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James Black (blacksmith) | short description | James Black (May 1, 1800 – June 22, 1872) was an American knifemaker best known for his improvements to the Bowie knife designed by Jim Bowie. |
James Black (blacksmith) | Early life | Early life
James Black was born on May 1, 1800 in Hackensack, New Jersey. James' mother died when he was very young and he had difficulty getting along with his stepmother. Black ran away from home to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania at age 8 and was apprenticed to a silversmith. At age 18 he migrated westward and took jobs on the Ohio and Mississippi rivers. In about 1820, Black spent some time at Bayou Sara in Louisiana working as a ferryman and as a steamboat deckhand on the Red River which took him upstream to Fulton, Arkansas. Black left the boat and settled at a crossroads northeast of Fulton that would later become Washington, Arkansas and Black's permanent home. |
James Black (blacksmith) | Partnership with William Shaw | Partnership with William Shaw
During his travels, Black had befriended Elijah Stuart. Stuart opened a tavern at Washington and Black was hired by a local blacksmith named William Shaw. Black, due to his previous training, worked on firearms and knives while Shaw concentrated on horse shoes, wagon wheels, and the like. Black would later become a partner in the business with Shaw. Stuart's tavern would become famous as the place where Davy Crockett, Jim Bowie, and William B. Travis created the plan for an independent Texas and Black would go on to create some of the world's finest knives. Black fell in love with his partner's daughter, Anne Shaw, and was forced out of the partnership when Shaw would not allow the marriage. Backed by the note he had received from the dissolved partnership Black purchased some land along the Cossatot River and established a blacksmith's shop, dam, and mill.
thumb|James Black with Jacob Buzzard
Black's endeavor came to an end when he was thrown off of his land. Local officials claimed that the land was Indian treaty land and that Black could not legally inhabit it. Black then discovered that the note he had received from William Shaw for his share of the partnership was actually worthless. Black set up his own blacksmithy in competition with Shaw's and married Shaw's daughter in 1828, despite Shaw's objections and also convinced Shaw's son to join him in his business. Black was soon recognized as the best blacksmith in the area which had a bad effect on his father-in-law's competing shop.
Black and his wife had four sons and a daughter during this period: William Jefferson in 1829, Grandison Deroyston in 1830, Sarah Jane in 1832, John Colbert in 1834, and Sydinham James in 1835. Black became a respected member of the community and served in local government posts. |
James Black (blacksmith) | Bowie knife and fame | Bowie knife and fame
In 1830, Black made the famous Bowie knife for Jim Bowie who was already famous for knife-fighting from his 1827 sandbar duel. Bowie's killing of three assassins in Texas and his death at the Battle of the Alamo made him, and Black's knife, legends. After Bowie's death in 1836, Black did a brisk business selling his knives to pioneers bound for Texas. Everyone seemed to want "Jim Bowie's knife." Black forged his knives behind a leather curtain and kept his process a secret. Black's knives were known to be exceedingly tough yet flexible. Many claimed that Black had rediscovered the process to make Damascus steel.
James Black's wife Anne died in 1838; and in 1839, while Black was in bed from an illness, his father-in-law Shaw broke into Black's house and brutally attacked him with a club. Black's life was saved by the family dog; he survived, but his eyes were severely damaged by the attack. He went north to seek medical advice, where his eyes were further damaged by the inept ministrations of a Cincinnati, Ohio, physician. When Black returned to Arkansas he discovered that his father-in-law had sold his business and property, illegally, and disappeared with the cash.
Black lived on a local plantation for a couple of years until, Dr. Isaac Newton Jones took him into his home. Black lived with the Jones family for the next 30 years. He attempted to pass on his knife-making secrets to Daniel Webster Jones, but unfortunately he could not remember the technique. Jones would later become Governor of Arkansas. James Black died on 22 June 1872 in Washington, Arkansas.
More skeptically, "...[T]here is no direct contemporary evidence to establish that James Black made a knife for James Bowie... The story rests solely on Black's claims made well after he had been adjudged mentally incompetent..." "...[T]he only time that [James Bowie] verifiably used a knife in a personal encounter was on the Sandbar in 1827..." “...[T]o this day there is no known knife bearing his name that is proven authentic, nor positively identified as the work of James Black. Neither is it proven beyond doubt that he even made a knife of any type!” Shifting the question (and the burden of proof) from people to knives, "...[T]he Black explanation remains the most logical way to understand this part of the
Bowies' history." |
James Black (blacksmith) | Bowie knife since Black's death | Bowie knife since Black's death
Black's shop has been recreated as part of the Old Washington Historic State Park. Old Washington is the headquarters of the American Bladesmith Society and they maintain a knife-making college at the site. Black's knives are exceedingly rare and are prized by collectors.
Several examples of early Bowie knives are on display at the Historic Arkansas Museum as part of the American Bladesmith Society collection.
In 1996, Black was inducted into the American Bladesmith Society Hall of Fame as an inauguree. |
James Black (blacksmith) | James Black in fiction | James Black in fiction
In the 1956 film The Iron Mistress, Black is depicted forging Bowie's knife from iron that he has extracted from a meteorite.
In 1956, James Black was in the first episode of the CBS television series, The Adventures of Jim Bowie, which was primarily set in 1830s in Louisiana. The show, which starred Scott Forbes as Jim Bowie, was based on the 1946 novel Tempered Blade. |
James Black (blacksmith) | References | References |
James Black (blacksmith) | External links | External links
http://www.encyclopediaofarkansas.net/encyclopedia/entry-detail.aspx?entryID=2534
Category:1800 births
Category:1872 deaths
Category:Knife makers
Category:People from Hackensack, New Jersey
Category:American blacksmiths
Category:People from Hempstead County, Arkansas
Category:People of the American Old West |
James Black (blacksmith) | Table of Content | short description, Early life, Partnership with William Shaw, Bowie knife and fame, Bowie knife since Black's death, James Black in fiction, References, External links |
Industrial data processing | Unreferenced | Industrial data processing is a branch of applied computer science that covers the area of design and programming of computerized systems which are not computers as such — often referred to as embedded systems (PLCs, automated systems, intelligent instruments, etc.). The products concerned contain at least one microprocessor or microcontroller, as well as couplers (for I/O).
Another current definition of industrial data processing is that it concerns those computer programs whose variables in some way represent physical quantities; for example the temperature and pressure of a tank, the position of a robot arm, etc.
Category:Computer engineering |
Industrial data processing | Table of Content | Unreferenced |
Jean-Jacques Bertrand | Short description | Jean-Jacques Bertrand (; June 20, 1916 – February 22, 1973) was a Canadian politician and lawyer who served as the 21st premier of Quebec, from October 2, 1968, to May 12, 1970. He led the Union Nationale party. |
Jean-Jacques Bertrand | Member of the legislature | Member of the legislature
Bertrand served as Member of the Legislative Assembly for the District of Missisquoi from 1948 until his death in 1973. |
Jean-Jacques Bertrand | Member of the Cabinet | Member of the Cabinet
He served as Minister of Lands and Forestry from 1958 to 1960 and briefly as Minister of Youth and Social Welfare until his party, the Union Nationale lost the provincial election in 1960.
Bertrand tried to become leader of the Union Nationale in 1961, but was defeated by his colleague Daniel Johnson, Sr., the MLA for the district of Bagot.
In 1966, the Union Nationale was put back in office and Premier Daniel Johnson, Sr. appointed Bertrand to his Cabinet. Bertrand served both as Education Minister until 1967 and Minister of Justice until Johnson's sudden death from a heart attack in 1968. In addition to those assignments, Bertrand was also Johnson's Deputy Premier. |
Jean-Jacques Bertrand | Premier of Quebec | Premier of Quebec
Bertrand was chosen interim Party Leader until a leadership convention could be held and therefore became Premier of Quebec.
His victory (58% of the delegates) over colleague Jean-Guy Cardinal (41%), Minister of Education and newly elected MLA for the district of Bagot, at the Leadership Convention of 1969, caused a deep division among party insiders.Tenue d'un congrès au leadership par l'Union nationale, Bilan du Siècle, June 21, 1969 While Johnson had been more accommodating towards the more nationalist elements of the party, Bertrand clearly positioned himself as a federalist. Cardinal was considered the nationalist candidate in the race. His defeat prompted a number of supporters to leave the Union Nationale and join the Parti Québécois.
The Union Nationale was also weakened by the passage of a controversial language legislation in 1969, known as Bill 63. Meant to resolve a conflict that plagued the public school board of Saint-Léonard, the bill confirmed the status quo on the language of instruction in the public schools (parents can choose English or French) La « loi 63 » soulève l'ire des francophones, Radio-Canada, April 5, 1977 and angered Quebec nationalists. Two Union Nationale MLAs, Jérôme Proulx and Antonio Flamand crossed the floor and sat as Independents, along with Parti Québécois Leader René Lévesque and Liberal dissident Yves Michaud to protest against the new law.
