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Angelo Badalamenti | Other projects | Other projects
Badalamenti composed some of the score for the opening ceremony of the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona. |
Angelo Badalamenti | Live performances | Live performances
Badalamenti performed at a concert entitled "The Music of David Lynch" in 2015, in recognition of the tenth anniversary of the David Lynch Foundation. The performance was held at Ace Hotel Los Angeles and included Julee Cruise and other artists known for collaborating with Lynch. |
Angelo Badalamenti | Personal life | Personal life
Badalamenti and his wife, Lonny, married in 1968 and had two children. He died of natural causes at his home in Lincoln Park, New Jersey, on December 11, 2022, at age 85. Following his death, several industry figures paid tribute to Badalamenti. David Lynch, during his daily installment of Weather Report on December 12, said, "Today—no music". |
Angelo Badalamenti | Discography | Discography |
Angelo Badalamenti | Awards | Awards
1990: Grammy Award for Best Pop Instrumental Performance: "Twin Peaks Theme"
1993: Saturn Award for Best Music: Twin Peaks: Fire Walk with Me
2008: World Soundtrack Awards: Lifetime Achievement Award
2011: American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers: Henry Mancini Award |
Angelo Badalamenti | See also | See also
List of noted film producer and composer collaborations |
Angelo Badalamenti | References | References |
Angelo Badalamenti | External links | External links
Official site
Entry at discogs.com as Andy Badale
Category:1937 births
Category:2022 deaths
Category:20th-century American composers
Category:21st-century American composers
Category:American film score composers
Category:American male film score composers
Category:American people of Italian descent
Category:People from Lincoln Park, New Jersey
Category:People of Sicilian descent
Category:American television composers
Category:Eastman School of Music alumni
Category:Grammy Award winners
Category:Lafayette High School (New York City) alumni
Category:American male television composers
Category:Manhattan School of Music alumni
Category:Musicians from Brooklyn
Category:Musicians from Morris County, New Jersey
Category:Varèse Sarabande Records artists
Category:Windham Hill Records artists
Category:Warner Records artists
Category:East West Records artists
Category:London Records artists
Category:Hollywood Records artists
Category:La-La Land Records artists
Category:Nonesuch Records artists |
Angelo Badalamenti | Table of Content | short description, Early life, Film and television scoring, Collaborations, Other projects, Live performances, Personal life, Discography, Awards, See also, References, External links |
Kumamoto Castle | Short description | is a hilltop Japanese castle located in Chūō-ku, Kumamoto, in Kumamoto Prefecture. It was a large and well-fortified castle. The is a concrete reconstruction built in 1960, but a number of ancillary wooden buildings remain of the original castle. Kumamoto Castle is considered one of the three premier castles in Japan, along with Himeji Castle and Matsumoto Castle. Thirteen structures in the castle complex are designated Important Cultural Property. |
Kumamoto Castle | History | History
Kumamoto Castle's history dates to 1467, when fortifications were established by Ideta Hidenobu. In 1496, these fortifications were expanded by Kanokogi Chikakazu. In 1588, Katō Kiyomasa was transferred to the early incarnation of Kumamoto Castle. From 1601 to 1607, Kiyomasa greatly expanded the castle, transforming it into a castle complex with 49 turrets, 18 turret gates, and 29 smaller gates. The smaller castle tower, built sometime after the keep, had several facilities including a well and kitchen. In 1610, the Honmaru Goten Palace was completed. The castle complex measures roughly from east to west, and from north to south. The castle keep is tall.
The castle was besieged in 1877 during the Satsuma Rebellion, and the castle keep and other parts were burned down. The strength of the castle was demonstrated by its ability to withstand 19th-century weapons without falling. Saigō Takamori famously remarked, "I did not lose to the Meiji government. I lost to Lord Kiyomasa." 13 of the buildings in the castle complex were undamaged, and have been designated Important Cultural Properties. In 1960, the castle keep was reconstructed using concrete. From 1998 to 2008, the castle complex underwent restoration work, during which most of the 17th-century structures were rebuilt.
The signature curved stone walls, known as musha-gaeshi, as well as wooden overhangs, were designed to prevent attackers from penetrating the castle. Rock falls were also used as deterrents.
In nearby San-no-Maru Park is the Hosokawa Gyobu-tei, the former residence of the Hosokawa clan, the daimyō of Higo Province during the Edo period. This traditional wooden mansion has a noted Japanese garden located in its grounds.
In 2006, Kumamoto Castle was listed as one of the 100 Fine Castles of Japan by the Japan Castle Foundation. On December 7, 2007, a large-scale renovation of the Inner Palace was completed. A public ceremony for the restoration was held on April 20, 2008.
thumb|right|One of the turrets damaged by the 2016 earthquakes
The castle sustained damage in a magnitude 6.2 earthquake that struck at 9:26 pm on 14 April 2016, in Mashiki town in Kumamoto prefecture. This event is substantially similar to the magnitude-6.3 1889 Kumamoto earthquake which also damaged the castle. A stone wall at the foot of the keep partially collapsed in the 2016 quake, and several of the castle's shachihoko ornaments fell from the roof of the keep and broke apart. It sustained further extensive damage the next day on 15 April following a 7.3 magnitude earthquake where some portions were completely destroyed. While the keep itself withstood most of the earthquake with little structural damage, two of the castle's turrets were severely damaged and partially collapsed, more of the exterior walls at the foot of the keep also collapsed, and large amounts of kawara roof tiles on the keep's roof were also disrupted and fell from the roof as a result of the quake. The fallen roof tiles are actually deliberately designed to have done so – when the castle was constructed, such roof tiles were used so that in the event of an earthquake, the tiles would fall off the damaged roof, preventing it from being weighted down and collapsing into the building's interior.
Efforts to repair the castle began June 8, 2016. On April 7, 2018, the newly made shachihoko ornament had been installed on the top roof of the large tenshu tower with the second one being installed on April 12. The restoration of the main tower was completed in 2019. The restoration of the Nagabei Wall was completed in January, 2021. The repair and restoration of the entire castle were scheduled for completion by 2037. However, in November 2022, Kumamoto Mayor announced that the reconstruction would take 15 years longer to complete, with full restoration scheduled for 2052. |
Kumamoto Castle | Gallery | Gallery
Old photographs
Present exterior |
Kumamoto Castle | See also | See also
Japanese castle
Sakuranobaba Josaien
List of Special Places of Scenic Beauty, Special Historic Sites and Special Natural Monuments
History of Kumamoto Prefecture
1889 Kumamoto earthquake |
Kumamoto Castle | References | References |
Kumamoto Castle | Bibliography | Bibliography
Benesch, Oleg. "Castles and the Militarisation of Urban Society in Imperial Japan," Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, Vol. 28 (Dec. 2018), pp. 107-134. |
Kumamoto Castle | External links | External links
Kumamoto Castle official homepage (in Japanese, English, Korean, Chinese)
Category:1467 establishments in Asia
Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1467
Category:1460s establishments in Japan
Category:15th-century fortifications
Category:Castles in Kumamoto Prefecture
Category:Buildings and structures in Kumamoto
Category:Special Historic Sites
Category:100 Fine Castles of Japan
Category:Satsuma Rebellion |
Kumamoto Castle | Table of Content | Short description, History, Gallery, See also, References, Bibliography, External links |
George Crook | short description | George R. Crook (September 8, 1828 – March 21, 1890) was a career United States Army officer who served in the American Civil War and the Indian Wars. He is best known for commanding U.S. forces in the 1886 campaign that led to the defeat of the Apache leader Geronimo. As a result, the Apache nicknamed Crook Nantan Lupan, which means "Chief Wolf." |
George Crook | Early life and military career | Early life and military career
Crook was born to Thomas and Elizabeth Matthews Crook on a farm near Taylorsville, Ohio. Nominated to the United States Military Academy by Congressman Robert Schenck, he graduated in 1852, ranking near the bottom of his class.
He was assigned to the 4th U.S. infantry as brevet second lieutenant, serving in California, 1852–61. He served in Oregon and northern California, alternately protecting or fighting against several Native American tribes. He commanded the Pitt River Expedition of 1857 and, in one of several engagements, was severely wounded by an Indian arrow. He established a fort in Northeast California that was later named in his honor; and later, Fort Ter-Waw in what is now Klamath Glen, California.
