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Turkish Airlines Flight 981 | Table of Content | Short description, Aircraft and crew, Accident, Passengers, Investigation, Cause, Similarities to American Airlines Flight 96, Aftermath, Similar accidents, Dramatization, See also, Note, References, Further reading, External links |
Ermenonville | Distinguish | Ermenonville () is a commune in the Oise department, northern France.INSEE commune file Located near Paris, Ermenonville is notable for its park named for Jean-Jacques Rousseau by René Louis de Girardin. Rousseau's tomb was designed by the painter Hubert Robert, and sits on the Isle of Poplars in its lake. |
Ermenonville | History | History
On 3 March 1974, Turkish Airlines Flight 981 crashed in the Ermenonville Forest in Fontaine-Chaalis, Oise, near Ermenonville killing all 346 occupants onboard."Accident Details." Accident to Turkish Airlines DC-10 TC-JAV in the Ermenonville Forest on 3 March 1974 Final Report . French State Secretariat for Transport. 1. Retrieved on 13 February 2011.
Three town councilors died on 1 June 2009 when Air France Flight 447 crashed into the Atlantic killing all 228 occupants onboard. |
Ermenonville | Park | Park
The garden at Ermenonville was one of the earliest and finest examples of the French landscape garden. The garden at Ermenonville was planned beginning in 1762 by Marquis René Louis de Girardin, the friend and final patron of Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Girardin's master plan drew its inspiration from Rousseau's novels and philosophy of the nobility of Nature.
Rousseau's tomb is prominently situated on the artificial island in Ermenonville's lake. It is remarked that Hubert Robert was the architect. Completed by 1778 with care and craft, the garden came to resemble a natural environment, almost a wilderness, appearing untouched by any human intervention. Girardin admired the work of William Shenstone at The Leasowes and made a (decorative farm) at Ermenonville. An imitation of Rousseau's island is at Dessau-Wörlitz Garden Realm, Germany.
During the early nineteenth century it was much visited and admired. The garden at Ermenonville was described by Girardin's son in 1811 in an elegant tour-book with aquatint plates that reveal Girardin's love of diverse vistas that capture painterly landscape effects. Enhancing the elegiac mood of these views were the altars and monuments, the 'Rustic Temple', and other details meant to evoke Rousseau's Julie, ou la nouvelle Héloïse.
Nearby is Rousseau's 'cabin' in the secluded désert of Ermenonville.
Napoleon Bonaparte visited Ermenonville, where he remarked to Girardin that it might have been better for the French peace if neither he nor Rousseau had ever been born. Girardin retold this story again and again after the fact. |
Ermenonville | Population | Population
Ermenonville has a population of 1,007. Its proximity to Charles de Gaulle Airport causes it to have the highest-density of Air France employees among French communes. |
Ermenonville | See also | See also
Communes of the Oise department |
Ermenonville | References | References |
Ermenonville | External links | External links
Château d'Ermenonville website
Ermenonville, Parc Jean-Jacques Rousseau - a Gardens Guide review
Category:Communes of Oise |
Ermenonville | Table of Content | Distinguish, History, Park, Population, See also, References, External links |
Spanish Republic | # | redirectSecond Spanish Republic |
Spanish Republic | Table of Content | # |
Intermix (band) | Infobox musical artist
| Intermix was a side project of Canadian industrial musicians Bill Leeb and Rhys Fulber in the 1990s that initially focused on techno, but included a more ambient style on their last album. |
Intermix (band) | Background | Background
Industrial musician Chris Peterson, longstanding member of Front Line Assembly and related side projects, is credited with mixing duties on the first two albums. |
Intermix (band) | Discography | Discography |
Intermix (band) | Albums | Albums
Year Album Label Notes 1992 IntermixThird Mind Development versions of Microsoft's Windows Millennium Edition and Windows XP used the song "Voices" as a placeholder Sample Music. 1992 Phaze Two The track "Monument" use samples of "Song of Sophia" from Dead Can Dance's 1988 album The Serpent's Egg. 1995 Future Primitives ESP-Sun |
Intermix (band) | Singles | Singles
Year Title Album Label Notes 1992 Intermix/In The Nursery IntermixThird Mind Split 12" with English neo-classical martial industrial electronica band and Third Mind label colleagues In the Nursery titled "2 Sides of Third Mind Records", Intermix songs on A-side, promo single. 1992 Dream OnPhaze Two Only officially released single. 1993 Monument Promo single. The Monument remix was remastered and released on CD as part of the Front Line Assembly remix compilation Monument. 1995 Telekinetik Warriors Future Primitives ESP-Sun Promo single. |
Intermix (band) | Music videos | Music videos
Title Year Album Label Director(s) Producer(s) Notes "The Process" 1992Phaze TwoThird MindRod Chong Ulf Buddensieck, Shane Lunny (co-production) Not the whole track, but an audio collage with snippets. "Monument" 1993 Anna Brunoro, Shane Lunny (co-production) Video Edit of "Monument (Lost Classic Remix)". |
Intermix (band) | References | References
Category:Canadian techno music groups
Category:Musical groups from Vancouver
Category:Musical groups established in 1992
Category:Musical groups disestablished in 1995
Category:Third Mind Records artists
Category:1992 establishments in British Columbia
Category:1995 disestablishments in Canada |
Intermix (band) | Table of Content | Infobox musical artist
, Background, Discography, Albums, Singles, Music videos, References |
Buckingham, Quebec | Use Canadian English | Buckingham is a former town located in the Outaouais region in the western portion of the province of Quebec, Canada. Since January 1, 2002, it has been part of the amalgamated city of Gatineau, which merged five former municipalities, including Masson-Angers, Buckingham, Hull, Aylmer and Gatineau, into a single entity. According to the 2021 Census, the population of the sector was 12,795. |
Buckingham, Quebec | History | History |
Buckingham, Quebec | First years | First years
It was in 1799, that land in this area was granted to John Robertson, a former member of a British regiment. The first people settled in Buckingham in 1823 and the first mill was built. More people moved to Buckingham in the years that followed.Historique/ History Buckingham (Québec) Canada, Maclaren Etc |
Buckingham, Quebec | Launch of the lumber industry | Launch of the lumber industry
In 1812, Napoleon Bonaparte initiated a continental blockade which forced Great Britain to look to other sources for importing lumber. Soon, large wooded areas were discovered in Lower Canada, including the area that became the Outaouais region. The lumber industry was central to the region's economic development for over a century with wood pulp continuing to be important for several decades afterwards. In 1837, the first sawmill was built by Levi Bigelow.
In January 1849, the Hudson's Bay Company opened a store in Buckingham at the mouth of the Lièvre River. It moved there from Lac des Sables to give HBC staff better control of indigenous traders coming down the Ottawa, Gatineau, and Blanche Rivers, as well as the ability to trade with lumberjacks and settlers. The store closed around 1870. |
Buckingham, Quebec | Maclaren family | Maclaren family
Throughout its history, the city of Buckingham's economy has been dominated by the Albright and Wilson Co (ERCO), which employs most of the people in that area. The Maclaren family may have lived in Buckingham but their industry is part of Masson.
The Maclaren family, who have resided in the region since 1840, have dominated the lumber industry in the Outaouais for over a century. In 1864, James Maclaren launched the family's activities in Buckingham by building a sawmill. The company became J. MacLaren & Co. and later The James Maclaren Company Limited. James' two brothers acquired the company after his death in 1892 and then launched a match company in Buckingham in 1894 which was incorporated a year later. The Maclarens later gained control of the hydroelectricity market in the community and also real estate development and sports facilities. The company built a hydroelectric dam along the Du Lièvre River, just north of Buckingham, at the start of the Great Depression. They later built another one near Masson during the 1950s.
In 1902, the Maclaren group added the wood pulp industry to its activities by building a mill. They later expanded their activities across the region, adding mills in Masson, Mont-Laurier and Thurso located not too far from the Du Lièvre River. The Buckingham mill closed shortly before 1960. |
Buckingham, Quebec | Former amalgamation | Former amalgamation
From 1975 to 1980, the townships of Buckingham, Notre-Dame-de-la-Salette, L'Ange-Gardien, Buckingham-Sud-Est, Buckingham-Ouest, Angers and Masson were amalgamated. |
Buckingham, Quebec | Development | Development
Population growth has been relatively slow because of its location about from downtown Ottawa. However, due to suburban growth and amalgamation of the town in 2002, several residential developments were created and the population increased. Buckingham is becoming more of a suburban town while still keeping its traditional characteristics in the centre-town area. |
Buckingham, Quebec | Amalgamation with the city of Gatineau | Amalgamation with the city of Gatineau
On January 1, 2002, the city of Buckingham with its 12,000 residents became part of the new city of Gatineau. This was part of a massive merger movement created by the Parti Québécois' Bill 180, which was introduced in 2000 by the Municipal Affairs Minister Louise Harel after studies conducted by public agents.
