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Integrated programme | Table of Content | '''Integrated programme''' |
China Hotel | Short description | thumb|China Hotel
China Hotel () is a 5-star hotel in Guangzhou, Guangdong, China. |
China Hotel | History | History
China's first 5-star hotel and the first involving foreign capital, the China Hotel was built in 1984 by the Hong Kong-listed conglomerate Hopewell Holdings Ltd (controlled by Sir Gordon Wu) under a novel contractual agreement that came to be known as Build-Operate-Transfer, a means of building and operating joint ventures with local authorities in China. This arrangement allowed a foreign partner to build a facility at its own expense, operated it for an agreed length of time to generate a return on its investment, then hand it over to a local partner at no cost. New World Development, via its subsidiary New World Hotels (Holdings), also owned a minority stake.
China Hotel became the first hotel managed by Marriott in Mainland China in 1998, under a 20-year contract and was renamed China Hotel, A Marriott Hotel. It left Marriott at the end of the contract on October 31, 2018. The hotel is currently owned by Guangzhou Lingnan International Enterprise Group Co. Ltd. In 2008, the hotel was fully renovated and offers 850 guest rooms. |
China Hotel | References | References |
China Hotel | External links | External links
Category:Hotels in Guangzhou
Category:Hopewell Holdings
Category:New World Development
Category:Henderson Land Development
Category:Sun Hung Kai Properties
Category:CK Hutchison Holdings
Category:Yuexiu District
Category:Hotels established in 1984
Category:Hotel buildings completed in 1984 |
China Hotel | Table of Content | Short description, History, References, External links |
Attachment Unit Interface | [[File:AUI Connectors.jpg | thumb|AUI Connectors. The male connector (left) is on the MAU and the female connector (right) is on the DTE device (typically either a computer or an Ethernet hub). Note the sliding clip.
thumb|AUI Connector with numbered pins on the DEC EtherWorks LC (DE100) Ethernet controller. Note the jackposts (as opposed to a sliding clip).
The Attachment Unit Interface (AUI) is a physical and logical interface defined in the IEEE 802.3 standard (additionally published in FIPS PUB 107) for 10BASE5 Ethernet and the earlier DIX standard. The physical interface consists of a 15-pin D-subminiature connector that links an Ethernet node's physical signaling to the Medium Attachment Unit (MAU),IEEE 802.3 7. Physical Signaling (PLS) and Attachment Unit Interface (AUI) specifications sometimes referred to as a transceiver. An AUI cable can extend up to , though often the MAU and data terminal equipment's (DTE) medium access controller (MAC) are directly connected, bypassing the need for a cable. In Ethernet implementations where the DTE and MAU are combined, the AUI is typically omitted.
The IEEE 802.3 specification officially defines the AUI as an interconnect between a DTE and the MAU. However, devices like the DEC Digital Ethernet Local Network Interconnect (DELNI) provided hub-like functionality using AUI-compatible connectors.https://www.zx.net.nz/computers/dec/networks/DELNI/https://vt100.net/mirror/hcps/delnitm1.pdf Additionally, under certain conditions, it was possible to directly connect two AUI devices without the need for transceivers using a crossover cable.https://serverfault.com/questions/375782/is-it-possible-to-cross-connect-two-aui-ports-without-transceivers
AUI connectors became increasingly rare in the early 1990s as computers and hubs directly integrated the MAU, especially with the rising adoption of the 10BASE-T standard. This shift led to the decline of 10BASE5 (thicknet) and 10BASE2 (thinnet) which made use of the interface. The electrical AUI connection remained internally within equipment for some time.
With the introduction of Fast Ethernet, the AUI interface became obsolete and was replaced by the Media Independent Interface (MII).Overview of the XAUI, XLAUI and CAUI: Part1 , "...the existing AUI was not suitable and it was replaced by the MII interface..." Subsequent Ethernet standards, such as Gigabit Ethernet and 10 Gigabit Ethernet, introduced the GMII and XGMII interfaces, respectively. A 10 Gigabit Ethernet interface, known as XAUI, was developed to extend the operational distance of XGMII and reduce the number of interface signals.
A smaller variant called the Apple Attachment Unit Interface (AAUI) was introduced on Apple Macintosh computers in 1991, and was phased out by 1998. |
Attachment Unit Interface | Modes | Modes
The AUI can operate in both normal mode and monitor mode. In normal mode, it functions as a direct connection between the DTE and the network medium. Monitor mode, an optional feature, isolates the MAU's transmitter from the medium while allowing the DTE to observe network activity. This mode is useful for diagnostic and monitoring purposes without impacting the physical medium. |
Attachment Unit Interface | Signaling and control | Signaling and control
The AUI uses Manchester encoding for data transmission, which ensures clock synchronization without requiring a separate timing signal. The data and control circuits operate independently and are self-clocked. Control signals coordinate communication between the DTE and MAU, enabling error signaling, MAU isolation, and medium access requests. |
Attachment Unit Interface | Connector and signals | Connector and signals
An AUI connector is a DA-15 (D-subminiature) type, where the DTE side has a female connector and the MAU side has a male connector.
The connector often uses a sliding clip instead of the typical thumbscrews found on D-connectors, allowing the DTE and MAU to be directly attached, even when their size or shape would not accommodate thumbscrews. However, the clip mechanism is sometimes considered awkward or unreliable.
In the case of incompatible fittings, the jackposts or sliding clip can be unscrewed and replaced, or adapter dongles and cables can be used.
Electrically, the AUI's differential signals are designed for use with a 78 Ω cable and can transmit data between DTE and MAU at 10 Mbps over the standard's specified 50-meter length.