During his years of service in California and Oregon, Crook extended his prowess in hunting and wilderness skills, often accompanying and learning from Indians whose languages he learned. These wilderness skills led one of his aides to liken him to Daniel Boone, and more importantly, provided a strong foundation for his abilities to understand, navigate and use Civil War landscapes to Union advantage.
Crook was promoted to first lieutenant in 1856, and to captain in 1860. He was ordered east and in 1861, with the beginning of the American Civil War, was made colonel of the 36th Ohio Volunteer Infantry.
He married Mary Tapscott Dailey of Virginia. |
George Crook | Civil War | Civil War |
George Crook | Early service | Early service
thumb|Gen. George Crook
When the Civil War broke out, Crook accepted a commission as Colonel of the 36th Ohio Infantry and led it on duty in western Virginia. He was in command of the 3rd Brigade in the District of the Kanawha where he was wounded in a small fight at Lewisburg.Eicher p. 191 Crook returned to command his regiment during the Northern Virginia Campaign. He and his regiment were part of John Pope's headquarters escort at the Second Battle of Bull Run.
After the Union Army's defeat at Second Bull Run, Crook and his regiment were attached to the Kanawha Division at the start of the Maryland Campaign. On September 12 Crook's brigade commander, Augustus Moor, was captured and Crook assumed command of the 2nd Brigade, Kanawha Division which had been attached to the IX Corps. Crook led his brigade at the Battle of South Mountain and near Burnside's Bridge at the Battle of Antietam. He was promoted to the rank of brigadier general on September 7, 1862. During these early battles he developed a lifelong friendship with one of his subordinates, Col. Rutherford B. Hayes of the 23rd Ohio Infantry.
Following Antietam, General Crook assumed command of the Kanawha Division. His division was detached from the IX Corps for duty in the Department of the Ohio. Before long Crook was assigned to command an infantry brigade in the Army of the Cumberland. This brigade became the 3rd Brigade, 4th Division, XIV Corps, which he led at the Battle of Hoover's Gap. In July he assumed command of the 2nd Division, Cavalry Corps in the Army of the Cumberland. He fought at the battle of Chickamauga and was in pursuit of Joseph Wheeler during the Chattanooga Campaign.
In February 1864, Crook returned to command the Kanawha Division, which was now officially designated the 3rd Division of the Department of West Virginia. |
George Crook | Southwest Virginia | Southwest Virginia
To open the spring campaign of 1864, Lieutenant General Ulysses S. Grant ordered a Union advance on all fronts, minor as well as major. Grant sent for Brigadier General Crook, in winter quarters at Charleston, West Virginia, and ordered him to attack the Virginia and Tennessee Railroad, Richmond's primary link to Knoxville and the southwest, and to destroy the Confederate salt works at Saltville, Virginia.
The 35-year-old Crook reported to army headquarters where the commanding general explained the mission in person. Grant instructed Crook to march his force, the Kanawha Division, against the railroad at Dublin, Virginia, south of Charleston. At Dublin he would put the railroad out of business and destroy Confederate military property. He was then to destroy the railroad bridge over New River, a few miles to the east. When these actions were accomplished, along with the destruction of the salt works, Crook was to march east and join forces with Major General Franz Sigel, who meanwhile was to be driving south up the Shenandoah Valley.
After long dreary months of garrison duty, the men were ready for action. Crook did not reveal the nature or objective of their mission, but everyone sensed that something important was brewing. "All things point to early action", the commander of the second brigade, Colonel Rutherford B. Hayes, noted in his diary.
On April 29, 1864, the Kanawha Division marched out of Charleston and headed south. Crook sent a force under Brigadier General William W. Averell westward towards Saltville, then pushed on towards Dublin with nine infantry regiments, seven cavalry regiments, and 15 artillery pieces, a force of about 6,500 men organized into three brigades. The West Virginia countryside was beautiful that spring, but the mountainous terrain made the march a difficult undertaking. The way was narrow and steep, and spring rains slowed the march as tramping feet churned the roads into mud. In places, Crook's engineers had to build bridges across wash-outs before the army could advance.
The column reached Fayette on May 2, and then passed through Raleigh Court House and Princeton. On the night of May 8, the division camped at Shannon's Bridge, Virginia, north of Dublin.
The Confederates at Dublin soon learned the enemy was approaching. Their commander, Colonel John McCausland, prepared to evacuate his 1100 men, but before transportation could arrive, a courier from Brigadier General Albert G. Jenkins informed McCausland that the two of them were ordered by General John C. Breckinridge to stop Crook's advance. The combined forces of Jenkins and McCausland amounted to 2,400 men. Jenkins, the senior officer, took command.
Breaking camp on the morning of May 9, Crook moved his men south to the top of a spur of Cloyd's Mountain. Before the Union troops lay a precipitous, densely wooded slope with a meadow about 400 yards wide at the bottom. On the other side of the meadow, the land rose in another spur of the mountain, and there Jenkins' rebels waited behind hastily erected fortifications.
Crook dispatched the third brigade under Colonel Carr B. White to work its way through the woods and deliver a flank attack on the rebel right. At 11 am, he sent Hayes' first brigade and Colonel Horatio G. Sickel's second brigade down the slope to the edge of the meadow, where they were to launch a frontal assault on the Confederates as soon as they heard the sound of White's guns.
The slope before them was so steep that the officers had to dismount and descend on foot. Crook stationed himself with Hayes' brigade, which was to lead the assault. After a long, anxious wait, Hayes at last heard cannon fire off to his left and led his men at a slow double time out onto the meadow and into the rebels' musketry and artillery fire, which Crook called "galling". Their pace quickened as they neared the other side, but just before the up-slope they came to a waist-deep creek. The barrier caused little delay and the Yankee infantry stormed up the hill and engaged the rebel defenders at close range.
The only man to have trouble with the creek was General Crook. Dismounted, he still wore his high riding boots, and as he stepped into the stream, the boots filled with water and bogged him down. Nearby soldiers grabbed their commander's arms and hauled him to the other side.
Vicious hand-to-hand fighting erupted as the Yankees reached the crude rebel defenses. The Southerners gave way, tried to re-form, then broke and retreated up and over the hill towards Dublin.
The Yankees rounded up rebel prisoners by the hundreds and seized General Jenkins, who had fallen wounded. At this point the discipline of the Union men wavered, and there was no organized pursuit of the fleeing enemy. General Crook was unable to provide leadership as the excitement and exertion had sent him into a faint.
Colonel Hayes kept his head and organized a force of about 500 men from the soldiers milling about the site of their victory. With his improvised command, he set off, closely pressing the rebels.
While the fight at Cloyd's Mountain was going on, a train pulled into the Dublin station and disgorged 500 fresh troops of General John Hunt Morgan's cavalry, which had just diverted Averell away from Saltville. The fresh troops hastened towards the battlefield, where they soon met their compatriots retreating from Cloyd's Mountain. The reinforcements halted the rout, but Colonel Hayes, although ignorant of the strength of the force now before him, immediately ordered his men to "yell like devils" and rush the enemy. Within a few minutes General Crook arrived with the rest of the division, and the defenders broke and ran.
Cloyd's Mountain cost the Union army 688 casualties, while the rebels suffered 538 killed, wounded, and captured.
Unopposed, Crook moved his command into Dublin, where he laid waste to the railroad and the military stores. He then sent a party eastward to tear up the tracks and burn the ties. The next morning the main body set out for their next objective, the New River bridge, a key point on the railroad, a few miles to the east.
The Confederates, now commanded by Colonel McCausland, waited on the east side of the New River to defend the bridge. Crook pulled up on the west bank, and a long, ineffective artillery duel ensued. Seeing that there was little danger from the rebel cannon, Crook ordered the bridge destroyed, and both sides watched in awe as the structure collapsed magnificently into the river. McCausland, without the resources to oppose the Yankees any further, withdrew his battered command to the east.
General Crook, supplies running low in a country not suited for major foraging, now entertained second thoughts about his orders to push on east and join Sigel in the Shenandoah Valley. At Dublin he had intercepted an unconfirmed report that General Robert E. Lee had beaten Grant badly in the Wilderness, which led him to consider whether the Confederate commander might not soon move against Crook with a vastly superior force.
