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Sean Paul | Career | Career |
Sean Paul | 1994–2000: Early beginnings and rise to fame | 1994–2000: Early beginnings and rise to fame
In 1994, Paul appeared in Carrot Jetter's music video "Nice Time".
Zachary Harding told his brother, Jeremy, about a singer that he had heard perform live at a small open mic event in Kingston, who sounded a lot like dancehall deejay and toaster Super Cat. Jeremy eventually met the singer when Paul came by his studio to ask for some advice. During the meeting, Paul recorded a vocal over Harding's rhythm track and in the process created the song "Baby Girl". Jeremy subsequently became Paul's manager and producer.
Paul began hanging out at the studio every day, and the pair collaborated on several more tracks. When they recorded "Infiltrate" they decided they had something good enough to get on the radio. As Paul started to attract local attention, Harding began looking after his affairs. He later told HitQuarters that his support of Paul's fledgling career initially led him assuming the roles of "DJ, manager, road manager, and security-guard".
In 1997, Paul collaborated with singer Spanner Banner on the song "Ladies Man".
Paul made a cameo appearance in the 1998 film Belly on stage performing. He made a successful collaboration with DMX and Mr. Vegas, "Top Shotter", to the soundtrack of the film.
In 2000, Paul released his debut album, Stage One with VP Records. In the same year, Paul collaborated with Canadian rapper Kardinal Offishall and singer July Black on the song "Money Jane" from Offishall's album Quest for Fire: Firestater, Vol. 1. |
Sean Paul | 2001–2015: Atlantic Records deal and international success | 2001–2015: Atlantic Records deal and international success
thumb|left|Paul performing in 2005
In 2001, Paul continued his work with manager and producer Jeremy Harding, Paul released a single "Gimme the Light" after writing and recording his lyrics to the "Buzz" riddim, the single turned out to be a nationwide success in Jamaica and eventually became a worldwide smash hit in 2002, ultimately reaching number 7 on the Billboard Hot 100, the early crossover momentum of the single would help Paul secure a record deal with Atlantic Records in a joint venture deal with his label VP Records, the single would then appear on his second studio album, Dutty Rock which was released in November 2002. All of its latter hit singles would also receive heavy airplay and rotation on MTV and BET.
In early 2003, the second single "Get Busy" was released and would end up topping the Billboard Hot 100 months later, making it Paul's first number-one hit, it was also the first ever dancehall song to top the chart. Dutty Rock became a worldwide commercial success, peaking in the top ten on the Billboard 200, was certified double-platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) and eventually selling over six million copies worldwide. Dutty Rock won the Best Reggae Album at the 46th Annual Grammy Awards in 2004. "Get Busy" was also nominated for Best Male Rap Solo Performance in that year. Simultaneously, Paul was featured on Beyoncé's U.S. number-one hit song "Baby Boy" and Blu Cantrell's "Breathe", although didn't perform well in the United States but was a massive hit in Europe. Both helped to push his reputation further still in the United States. This album not only further popularized dancehall music in the 2000s, but also helped developed and popularized the genre of dancehall pop, a musical fusion between the rhythmic styles and melodies of dancehall and pop music.
Paul's third album The Trinity was released on 27 September 2005. The album debuted at number 5 on the Billboard 200, breaking records with its first-week sales for a reggae/dancehall artist, eventually going Platinum in the United States and selling 4 million copies worldwide. The album produced five big hits, "We Be Burnin'", Ever Blazin'", "(When You Gonna) Give It Up to Me" (featuring Keyshia Cole), "Never Gonna Be the Same", and the U.S. chart-topping smash hit "Temperature", making it his third number-one hit on the Billboard Hot 100 with "Temperature" becoming one of his signature hits. The video of "(When You Gonna) Give It Up to Me" was featured in the film Step Up in 2006. He was nominated for four awards at the 2006 Billboard Music Awards, including Male Artist of the Year, Rap Artist of the Year, Hot 100 Single of the Year, and Pop 100 Single of the Year for "Temperature". He also won an American Music Award for "(When You Gonna) Give It Up to Me", beating Kanye West and Nick Lachey, who were also nominated for the award. "Send It On" from The Trinity featured on the 2005 Vauxhall Corsa advert. Paul often contributes his songs to various Riddim Driven albums by VP Records. In March 2007, he returned to Jamaica to perform at the 2007 Cricket World Cup opening ceremony.
Paul appears in the video game Def Jam: Fight for NY as part of Snoop Dogg's crew and again in the game's sequel, Def Jam: Icon.
alt=|thumb|Paul in 2007
Paul's fourth album Imperial Blaze was released on 18 August 2009. The lead single, "So Fine", which was produced by Stephen "Di Genius" McGregor, premiered on Paul's website on 25 April 2009.
The album consists of 20 tracks including "So Fine", "Press It Up", "She Want Me", and "Private Party", which are party tracks, and also love songs such as "Hold My Hand" (featuring Keri Hilson), "Lately", and "Now That I've Got Your Love", among others. Producers on the album include Don Corleone, Jeremy Harding, and Paul's brother Jason "Jigzagula" Henriques. All the songs of the album were added to Paul's Myspace page on the day of release of the album.
The album spawned eight music videos: "Always On My Mind" with Da'Ville, "Give It to You" with Eve, "Watch Dem Roll", "Back It Up" with Leftside, "Push It Baby" with Pretty Ricky, "Hit 'Em" with Fahrenheit and his brother Jason "Jigzagula" Henriques, "Come Over" with Estelle, and also the video of his first single, "So Fine".
Paul appeared in Shaggy's video, "Save a Life", which also includes appearances from Elephant Man and Da'Ville, among others. In an effort to raise money for a children's hospital, Shaggy, Paul, and others had a benefit concert. All proceeds went towards getting new equipment and technology 'For Aid to the Bustamante Hospital for Children'. During the premiere for M-Net's Big Brother Africa: All-Stars on 18 July 2010, he performed his songs "Temperature", "Hold My Hand", and "So Fine".
Paul's fifth album Tomahawk Technique was released on 24 January 2012. The first single, "Got 2 Luv U", features vocals from American singer Alexis Jordan. The song was written by Paul, Ryan Tedder, and Stargate, who also produced the song.
"She Doesn't Mind" is the second single from the album. It was written by Paul, Shellback, and Benny Blanco and was also produced by Shellback and Blanco. It was released on 29 September 2011 on NRJ and Skyrock (French radios), and to iTunes on 31 October. Like its predecessor, "Got 2 Luv U", it topped the charts in Switzerland, but it debuted at that spot. Paul appeared on the Never Mind the Buzzcocks episode, which aired on 21 November 2011.
Tomahawk Technique was released on 18 September 2012 in the U.S. The album was nominated for the Best Reggae Album at the 55th Annual Grammy Awards.
In 2011, Paul released his first riddim called "Blaze Fia Riddim" under Dutty Rock Productions, his own label.
In 2012, Paul was asked to team up with Congorock and Stereo Massive to feature vocals on their song "Bless Di Nation".
alt=|thumb|Paul in June 2012
During 2013, Paul worked on his sixth studio album Full Frequency, which was released on 18 February 2014. The first single on the album, "Other Side of Love", was released to iTunes on 10 June 2013. The second single, "Entertainment 2.0", which features 2 Chainz and Juicy J, was released on 25 June 2013. Paul released the official remix to the song on 3 September 2013 with an additional feature from Nicki Minaj. "Turn It Up" was released as a single in the UK on 20 October 2013. It was to be released in Germany on 22 November 2013. "Want Dem All" was released as a single in the U.S. on 5 November 2013. The album features guest appearances from Damian Marley, Iggy Azalea, Brick & Lace, Konshens, Nicki Minaj, 2 Chainz, and Juicy J. Also in 2013, Paul was featured on the single "What About Us" by British girl group The Saturdays. The single went straight to the top of the Official UK Charts with over 100,000 sales in its first week, becoming the fastest selling single of the year at the time of release.
In January 2014, Paul was the main international artist at Fiestas Palmares 2014 in Costa Rica. Also in 2014, Paul was featured on the official English-language version of long-running Latin American chart-topper "Bailando" by Enrique Iglesias featuring Gente de Zona and Descemer Bueno. The video for the English version was shot concurrently with the video for the Spanish version in Santo Domingo in the Dominican Republic. The English version reached top 10 status in the United States and topping the charts of several other countries.