AUI drivers and receivers are required to tolerate wiring faults without permanent impairment of the pair. Signal jitter is controlled to within 1.5 nanoseconds across the interface. |
Attachment Unit Interface | Pinout table | Pinout table
The DA-15 pinout is specified by the IEEE 802.3 standard and describes four differential pairs:
Attachment Unit Interface 300px Pin Signal Direction Description 3 DO-A AUI→MAU Data Out Circuit A 10 DO-B AUI→MAU Data Out Circuit B 11 DO-S AUI→MAU Data Out Circuit Shield 5 DI-A MAU→AUI Data In Circuit A 12 DI-B MAU→AUI Data In Circuit B 4 DI-S MAU→AUI Data In Circuit Shield 7 CO-A AUI→MAU Control Out Circuit A 15 CO-B AUI→MAU Control Out Circuit B 8 CO-S AUI→MAU Control Out Circuit Shield 2 CI-A MAU→AUI Control In Circuit A 9 CI-B MAU→AUI Control In Circuit B 1 CI-S MAU→AUI Control In Circuit Shield 6 VC – Voltage Common (0 V) 13 VP – Voltage Plus (+12 V) 14 VS – Voltage Shield Shell PG – Protective Ground |
Attachment Unit Interface | References | References |
Attachment Unit Interface | External links | External links
Category:Computer connectors
Category:Ethernet |
Attachment Unit Interface | Table of Content | [[File:AUI Connectors.jpg, Modes, Signaling and control, Connector and signals, Pinout table, References, External links |
AUI | wiktionary | AUI may stand for:
Ethernet's Attachment Unit Interface, a 15-pin D-connector
aUI, a constructed language
The ICAO code for Ukraine International Airlines, Ukraine
The National Rail code for Ardlui railway station, United Kingdom
Associated Universities, Inc., the corporation that operates the National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO)
Amiga User International, a monthly magazine dedicated to the Amiga computer
Al Akhawayn University, a university located in Ifrane, Morocco
Adaptive user interface
Audible user interface, for blind people to use digital devices
Attentive user interface
Gold monoiodide, chemical formula AuI |
AUI | See also | See also
AUIS (disambiguation) |
AUI | Table of Content | wiktionary, See also |
MAU | Wiktionary | MAU may refer to: |
MAU | Computing | Computing
Media access unit (or multistation access unit), A Token Ring network interconnect device
Medium Attachment Unit, an Ethernet network transceiver |
MAU | Places | Places
Mauritania, UNDP country code
Mauritius, ITU country code
MAU, National Rail code for Mauldeth Road railway station in Manchester, UK |
MAU | Organizations | Organizations
Marathwada Agricultural University, now Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, an agriculture university in Parbhani, India
Mekdela Amba University, in Ethiopia
Mizhnarodni Avialiniyi Ukrayiny (Ukraine International Airlines)
Musashino Art University, a university in Japan
Mount Allison University, a university in New Brunswick, Canada |
MAU | Other uses | Other uses
mAU (milli-absorbance unit), used to measure absorbance
Marine amphibious unit, now Marine expeditionary unit, the smallest air-ground task force in the United States Fleet Marine Force
Makeup air unit, a type of air handler that only conditions outside (not recirculated) air
Medical Assessment Unit, a short-stay hospital department in some countries
Monthly active users, a performance metric for the success of an internet product |
MAU | See also | See also
Mau (disambiguation)
de:MAU |
MAU | Table of Content | Wiktionary, Computing, Places, Organizations, Other uses, See also |
Media access unit | Short description | thumb|An IBM 8228 Multistation Access Unit with accompanying Setup Aid
thumb|Data flow though a 3-station Token Ring network built using a single MAU
A media access unit (MAU), also known as a multistation access unit (MAU or MSAU), is a device to attach multiple network stations in a ring topology when the cabling is done in a star topology as a Token Ring network, internally wired to connect the stations into a logical ring (generally passive i.e. non-switched and unmanaged; however managed Token Ring MAUs do exist in the form of CAUs, or Controlled Access Units).http://ps-2.kev009.com/ohlandl/books/TR_Networks_Intro_Planning_Guide_Chpt1.pdf
Passive Token Ring was an active IBM networking product in the 1997 time frame, after which it was rapidly displaced by switched networking. |
Media access unit | Advantages and disadvantages | Advantages and disadvantages |
Media access unit | Passive networking without power | Passive networking without power
thumb|An IBM 8228 Setup Aid opened exposing the battery
thumb|Relays found on the 8226 MAU circuit board
The majority of IBM-implemented (actual) passive Token Ring MAUs operated without the requirement of power; instead the passive MAU used a series of relays that adjusted themselves as data is passed through: this is also why Token Ring generally used relays to terminate disconnected or failed ports. The power-less IBM 8228 Multistation Access Unit requires a special 'Setup Aid' tool to re-align the relays after the unit has been moved which causes them to be in incorrect states: this is accomplished by a 9v battery sending a charge to snap the relays back in a proper state. The advantages of having a MAU operate without power is that they can be placed in areas without outlets, the disadvantage is that they must be primed each time the internal relays experience excessive force. The IBM 8226 MAU, while containing a power jack, primarily uses this for the LEDs: relays are still used inside the unit but do not require priming.ftp://public.dhe.ibm.com/networking/nswww/neteam/998pg/c822602.pdf |
Media access unit | Bandwidth | Bandwidth
In theory, this networking technology supported large geographic areas (with a total ring circumference of several kilometers). But with the bandwidth shared by all stations, in practice separate networks spanning smaller areas were joined using bridges. This bridged network technology was soon displaced by high-bandwidth switched networks. |
Media access unit | Fault tolerance | Fault tolerance
Multistation Access Units contain relays to short out non-operating stations. Multiple MAUs can be connected into a larger ring through their ring in/ring out connectors.