Having accomplished the major part of his mission, destruction of the Virginia and Tennessee Railroad, Crook turned his men north and after another hard march, reached the Union base at Meadow Bluff, West Virginia. |
George Crook | Shenandoah Valley | Shenandoah Valley
That July Crook assumed command of a small force called the Army of the Kanawha. Crook was defeated at the Second Battle of Kernstown. Nevertheless, he was appointed as a replacement for David Hunter in command of the Department of West Virginia the following day. However Crook did not assume command until August 9.Eicher p. 852 Along with the title of his department Crook added "Army of West Virginia." Crook's army was soon absorbed into Philip H. Sheridan's Army of the Shenandoah and for all practical purposes functioned as a corps in that unit. Although Crook's force kept its official designation as the Army of West Virginia,Eicher p. 857 it was often referred to as the VIII Corps. The official VIII Corps of the Union Army was led by Lew Wallace during this time and its troops were on duty in Maryland and Northern Virginia.Eicher p. 859
Crook led his corps in the Valley Campaigns of 1864 at the battles of Opequon (Third Winchester), Fisher's Hill, and Cedar Creek. On October 21, 1864, he was promoted to major general of volunteers.
In February 1865 General Crook was captured by Confederate raiders at Cumberland, Maryland, and held as a prisoner of war in Richmond until exchanged a month later. He very briefly returned to command the Department of West Virginia until he took command of a cavalry division in the Army of the Potomac during the Appomattox Campaign. Crook first went into action with his division at the battle of Dinwiddie Court House. He later took a prominent role in the battles of Five Forks, Amelia Springs, Sayler's Creek and Appomattox Court House. |
George Crook | Indian Wars | Indian Wars
At the end of the Civil War, George Crook received a brevet as major general in the regular army, but reverted to the permanent rank of major. Only days later, he was promoted to lieutenant colonel, serving with the 23rd Infantry on frontier duty in the Pacific Northwest. In 1867, he was appointed head of the Department of the Columbia. |
George Crook | Snake War | Snake War
Crook successfully campaigned against the Snake Indians in the 1864–68 Snake War, where he won nationwide recognition. Crook had fought Indians in Oregon before the Civil War. He was assigned to the Pacific Northwest to use new tactics in this war, which had been waged for several years. Crook arrived in Boise to take command on December 11, 1866. The general noticed that the Northern Paiute used the fall, winter and spring seasons to gather food, so he adopted the tactic recommended by a predecessor George B. Currey to attack during the winter.Oregon Historical Quarterly Vol. 79 (1978) p. 132 Crook had his cavalry approach the Paiute on foot in attack at their winter camp. As the soldiers drew them in, Crook had them remount; they defeated the Paiute and recovered some stolen livestock.Nelson, Kurt. Fighting For Paradise: A Military History of the Pacific Northwest, Yardley, Pennsylvania: Westholme Publishing, 2007, p. 167
Crook used Indian scouts as troops as well as to spot enemy encampments. While campaigning in Eastern Oregon during the winter of 1867, Crook's scouts located a Paiute village near the eastern edge of Steens Mountain. After covering all the escape routes, Crook ordered the charge on the village while intending to view the raid from afar, but his horse got spooked and galloped ahead of Crook's forces toward the village. Caught in the crossfire, Crook's horse carried the general through the village without being wounded. The army caused heavy casualties for the Paiute in the battle of Tearass Plain.Michno, Gregory. The Deadliest Indian War in the West; The Snake Conflict, 1864–1868, Caldwell, Idaho: Caxton Press, 2007, pp. 202–203 Crook later defeated a mixed band of Paiute, Pit River, and Modoc at the Battle of Infernal Caverns in Fall River Mills, California. |
George Crook | Yavapai War | Yavapai War
thumb|George Crook during the Tonto Basin Campaign.
President Ulysses S. Grant next placed Crook in command of the Arizona Territory. Crook's use of Apache scouts during his Tonto Basin Campaign of the Yavapai War brought him much success in forcing the Yavapai and Tonto Apache onto reservations. Crook's victories during the Yavapai War included the Battle of Salt River Canyon, also known as the Skeleton Cave Massacre, and the Battle of Turret Peak.
thumb|left|General Crook Trail marker located where in 1871 Crook established a military supply road that connected Forts Whipple, Verde, and Apache. The marker is near the Fort Verde Administration Building in Camp Verde, Arizona.
In 1873, Crook was appointed brigadier general in the regular army, a promotion that passed over and angered several full colonels next in line. |
George Crook | Great Sioux War | Great Sioux War
From 1875 to 1882 and again from 1886 to 1888, Crook was head of the Department of the Platte, with headquarters at Fort Omaha in North Omaha, Nebraska. |
George Crook | Battle of the Rosebud | Battle of the Rosebud
On 28 May 1876, Crook assumed direct command of the Bighorn and Yellowstone Expedition at Fort Fetterman. Crook had gathered a strong force from his Department of the Platte. Leaving Fort Fetterman on 29 May, the 1,051-man column consisted of 15 companies from the 2d and 3d Cavalry, 5 companies from the 4th and 9th Infantry, 250 mules, and 106 wagons. On 14 June, the column was joined by 261 Shoshone and Crow allies. Based on intelligence reports, Crook ordered his entire force to prepare for a quick march. Each man was to carry only 1 blanket, 100 rounds of ammunition, and 4 days' rations. The wagon train would be left at Goose Creek, and the infantry would be mounted on the pack mules.
On 17 June, Crook's column set out at 0600, marching northward along the south fork of Rosebud Creek. The Crow and Shoshone scouts were particularly apprehensive. Although the column had not yet encountered any sign of Indians, the scouts seemed to sense their presence. The soldiers, particularly the mule-riding infantry, seemed fatigued from the early start and the previous day's march. Accordingly, Crook stopped to rest his men and animals at 0800. Although he was deep in hostile territory, Crook made no special dispositions for defense. His troops halted in their marching order. The Cavalry battalions led the column, followed by the battalion of mule-borne foot soldiers, and a provisional company of civilian miners and packers brought up the rear.
The Crow and Shoshone scouts remained alert while the soldiers rested. Several minutes later, the soldiers heard the sound of intermittent gunfire coming from the bluffs to the north. As the intensity of fire increased, a scout rushed into the camp shouting, "Lakota, Lakota!" The Battle of the Rosebud was on. By 0830, the Sioux and Cheyenne had hotly engaged Crook's Indian allies on the high ground north of the main body. Heavily outnumbered, the Crow and Shoshone scouts fell back toward the camp, but their fighting withdrawal gave Crook time to deploy his forces. Rapidly firing soldiers drove off the attackers but used up much of the ammunition meant for use later in the campaign. Low on ammunition and with numerous wounded, the General returned to his post.
Historians debate whether Crook's pressing on could have prevented the killing of the five companies of the 7th Cavalry Regiment led by George Armstrong Custer at the Battle of the Little Bighorn. |
George Crook | Battle of Slim Buttes | Battle of Slim Buttes
thumb|Crazy Horse and his band of Oglala Lakota on their way from Camp Sheridan to surrender to General Crook at Red Cloud Agency near Camp Robinson, Nebraska, May 6, 1877.
After the disaster at the Little Bighorn, the U.S. Congress authorized funds to reinforce the Big Horn and Yellowstone Expedition.Utley, Robert M. (1973) Frontier Regulars: The United States Army and the Indian 1866–1890, pp. 64, 69, note 11. Determined to demonstrate the willingness and capability of the U.S. Army to pursue and punish the Sioux, Crook took to the field. After briefly linking up with General Alfred Terry, military commander of the Dakota Territory, Crook embarked on what came to be known as the grueling and poorly provisioned Horsemeat March, upon which the soldiers were reduced to eating their horses and mules. A party dispatched to Deadwood for supplies came across the village of American Horse the Elder on September 9, 1876. The well-stocked village was attacked and looted in the Battle of Slim Buttes. Crazy Horse led a counter-attack against Crook the next day, but was repulsed by Crook's superior numbers. |
George Crook | ''Standing Bear v. Crook'' | Standing Bear v. Crook
In 1879, Crook spoke on behalf of the Ponca tribe and Native American rights during the trial of Standing Bear v. Crook. The federal judge affirmed that Standing Bear had some of the rights of U.S. citizens.
That same year his home at Fort Omaha, now called the General Crook House and considered part of North Omaha, was completed. |
George Crook | Geronimo's War | Geronimo's War
thumb|"Scene in Geronimo's camp, the Apache outlaw. Taken before the surrender to Gen. Crook, March 27, 1886, in the Sierra Madre mountains of Mexico, escaped March 30, 1886."