Paul appeared on the EP Apocalypse Soon by electronic music group Major Lazer, on the track "Come On to Me", which was released as the second single from the album, after "Aerosol Can", a collaboration with Pharrell Williams. He also collaborated with Nigerian singer Timaya on a remix of his song "Bum Bum". An accompanying video, directed by Shutah Films, was released online on 11 April. On 6 July 2015, Paul released the music video for his song "Take It Low" on the album Full Frequency. |
Sean Paul | 2016–2018: New label and commercial resurgence | 2016–2018: New label and commercial resurgence
Paul had already become an independent artist after parting ways with Atlantic Records in September 2014. Under new management of Jules Dougall of Dougall Group and Steve "Urchin" Wilson, Paul enjoyed a commercial resurgence in his career throughout 2016 after being featured on Australian singer Sia's remix version of her song "Cheap Thrills", it topped the Billboard Hot 100, making it Paul's first number-one hit on the chart since 2006. The song was also a global success, reaching number one in more than 15 other countries. It reportedly ended up becoming the most Shazamed song of 2016.
Following this resurgence, Paul signed a new record deal with Island Records in July 2016.
In October 2016, Clean Bandit released the song "Rockabye", which features Paul and English singer Anne-Marie. It peaked at number 9 on the Billboard Hot 100 and spent nine consecutive weeks at number one of the UK Singles Chart, and gained the coveted Christmas number one. The song would go on to become a massive global hit in 2017, reaching number one in 18 other countries.
In November 2016, Paul cited Toots and the Maytals as inspiration when it comes to his own personal career longevity by saying, "I've seen some great people in my industry, you know, people like Toots... Toots and the Maytals. Toots he's a great reggae artist and he's still doing it... He's up there in years and he's doing it. Those kind of artists inspire me. I know I'm just going to keep on doing music as long as I can."
On 18 November 2016, he released a new single "No Lie" (featuring Dua Lipa), which served as the lead single from his EP Mad Love the Prequel, which would be released in 2018, making it his first project release with Island Records. The song would eventually become a global phenomenon over the following six years after its release, it became a top-ten hit in 10 different countries and would end up becoming his most streamed song across streaming platforms, the music video, directed by Tim Nackashi, also surpassed 1 billion views on YouTube in April 2022, making it his most popular music video.
One of the few other singles off the EP, "Mad Love", a collaboration with David Guetta, which features singer Becky G, would also make a global impact on the charts, peaking within the top 50 in multiple continents.
In 2018, Paul featured in a bilingual remix of CNCO's song "Hey DJ", alongside American singer-songwriter Meghan Trainor, which was released on November 9, 2018, by Sony Music Latin. |
Sean Paul | 2019–present: Crossover to Latin music market and latest projects | 2019–present: Crossover to Latin music market and latest projects
In March 2019, Paul collaborated with Colombian singer J Balvin on a bilingual song called "Contra La Pared", the song peaked within the top 15 of the Billboard Hot Latin Songs chart, making it his seventh entry on the chart. It was also a major hit in Spain, peaking in the top 10 on the nation's chart and was a top 30 hit in both Colombia and Argentina.
Paul had suggested that Jamaican musicians making use of "hardcore patois", a mixture of English with several languages spoken in Jamaica, create a language barrier that prevents them from becoming successful in the United States and the United Kingdom.
It was announced that he would receive the Order of Distinction (OD) from the Jamaican government on 21 October 2019, "for contribution to the global popularity and promotion of reggae music".
In August 2019, Paul was nominated alongside Drake, DJ Snake, and Snow for the Favorite Crossover Artist category at the 2019 Latin American Music Awards.
In March 2021, Paul released his seventh studio album called Live n Livin under his own label Dutty Rock Productions.
Paul collaborated with fellow Jamaican artists Spice and Shaggy for a dancehall single called "Go Down Deh". They performed the song live on Good Morning America, Jimmy Kimmel Live!, and The Wendy Williams Show. The song was massively well-received worldwide on the internet and was named the "dancehall track of the year" for 2021 by NPR.
In May 2022, Paul released his eighth studio album Scorcha through Island Records.
In September 2022, Paul appeared in season 22 of The Voice as Gwen Stefani's coach advisor.
In April 2023, Paul collaborated on another bilingual song called "Niña Bonita" with Colombian singer Feid, the single peaked within the top 50 of the Hot Latin Songs making it his ninth entry on the chart, it has also become a top-10 hit in both Colombia and Ecuador and a top-20 hit in Peru, Spain and Chile.
In October 2023, Paul received a nomination for Crossover Artist of the Year at the 2023 Billboard Latin Music Awards. |
Sean Paul | Business ventures | Business ventures
In 2011, Paul established his own record label, Dutty Rock Productions, along with his production team. In 2017, Paul signed Jamaican artist Chi Ching Ching to the label, making it the label's first signing. In 2022, in promotion of his eighth studio album Scorcha, he released his own brand of Jamaican patties called the "Scorcha Patty" along with its hot sauce in partnership with a United Kingdom-based Jamaican restaurant called Port Royal, which was made available for a limited time. |
Sean Paul | Philanthropy | Philanthropy
In 2016, Paul donated $1 million JMD toward Bustamante Hospital for Children. During the COVID-19 pandemic, Paul founded the "Sean Paul Foundation" in 2020, aiding less-fortunate communities in Jamaica with donations of groceries to poor families and distribution of tablet computers to primary schools for students. |
Sean Paul | Activism | Activism
Paul has spoken out about climate change. In 2015, he attended the United Nations Climate Change conference, expressing concerns over pollution, the coastal erosions of beaches in Jamaica and has said that athletes in the country are having to "run in smog". He has advocated for waste reduction, solar power and the use of electric cars. He collaborated with Paul McCartney, Natasha Bedingfield, Bon Jovi, Colbie Caillat, and various other artists on a single called "Love Song to the Earth" to spread awareness about climate change. In 2018, Paul was named an ambassador for climate change in the Caribbean. In 2022, Paul stated in his efforts to help combat climate change; "I have made the move to make my whole house solar powered. From the water to all the lights, and it runs my studio as well". |
Sean Paul | Personal life | Personal life
As a teenager he dated Nicole Wynter, who died from a brain tumor at age 17. She is mentioned in the singer's song "Never Gonna Be The Same Again" and a photo of her was shown in the music video.
In 2012, Paul married Jamaican television host Jodi Stewart. In August 2016, it was announced that the couple was expecting their first child. On 26 February 2017, Paul announced the birth of their son. Their second child was born on 20 August 2019. |
Sean Paul | Discography | Discography
Stage One (2000)
Dutty Rock (2002)
The Trinity (2005)
Imperial Blaze (2009)
Tomahawk Technique (2012)
Full Frequency (2014)
Live n Livin (2021)
Scorcha (2022) |
Sean Paul | Filmography | Filmography
Film
+YearTitleRoleNotes1998BellyHimselfUncredited
Television
+ Year Title Role 2003 Late Night with Conan O'Brien Musical guest Saturday Night Live Musical guest Players Himself, musical guest 2003, 2005 Later... With Jools Holland Himself, musical guest 2003, 2006, 2013 The Tonight Show with Jay Leno Musical guest 2003, 2005 Showtime at the Apollo Himself, musical guest 2004 Rove Himself, musical guest Good Morning Australia Himself, musical guest 2005 Punk'd Himself TV total Himself, musical guest 2005, 2006 Last Call with Carson Daly Himself, musical guest 2005, 2020–2022 Jimmy Kimmel Live! Musical guest 2006 Live with Kelly and Mark Himself, musical guest Popworld Himself, musical guest 2006, 2019 Wild 'n Out Himself, musical guest 2009 So You Think You Can Dance Musical guest The Mo'Nique Show Himself, musical guest Lopez Tonight Himself, musical guest 2009, 2011, 2021The Wendy Williams Show Himself, musical guest 2011 Never Mind the Buzzcocks Himself 2012 Big Morning Buzz Live Himself, musical guest 2018, 2021 Good Morning America Musical guest 2020 Access Hollywood Himself 2022 Tamron Hall Himself, musical guest The Voice Himself, coach advisor Loose Women Himself, musical guest The Lateish Show with Mo Gilligan Himself, musical guest
Documentary
+YearTitleRole2013Music for MandelaHimself2022African Redemption: The Life and Legacy of Marcus GarveyHimself2023Bad Like Brooklyn DancehallHimself
Video games
Year Title Role Notes 2004 Def Jam: Fight for NY Himself Voice and likeness 2006 Def Jam Fight for NY: The Takeover Himself Voice and likeness 2007 Def Jam: Icon Himself Voice and likeness |
Sean Paul | Awards and nominations | Awards and nominations |
Sean Paul | Grammy Awards | Grammy Awards
!Ref.
