhelm Cap Arcona: Das tragische Ende der KZ-Häftlings-Flotte am 3. Mai 1945 Helmut Kaun, Eutin (1992).
Josef Štěrba (1905–1977), (Communist) Czech politician
Gustaaf Van Essche (1923–1979), Belgian politician |
SS Cap Arcona | Monuments and memorials | Monuments and memorials |
SS Cap Arcona | In popular culture | In popular culture
thumb|Example of "Stolperstein" (stumbling block) in Berlin-Niederschöneweide, Germany
Typhoons' Last Storm, Lawrence Bond, 2000.
The Cap Arcona case, Günther Klaucke, Karl Hermann, 1995.
Der Mann von der Cap Arcona, GDR TV movie, Erwin Geschonneck's account of the sinking of Cap Arcona, 1981/82.
De ramp met de Cap Arcona, 2011.
Sonny Boy, Dutch film, 2011.
Nazi Titanic: Revealed, Channel 5 Documentary, 2012.
Mussche, Kirmen Uribe, 2012. |
SS Cap Arcona | See also | See also
Titanic (1943 film)
List of maritime disasters
List of maritime disasters in World War II
List of shipwrecks
List of sealed archives |
SS Cap Arcona | References | References |
SS Cap Arcona | Explanatory notes | Explanatory notes |
SS Cap Arcona | Citations | Citations |
SS Cap Arcona | General sources | General sources |
SS Cap Arcona | In English | In English |
SS Cap Arcona | Non-English sources | Non-English sources
Diercks, Herbert; Grill, Michael, Die Evakuierung des KZ Neuengamme und die Katastrophe am 3. Mai 1845 in der Lübecker Bucht. In : Kriegsende und Befreiung. Bremen 1995
Goguel, Rudi, Cap Arcona. Report über den Untergang der Häftlingsflotte in der Lübecker Bucht am 3. Mai 1945. Frankfurt/M 1972,
Lange, Wilhelm, Cap Arcona, Struves Buchdruckerei u. Verlag, Eutin 1988,
Lange, Wilhelm, Mythos und Wirklichkeit – Eine "publikumswirksame" Präsentation der Cap-Arcona-Katastrophe vom 3. Mai 1945, page 27, 2/2000, in Schiff und Zeit, Panorama maritim N° 52
Lange, Wilhelm, Neueste Erkenntnisse zur Bombardierung der KZ Schiffe in der Neustädter Bucht am 3. Mai 1945: Vorgeschichte, Verlauf und Verantwortlichkeiten. In: Detlef Garbe: Häftlinge zwischen Vernichtung und Befreiung. Die Auflösung des KZ Neuengamme und seiner Außenlager durch die SS im Frühjahr 1945. Bremen 2005,
Orth, Karin, Planungen und Befehle der SS Führung zur Räumung des KZ-Systems. In: Detlef Garbe: Häftlinge zwischen Vernichtung und Befreiung. Die Auflösung des KZ Neuengamme und seiner Außenlager durch die SS im Frühjahr 1945. Bremen 2005,
Rothe, Claus, Deutsche Ozean-Passagierschiffe 1919–1985, VEB Verlag for Verkehrswesen Berlin 1987 transpress
Schiffner, Sven, Cap-Arcona-Gedenken in der DDR: Gedenken, Volkssport, Propaganda. In: Garbe, Detlef and Lange, Carmen: Häftlinge zwischen Vernichtung und Befreiung. Bremen 2005
Migdal, André, Les plages de sable rouge. La tragédie de Lübeck, 3 mai 1945. NM7 éditions, Paris 2001, . |
SS Cap Arcona | External links | External links
The Cap Arcona, the Thielbek and the Athen via Archive.org
Disaster on the Baltic Sea
Inferno
Appendix A
Cap Arcona at Wrecksite
Lucien Revert
Scuba diving around the wreck |
SS Cap Arcona | Images | Images
Photo of Cap Arcona (1938)
Photos of Cap Arcona
Album photos
Die Tragödie in der Neustädter Bucht (The tragedy in the Bay of Neustadt) (1940–1945)
Photo of Cap Arcona (1945)
Photo of Cap Arcona (1949)
Postcard of the Memorial
Cap Arcona, etching, Alfred Hrdlicka (1986)
Drawing of the burning ships. Unknown artist. |
SS Cap Arcona | Videos | Videos
Launch of the liner Cap Arcona (Hamburg, 1927) + 1938. Video
Titanic (1943) Part 8. Video
Cap Arcona (1946). Video
YouTube
Nazi Titanic: Revealed, Channel 5 Documentary (United Kingdom, 2012)
Category:1927 ships
Category:1945 in Germany
Category:Cruise ships of Germany
Category:Deportation
Category:Maritime incidents in 1932
Category:Maritime incidents in May 1945
Category:Massacres in Germany