Crook was made head of the Department of Arizona and successfully forced some members of the Apache to surrender, but Geronimo continually evaded capture. As a mark of respect, the Apache nicknamed Crook Nantan Lupan, which means "Chief Wolf". In March, 1886, Crook received word that Geronimo would meet him in Cañon de los Embudos, in the Sierra Madre Mountains about from Fort Bowie. During the three days of negotiations, photographer C. S. Fly took about 15 exposures of the Apache on glass negatives. One of the pictures of Geronimo with two of his sons standing alongside was made at Geronimo's request. Fly's images are the only existing photographs of Geronimo's surrender. His photos of Geronimo and the other free Apaches, taken on March 25 and 26, are the only known photographs taken of an American Indian while still at war with the United States.
thumb|left|"Geronimo poses with members of his tribe and General George Crook's staff during peace negotiations on March 27, 1886."
Geronimo, camped on the Mexican side of the border, agreed to Crook's surrender terms. That night, a soldier who sold them whiskey said that his band would be murdered as soon as they crossed the border. Geronimo and 25 of his followers slipped away during the night; their escape cost Crook his command.
Nelson A. Miles replaced Crook in 1886 in command of the Arizona Territory and brought an end to the Apache Wars. He captured Geronimo and the Chiricahua Apache band, and detained the Chiricahua scouts, who had served the U.S. Army, transporting them all as prisoners-of-war to a prison in Florida. (Crook was reportedly furious that the scouts, who had faithfully served the Army, were imprisoned along with the hostile warriors. He sent numerous telegrams protesting their arrest to Washington. They, along with most of Geronimo's band, were forced to spend the next 26 years in captivity at the fort in Florida before they were finally released.)
After years of campaigning in the Indian Wars, Crook won steady promotion back up the ranks to the permanent grade of Major General. President Grover Cleveland placed him in command of the Military Division of the Missouri in 1888. |
George Crook | Later life | Later life
Crook served in Omaha again as the Commander of the Department of the Platte from 1886 to 1888. While he was there, his portrait was painted by artist Herbert A. Collins.Biography of Herbert Alexander Collins, by Alfred W. Collins, February 1975, 4 pages typed, in the possession of Collins' great-great grand-daughter, D. Dahl of Tacoma, WA
Crook spent his last years speaking out against the unjust treatment of his former Indian adversaries. He died suddenly in Chicago in 1890 while serving as commander of the Military Division of the Missouri. Crook was originally buried in Oakland, Maryland. In 1890, Crook's remains were transported to Arlington National Cemetery, where he was reinterred on November 11.Burial of General Crook. His Remains Deported in the Arlington Cemetery. In: The Martinsburg Herald. Vol. 10. No. 10: November 15, 1890, p. 1 (Chronicling America).
Red Cloud, a war chief of the Oglala Lakota (Sioux), said of Crook, "He, at least, never lied to us. His words gave us hope."Schmitt, p. . |
George Crook | Legacy | Legacy
thumb|Bronze of Gen. Crook at Fort Omaha.
His good friend and Union Army subordinate, future President Rutherford B. Hayes, named one of his sons George Crook Hayes (1864–1866), in honor of his commanding officer. The little boy died before his second birthday of scarlet fever.
Crook Counties in Wyoming and Oregon were named for him, as was the town of Crook, Colorado.
"Crook City," an unincorporated place in the Black Hills of South Dakota, was named for his 1876 camp there. Nearby and between Deadwood and Sturgis, South Dakota is Crook Mountain, named for him. Crook City Road passes through there from Whitewood heading toward Deadwood.
Crook Peak in Lake County, Oregon, elevation , in the Warner Mountains is named after him. It is near where the general set up Camp Warner (1867–1874) in a campaign to subdue the Paiute Indians.
Crook Mountain in Chelan County, Washington, elevation , a peak in the North Cascades, was named for him.
Cañon Pintado Historic District, south of Rangely, Colorado, has numerous ancient Fremont culture (0–1300 CE) and Ute petroglyphs, first seen by Europeans in the mid-18th century. One group of carvings, believed to be Ute after adoption of the horse in the 1600s, has several horses, which locals call "Crook's Brand Site". They claim the horses carry the general's brand.
Forest Road 300 in the Coconino National Forest is named the "General Crook Trail." It is a section of the trail which his troops blazed from Fort Verde to Fort Whipple, and on to Fort Apache through central Arizona.
Numerous military references honor him: Fort Crook (1857–1869) was an Army post near Fall River Mills, California, used during the Indian Wars. Later during the Civil War, it was used for the defense of San Francisco. It was named for then Lt. Crook by Captain John W. T. Gardiner, 1st Dragoons, as Crook was recovering there from an injury. California State Historical Marker 355 marks the site in Shasta County.
Fort Crook (1891–1946) was an Army Depot in Bellevue, Nebraska, first used as a dispatch point for Indian conflicts on the Great Plains. Later it served as airfield for the 61st Balloon Company of the Army Air Corps. It was named for Brig. Gen. Crook due to his many successful Indian campaigns in the west. The site formerly known as Fort Crook is now part of Offutt AFB, Nebraska.
3rd Brigade Combat Team, 1st Cavalry Division is nicknamed "Greywolf" in his honor, in a variation of his Apache nickname meaning "Chief Wolf".
The General Crook House at Fort Omaha in Omaha, Nebraska is named in his honor, as he was the only Commander of the Department of the Platte to live there. At Fort Huachuca, Crook House on Old Post is named after him as well. The Crook Walk in Arlington National Cemetery is near General Crook's gravesite. |
George Crook | In popular media | In popular media
Crook was portrayed in the 1993 movie Geronimo: An American Legend (1993) by the actor Gene Hackman.
He was represented in The West in a voiceover by Eli Wallach.
He was a figure in the television series Deadwood and was portrayed by Peter Coyote.
George Crook appears in the videogame Call of Juarez: Gunslinger as Grey Wolf. |
George Crook | See also | See also
Fort McKinney (Wyoming)
List of American Civil War generals (Union) |
George Crook | Notes | Notes |
George Crook | Further reading | Further reading
Aleshire, Peter, The Fox and the Whirlwind: General George Grook and Geronimo, Castle Books, 2000, .
Magid, Paul. George Crook: From the Redwoods to Appomattox (University of Oklahoma Press, 2011, ).
Magid, Paul. The Gray Fox: George Crook and the Indian Wars (2015) vol 2
Robinson, Charles M., III. "General Crook and the Western Frontier", Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2001.
Schmitt, Martin F., General George Crook, His Autobiography, University of Oklahoma Press, 1986 .
|
George Crook | External links | External links
Guide to the George Crook papers at the University of Oregon
Advance to the Rosebud
Category:1828 births
Category:1890 deaths
Category:Military personnel from Dayton, Ohio
Category:American military personnel of the Indian Wars
Category:Union army generals
Category:United States Military Academy alumni
Category:Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
Category:People of Ohio in the American Civil War
Category:People of the Great Sioux War of 1876
Category:Military personnel from Omaha, Nebraska
Category:Civil War near Cumberland, Maryland
Category:American Civil War prisoners of war held by the Confederate States of America
Category:Snake War
Category:Apache Wars
Category:Native American genocide perpetrators |
George Crook | Table of Content | short description, Early life and military career, Civil War, Early service, Southwest Virginia, Shenandoah Valley, Indian Wars, Snake War, Yavapai War, Great Sioux War, Battle of the Rosebud, Battle of Slim Buttes, ''Standing Bear v. Crook'', Geronimo's War, Later life, Legacy, In popular media, See also, Notes, Further reading, External links |
Sociable number | short description | In mathematics, sociable numbers are numbers whose aliquot sums form a periodic sequence. They are generalizations of the concepts of perfect numbers and amicable numbers. The first two sociable sequences, or sociable chains, were discovered and named by the Belgian mathematician Paul Poulet in 1918.P. Poulet, #4865, L'Intermédiaire des Mathématiciens 25 (1918), pp. 100–101. (The full text can be found at ProofWiki: Catalan-Dickson Conjecture.) In a sociable sequence, each number is the sum of the proper divisors of the preceding number, i.e., the sum excludes the preceding number itself. For the sequence to be sociable, the sequence must be cyclic and return to its starting point.
The period of the sequence, or order of the set of sociable numbers, is the number of numbers in this cycle.
If the period of the sequence is 1, the number is a sociable number of order 1, or a perfect number—for example, the proper divisors of 6 are 1, 2, and 3, whose sum is again 6. A pair of amicable numbers is a set of sociable numbers of order 2. There are no known sociable numbers of order 3, and searches for them have been made up to as of 1970.