In 2003, the Quebec Liberal Party, with Jean Charest as the leader, won the 2003 provincial election and promised a referendum would be held on the possibility of demerging municipalities. The referendum was held on June 20, 2004, but the majority of the population voted against the demerger and Buckingham thus remained part of the city of Gatineau. |
Buckingham, Quebec | Château dairy | Château dairy
The dairy industry was also a major economic asset in the community with Le Château having some of its operations in Buckingham. However, in 2006, Agrodor, a Saguenay-based company that owns the Chateau brand, announced the shutdown of its operations in the Outaouais. The local business sector had launched measures to save the company which has operated in the region since 1943.-
After the shutdown of the Château dairy operations in Buckingham, a committee was established to bring dairy production back to the region. Construction started on November 12, 2008, on the future site of what would be called Laiterie de l’Outaouais. The plant officially opened on June 16, 2010. |
Buckingham, Quebec | Buckingham en Fête | Buckingham en Fête
right|200pxl
Each year since 1991, during the month of July, the Buckingham sector hosted Buckingham en Fête, its biggest annual event, which was held in the town's Maclaren Park. Several well-known artists in Quebec and in Canada, including Éric Lapointe, Marjo, Jean Leloup La Chicane, Amanda Marshall and April Wine, have performed over the years at the festival. However, due to financial difficulties, the festival nearly disappeared. According to the festival's website, the 17th edition in 2007 was still expected to go underway as planned.
In 2016, the festival decided to end the celebration of the festivals with its 25th festival due to financial difficulties caused by the raining during the festival.
Over its history, the festival has received numerous distinctions and awards both regionally and provincially. |
Buckingham, Quebec | Mayors of Buckingham (1868-2001) | Mayors of Buckingham (1868-2001)
Source:
James Wilson (1867-1871)
McPherson LeMoine (1872-1873)
John Cosgrove (1874-1876)
H.H. Sauvé (1877-1878)
James Maclaren (1879-1882)
H.H. Sauvé (1883-1885)
James Maclaren (1885-1886)
George L. Parker (1887-1892)
William J. MacKenzier (1893)
James Martin (1894-1895)
Alexander Maclaren (1896-1897)
John Cosgrove (1898-1899)
J. Palma Lahaie (1900-1901)
John Edward Vallilee (1902-1906)
William H. Kelly (1907-1908)
Aristide M. LaPierre (1909-1910)
John F. Higginson (1911-1918)
Désiré Lahaie (1918-1926)
F.C. Dunscombe (1926-1928)
Aristide M. LaPierre (1928-1930)
Wolfe J. Costello (1930-1932)
Philoxime A. Fournier (1932-1944)
Philias Matte (1944-1948)
Elzéar Malette (1948-1950)
Philias Matte (1950-1956)
Arthur Latour (1956-1958)
Reginald Cameron (1958-1962)
Ulysse Tremblay (1962-1967)
Roger D'Aoust (1967-1974)
Reginald W. Scullion (1975-1995)
Jacques Lareau (1995-1999)
Jocelyne Houle (1999-2001) |
Buckingham, Quebec | Education | Education
The Western Québec School Board (WQSB) operates the only English public school in the sector which is Buckingham Elementary School. WQSB also operates the closest public English secondary schools which are Hadley Junior High School and Philemon Wright High School just over 30 minutes away in Gatineau, QC and accessible via school bus.
The Francophone school district Commission scolaire au Cœur-des-Vallées, headquartered in Buckingham, operates public schools in that district."Contactez-nous ", Commission scolaire au Cœur-des-Vallées. Retrieved July 15, 2016. "Commission scolaire au Coeur-des-Vallées 582, rue Maclaren Est Gatineau (Québec) J8L 2W2" and "Le centre administratif de la Commission scolaire au Coeur-des-Vallées est situé à Gatineau (secteur Buckingham)".
The closest Francophone CEGEP, Cégep de l'Outaouais, is located half an hour away, with two campuses in Gatineau and one in Hull. - Located next to the CEGEP in Hull, the closest public English language College is Heritage College.
The Université du Québec en Outaouais has two pavilions in the Outaouais region, both located in Hull. Students wishing to pursue undergraduate studies also benefit from close proximity to University of Ottawa, although tuition fees tend to be much higher when compared to those in the province of Quebec for Quebec residents.
Buckingham High School |
Buckingham, Quebec | Health and social services | Health and social services
The Hôpital de Papineau is located on MacLaren East Street at the intersection of Bélanger Street. Services include outpatient clinics for mental health care, as well as many medical and surgical specialties such as internal medicine, orthopedics, general surgery and endoscopy. An emergency department with medical imaging and laboratory services is also available 24/7. |
Buckingham, Quebec | Transportation | Transportation
Société de transport de l'Outaouais (STO) is the transit service of the Outaouais region of Quebec. It operates conventional services and the Rapibus, a bus rapid transit service, in Gatineau, Quebec, including the districts of Hull, Aylmer, Gatineau, Buckingham and Masson-Angers. STO is located on the Quebec-side of Canada's National Capital Region, and operates several bus routes through Downtown Ottawa, Ontario. |
Buckingham, Quebec | See also | See also
Municipal reorganization in Quebec
List of former cities in Quebec
Buckingham District - municipal electoral district coinciding with Buckingham |
Buckingham, Quebec | References | References |
Buckingham, Quebec | External links | External links
History of Buckingham, Quebec
Site of Buckingham en Fete
Category:Populated places established in 1799
Category:Populated places disestablished in 2002
Category:History of Gatineau
Category:Neighbourhoods in Gatineau
Category:Former municipalities in Quebec
Category:Former cities in Quebec
Category:Hudson's Bay Company trading posts |
Buckingham, Quebec | Table of Content | Use Canadian English, History, First years, Launch of the lumber industry, Maclaren family, Former amalgamation, Development, Amalgamation with the city of Gatineau, Château dairy, Buckingham en Fête, Mayors of Buckingham (1868-2001), Education, Health and social services, Transportation, See also, References, External links |
Hans Redlich | Short description | Hans Ferdinand Redlich (11 February 1903 – 27 November 1968) was an Austrian musicologist, writer, conductor and composer who, due to political disruption by the Nazi Party, lived and worked in Britain from 1939 until his death nearly thirty years later. |
Hans Redlich | Redlich's continental years | Redlich's continental years
Redlich was born in Vienna, the son of Josef Redlich (1869-1936), then Professor of History at the University of Vienna.Encyclopaedia Britannica He studied piano privately with Paul Weingarten and harmony and counterpoint with Hugo Kauder. He was a student of Carl Orff in Munich after 1921.Walker, Arthur. D. 'Hans Redlich' in Grove Music Online (2001) He was a university student in both cities and studied German literature and musicology. Redlich served as répétiteur for the Berlin-Charlottenburg city opera in 1924–1925 and as opera conductor for the Stadttheater Mainz from 1925 to 1929.