|-
| rowspan="3"|2004
| Himself
| Best New Artist
| rowspan="2"
| rowspan="10"|
|-
| "Get Busy"
| Best Male Rap Solo Performance
|-
| Dutty Rock
| rowspan="5"|Best Reggae Album
|
|-
| 2006
| The Trinity
| rowspan="7"
|-
| 2010
| Imperial Blaze
|-
| 2012
| Tomahawk Technique
|-
| 2015
| Full Frequency
|-
| 2017
| "Cheap Thrills" (with Sia)
| Best Pop Duo/Group Performance
|-
| 2022
| Live n Livin
| rowspan="2"|Best Reggae Album
|-
| 2023
| Scorcha
|- |
Sean Paul | Other awards | Other awards
Year Organisation Award Result2003 American Music Awards Favorite Rap/Hip-Hop Male Artist rowspan="5" Favorite Rap/Hip-Hop Album (Dutty Rock) BET Awards Best New ArtistMTV Video Music Awards Best Dance Video ("Get Busy") Best New Artist in a Video ("Get Busy") MuchMusic Video Awards Best International Video ("Gimme the Light") rowspan="4" MTV Europe Music Awards Best New Act Source Awards Dancehall Reggae Album of the Year (Dutty Rock)2004 International Reggae and World Music Awards Entertainer of the Year MTV Video Music Awards Best Choreography in a Video ("Like Glue") rowspan="2" 2005 MOBO Awards Best Reggae Act International Reggae and World Music Awards Entertainer of the Year (shared with Wyclef Jean, Malachi Smith, and Beenie Man) rowspan="4" ASCAP Rhythm & Soul Music Awards Top Reggae Artist of the Year2006 American Music Awards Favorite Pop/Rock Male Artist MOBO Awards Best Reggae ActMTV Video Music Awards Best Dance Video ("Temperature") rowspan="15" Best Choreography in a Video ("Temperature") MTV Video Music Awards Japan Best Reggae Video ("We Be Burnin'") MuchMusic Video Awards Best International Artist Video ("Temperature") World Music Awards World's Best Selling Rap/Hip-Hop Artist Billboard Music Awards Male Artist of the Year Hot 100 Single of the Year ("Temperature") Pop 100 Single of the Year ("Temperature") Rap Artist of the Year MTV Europe Music Awards Best Male Best Hip-Hop2007 NRJ Music Awards International Male Artist of the Year Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards Favorite Male Singer MTV Video Music Awards Japan Best Reggae Video ("Temperature") Soul Train Music Awards Best Dance Cut ("(When You Gonna) Give It Up to Me") ASCAP Rhythm & Soul Music Awards Reggae Artist of the Year rowspan="4" MTV Romania Music Awards Best International Artist2009 MOBO Awards Best Reggae Act Soul Train Music Awards Best Reggae Artist2010 MTV Video Music Awards Japan Best Reggae Video ("So Fine") rowspan="3" 2012 NRJ Music Awards Best International Male Artist of the Year MTV Europe Music Awards Best World Stage Performance Soul Train Music Awards Best Caribbean Performance rowspan="6" MTV Video Music Awards Japan Best Reggae Video ("She Doesn't Mind") MOBO Awards Best Reggae Act2013 Youth View Awards Favorite Local International Artiste of the Year Star Awards Album of the Year (Tomahawk Technique) MOBO Awards Best Reggae Act2017 Brit Awards British Single of the Year ("Rockabye") (with Clean Bandit and Anne-Marie) rowspan="6" British Video of the Year ("Hair") (with Little Mix) British Video of the Year ("Rockabye") (with Clean Bandit and Anne-Marie) MTV Europe Music Awards Best Song ("Rockabye") (with Clean Bandit and Anne-Marie)2019Berlin Music Video AwardsBest VFX ('Boasty')2021 MOBO Awards Best Reggae Act2022 Best Reggae Act |
Sean Paul | See also | See also
List of UK top-ten singles in 2017 |
Sean Paul | References | References |
Sean Paul | External links | External links
Category:1973 births
Category:Living people
Category:Atlantic Records artists
Category:Grammy Award winners
Category:Island Records artists
Category:Jamaican dancehall musicians
Category:Jamaican male water polo players
Category:Jamaican people of African descent
Category:Jamaican people of Chinese descent
Category:Jamaican people of English descent
Category:Jamaican people of Jewish descent
Category:Jamaican people of Portuguese descent
Category:Jamaican pop singers
Category:Jamaican reggae singers
Category:Jamaican Roman Catholics
Category:MTV Europe Music Award winners
Category:Musicians from Kingston, Jamaica
Category:Officers of the Order of Distinction
Category:Sportspeople from Kingston, Jamaica
Category:VP Records artists
Category:Wolmer's Schools alumni
Category:21st-century Jamaican male musicians
Category:21st-century Jamaican male singers |
Sean Paul | Table of Content | Short description, Early life, Career, 1994–2000: Early beginnings and rise to fame, 2001–2015: Atlantic Records deal and international success, 2016–2018: New label and commercial resurgence, 2019–present: Crossover to Latin music market and latest projects, Business ventures, Philanthropy, Activism, Personal life, Discography, Filmography, Awards and nominations, Grammy Awards, Other awards, See also, References, External links |
Ranuccio Farnese | '''Ranuccio Farnese''' | Ranuccio Farnese may refer to:
Ranuccio Farnese il Vecchio (1390–1450), grandfather of Pope Paul III
Ranuccio Farnese (1509–1529), son of Pope Paul III
Ranuccio Farnese (cardinal) (1530–1565), grandson of Pope Paul III
Ranuccio I Farnese, Duke of Parma, fourth Duke of Parma and Piacenza (1569–1622)
Ranuccio II Farnese, Duke of Parma, sixth Duke of Parma and Piacenza (1630–1694)
pt:Ranuccio Farnese |
Ranuccio Farnese | Table of Content | '''Ranuccio Farnese''' |
Pierre-Simon Girard | Short description | Pierre-Simon Girard (4 November 1765 – 30 November 1836) was a French mathematician and engineer, who worked on fluid mechanics.
Girard was born in Caen. A prodigy who invented a water turbine at the age of ten, he worked as an engineer at the École Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées. He was in charge of planning and construction of the Amiens canal and the Ourcq canal. He collaborated with Gaspard de Prony on the Dictionnaire des Ponts et Chaussées (Dictionary of Bridges and Highways, 1787). He wrote on fluids, and in 1798 he published a monograph, Traité analytique de la résistance des solidesPierre-Simon Girard, Traité analytique de la résistance des solides (1798) on beam theory, including possibly its first history, within the topic of strength of materials. The complicated beam equations were not of practical much use, since he applied Euler's non-linear theory. In 1799, he and other engineers and scientists accompanied Napoleon on his expedition to Egypt. He died in Paris, aged 71. |
Pierre-Simon Girard | Important works | Important works
The 1798 monograph Traite Analytique de la Resistance des solides, et des solides d'e'gale Resistance, Auquel on a joint une suite de nouvelles Experiences sur la force, et Velasticite specifique des Bois de Chine et de Sapin was reviewed by Isaac Todhunter, and his editor, Karl Pearson as follows.Isaac Todhunter, A History of the Theory of Elasticity and of the Strength of Materials: from Galilei to the Present Time Vol. 1. Galilei to Saint-Venant 1639-1850, edited and completed by Karl Pearson.This work very fitly closes the labours of the 18th century. It is the first practical treatise on Elasticity; and one of the first attempts to make searching experiments on the elastic properties of beams. It is not only valuable as containing the total knowledge of that day on the subject, but also by reason of an admirable historical introduction... The work appears to have been begun in 1787 and portions of it presented to the Academie in 1792. Its final publication was delayed till the experiments on elastic bodies, the results of which are here tabulated, were concluded at Havre. |
Pierre-Simon Girard | References | References
André Guillerme: Bâtir la ville – révolutions industrielles dans les matériaux de construction. (1995), éd. Champ Vallon.
Antoine Picon: L'invention de l'ingenieur moderne. (1992), Presses des Ponts & Chaussées.
Stephen Timoshenko: History of strength of materials. 1953, Nachdruck. 1983.