It is an open question whether all numbers end up at either a sociable number or at a prime (and hence 1), or, equivalently, whether there exist numbers whose aliquot sequence never terminates, and hence grows without bound. |
Sociable number | Example | Example
As an example, the number 1,264,460 is a sociable number whose cyclic aliquot sequence has a period of 4:
The sum of the proper divisors of () is
1 + 2 + 4 + 5 + 10 + 17 + 20 + 34 + 68 + 85 + 170 + 340 + 3719 + 7438 + 14876 + 18595 + 37190 + 63223 + 74380 + 126446 + 252892 + 316115 + 632230 = 1547860,
the sum of the proper divisors of () is
1 + 2 + 4 + 5 + 10 + 20 + 193 + 386 + 401 + 772 + 802 + 965 + 1604 + 1930 + 2005 + 3860 + 4010 + 8020 + 77393 + 154786 + 309572 + 386965 + 773930 = 1727636,
the sum of the proper divisors of () is
1 + 2 + 4 + 521 + 829 + 1042 + 1658 + 2084 + 3316 + 431909 + 863818 = 1305184, and
the sum of the proper divisors of () is
1 + 2 + 4 + 8 + 16 + 32 + 40787 + 81574 + 163148 + 326296 + 652592 = 1264460. |
Sociable number | List of known sociable numbers | List of known sociable numbers
The following categorizes all known sociable numbers by the length of the corresponding aliquot sequence:
Sequence
lengthNumber of known
sequences lowest number
in sequencehttps://oeis.org/A003416 cross referenced with https://oeis.org/A0524701
(Perfect number)5262
(Amicable number) 1 billion+Sergei Chernykh Amicable pairs list22045398 1,264,4605112,4966521,548,919,483841,095,447,41691805,984,760 28114,316
It is conjectured that if n is congruent to 3 modulo 4 then there is no such sequence with length n.
The 5-cycle sequence is: 12496, 14288, 15472, 14536, 14264
The only known 28-cycle is: 14316, 19116, 31704, 47616, 83328, 177792, 295488, 629072, 589786, 294896, 358336, 418904, 366556, 274924, 275444, 243760, 376736, 381028, 285778, 152990, 122410, 97946, 48976, 45946, 22976, 22744, 19916, 17716 .
These two sequences provide the only sociable numbers below 1 million (other than the perfect and amicable numbers). |
Sociable number | Searching for sociable numbers | Searching for sociable numbers
The aliquot sequence can be represented as a directed graph, , for a given integer , where denotes the
sum of the proper divisors of .
Cycles in represent sociable numbers within the interval . Two special cases are loops that represent perfect numbers and cycles of length two that represent amicable pairs. |
Sociable number | Conjecture of the sum of sociable number cycles | Conjecture of the sum of sociable number cycles
It is conjectured that as the number of sociable number cycles with length greater than 2 approaches infinity, the proportion of the sums of the sociable number cycles divisible by 10 approaches 1 . |
Sociable number | References | References
H. Cohen, On amicable and sociable numbers, Math. Comp. 24 (1970), pp. 423–429 |
Sociable number | External links | External links
A list of known sociable numbers
Extensive tables of perfect, amicable and sociable numbers
A003416 (smallest sociable number from each cycle) and A122726 (all sociable numbers) in OEIS
Category:Arithmetic dynamics
Category:Divisor function
Category:Integer sequences
Category:Number theory |
Sociable number | Table of Content | short description, Example, List of known sociable numbers, Searching for sociable numbers, Conjecture of the sum of sociable number cycles, References, External links |
Merkin | Short description | __NOTOC__
thumb|A merkin (with flashlight) worn by a woman to cover her pubic area.
A merkin is a pubic wig. Merkins were worn by prostitutes after shaving their mons pubis, and are used as decorative items or erotic devices by both men and women. |
Merkin | History and etymology | History and etymology
The Oxford Companion to the Body dates the origin of the pubic wig to the 1450s. According to the publication, women would shave their pubic hair for personal hygiene and to combat pubic lice. They would then put on a merkin. Also, sex workers would wear a merkin to cover up signs of disease, such as syphilis.Oxford Companion to the Body Oxford University Press, 2002
The Oxford English Dictionary dates the first written use of the term to 1617. The word probably originated from malkin, a derogatory term for a lower-class young woman, or from Marykin, a pet form of the female given name Mary. |
Merkin | Contemporary use | Contemporary use |
Merkin | Film | Film
Sometimes in filmmaking, merkins can be worn by actresses to avoid inadvertent exposure of the genitalia during nude or semi-nude scenes. The presence of the merkin protects the actor from inadvertently performing "full-frontal" nudity which can help ensure that the film achieves a less restrictive MPAA rating.Duchovny, David DVD commentary for Steven Soderbergh's Full Frontal
A merkin may also be used when the actor or actress has less pubic hair than is required, as in the nude dancing extras in The Bank Job. Amy Landecker wore a merkin in A Serious Man (2009) for a nude sunbathing scene; clean shaving was not common in 1967 when the film is set.
Kate Winslet said she refused to wear a merkin in The Reader.Lindsy Van Gelder (26 August 2009). "Your Bikini Line, Your Business?" Allure.Hannah Morrill (3 June 2009). "Kate Winslet, Unscripted". Allure. Many sources claim that she wore a merkin by only quoting part of this interview (found in full in the printed issue):
Gina Gershon wore a merkin in Killer Joe.Graham, Bill (26 July 2012). "Interview: 'Killer Joe' Stars Emile Hirsch and Gina Gershon on Getting Dirty, Single Takes and a Chicken Bone". Thought Catalog.
In the director's audio commentary of The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo, director David Fincher discussed how a merkin was used for actress Rooney Mara, after she suggested to him that the character she portrayed in the film was a natural redhead in the book and dyed her hair black. Consequently, the merkin she wore was made in the color red. For the release of the movie in Japan, Fincher stated: "I believe in Japan we had to put a mosaic over it because fake pubes are considered to be ... nasty."Brevet, Brad (12 March 2012). "What I Learned Listening to David Fincher's 'The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo' Commentary". Rope of Silicon."Rooney Mara Naked, Merkin Details For 'The Girl With The Dragon Tattoo. The Huffington Post. 13 December 2011.
In Stanley Kubrick's film Dr. Strangelove, the character of the President of the United States, played by Peter Sellers, is bald and is named "Merkin Muffley".
In the Italian film La Pelle (English: The Skin), which takes place during the Allied occupation of Naples after World War II, blond merkins are made for the local prostitutes to pass for blondes for the US soldiers.
In the film The Greasy Strangler, the character Janet wears a merkin.
In the film Never Been Kissed, the main character Josie Gellar's assistant is named Merkin. The character is portrayed by Sean Whalen. |
Merkin | Television | Television
In the television series Black Sails, Jessica Parker Kennedy wore a pubic wig.
Lucy Lawless was fitted for a merkin for the 2010 TV series Spartacus: Blood and Sand, but did not use it.Lucy Lawless. Interview for Entertainment Weekly |
Merkin | Other | Other
At the São Paulo Fashion Week in 2010, the design firm Neon dressed a nude model in transparent plastic. According to the designer, the model wore a pubic wig to make her appear more natural."Mehr Transparenz auf dem Laufsteg". Der Spiegel.
In 2022, in response to the passing of reforms to the Gender Recognition Act in Scotland, Elaine Miller wearing a pubic wig flashed the Scottish parliament chamber in protest. |
Merkin | References | References |
Merkin | External links | External links
Category:Wigs
Category:Feminine hygiene |
Merkin | Table of Content | Short description, History and etymology, Contemporary use, Film, Television, Other, References, External links |
Nashua | Wiktionary | Nashua may refer to:
Nashaway people, Native American tribe living in 17th-century New England |
Nashua | Places | Places |
Nashua | Australia | Australia
Nashua, New South Wales, a town |
Nashua | United States | United States
Nashua, Iowa, a city
Nashua, Minnesota, a city
Nashua, Kansas City, a neighborhood of Kansas City, Missouri
Nashua, Montana, a town
Nashua, New Hampshire, a city, and the largest city with this name
The Nashua River in New Hampshire and Massachusetts |
Nashua | Other uses | Other uses
The Nashua Corporation, American company based in Nashua, New Hampshire
Nashua (horse), Thoroughbred racehorse and 1955 Horse of the Year
Nashua Dolphins, South African cricket team
Nashua (YTB-774), United States Navy harbor tug |
Nashua | See also | See also
Nashua High School (disambiguation)
Nasua
Nassau (disambiguation) |
Nashua | Table of Content | Wiktionary, Places, Australia, United States, Other uses, See also |
William W. Averell | short description | William Woods Averell (November 5, 1832 – February 3, 1900) was a career United States Army officer and a cavalry general in the American Civil War. He was the only Union general to achieve a major victory against the Confederates in the Valley Campaigns of 1864 prior to the arrival of Philip Sheridan, at the Battle of Rutherford's (Carter's) Farm and at the Battle of Moorefield.