The Bill 63 would be superseded by Robert Bourassa's Bill 22 in 1974 and René Lévesque's Bill 101 in 1977.
The less controversial accomplishments of the Bertrand administration include the abolition of the Legislative Council of Quebec, the provincial equivalent of the Canadian Senate. Since then, the Legislative Assembly of Quebec is known as the National Assembly of Quebec. |
Jean-Jacques Bertrand | Leader of the Official Opposition | Leader of the Official Opposition
The Union Nationale lost the 1970 election to Robert Bourassa's Liberals. While the party managed to obtain the status of Official Opposition, it finished third in the popular vote behind the PQ. The UN never significantly recovered from that defeat and no longer exists as a political party.
A year later, Bertrand resigned as Leader of the Union Nationale. In 1971, he received an honorary doctorate from Sir George Williams University, which later became Concordia University. He died a few months before the 1973 election. |
Jean-Jacques Bertrand | Personal life | Personal life
His son, Jean-François Bertrand, was the Member of the National Assembly for the district of Vanier from 1976 to 1985 and a Cabinet Member of René Lévesque's Parti Québécois government. Bertrand's widow Gabrielle served as Progressive Conservative Member of Parliament for the district of Brome—Missisquoi from 1984 to 1993. |
Jean-Jacques Bertrand | See also | See also
Politics of Quebec
List of Quebec general elections
Timeline of Quebec history |
Jean-Jacques Bertrand | References | References |
Jean-Jacques Bertrand | External links | External links
Category:1916 births
Category:1973 deaths
Category:Lawyers in Quebec
Category:Ministers of justice of Quebec
Category:Premiers of Quebec
Category:Union Nationale (Quebec) MNAs
Category:Leaders of the Union Nationale (Quebec)
Category:Deputy premiers of Quebec
Category:Université de Montréal alumni
Category:University of Ottawa alumni
Category:People from Sainte-Agathe-des-Monts
Category:20th-century Canadian lawyers
Category:20th-century members of the National Assembly of Quebec |
Jean-Jacques Bertrand | Table of Content | Short description, Member of the legislature, Member of the Cabinet, Premier of Quebec, Leader of the Official Opposition, Personal life, See also, References, External links |
Daniel Johnson Sr. | Short description | Francis Daniel Johnson Sr. (April 9, 1915 – September 26, 1968) was a Canadian politician and the 20th premier of Quebec from 1966 to his death in 1968. |
Daniel Johnson Sr. | Background | Background
Johnson was born in Danville, Quebec, Canada. He was the son of Francis Johnson, an anglophone labourer of Irish heritage, and Marie-Adéline Daniel, a French Canadian. He was raised bilingually but educated entirely in French.
In 1943, Johnson married Reine Gagné (1918–1994). In 1953, she survived being shot twice by her lover, Radio-Canada announcer Bertrand Dussault, who then committed suicide.Montreal Gazette, January 12, 1953
His sons, Pierre-Marc Johnson and Daniel Johnson Jr. also became premiers of Quebec; remarkably, each was a leader of a different party and both lasting for less than a year as premier, Pierre-Marc as leader of the sovereigntist Parti Québécois for a brief period in 1985, and Daniel Jr. as leader of the federalist Liberal Party of Quebec for nine months in 1994 and both were voted out in a general election. |
Daniel Johnson Sr. | Member of the legislature | Member of the legislature
Johnson won a by-election in 1946 and became the Union Nationale Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) for the district of Bagot. He was re-elected in 1948, 1952, 1956, and 1960.
He served as parliamentary assistant to Premier Maurice Duplessis in 1955 and Deputy House Speaker from 1955 to 1958. He became the target of cartoonists, who portrayed him as Danny Boy.Extensive biography from Marianopolis College |
Daniel Johnson Sr. | Cabinet member | Cabinet member
Johnson was appointed to the Cabinet in 1958 and served as Minister of Hydraulic Resources until the 1960 election, which was won by the Liberals. He was the minister who started the Manic-5 hydroelectric project in 1958 of which its Daniel-Johnson Dam was named after him. |
Daniel Johnson Sr. | Party leader | Party leader
Johnson was elected party leader against Jean-Jacques Bertrand in 1961. His party lost the 1962 election against Jean Lesage's Liberals, but he was returned to the legislature.
His 1965 book Égalité ou indépendance ("Equality or independence") made him the first leader of a Quebec political party to recognize the possibility of independence for Quebec, saying that if Canada was content to be a Dominion under the British Crown, then Quebec should seek independence. He stated if the English-speaking Canadians did not want to be independent, Quebec could do it alone. His position on the issue was seen to be ambiguous. As he wrote in his book, his position was for "independence if necessary, but not necessarily independence," a reference to Canadian Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King's famous utterance in the World War II conscription debate. |
Daniel Johnson Sr. | Premier | Premier
Under the same slogan, Égalité ou indépendance, his party won the 1966 election and he became Premier of Quebec, a position that he retained until his death. His term was, among other things, qualified by tensions with the Canadian government over constitutional matters because as premier of Quebec, he put forward proposals to reform the Canadian Constitution based on the notion of two equal nations, as opposed to ten equal provinces. |
Daniel Johnson Sr. | Death | Death
thumb|left|150px|Original dedication plaque — Manicouagan 5, 1968.
thumb|right|150px|Dedication plaque of the Daniel Johnson Dam, unveiled by Johnson's successor, Jean-Jacques Bertrand on September 26, 1969.
In July 1968, Johnson suffered a heart attack which kept him from work until mid-September.Eugene Griffin, Chicago Tribune, September 27, 1968, p. 3.
On September 25, Hydro-Québec, the government-owned utility organized a ceremony to mark the completion of the Manicouagan-5 Dam. Hundreds of dignitaries, politicians, utility executives, financiers, engineers, and journalists were ferried by plane from Montreal, Quebec City, and New York City to the worksite to attend a banquet and a plaque-unveiling ceremony.
Among the guests were Johnson, his predecessor, Jean Lesage, and René Lévesque, the former Hydraulic Resources minister responsible for the consolidation of all investor-owned utilities into Hydro-Québec in 1962 to 1963. Photographs taken at the banquet show the three men were in excellent spirits, holding hands, and smiling, but relations between the Liberal leader and his former cabinet minister were strained by Lévesque's recent defection to the Mouvement Souveraineté-Association, a precursor of the Parti Québécois.
In his memoirs, Hydro-Québec executive Robert A. Boyd recalls being woken up at 6 a.m. the next morning by his boss, Roland Giroux. "I've got bad news, Robert...," said Giroux, who added that he just found the premier lying dead in his bed. Johnson's demise from another heart attack sent shockwaves at the worksite and across the province, and the dedication ceremony was quickly cancelled.
On September 26, 1969, a year to the day after Johnson's death, the new premier, Jean-Jacques Bertrand, accompanied by Johnson's widow and children, unveiled two plaques and officially dedicated the dam after his predecessor. Both plaques are now side by side at the top of the complex. |
Daniel Johnson Sr. | Elections as party leader | Elections as party leader
Daniel Johnson lost the 1962 election.
He won the 1966 election and died in office in 1968. |
Daniel Johnson Sr. | See also | See also
Politics of Quebec
List of Quebec premiers
List of Quebec general elections
Nicknames of politicians and personalities in Quebec |
Daniel Johnson Sr. | References | References
Category:1915 births
Category:1968 deaths
Category:Anglophone Quebec people
Category:Canadian people of Irish descent
Category:Quebec people of Irish descent
Category:Quebecers of French descent
Category:Canadian people of French descent
Category:Members of the King's Privy Council for Canada
Category:Premiers of Quebec
Category:Union Nationale (Quebec) MNAs
Category:Leaders of the Union Nationale (Quebec)
Category:Université de Montréal alumni
Category:Vice presidents of the National Assembly of Quebec
Category:20th-century members of the National Assembly of Quebec |
Daniel Johnson Sr. | Table of Content | Short description, Background, Member of the legislature, Cabinet member, Party leader, Premier, Death, Elections as party leader, See also, References |
Agricultural Bank of China | Short description | The Agricultural Bank of China (ABC), also known as AgBank, is a Chinese partially state-owned multinational banking and financial services corporation headquartered in Beijing, China. It is one of the "big four" banks in China, and the second largest bank in the world by total assets, behind the Industrial and Commercial Bank of China. ABC was founded on 10 July 1951, and has its headquarters in Dongcheng District, Beijing."Contact Us ." Agricultural Bank of China. Retrieved on 27 February 2014. "Address:No.69, Jianguomen Nei Avenue, Dongcheng District, Beijing, P.R.China,100005" It has branches throughout mainland China, Hong Kong, London, Tokyo, New York, Frankfurt, Sydney, Seoul, and Singapore.