An MAU is also called a "ring in a box". The loop that used to make up the ring of the token Ring is now integrated into this device. In Token Ring, when a link is broken in the ring, the entire network goes down; however with an MAU, the broken circuit is closed within 1ms; allowing stations on the ring to have their cords unplugged without disabling the entire network. |
Media access unit | See also | See also
Lobe Attachment Module |
Media access unit | References | References |
Media access unit | External links | External links
Category:Networking hardware |
Media access unit | Table of Content | Short description, Advantages and disadvantages, Passive networking without power, Bandwidth, Fault tolerance, See also, References, External links |
Cue | Wiktionary | Cue or CUE may refer to: |
Cue | Event markers | Event markers
Sensory cue, in perception (experimental psychology)
Cueing (medicine), rehabilitation techniques for Parkinson's disease patients to improve walking
Cue (theatrical), the trigger for an action to be carried out at a specific time, in theatre or film
Cue (show control), the electronic rendering of the specific action(s) to be carried out at a specific time by a show control system
Voice cue, in dance, words or sounds that help match rhythmic patterns of steps with the music
Cue mark, in motion picture film to signal projectionists of reel changes
Cue, a vocal message given by a group fitness instructor to inform participants of upcoming sequences, such as a change in stretching direction |
Cue | Music and audio | Music and audio
Cue (band), a Swedish musical group
Cue tone, a message consisting of audio tones, used to prompt an action.
Cue (audio), to determine the desired initial playback point in a piece of recorded music
Cue sheet (computing), a metadata file that describes how the tracks of an audio track are laid out
Source cue, music that emanates from an element visible within a theatrical or movie scene, like a piano, jukebox or car radio
Musical cue, on sheet music helps ensemble musicians to coordinate their playing. It may also refer to a musical trigger for a theatrical cue |
Cue | People | People
Tom Cue (c. 1850 – 1920), gold prospector in Western Australia
|
Cue | Places | Places
Cue, Western Australia, a gold mining town
Shire of Cue, Western Australia
, a village in Llanes, Asturias, Spain |
Cue | Organizations | Organizations
Catholic University in Erbil, Iraq
Chinju National University of Education, South Korea
Concordia University of Edmonton, Canada
Consumers United for Evidence-based Healthcare, United States
Cracow University of Economics, Poland |
Cue | Other uses | Other uses
Cue (clothing), an Australian clothing store chain
Cue (magazine), a former weekly magazine covering entertainment in New York City
Cue (search engine), a defunct website and app
Cue! (video game), Japanese mobile game
Cue stick, in billiard-type games
Cue bid, a type of bid in the card game contract bridge
"Cue" (among other spellings), a spelled-out name for the letter Q in the English alphabet
".cue", used in the filename of cue sheets, descriptor files for specifying the layout of CD or DVD tracks
Commercially useful enzymes
CUE Bus (City. University. Everyone.), the local bus system operated by the city of Fairfax, Virginia, United States
The circular unitary ensemble, in mathematics
Cue Ball Cat, the 54th American Tom and Jerry cartoon directed by William Hanna and Joseph Barbera, released in 1950
Gabino Cué Monteagudo (born 1966), Mexican politician
Commonwealth United Entertainment, an "instant major studio" of the late 1960s |
Cue | See also | See also
Cue sheet (disambiguation)
OnCue
On Cue
Q (disambiguation)
Que (disambiguation)
Queue (disambiguation)
Trigger (disambiguation)
Stimulus (disambiguation) |
Cue | Table of Content | Wiktionary, Event markers, Music and audio, People, Places, Organizations, Other uses, See also |
Schmerikon | Use dmy dates | Schmerikon is a municipality in the Wahlkreis (constituency) of See-Gaster in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. In the local Swiss German dialect it is called Schmerike. |
Schmerikon | Geography | Geography
thumb|Schmerikon
thumb|Schmerikon in 1825
thumb|Aerial view from 150 m by Walter Mittelholzer (1919)
Schmerikon is located at the head of Lake Zurich, on the section of the lake known as the Obersee and where the Linth river enters the lake. Part of the municipality is a natural reserve, particularly along the lake shore.
Schmerikon has an area, , of . Of this area, 38.9% is used for agricultural purposes, while 23% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 27% is settled (buildings or roads) and the remainder (11.1%) is non-productive (rivers or lakes). |
Schmerikon | Coat of arms | Coat of arms
The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Gules two Crescents addorsed Or and in chief a Cross pattee Argent.Flags of the World.com accessed 8 January 2010 |
Schmerikon | Demographics | Demographics
Schmerikon has a population (as of ) of . , about 25.9% of the population was made up of foreign nationals. Of the foreign population, (), 22 are from Germany, 239 are from Italy, 363 are from ex-Yugoslavia, 17 are from Austria, 140 are from Turkey, and 97 are from another country.Der Kanton St. Gallen und seine Menschen in Zahlen - Ausgabe 2009 accessed 30 December 2009 Over the last 10 years the population has grown at a rate of 8.2%. Most of the population () speaks German (83.4%), with Italian being second most common (4.7%) and Serbo-Croatian being third (3.2%).Swiss Federal Statistical Office accessed 8 January 2010 Of the Swiss national languages (), 2,654 speak German, 11 people speak French, 150 people speak Italian, and 1 person speaks Romansh.
The age distribution, , in Schmerikon is; 365 children or 11.5% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old and 420 teenagers or 13.2% are between 10 and 19. Of the adult population, 471 people or 14.8% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old. 494 people or 15.5% are between 30 and 39, 459 people or 14.4% are between 40 and 49, and 435 people or 13.7% are between 50 and 59. The senior population distribution is 262 people or 8.2% of the population are between 60 and 69 years old, 177 people or 5.6% are between 70 and 79, there are 79 people or 2.5% who are between 80 and 89, and there are 20 people or 0.6% who are between 90 and 99.Canton St. Gallen Statistics-Hauptergebnisse der Volkszählung 2000: Regionen- und Gemeindevergleich-Personen accessed 30 December 2009
there were 351 persons (or 11.0% of the population) who were living alone in a private dwelling. There were 673 (or 21.2%) persons who were part of a couple (married or otherwise committed) without children, and 1,904 (or 59.8%) who were part of a couple with children. There were 148 (or 4.7%) people who lived in single parent home, while there are 22 persons who were adult children living with one or both parents, 7 persons who lived in a household made up of relatives, 18 who lived household made up of unrelated persons, and 59 who are either institutionalized or live in another type of collective housing.
In the 2019 federal election the most popular party was the SVP which received 34.6% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the FDP (18.2%), the CVP (13.8%), and the Greens (13.5%).