Category:British military scandals
Category:Neuengamme concentration camp
Category:Ocean liners
Category:Prison ships
Category:Ships built in Hamburg
Category:Ships sunk by British aircraft
Category:Steamships of Germany
Category:The Holocaust in Germany
Category:Troop ships of Germany
Category:World War II passenger ships of Germany
Category:World War II prisoner of war massacres
Category:World War II shipwrecks in the Baltic Sea
Category:Bay of Lübeck |
SS Cap Arcona | Table of Content | short description, Building and equipment, Peacetime service, Accommodation ship, Evacuation of East Prussia, Prison ship and sinking, Gallery, Locations, Sinking, Notable survivors, Monuments and memorials, In popular culture, See also, References, Explanatory notes, Citations, General sources, In English, Non-English sources, External links, Images, Videos |
Deipnosophistae | short description | right|thumb|Frontispiece to the 1657 edition of the Deipnosophists, edited by Isaac Casaubon, in Greek and Jacques Daléchamps' Latin translation
The Deipnosophistae (, Deipnosophistaí, lit. , where sophists may be translated more loosely as ) is a work written in Ancient Greek by Athenaeus of Naucratis. It is a long work of literary, historical, and antiquarian references set in Rome at a series of banquets held by the protagonist for an assembly of grammarians, lexicographers, jurists, musicians, and hangers-on. |
Deipnosophistae | Title | Title
The Greek title Deipnosophistaí () is a compound of ( ) and sophistḗs ( ). It and its English derivative sOxford English Dictionary, "deipnosophist, n." Oxford University Press (Oxford), 1894. thus describe people who are skilled at dining, particularly the refined conversation expected to accompany Greek symposia. However, the term is shaded by the harsh treatment accorded to professional teachers in Plato's Socratic dialogues, which made the English term into a pejorative.
In English, Athenaeus's work usually known by its Latin form Deipnosophistae but is also variously translated as The Deipnosophists, Sophists at Dinner, [Athenaeus]. [Deipnosophistaí, Sophists at Dinner], century Trans. Charles Burton Gulick as Athenaeus, Harvard University Press (Cambridge), 1927. Accessed 13 Aug 2014. The Learned Banqueters, [Athenaeus]. Trans. S. Douglas Olson as The Learned Banqueters. Harvard University Press (Cambridge), 2007. The Banquet of the Learned, [Athenaeus]. Trans. C.D. Yonge as The Deipnosophists or Banquet of the Learned. Henry Bohn (London), 1854. Accessed 13 Aug 2014. Philosophers at Dinner, or The Gastronomers. |
Deipnosophistae | Contents | Contents
The Deipnosophistae professes to be an account, given by Athenaeus to his friend Timocrates, of a series of banquets held at the house of Larensius, a scholar and wealthy patron of the arts. It is thus a dialogue within a dialogue, after the manner of Plato,Viz. his Symposium. The first words (1.1f-2a) mimic the beginning of Phaedo. See (e.g.) Wentzel(1896). "Athenaios (22)". Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft. Band II, Halbband 4. col. 2028.15ff. although each conversation is so long that, realistically, it would occupy several days. Among the numerous guests,Kaibel (1890, vol. 3) pp. 561-564 lists twenty-four by name, plus several anonymi. Masurius, Zoilus, Democritus, Galen, Ulpian and Plutarch are named, but most are probably to be taken as fictitious personages,Kaibel (1887, vol. 1) p. VI. and the majority take little or no part in the conversation. If Ulpian is identical with the famous jurist, the Deipnosophistae must have been written after his death in 223; but the jurist was murdered by the Praetorian Guard, whereas Ulpian in Athenaeus dies a natural death.