From 1929 until 1931, Redlich studied musicology at Frankfurt University where he completed a dissertation on stylistic changes in Claudio Monteverdi's madrigals. From then until 1937, Redlich resided in Mannheim as a composer and writer. His interest in Monteverdi led to his preparation of a performing edition of the 1610 Vespers, based on Gian Francesco Malipiero's pioneering collected edition of Monteverdi's works, published in 1932. Redlich's edition of the Vespers was used for the first full modern performance revival at Zurich in February 1935, and for subsequent performances in New York (1937), Switzerland (mid-1940s), Brussels (1946) and London (on 14 May 1946 at Westminster Central Hall).Whenham, John. Monteverdi's Vespers (1610) (1997), p.82
Due to the political situation he was forced to move back to Vienna in 1937 and, two years later, emigrated to Britain, taking up British nationality in 1947.'Redlich, Hans Ferdinand (1903 - 1968)' in Who Was Who, Oxford University Press (2011) |
Hans Redlich | Life in Britain | Life in Britain
The 30 years Redlich spent in Britain were perhaps the most fruitful of all. He was involved in the Morley College concerts during and after the war. On 21 May 1948 the first London performance of Monteverdi's L'incoronazione di Poppea, was given by the Morley College choir and orchestra in a concert performance, using an edition prepared by Redlich, who played harpsichord accompaniment, directed by Michael Tippett.Anne Pimlott Baker. 'Redlich, Hans Ferdinand' in the Oxford Dictionary of National BiographyCarter, Tim (2002). Monteverdi's Musical Theatre. New Haven: Yale University Press. 'Morley College Concerts', review in The Times, 22 May 1948, p 6
He lived for many years in Letchworth, and in 1941 founded the Letchworth Choral and Orchestral Society, which he led until 1955; at the same time he gave lectures for the Workers' Educational Association from 1941 to 1943 as well as for the Extra Mural Departments of the Universities of Cambridge and Birmingham from 1942 to 1955.Obituary, The Times, 28 November 1968, p 10 One of his pupils while at Letchworth was the Greek composer Jani Christou.
His first full-time position since arriving in the UK some 15 years earlier came with his appointment as lecturer in music history at Edinburgh University in 1955,Tempo, No. 36 (Summer, 1955), p 6 and in 1962 he became a professor of music at the University of Manchester (succeeding Humphrey Procter-Gregg), which awarded him an honorary Doctor of Music degree in 1967.
Redlich contributed a volume to Eric Blom's Master Musicians Series in 1955: Bruckner and Mahler was a ground-breaking work in English. In the introduction he tells us he met Gustav Mahler as a child and his father was a friend of Mahler. Later he knew members of Mahler's family and published, from 1919 onwards, several studies in German of Mahler and his music. His book on Alban Berg, published in 1957, was the first to appear in English, and contains lengthy chapters analysing Wozzeck and Lulu.Blom, Eric. 'Music: a book on Alan Berg' in The Observer, 10 Feb 1957, p 11 In 1966 Redlich was a founding member and the first vice-president of the International Alban Berg Society of New York.
He was a major contributor to the New Oxford History of Music and the fifth edition of the Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, as well as English editor to Die Musik in Geschichte und Gegenwart, for which he wrote many of the entries on English composers. In 1953 he was a member of the editorial board for the Hallischen Händel-Ausgabe. He produced critical editions of Handel's Concerti Grossi, Op. 6, Water Music and Music for the Royal Fireworks (1962–1966), the first chance for English audiences to hear the works in their original scoring, rather than in the suites heavily orchestrated by Hamilton Harty. He also acted as the general editor of the Eulenburg miniature scores series.
Redlich married his first wife Elise Gerlach in 1930, and she came to the UK with him. She died in 1959 and he married again in 1961 to Erika Burger. Redlich died in Manchester, where he had been living at 1 Morville Road, after several heart attacks.Reaney, Gilbert. 'Hans Ferdinand Redlich in Memoriam' in Acta Musicologica, Vol. 42 (1970), pp. 217-219 |
Hans Redlich | Books by Hans Redlich | Books by Hans Redlich
Wagner opera series: Tristan and Isolde (1945); Lohengrin (1949); Parsifal (1951).
Monteverdi: Life and Works, London: Oxford University Press, 1952 (a translation by Kathleen Dale of Monteverdi: Leben und Werk, 1949)
Bruckner and Mahler, (Master Musicians Series), London: Dent, 1955 (revised 1963)
Alban Berg, the Man and His Music by H.F. Redlich. London: John Calder, 1957
New Oxford History of Music, Vol. IV ('The Age of Humanism'), 1968 (Chapter V/c and Chapter X) |
Hans Redlich | Archive | Archive
The papers and scores of Hans Redlich are held at the University of Lancaster. His scores formed the foundation of the music collection; other items may be accessed through the Lancaster University Library.
Royds, Graham. Catalogue of the Hans Ferdinand Redlich Collection of musical books and scores: (including material on the Second Viennese School). University of Lancaster Library (1976)Hathi Trust |
Hans Redlich | Further reading | Further reading
Hartmut Krones, "Redlich, Hans Ferdinand," in Ludwig Finscher, ed., Musik in Geschichte und Gegenwart (Kassel: Bärenreiter, 1994), s.v.
List of émigré musicians from Nazi Europe who settled in Britain |
Hans Redlich | References | References
Category:1903 births
Category:1968 deaths
Category:Austrian male composers
Category:Austrian composers
Category:20th-century Austrian composers
Category:20th-century Austrian male musicians
Category:Austrian musicologists
Category:British musicologists
Category:Academics of the University of Edinburgh
Category:Austrian emigrants to the United Kingdom
Category:Monteverdi scholars
Category:Wagner scholars
Category:Berg scholars |
Hans Redlich | Table of Content | Short description, Redlich's continental years, Life in Britain, Books by Hans Redlich, Archive, Further reading, References |
Bruno Sammartino | short description | Bruno Leopoldo Francesco Sammartino (October 6, 1935 – April 18, 2018) was an Italian-American professional wrestler. He is best known for his time with the World Wide Wrestling Federation (WWF, now WWE). Sammartino's 2,803-day reign as WWF World Heavyweight Champion is the longest in the championship's history as well as the longest world title reign in WWE history.
Born in Italy to a family of seven, Sammartino grew up in poverty. As a child, Sammartino survived the German occupation of Italy during World War II. In 1950, he came to the United States with his family, where they would settle in Pittsburgh. Sammartino would later take up bodybuilding before beginning his career as a professional wrestler in 1959.
Dubbed "the Italian Strongman” and "the Strongest Man in the World" early in his career, Sammartino later earned the title "the Living Legend". Known for his powerful bearhug finishing move, Sammartino wrestled for various territories in the National Wrestling Alliance (NWA) before joining the WWWF territory.
Already recognized as a future star, Sammartino won the WWWF World Heavyweight Championship in 1963 after beating the inaugural champion, Buddy Rogers, in 48 seconds. He then held the title for a reign of a record 2,803 days – nearly 8 years. While doing so, Sammartino became a popular attraction in Madison Square Garden, selling out the arena numerous times throughout his career. Sammartino would later reclaim the WWF Heavyweight Championship in 1973 for another reign of 1,237 days before gradually retiring from full-time competition.
After his retirement, Sammartino became a vocal critic of the drug use and raunchier storylines that became prevalent in the professional wrestling industry after his retirement but he reconciled with WWE in 2013 and headlined their Hall of Fame ceremony that year. Terry Funk commented that Sammartino "was bigger than wrestling itself". |
Bruno Sammartino | Early life | Early life
Bruno Leopoldo Francesco Sammartino was born in Pizzoferrato, Abruzzo, Italy, to Alfonso and Emilia Sammartino on October 6, 1935. He was the youngest of seven children, four of whom died during his early childhood. When he was four, his father immigrated to Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. During World War II, Pizzoferrato was invaded by troops of the Waffen SS, leading Emilia to hide Bruno and his siblings in a remote hideout at the top of a nearby mountain called Valla Rocca. During this time, his mother would sneak into their German-occupied town for food and supplies. In 1950,Pro wrestling legend Bruno Sammartino dies at 82, Los Angeles Times, 18 April 2018 she and the children joined her husband in Pittsburgh.
When the Sammartinos arrived in the U.S., Bruno spoke no English and was sickly from the privations of the war years. This made him an easy target for bullies at Schenley High School. He turned to weightlifting and wrestling to build himself up. His devotion to weightlifting nearly resulted in a berth on the 1956 U.S. Olympic team, which went instead to eventual gold medalist Paul Anderson.
In 1959, Sammartino set a world record in the bench press with a lift of , done without elbow or wrist wraps. When he brought the bar down, he did not bounce it off his chest, but set it there for two seconds before attempting the press. He trained in wrestling with Rex Peery, the University of Pittsburgh team coach.