In Schmerikon about 64.4% of the population (between age 25–64) have completed either non-mandatory upper secondary education or additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Out of the total population in Schmerikon, , the highest education level completed by 792 people (24.9% of the population) was Primary, while 1,164 (36.6%) have completed their secondary education, 279 (8.8%) have attended a Tertiary school, and 153 (4.8%) are not in school. The remainder did not answer this question. |
Schmerikon | Transport | Transport
thumb|Village church of St. Jodokus
thumb|Schmerikon railway station
Schmerikon railway station is served by the inter-regional Voralpen Express, which links Lucerne and Romanshorn via Rapperswil and St. Gallen, and by a Regio service from Rapperswil to Linthal. Both trains run hourly, combining to provide a half-hourly service to Rapperswil.
thumb|Schmerikon railway station - view to the east
The Zürichsee-Schifffahrtsgesellschaft provides passenger shipping services on Lake Zurich, including several daily through services to Zurich. These have a journey time of over three hours. |
Schmerikon | Economy | Economy
, Schmerikon had an unemployment rate of 1.67%. , there were 105 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 19 businesses involved in this sector. 480 people are employed in the secondary sector and there are 49 businesses in this sector. 777 people are employed in the tertiary sector, with 112 businesses in this sector.
the average unemployment rate was 4.1%.St Gallen Canton statistics-Unemployment accessed 30 December 2009 There were 185 businesses in the municipality of which 50 were involved in the secondary sector of the economy while 122 were involved in the third.St Gallen Canton statistics-Businesses accessed 31 December 2009
there were 584 residents who worked in the municipality, while 1,181 residents worked outside Schmerikon and 827 people commuted into the municipality for work.St Gallen Canton statistics-Commuters accessed 31 December 2009
The main bank in this small town is "Bank Linth". The two main supermarkets are both located a 5-minute walk away from the train station, which is also the town centre. Schmerikon is a home to Schluckibier brewery and Schmerknerwii winery. |
Schmerikon | Religion | Religion
From the , 2,147 or 67.5% are Roman Catholic, while 411 or 12.9% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there is 1 individual who belongs to the Christian Catholic faith, there are 56 individuals (or about 1.76% of the population) who belong to the Orthodox Church, and there are 22 individuals (or about 0.69% of the population) who belong to another Christian church. There is 1 individual who is Jewish, and 248 (or about 7.79% of the population) who are Islamic. There are 22 individuals (or about 0.69% of the population) who belong to another church (not listed on the census), 166 (or about 5.22% of the population) belong to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 108 individuals (or about 3.39% of the population) did not answer the question. |
Schmerikon | Sights | Sights
The village of Schmerikon is designated as part of the Inventory of Swiss Heritage Sites.ISOS site accessed 08-Jan-2010 There are 2 B-class objects of cultural property protected by Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict: Haus zum Hirzen from 17th century and catholic church of St. Jodokus with a tower from 1500.
Schmerikoner Ried, a reed located on the northeastern lake shore in the Linthebene area towards the Grynau Castle, was set under federal protection as a low-moor bog of national importance (German: Bundesinventar der Flachmoore von nationaler Bedeutung) in 1994. |
Schmerikon | Tourism | Tourism
Thanks to its location along the lake Obersee, Schmerikon is popular weekend destination for cyclists and hikers. National cycling routes 9 (Lakes Route) and 99 (Herzroute) run through municipality. National hiking route 4 (Via Jacobi) run through municipality as one of Camino de Santiago pilgrimage routes as well as regional route 84 (Zürichsee-Rundweg).
Schmerikon offers a choice of hotels located at the lakeside. Municipality has indoor swimming pool and a lakeside pool with a large lakeside sunbathing lawn, offers rental service of various water sports equipment.
center|frameless|800x800px|thumb|Schmerikon - Obersee view to the east thumb|Schmerikon - Obersee view to the eastAerial view of Schmerikon |
Schmerikon | References | References |
Schmerikon | External links | External links
thumb|Schmerikoner Ried|220x220px
thumb|Schmerikon - Obersee view to the east
Official Page (German)
8716.ch - Schmerikon news and event page
Category:Municipalities of the canton of St. Gallen
Category:Populated places on Lake Zurich |
Schmerikon | Table of Content | Use dmy dates, Geography, Coat of arms, Demographics, Transport, Economy, Religion, Sights, Tourism, References, External links |
Rights of Man | short description | Rights of Man is a book by Thomas Paine first published in 1791, including 31 articles, positing that popular political revolution is permissible when a government does not safeguard the natural rights of its people. Using these points as a base, it defends the French Revolution against Edmund Burke's attack in Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790).
It was published in Britain in two parts in March 1791 and February 1792. |
Rights of Man | Background | Background
Paine was a very strong supporter of the French Revolution that began in 1789; he visited France the following year. Many British thinkers supported it, including Richard Price, who initiated the Revolution Controversy with his sermon and pamphlet drawing favourable parallels between the Glorious Revolution of 1688 and the French Revolution. Conservative intellectual Edmund Burke responded with a counter-revolutionary attack entitled Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790), which strongly appealed to the landed class and sold 30,000 copies.Mark Philp, "Paine, Thomas (1737–1809)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, May 2008 accessed 4 July 2012 Paine's Rights of Man was printed by London publisher Joseph Johnson for publication on 21 February 1791, then withdrawn for fear of prosecution. J. S. Jordan stepped in and published it on 16 March. The 90,000-word book appeared on 13 March, three weeks later than scheduled. It sold as many as one million copies and was "eagerly read by reformers, Protestant dissenters, democrats, London craftsman, and the skilled factory-hands of the new industrial north".George Rudé, Revolutionary Europe: 1783–1815 (1964) p. 183 William Godwin and Thomas Holcroft helped with the publishing of the book, Godwin declared that "the seeds of revolution it contains are so vigorous in their stamina, that nothing can overpower them." |
Rights of Man | Arguments | Arguments
Paine argues that the interests of the monarch and his people are united, and insists that the French Revolution should be understood as one which attacks the despotic principles of the French monarchy, not the king himself, and he takes the Bastille, the main prison in Paris, to symbolise the despotism that had been overthrown.