ABC has 320 million retail customers, corporate clients, and nearly 24,000 branches. It is China's third-largest lender by assets. ABC went public in mid-2010, fetching the world's biggest ever initial public offering (IPO) at the time,AgBank to pay $248mln in IPO fees, lowest of Big 4 , 15 July 2010 since overtaken by the Saudi Arabian state-run petroleum enterprise, Saudi Aramco. In 2011, it ranked eighth among the Top 1000 World Banks, by 2015, it ranked third in Forbes' 13th annual Global 2000 list and in 2017 it ranked fifth. In 2023, Agricultural Bank of China was ranked #4 in Forbes' Global 2000 (World's Largest Public Companies). It is considered a systemically important bank by the Financial Stability Board. |
Agricultural Bank of China | History | History
Since the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949, ABC has been formed and abolished several times. On 10 July 1951, two banks of the Republic of China, Farmers Bank of China and Cooperation Bank, merged to form the Agricultural Cooperation Bank, which ABC regards as its ancestor. However, the bank was merged into People's Bank of China, the central bank in 1952. The first bank bearing the name Agricultural Bank of China was founded in 1955, but it was merged into the central bank in 1957. In 1963 the Chinese government formed another agricultural bank which was also merged into the central bank two years later. Today's Agricultural Bank of China was founded in February 1979. As the People's Bank of China began spinning off its commercial banking functions after 1978, ABC's focus on providing farmers with financial services increased.
ABC was restructured to form a holding company called Agricultural Bank of China Limited. It was listed on the Shanghai and Hong Kong stock exchanges in July 2010.Agricultural Bank of China may offer shares to the public by 2010 . The New York Times, 8 February 2008.
In 2012, ABC started a project to migrate to the Avaloq Banking System.
The Agricultural Bank of China halted business with a North Korean bank accused by the United States of financing Pyongyang's missile and nuclear programs.
In 2023, the asset management division of Agricultural Bank of China ABC WM together with BNP Paribas Asset Management launched an asset management joint venture. BNP Paribas ABC Wealth is majority owned by BNPP AM (51%), ABC Wealth Management holds 49%. Alexandre Werno became the CEO.
As of 2024, Agricultural Bank of China continues to operate in Russia despite international sanctions imposed following Russia's invasion of Ukraine. While many Western financial institutions have withdrawn from the Russian market, Chinese banks, including AgBank, have expanded their operations and influence, quadrupling their credit commitments to Russian banks by March 2023. ABC together with the Industrial and Commercial Bank of China (ICBC), the Bank of China and the China Construction Bank increased their joint commitment to Russia by $2.2 billion within 14 months of the launch of the Russian attack on Ukraine, reaching 9.7 billion dollars. This financial support, largely conducted in yuan rather than dollars or euros, aligns with Beijing's broader strategy to promote its currency as an alternative to the U.S. dollar. Critics argue that such actions undermine international efforts to isolate Russia economically and indirectly enable its continued aggression against Ukraine. |
Agricultural Bank of China | Incidents | Incidents
In April 2007, ABC was the victim of the largest bank theft in Chinese history. This occurred when two vault managers at a branch in Handan, Hebei embezzled almost yuan (US$7.5 million).Suspects of China's largest bank theft go on trial , Lin Li, Xinhua News Agency, 24 July 2007 |
Agricultural Bank of China | 2010 initial public offering | 2010 initial public offering
ABC was the last of the "big four" banks in China to go public. In 2010, A shares and H shares of Agricultural Bank of China were listed on the Shanghai Stock Exchange and the Hong Kong Stock Exchange respectively. Each share was set to cost between 2.7RMB and 3.3RMB per share. H shares were set to cost between HK$2.88 and HK$3.48 per share. The final share price for the IPO launch was issued on 7 July 2010. On completion in August 2010 it became the world's biggest initial public offering (IPO) surpassing the one set by Industrial and Commercial Bank of China in 2006 of . This record has since been beaten by another Chinese company, Alibaba, in 2014.
ABC raised US$19.21 billion in an IPO in Hong Kong and Shanghai on 6 July 2010, before overallotment options were exercised. On 13 August 2010, ABC officially completed the world's largest initial public offering, raising a total of after both Shanghai and Hong Kong's over-allotments were fully exercised. The IPO was once thought to be able to raise , but weaker market sentiment dampened the value. Despite a 15-month low for the Chinese benchmark index, the IPO was said to have gone smoothly.
CICC, Goldman Sachs, and Morgan Stanley led the Hong Kong offering, with JPMorgan, Macquarie, Deutsche Bank and ABC's own securities unit also involved. CICC, CITIC Securities, Galaxy and Guotai Junan Securities handled the Shanghai portion. ABC sold about 40% of the Shanghai offering to 27 strategic investors, including China Life Insurance and China State Construction. They were subject to lock-up periods of 12–18 months. Eleven cornerstone investors were selected for its Hong Kong share offering, including Qatar Investment Authority and Kuwait Investment Authority, taking a combined worth of shares.
On Aug 01, 2024, Saudi Arabia's Public Investment Fund (PIF) announced MOUs worth $50 billion with six Chinese financial institutions, including the Agricultural Bank of China and Bank of China. |
Agricultural Bank of China | List of governors | List of governors
Name (English) Name (Chinese) Tenure begins Tenure ends Note July 1951 May 1952 February 1955 August 1955 August 1955 May 1957 October 1963 November 1965 June 1979 July 1981 July 1981 April 1982 April 1982 June 1985 Ma Yongwei July 1985 June 1994 July 1994 October 1997 October 1997 February 2000 Shang Fulin February 2000 December 2002 September 2003 July 2007 Xiang Junbo July 2007 January 2009 January 2009 December 2015 January 2016 September 2018 November 2019 September 2022 December 2022 |
Agricultural Bank of China | See also | See also
Asset management in China
Banking in China
Policy banks
List of banks in China
List of companies of China |
Agricultural Bank of China | References | References |
Agricultural Bank of China | External links | External links
Category:Companies listed on the Shanghai Stock Exchange
Category:Companies listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange
Category:Companies in the CSI 100 Index
Category:Chinese brands
Category:Government-owned companies of China
Category:Banks established in 1949
Category:Chinese companies established in 1949
Category:Companies based in Beijing
Category:H shares
Category:Systemically important financial institutions
Category:2010 initial public offerings
Category:Government-owned banks of China
Category:Companies in the FTSE China A50 Index
Category:1949 in Beijing |
Agricultural Bank of China | Table of Content | Short description, History, Incidents, 2010 initial public offering, List of governors, See also, References, External links |
Safety pin | short description | thumb|right|A safety pin.
thumb|A ribbon and badge attached to a school cap with safety pins
A safety pin is a variation of the regular pin which includes a simple spring mechanism and a clasp. The clasp forms a closed loop to properly fasten the pin to whatever it is applied to and covers the end of the pin to protect the user from the sharp point.
Safety pins are commonly used to fasten pieces of fabric or clothing together. Safety pins, or more usually a special version with an extra safe cover, called a nappy pin or loincloth pin, are widely used to fasten cloth diapers (nappies), or modern loincloths. They're preferred as their safety clasp, while remaining an ingestion hazard, prevents the baby from being jabbed or pricked. Safety pins can be used generally to patch torn or damaged clothing. They can also be used as an accessory in all kinds of jewelry including: earrings, chains, and wristbands. Sometimes they're used to attach an embroidered patch. Safety pins are divided into numbered size categories. Size 3 pins are often used in quilting and may be labelled for purchase as a "quilting pin." Sizes 4 and larger may be called "blanket pins" and deemed acceptable as kilt pins for informal dress, depending upon design and appearance. |
Safety pin | Early precursor | Early precursor
The toggle pin, an early clothing fastener, was brought to Palestine by the Hyksos. The toggle pin was a pin characterized by en eyelet in one end; the eyelet was probably used to secure one end of the pin to the article of clothing, with the other end penetrating another portion of the article to secure it. See also the illustrations on p. 496.
The fibula, a form of brooch, was invented by the Mycenaeans in the Greek region of Peloponnesus between the 14th and 13th Century BC, and is considered an early precursor to a safety pin since it was used in a similar manner. Fibulae were used by Greek women and men to help secure tunics. |
Safety pin | Invention of the safety pin | Invention of the safety pin
right|thumb|Hunt's 1849 patent on the safety pin, U.S. patent #6,281
thumb|Silver safety pins
American mechanic Walter Hunt is regarded as the inventor of the modern safety pin. The safety pin included a clasp that covered the point and kept it from opening, and a circular twist at the bend to act as a spring and hold it in place. Charles Rowley (Birmingham, England) independently patented a similar safety pin in October 1849, though they are no longer made.