He also became known for performing strongman stunts in the Pittsburgh area, and sportscaster Bob Prince put him on his television show. It was there that he was spotted by local professional wrestling promoter Rudy Miller, who recruited the young man into the ring. |
Bruno Sammartino | Professional wrestling career | Professional wrestling career |
Bruno Sammartino | Early years (1959–1963) | Early years (1959–1963)
Sammartino made his professional debut in Pittsburgh on December 17, 1959, pinning Dmitri Grabowski in 19 seconds. Sammartino's first match in Madison Square Garden in New York City was on January 2, 1960, defeating Bull Curry in five minutes.
thumb|Sammartino (right) with Verne Gagne and WWWF promoter Vincent J. McMahon
Feeling like he was being held back in the New York territory in favor of National Wrestling Alliance (NWA) star Buddy Rogers, Sammartino gave his notice to Capitol Wrestling Corporation (CWC) owner Vince McMahon Sr. and planned to go to San Francisco to work for Roy Shire. While on his way to California, he missed two bookings in Baltimore and Chicago, and as a result was suspended in those territories. California honored the other state's suspension, leaving Sammartino out of work. In his autobiography, Sammartino states that he believed McMahon set him up, by double-booking him and not informing him of his match in Baltimore, as a way of punishment. Sammartino was forced to return to Pittsburgh and found work as a laborer.
On the advice of wrestler Yukon Eric, Sammartino contacted Toronto promoter Frank Tunney hoping to take advantage of Toronto's large Italian population. Sammartino made his Toronto debut in March 1962 and very quickly, with the help of self-promotion in local newspapers and radio programs, became an attraction. His ability to speak Italian also ingratiated him with that immigrant population. With Whipper Billy Watson, Sammartino won his first professional wrestling championship in September 1962, the local version of the International Tag Team Championship. Soon, he was in demand by other promoters in different Canadian territories.
Sammartino also challenged NWA World Heavyweight Champion Lou Thesz twice for the championship in Canada. One match ended in a draw and the other with Thesz scoring a fluke pin after a collision, despite Sammartino controlling the 20 minute match from the beginning. This match was booked by NWA promoter Sam Muchnick as a preliminary to the forming of the WWWF, to ensure the dominance of the senior organization and its championship. |
Bruno Sammartino | World Wide Wrestling Federation/World Wrestling Federation (1963–1981) | World Wide Wrestling Federation/World Wrestling Federation (1963–1981) |
Bruno Sammartino | First World Heavyweight Championship reign (1963–1971) | First World Heavyweight Championship reign (1963–1971)
thumb|upright|Sammartino in his second reign as WWWF Heavyweight Champion
After the first WWWF World Champion, Nature Boy Buddy Rogers, was hospitalized three times in April 1963 for chest pains, Vince McMahon Sr. and Toots Mondt made a command decision to make an emergency title switch. Between Antonino Rocca and Bruno Sammartino they went with the younger Sammartino who was 27 years old at the time. The match was scheduled to be concluded quickly so as not to risk Buddy's health any further. Promoters Mondt and McMahon Sr. cleared up Sammartino's suspension by paying his $500 fine, allowing him to return to wrestling in the United States. Sammartino won the title on May 17, 1963, defeating Rogers in 48 seconds. Sammartino and Rogers faced each other two months later at Madison Square Garden in a tag team match, with Rogers and Johnny Barend defeating Sammartino and Bobo Brazil by 2 falls to 1. Rogers pinned Sammartino for the third and deciding fall. Rogers retired prior to their scheduled title rematch on October 4, 1963, in Jersey City, New Jersey's Roosevelt Stadium. Sammartino instead that night had his first match against new number one contender, Gorilla Monsoon. Because Monsoon won the match by disqualification, Sammartino retained his belt.
On December 8, 1969, he teamed with Tony Marino to win the WWF International Tag Team Championship by defeating The Rising Suns (Tanaka and Mitsu Arakawa). Company policy meant that Sammartino could not hold two championships simultaneously, so he was replaced by Victor Rivera. Sammartino held the WWWF World Heavyweight Championship for seven years, eight months, and one day (2,803 days). On January 18, 1971, Sammartino lost the championship at Madison Square Garden to Ivan Koloff. Sammartino recalled the shocked silence that greeted the result, remarking he thought he had damaged his ears. Later that year, he won the International Tag Team Championship for the second time by teaming with Dominic DeNucci. Sammartino took a hiatus from the company in 1971 and 1972 working in Japan, and various territories. |
Bruno Sammartino | Second World Heavyweight Championship reign (1972–1977) | Second World Heavyweight Championship reign (1972–1977)
thumb|Sammartino and Mario Trevi
Later in 1972, Sammartino was asked back by McMahon Sr. to regain the title. After refusing McMahon Sr.'s initial offer, Sammartino was offered a percentage of all the gates when he wrestled and a decreased work schedule that only included major arenas. Soon after, Sammartino and then champion Pedro Morales teamed up for a series of tag team matches. In a televised match, Professor Toru Tanaka blinded both men with salt and they were maneuvered into fighting each other. When their eyes cleared, they kept fighting each other. Two weeks later, all syndicated wrestling shows in the WWWF showed a clip of Sammartino and Morales signing a contract for a title match at Shea Stadium. When McMahon Sr. gestured for them to shake hands, both wordlessly turned and walked away. On September 30, 1972, Sammartino and Morales wrestled to a 65-minute draw at Shea Stadium in New York.
Eventually, on December 10, 1973, Sammartino regained the WWWF Heavyweight Championship by defeating Stan Stasiak. During his second reign, on April 26, 1976, Sammartino suffered a legitimate neck fracture in a match against Stan Hansen at Madison Square Garden, when Hansen improperly executed a move and dropped Sammartino on his head. After two months, Sammartino returned and faced Hansen in a rematch on June 25, 1976, at Shea Stadium, which was on the closed circuit TV undercard of the Ali vs. Antonio Inoki match for WWWF cities. The match was rated 1976 "Match of the Year" by Pro Wrestling Illustrated.
In early 1977, Sammartino informed McMahon Sr. that he felt he could no longer continue as champion due to his injuries. On April 30, 1977, he was defeated by Superstar Billy Graham for the title. His second title run lasted three years, four months, and twenty days (1,237 days). Despite a very long series of rematches against Graham, Sammartino was unable to regain the title. His final attempt was in Philadelphia, just a few days before Graham was scheduled to lose the title to Bob Backlund. |
Bruno Sammartino | Later career and initial retirement (1978–1981) | Later career and initial retirement (1978–1981)
After his second reign ended, Sammartino leisurely toured the United States and the world. He wrestled then NWA World Heavyweight Champion Harley Race to a one-hour draw in St. Louis. He also wrestled and defeated Blackjack Mulligan, Lord Alfred Hayes, Dick Murdoch, Kenji Shibuya, and "Crippler" Ray Stevens. Also during this time, Sammartino began serving as color commentator for the WWF's syndicated programs, WWF Championship Wrestling and WWF All-Star Wrestling.
On January 22, 1980, his former student Larry Zbyszko turned on him at the World Wrestling Federation's Championship Wrestling show. Sammartino, shocked and hurt by Zbyszko's betrayal, vowed to make Zbyszko pay dearly. Their feud culminated on August 9, 1980, in front of 36,295 fans at Shea Stadium. As the main event of 1980's Showdown at Shea, Sammartino defeated Zbyszko inside a steel cage. In his autobiography, Hulk Hogan claimed that his match with André the Giant was the real reason for the huge draw at Shea Stadium; however, the feud between Sammartino and Zbyszko sold out everywhere in the build-up to the show. In contrast, Hogan and André headlined exactly one card in White Plains, New York before they wrestled at Shea, and they drew 1,200 in a building that held 3,500.
Sammartino retired from North American wrestling full-time in 1981, in a match that opened the Meadowlands Arena in East Rutherford, New Jersey. Sammartino pinned George "The Animal" Steele in his match. Sammartino then finished up his full-time career by touring Japan. |
Bruno Sammartino | Return to the WWF (1984–1988) | Return to the WWF (1984–1988)
thumb|Sammartino, circa 1987
It was during this time Sammartino found out through Angelo Savoldi, a recently fired office employee of Capitol Wrestling Corporation, that he had been cheated by Vince McMahon Sr. on the promised gate percentages for his entire second title run. Sammartino filed suit against McMahon Sr. and his Capitol Wrestling Corporation.Bruno Sammartino v. Capitol Wrestling Corporation and Vince McMahon. Wrestlingperspective.com (26 August 1983). Retrieved on 29 September 2012. The suit was eventually settled out of court by McMahon Sr's son, Vince McMahon after his father had died, and included an agreement for Sammartino to return to the company as a commentator.