After the war, Averell was appointed by President Andrew Johnson as a diplomat to British North America, serving 1866 to 1869. Also an entrepreneur and inventor with interests in the coal, steel and related infrastructure industry, Averell became wealthy by inventing an improved technique for laying asphalt pavement.
He co-wrote a history of the Third Pennsylvania Cavalry, Sixtieth Regiment Pennsylvania Volunteers during the Civil War years; it was published in 1905. He wrote a memoir of his Army years from 1851 to 1862 but did not publish it and the manuscript was lost for a time. It was discovered in the late 20th century and published in an annotated edition in 1978. |
William W. Averell | Early years | Early years
Averell was born in Cameron, New York. As a boy, he worked as a drugstore clerk in the nearby town of Bath.
He graduated from the United States Military Academy at West Point in 1855 and was commissioned a second lieutenant in the U.S. Army Mounted Rifles. His early assignments included garrison duty at Jefferson Barracks, Missouri, and the U.S. Army Cavalry School in Carlisle, Pennsylvania. During two years of service in New Mexico, he was wounded in action against the Indians in October 1858, and was placed on the disabled list until the outbreak of the Civil War. |
William W. Averell | Civil War | Civil War
thumb|upright=1.0|right|Col. William W. Averell (sitting) of 3rd Pennsylvania Cavalry with staff in August 1862|alt=Old picture of an American Civil War officer
After the capture of Fort Sumter, Lt. Averell made a risky solo journey across the country to the Indian Territory with a message to summon his old mounted rifle regiment to the East to join the fighting.
Averell first saw action at the First Battle of Bull Run while acting as assistant adjutant general to Brig. Gen. Andrew Porter. In August 1861, he was appointed colonel of the 3rd Pennsylvania Cavalry regiment, which he led through the Peninsula Campaign and the Seven Days Battles. Immediately after that campaign, on July 6, 1862, he was given command of the 1st Cavalry Brigade in the Army of the Potomac. He missed the Battle of Antietam and most of the Maryland Campaign as he recovered from a bout of malaria; this was known at the time as "Chickahominy Fever".
As Confederate Maj. Gen. J.E.B. Stuart's cavalry rode around the Union Army and raided Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, Averell returned in time to lead his brigade in pursuit. President Abraham Lincoln appointed Averell a brigadier general of volunteers on September 26, 1862 to rank from that date. Lincoln had to nominate Averell three times before the U.S. Senate confirmed the appointment on March 11, 1863.
During the Battle of Fredericksburg, Averell commanded the Cavalry Brigade of the Center Grand Division of the Army of the Potomac. He ascended to division command—the 2nd division of the Cavalry Corps—on February 12, 1863. His division fought the Battle of Kelly's Ford on March 17, 1863, notable as the first engagement in which Union cavalrymen claimed victory against their Confederate counterparts. But the 2nd Division's reputation was diminished as it participated in Maj. Gen. George Stoneman's fruitless cavalry raid in the Battle of Chancellorsville six weeks later. On May 2, 1863, Union Army commander Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker relieved Averell of his command due to his slow performance during the raid. Hooker subsequently sent a report to the Adjutant General that said: "General Averell's command numbered about 4,000 sabers and a light battery, a larger cavalry force than can be found in the rebel army between Fredericksburg and Richmond, and yet that officer seems to have contented himself between April 29th, and May 4th, with having marched through Culpeper to Rapidan, a distance of twenty-eight miles, meeting no enemy deserving the name, and from that point reporting to me for instructions."
Averell left the Army of the Potomac after his relief at Chancellorsville. He fought a series of minor engagements in the Department of West Virginia at the brigade and division level. In November 1863, he conducted what is called Averell's West Virginia Raid against the Virginia and Tennessee Railroad. He received a brevet promotion to lieutenant colonel in the regular army for the Battle of Droop Mountain in West Virginia on November 6, 1863, and to colonel for actions at Salem, Virginia, on December 15, 1863. In the spring of 1864, he led another cavalry raid toward Saltville but was stopped by Confederate generals John Hunt Morgan and William E. "Grumble" Jones at Cove Gap in the Battle of Cove Mountain. Returning to West Virginia, Averell later commanded a cavalry division under Maj. Gen. David Hunter in his failed raid on Lynchburg, known as the Battle of Lynchburg.
In the summer of 1864, when CSA Lt. Gen. Jubal Early had invaded Maryland and defeated a series of Union commanders, Averell proved to be the only Union commander to achieve victory against the Confederates in the Shenandoah Valley before the arrival of Philip Sheridan. He routed Confederate Maj. Gen. Stephen D. Ramseur at the Battle of Rutherford's (Carter's) Farm on July 20, 1864, inflicting 400 casualties and capturing a four-gun battery, in spite of Averell's being significantly outnumbered. When CSA Brig. Gen. John McCausland burned Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, to the ground on July 30, Averell tracked him down near Moorefield, West Virginia.
Using scouts disguised as Confederates in his vanguard, Averell routed McCausland in a sunrise attack upon the Confederate camp, capturing hundreds of prisoners and another four-gun battery in the Battle of Moorefield.
During the Valley Campaigns of 1864 against Early, Averell fought under Maj. Gen. Philip Sheridan. He was relieved of command a second time in his career on September 23, 1864, following a dispute with Sheridan about Averell's actions after the Battle of Fisher's Hill. This incident truly devastated him and he could not hide his misery. A staff officer wrote "I saw General Averell sitting in front of his tent ... He was dreadfully depressed and broken. I believe he started for the rear within a few moments after we left him, and never was employed again during the war." Averell resigned from the Union Army volunteers and from the U.S. regular army on May 18, 1865.
On July 17, 1866, President Andrew Johnson nominated Averell for appointment to the grades of brevet brigadier general and brevet major general in the regular army, to rank from March 13, 1865. The U.S. Senate confirmed the appointments on July 23, 1866. The latter appointment was in recognition of Averell's actions at the Battle of Kelly's Ford. |
William W. Averell | Postbellum career | Postbellum career
Following the Civil War, President Johnson appointed Averell as U.S. consul general to British North America; he served from 1866 to 1869, through the rest of that administration. In 1888, during Grover Cleveland's presidency, Averell was reinstated in the Army by a special Act of Congress and placed upon the retired list; he was also appointed as Assistant Inspector General of Soldiers Homes (1888-1898).
Averell was an entrepreneur and an inventor, working in the fields of coal, steel and eventually paving materials. His businesses and his inventions of practical devices generated a handsome income. Among his inventions were methods for manufacturing steel castings and insulated electrical cable, but he is best known for his work in techniques of laying asphalt pavement. Averell had become interested in asphalt as early as 1870, when some experimental pavement, based on the procedures patented by Edward de Smedt, a Belgian engineer and chemist, was laid in New York City and Newark, New Jersey. Although Averell observed problems with these installations, he was convinced of the potential of asphalt paving. As president of the Grahamite Asphalt Pavement Company, he began studying the existing product and procedures and experimenting with ways to improve them. Eventually, he developed improved techniques for laying pavement, which he patented in 1878 as "Improvement in Asphaltic Pavement."
Averell was among career officers who wrote memoirs and histories of military units: he wrote Ten Years in the Saddle (1978) and co-authored History of the Third Pennsylvania Cavalry, 60th Regiment Pennsylvania Volunteers (1905). Both books were published posthumously. The manuscript for his memoir was not discovered until the later 20th century, and it was published in an annotated edition. |
William W. Averell | Death, legacy and honors | Death, legacy and honors
General Averell died in Bath, New York, and is buried there.
In 1976, Averell was one of the first class of ten inductees for the Steuben County (NY) Hall of Fame.