Human rights originate in Nature; thus, rights cannot be granted via political charter, because that implies that rights are legally revocable, hence, would be privileges:
Government's sole purpose is safeguarding the individual and his/her inherent, inalienable rights; each societal institution that does not benefit the nation is illegitimate—especially monarchy and aristocracy. The book's acumen derives from the Age of Enlightenment and has been linked to the Second Treatise of Government, by John Locke (even though Paine himself claimed to have never read this work).J. Fruchtman jr., The Political Philosophy of Thomas Paine, Baltimore, 2009, p. 5.
The fuller development of this position seems to have been worked out one night in France after an evening spent with Thomas Jefferson, and possibly Lafayette, discussing a pamphlet by the Philadelphia conservative James Wilson on the proposed federal constitution.T. Paine – introd. ed. anot. M. Philp, Rights of Man, Common Sense, and Other Political Writings, Oxford – e.a., 1995, p. xviii. |
Rights of Man | Reformation of the English government | Reformation of the English government
Rights of Man concludes in proposing practical reformations of English government such as a written constitution composed by a national assembly, in the American mould; the elimination of aristocratic titles, because democracy is incompatible with primogeniture, which leads to the despotism of the family; a national budget without allotted military and war expenses; lower taxes for the poor, and subsidised education for them; and a progressive income tax weighted against wealthy estates to prevent the re-emergence of a hereditary aristocracy. |
Rights of Man | Aristocracy | Aristocracy
Principally, Rights of Man opposes the idea of hereditary government—the belief that dictatorial government is necessary, because of man's corrupt, essential nature. Although other late-18th-century writers such as James Murray and Major John Cartwright criticized the outsized role played by the aristocracy in the government, Paine was arguably the first to advocate the eradication of titles and hereditary government. In Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790) Edmund Burke says that true social stability arises if the nation's poor majority are governed by a minority of wealthy aristocrats, and that lawful inheritance of power (wealth, religious, governing) ensured the propriety of political power being the exclusive domain of the nation's élite social class—the nobility.
Rights of Man denounces Burke's assertion of the nobility's inherent hereditary wisdom; countering the implication that a nation has not a right to form a Government for governing itself. Paine refutes Burke's definition of Government as "a contrivance of human wisdom". Instead, Paine argues that Government is a contrivance of man, and it follows that hereditary succession and hereditary rights to govern cannot compose a Government—because the wisdom to govern cannot be inherited. |
Rights of Man | Heredity | Heredity
Edmund Burke's counter-revolutionary Reflections on the French Revolution delineates the legitimacy of aristocratic government to the 1688 Parliamentary resolution declaring William and Mary of Orange—and their heirs—to be the true rulers of England. Paine puts forward two arguments against this view. Firstly, he argues that "Every age and generation must be as free to act for itself in all cases as the age and generations which preceded it." Secondly, Paine counters that the institution of monarchy should not be historically traced from 1688, but from 1066, when William of Normandy forcibly imposed his Norman rule upon Englishmen.
Thomas Paine's intellectual influence is perceptible in the two great political revolutions of the eighteenth century. He dedicated Rights of Man to George Washington and to the Marquis de Lafayette, acknowledging the importance of the American and the French revolutions.
Thus, the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (Déclaration des droits de l'Homme et du citoyen) can be encapsulated so: (1) Men are born, and always continue, free and equal in respect of their rights. Civil distinctions, therefore, can be founded only on public utility; (2) The end of all political associations is the preservation of the natural and imprescriptible rights of man; and these rights are liberty, property, security, and resistance of oppression; and (3) The nation is essentially the source of all sovereignty; neither can any individual, nor any body of men, be entitled to any authority, which is not expressly derived from it.
These capsulations are akin to the self-evident truths concept that the U.S. Declaration of Independence expresses. |
Rights of Man | Welfare | Welfare
In the closing chapters of Rights of Man, Paine addresses the condition of the poor and outlines a detailed social welfare proposal predicated upon the redirection of government expenditures.Seaman, John W. "Thomas Paine: Ransom, Civil Peace and the Natural Right to Welfare." Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, Sage Publications, Inc, February 1988, . From the onset, Paine asserts all citizens have an inherent claim to welfare. Unlike such writers as James Burgh who sought to limit assistance to the better behaved segments of the poor,Chiu, Frances. The Routledge Guidebook to Paine's Rights of Man. Routledge, 2020. p. 231. Paine declares welfare is not charity, but an irrevocable right."Thomas Paine on a Plan for a Welfare State." Population and Development Review, vol. 39, no. 2, 2013, pp. 325–332. . Paine's understanding of welfare seemingly follows his idea of political government. He notes, "Man did not enter into society to become worse than he was before, nor to have fewer rights than he had before, but to have those rights better secured".Paine, Thomas, and Mark Philp. Rights of Man, Common Sense, and Other Political Writings. Oxford University Press, 2008. p. 119 In congruence with his previous works, Paine emphasizes the compatibility between individual rights and societal wellbeing. He fervently contends that crippling poverty undermines the rights of an individual, and consequently the legitimacy of government. Not surprisingly then, Paine staunchly opposed and criticizes the English Poor Laws in place at the time, claiming the laws are highly ineffective and primitive in nature. Paine critiques the societal conditions promulgated by the Poor Laws saying, "When in countries that are called civilized, we see age going to the workhouse and youth to the gallows, something must be wrong with the system of government".Paine, Thomas, and Mark Philp. Rights of Man, Common Sense, and Other Political Writings. Oxford University Press, 2008. He argues for their complete abolition, and in their place the enactment of a welfare program that assists the young, old, and struggling individuals. Paine's welfare proposal is pillared by education and tax reform; the latter was to be accomplished through progressive taxes on property. Paine contends the poor population consists mostly of children and the elderly, who are unable to participate in the workforce. In addition to the elderly and children, Paine also concedes that there are still some others rendered poor from the economic burden of tax and children. In accordance with his belief that charity as a natural right, Paine presumes only republican or democratic regimes can effectively carry out successful welfare programs. Though Paine does not directly condone or promote up-rise against the British monarchy, and utilizes rather subdued rhetoric in comparison to his other controversial works, revolutionary currents run beneath the surface of the text.