At the inaugural WrestleMania on March 31, 1985, Sammartino was in his son David's corner for his match against Brutus Beefcake. The match ended in a double-disqualification after the Sammartinos began brawling with Beefcake and his manager Johnny Valiant. He returned to in-ring action soon after with his son, as they wrestled against Beefcake and Valiant at Madison Square Garden. The Sammartinos also teamed against "Mr. Wonderful" Paul Orndorff and Bobby "the Brain" Heenan in various arenas.
Sammartino's highest-profile feud during this run was with "Macho Man" Randy Savage. An irate Sammartino attacked Savage during a TV interview, after Savage bragged about injuring Ricky Steamboat, by driving the timekeeper's bell into Steamboat's throat during a televised match. Sammartino defeated Savage in a lumberjack match for the WWE Intercontinental Heavyweight Championship via disqualification at the Boston Garden. This allowed Savage to keep the championship, as titles cannot change hands via countout or disqualification. He was often teamed with Tito Santana and his old enemy George "the Animal" Steele (who was a fan favorite at this point in his career) to wrestle Savage and "Adorable" Adrian Adonis. The climax of their feud came was a victory for Sammartino and Santana in a steel cage match in Madison Square Garden. Sammartino also engaged in a feud with "Rowdy" Roddy Piper after Piper insulted his heritage on a segment of Piper's Pit at Madison Square Garden. Sammartino faced Piper in both singles and tag team matches. Sammartino teamed with Paul Orndorff in his matches against Piper, while Piper would tag with his "bodyguard", Ace "Cowboy" Bob Orton. Sammartino would eventually get the upper hand in the feud, by defeating Piper in a steel cage match at the Boston Garden. In 1986, Sammartino competed in a 20-man battle royal at WrestleMania 2 at the Rosemont Horizon in Chicago.
Sammartino's final match was at a WWF house show in Baltimore on August 29, 1987, where he teamed up with Hulk Hogan to defeat King Kong Bundy and One Man Gang in the main event. Sammartino continued doing commentary on Superstars of Wrestling until March 1988. |
Bruno Sammartino | Non-wrestling roles and WWE Hall of Fame (1988–2018) | Non-wrestling roles and WWE Hall of Fame (1988–2018)
After leaving the WWE, Sammartino became an outspoken critic of the path on which Vincent K. McMahon had taken professional wrestling. He particularly criticized the use of steroids and "vulgar" storylines. He appeared in the media in opposition to the WWE on such shows as The Phil Donahue Show, Geraldo, and CNN.
Sammartino worked as a commentator for the Universal Wrestling Federation. On October 28, 1989, Sammartino made a special appearance at the NWA pay-per-view event Halloween Havoc, where he was the special guest referee in a "Thunderdome" cage match which featured Ric Flair and Sting taking on Terry Funk and The Great Muta. Sammartino worked several WCW events in a minor analysis role in the early 1990s, as well as a brief run doing color commentary with Jim Ross on Saturday Night in 1992. He also acted as special guest referee in World Championship Wrestling (WCW) for a series of matches between Flair and Randy Savage in June 1996.
In 2006, he signed an independent deal with Jakks Pacific to produce an action figure, which is part of the WWE Classic Superstars line, Series 10.
On March 25, 2010, Sammartino was honoured at the 74th annual Dapper Dan Dinner, a popular awards and charity fundraising event in Pittsburgh, with a lifetime achievement award, for which fellow former Studio Wrestling personalities Bill Cardille, "Jumping" Johnny DeFazio, Dominic DeNucci, Frank Durso, and referee Andy "Kid" DePaul were all present.
thumb|Sammartino with Triple H at WrestleMania Axxess in April 2014, unveiling a statue created in Sammartino's image and honor
In 2013, Sammartino accepted an invitation for induction into the WWE Hall of Fame, after having declined several times in prior years. He finally accepted the offer to join because he was satisfied with the way the company had addressed his concerns about rampant drug use as well as vulgarity. The ceremony took place at Madison Square Garden on April 6, 2013, and Sammartino was inducted by Arnold Schwarzenegger. Sammartino appeared on October 7, 2013, episode of Raw and received a birthday greeting in his hometown of Pittsburgh. On March 28, 2015, Sammartino inducted Larry Zbyszko into the WWE Hall of Fame. |
Bruno Sammartino | Other media | Other media
Sammartino is included in two DVDs summarizing his career and life: Bruno Returns to Italy With Bruno Sammartino (2006) and Bruno Sammartino: Behind the Championship Belt (2006).Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: Both were only released in Pittsburgh. Sammartino is honored on the Madison Square Garden Walk of Fame. |
Bruno Sammartino | Video games | Video games
+Video game appearancesYearTitleNotesRef.2002Legends of Wrestling IIVideo game debut2004Showdown: Legends of Wrestling2013WWE 2K14Downloadable content2023WWE 2K232024WWE 2K242025WWE 2K25 |
Bruno Sammartino | Personal life | Personal life
thumb|Sammartino at Celebrate the Season Parade in Pittsburgh, 2005
Sammartino was married to his wife Carol from 1959 until his death in 2018. They had three sons together, David and fraternal twins Danny and Darryl. They were grandparents of four grandchildren. The Sammartinos lived in Ross Township, Allegheny County, Pennsylvania near Pittsburgh from 1965 on. In 1998, he said he had been estranged from David since retiring from wrestling against David's wishes for a tag team.
On April 6, 2013, Sammartino received the Key to the City in Jersey City, New Jersey. May 17, 2013 was declared "Bruno Sammartino Day" in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania. In 2013, Sammartino appeared as one of the Board of Governors in the nationally televised 69th Annual Columbus Day Parade. |
Bruno Sammartino | Backstage incidents | Backstage incidents
In the late 1960s, Sammartino was involved in a fight with former Pennsylvania Athletic Commissioner Joe Cimino. Cimino was new to his post and intervened in a match finish involving Sammartino, who took a shot at Cimino in the ring and the argument continued backstage. Sammartino ended up in a screaming match with Cimino on Pittsburgh's local Studio Wrestling program, and Cimino suspended him for a month. Irvin Muchnick mentioned the incident in his book, Wrestling Babylon.
In his autobiography, The Cowboy and the Cross: The Bill Watts Story: Rebellion, Wrestling and Redemption, Bill Watts told of witnessing a backstage incident between Sammartino and Gorilla Monsoon. Watts wrote that Monsoon "soon found himself in deep water" when messing with Sammartino, and he did not go into further detail on the incident out of respect for Monsoon.
On July 26, 2004, Sammartino and Ric Flair were involved in the "Who snubbed who?" non-confrontation at the Mellon Arena in Pittsburgh. Flair had denigrated Sammartino's wrestling ability in his book To Be the Man. Flair said Sammartino refused to shake his hand at the event, while Sammartino said Flair saw him coming down the hall, turned, and rushed away. |
Bruno Sammartino | Death | Death
Sammartino underwent heart surgery in 2011. He died on April 18, 2018, at the age of 82 from multiple organ failure due to heart problems following a two-month hospitalization. WWE honored his life with a ten-bell salute before a house show in Cape Town, South Africa later that day, and again on the 23 April episode of Raw in St. Louis, Missouri. Mayor Bill Peduto remembered him as "one of the greatest ambassadors the city of Pittsburgh ever had." |
Bruno Sammartino | Championships and accomplishments | Championships and accomplishments
thumb|Sammartino is a two-time and longest single and combined reigning WWWF World Heavyweight Champion.
thumb|Sammartino was inducted into the Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame in 2002.
thumb|Sammartino was inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame in 2013.