Prosopographical investigation, however, has shown the possibility of identifying several guests with real persons from other sources;
the Ulpian in the dialog has also been linked to the renowned jurist's father.
The work is invaluable for providing fictionalized information about the Hellenistic literary world of the leisured class during the Roman Empire. To the majority of modern readers, even more useful is the wealth of information provided in the Deipnosophistae about earlier Greek literature."…for us, one of the most important books from Antiquity". Wentzel(1896) col. 2028.34ff In the course of discussing classic authors, the participants make quotations, long and short, from the works of about 700 earlier Greek authors and 2,500 separate writings, many of them otherwise unrecorded (such as the swallow song of Rhodes). Food and wine, luxury, music, sexual mores, literary gossip and philology are among the major topics of discussion, and the stories behind many artworks such as the Venus Kallipygos are also transmitted in its pages. |
Deipnosophistae | Characters | Characters
In addition to the narrator Athenaeus, the Deipnosophistae includes several characters. This includes Aemilian of Mauretania, Alcides of Alexandria, Amoebeus, Arrian, Cynulcus, Daphnus of Ephesus, Democritus of Nicomedia, Dionysocles, Galen of Pergamum, Larensius, Leonides of Elis, Magnus, Masurius, Myrtilus of Thessaly, Palamedes the Eleatic, Philadelphus of Ptolemais, Plutarch of Alexandria, Pontian of Nicomedia, Rufinus of Nicaea, Ulpian of Tyre, Varus, and Zoilus. |
Deipnosophistae | Food and cookery | Food and cookery
thumb|180px|A 1535 edition
The Deipnosophistae is an important source of recipes in classical Greek. It quotes the original text of one recipe from the lost cookbook by Mithaecus, the oldest in Greek and the oldest recipe by a named author in any language. Other authors quoted for their recipes include Glaucus of Locri, Dionysius, Epaenetus, Hegesippus of Tarentum, Erasistratus, Diocles of Carystus, Timachidas of Rhodes, Philistion of Locri, Euthydemus of Athens, Chrysippus of Tyana, Paxamus and Harpocration of Mende. It also describes in detail the meal and festivities at the wedding feast of Caranos. |
Deipnosophistae | Drink | Drink
In expounding on earlier works, Athenaeus wrote that Aeschylus "very improperly" introduces the Greeks to be "so drunk as to break their vessels about one another's heads":The Deopnosophists, a literal translation by C.D. Yonge
This is the man who threw so well
The vessel with an evil smell
And miss'd me not, but dash'd to shivers
The pot too full of steaming rivers
Against my head, which now, alas! sir,
Gives other smells besides macassar. |
Deipnosophistae | First patents | First patents
Athenaeus described what may be considered the first patents (i.e. exclusive right granted by a government to an inventor to practice his/her invention in exchange for disclosure of the invention). He mentions that several centuries BC, in the Greek city of Sybaris (located in what is now southern Italy), there were annual culinary competitions. The victor was given the exclusive right to prepare his dish for one year. Such a thing would have been unusual at the time because Greek society at large did not recognize exclusivity in inventions or ideas.M. Frumkin, "The Origin of Patents", Journal of the Patent Office Society, March 1945, Vol. XXVII, No. 3, pp 143 et Seq. |
Deipnosophistae | Survival and reception | Survival and reception
The Deipnosophistae was originally in fifteen books.Marginal indications in the manuscript may, but need not, reflect an earlier edition in 30 books. See Der neue Pauly Athenaios[3]. col. 198; Kaibel (1887, vol. 1) p. XXII. The work survives in one manuscript from which the whole of books 1 and 2, and some other pages too, disappeared long ago. An Epitome or abridgment (to about 60%) was made in medieval times, and survives complete: from this it is possible to read the missing sections, though in a disjointed form.