Category:French civil engineers
Category:École des Ponts ParisTech alumni
Category:Corps des ponts
Category:1765 births
Category:1836 deaths
Category:Scientists from Caen
Category:18th-century French mathematicians
Category:19th-century French mathematicians
Category:French fluid dynamicists |
Pierre-Simon Girard | Table of Content | Short description, Important works, References |
Du Mu | Short description | Du Mu (; 803–852) was a Chinese calligrapher, poet, and politician who lived during the late Tang dynasty. His courtesy name was Muzhi (), and art name Fanchuan (). Encyclopedia of China (Chinese Literature Edition) He is best known for his lyrical and romantic quatrains.
Regarded as a major poet during a golden age of Chinese poetry, his name is often mentioned together with that of another renowned Late Tang poet, Li Shangyin, as the "Little Li-Du" (), in contrast to the "Great Li-Du": Li Bai and Du Fu. Among his influences were Du Fu, Li Bai, Han Yu and Liu Zongyuan. |
Du Mu | Biography | Biography
Du Mu was born in the Tang capital Chang'an (modern Xi'an) into an elite family, the Jingzhao Du clan, whose fortunes were declining. His grandfather was Du You, a minister at the Tang court and the compiler of the Tang Dynasty encyclopedia Tongdian. He passed the jinshi ("Presented Scholar") level of the imperial civil service examination in 828 at the age of 25, and began his career as a bureaucrat holding a series of minor posts, first as an editor of at the Institute for the Advancement of Literature. A few months later, he joined the entourage of Shen Chuanshi (), a surveillance commissioner, first to Hongzhou, then a year later to Xuanzhou. In 833 he was sent to join Niu Sengru in Yangzhou. In Yangzhou he began to mature as a poet. In 835 he was appointed investigating censor and returned to the capital where, possibly concerned about being drawn into a factional dispute involving his friend Li Gan who had opposed Zheng Zhu, he asked to be transferred to Luoyang. This was granted, and he avoided the purge that followed the Sweet Dew Incident which happened later in the year.
Du Mu held many official positions in various locales through the years, but he never achieved a high rank, perhaps due to enemies made in the factional dispute at the imperial court in 835. In 837 he returned to Yangzhou to care for his younger brother Du Yi who was sick and had become blind, then went to work in Xuanzhou, taking his brother with him. In 838 he was appointed Rectifier of Omission of the Left and Senior Compiler of the History Office, and he returned to Chang'an. In 840 he was promoted to Vice Director of the Catering Bureau, then transferred to the position of Vice Director of the Board of Review in 841. Starting in 842 he was made governor of a succession of small poor rural prefectures, first Huangzhou, then Chizhou and Muzhou. Du was dissatisfied with the appointment and he appeared to blame it on Li Deyu. He began to feel his career was a failure and he expressed his dissatisfaction in his poems.
In 848 Du Mu returned to Chang'an after being appointed Vice Director of Merit Titles and was awarded his old post in the History Office. He was transferred to the post of the Vice Director of the Ministry of Personnel in 849, then was appointed governor of Huzhou in 850 at his own request. He was recalled to Chang'an in 851 to the post of Director of the Bureau of Evaluation and Drafter, and was appointed to the office of Secretariat and Drafter in 852. He fell ill that winter and died before the next lunar year. |
Du Mu | Works | Works
Du Mu was skilled in shi, fu and ancient Chinese prose. He is best known as the writer of sensual, lyrical quatrains featuring historical sites or romantic situations, and often on themes of separation, decadence, or impermanence. His style blends classical imagery and diction with striking juxtapositions, colloquialisms, or other wordplay. He also wrote long narrative poems. |
Du Mu | Poetry | Poetry
One of his best-known poems is "Qingming Festival" (Qingming Festival is a day of remembrance for the dead when people visit the graves of their ancestors to pay respect.)
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Qingming Festival
On day of Qingming Festival, a drizzly rain falls.
On the road, the traveller, disconsolate.
Enquiring, where can an inn be found?
A cowherd boy points, far away, to Apricot Blossom Village.
|}
Another well-known one is Autumn Evening. It tells of a lonely concubine at the palace whose fan has lost its purpose now that summer has ended. This is taken to be an allusion by the poet of his frustrations at his family's decline in influence.Red Pine, Poems of the Masters, Copper Canyon Press, 2003. The Cowherd and the Weaver Girl in the poem refers to the story of two separated lovers who can only meet once a year and who were used to name the Altair and Vega stars:
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Autumn Evening
Silvery candle, autumnal light, chills the painted screen
With small fan, of light silk gauze, she swipes at the flitting fireflies
On the palace steps, the night is cool, like water
Laying down, she gazes, the Cowherd and the Weaver Girl stars
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Du Mu enjoyed traveling in the misty mountains of southeast China, especially Xuanzhou, and remembering the fallen Southern dynasties, as exemplified by his poem "Written on the Kaiyuan Temple at Xuanzhou" ( ):
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Xie Tiao's mansion from the Southern Dynasties,
Most deepset of places in eastern Wu.
The fallen kingdom like wild swan gone,
Left this temple in misty hollow concealed.
The great hall soars up ninety feet,
By a porch of four hundred pillars ringed.
Between the highest heights and lowest depths,
Winds turn through the pines and cassia.
Green mosses shine by its crimson towers,
White birds talk to each other in pairs.
The brook's sound enters the dreams of monks,
And the moonlight glows on its stucco walls.
The scene surveyed, whether dawn or dusk,
Lean on its railings, past and present too.
I linger here with my flagon of wine,
And watch spring rain in the hills ahead.
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—(Stephen Owen, trans.)
|} |
Du Mu | Prose | Prose
He wrote a commentary on The Art of War and many letters of advice to high officials.
A twenty-book collection of his prose works, Fan Chuan Wen Ji (), survives. |
Du Mu | Modern references | Modern references
In 1968, Roger Waters of the rock band Pink Floyd borrowed lines from his poetry including "Lotuses lean on each other in yearning" () to create the lyrics for the song Set the Controls for the Heart of the Sun from the band's second album A Saucerful of Secrets. |
Du Mu | See also | See also
Chinese poetry
Qijue |
Du Mu | References | References |
Du Mu | Works cited | Works cited
|
Du Mu | Further reading | Further reading
Burton, Richard F. Plantains in the Rain: Selected Chinese Poems of Du Mu. Wellsweep 1990. . This is a bilingual text. The Chinese is in traditional characters.
Francis, Mark. Running Under the Ice: Fifty Selected Poems by Du Mu. Oxcidental Press 2012. . This is a bilingual text. The Chinese is in simplified characters.
Young David and Jiann Lin. Out on the Autumn River: Selected Poems of Du Mu. Rager Media, 2007. . This is a bilingual text. The Chinese is in traditional characters. |
Du Mu | External links | External links
Included in 300 Selected Tang poems, translated by Witter Bynner
Du Mu's poems (in Simplified Chinese)
Books of the Quan Tangshi that include collected poems of Du Mu at the Chinese Text Project:
Book 520, Book 521, Book 522, Book 523,
Book 524, Book 525, Book 526, Book 527
Category:803 births
Category:852 deaths
Category:9th-century Chinese calligraphers
Category:9th-century Chinese poets
Category:Artists from Xi'an
Category:Du clan of Jingzhao
Category:Poets from Shaanxi
Category:Politicians from Xi'an
Category:Tang dynasty calligraphers
Category:Tang dynasty government officials
Category:Three Hundred Tang Poems poets
Category:Writers from Xi'an |
Du Mu | Table of Content | Short description, Biography, Works, Poetry, Prose, Modern references, See also, References, Works cited, Further reading, External links |
Saab 93 | about | The Saab 93 (pronounced ninety-three) is the second production automobile that was manufactured by Swedish automaker Saab. Styled by Sixten Sason, it was first presented on December 1, 1955. The 93 was powered by a longitudinally-mounted three-cylinder 748 cc Saab two-stroke engine giving 33 hp (25 kW). The gearbox had three gears, the first unsynchronised. In order to overcome the problems of oil starvation on overrun (engine braking) for the two-stroke engine, a freewheel device was fitted. In 1957, two-point seatbelts were introduced as an option. The 93 was the first Saab to be exported from Sweden, with most exports going to the United States. A Saxomat clutch and a cabrio coach (large cloth sunroof) were available as options.
On September 2, 1957, the 93B was introduced. The original two-piece windshield was also replaced with a one-piece windshield.