George Tragos/Lou Thesz Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame
Class of 2019
Grand Prix Wrestling
Grand Prix Tag Team Championship (1 time) with Edouard Carpentier
International Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame
Class of 2021
International Sports Hall of Fame
Class of 2013
Keystone State Wrestling Alliance
KSWA Hall of Fame (Class of 2012)
Maple Leaf Wrestling
NWA United States Heavyweight Championship (Toronto version) (1 time)
NWA International Tag Team Championship (Toronto version) (1 time) – with Whipper Billy Watson
NWA Hollywood Wrestling
Los Angeles Battle Royal (1972)
Pro Wrestling Illustrated
Inspirational Wrestler of the Year (1976)
Match of the Year (1972)
Match of the Year (1975)
Match of the Year (1976)
Match of the Year (1977)
Match of the Year (1980)
Stanley Weston Award (1981)
Wrestler of the Year (1974)
Ranked No. 200 of the top 500 singles wrestlers of the "PWI Years" in 2003
Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame and Museum
Class of 2002
Sports Illustrated
Ranked No. 10 of the 20 Greatest WWE Wrestlers Of All Time
World Wide Wrestling Alliance
Hall of Fame (Class of 2008)
World Wide Wrestling Association
WWWA World Heavyweight Championship (1 time, final)
WWWA World Tag Team Championship (1 time) with Argentina Apollo
World Wide Wrestling Federation / WWE
WWWF World Heavyweight Championship (2 times)
WWWF United States Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Spiros Arion
WWWF International Tag Team Championship (2 times) – with The Battman (1) and Dominic DeNucci (1)
WWE Hall of Fame (Class of 2013)
WWE Bronze Statue (2014)
World Wrestling Association (Indianapolis)
WWA World Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Dick the Bruiser
World Wrestling Council
WWC North American Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
Wrestling Observer Newsletter
Feud of the Year (1980)
Wrestling Observer Newsletter Hall of Fame (Class of 1996) |
Bruno Sammartino | Notes | Notes |
Bruno Sammartino | References | References |
Bruno Sammartino | External links | External links
Category:1935 births
Category:2018 deaths
Category:20th-century Italian sportsmen
Category:American male professional wrestlers
Category:American professional wrestlers of Italian descent
Category:Deaths from multiple organ failure
Category:Italian emigrants to the United States
Category:Italian male professional wrestlers
Category:Sportspeople from the Province of Chieti
Category:American professional wrestling announcers
Category:Professional wrestlers from Pennsylvania
Category:Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame and Museum
Category:American professional wrestling trainers
Category:Schenley High School alumni
Category:Professional wrestlers from Pittsburgh
Category:WWE Hall of Fame inductees
Category:WWE Champions
Category:Stampede Wrestling alumni
Category:20th-century male professional wrestlers
Category:20th-century American professional wrestlers
Category:NWA International Tag Team Champions (Toronto version)
Category:NWA United States Heavyweight Champions (Toronto version)
Category:People from Abruzzo
Category:People from Pittsburgh
Category:WWF International Tag Team Champions
Category:WWWF United States Tag Team Champions |
Bruno Sammartino | Table of Content | short description, Early life, Professional wrestling career, Early years (1959–1963), World Wide Wrestling Federation/World Wrestling Federation (1963–1981), First World Heavyweight Championship reign (1963–1971), Second World Heavyweight Championship reign (1972–1977), Later career and initial retirement (1978–1981), Return to the WWF (1984–1988), Non-wrestling roles and WWE Hall of Fame (1988–2018), Other media, Video games, Personal life, Backstage incidents, Death, Championships and accomplishments, Notes, References, External links |
Anastrozole | Short description | Anastrozole, sold under the brand name Arimidex among others, is an antiestrogenic medication used in addition to other treatments for breast cancer. Specifically it is used for hormone receptor-positive breast cancer. It has also been used to prevent breast cancer in those at high risk. It is taken orally.
Common side effects of anastrozole include hot flashes, altered mood, joint pain, and nausea. Severe side effects include an increased risk of heart disease and osteoporosis. Use during pregnancy may harm the baby. Anastrozole is in the aromatase-inhibiting family of medications. It works by blocking the production of estrogens in the body, and hence has antiestrogenic effects.
Anastrozole was patented in 1987 and was approved for medical use in 1995. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. Anastrozole is available as a generic medication. In 2022, it was the 179th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 2million prescriptions. |
Anastrozole | Medical uses | Medical uses |
Anastrozole | Breast cancer | Breast cancer
Anastrozole is used in the treatment and prevention of breast cancer in women. The Arimidex, Tamoxifen, Alone or in Combination (ATAC) trial was of localized breast cancer and women received either anastrozole, the selective estrogen receptor modulator tamoxifen, or both for five years, followed by five years of follow-up. After more than 5 years the group that received anastrozole had better results than the tamoxifen group. The trial suggested that anastrozole is the preferred medical therapy for postmenopausal women with localized estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer. |
Anastrozole | Early puberty | Early puberty
Anastrozole is used at a dosage of 0.5 to 1 mg/day in combination with the antiandrogen bicalutamide in the treatment of peripheral precocious puberty, for instance due to familial male-limited precocious puberty (testotoxicosis) and McCune–Albright syndrome, in boys. |
Anastrozole | Available forms | Available forms
Anastrozole is available in the form of 1 mg oral tablets. No alternative forms or routes are available. |
Anastrozole | Contraindications | Contraindications
Contraindications of anastrozole include hypersensitivity to anastrozole or any other component of anastrozole formulations, pregnancy, and breastfeeding. Hypersensitivity reactions to anastrozole including anaphylaxis, angioedema, and urticaria have been observed. |
Anastrozole | Side effects | Side effects
Common side effects of anastrozole (≥10% incidence) include hot flashes,
asthenia, arthritis, pain, arthralgia, hypertension, depression, nausea and vomiting, rash, osteoporosis, bone fractures, back pain, insomnia, headache, bone pain, peripheral edema, coughing, dyspnea, pharyngitis, and lymphedema. Serious but rare adverse effects (<0.1% incidence) include skin reactions such as lesions, ulcers, or blisters; allergic reactions with swelling of the face, lips, tongue, and/or throat that may cause difficulty swallowing or breathing; and abnormal liver function tests as well as hepatitis. |
Anastrozole | Interactions | Interactions
Anastrozole is thought to have clinically negligible inhibitory effects on the cytochrome P450 enzymes CYP1A2, CYP2A6, CYP2D6, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, and CYP2C19. As a result, it is thought that drug interactions of anastrozole with cytochrome P450 substrates are unlikely. No clinically significant drug interactions have been reported with anastrozole as of 2003.
Anastrozole does not affect circulating levels of tamoxifen or its major metabolite N-desmethyltamoxifen. However, tamoxifen has been found to decrease steady-state area-under-the-curve levels of anastrozole by 27%. But estradiol levels were not significantly different in the group that received both anastrozole and tamoxifen compared to the anastrozole alone group, so the decrease in anastrozole levels is not thought to be clinically important. |
Anastrozole | Pharmacology | Pharmacology |
Anastrozole | Pharmacodynamics | Pharmacodynamics
Anastrozole works by reversibly binding to the aromatase enzyme, and through competitive inhibition blocks the conversion of androgens to estrogens in peripheral (extragonadal) tissues. The medication has been found to achieve 96.7% to 97.3% inhibition of aromatase at a dosage of 1 mg/day and 98.1% inhibition of aromatase at a dosage of 10 mg/day in humans. As such, 1 mg/day is considered to be the minimal dosage required to achieve maximal suppression of aromatase with anastrozole. This decrease in aromatase activity results in an at least 85% decrease in estradiol levels in postmenopausal women. Levels of corticosteroids and other adrenal steroids are unaffected by anastrozole. |
Anastrozole | Pharmacokinetics | Pharmacokinetics
The bioavailability of anastrozole in humans is unknown, but it was found to be well-absorbed in animals. Absorption of anastrozole is linear over a dosage range of 1 to 20 mg/day in humans and does not change with repeated administration. Food does not significantly influence the extent of absorption of anastrozole. Peak levels of anastrozole occur a median 3 hours after administration, but with a wide range of 2 to 12 hours. Steady-state levels of anastrozole are achieved within 7 to 10 days of continuous administration, with 3.5-fold accumulation. However, maximal suppression of estradiol levels occurs within 3 or 4 days of therapy.
Active efflux of anastrozole by P-glycoprotein at the blood–brain barrier has been found to limit the central nervous system penetration of anastrozole in rodents, whereas this was not the case with letrozole and vorozole. As such, anastrozole may have peripheral selectivity in humans, although this has yet to be confirmed. In any case, estradiol is synthesized peripherally and readily crosses the blood–brain barrier, so anastrozole would still expected to reduce estradiol levels in the central nervous system to a certain degree. The plasma protein binding of anastrozole is 40%.