The English polymath Sir Thomas Browne noted in his encyclopaedia Pseudodoxia Epidemica:
Athenæus, a delectable Author, very various, and justly stiled by Casaubon, Græcorum Plinius.The Pliny of the Greeks. There is extant of his, a famous Piece, under the name of Deipnosophista, or Coena Sapientum, containing the Discourse of many learned men, at a Feast provided by Laurentius. It is a laborious Collection out of many Authors, and some whereof are mentioned no where else. It containeth strange and singular relations, not without some spice or sprinkling of all Learning. The Author was probably a better Grammarian then Philosopher, dealing but hardly with Aristotle and Plato, and betrayeth himself much in his Chapter De Curiositate Aristotelis. In brief, he is an Author of excellent use, and may with discretion be read unto great advantage: and hath therefore well deserved the Comments of Casaubon and Dalecampius.P.E. Bk.1 chapter 8; Daléchamps provided the Latin translation when the Greek text of the recently-rediscovered work established by Casaubon was first published.
Browne's interest in Athenaeus reflects a revived interest in the Banquet of the Learned amongst scholars following the publication of the Deipnosophistae in 1612 by the Classical scholar Isaac Casaubon. Browne was also the author of a Latin essay on Athenaeus. By the nineteenth century however, the poet James Russell Lowell in 1867 characterized the Deipnosophistae and its author thus:
the somewhat greasy heap of a literary rag-and-bone-picker like Athenaeus is turned to gold by time.
Modern readers question whether the Deipnosophistae genuinely evokes a literary symposium of learned disquisitions on a range of subjects suitable for such an occasion, or whether it has a satirical edge, rehashing the cultural clichés of the urbane literati of its day. |
Deipnosophistae | Modern editions | Modern editions
The first critical edition in accordance to the principles of classical philology was published by German scholar Georg Kaibel in 1887–1890 in the Bibliotheca Teubneriana;Athenaei Naucratitae Dipnosophistarum libri XV, recensuit Gerogius Kaibel, III voll., Lipsiae in aedibus B. G. Teubneri, MDCCCVVII-MDCCCXC. this three-volume set remained the authoritative text for about 120 years and the only complete critical text.Collection Budé started a new edition in 1956, but only the first volume was published: Athénée, Les Deipnosophistes. Livres I-II, texte établi et traduit par Alexandre-Marie Desrousseaux avec la contribution de Charles Astruc, Paris, Les Belles Lettres, 1956 (Collection des universités de France – Collection Budé. Série grecque, 126). Charles Burton Gulick translated the entire text into English for the Loeb Classical Library.Athenaeus, The deipnosophists. In seven volumes, with an English translation by Charles Burton Gulick, London: Heinemann – Cambridge (MA.): Harvard UP, 1969–1971 (Loeb Classical Library, 204, 208, 224, 235, 274, 327, 345).Gulick's edition was, in fact, admittedly based on Kaibel's text, diverging only in selected passages. See Athenaeus, The deipnosophists, transl. Gulick, vol. I, p. xviii. On its hand, Desousseaux in his Budé edition provided a new critical text and a richer apparatus than Kaibel's, but he only published the first two books of the Deipnosophistae (which actually aren't Athenaeus', but the abridged text).