In 1957, Erik Carlsson finished 1st in the Finland Rally in a Saab 93; in 1959, he was 1st in the Swedish Rally, also in a Saab 93. However, Saab was not the first Swedish manufacturer to win the Swedish Rally. Saab's long-standing Swedish rival, Volvo, had beaten them consecutively in 1957 and 1958 with the PV544.
In late 1959, the 93F was introduced, featuring front-hinged doors from the Saab GT750. 1960 was the last year of production for the 93. The 93 was replaced by the Saab 96, although the two models were sold side by side for the earlier part of the year. A total of 52,731 Saab 93s were made.
The Saab Sonett I roadster shared many of its components with the 93. |
Saab 93 | Motor sport history | Motor sport history |
Saab 93 | 1956 | 1956
Wiesbaden Rallye, Germany (June 24, 1956)
1st Bengt Jonsson and Kjell Persson
Rally Viking, Norway
1st Carl-Magnus Skogh
2nd Erik Carlsson
4th Ivar Andersson
Rikspokalen, Sweden
1st Erik Carlsson
Scandiatrofén, Sweden
1st Erik Carlsson and Carl-Magnus Skogh (shared)
Tour d'Europe Continental
2nd Rolf Mellde and Sverker Benson
Tulpen Rally, The Netherlands
2nd Sture Nottorp and Charlie Lohmander
3rd Gunnar Bengtsson and Sven Zetterberg
7th Bengt Jonsson and Sölve Relve |
Saab 93 | 1957 | 1957
Mille Miglia, Turismo Preparato 750 cc, Italy
1st Charlie Lohmander and Harald Kronegård
GAMR - Great American Mountain Rallye, US
1st Bob Wehman and Louis Braun, US
1st Best marque team
6th Rolf Mellde and Morrow Mushkin
17th Jerry Jankowitz and Doris Jankowitz
1000 Lakes Rally, Finland
1st Erik Carlsson
1st Best marque team Erik Carlsson, Carl Otto Bremer, Harald Kronegård
1st Finnish champion, Carl Otto Bremer
Rallye Adriatique, Yugoslavia
1st R M Hopfen
Lime Rock Rally, US
1st Bob Wehman
Rikspokalen, Sweden
1st Carl-Magnus Skogh
Finnish Snow Rallye, Finland
2nd Erik Carlsson
Acropolis Rally Greece
2nd Henri Blanchoud
Rallye Atlas-Oasis, Morocco
2nd Harald Kronegård and Leonce Beysson |
Saab 93 | 1959 | 1959
24 Hours of Le Mans
2nd in its class and 12th total |
Saab 93 | 1960 | 1960
Finnish Snow Rallye, Finland
1st Carl Otto Bremer |
Saab 93 | 2008 | 2008
24 hours Le Mans Classic, compensated
1st in its class and 2nd overall |
Saab 93 | 2010 | 2010
Le Mans Classic, compensated
5th |
Saab 93 | References | References |
Saab 93 | External links | External links
Saab 93 at Saabmuseum.com
Saab 93 at 2008 Le Mans Classic
Category:Front-wheel-drive vehicles
93
Category:Compact cars
Category:Coupés
Category:Cars introduced in 1955
Category:24 Hours of Le Mans race cars
Category:Mille Miglia |
Saab 93 | Table of Content | about, Motor sport history, 1956, 1957, 1959, 1960, 2008, 2010, References, External links |
Ten-year AFL patch | short description | 200px|right|thumb|The shoulder patch worn by the AFL's Kansas City Chiefs in the fourth AFL-NFL Championship game
The Ten-Year AFL Patch is a shoulder patch adapted for use on American Football League (AFL) team uniforms. |
Ten-year AFL patch | History | History
During the entire 1969 professional football season, all NFL players wore a shoulder patch on their uniforms, reading "50 NFL", marking the 50 years which had passed since the league's initial organization. American Football League fan Ange Coniglio petitioned the AFL owners to have their players wear a patch commemorating the league's 10 years, especially since it was the AFL's final year. The AFL owners declined, in Lamar Hunt's words, because they felt that a patch would make the uniforms "too busy".
Coniglio enlisted the support of AFL President Milt Woodard and of AFL players. At his urging, the idea was also advanced by Jack Kemp in a request to Pete Rozelle. As reported in the Kansas City Chiefs' 2006 Press Guide, Woodard had a patch made to be used by whichever team won the final AFL Championship. It turned out that AFL founder Lamar Hunt's Chiefs would be in the final AFL-NFL World Championship Game, and Hunt agreed to have the Chiefs wear a ten-year AFL patch in Super Bowl IV. The outline of the patch resembles that of the United States highway shield, itself based on the Great Seal of the United States. |
Ten-year AFL patch | Support | Support
AFL Hall of Fame coach Hank Stram supported the idea and used the patch as a motivating factor for his team. Stram was later quoted as saying "You could not believe it when you saw the faces of the players. These were great men, and great pros, but they were like kids in a candy shop when they saw that patch." Years later, Chiefs linebacker Willie Lanier remarked "It lit us up. We knew what it meant." Wearing the AFL patch, the Chiefs went out and defeated the Vikings 23–7. The AFL-NFL Championship Game's final record was NFL 2, AFL 2, showing that the upstart American Football League could capably compete with the established NFL. |
Ten-year AFL patch | Legacy | Legacy
left|200px|thumb|Chiefs tight end Travis Kelce, pictured in 2021, in uniform with a Lamar Hunt memorial patch on his left side inspired by the Ten-Year AFL Patch.
After Hunt's death in 2007, a modified version of the AFL patch, this time rendered as a disc instead of a federal shield, and with his "LH" initials replacing the "AFL" letters on the football, became a permanent part of the Chiefs uniform on its left side as a memorial to the league and the team's founding owner, along with being an icon within the end zones of Arrowhead Stadium to identify the team's conference, replacing the post-merger AFC logo used by the league until 2009. |
Ten-year AFL patch | References | References
|
Ten-year AFL patch | External links | External links
www.superbowl.com article
Web article about the patch
Chiefs website story on uniform history
Category:American Football League
Category:1969 American Football League season |
Ten-year AFL patch | Table of Content | short description, History, Support, Legacy, References, External links |
Ian Stewart | '''Ian Stewart''' | Ian Stewart may refer to: |
Ian Stewart | Military | Military
Ian Stewart (RAF officer), current United Kingdom National Military Representative, Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe
Ian MacAlister Stewart (1895–1987), brigadier general during the Second World War
Ian Michael Stewart, former senior commander in the Royal Air Force |
Ian Stewart | Politics | Politics
Ian Stewart (Labour politician) (born 1950), Scottish politician
Ian Stewart, Baron Stewartby (1935–2018), British Conservative Party politician and former MP for Hitchin, England |
Ian Stewart | Sports | Sports
Ian Stewart (athlete) (born 1949), Scottish Olympic athlete
Ian Stewart (Australian rules footballer) (born 1943), member of the Australian Football Hall of Fame
Ian Stewart (baseball) (born 1985), major league baseball player
Ian Stewart (Northern Ireland footballer) (born 1961), member of the 1986 Northern Ireland Football World Cup team
Ian Stewart (racing driver) (1929–2017), Scottish Formula One driver
Ian Stewart (Scottish footballer) (born 1945/46), Scottish football player and manager |
Ian Stewart | Others | Others
Ian Stewart (mathematician) (born 1945), English academic and science fiction author
Ian Stewart (musician) (1938–1985), British musician and early member of the Rolling Stones
Ian Stewart (police commissioner), former Commissioner of the Queensland Police Service (2012–2019)
Ian Stewart, founder of Gremlin Interactive and Zoo Digital
Ian Stewart (priest) (born 1943), Dean of Brechin
Ian Charles Stewart (born 1958), entrepreneur and co-founder of Wired magazine
Ian Duncan Stewart (1938–2017), or Ian Brady, British serial killer and author
Ian Edward Stewart (1908–1989), English pianist and bandleader, Savoy Orpheans |
Ian Stewart | See also | See also
Iain Stewart (disambiguation)
Ian Stuart (disambiguation) |
Ian Stewart | Table of Content | '''Ian Stewart''', Military, Politics, Sports, Others, See also |
1994 Winter Paralympics | Short description | The 1994 Winter Paralympics (; ), the sixth Paralympic Winter Games, were held in Lillehammer, Norway, from 10 to 19 March 1994.The Lillehammer Paralympics were the second time that the Games were held in Norway, after the 1980 Winter Paralympics in Geilo. 471 athletes from 31 countries participated, with Norway claiming the most gold medals ahead of Germany. This was the first Paralympics which the International Paralympic Committee had 100% involvement and responsibility and the first Games with their own logo. Alt URL
These Games marked the second time the Paralympic Winter Games were held in the same city and venues as the Winter Olympics but despite this, they did not have the same Organizing Committee.However, the two Committees operated jointly in several sectors, something that served as a basis for the collaboration that was carried out for the 1998 Winter Paralympics and 2000 Summer Paralympic Games.Events were held in Alpine skiing, ice sledge speed racing, biathlon and cross-country skiing; the games also introduced ice sledge hockey.The Paralympic Games also shared 5 venues that were used during the Winter Olympics.The only differences were the addition of Kristins Hall as ice sledge hockey venue.This hall which was used as a training site for ice hockey teams during the Olympic Games and the use of the Håkons Hall to the ceremonial venue. Alt URL |