The metabolism of anastrozole is by N-dealkylation, hydroxylation, and glucuronidation. Inhibition of aromatase is due to anastrozole itself rather than to metabolites, with the major circulating metabolite being inactive. The elimination half-life of anastrozole is 40 to 50 hours (1.7 to 2.1 days). This allows for convenient once-daily administration. The medication is eliminated predominantly by metabolism in the liver (83 to 85%) but also by residual excretion by the kidneys unchanged (11%). Anastrozole is excreted primarily in urine but also to a lesser extent in feces. |
Anastrozole | Chemistry | Chemistry
Anastrozole is a nonsteroidal benzyl triazole. It is also known as α,α,α',α'-tetramethyl-5-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)-m-benzenediacetonitrile. Anastrozole is structurally related to letrozole, fadrozole, and vorozole, with all being classified as azoles. |
Anastrozole | History | History
Anastrozole was patented by Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI) in 1987 and was approved for medical use, specifically the treatment of breast cancer, in 1995. |
Anastrozole | Society and culture | Society and culture |
Anastrozole | Generic names | Generic names
Anastrozole is the generic name of the drug and its , , , and . |
Anastrozole | Brand names | Brand names
Anastrozole is primarily sold under the brand name Arimidex. However, it is also marketed under a variety of other brand names throughout the world. |
Anastrozole | Availability | Availability
Anastrozole is available widely throughout the world. |
Anastrozole | Research | Research
Anastrozole is surprisingly ineffective at treating gynecomastia, in contrast to selective estrogen receptor modulators like tamoxifen.
Anastrozole was under development for the treatment of female infertility but did not complete development and hence was never approved for this indication.
An anastrozole and levonorgestrel vaginal ring (developmental code name BAY 98–7196) was under development for use as a hormonal contraceptive and treatment for endometriosis, but development was discontinued in November 2018 and the formulation was never marketed.
Anastrozole increases testosterone levels in males and has been studied as an alternative method of androgen replacement therapy in men with hypogonadism. However, there are concerns about its long-term influence on bone mineral density in this patient population, as well as other adverse effects. |
Anastrozole | References | References
Category:27-Hydroxylase inhibitors
Category:Aromatase inhibitors
Category:Drugs developed by AstraZeneca
Category:Hormonal antineoplastic drugs
Category:Nitriles
Category:Peripherally selective drugs
Category:Triazoles
Category:World Health Organization essential medicines
Category:Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate |
Anastrozole | Table of Content | Short description, Medical uses, Breast cancer, Early puberty, Available forms, Contraindications, Side effects, Interactions, Pharmacology, Pharmacodynamics, Pharmacokinetics, Chemistry, History, Society and culture, Generic names, Brand names, Availability, Research, References |
Phyllis A. Whitney | short description | Phyllis Ayame Whitney (September 9, 1903 – February 8, 2008Leimbach, Dulcie."Phyllis A. Whitney, Author, Dies at 104". The New York Times. 9 February 2008.) was an American mystery writer of more than 70 novels.
Born in Yokohama, Japan to American parents in 1903, she spent her early years in Asia. After the death of her parents she moved to Chicago where she lived with her aunt. Later in life, Whitney moved to Staten Island, New York and resided there for 20 years with her daughter and second husband, Lovell Jahnke. Staten Island became the inspiration and setting for several of her books.
A rarity for her genre, she wrote mysteries for both the juvenile and the adult markets, many of which feature exotic settings. Although she was often described as a Gothic novelist, a review in The New York Times even dubbing her "The Queen of the American Gothics", Whitney claimed to hate this title. She preferred to say she wrote ”romantic novels of suspense".
In 1961, her book The Mystery of the Haunted Pool won an Edgar Award from the Mystery Writers of America for Best Juvenile Novel; she duplicated the honour in 1964 for The Mystery of the Hidden Hand. In 1988, the MWA gave her a Grand Master Award for lifetime achievement. In 1990, she received the Lifetime Achievement Award from the Romance Writers of America. Whitney died of pneumonia at age 104 on February 8, 2008.
A collection of Whitney's writing, correspondence, and photographs are available at the College of Staten Island's Archives and Special Collections. |
Phyllis A. Whitney | Published works | Published works
A Place for Ann (1941)
A Star for Ginny (1942)
A Window for Julie (1943)
Red is for Murder (1943), Reissued as The Red Carnelian (1965)
The Silver Inkwell (1945)
Writing Juvenile Fiction (1947)
Willow Hill (1947)
Ever After (1948)
The Mystery of the Gulls (1949)
Linda's Homecoming (1950)
The Island of Dark Woods (1951), Reissued as Mystery of the Strange Traveler (1967)
Love Me, Love Me Not (1952)
Step to the Music (1953)
Mystery of the Black Diamonds (1954)
A Long Time Coming (1954)
Mystery on the Isle of Skye (1955)
The Quicksilver Pool (1955)
The Fire and the Gold (1956)
The Highest Dream (1956)
The Trembling Hills (1956)
Mystery of the Green Cat (1957)
Skye Cameron (1957)
Secret of the Samurai Sword (1958)
The Moonflower (1958)
Creole Holiday (1959)
Mystery of the Haunted Pool (1960)
Thunder Heights (1960)
Secret of the Tiger's Eye (1961)
Blue Fire (1961)
Mystery of the Golden Horn (1962)
Window on the Square (1962)
Mystery of the Hidden Hand (1963)
Seven Tears for Apollo (1963)
Secret of the Emerald Star (1964)
Black Amber (1964)
Mystery of the Angry Idol (1965)
Sea Jade (1965)
Columbella (1966)
Secret of the Spotted Shell (1967)
Silverhill (1967)
Hunter's Green (1968)
Secret of Goblin Glen (1969)
The Mystery of the Crimson Ghost (1969)
The Winter People (1969)
Secret of the Missing Footprint (1969)
Lost Island (1970)
The Vanishing Scarecrow (1971)
Nobody Likes Trina (1972)
Listen for the Whisperer (1972)
Mystery of the Scowling Boy (1973)
Snowfire (1973)
The Turquoise Mask (1974)
Secret of Haunted Mesa (1975)
Spindrift (1975)
The Golden Unicorn (1976)
Writing Juvenile Stories and Novels (1976)
Secret of the Stone Face (1977)
The Stone Bull (1977)
The Glass Flame (1978)
Domino (1979)
Poinciana (1980)
Vermilion (1981)
Guide to Fiction Writing (1982)
Emerald (1983)
Rainsong (1984)
Dream of Orchids (1985)
Flaming Tree (1986)
Silversword (1987)
Feather on the Moon (1988)
Rainbow in the Mist (1989)
The Singing Stones (1990)
Woman Without a Past (1991)
The Ebony Swan (1992)
Star Flight (1993)
Daughter of the Stars (1994)
Amethyst Dreams (1997) |
Phyllis A. Whitney | References | References |
Phyllis A. Whitney | External links | External links
Official site
Category:1903 births
Category:2008 deaths
Category:Agatha Award winners
Category:American mystery writers
Category:Edgar Award winners
Category:American expatriates in Japan
Category:Writers from Staten Island
Category:Writers from Yokohama
Category:Writers of the Golden Age of Detective Fiction
Category:American women novelists
Category:American women mystery writers
Category:20th-century American novelists
Category:20th-century American women writers
Category:Novelists from New York (state)
Category:American women centenarians
Category:Deaths from pneumonia in Virginia
Category:21st-century American women
Category:Writers of Gothic fiction |
Phyllis A. Whitney | Table of Content | short description, Published works, References, External links |
Rex Lease | short description |
Rex Lloyd Lease (February 11, 1903 – January 3, 1966) was an American actor. He appeared in over 300 films, mainly in Poverty Row Westerns. |
Rex Lease | Biography | Biography
Rex Lease arrived in Hollywood in 1924. He found bit and supporting parts at Film Booking Office (FBO), Rayart, and more, and was given the opportunity to play a few leads. His first film was A Woman Who Sinned (FBO, 1924).
Lease's earliest Westerns were a pair of Tim McCoy silents at MGM, one of which was The Law of the Range (MGM, 1928) which had a young Joan Crawford as the heroine and Lease as the Solitaire Kid. McCoy and Lease became friends, and over the next dozen or so years, he appeared in seven more McCoy Westerns.
He had a featured role in director Frank Capra's The Younger Generation (Columbia, 1929), a tale of a Jewish family that moves to a more up-scale neighborhood.
He successfully made the transition to talkies, and starred in melodramas, action flicks, old dark house mysteries, and comedies, as well as a couple of Western serials and about a dozen low-budget sagebrush yarns and outdoor adventures. His work in the 1930s included six Western films for Superior Talking Pictures Corporation. Some featured cowboy music, and some had him paired with young actor Bobby Nelson.