An implication that arises from Paine's social welfare reformation is cost. Paine observes, at the time of his writing, England's rough population to be about 7 million people. He also supposes that around one-fifth of the population is poor. The number of poor then, according to Paine's estimations, would total around 1,400,000 people, in need of support.Paine, Thomas, and Mark Philp. Rights of Man, Common Sense, and Other Political Writings. Oxford University Press, 2008. Paine contended the remedy for financing such a large welfare endeavor would be to cut military expenditures of the state and redirect the funds towards the people of the state. Paine argued that since the age of revolution rendered a new era of peace, the government no longer need devote so many resources toward monarchical wars. Instead, Paine suggests, the surplus of tax revenue could be reintegrated back into society with the formation of a welfare program. He also estimates that near £4 million, out of £17 million in total tax revenues from customs and excise duties, could be salvaged from the government's expenditure and redirected and redistributed to the people of the nation. Paine questions, "Is it, then, better that the lives of one hundred and forty thousand aged persons be rendered comfortable, or that a million a year of public money be expended on any one individual, and him often of the most worthless or insignificant character?" Paine concludes that by his model £3,640,000 will be remitted to the poor. Paine's allotments for the poor and elderly were far more generous than contemporary payments from the poor rates.Chiu, p. 232. |
Rights of Man | Youth and education | Youth and education
Education is a foundational cornerstone of Paine's welfare plan. Paine claims, "A nation under a well-regulated government, should permit none to remain uninstructed". Paine largely focuses on educating the youth population. He contends that, educating children will ultimately compel the betterment of society holistically. Paine insists a proactive social welfare system that educates the country's youth, will act as a preventive measure, and engender greater knowledge amongst the population. He explains that poor children and young people are typically deprived of equal access to education. Poor children coming from poor families are often forced to seek apprenticeships and work, and are thus subsequently robbed of the ability to pursue education. Poverty then, becomes cyclical in nature and undoubtedly increases with time. Lack of education amongst the young population, Paine asserts, will also lead to increased violence and crime. To combat this problem, Paine proposes a remission of taxes to poor families; £4 a year for every child under the age of 14, granting the parents of the children send them to school. For 630,000 children, Paine estimates the cost to be £2,520,000. Paine states, "By adopting this method, not only the poverty of the parents will be relieved, but ignorance will be banished from the rising generation, and the number of poor will hereafter become less, because their abilities, by the aid of education, will be greater". Paine's advocacy for education among the poor was novel not only in 1792, but in 1807 when Davies Giddy criticized Samuel Whitbread's bill for the establishment of parish schools.Chiu, p. 230. In the same vein, Paine also suggest women should receive maternity benefits immediately after the birth of a child. |
Rights of Man | Elderly | Elderly
Paramount to Paine's welfare plan, is care of the elderly population. Paine divides age into two classes; the first he calls "the approach of age" class and the second "old age" class. Those classified as being in the "approach of age" group are over fifty years of age yet under 60 years of age, while "old age" commences at the age of sixty years old. Paine notes that though individuals in the approach of age class retain their mental faculties, the decline of their physical health limits their ability to work, which consequently affects their earnings. Those of old age, Paine declares, are fully incapable of laborious work and are ultimately driven to work themselves to death in current society. Paine resolves to pay approach of age persons the sum of £6 per annum out of the surplus taxes, and to pay old age persons £10 per annum. Figuring there will be 70,000 persons in the approach of age class and 70,000 persons in the old age class, Paine estimates the expense to be 1,120,000. |
Rights of Man | Proposal conditions | Proposal conditions
In tandem with redirecting government expenditures, Paine suggests the development of what some may call a "workhouse", or place of employment for poor people. Paine's describes the workhouse as being a building, or buildings, with the capability of holding a minimum of 6,000 people. In these buildings, operating businesses would indiscriminately accept applications, so that every city citizen could find employment. In order for Paine's plan to be carried out effectively, he cites some conditions that must be met. He resolves that each person seeking employment from these workhouses must stay in the program for a minimum of three months; however, during their residency all employees shall receive wholesome meals, warm lodgings, receive a proportional stipend for the work they've completed, and may work as long or as little as they deem appropriate. The asylum, Paine declares, would assist any persons in temporary distress and would serve around 24,000 people a year. To finance the development of this project, Paine suggest using the revenue from the state's coal tax. Paine states that at the time he is writing, the tax revenue is used to support the Duke of Richmond. Paine ultimately finds this particular deplorable, and calls for the reallocation of coal tax funds back to the people.
Paine concludes his section on welfare by listing the eight central tenets of his welfare proposal, or what he calls the "enumerating particulars", which are as follows:
Abolish 2 million poor rates.
Provision for 252,000 poor families.
Education for 1,030,000 children.
Comfortable provision for 140,000 aged persons.
Donation of 20 shillings each for 50,000 births.
Donation of 20 shillings each for 20,000 marriages.
Allowance of £20,000 for the funeral expenses of deceased travelers far from home.
Employment at all times for the casual poor in cities. |
Rights of Man | Analysis and public impact | Analysis and public impact
According to Mark Philp, "In many respects Rights of Man is a disordered mix of narrative, principled argument, and rhetorical appeal—betraying the composite materials Paine used and the speed with which it was composed."
It was quickly reprinted and widely circulated, with copies being read aloud in inns and coffee houses, so that by May some 50,000 copies were said to be in circulation. Of the 300 or more pamphlets which the revolution controversy spawned, Rights of Man was the first to seriously damage Burke's case and to restore credit to the French both in Britain and America.
The publication of Rights of Man caused a furore in England; Paine was tried in absentia, and convicted of seditious libel against the Crown, but was unavailable for hanging, being in France and never returning to England. (Sir Archibald Macdonald, 1st Baronet served as the prosecutor.)