Hunt made the invention in order to pay off a $15 debt to a friend. He used a piece of brass wire that was about long and made a coil in the center of the wire so it would open up when released. The clasp at one end was devised in order to shield the sharp edge from the user.
After being issued U.S. patent #6,281 on April 10, 1849, Hunt sold the patent to W.R. Grace and Company for $400 (roughly $,000 in dollars). Using that money, Hunt then paid the $15 owed to a friend and kept the remaining amount of $385 for himself. In the years to follow, W.R. Grace and Company would make millions of dollars in profits from his invention. |
Safety pin | Locking safety pin | Locking safety pin
The sharpened pin, that is attached to a coiled wire is connected with a cap that is hooked at the end of the wire. Pushing the pin into the opening of the cap secures the safety of the pin, and the clasp is then closed. |
Safety pin | Medical aspects | Medical aspects
The laryngologist Dr. Chevalier Jackson devised special instruments for removing swallowed safety pins. Because small children often swallowed them and open pins could be lodged dangerously in their throats, Jackson called them "danger pins" and sometimes displayed arrangements of those he had extracted. Safety pin ingestion is still a common problem in some countries. |
Safety pin | Culture | Culture
thumb|Punk-style clothing held together with safety pins
During the emergence of punk rock in the late 1970s, safety pins became associated with the genre, its followers and fashion.Punks: A Guide to an American Subculture, p53, Sharon M. Hannon, ABC-CLIO, 2010 Some claim the look was taken originally from Richard Hell whom the British punks saw in pictures, and whose style they adopted.Finney, Ross, A Blank Generation: Richard Hell and American Punk Rock. University of Notre Dame, Department of American Studies. p. 40 This is disputed by a number of artists from the first wave of British punks, most notably Johnny Rotten, who insists that safety pins were originally incorporated for more practical reasons, for example, to remedy "the arse of your pants falling out."Inside the Met's New Exhibit, 'Punk: Chaos to Couture'. Rolling Stone, May 7, 2013. British punk fans, after seeing the clothing worn by such punk forerunners, then incorporated safety pins into their own wardrobe as clothing decoration or as piercings, thus shifting the purpose of the pins from practicality to fashion. The safety pin subsequently has become an image associated with punk rock by media and popular culture outlets.Young, Sarah, The safety pin returns as punk becomes more relevant than ever. The Independent, October 17, 2016.
Safety pins worn visibly on clothing became a symbol of solidarity with victims of racist and xenophobic speech and violence after the Brexit referendum in the United Kingdom in 2016.The humble safety pin makes an anti-racism point, BBC.COM June 16, 2016 Later that year the symbol spread to the United States after Donald Trump's election to the presidency. Some commentators and activists derided the wearing of safety pins as "slacktivism," while others argued it was useful when connected with other, more concrete political actions.Abad-Santos, Alex, The backlash over safety pins and allies, explained, Vox, November 17, 2016. |
Safety pin | Tradition | Tradition
Safety pins hold a value in certain cultures and traditions. In India pins are kept over generations and passed down to daughters. Ukrainians use pins as a way to ward off evil spirits when attached to children's clothing. In other countries a safety pin is a form of good luck. |
Safety pin | See also | See also
Drawing pin
Infant clothing
Fibulae and ancient brooches
Black Versace dress of Elizabeth Hurley (1994 Academy Award Red Carpet dress held together by safety pins)
Paper clip
Tie pin |
Safety pin | Notes | Notes |
Safety pin | External links | External links
Category:American inventions
Category:Textile closures
Category:1849 introductions
Category:1980s fashion
Category:W. R. Grace and Company
de:Nadel#Sicherheitsnadel |
Safety pin | Table of Content | short description, Early precursor, Invention of the safety pin, Locking safety pin, Medical aspects, Culture, Tradition, See also, Notes, External links |
Neck rein | Unreferenced | right|thumb|200px|Neck reining a horse to the right by putting pressure on the left side of the neck.
A neck rein is a type of indirect rein aid. The horse responds to a neck rein when it has learned that a light pressure of the right rein against its neck on that side means for the horse to turn left, and vice versa.
The neck rein is used in both English riding and in Western riding, though the style differs between the disciplines.
In both disciplines, the horse should look in the direction it is going. Head tossing and turning the head to the outside of the turn are clear signs of bad training and/or faulty rider technique. Moving the hand slightly to the left brings the rein into contact on the right side of the horse's neck, and the horse learns to turn left, away from the pressure. Likewise, moving the hand to the right means for the horse to turn right. A horse that has been well trained to neck rein becomes so responsive to legs and seat that it is possible to take the bridle off completely a move sometime seen in non-competitive exhibitions.
Young horses are first taught to respond to a direct rein, with reins held in both of the rider's hands, turning the horse's head by tightening the rein on the side of the desired turn. The correct way to teach neck reining relies on perfecting the horse's responses to weight and leg aids while slowly using less direct rein pressure and introducing the feel of the rein against the neck as a cue. A young horse in training needs a reminder from time to time to look where it is going, but horses learn to neck rein fairly quickly, if trained properly. Occasionally trainers will use sloppy and incorrect methods such as crossing the reins under the neck or using reins with tacks or pins in them, but this poor level of horsemanship is thankfully not seen as often in western riding today as it was in years past.
When riding in the Western style, riders hold both reins in the left hand (if they are right-handed). This was historically so that they could hold a lariat or other needed tool in their right hand. The reins are kept relaxed and somewhat loose. In western pleasure competition at horse shows, riders are not supposed to ever to take the slack out of the reins when neck-reining, and even cues to slow or stop must be very subtle. For working horses, a relaxed rein allows the animal freedom to move over rough terrain. There is some slack in the reins unless the rider needs to tell the horse to stop.
For polo and polocrosse the rider holds one or two pairs of reins in one hand. Slack in the reins is not required.
In English riding and other systems where the primary means of communication is light pressure between the rider's hands and the horse's mouth, light pressure is always maintained on the bit. The neck rein in English riding is used in addition to a direct rein and reinforces certain riding aids, particularly turns that require the horse to set back on its haunches, such as turns at high speeds when show jumping in a timed jump-off, or in events such as Dressage when performing a Pirouette. Many well-trained English horses seem to already know how to neck rein without being formally taught — further proof that the skill is primarily an outcome of encouraging responsiveness to the legs, weight and a light hand. |
Neck rein | See also | See also
Horsemanship
Polo |
Neck rein | References | References
Category:Riding techniques and movements |
Neck rein | Table of Content | Unreferenced, See also, References |
Rate (mathematics) | Short description | In mathematics, a rate is the quotient of two quantities, often represented as a fraction.See Webster's New International Dictionary of the English Language, 2nd edition, Unabridged. Merriam Webster Co. 2016. p.2065 definition 3. If the divisor (or fraction denominator) in the rate is equal to one expressed as a single unit, and if it is assumed that this quantity can be changed systematically (i.e., is an independent variable), then the dividend (the fraction numerator) of the rate expresses the corresponding rate of change in the other (dependent) variable. In some cases, it may be regarded as a change to a value, which is caused by a change of a value in respect to another value. For example, acceleration is a change in velocity with respect to time
Temporal rate is a common type of rate ("per unit of time"), such as speed, heart rate, and flux.
In fact, often rate is a synonym of rhythm or frequency, a count per second (i.e., hertz); e.g., radio frequencies or sample rates.
In describing the units of a rate, the word "per" is used to separate the units of the two measurements used to calculate the rate; for example, a heart rate is expressed as "beats per minute".
Rates that have a non-time divisor or denominator include exchange rates, literacy rates, and electric field (in volts per meter).
A rate defined using two numbers of the same units will result in a dimensionless quantity, also known as ratio or simply as a rate (such as tax rates) or counts (such as literacy rate). Dimensionless rates can be expressed as a percentage (for example, the global literacy rate in 1998 was 80%), fraction, or multiple. |
Rate (mathematics) | Properties and examples | Properties and examples
Rates and ratios often vary with time, location, particular element (or subset) of a set of objects, etc. Thus they are often mathematical functions.
A rate (or ratio) may often be thought of as an output-input ratio, benefit-cost ratio, all considered in the broad sense. For example, miles per hour in transportation is the output (or benefit) in terms of miles of travel, which one gets from spending an hour (a cost in time) of traveling (at this velocity).