In between lead roles, Lease featured parts in some B Westerns. He was Hoot Gibson's brother in Cavalcade of the West (Walter Futter Prod., 1936); Lease played the "Pecos Kid" in McCoy's Lightnin' Bill Carson (Puritan, 1936); played Col. William B. Travis in Heroes of the Alamo and he worked in a couple of Tom Tyler's, Ridin' On (Reliable, 1936) and Fast Bullets (Reliable, 1936). Lease had the lead in the 1936 film serial Custer's Last Stand (1936).
Lease's finale as a star had him teaming up with Rin-Tin-Tin Jr. in The Silver Trail (Reliable, 1937).
Though no longer afforded star billing, he continued in smaller roles into the 1950s in films (recurring as the sheriff in four Ma and Pa Kettle movies) and on TV. |
Rex Lease | Personal life | Personal life
In 1930, Lease pleaded guilty in a Malibu court to a charge of battery on actress and dancer Vivian Duncan. The charge resulted from his beating of Duncan at a home in Malibu Beach on July 7, 1930. He paid a $50 fine, insisting that she initiated the altercation. Duncan's brother, Harold, retaliated in August 1930, beating Lease in a hotel cafe in Hollywood.
Lease was married at least five times. |
Rex Lease | Death | Death
On January 3, 1966, Lease was found dead by his son Richard on the kitchen floor at his Van Nuys, California, home. He had died sometime between New Year's Eve and January 3. The cause of death was undisclosed. Richard was later shot and killed at age 25 in a road rage traffic altercation with two teenagers. |
Rex Lease | Selected filmography | Selected filmography
A Woman Who Sinned (1924) - Her Son - as an adult
Chalk Marks (1924) - Bert Thompson
Easy Money (1925) - 'Red'
Before Midnight (1925) - Julio Saldivar
The Last Edition (1925) - Clarence Walker
Somebody's Mother (1926) - Peter
Mystery Pilot (1926) - Bob Jones
The Last Alarm (1926) - Tom
Race Wild (1926)
The Timid Terror (1926) - Howard Cramm
Heroes of the Night (1927) - Tom Riley
Enemies of Society (1927) - Jim Barry
The Outlaw Dog (1927) - Bill Brady
Not for Publication (1927) - Philip Hale
The Cancelled Debt (1927) - Patrick Burke
Clancy's Kosher Wedding (1927) - Tom Clancy
The College Hero (1927) - Jim Halloran
The Law of the Range (1928) - Solitaire Kid
Queen of the Chorus (1928) - Billy Cooke
Broadway Daddies (1928) - Richard Kennedy
The Phantom of the Turf (1928) - John Nichols
Red Riders of Canada (1928) - Pierre Duval
Riders of the Dark (1928) - Jim Graham
The Last Lap (1928)
Making the Varsity (1928) - Ed Ellsworth
The Speed Classic (1928) - Jerry Thornton
Stolen Love (1928) - Bill
The Candy Kid (1928)
When Dreams Come True (1929) - Ben Shelby
The Younger Generation (1929)
Two Sisters (1929)
Troopers Three (1930)
Sunny Skies (1930)
Hot Curves (1930)
Borrowed Wives (1930)
Wings of Adventure (1930)
The Utah Kid (1930)
Chinatown After Dark (1931)
In Old Cheyenne (1931)
The Sign of the Wolf (1931) 10-chapter serial
Is There Justice? (1931)
Cannonball Express (1932)
The Monster Walks (1932)
Midnight Morals (1932)
The Lone Trail (1932)
Rough Riding Ranger (1935)
Fighting Caballero (1935)
The Ghost Rider (1935)
The Cowboy and the Bandit (1935)
Pals of the Range (1935)
The Man from Guntown (1935)
Cyclone of the Saddle (1935)
Custer's Last Stand (1936)
Ten Laps to Go (1936)
Aces and Eights (1936)
Lightnin' Bill Carson (1936)
Ridin' On (1936)
The Silver Trail (1937)
Heroes of the Alamo (1937)
The Lone Ranger Rides Again (1939)
Under Texas Skies (1940)
The Trail Blazers (1940)
Lone Star Raiders (1940)
A Chump at Oxford (1940)
Billy the Kid's Gun Justice (1940)
Outlaws of Cherokee Trail (1941)
Tonto Basin Outlaws (1941)
Billy the Kid's Range War (1941)
Billy the Kid in Santa Fe (1941)
In Old California (1942)
Saboteur (1942) - Plant Cafeteria Worker (uncredited)
Haunted Ranch (1943)
Flame of Barbary Coast (1945)
Dakota (1945)
Curtain Call at Cactus Creek (1950)
Lost in Alaska (1952)
Jefferson Drum NBC-TV, as Tobin in episode "The Cheater" (1958) |
Rex Lease | References | References |
Rex Lease | External links | External links
Category:1903 births
Category:1966 deaths
Category:Male actors from West Virginia
Category:American male film actors
Category:American male silent film actors
Category:20th-century American male actors
Category:Male Western (genre) film actors |
Rex Lease | Table of Content | short description, Biography, Personal life, Death, Selected filmography, References, External links |
Ladislas Starevich | Short description | Ladislas Starevich (, ; August 8, 1882 – February 26, 1965) was a Polish-Russian stop-motion animator notable as the author of the first puppet-animated film The Beautiful Leukanida (1912). He also used dead insects and other animals as protagonists of his films. Following the Russian Revolution, Starevich settled in France. |
Ladislas Starevich | Early career | Early career
thumb|The Cameraman's Revenge (1912)
thumb|The Grasshopper and the Ant (1913)
Władysław Starewicz was born in Moscow to ethnic PolishRay Harryhausen. Tony Dalton. A Century of Model Animation: From Méliès to Aardman. 2008. Watson-Guptill. p. 44.Nicholas Rzhevsky. The Cambridge Companion to Modern Russian Culture. Cambridge University Press. 2012. p. 317. parents from present-day Lithuania. His father, Aleksander Starewicz, was from Surviliškis near Kėdainiai and his mother, Antonina Legęcka, from Kaunas. Both belonged to lesser nobility and were in hiding after the failed January Uprising against the Tsarist Russian domination. Due to his mother's death, he was raised by his grandmother in Kaunas, then the capital of Kaunas Governorate within the Russian Empire. He attended Gymnasium in Dorpat (today Tartu, Estonia), where he worked painting postcards and illustrations for local magazines. Starewicz pursued an artistic career despite the protest of his family, and enrolled in a painting school.
Starewicz had interests in a number of different areas; by 1910 he was named Director of the Museum of Natural History in Kaunas, Lithuania. There he made four short live-action documentaries for the museum. For the fifth film, Starewicz wished to record the battle of two stag beetles, but was stymied by the fact that the nocturnal creatures stopped moving or died due to the heat whenever the stage lighting was turned on. Inspired by a viewing of Les allumettes animées [Animated Matches] (1908) by Arthur Melbourne Cooper, Starewicz decided to re-create the fight through stop-motion animation: by replacing the beetles' legs with wire, attached with sealing wax to their thorax, he is able to create articulated insect puppets. The result was the short film Lucanus Cervus (1910), apparently the first animated puppet film and the natal hour of Russian animation.
In 1911, Starewicz moved to Moscow and began work with the film company of Aleksandr Khanzhonkov. There he made two dozen films, most of them puppet animations using dead animals. Of these, The Beautiful Leukanida (premiere – 1912), first puppet film with a plot inspired in the story of Agamemnon and Menelaus, earned international acclaim (one British reviewer thought the stars were live trained insects), while The Grasshopper and the Ant (1913) got Starewicz decorated by the czar. But the best-known film of this period was The Cameraman's Revenge (1912), a cynical work about infidelity and jealousy among the insects. Some of the films made for Khanzhonkov feature live-action/animation interaction. In some cases, the live action consisted of footage of Starewicz's daughter Irina. Particularly worthy of note is Starevich's 41-minute 1913 film The Night Before Christmas, an adaptation of the Nikolai Gogol story of the same name. The 1913 film Terrible Vengeance won the Gold Medal at an international festival in Milan in 1914, being just one of five films which won awards among 1005 contestants.
During World War I, Starewicz worked for several film companies, directing 60 live-action features, some of which were fairly successful. After the October Revolution of 1917, the film community largely sided with the White Army and moved from Moscow to Yalta on the Black Sea. After a brief stay, Starewicz and his family fled before the Red Army could capture the Crimea, stopping in Italy for a while before joining the Russian émigrés in Paris. |
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