Averell Street in Winchester, Virginia, to mark the area where his former troops went into winter quarters in 1864. |
William W. Averell | See also | See also
List of American Civil War generals (Union) |
William W. Averell | References | References |
William W. Averell | Citations | Citations |
William W. Averell | Sources | Sources
|
William W. Averell | External links | External links
Category:1832 births
Category:1900 deaths
Category:Union army generals
Category:19th-century American diplomats
Category:19th-century American inventors
Category:United States Military Academy alumni
Category:People of New York (state) in the American Civil War
Category:People of Pennsylvania in the American Civil War
Category:People from Steuben County, New York
Category:Inventors from New York (state) |
William W. Averell | Table of Content | short description, Early years, Civil War, Postbellum career, Death, legacy and honors, See also, References, Citations, Sources, External links |
Chlordecone | About | Chlordecone, better known in the United States under the brand name Kepone, is an organochlorine compound and a colourless solid. It is an obsolete insecticide, now prohibited in the western world, but only after many thousands of tonnes had been produced and used.Robert L. Metcalf "Insect Control" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry Wiley-VCH, Wienheim, 2002. Chlordecone is a known persistent organic pollutant that was banned globally by the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants in 2009.Press Release – COP4 – Geneva, 8 May 2009: Governments unite to step-up reduction on global DDT reliance and add nine new chemicals under international treaty, 2009. |
Chlordecone | Synthesis | Synthesis
Chlordecone is made by dimerizing hexachlorocyclopentadiene and hydrolyzing to a ketone.Survey of Industrial Chemistry by Philip J. Chenier (2002), p. 484.
It is also the main degradation product of mirex. |
Chlordecone | History | History
In the U.S., chlordecone, commercialized under the brand name "Kepone", was produced by Allied Signal Company and LifeSciences Product Company in Hopewell, Virginia. The improper handling and dumping of the substance (including the waste materials generated in its manufacturing process) into the nearby James River (U.S.) in the 1960s and 1970s drew national attention to its toxic effects on humans and wildlife. After two physicians, Dr. Yi-nan Chou and Dr. Robert S. Jackson of the Virginia Health Department, notified the Centers for Disease Control that employees of the company had been found to have toxic chemical poisoning, LifeSciences voluntarily closed its plant on 4 July 1975, and cleanup of the contamination began and a 100-mile section of the James River was closed to fishing while state health officials looked for other persons who might have been injured."Two young doctors stopped the spread of Kepone poisoning", by Bill McAllister, L.A. Times-Washington Post Service, reprinted in Courier-Journal (Louisville KY), 5 January 1976, p. 1 At least 29 people in the area were hospitalized as a result of their exposure to Kepone.
The product is made in a Diels-Alder reaction shared with pesticides like chlordane and endosulfan. Chlordecone is cited amongst a handful of other noxious substances as the driver for Gerald Ford's half-hearted approval in 1976 of the Toxic Substances Control Act, which "remains one of the most controversial regulatory bills ever passed". |
Chlordecone | Regulation | Regulation
In the US, Chlordecone was not federally regulated until after the Hopewell disaster, in which 29 factory workers were hospitalized with various ailments, including neurological.Richard Foster, Kepone: The 'Flour' Factory, Richmond Magazine (8 July 2005).
In France it was banned on the mainland only, in 1993.
In 2009, chlordecone was included in the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, which bans its production and use worldwide.
On 14 March 2024, the French National Assembly assumed responsibility for the chlordecone contamination affecting populations in Martinique and Guadeloupe. |
Chlordecone | Toxicology | Toxicology
Chlordecone can accumulate in the liver and the distribution in the human body is regulated by binding of the pollutant or its metabolites to lipoproteins like LDL and HDL. The LC50 (LC = lethal concentration) is 35 μg/ L for Etroplus maculatus, 22–95 μg/kg for blue gill and trout. Chlordecone bioaccumulates in animals by factors up to a million-fold.
Workers with repeated exposure suffer severe convulsions resulting from degradation of the synaptic junctions.
Chronic low level exposure appears to cause prostate cancer in men, and "significant excesses of deaths were observed for stomach cancer in women and pancreatic cancer in women".
Chlordecone has been found to act as an agonist of the GPER (GPR30), which interacts strongly with the estrogen sex hormone estradiol. |
Chlordecone | Incidents | Incidents
The history of chlordecone incidents are reviewed in Who's Poisoning America?: Corporate Polluters and Their Victims in the Chemical Age (1982). |
Chlordecone | James River estuary | James River estuary
In July 1975, Virginia Governor Mills Godwin Jr. shut down the James River to fishing for 100 miles, from Richmond to the Chesapeake Bay. This ban remained in effect for 13 years, until efforts to clean up the river began to show results.Jack Cooksey, "What's in the Water?", Richmond Magazine, June 2007. Retrieved 13 June 2012.
Due to the pollution risks, many fishermen, marinas, seafood businesses, and restaurants, along with their employees along the river suffered economic losses. In 1981, a large group of these entities sued Allied Chemical in federal district court (Eastern District of Virginia), claiming special economic damages from Allied's negligent damage to the fish and wildlife.Pruitt v. Allied Chemical Corp., 523 F. Supp. 975 (E.D. Va. 1981). In a case that sometimes appears in law school courses on Remedies, the court rejected the traditional "economic-loss rule", which requires physical impact causing personal injury or property damage to receive economic damages, and instead allowed a limited group of the plaintiffs—the fishing boat owners, the marinas, and the bait and tackle shops—to recover economic damages from Allied Chemical. |
Chlordecone | French Antilles | French Antilles
The French islands of Martinique and Guadeloupe are heavily contaminated with chlordecone, following years of its massive and unrestricted use on banana plantations. Despite a 1990 ban on the substance in mainland France, the economically powerful banana planters lobbied intensively to obtain a waiver to keep using Kepone until 1993. They argued that no alternative pesticide was available, which has since been disputed. After the 1993 ban, the banana planters were discreetly granted derogations to use their remaining stocks, and a 2005 report prepared by the French National Assembly states that after the 1993 ban was imposed, the chemical was illegally imported to the islands under the name Curlone, and continued to be used for many years.Rapport d'information (...) sur l'utilisation du chlordécone et des autres pesticides dans l'agriculture martiniquaise et guadeloupéenne. Since 2003, local authorities in the two islands have restricted the cultivation of various food crops because the soil is badly contaminated by chlordecone. A 2018 large-scale study by the French public health agency, Santé publique France, shows that 95% of the inhabitants of Guadeloupe and 92% of those of Martinique are contaminated by the chemical.Chlordécone : les Antilles empoisonnées pour des générations, Le Monde, 6 June 2018. Guadeloupe has one of the highest prostate cancer diagnosis rates in the world. |
Chlordecone | References | References |
Chlordecone | External links | External links
Terradaily: Pesticide blamed for 'health disaster' in French Caribbean
EPA releases a Toxicological Review of Kepone (External Review Draft) for public comment – 01/2008
CDC – NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards
Category:Obsolete pesticides
Category:Carcinogens
Category:GPER agonists
Category:Ketones
Category:Organochloride insecticides
Category:James River (Virginia)
Category:Endocrine disruptors
Category:IARC Group 2B carcinogens
Category:Persistent organic pollutants under the Stockholm Convention
Category:Male reproductive toxicants
Category:Persistent organic pollutants under the Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution
Category:Xenoestrogens
Category:Cyclobutanes
Category:1975 disasters in the United States
Category:1975 in the environment
Category:Neurotoxins
Category:Presidency of Gerald Ford |
Chlordecone | Table of Content | About, Synthesis, History, Regulation, Toxicology, Incidents, James River estuary, French Antilles, References, External links |
Deryck Whibley | Short description | Deryck Jason Whibley (born 21 March 1980), known by his stage name Bizzy D, is a Canadian musician, singer, songwriter, and record producer, best known for his work as the lead vocalist, rhythm guitarist, keyboardist, main songwriter, producer, founder, and only constant member of the rock band Sum 41. |
Deryck Whibley | Early life | Early life
Whibley was born in the Toronto suburb of Scarborough, raised in Ajax, Ontario, and attended Southwood Park Public School. He grew up in a single parent household. Whibley has an interest in architecture and has said he would like to design houses if he was not a musician. As a teenager, he attended Exeter High School. It was there that he and his bandmates were discovered while playing at their War of the Bands. In high school, Whibley was the captain of his basketball team. |
Deryck Whibley | Career | Career |
Deryck Whibley | Sum 41 | Sum 41
150px|thumb|right|Whibley performing in 2008
Whibley formed Sum 41 with bassist Grant McVittie. After several lineup changes, the band consisted of Whibley, Steve Jocz, Dave Baksh and Jason McCaslin. In 1999, the band signed an international record deal with Island Records. The band released their debut EP, Half Hour of Power in 2000, then an album, All Killer No Filler, in 2001. The band achieved mainstream success with their first single from the album, "Fat Lip", which reached number-one on the Billboard Modern Rock Tracks chart and remains the band's most successful single to date. All Killer No Filler was certified platinum in the United States, Canada and in the UK. The band has since released six more studio albums: Does This Look Infected? (2002), Chuck (2004), Underclass Hero (2007), Screaming Bloody Murder (2011), 13 Voices (2016), Order in Decline (2019), and Heaven :x: Hell (2024). The three albums before Screaming Bloody Murder have been certified platinum in Canada. Aside from vocals and guitar, Whibley played drums and went by the name Gunner for the Sum 41 alter-ego heavy metal band Pain For Pleasure, where the members of Sum 41 would parody a 1980s metal band. Whibley would later switched to guitar after Frank Zummo became part of the alter-ego band.