Thomas Paine was not the only advocate of the rights of man or the only author of a work titled Rights of Man. The working-class radical, Thomas Spence, is among the first, in England, to use the phrase as a title. His 1775 lecture, usually titled The Rights of Man, and his later The Rights of Infants, offer a proto-georgist take on political philosophy mirroring Paine's work Agrarian Justice. Paine's acquaintance Mary Wollstonecraft, whom he met via their common publisher, wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Men as one of the first responses to Burke's attack on Richard Price. Her work was in print in December 1790, and was well reviewed. She extended the arguments in the book for which she is best remembered, the 1792 A Vindication of the Rights of Woman. |
Rights of Man | See also | See also
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen – a fundamental document of the French Revolution, adopted in 1789
Social contract
Thomas Muir (political reformer) |
Rights of Man | References | References |
Rights of Man | Sources | Sources
|
Rights of Man | External links | External links
Category:1791 non-fiction books
Category:Classical liberalism
Category:Books about liberalism
Category:Books in political philosophy
Category:Books by Thomas Paine
Category:Censored books
Category:Human rights |
Rights of Man | Table of Content | short description, Background, Arguments, Reformation of the English government, Aristocracy, Heredity, Welfare, Youth and education, Elderly, Proposal conditions, Analysis and public impact, See also, References, Sources, External links |
Chikugo River | Short description | right|thumb|250px|Chikugo River in Kurume, Fukuoka
thumb|Hiroshige
The flows through Kumamoto, Ōita, Fukuoka and Saga prefectures in Japan. With a total length of , it is the longest river on Kyūshū. It flows from Mount Aso and empties into the Ariake Sea. It is also nicknamed "Tsukushi Jirō".
The upper reaches of the river are important to forestry, and the middle and lower reaches are important to local agriculture, providing irrigation to some of rice fields on the Tsukushi Plain. The river is also important to industry, with twenty electrical power plants located along its banks, as well as the major city of Kurume in Fukuoka Prefecture. Recognizing the requirement to satisfy divergent needs of various communities along the river, the Japanese Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism designated the Chikugo River (along with six other river systems in Japan) as a "Water Resources Development River System" with a comprehensive utilization plan to develop the river's resources.de Graaf, Urban Water in Japan. page 8
The Chikugogawa Onsen Fireworks, held annually on July 28, are the largest fireworks display in Kyūshū. The event has been held since 1650 on the riverbanks at Kurume. |
Chikugo River | See also | See also
Chikugo River Lift Bridge |
Chikugo River | References | References
de Graaf, Rutger. Urban Water in Japan. CRC Press (2008).
Japan Water Agency map
Chikugogawa Onsen Fireworks |
Chikugo River | Notes | Notes
Category:Rivers of Fukuoka Prefecture
Category:Rivers of Kumamoto Prefecture
Category:Rivers of Ōita Prefecture
Category:Rivers of Saga Prefecture
Category:Kyushu region
Category:Rivers of Japan |
Chikugo River | Table of Content | Short description, See also, References, Notes |
Floor tom | Short description | thumb|16x16 floor tom with traditional mounting
thumb|Paul Simmons with both 14x14 and 16x16 floor toms
A floor tom or low tom is a double-headed tom-tom drum which usually stands on the floor on three legs. However, they can also be attached to a cymbal stand with a drum clamp, or supported by a rim mount. It is a cylindrical drum without snare wires, and tend to produce a booming, resonant sound which can vary in pitch.
The floor toms are the lowest tuned drums played with sticks on a regular drum set. Common sizes are
16x16, that is, in both depth and diameter. This was the original size and is still most common.
× 14 for jazz and fusion kits, and very occasionally with a 16x16 as well.
18x16; that is, in diameter and 16 in depth, the most common size for a second floor tom, used with a 16x16.
16x18, a rarer size sometimes used for a second floor tom, also with a 16 × 16.
Floor toms can be mounted:
In the traditional manner, with three adjustable legs.
On three legs but connected to them by means of a rim mount on the lower rim, the original floor tom rim mounting.
Attached to a drum rack or a (very heavy duty) cymbal stand by means of a rim mount on the top or bottom rim.
Attached to a drum rack or a cymbal stand by means of a standard hanging tom mount on the drum shell. This method is generally restricted to the smaller, 14x14 floor toms.
The floor tom was popularized by Gene Krupa in the 1950s, using a 16x16.
The floor tom is also used as a small bass drum by some (mostly jazz) drummers. In that case it is mounted horizontally on a specially designed rack system. More recently, companies such as Pearl have come out with "floor tom to bass drum conversion sets". These commonly consist of strategically shaped rods that one can put in place of the floor tom legs to stand it up horizontally. Under this method, it is fairly common that a drummer get appropriately sized bass drum hoops to complete the conversion process.
Floor toms are also used in music parades, often being carried and then lifted up and hit to add effect. It can also be used as a substitute for surdo in samba and bossa eir. These drums are also found in a jazz band drum kit. |
Floor tom | References | References
Category:Drum kit components
Category:Drums
nl:Floortom |
Floor tom | Table of Content | Short description, References |
Wurmsbach Abbey | Short description | Wurmsbach Abbey (Kloster Mariazell-Wurmsbach) is a monastery of Cistercian nuns located in Bollingen, a locality of Rapperswil-Jona, in the Canton of St. Gallen, Switzerland. It is located on the north shore of upper Lake Zürich. The house is a part of the Order of Cistercians of the Common Observance (O.Cist.).
thumb|upright|Mariazell-Wursmbach Abbey (April 2011)
thumb|upright|As seen from Jona (October 2009)
thumb|upright|Church and portal (October 2009)
thumb|upright |
Wurmsbach Abbey | History | History
Count Rudolf of Rapperswil gave his castle of Wurmsbach together with a considerable area of land in 1259 for the foundation of a religious house and the abbey was established. It was initially a dependency of the Cistercian monks of Abbey of St. Urban in Wettingen. The abbey church was dedicated in 1281. Bollinger Sandstein was used for the construction of the abbey by dedicated quarries.