In 2001, a team of Italian classical scholars led by Luciano Canfora (then Professor of Classical Philology, now Emeritus, University of Bari) published the first complete Italian translation of the Deipnosophistae, in a luxury edition with extensive introduction and commentary.Ateneo di Naucrati, I Deipnosofisti - I dotti a banchetto, prima traduzione italiana su progetto di Luciano Canfora, introduzione di Christian Jacob, IV voll., Roma: Salerno Editrice, 2001. A digital edition of Kaibel's text, with search tools and cross-references between Kaibel's and Casaubon's texts and digitalized indexes and Dialogi Personae, was put online by Italian philologist Monica Berti and her team, currently working at the Alexander von Humboldt University. In 2001, Eleonora Cavallini (Professor of Greek, University of Bologna) published a translation and commentary on Book 13.Ateneo di Naucrati, Il banchetto dei sapienti. Libro XIII – Sulle donne, a cura di Eleonora Cavallini, Bologna: Dupress, 2001 («Nemo. Confrontarsi con l'antico», 1). In 2010, Gabriele Burzacchini (Professor of Greek, University of Parma) published a translation and commentary of Book 1 found among the unpublished studies of the late Enzo Degani (formerly Professor of Greek in the University of Bologna);Ateneo di Naucrati, Deipnosofisti (I dotti a banchetto). Epitome dal libro I, introduzione, traduzione e note di Enzo Degani, premessa di Gabriele Burzacchini, Bologna: Pàtron, 2010 («Eikasmos. Quaderni bolognesi di filologia classica – Studi», 17). Burzacchini himself translated and commented Book 5 in more recent years.Ateneo di Naucrati, Deipnosofisti (Dotti a banchetto). Libro 5, premessa, traduzione e note di Gabriele Burzacchini, Bologna: Pàtron, 2017 («Eikasmos. Quaderni bolognesi di filologia classica – Studi», 27).
In 2006, American classical philologist S. D. Olson renewed Loeb text thanks to a new collation of the manuscripts and the progression of critical studies on Athenaeus and newly translated and commented the whole work;Athenaeus, The Learned Banqueters, I–VIII, edited and translated by S. Douglas Olson, Cambridge, MA: Harvard UP, 2006-12 (the series numbers of voll. I–VII are the same as Gulick's edition which is therefore replaced; Olson adds vol. VIII which is LCL no. 519). in 2019, the same started a new critical edition for the Bibliotheca TeubnerianaAthenaeus, Deipnosophistae, ed. S. D. Olson, vol. IV A: Libri XII-XIV – B: Epitome, Berlin – Boston: Walter de Gruyter GmbH, 2019; vol. III A: Libri VIII-XI – B: Epitome, Berlin – Boston: Walter de Gruyter GmbH, 2020; vol. II A: III-VII – B: Epitome, Berlin – Boston: Walter de Gruyter GmbH, 2021 (Bibliotheca scriptorum Graecorum et Romanorum Teubneriana). inclusive of the Epitome, also edited in parallel volumes.Apart from Kaibel's text for bks. I and II, the incipit of bk. III and parts of bk. XI, the Epitome was previously published only by Simon P. Peppink: Athenaei Dipnosophistae, ex recensione S. P. Peppinki, II voll., Lugduni Batavorum apud casam C. T. E. J. Brill, 1936-39, vol. II: Epitome, I-II, ibid. 1937-39. This edition was indeed useful (mainly because it was the first edition of the text), but also had some issues: it lacks the sections already edited by Kaibel (see above) and contains many errors and critically questionable choices due to the fact that Peppink, fallen ill, did not have the time to re-read his own work. See Annalisa Lavoro, Per una nuova edizione critica dell'Epitome di Ateneo, Ph.D. diss., Messina 2016, p. IV. Peppink did plan to publish a new edition of the entire work, but death came first. See Lavoro, Per una nuova edizione critica, cit., p. 109. |
Deipnosophistae | See also | See also
Characters of the Deipnosophistae |
Deipnosophistae | References | References |
Deipnosophistae | Bibliography | Bibliography
Restorations and translations
E. Harrison in The Classical Review: "Peppink regards EC as representing a better manuscript than A, on which the full texts of Kaibel and Gulick are based...."
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Deipnosophistae | Further reading | Further reading
(Translation of a passage from book 13.)
Lukinovich, Alessandra, 'The Play of Reflections between Literary Form and the Sympotic Theme in the Deipnosophistae of Athenaeus', in Oswyn Murray (ed.), Sympotica: A Symposium on the Symposion. Oxford University Press, 1990.