1994 Winter Paralympics | Olympic Bidding Process | Olympic Bidding Process
The idea for an Olympic bid for Norway was born in 1981, when Falun, in neighbouring Sweden was defeated by Calgary in Canada to host the 1988 Winter Olympics. Along with the Norwegian government, the bid was also publicly encouraged and supported by the Swedish government, largely to help stimulate the economy of their inland counties.LOOC (I): 13 Lillehammer originally bid for the 1992 Games but came fourth in the voting, with the Games ultimately awarded to Albertville, France.LOOC (I): 16 In 1986, at the 91st IOC Session in Lausanne, they announced to separate the Summer and Winter editions (which had been held in the same year since the inception of the Winter Olympics in 1924) after the 1992 Games and have alternated between the 2 editions of the Olympics every two years during the four-year cycle. Lillehammer subsequently launched another bid, now for the 1994 Games, with some drastic modifications of the project, such as a new indoor speed skating venue and an additional ice hall in Lillehammer. Supplementary government guarantees and funds were secured for the new bid.Hove-Ødegård, Celius and Brun: 9
Three other locations put in bids for the 1994 Games: Anchorage (United States), Östersund (Sweden), and Sofia (Bulgaria). Lillehammer was elected to host the 1994 Winter Games at the 94th IOC Session, held in Seoul on 15 September 1988, two days before the start of the 1988 Summer Olympics.Hove-Ødegård, Celius and Brun: 6 Until 2018, the Lillehammer Games were the last Winter Olympics to be held in a town, rather than centered in a city. |
1994 Winter Paralympics | Paralympic Bid Process | Paralympic Bid Process
More than a year after the success of the Olympic Bid, the Board of the Norwegian Sports Organisation for the Disabled (NIF) realized in October 1989 that there was a possibility that Lillehammer could also host the 6th Paralympic Winter Games, respecting the idea implemented by the IOC in 1984, when Seoul was invited to host the 1988 Summer Paralympics, right after that year's Summer Olympics. Thus, the first movement took place in June 1990 and on 15 July of that same year, the IPC announced that the Norwegian proposal had been accepted without financial support. But, approximately one year after negotiations with the Norwegian Parliament for funding and up to 90 million Norwegian Krone was allocated under the condition that the Lillehammer 1994 Paralympic Winter Games Organizing Committee (LPOC) had to be organized in mirrored way as their Olympic counterpart to obtain the public funding, This forced the entity to be founded as a limited company, with the same status with the Olympic Organising Committee, with 51% owned by the Norwegian Government and 49% owned by the Norwegian Sports Organisation for the Disabled. This allowed those sectors where interests were in common to work in a unified way providing the basis for this form of work to also be used in 1998 Winter Olympics and the 2000 Summer Paralympics. The first meeting of the seven members, four appointed by the Government and three by the Norwegian Sports Organisation for the Disabled, was held on the 21st August 1991. |
1994 Winter Paralympics | Visual identity | Visual identity
The Games were represented by an emblem depicting the sun people. This image portrayed the ideas of power, vitality, strength and energy, all of which are characteristics of the athletes who took part. |
1994 Winter Paralympics | Mascot | Mascot
The characteristics of the emblem were also to be found in the mascot Sondre, the troll. Sondre, who was also an amputee, was the result of a nationwide school competition won by Janne Solem. The mascot was then designed to its final appearance by Tor Lindrupsen. The name for the mascot was chosen in a separate competition and derives from the great skiing pioneer Sondre Nordheim. |
1994 Winter Paralympics | Sports | Sports
The 1994 Paralympics consisted 133 events in five disciplines in four sports. Ice sledge hockey made its Paralympic debut as the first winter team sport at these games.
20px Alpine skiing
20px Sledge hockey
20px Ice sledge racing
Nordic skiing
20px Biathlon
20px Cross-country skiing |
1994 Winter Paralympics | Medal table | Medal table
The top 10 NPCs by number of gold medals are listed below. The host nation (Norway) is highlighted. |
1994 Winter Paralympics | Participants | Participants
Thirty-one National Paralympic Committees (NPCs) entered athletes at the 1994 Winter Paralympics. The number in parentheses indicates the number of participants from each NPC.
(6)
(38)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(31)
(6)
(3)
(13)
(18)
(26)
(43)
(23)
(1)
(23)
(26)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(6)
(7)
(42)
(15)
(27)
(11)
(14)
(27)
(19)
(30) |
1994 Winter Paralympics | See also | See also
1994 Winter Olympics
1994 Winter Paralympics medal table |
1994 Winter Paralympics | References | References |
1994 Winter Paralympics | External links | External links
International Paralympic Committee
The event at SVT's open archive
Paralympics
Category:International sports competitions hosted by Norway
Category:Winter Paralympic Games by year
Category:1994 in Norwegian sport
Category:Sport in Lillehammer
Category:Winter multi-sport events in Norway
Category:March 1994 in Europe |
1994 Winter Paralympics | Table of Content | Short description, Olympic Bidding Process, Paralympic Bid Process, Visual identity, Mascot, Sports, Medal table, Participants, See also, References, External links |
Gaspard de Prony | Short description | Baron Gaspard Clair François Marie Riche de Prony (22 July 1755 – 29 July 1839) was a French mathematician and engineer, who worked on hydraulics. He was born at Chamelet, Beaujolais, FranceBradley, Margaret (1998) A career biography of Gaspard Clair Francois Marie Riche De Prony, bridge-builder, educator, and scientist, Mellen Press and died in Asnières-sur-Seine, France. |
Gaspard de Prony | Education and early works | Education and early works
He was Engineer-in-Chief of the [National school of bridges and roads], a technical school in Paris. |
Gaspard de Prony | The trigonometric and logarithmic tables of the cadastre | The trigonometric and logarithmic tables of the cadastre
In 1791, Prony embarked on the task of producing logarithmic and trigonometric tables for the French Cadastre (geographic survey). The effort was sanctioned by the French National Assembly, which, after the French Revolution wanted to bring uniformity to the multiple measurements and standards used throughout the nation. In particular, his tables were intended for precise land surveys, as part of a greater cadastre effort. The tables were vast, calculating logarithms from 1 to 200,000, with values calculated to between fourteen and twenty-nine decimal places, (which Prony recognized was excessively precise).
Inspired by Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations, Prony divided up the labor into three levels, bragging that he "could manufacture logarithms as easily as one manufactures pins."Grier, David Alan (2005) When Computers Were Human, Princeton University Press
The first level consisted of five or six high-ranking mathematicians with sophisticated analytical skills, including Adrien-Marie Legendre and Lazare Carnot. This group chose the analytical formulas most suited to evaluation by numerical methods, and specified the number of decimals and the numerical range the tables were to cover.
The second group of lesser mathematicians, seven or eight in number, were known as the "planners" and had previous experience as computers in the cadastre, mainly with experience having to do with practical mathematics. The planners combined analytical and computational skills, with this group calculating the pivotal values using the formulas provided and the sets of starting differences. They also prepared
templates for the human computers, and the first worked row of calculations, as well as the instructions for the computers to carry the sequence to completion. Finally, this group was tasked with verifying all the calculations made by the human computers. Since recalculating every value would have nullified the use of the lowest level computers since their tasks would have been completely repeated, the planners used a method knows as "differencing," where they compared adjacent values in the tables, checking for any discrepancies.