A set of sequential indices may be used to enumerate elements (or subsets) of a set of ratios under study. For example, in finance, one could define I by assigning consecutive integers to companies, to political subdivisions (such as states), to different investments, etc. The reason for using indices I is so a set of ratios (i=0, N) can be used in an equation to calculate a function of the rates such as an average of a set of ratios. For example, the average velocity found from the set of v I 's mentioned above. Finding averages may involve using weighted averages and possibly using the harmonic mean.
A ratio r=a/b has both a numerator "a" and a denominator "b". The value of a and b may be a real number or integer. The inverse of a ratio r is 1/r = b/a. A rate may be equivalently expressed as an inverse of its value if the ratio of its units is also inverse. For example, 5 miles (mi) per kilowatt-hour (kWh) corresponds to 1/5 kWh/mi (or 200 Wh/mi).
Rates are relevant to many aspects of everyday life. For example:
How fast are you driving? The speed of the car (often expressed in miles per hour) is a rate. What interest does your savings account pay you? The amount of interest paid per year is a rate. |
Rate (mathematics) | Rate of change{{anchor | Rate of change
Consider the case where the numerator of a rate is a function where happens to be the denominator of the rate . A rate of change of with respect to (where is incremented by ) can be formally defined in two ways:
where f(x) is the function with respect to x over the interval from a to a+h. An instantaneous rate of change is equivalent to a derivative.
For example, the average speed of a car can be calculated using the total distance traveled between two points, divided by the travel time. In contrast, the instantaneous velocity can be determined by viewing a speedometer. |
Rate (mathematics) | Temporal rates{{anchor | Temporal rates
In chemistry and physics:
Speed, the rate of change of position, or the change of position per unit of time
Acceleration, the rate of change in speed, or the change in speed per unit of time
Power, the rate of doing work, or the amount of energy transferred per unit time
Frequency, the number of occurrences of a repeating event per unit of time
Angular frequency and rotation speed, the number of turns per unit of time
Reaction rate, the speed at which chemical reactions occur
Volumetric flow rate, the volume of fluid which passes through a given surface per unit of time; e.g., cubic meters per second |
Rate (mathematics) | Counts-per-time rates | Counts-per-time rates
Radioactive decay, the amount of radioactive material in which one nucleus decays per second, measured in becquerels
In computing:
Bit rate, the number of bits that are conveyed or processed by a computer per unit of time
Symbol rate, the number of symbol changes (signaling events) made to the transmission medium per second
Sampling rate, the number of samples (signal measurements) per second
Miscellaneous definitions:
Rate of reinforcement, number of reinforcements per unit of time, usually per minute
Heart rate, usually measured in beats per minute |
Rate (mathematics) | Economics/finance rates/ratios | Economics/finance rates/ratios
Exchange rate, how much one currency is worth in terms of the other
Inflation rate, the ratio of the change in the general price level during a year to the starting price level
Interest rate, the price a borrower pays for the use of the money they do not own (ratio of payment to amount borrowed)
Price–earnings ratio, market price per share of stock divided by annual earnings per share
Rate of return, the ratio of money gained or lost on an investment relative to the amount of money invested
Tax rate, the tax amount divided by the taxable income
Unemployment rate, the ratio of the number of people who are unemployed to the number in the labor force
Wage rate, the amount paid for working a given amount of time (or doing a standard amount of accomplished work) (ratio of payment to time) |
Rate (mathematics) | Other rates | Other rates
Birth rate, and mortality rate, the number of births or deaths scaled to the size of that population, per unit of time
Literacy rate, the proportion of the population over age fifteen that can read and write
Sex ratio or gender ratio, the ratio of males to females in a population |
Rate (mathematics) | See also | See also
Derivative
Gradient
Hertz
Slope |
Rate (mathematics) | References | References
Category:Measurement
Category:Quotients
de:Rate |
Rate (mathematics) | Table of Content | Short description, Properties and examples, Rate of change{{anchor, Temporal rates{{anchor, Counts-per-time rates, Economics/finance rates/ratios, Other rates, See also, References |
Lucius Furius Philus | '''Lucius Furius Philus''' | Lucius Furius Philus was a Roman statesman who became consul of ancient Rome in 136 BC. He was a member of the Scipionic Circle, and particularly close to Scipio Aemilianus.
As proconsul, his allotted province was Spain. The consul of the previous year, Gaius Hostilius Mancinus, had recently suffered a humiliating defeat at the hands of the Numantines and was forced to surrender, an event known as the foedus Mancinum. As his successor in Spain, it was Furius Philus who handed Mancinus over to the Numantines as recompense for the annulled treaty.
Furius was remembered for deliberately picking two of his personal enemies, a 'Q. Metellus' and a 'Q. Pompeius', as lieutenants for his Spanish command, apparently so that his achievements could be lauded by even those who disliked him. For this, he was remembered either as an admirable model of Roman self-confidence or as an example of Roman rashness.Valerius Maximus, 3.7.5Dio Cassius, 23.82
He is mentioned by Macrobius as the author of a work mentioning two sacral formulae to use against besieged cities, while Cicero, in de Republica, praises the style of Furius' speeches. |
Lucius Furius Philus | References | References
Cicero, de Republica
Cassius Dio, Roman History
Rawson, Elizabeth (1973) Scipio, Laelius, Furius and the Ancestral Religion, The Journal of Roman Studies, Vol. 63, pp. 161–174
Category:2nd-century BC Roman consuls
Philus, Lucius
Category:2nd-century BC writers |
Lucius Furius Philus | Table of Content | '''Lucius Furius Philus''', References |
Rates (Póvoa de Varzim) | Short description | Rates () is a Portuguese parish and a former township located in the municipality of Póvoa de Varzim. The population in 2011 was 2,505,Instituto Nacional de Estatística (INE), Census 2011 results according to the 2013 administrative division of Portugal in an area of 13.90 km2.Áreas das freguesias, concelhos, distritos e país The township has records dating to the 13th century and, still today, it preserves landmarks such as the townsquare and a well-preserved and notable Romanesque temple. |
Rates (Póvoa de Varzim) | History | History
Rates is a medieval township that developed around the Monastery of Rates, established by Henry, Count of Portugal in 1100 AD on the site of an older temple dating to the 9th century or earlier and with sculpture elements dating to the Roman empire. A Roman road crossed near the monastery.
Rates naming seems pre-Roman in origin. The town gained importance due to the legend of Saint Peter of Rates, mythical first bishop of Braga and martyr while attempting to convert Roman pagans to Christianity, becoming in a central place in the Portuguese Way of Saint James. The local myth was used by the archbishops of Braga to justify their primacy in Hispania, by claiming that an older Christian tradition existed in the city than in other places.
Rates township, a municipality, already existed in the 13th century and the ecclesiastical parish exists from time immemorial, while the earliest record dating to the 11th century.
In the 16th century, the monastery was dissolved and a commendation of the Order of Christ was created. Its first knight commander was Tomé de Sousa, who John III of Portugal made the first Governor of Brazil.
The town was extinct as it lost its municipal status in 1836 and was annexed to Póvoa de Varzim. It then became just a simple civil parish, and gained town status on July 2, 1993, due to its historical importance. however, the new status is merely honorary in nature and has no administrative significance. |
Rates (Póvoa de Varzim) | Geography | Geography
Rates is located 11 km east of downtown Póvoa de Varzim; and borders Laundos to the west, and Balasar to the east. In the northeast it has a border with Barcelos and to the south with Vila do Conde.
The parish is dominated by Serra de Rates, whose flora is distinguished by the Pedunculate Oak or the European Holly.
The entire town is centred on the monastery of Rates. Its historical centre is very well preserved, and it runs to Direita street, where the nobles and the bourgeoisie of the town used to live. |
Rates (Póvoa de Varzim) | Architecture | Architecture
São Pedro de Rates Church (12th century building listed as National Monument)
Pillory of Rates (listed property of public interest)
Senhor da Praça Chapel (Baroque architecture) |
Rates (Póvoa de Varzim) | References | References
Category:Parishes of Póvoa de Varzim
Category:Towns in Portugal
Category:Landmarks in Póvoa de Varzim |
Rates (Póvoa de Varzim) | Table of Content | Short description, History, Geography, Architecture, References |
Joseph Koo | Short description | Joseph Koo Kar-Fai (; 25 February 1931 – 3 January 2023) was a Hong Kong composer. He used the pen name Moran (莫然) for Mandarin songs early in his career. According to the Hong Kong Academy for Performing Arts, Koo was one of the most respected composers in Hong Kong. |
Joseph Koo | Early life | Early life
Koo was born in Canton, China and migrated with his family to Hong Kong in 1948.