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Deipnosophistae | External links | External links
The Digital Athenaeus
Casaubon-Kaibel Reference Converter
The original Ancient Greek text
Translation by C. D. Yonge presented online by the University of Wisconsin Digital Collections Center
Translation up to Book 9 with links to complete Greek original, at LacusCurtius
Translation of Books 11-15 with links to Greek original, at attalus.org
various out of copyright translations of the work downloadable on archive.org
From a reading of Athenaeus, British Museum Sloane MS no. 1827
Extracts from book 13 of the Deipnosophists concerning homosexuality
Extracts from book 13 of the Deipnosophists
on-line version of the Encyclopedia of Homosexuality article referenced above
full Greek text and French translation at L'antiquité grecque et latine du moyen âge de Philippe Remacle, Philippe Renault, François-Dominique Fournier, J. P. Murcia, Thierry Vebr, Caroline Carrat
Category:3rd-century books
Category:Greek literature (post-classical)
Category:Ancient Greek cuisine
Category:Ancient Greek philosophical literature
Category:Symposium |
Deipnosophistae | Table of Content | short description, Title, Contents, Characters, Food and cookery, Drink, First patents, Survival and reception, Modern editions, See also, References, Bibliography, Further reading, External links |
Gina Riley | Short description | Gina Riley (born 6 May 1961) is a retired Australian actress, writer, singer and comedian, known for portraying Kim Craig in the television series Kath & Kim, and for her work in musical theatre. |
Gina Riley | Career | Career |
Gina Riley | Television and film | Television and film
Riley became a popular television performer in the sketch shows Fast Forward, its successor Full Frontal, Big Girl's Blouse and Something Stupid.Turner, Tonya: Gina Riley leaves Kim for a spell in Chicago, The Courier-Mail, 5 December 2008. In the latter she was also a producer and writer. On Fast Forward, Gina Riley sent-up such singers as Tina Arena, Paula Abdul, Bette Midler, Sinéad O'Connor and Dannii Minogue as well as Australian personalities Kerri-Anne Kennerley and Jacki MacDonald. She later appeared in The Games, a spoof behind-the-scenes look at the organising committee of the Sydney Olympics.The Games: Complete Series, The Games (Australian Broadcasting Corporation).
She has enjoyed great success as Kim Craig in Kath & Kim, written and created by Riley and her long-time writing partner and friend Jane Turner. Riley also works frequently with Magda Szubanski.Quinn, Karl: The Magda carta, The Age, 14 September 2003.
Riley starred as Kim in the Kath and Kim feature film Kath & Kimderella. The film opened in Australia on 6 September 2012 and despite negative reviews from critics it was a box office success having grossed $6,150,771.
In 2015, Riley appeared in an episode of Please Like Me.
In 2022, Riley appeared alongside members of the cast in a Kath and Kim special that screened on Channel 7, which included new skits and unseen footage from the series. |
Gina Riley | Stage | Stage
In 1987, Riley played the part of 'Chrissie' (loosely based on rock singer Chrissy Amphlett) in Phil Motherwell's musical play Fitzroy Crossing which enjoyed successful seasons and rave reviews at LaMama Theatre, in Carlton, Victoria. The music for the play was composed by Joe Dolce.
Riley also had roles in musical theatre.AusStage - Gina Riley AusStage. Retrieved 22 February 2015 In 1992 and 1993, she appeared on stage as Janet in The New Rocky Horror Show; she is included on the cast album. In 1994, she played Trina in Sydney Theatre Company's production of Falsettos, winning a Green Room Award for its Melbourne season. In 1998, she played The Baker's Wife in a Melbourne Theatre Company production of Into the Woods. In 2009, she played Matron 'Mama' Morton in a production of Chicago."Gina Riley leaves Kim for a spell in Chicago". news.com.au.