Elisabeth von Rapperswil died probably on 10 April 1309 in the Rapperswil Castle and may have been buried in the Wurmsbach nunnery (†. Apr. IV. Idus: Elizabeth die Graffin, Stiffterin. Excerpta ex Necromonast. Wurmspacensis) on Obersee lake shore. The graves of her younger brother Vinzenz and her mother were excavated in the nunnery, but Elisabeth's grave so far was not discovered.
thumb|upright|North view of the church, abbey, and guest-house. Pen and ink drawing by Johannes Rudolf Rahn, 1859
During the first Battle of Villmergen in 1656 and again during the occupation of the region by the French Revolutionary Army in 1799, the nuns were obliged to flee. On both occasions the abbey was completely pillaged, with the consequence that there are few treasures left.
As of 2011, there are 15 nuns in the community, led by Abbess Monika Thumm, O.Cist. |
Wurmsbach Abbey | Sights | Sights
The abbey is renowned for its location at the lake side. It overlooks uper Lake Zürich and the church is listed as a building of historical significance. |
Wurmsbach Abbey | Activities | Activities
The nuns run a secondary boarding school for girls. Gardening takes a great deal of time because the land owned by the abbey is considerable. The gardens are known for the herbal remedies grown. |
Wurmsbach Abbey | Cultural heritage | Cultural heritage
The building is listed in the Swiss inventory of cultural property of national and regional significance as a Class B object of regional importance. |
Wurmsbach Abbey | References | References |
Wurmsbach Abbey | External links | External links
Category:1259 establishments in Europe
Category:13th-century establishments in Switzerland
Category:Christian monasteries established in the 1250s
Category:Schools in the canton of St. Gallen
Category:Cistercian nunneries in Switzerland
Category:Monasteries destroyed during the French Revolution
Category:Buildings and structures in Rapperswil-Jona
Category:House of Rapperswil
Category:Tourist attractions in Rapperswil-Jona
Category:Cultural property of regional significance in the canton of St. Gallen |
Wurmsbach Abbey | Table of Content | Short description, History, Sights, Activities, Cultural heritage, References, External links |
Feldbach | '''Feldbach''' | Feldbach is the name of several places:
Feldbach, Switzerland, a village near Rapperswil, Switzerland
Feldbach, Haut-Rhin, a commune in the Haut-Rhin département, France
Feldbach, Styria, a city in Austria |
Feldbach | Table of Content | '''Feldbach''' |
Limpinwood Nature Reserve | Use Australian English |
The Limpinwood Nature Reserve is a protected nature reserve that is located on the Northern Rivers region of New South Wales, in eastern Australia. The reserve was gazetted in April 1963 with additions made in 1967, over former fauna and crown reserves, and further additions were made in 1988 to make the reserve to its current area of . The reserve is situated north-west of the rural locality of , and north of and defines part of the state border between New South Wales and Queensland.
The reserve is part of the Shield Volcano group of the UNESCO World Heritagelisted Gondwana Rainforests of Australia inscribed in 1986 and added to the Australian National Heritage List in 2007. It is also part of the Scenic Rim Important Bird Area, identified as such by BirdLife International because of its importance in the conservation of several species of threatened birds. |
Limpinwood Nature Reserve | Description | Description
Its vegetation is primarily sub-tropical rain forest with some wet sclerophyll forest.
Two watercourses named Hidden and Finches Creeks flow to the east out of the reserve. It was dedicated as a Flora Reserve in 1963. Flora Reserve is the highest protected status for forest areas in the Australian National Parks system. Prior to 1963 the area was classified as a Forest Reserve. The fringes of the reserve were logged for red cedar, hoop pine and white beech. Bullock teams were used to drag out the logs. The reserve is composed of virgin old growth sub-tropical rain forest and hardwood species - flooded gum, tallowwood, ironbark and white mahogany.
The reserve has no formed walking tracks. It has no public access except through Lamington National Park in Queensland. On the New South Wales side of the border it is bounded by private landholdings. It includes an area of escarpment rising to over above sea level that forms part of the state border. It is intended to be a place where the flora and fauna are free from interference from humans, domestic animals and feral pests. |
Limpinwood Nature Reserve | See also | See also
Protected areas of New South Wales
High Conservation Value Old Growth forest |
Limpinwood Nature Reserve | References | References |
Limpinwood Nature Reserve | External links | External links
Category:Nature reserves in New South Wales
Category:Gondwana Rainforests of Australia
Category:Forests of New South Wales
Category:Important Bird Areas of New South Wales
Category:Northern Rivers
Category:1963 establishments in Australia
Category:Protected areas established in 1963 |
Limpinwood Nature Reserve | Table of Content | Use Australian English, Description, See also, References, External links |
Uerikon | Short description | thumb|Uerikon
thumb|Boat of the SAR (Seerettungsdienst) Meilen-Uerikon
Uerikon (also spelled Ürikon) is a village near Rapperswil, Switzerland. |
Uerikon | Geography | Geography
thumb|Aerial view (1953)
Uerikon is located on the north bank of the Zürichsee (Lake Zürich) in the Pfannenstiel region and is part of the political municipality of Stäfa. In the local dialect it is called Ürike. |
Uerikon | History and points of interest | History and points of interest
There is an old mansion (Ritterhuus) built in 1531 that bases on a tiny castle of 1492 serving as place of the former local administration of the Einsiedeln Abbey. It is located at the lake shore.Website Ritterhaus Uerikon-Stäfa |
Uerikon | Transportation | Transportation
Uerikon railway station is a stop of the S-Bahn Zürich on the line S7 and in the rush-hour S20. In this village there are 3 different Buslines. The Line 951 from Uerikon railway station to Stäfa railway station 952 from Uerikon railway station to Stäfa railway station and the Line 955 from Stäfa railway station to Hombrechtikon Post and further to Bubikon |
Uerikon | Notes | Notes |
Uerikon | External links | External links
Official website of the municipality of Stäfa
Otsverein Uerikon
Category:Stäfa
Category:Villages in the canton of Zürich
Category:Populated places on Lake Zurich |
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