Koo had two siblings: an elder sister, Hong Kong singer and painter Koo Mei (顧媚) and a younger brother, Koo Kar-Tseung (顧嘉鏘)."." WenWeiPo.com 31 October 2006. 23 May 2012. Archived from the original.
Koo began learning music at age 17 by taking piano lessons from a Filipino music teacher, who was already giving singing lessons to Koo's sister. |
Joseph Koo | Career | Career
Koo was sponsored by Sir Run Run Shaw to attend the Berklee College of Music in Boston in the early 1960s. Upon graduation he returned to Hong Kong and worked for both the Shaw Brothers and Golden Harvest movie studios, scoring, among others, the Bruce Lee films Fist of Fury and The Way of the Dragon in 1972.
Koo joined TVB as their director of music in 1973, where from the late 1970s until immigrating to Canada in the 1990s, he collaborated with the lyricist Wong Jim on many memorable TV theme songs. Koo has composed over 1,200 songs in his career, many of which are . He only has 2 notable works as a lyricist, both very short in length and total number of words. One was a children's song about the ten numbers, the other was the ending 'Goodnight' jingle for Enjoy Yourself Tonight. These two little-known facts were revealed by James Wong in 1998 during a concert dedicated to both Koo and him.
In 1961, he composed his first published song "Dream" (), which was sung by his sister Koo Mei. He later had another hit song "Suburban Road" 郊道. In 1974, he wrote the first Cantonese TV theme song which was one of the first popular Cantopop songs.
Koo was appointed Member of Order of the British Empire (MBE) in 1982. In 1998, he received the Bronze Bauhinia Star from the Hong Kong Government. He also received other awards including Music Accomplishment Award (from Composers and Authors Society of Hong Kong Ltd.), Highest Honour Award (from RTHK Ten Best Chinese Music Program), Best Music Award and Best Lyric Award (from Asia Film Festival), Hong Kong Film Awards, Taiwan's Golden Horse Film Festival and Awards.
Koo immigrated to Canada in the 1990s but continued his work in Hong Kong music. In 2007, he wrote the theme song for The Drive of Life, a drama produced by TVB to celebrate the 10th anniversary of the Hong Kong handover.
In 2012 from 30 November to 3 December, he held a concert titled "Joseph Koo Concert 2012" at the Hong Kong Coliseum, which featured many singers including Adam Cheng, George Lam, Teresa Cheung, and Anthony Wong. In 2015, he announced his retirement as a conductor, and that he would significantly reduce his musical works and become an oil painter like his sister.
Koo died in Richmond, Canada on 3 January 2023, at age 91. Joseph's son, Koo Chi Ho, revealed that he had suffered symptoms and complications of COVID-19 and decreased appetite and energy weeks before his death. He was otherwise fit and healthy beforehand.娛樂新聞台 殿堂級音樂大師 顧嘉煇離世享年92歲 |
Joseph Koo | Selected compositions | Selected compositions
Dream (夢) (1961)
The Legend of the Book and Sword (書劍恩仇錄), theme song from TV series The Legend of the Book and Sword (1976)
Hotel (狂潮), theme song from TV series Hotel (1976)
The Legend of the Heroic Knights (近代豪俠傳) (1976)
Luk Siu Fung (陸小鳳), theme song from TV series Luk Siu Fung (1976)
The Great Vendetta (大報復), theme song from TV series The Great Vendetta (1977)
A House Is Not a Home (家變), theme song from TV series A House Is Not a Home (1977)
Decisive Battle Eve (決戰前夕), theme song from TV series Luk Siu Fung II (1977)
Vanity Fair (大亨), theme song from TV series Vanity Fair (1978)
The Romantic Swordsman (小李飛刀), theme song from TV series The Romantic Swordsman (1978)
Heaven Sword and Dragon Sabre (倚天屠龍記), theme song from TV series Heaven Sword and Dragon Sabre (1978)
The Flaming Ceremonial Fire (熊熊聖火), sub theme song from TV series Heaven Sword and Dragon Sabre (1978)
The Giants (強人), theme song from TV series The Giants (1978)
The Oath Must Enter the Mountain of Sword (誓要入刀山), theme song from TV series Luk Siu Fung III (1978)
Not Sentiments (情未了) (1978)
Conflict (奮鬥), theme song from TV series Conflict (1978)
Game of Death (死亡遊戲), theme song from the movie Game of Death (1978)
Below the Lion Rock (獅子山下) (1979)
Over the Rainbow (天虹), theme song from TV series Over the Rainbow (1979)
The Passenger (抉擇), theme song from TV series The Passenger (1979)
Chor Lau Heung (楚留香), theme song from TV series Chor Lau Heung (1979)
The Good, the Bad and the Ugly (網中人), theme song from TV series The Good, the Bad and the Ugly (1979)
The Heroes of Man and Sea (人海奇譚) (1979)
春雨彎刀, theme song from TV series God of Sabre (刀神) (1979)
Wind and Clouds (風雲), theme song from TV series This Land is Mine (1980)
Leaves Depart From the Tear Hard to Endure (難忍別離淚), theme song from TV series In Search of (1980)
The Bund of Shanghai (上海灘), theme song from TV series The Bund (1980)
The Brothers (親情), theme song from TV series The Brothers (1980)
The Discovery Bay (發現灣), theme song from TV series The Discovery Bay (1980)
The Invincible Medic (仁者無敵), theme song from TV series The Invincible Medic (1980)
Five Easy Pieces (輪流傳), theme song from TV series Five Easy Pieces (1980)
All Kind Sentiments (萬般情), theme song from TV series The Bund II (1980)
Eunuch (龍仇鳳血), theme song from TV series Eunuch (1980)
The Adventurer's (衝擊), theme song from TV series The Adventurer's (1980)
The Sentimental Debts (情債), sub theme song from TV series The Adventurer's (1980)
Shanghai Beach of the Dragon Tiger Battle (上海灘龍虎鬥), theme song from TV series The Bund III (1980)
Famous Sword (名劍) (1980)
Using Love to Steal a Heart (用愛将心偷), theme song from TV series The Shell Game (1980)
Personhood Loves Freedom (做人愛自由), theme song from TV series The Misadventure of Zoo (1981)
Cheers (飲勝), sub theme song from TV series The Misadventure of Zoo (1981)
In Love and War (烽火飛花), theme song from TV series In Love and War (1981)
Both are forgotten in the mist (兩忘煙水裡), theme song from TV series Demi-Gods and Semi-Devils I (天龍八部之六脈神劍) (1982)
Breath and Depths of Mountains and Waters (萬水千山縱橫), theme song from TV series Demi-Gods and Semi-Devils II (天龍八部之虛竹傳奇) (1982)
Forgets With All One's Heart the Sentiment (忘盡心中情), theme song from TV series The Legend of Master So (1982)
Heart Debt (心債), theme song from TV series Soldier of Fortune (1982)
Being at a High Game (胸懷大志), theme song from TV series The Emissary (1982)
Approaches the Upstream Silently (默默向上游) (1982)
Iron Blood Loyal Heart (鐵血丹心), theme song from TV series The Legend of the Condor Heroes, 1983. Sung by Roman Tam and Jenny Tseng
Meaningful Life (一生有意義), theme song from TV series The Legend of the Condor Heroes, 1983. Sung by Roman Tam and Jenny Tseng
Say Hello to the World (世間始終你好), theme song from TV series The Legend of the Condor Heroes, 1983. Sung by Roman Tam and Jenny Tseng
When Will We Meet Again (何日再相見), theme song from TV series The Return of the Condor Heroes (1983)
Keeping Today's Romance (留住今日情), insert theme from TV series The Return of the Condor Heroes (1983)
The Strong Bond of the Two Hearts (情義兩心堅), insert theme from TV series The Return of the Condor Heroes (1983)
You're the One Who Decides to Love (愛定你一個), theme song from TV series The Radio Tycoon (1983)
Heroine (巾幗英雄), theme song from TV series The Legend of the Unknowns (1983)
Hands Over My Heart (交出我的心), theme song from TV series Woman on the Beat (1983)
Descendants of the Yellow Emperor (黄帝子孫), theme song from the movie Zu Warriors from the Magic Mountain (1983)
TVB News Theme (1983)
Brave and Fearless (勇者無懼), theme song from TV series The Return of Wong Fei Hung (1984)
A Ray of Love (一縷情), insert theme from TV series The Return of Wong Fei Hung (1984)
The Demon Region Paradise (魔域桃源), theme song from TV series The Other Side of the Horizon (1984)
In Dream Several Sorrow (夢裏幾番哀), theme song from TV series The Foundation (1984)
I Cannot See My Tears Flow (不見我淚流), sub theme song from TV series The Foundation (1984)
It Will Be Throughout Lucky (始終會行運), theme song from TV series The Duke of Mount Deer (1984)
Sentimental Cold Lust (情冷情熱), theme song from TV series Sword Stained with Royal Blood (1985)
Brave and Invincible (勇者無敵), theme song from TV series The Yang's Saga (1985)
Me and You, He and Me (我與你 他與我), theme song from TV series The Rough Ride (1985)
The Song of Chu (楚歌), theme song from TV series The Battlefield (1985)
The Flying Fox of the Snowy Mountains (雪山飛狐), theme song from TV series The Flying Fox of the Snowy Mountains (1985)