In 2019, Riley starred as Mrs. Lovett in Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street opposite Anthony Warlow. |
Gina Riley | Personal life | Personal life
Riley is married to Rick McKenna. They are parents to Max McKenna (born 1996) a singer and actor who portrayed Muriel in the original Sydney production of Muriel's Wedding in 2017 and starred as Zoe Murphy in the Dear Evan Hansen US National Tour in 2018.
In March 2013 Riley revealed she was being treated for breast cancer. It was later reported that she has since made a full recovery.
Riley makes relatively few public appearances as herself. One notable exception was on Enough Rope with Andrew Denton, where she and Turner both appeared as themselves.Jane Turner and Gina Riley (Kath and Kim), Enough Rope with Andrew Denton, ABC TV, 28 July 2003. |
Gina Riley | Filmography | Filmography |
Gina Riley | Television | Television
Year Title RoleNotes 1983 The Sullivans Elsie 2 episodes 1984 Six of the Best Sal 1986 While You're Down There Various 6 episodes 1986 Just Us Cathy TV movie 1990 Acropolis Now Demi Cashimedes 1 episode 1990–1992 Fast Forward Various 68 episodes 1992 Bligh Elizabeth Macarthur 13 episodes 1992 A Royal Commission into the Australian Economy Peter Harvey TV movie 1993 Full Frontal Guest performer 5 episodes 1993 The Making of Nothing Lyndall Roberts TV movie 1994 Big Girl's Blouse Various 9 episodes 1998 Something Stupid Various 6 episodes 1998–2000 The Games Gina 26 episodes 2000–2003 The Bob Downe Show Coralee Hollow 12 episodes 2002–2007 Kath & Kim Kimberly "Kim" Day Craig / Trude / Robyn Nevinish 32 episodes 2005 Da Kath & Kim Code Kim Craig / Trude TV movie 2007 Little Britain: Down Under Kim Day Craig TV movie 2015 Open Slather Various 20 episodes 2015 The Beautiful Lie Catherine Ballantyne Miniseries, 6 episodes 2015–2016 Please Like Me Donna 2 episodes 2017 How to Life Charlotte Shelton 2 episodes 2022 Fisk Maureen MacIntyre 1 episode 2022 Our Effluent Life: Kath and Kim Kim Craig Miniseries, 2 episodes |
Gina Riley | Film | Film
YearTitleRoleNotes 1986 100% Wool Therese 2003 Bad Eggs AMW Host Feature film 2012 Kath & Kimderella Kim Craig (nee Day) / Trude Feature film 2013 Kath & Kim Kountdown Kim Craig 2015 Holding the Man Popcorn seller (uncredited) Feature film |
Gina Riley | Stage | Stage
Year Title Role Notes 1980 Cain's Hand Scott Theatre, Adelaide, St Martins Youth Arts Centre, Melbourne 1980 Slipped Disco Jean The Flying Trapeze Cafe, Melbourne 1981 When Lips Collide Ita Playbox Theatre, Melbourne 1987 Fitzroy Crossing Chrissie La Mama, Melbourne 1988 Dizzy Spells The Last Laugh, Melbourne 1989 Bob and Coralie's Pick a Hit The Last Laugh, Melbourne 1990 A Night of Infectious Laughter Melbourne Athenaeum 1992; 1993 The New Rocky Horror Show Janet Comedy Theatre, Melbourne, Her Majesty's Theatre, Sydney 1994 Falsettos Trina Sydney Opera House, Monash University, Melbourne, Canberra Theatre with STCWon Green Room Award 1994 Mack and Mabel – In Concert State Theatre, Melbourne, State Theatre, Sydney with The Gordon Frost Organisation 1996 Merrily We Roll Along Mary Flynn University of Sydney with STC 1997 Big Hair in America Wanda Universal Theatre, Melbourne with Stable Productions 1998 Into the Woods The Baker's Wife Playhouse, Melbourne with MTC 1999 She Loves Me Ilona Ritter Melbourne Concert Hall with The Production Company 2009 Chicago Matron 'Mama' Morton Lyric Theatre, Brisbane, Lyric Theatre, Sydney, Her Majesty's Theatre, Melbourne with The Gordon Frost Organisation 2009 Hats Off! National Theatre, Melbourne 2015 Nice Work if You Can Get It Estonia Dulworth, The Duchess of Woodford State Theatre, Melbourne with The Production Company 2016 North by Northwest Clara Thornhill State Theatre, Melbourne with MTC 2018 An Ideal Husband Lady Markby Playhouse, Melbourne with MTC 2019 Sweeney Todd Mrs. Lovett Darling Harbour Theatre, Sydney, Her Majesty's Theatre, Melbourne with Life Like Company |