The third group consisted of sixty to ninety human computers. These had no more than a rudimentary knowledge of arithmetic and carried out the most laborious and repetitive part of the process. Many were out-of-work hairdressers, because, with the guillotining of the aristocracy, the hairdressing trade, which had tended the elaborate hairstyles of the elite, was in recession.Due to their lack of experience, they only had to calculate simple problems of addition and subtraction. In addition, this group did not operate under a factory-like model, instead opting to work from home, sending their results and receiving their new tasks from the planners in a non-centralized manner. These calculators could produce an average of around 700 calculations a day. |
Gaspard de Prony | Importance for mapping | Importance for mapping
The tables developed by Prony's team were doubly important for French metric cartography. Firstly, at the time, sailors needed logarithms for math pertaining to spherical geometry, because this was needed to quickly and accurately position themselves to guarantee safe and efficient travel across the seas. However, the implementation of the new French Revolutionary metric system would make the old logarithmic tables would be obsolete, and French sailors would be unwilling to switch measurement systems since it would have rendered positional calculations significantly more difficult and less precise. Thus, Prony, by making new logarithmic tables for the new metric system, would have facilitated the transition, enabling sailors to adopt the system. The second key element was that trigonometric values were needed for cadastral measures. Thus, for accurate mapping of the French territory and its subdivisions all the way down to the lowest levels of property ownership, Prony needed to complete the trigonometric tables. These were both seen as crucial for Revolutionary pride considering the importance of naval prowess at the time and the need for administrative efficiency. |
Gaspard de Prony | Enlightenment calculations | Enlightenment calculations
According to Prony, the project was to leave "nothing to desire with respect to exactitude" and to be "the most vast... monument to calculation ever executed or even conceived." The tables were not used for their original purpose of bringing consistent standards for measurement, as the entire cadastre project saw delays in establishing both new measurement units as well as budget cuts. In particular, these tables, which were designed for the decimal division of circles and time, turned out to be obsolete after the French had changed their measurement system. Moreover, there was no practical use for the full extent of Prony's calculation's accuracy. Hence, these tables became more of artifacts and monuments to Enlightenment rather than objects of practical use. |
Gaspard de Prony | Influence on the meaning of calculation | Influence on the meaning of calculation
By the turn of the 19th century, there was a shift in the meaning of calculation. The talented mathematicians and other intellectuals who produced creative and abstract ideas were regarded separately from those who were able to perform tedious and repetitive computations. Before the 19th century, calculation was regarded as a task for the academics, while afterwards, calculations were associated with unskilled laborers. This was accompanied by a shift in gender roles as well, as women, who were usually underrepresented in mathematics at the time, were hired to perform extensive computations for the tables as well as other computational government projects until the end of World War II. This shift in the interpretation of calculation was largely due to Prony's calculation project during the French Revolution. This project was able to unite people from many different walks of life as well as mathematical abilities (in the traditional sense) and hence changed the meaning of calculation from intelligence into unskilled labor. |
Gaspard de Prony | Mechanizing calculation | Mechanizing calculation
Prony was able to have artisans (workers who excelled in mechanical arts that require intelligence) work along with mathematicians to perform the calculations. Prony noted a few interesting observations about this new dynamic. First, it was fascinating to see so many different people work on the same problem. Second, he realized that even the ones with the least intellectual ability were able to perform these computations with astonishingly few errors. Prony saw this entire system as a collection of human computers working together as a whole - a machine governed by hierarchical principles of the division of labor. In fact, Prony may have begun to amend his notion of intelligence, which he began to use to evaluate the system as a whole, rather than evaluating the intelligence of its constituents. |
Gaspard de Prony | Influence on Charles Babbage | Influence on Charles Babbage
Charles Babbage, credited with inventing the first mechanical computer, was inspired by Prony's take on Smith's division of labor. He agreed with the three tiered system, but Babbage was seized by the idea that the labours of the unskilled computers could be taken over completely by machinery. This would keep only the two highest groups human, and also would transform the role of the planners into a maintenance group for the machine. |
Gaspard de Prony | Failure of the tables to be popularly implemented | Failure of the tables to be popularly implemented
The French Revolutionary government passed the law that made the metric system the official measurement system in 1795, but they did not include the decimal angle measurement, making much of Prony's work worthless. This also meant that the funding needed for Prony to finish and publish his tables dried up. Prony continued his work until 1800, but because his publisher went bankrupt, the work was not seen by the public eye until the first excerpt of the table was published a century later. The Napoleonic government abandoned the project, before abandoning the metric system entirely in 1812 dooming Prony's work. |
Gaspard de Prony | Prony's brake | Prony's brake
One of Prony's important scientific inventions was the "brake" which he invented in 1821 to measure the torque produced by an engine.
He also was first to propose using a reversible pendulum to measure gravity, which was independently invented in 1817 by Henry Kater and became known as the Kater's pendulum. |
Gaspard de Prony | Prony's estimation method | Prony's estimation method
Prony created a method of converting sinusoidal and exponential curves into a systems of linear equations. Prony estimation is used extensively in signal processing and finite element modelling of non linear materials.LS-DYNDA Keyword Manual. Livermore Software Technology Corporation. 2009. pp289 |
Gaspard de Prony | Engineering projects | Engineering projects
Prony was employed by Napoleon to superintend the engineering operations for protecting the province of Ferrara against the inundations of the Po and for draining and improving the Pontine Marshes. After the Restoration he was likewise engaged in regulating the course of the Rhône, and in several other important works. |
Gaspard de Prony | Distinctions | Distinctions
Prony was a member, and eventually president, of the French Academy of Sciences. He was also elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1810. His name is one of the 72 names inscribed on the Eiffel Tower. A street, Rue de Prony, in the 17th arrondissement of Paris is named after him. |
Gaspard de Prony | See also | See also
Prony equation
Charles Storer Storrow |
Gaspard de Prony | References | References |
Gaspard de Prony | Notes | Notes |
Gaspard de Prony | Citations | Citations |
Gaspard de Prony | External links | External links
Prony Estimation
Category:1755 births
Category:1839 deaths
Category:People from Rhône (department)
Category:Barons of the First French Empire
Category:Members of the Chamber of Peers of the July Monarchy
Category:French engineers
Category:Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
Category:Officers of the French Academy of Sciences
Category:Foreign members of the Royal Society
Category:18th-century French mathematicians
Category:19th-century French mathematicians
Category:Commanders of the Legion of Honour
Category:Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery |
Gaspard de Prony | Table of Content | Short description, Education and early works, The trigonometric and logarithmic tables of the cadastre, Importance for mapping, Enlightenment calculations, Influence on the meaning of calculation, Mechanizing calculation, Influence on Charles Babbage, Failure of the tables to be popularly implemented, Prony's brake, Prony's estimation method, Engineering projects, Distinctions, See also, References, Notes, Citations, External links |
Ian Stewart (runner) | Short description | Ian Stewart MBE (born 15 January 1949) is a Scottish former long-distance running athlete.http://www.britishathletics.org.uk/e-inspire/hall-of-fame-athletes/ian-sewart/ ) Ian Stewart was one of the world's leading distance runners between the late 1960s and mid-1970s. Stewart won the bronze medal in the Men's 5000 metres at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich (a race won by Lasse Virén). Stewart also won the following championships: European 5,000 metres (1969), Commonwealth 5,000 metres (1970), European Indoor (1969 and 1975) and World Cross Country (1975).
In 1965, at 16 years of age, he ran a British age best of 9.12.8 for 2 miles and two years later set a European junior 3 miles record of 13.39.8. In 1968, he broke European junior records at four distances: 3000m, 2 miles, 3 miles and 5000m. Moving up to the senior ranks in 1969, Stewart took the European Indoor 3000m title in a UK record (7.55.4), claiming the AAA 5000m title (13.39.66) and then winning 5000m gold at the 1969 European Athletics Championships in Athens in a time of 13.44.8.
In 1970, Stewart set a European record and world's season best time5000 metres when he recorded 13:22:8 to win the Commonwealth Games 5,000 metres title. This was one of the greatest races of all time and he defeated current world record holder Ron Clarke, Olympic 1,500 metres champion Kip Keino and fellow Scot, Ian McCafferty. Stewart produced a last lap of 54.4, Keino and Clarke could only finish 3rd and 5th, respectively.