TVB Cares Song (事事關心歌) (1986)
Weave Beautiful Dreams (編織美夢), theme song from TV series Heir to the Throne Is... (1986)
In the Sentimental Past (當年情), theme song from the movie A Better Tomorrow (1986)
Leaves Behind My Fond Dream (留下我美夢), theme song from TV series The Return of Luk Siu Fung (1986)
Holds Up the Head to Sing to the Day (昂首向天唱) (1986)
The Illumination of a Thousand World (光照萬世), theme song from TV series The Legend of Wong Tai Sin (1986)
Passing With the Wind (隨風而逝), sub theme song from TV series The Legend of Wong Tai Sin (1986)
Will Rush Toward Future Day (奔向未來的日子), theme song from the movie A Better Tomorrow II (1987)
The Infinite Journey (無限旅程), theme song from TV series The Price of Growing Up (1987)
Still the Heart Was Thinking You (仍然心在想你), sub theme song from TV series The Price of Growing Up (1987)
The Humanity's Mistake (人類的錯), theme song from TV series Born to Be a King (1987)
Youth Heart (少年心), sub theme song from TV series Born to Be a King (1987)
Hu Han Dream (胡漢夢), theme song from TV series The Legend of the Book and Sword (1987)
The Chrysanthemum Tears (菊花淚), theme song from TV series Deadly Secret (1989)
Small Boat Lover (扁舟情侶) (1989)
Wild Rose (野玫瑰) (1989)
The Special Express (特別快車) (1989)
Heart of Fire (焚心以火) (1990)
Young Heartless (年少無情), theme song from TV series The God's of Demons of Zu Mountain (1990)
Does Not Hope Again Tangled Up (不願再纏綿), sub theme song from TV series The God's of Demons of Zu Mountain (1990)
Long Flow, Not Rest (長流不息) (1992)
The Buddhism Palm Strikes Back (如來神掌), theme song from TV series The Buddhism Palm Strikes Back (1993)
Detains the Fall Scenery (留住秋色), sub theme song from TV series The Buddhism Palm Strikes Back (1993)
The Life Isn't to Drunk Awakenings (一生不醉醒), theme song from TV series The Condor Heroes Returns (1993)
To Die, To A Unique Skill (絕世絕招), theme song from TV series The Legend of the Condor Heroes (1994)
Difficult Even Agreement (意難平), theme song from TV series Against the Blade of Honour (1994)
You Come to My Next Full Moon (圓月下你來依我), sub theme song from TV series Against the Blade of Honour (1994)
Splendid Story (精彩故事), theme song from TV series Corner the Con Man (1997)
Has You Rarely (難得有你), theme song from TV series Corner the Con Man (1997)
Top of the Head, One Piece of the Day (頭頂一片天) (1998)
The Cool Breeze Does Not Dye (清風不染), theme song from TV series Justice Sung II (1999)
The Wine of Mellow Shade (醇酒醉影), theme song from TV series Country Spirit (2001)
The Immortal of the Water Center (水中仙), theme song from TV series Where the Legend Begins (2002)
Beautiful Fate (美麗緣份), theme song from TV series Better-halves (2003)
The Sky is Blue (天這樣藍), theme song from TV series Drive of Life (2007)
Glory Mark (光輝的印記) (2008) |
Joseph Koo | References | References |
Joseph Koo | Sources | Sources
|
Joseph Koo | External links | External links
Category:1931 births
Category:Cantonese people
Category:2023 deaths
Category:Berklee College of Music alumni
Category:Hong Kong film score composers
Category:Hong Kong male composers
Category:Hong Kong composers
Category:Members of the Order of the British Empire
Category:Musicians from Guangzhou
Category:Recipients of the Gold Bauhinia Star
Category:Recipients of the Bronze Bauhinia Star
Category:Male film score composers
Category:Chinese emigrants to Hong Kong
Category:Hong Kong emigrants to Canada |
Joseph Koo | Table of Content | Short description, Early life, Career, Selected compositions, References, Sources, External links |
Turkish Airlines Flight 981 | Short description | Turkish Airlines Flight 981 (TK981/THY981) was a scheduled flight from Istanbul Yeşilköy Airport to London Heathrow Airport, with an intermediate stop at Orly Airport in Paris. On 3 March 1974, the McDonnell Douglas DC-10 operating the flight crashed into the Ermenonville Forest, outside Paris, killing all 335 passengers and 11 crew on board. It was the first aviation accident to exceed 200 and 300 fatalities. The crash was also known as the Ermenonville air disaster.
Flight 981 was the deadliest aviation accident in aviation history until 27 March 1977, when 583 people died in the Tenerife airport disaster. It remains the deadliest single-aircraft accident without survivors, the second hull loss and deadliest accident involving the McDonnell Douglas DC-10, and the deadliest aviation accident to occur in France.
The crash occurred when an incorrectly secured cargo door at the rear of the plane burst open and broke off, causing an explosive decompression that severed critical cables necessary to control the aircraft. To maximize the working space within the cargo hold, the cargo doors opened outwards, making them vulnerable to being forced open at high altitudes under normal in-flight pressure. To prevent this, a special latching system was used that locked shut under pressure when properly closed. To ensure the latches were properly positioned, a handle on the outside of the door pressed small metal pins into the latches; if the latches were in an improper location, the pins would not align and the handle would not close.
The handle on DC-10 cargo doors could close despite the latches being in the wrong position, a discovery made after previous services, most notably during the incident involving American Airlines Flight 96 in 1972. This was because the linkage between the handle and the pins was too weak and allowed the handle to be forced into the closed position. A minor change had been ordered to install a support plate for the handle linkage to make it stronger; manufacturer documents showed this work as completed on the aircraft involved in Flight 981, but the plate had not in fact been installed. It was also noted that the handle on the crash aircraft had been filed down at an earlier date to make it easier to close the door. Finally, the latching had been performed by a baggage handler who did not speak Turkish or English, the only languages provided on a warning notice about the cargo door's design flaws and the methods of compensating for them. After the disaster, the latches were redesigned and the locking system was significantly upgraded.
In the following investigation, it was found that a similar set of conditions, which had caused the failure of an aircraft floor following explosive decompression of the cargo hold, had occurred in ground testing in 1970 before the DC-10 series entered commercial service. The smoking gun was a memo from the fuselage's manufacturer, Convair (a division of General Dynamics), to McDonnell Douglas, in which the series of events that occurred on Flight 96, and fatally on Flight 981, was foreseen; it concluded that if these events occurred it would probably result in the loss of the aircraft. In spite of this warning, nothing was done to correct the flaw. The consequences of this entirely avoidable crash were many, including – but not limited to – some of the largest civil lawsuits to that date. |
Turkish Airlines Flight 981 | Aircraft and crew | Aircraft and crew
The aircraft, a DC-10 Series 10 (production designation Ship 29), was built in Long Beach, California, under the manufacturer's test registration
The accident aircraft had 12 six-abreast first-class seats and 333 nine-abreast economy seats, for a total of 345 passenger seats. At the time of the accident, two people were seated in first class, while the economy class was fully occupied. The cockpit crew was Turkish. Flight 981's Captain was Nejat Berköz, age 44, with 7,000 flying hours. First Officer Oral Ulusman, age 38, had 5,600 hours of flying time. Flight Engineer Erhan Özer, age 37, had 2,120 flying hours experience. |
Turkish Airlines Flight 981 | Accident | Accident
Flight 981 departed from Istanbul at 07:57 local time and landed at Paris's Orly International Airport at 11:02 am local time, after a flight time of just over four hours. The aircraft was carrying 167 passengers and 11 crew members on its first leg, and 50 of these passengers disembarked in Paris. The flight's second leg, from Paris to London Heathrow Airport, was normally underbooked; however, due to a strike by British European Airways employees, and the indecisive result of the general election held in Britain earlier that week, many London-bound travelers, who had been stranded at Orly, were booked onto Flight 981, delaying the flight's departure by 30 minutes.