thumb|right|150px|Whibley performing in 2017
The band often performs more than 300 times each year and holds long global tours, most of which last more than a year. They have been nominated for seven Juno Awards and have won twice (Group of the Year in 2002 and Rock Album of the Year for Chuck in 2005). During the Screaming Bloody Murder Tour, the band added Whibley's cousin Matt Whibley on keyboard. |
Deryck Whibley | Solo work | Solo work
Besides Sum 41, Whibley developed a professional career in the music industry as producer and manager. He was part of Bunk Rock Music, a music management and production company. He produced for No Warning with the company as well. Since parting ways with Greig Nori, he sold his part of the company in early 2005.
During the Sum 41 hiatus in 2005 and 2006, he worked with Tommy Lee on guitar and backing vocals for his album, Tommyland: The Ride, and A Million in Prizes: The Anthology with Iggy Pop.
He worked as the producer of We Have an Emergency, the debut album by Sum 41 co-member Jason McCaslin's side project The Operation M.D. In 2007, he mixed the debut album of the band Permanent Me. He was also involved with the Avril Lavigne album, The Best Damn Thing, where he produced and played guitar.
Besides his musical career, he has worked on occasion as an actor. He portrayed the character Tony in the movie Dirty Love, and himself as a guest character in King of the Hill.
In November 2007, Whibley suffered a herniated disc while drumming on the song "Pain for Pleasure". This happened while Sum 41 was on tour with Finger Eleven, and the remainder of the Strength in Numbers Tour was canceled although Finger Eleven did travel to Winnipeg, Manitoba to play the show with Die Mannequin and Inward Eye in replacement of Sum 41.
On the Operation M.D.'s second album Birds + Bee Stings, which was released on June 29, 2010, Whibley mixed one track entitled "Sick + Twisted". He also played keyboard and piano on the same track. He also joined the band live, playing guitar on this song, on December 21, 2010, at the Horseshoe Tavern in Toronto.
Whibley contributed some guitar to Tommy Lee's side project Methods of Mayhem's second album A Public Disservice Announcement which was released on September 21, 2010.
He co-wrote the songs "Broken Pieces", "Over and Out" and "Lost in Reality" with 5 Seconds of Summer, which appeared on their She's Kinda Hot EP.
He was featured on "No Defeat for the Brave" by While She Sleeps in 2021.
On February 18, 2022, Whibley released a collaboration track with Simple Plan called "Ruin My Life".
He released his first book, a memoir titled Walking Disaster: My Life Through Heaven and Hell, on October 8, 2024. The book's title is a nod to the Sum 41 song "Walking Disaster", and their eighth and final studio album Heaven :x: Hell (2024). |
Deryck Whibley | Instruments | Instruments
Whibley uses a black customized '72 Fender Telecaster Deluxe live with his well-known red X's for decoration and good luck.Squier Guitars by Fender: The Official Website He has also put out a signature guitar with Squier, a sub-brand of Fender. The signature Squier comes in black and Olympic white, sports the two red X's and has one humbucking pickup in the bridge position, which is a Seymour Duncan Designed HB-102. It also has his signature "Deryck" written on the headstock.Squier Guitars by Fender: The Official Website Whibley has used many Gibson guitars such as the Flying V, Les Paul, SG and a Gibson Marauder, which was his first guitar given to him by his mother, and has been used in some of the band's videos such as "Fat Lip" and "In Too Deep". According to the October 2007 issue of Rock Sound magazine, he also uses '59 Les Paul Reissues, '52 Telecaster Reissues, Telefunken and Neumann mics, Plexi 100 watt Marshall Heads and Cabinets and Spectraflex cables.TheresNoSolution.com – Boards • View topic – Rocksound In March 2023, Whibley began selling items from his collection of instruments. |
Deryck Whibley | Personal life | Personal life
Whibley married fellow singer Avril Lavigne in 2006. The couple occasionally performed together and have spoken about their relationship in interviews. Whibley and Lavigne began dating when she was 19 years old, after being friends since she was 17. The wedding was held on July 15, 2006. About 110 guests attended the wedding, which was held at a private estate in Montecito, California. After a little over three years of marriage Lavigne filed for divorce on October 9, 2009 and the divorce was finalised on November 16, 2010.
On August 30, 2015, Whibley married model Ariana Cooper in Los Angeles. Their first child was born in February 2020. Their second child was born in February 2023.
On October 8, 2024, Whibley released a memoir, Walking Disaster. In the memoir, Whibley alleged that the former manager of Sum 41, Greig Nori, psychologically and sexually abused him for several years, and had "groomed" him. According to Whibley, he met Nori at age 16, when the latter was 34. He alleged that the manager offered him drugs and accused him of homophobia when he attempted to end their relationship. Nori, who has denied the allegations, hired a defamation lawyer in response. He was fired as the band's manager in 2005, at Whibley's request. Nori is the co-lead vocalist of Treble Charger. |
Deryck Whibley | Health issues | Health issues
Whibley has chronic back pain due to a series of back injuries, starting with a slipped disc during a 2007 concert.
On August 5, 2010, Whibley was hospitalized after he was attacked in a bar in Japan late at night by three unknown individuals. After an MRI scan, it was revealed that Whibley herniated a disc in his back for the 14th time. Although advised against performing, Whibley rejoined the band on August 8 in Osaka for the Summer Sonic Festival. The back injuries, alongside severe anxiety, caused Whibley to self-medicate with alcohol. Whibley again injured his back in April 2013, causing him to miss shows.
On May 17, 2014, Whibley announced that, a month earlier, he had been hospitalized for alcoholism with severe liver and kidney damage.
On September 15, 2023, Whibley's wife Ari announced that he was in the hospital with pneumonia and COVID-19, which led to heart failure. He responded sufficiently to treatment and was released the following day.
On July 31, 2024, Sum 41 cancelled several tour dates after Whibley had again injured his back. |
Deryck Whibley | Discography | Discography |
Deryck Whibley | With Sum 41 | With Sum 41
All Killer No Filler (2001)
Does This Look Infected? (2002)
Chuck (2004)
Underclass Hero (2007)
Screaming Bloody Murder (2011)
13 Voices (2016)
Order in Decline (2019)
Heaven :x: Hell (2024) |
Deryck Whibley | References | References |
Deryck Whibley | Citations | Citations |
Deryck Whibley | Sources | Sources
|
Deryck Whibley | External links | External links
Sum 41's official site
Deryck Whibley's official Twitter account
Category:Living people
Category:Canadian expatriate musicians in the United States
Category:Canadian male film actors
Category:Canadian punk rock singers
Category:Canadian rock guitarists
Category:Canadian male guitarists
Category:Canadian record producers
Category:Canadian male singer-songwriters
Category:Singers from Toronto
Category:Musicians from Scarborough, Ontario
Category:Pop punk singers
Category:Rhythm guitarists
Category:Sum 41 members
Category:Alternative metal guitarists
Category:Avril Lavigne
Category:21st-century Canadian guitarists
Category:21st-century Canadian male singers
Category:20th-century Canadian guitarists
Category:20th-century Canadian male singers
Category:1980 births
Category:20th-century Canadian singer-songwriters
Category:21st-century Canadian singer-songwriters |
Deryck Whibley | Table of Content | Short description, Early life, Career, Sum 41, Solo work, Instruments, Personal life, Health issues, Discography, With Sum 41, References, Citations, Sources, External links |
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