Gina Riley | References | References |
Gina Riley | External links | External links
Look at moi: The many faces of Gina Riley (photo gallery), The Sydney Morning Herald
Category:1961 births
Category:Living people
Category:Actresses from Melbourne
Category:Australian people of Greek descent
Category:Australian women comedians
Category:Comedians from Melbourne
Category:Australian screenwriters
Category:Australian film actresses
Category:Australian television actresses
Category:Writers from Melbourne
Category:20th-century Australian actresses
Category:21st-century Australian actresses |
Gina Riley | Table of Content | Short description, Career, Television and film, Stage, Personal life, Filmography, Television, Film, Stage, References, External links |
Sean Paul | Short description | Sean Paul Ryan Francis Henriques (born 9 January 1973) is a Jamaican dancehall musician. Paul's first album, Stage One, was released in 2000. He gained international fame with his second album, Dutty Rock, in 2002. Its single "Get Busy" topped the US Billboard Hot 100 chart in the United States, as did "Temperature", off his third album, The Trinity (2005).
Paul frequently invokes the nickname "Chanderpaul", originating from the similarity between his first two names and cricketer Shivnarine Chanderpaul. In the Vice documentary The Story of 'Get Busy' by Sean Paul, when asked "How did you become 'Sean Da Paul'", Paul recalls how others would call him Chan-der-paul, and the name stuck. He then started saying it in shows and recordings.
Most of his albums have been nominated for Grammy Awards for Best Reggae Album, with Dutty Rock winning the award. Paul has been featured in many other singles, including chart-toppers "Baby Boy" by Beyoncé, "Breathe" by Blu Cantrell, "What About Us" by The Saturdays, "Rockabye" by Clean Bandit, "Cheap Thrills" by Sia, and "Fuego" by DJ Snake. "Cheap Thrills" and "Rockabye", along with Paul's own "No Lie" (2016), each have over 1 billion views on YouTube, with "Rockabye" having reached over 2.7 billion views.Why Sean Paul Is the King of Dancehall World Music Views. Retrieved August 2024 |
Sean Paul | Early life | Early life
Sean Paul Ryan Francis Henriques was born in Kingston on 9 January 1973. His mother Frances, a painter, is of English and Chinese Jamaican descent.His maternal grandfather was a Chinese Doctor. His Portuguese paternal great-grandfather's Sephardic Jewish family emigrated from Portugal to Jamaica in the 17th century. Paul’s father also has Afro-European ancestry. Paul's father, Garth Henriques, was believed to be descended from Portuguese horse thieves who were fleeing from bounty hunters in a ship that sank in Jamaica.
Paul was raised as a Catholic, although he also attended the Jewish private school Hillel Academy in Jamaica. Several members of his family are swimmers. His grandfather was on the first Jamaican men's national water polo team. His father also played water polo for the team in the 1960s, and competed in long-distance swimming, while Paul's mother was a butterfly swimmer. When Paul was 15, his father was arrested on charges of manslaughter and sentenced to 15 years in prison; he was released for good behavior when Paul was 19.
Paul played for the national water polo team from the age of 13 to 21, when he gave up the sport in order to launch his musical career. He attended Wolmer's Boys' School and the College of Arts, Science, and Technology, now known as the University of Technology, where he was trained in commerce with an aim of pursuing an occupation in swimming. In 1992, Paul worked as a bank teller and enrolled in a hotel-management program, learning the basics of French cuisine. |
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