The aircraft left Orly Airport at 12:32, bound for Heathrow Airport, and took off in an easterly direction, before turning north. Shortly after takeoff, Flight 981 was cleared to flight level 230 () and started turning west towards London. Just after the aircraft passed over the town of Meaux, the rear left cargo door blew off and the sudden difference in air pressure between the cargo area and the pressurized passenger cabin above it, which amounted to , caused a section of the cabin floor above the open hatch to separate and be forcibly ejected through the open hatch, along with six occupied passenger seats attached to that floor section. The fully recognizable bodies of the six Japanese passengers who were ejected from the aircraft along with the rear cargo door were found in a turnip field near Saint-Pathus, approximately south of the crash site. An air traffic controller noted that, as the flight was cleared to FL230, he had briefly seen a second echo on his radar that remained stationary behind the aircraft; this was likely the remains of the rear cargo door.
When the door blew off, the primary as well as both sets of backup control cables that ran beneath the section of floor that blew out were completely severed, destroying the pilots' ability to control the plane's elevators, rudder, and number two engine. The flight data recorder showed that the throttle for engine two snapped shut when the door failed.
The aircraft almost immediately attained a 20-degree pitch down and began picking up speed, while Captain Berköz and First Officer Ulusman struggled to regain control. At some point, one of the crew members pressed their microphone button broadcasting the pandemonium in the cockpit on the departure frequency. Controllers also picked up a distorted transmission from the plane and the aircraft's pressurization and overspeed warnings were heard over the pilots' words in Turkish, including the co-pilot saying, "the fuselage has burst!" As the plane's speed increased, the additional lift raised the nose again. Berköz was recorded calling out, "Speed!" and pushed the throttles forward in order to level off. Seventy-seven seconds after the cargo door gave way, the plane crashed into the trees of Ermenonville Forest, a state-owned forest at Dammartin's Grove () in the commune of Fontaine-Chaalis, Oise. At the point of impact, the aircraft was traveling at a speed of approximately at a slight left turn, fast enough to disintegrate the plane into thousands of pieces. The wreckage was so fragmented that it was difficult to determine whether any parts of the aircraft were missing before it crashed. Post-crash fires were small because there were few large pieces of the aircraft left intact to burn. Of the 346 passengers and crew on board, only 188 bodies were identifiable (40 of which were identified visually), with rescue teams recovering some 20,000 body fragments in all. |
Turkish Airlines Flight 981 | Passengers | Passengers
+People on board by nationalityNation Number Argentina 3 Australia 2 Belgium 1 Brazil 5 Cyprus 1 France 16 Germany 1 India 2 Ireland 1 Japan 48 Morocco 1 New Zealand 1 Pakistan 1 Senegal 1 Spain 1 Sweden 1 Switzerland 1 Turkey 56 United Kingdom 177United States 25 Vietnam 1Total 346
There were 167 passengers on the Istanbul to Paris leg, and 50 of them disembarked in Paris and 216 new passengers, many of whom were supposed to fly on Air France, British European Airways, or Pan Am, boarded TK 981 in Paris, resulting in a 30-minute departure delay.
The majority of the passengers were British, including members of an amateur rugby team from Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk, who were returning from a Five Nations match between France and England. Notable deaths on board were Briton John Cooper, who won silver medals in the men's 400 meters hurdles and the 4 × 400 meters relay at the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo,Wallechinsky, David. (1984). The Complete Book of the Olympics. New York: Penguin Books. pp. 57, 67. and Jim Conway, general secretary of the British Amalgamated Engineering and Electrical Union. |
Turkish Airlines Flight 981 | Investigation | Investigation
thumb|The aircraft's rear fuselage; visible at lower left is the cargo door that blew out
The French Minister of Transport appointed a commission of inquiry by the Arrêté 4 March 1974 and included Americans because the aircraft was manufactured by an American company. There were many passengers on board from Japan and the United Kingdom, so observers from those countries followed the investigation closely.
The Lloyd's of London insurance syndicate that covered Douglas Aircraft retained Failure Analysis Associates (now Exponent, Inc.) to also investigate the accident. In the company's investigation, it was noted that during a stop in Turkey, ground crews had filed the cargo door's locking pins down to less than a quarter of an inch (), when they experienced difficulty closing the door. Subsequent investigative tests proved the door yielded to approximately of pressure, in contrast to the that it had been designed to withstand. |
Turkish Airlines Flight 981 | Cause | Cause |
Turkish Airlines Flight 981 | Similarities to American Airlines Flight 96 | Similarities to American Airlines Flight 96
The cargo door design flaws, and the consequences of a likely aircraft floor failure in the event of in-flight decompression on the DC-10, had been noted by Convair engineer Dan Applegate in a 1972 memo. |
Turkish Airlines Flight 981 | Aftermath | Aftermath
thumb|Monument to the crash victims in Ermenonville Forest
Issues related to the latch of the DC-10 include human factors, interface design and engineering responsibility. The control cables for the rear control surfaces of the DC-10 were routed under the floor; therefore, a failure of the hatch resulting in a collapse of the floor could impair the controls. If the hatch were to fail for any reason, there was a high probability the plane would be lost. In addition, Douglas had chosen a new type of latch to seal the cargo hatch. This possibility of catastrophic failure as a result of this overall design was first discovered in 1969 and actually occurred in 1970 in a ground test, both of which McDonnell-Douglas knew about. This information, and the 1972 "Applegate Memo", came to light in the material supplied to the litigants after the 1974 crash.
thumb|Debris field of Flight 981
McDonnell-Douglas subsequently faced multiple lawsuits for the crash of Flight 981 by the families of the victims and others. In its defense during pretrial proceedings, McDonnell-Douglas attempted to blame the FAA for not issuing an airworthiness directive, Turkish Airlines for modification of the cargo door locking pins, and General Dynamics for an incorrect cargo door design. When it became clear that its defenses were unlikely to prevent a finding of liability, McDonnell-Douglas and Turkish Airlines and other associated parties settled out-of-court for an estimated $100 million (equivalent to $ million in ), including $80 million from McDonnell-Douglas, of which $18 million was paid by its insurer, Lloyd's of London.
After the crash of Flight 981, the latching system was completely redesigned to prevent them from moving into the wrong position.
Turkish Airlines continued using the "Flight 981" designator but for a different flight, Ercan to Antalya, as of February 2023. |
Turkish Airlines Flight 981 | Similar accidents | Similar accidents
Aircraft other than DC-10s have also suffered catastrophic cargo hatch failures. The Boeing 747 has experienced several such incidents, the most noteworthy of which occurred on United Airlines Flight 811 in February 1989, when a cargo hatch failure caused a section of the fuselage to burst open, resulting in the deaths of nine passengers who were blown out of the aircraft. |
Turkish Airlines Flight 981 | Dramatization | Dramatization
The crash of Turkish Airlines Flight 981 was covered in 2008 in "Behind Closed Doors", a Season Five episode of the internationally syndicated Canadian TV documentary series Mayday, which also covers the similar 1972 incident on American Airlines Flight 96.
Footage of the aftermath appears in the disaster documentary Days of Fury (1979), directed by Fred Warshofsky. |
Turkish Airlines Flight 981 | See also | See also
Michael Hannah, The Lost Years, tribute album for one of the victims
List of notable decompression accidents and incidents
List of airliner crashes involving loss of control
List of accidents involving sports teams
Aloha Airlines Flight 243
Japan Air Lines Flight 123
United Airlines Flight 811
American Airlines Flight 96, a flight that suffered the same type of cargo door failure on a DC-10.
1975 Tân Sơn Nhứt C-5 accident
Evergreen International Airlines Flight 17
Alaska Airlines Flight 1282
Tropical Airways Flight 1301 |
Turkish Airlines Flight 981 | Note | Note |
Turkish Airlines Flight 981 | References | References |
Turkish Airlines Flight 981 | Further reading | Further reading |
Turkish Airlines Flight 981 | External links | External links
Final Report (Archive, Alternate) – French Secretariat of State for Transport – Translation by the United Kingdom Department of Trade Air Accidents Investigation Branch, February 1976.
Final Report (Archive, Alternate, Archive of Alternate) – Original report by French Secretariat of State for Transport (Secrétariat d'État aux Transports) – Posted by the Bureau of Enquiry and Analysis for Civil Aviation Safety (BEA)
Category:Airliner accidents and incidents caused by design or manufacturing errors
Category:Airliner accidents and incidents caused by in-flight structural failure
Category:Airliner accidents and incidents involving in-flight depressurization
Category:Aviation accidents and incidents in 1974
Category:Aviation accidents and incidents in France
981
Category:1974 in France
Category:Accidents and incidents involving the McDonnell Douglas DC-10
Category:March 1974 in Europe
Category:Aviation accidents and incidents caused by loss of control |
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