The 1971 campaign proved an anti-climax as illness and injuries halted his progress, he was back to full fitness in the Olympic year of 1972. In the Olympic 5000 metres final, he suffered from a collision with American Steve Prefontaine with 700 metres to go but produced an amazing burst in the home straight to gain the bronze medal (13.27.6), the Finn, Lasse Viren, took gold in 13.26.4. Stewart ran the home straight faster than even Virén.Mauno Saari, "Lasse Viren: The Secrets of Running" / Lasse Viren: Juoksemisen salaisuudet, published in Finland in 1979; YouTube videos on 1972 Olympic 5K or 5000m). Stewart later blamed the clash with Prefontaine for costing him the gold."Athletics Enigmas" by Alastair Aitken(2002)
After a disappointing 1973 season and a mediocre effort in the Commonwealth Games 5000m final (5th in 13.40.4) in early 1974, he decided to take up cycle racing to recharge his batteries. Suitably refreshed, he returned to athletics in fine style the following year, completing an excellent double in March 1975 by winning the European indoor 3000m crown (7.58.6) and the IAAF World Cross Country Championships gold medal. He remains Britain's last male winner of the cross country title and it proved to be his last major international honour. Stewart still produced some quality performances in later years, such as his 7th place in the 5000m final at the 1976 Olympics (losing to Virén by 2.89 seconds after dropping from second to seventh place in the last 300 metres.Matti Hannus, "Montreal Olympic Book" / Montreal Olympiakirja, Helsinki: "Runner" / Juoksija magazine, 1976; YouTube videos on 1976 Olympic 5000m)) He ran a 10-mile world road best (45.13) in 1977. He retired in summer 1978, bringing down the curtain on a long and illustrious career.
Stewart was ranked No 1 in the world over 5000m by the American magazine Track and Field News in 1970. They ranked him third in 1969 and 1972, fifth in 1975, and tenth in 1976. He sometimes won races by using the unorthodox strategy of "kicking" or breaking far away from the field at the midpoint of the race (instead of on the last lap), leaving his rivals confused as to what to do.
Stewart set other British records: 1,500 metres 3:39.12 (1969), 2,000 metres 5:02.98 (1975),2 miles 8:22.0 (1972). Other personal bests: Mile 3:57.3 (1969) and 10,000 metres 27:43.03 (1977).
Stewart was one of six children, three of whom won European Indoor titles: elder brother Peter (born 1947) was the 3000m champion in Sofia in 1971 and British record holder at the mile 3:55.3 (1972); younger sister Mary (born 1956) won the 1500m in San Sebastian in 1977 and then became the Commonwealth Games champion (for England) in 1978 in Edmonton.
Stewart was awarded the MBE in 1979, and after coaching and working to promote distance running, he succeeded Andy Norman as promotions officer for British Athletics in 1994. Stewart was the Head of Endurance of UK Athletics (UKA) until February 2013."http://www.athleticsweekly.com/blog/tough-guy-stewart-will-be-missed/. |
Ian Stewart (runner) | References | References |
Ian Stewart (runner) | External links | External links
sporting-heroes.net: Ian Stewart
Tough of the Track: The Ian Stewart Story – Full documentary on Youtube
Category:1949 births
Category:Living people
Category:Athletes from Birmingham, West Midlands
Category:Members of the Order of the British Empire
Category:Scottish male long-distance runners
Category:British male long-distance runners
Category:Scottish male cross country runners
Category:British male cross country runners
Category:Olympic athletes for Great Britain
Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 1972 Summer Olympics
Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 1976 Summer Olympics
Category:Commonwealth Games gold medallists for Scotland
Category:Commonwealth Games medallists in athletics
Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 1970 British Commonwealth Games
Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 1974 British Commonwealth Games
Category:European Athletics Championships medalists
Category:World Athletics Cross Country Championships winners
Category:Medalists at the 1972 Summer Olympics
Category:Olympic bronze medallists for Great Britain
Category:Olympic bronze medalists in athletics (track and field)
Category:Scottish Olympic competitors
Category:Medallists at the 1970 British Commonwealth Games
Category:Anglo-Scots |
Ian Stewart (runner) | Table of Content | Short description, References, External links |
Tribe of Dan | Short description | The Tribe of Dan (, "Judge") was one of the twelve tribes of Israel, according to the Torah. According to the Hebrew Bible, the tribe initially settled in the hill lands bordering Ephraim and Benjamin on the east and Judah and the Philistines on the south but migrated north due to pressure of their enemies, settling at Laish (later known as Dan), near Mount Hermon.
Biblical judge Samson was a hero of the Dan tribe. |
Tribe of Dan | Biblical narrative | Biblical narrative
thumb|350px|The initial territory of Dan appears in dark green north of Philistia on this map of the tribes.
thumb|The Dan tribe's serpent plate on the Heichal Shlomo's door in Jerusalem.
thumb|Map of Dan, 17th century Dutch map
In the Biblical census of the Book of Numbers, the tribe of Dan is portrayed as the second largest Israelite tribe (after Judah). Some textual scholars regard the census as being from the Priestly Source, dating it to around the 7th century BC, and more likely to reflect the biases of its authors.Richard Elliott Friedman, Who Wrote the Bible? (Harper San Francisco) (1987) In the Blessing of Moses, which some textual scholars regard as dating from only slightly earlier than the deuteronomist, Dan is prophesied to "leap from Bashan"; scholars are uncertain why this should be since the tribe did not live in the Bashan plain, east of the Jordan River. |
Tribe of Dan | Conquest and territory | Conquest and territory
According to the biblical narrative, following the completion of the conquest of Canaan by the Israelite tribes after about 1200 BC,Kitchen, Kenneth A. (2003), "On the Reliability of the Old Testament" (Grand Rapids, Michigan. William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company)() Joshua allocated the land among the twelve tribes. Dan was the last tribe to receive its territorial inheritance.Butler, James Glentworth. "The Bible-work, the Old Testament: Joshua, Judges, Ruth, 1st and 2nd Samuel, 1 Chronicles XI., 1 Kings I-XI., 2 Chronicles I-IX", Funk & Wagnalls, 1889. p. 129 The land originally allocated to Dan was a small enclave in the central coastal area of Canaan, between Judah, Benjamin, Ephraim and the Philistines.
To the north the territory of Dan abutted Joppa, the modern Jaffa. This territory, not very extensive originally, was soon diminished by its dangerous neighbors, the Philistines. The tribe was only able to camp in the hill country overlooking the Sorek Valley, the camp location becoming known as Mahaneh Dan ("Camp of Dan"). () The region they were trying to settle extended south into the Shephelah in the area of Timnah; as a result, the modern state of Israel refers to the region as Gush Dan ("the Dan area").
The Danites' lot included all that part of the valley which respects the sun-setting, and were bounded by Azotus and Dora; as also they had all Jamnia and Gath, from Ekron to that mountain where the tribe of Judah begins.
From after the conquest of the land by Joshua until the formation of the first united Kingdom of Israel in c. 1050 BC, the Tribe of Dan was a part of a loose confederation of Israelite tribes. No central government existed, and in times of crisis the people were led by ad hoc leaders known as Judges.Galpaz-Feller, Pnina. Samson: the hero and the man, Peter Lang, 2006. , . p. 278-282
The most celebrated Danite was Samson, a Danite judge from the period of settlement in the lands allotted by Joshua. Pnina Galpaz-Feller sees similarities between the story of Samson and Denyen tribal legends. Excavations conducted at Tel Dan by David Ilan of the Hebrew Union College show support for the Danites' potential Aegean connections.
As a consequence of the pressure from the Philistines, a portion of the tribe abandoned hopes of settling near the central coast, instead migrating to the north of Philistine territory, and after conquering Laish, refounded it as the city of Dan (). Thus their territory in the end lay northeast of that of Naphtali, east of the upper Jordan River, near its eastern sources, and defining the northern extent of the land of the Israelites. A number of biblical texts thus refer to "All Israel, from Dan to Beersheba". |
Tribe of Dan | United Monarchy | United Monarchy
With the growth of the threat from Philistine incursions, the Israelite tribes decided to form a strong centralised monarchy to meet the challenge, and the Tribe of Dan joined the new kingdom with Saul as the first king. After the death of Saul, all the tribes other than Judah remained loyal to the House of Saul. But after the death of Ish-bosheth, Saul's son and successor to the throne of Israel, the Tribe of Dan joined the other northern Israelite tribes in making David, who was then the king of Judah, king of a re-united Kingdom of Israel. The tribe provided substantial military support for the kingdom in the form of 28,600 soldiers, being considered "experts in war"."1 Chronicles 12:35", King James Bible Online. Retrieved 15 may 2018 |
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