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Culture (band) | Dub albums | Dub albums
Culture Dub (1978), High Note
Culture in Dub: 15 Dub Shots (1994), Heartbeat
Stoned (One Stone in Dub engineered by Fathead and Jim Fox) (1996), RAS
Scientist Dubs Culture into a Parallel Universe (2000)
Rare and Unreleased Dub, Revolver |
Culture (band) | Live albums | Live albums
Cultural Livity: Live Culture '98 (1998), RAS
Live in Africa (2002)
Live in Negril (2003) |
Culture (band) | Split albums | Split albums
Roots and Culture (1982), Jah Guidance – split with Don Carlos |
Culture (band) | Compilations | Compilations
Vital Selection (1981), Virgin
Rare and Unreleased Dub Revolver Records (1989)
Too Long in Slavery produced by Sonia Pottinger (1981), Virgin
17 Chapters of Culture (1992), Sonic Sounds
Trod On produced by Sonia Pottinger (1993), Heartbeat
Strictly Culture: The Best Of Culture 1977–1979 (1994), MCI
Ras Portraits (1997), RAS
Peace and Love (1997), Rhino
Reggae Giants (1997), Top Tape
Production Something (1998), Heartbeat
Kings of Reggae (2001), Nocturne
Chanting On (2004), Earmark
This Is Crucial Reggae (2004), Sanctuary
Culture & The Deejays at Joe Gibbs 1977–79 (2008), 17 North Parade
At Joe Gibbs (2011), 17 North Parade
Seven Sevens Clash (2012), 17 North Parade – box set of seven 7-inch singles
Stronger than Ever: At Their Best, Rocky One
Natty Never Get Weary, Revolver |
Culture (band) | DVDs | DVDs
Live in Africa (2002), RAS |
Culture (band) | References | References |
Culture (band) | External links | External links
[ Allmusic biography]
2003 article, ic stand against crack
Culture biography and discography
Category:1976 establishments in Jamaica
Category:Jamaican reggae musical groups
Category:Musical groups established in 1976
Category:VP Records artists
Category:Shanachie Records artists |
Culture (band) | Table of Content | Short description, History, Discography, Studio albums, Dub albums, Live albums, Split albums, Compilations, DVDs, References, External links |
Crispin Jeremy Rupert Blunt | # | redirect Crispin Blunt |
Crispin Jeremy Rupert Blunt | Table of Content | # |
VxD | Short description | VxD is the device driver model used in Microsoft Windows/386 2.x, the 386 enhanced mode of Windows 3.x, Windows 9x, and to some extent also by the Novell DOS 7, OpenDOS 7.01, and DR-DOS 7.02 (and higher) multitasker (TASKMGR). VxDs have access to the memory of the kernel and all running processes, as well as raw access to the hardware. Starting with Windows 98, Windows Driver Model was the recommended driver model to write drivers for, with the VxD driver model still being supported for backward compatibility, until Windows Me. |
VxD | Name and design | Name and design
The name "VxD" is an abbreviation for "virtual xxx driver", where "xxx" is some class of hardware device. It derives from the fact that most drivers had filenames of the form vxxxd.386 in Windows 3.x. Some examples are vjoyd.386 (joystick) and vmm.386 (memory manager). VxDs under Windows 3.x usually have the filename extension .386, while those under Windows 9x have .vxd. Windows 9x VxDs are in Linear Executable format. VxDs written for Windows 3.x can be used under Windows 9x but not vice versa. |
VxD | History | History
Prior to the advent of Windows, DOS applications would either communicate directly with the various pieces of hardware (responding to interrupts, reading and writing device memory etc.) or go through a DOS device driver. As DOS was not multitasking, each application would have exclusive and complete control over the hardware while running. Though Windows applications don't often communicate directly with hardware, it was the only way for Windows drivers; and still is in the real and standard modes of Windows 3.x.
Windows/386 and onward allowed multiple DOS applications to execute concurrently by executing each within its own virtual machine. To share physical resources among these virtual machines, Microsoft introduced virtual device drivers. These drivers solved issues relating to conflicting usage of physical resources by intercepting calls to the hardware. Instead of a machine port representing an actual device, it would represent a "virtual" device, which could be managed by the operating system. |
VxD | Obsolescence | Obsolescence
Although Windows 98 introduced the Windows Driver Model (WDM), VxD device drivers can be used under Windows 98 and Windows Me. Using VxD drivers instead of WDM drivers in Windows 9x may result in advanced ACPI states like hibernation being unavailable.
VxDs are not usable in Windows NT or its descendants. Windows NT-based operating systems from 3.1 to 4.0 must use drivers written specifically for them. These drivers are otherwise known as the Windows NT Driver Model. Starting with Windows 2000, Windows NT-based operating systems have adopted the Windows Driver Model from Windows 98.
VxDs should not be confused with the similarly named NTVDM-specific 'VDDs' (Virtual Device Drivers), which provide a method of emulating direct I/O under a Windows NT "DOS Box". NTVDM VDDs run as regular, 32-bit, user-mode DLLs, and must rely on the Win32 API (or another WDM driver) to emulate the desired I/O on behalf of the 16-bit program. |
VxD | See also | See also
VXD (CONFIG.SYS directive)
Windows Driver Model (WDM)
Architecture of Windows 9x |
VxD | References | References |
VxD | Further reading | Further reading
(xviii+856+vi pages, 3.5"-floppy) Errata:
Category:Microsoft application programming interfaces
Category:Device drivers
Category:Windows components |
VxD | Table of Content | Short description, Name and design, History, Obsolescence, See also, References, Further reading |
Triple Unite (English coin) | Short description | The Triple Unite, valued at sixty shillings, 60/- or three pounds, was the highest English denomination to be produced in the era of the hammered coinage. It was only produced during the English Civil War, at King Charles I's mints at Oxford (between 1642 and 1644) and, rarely, at Shrewsbury in 1642. It weighed 421 grains (27.3 grams, or just over seven-eighths of a troy ounce).
The gold coins show the king holding a sword and an olive branch on the obverse, signifying his wish for peace rather than war.
The extremely rare Shrewsbury-produced coin shows, on the obverse, a plume behind the kings' head surrounded by the legend CAROLUS DG MAG BRIT FRAN ET HIBER REX – Charles by the grace of God King of Great Britain France and Ireland. The reverse shows the legend RELIG PROT LEG ANG LIBER PAR in three lines – The religion of the Protestants, the laws of England and the liberty of Parliament, with three plumes and the value numeral III above the declaration and the year 1642 below it, the whole being surrounded by the legend EXURGAT DEUS DISSIPENTUR INIMICI ("Let God arise and His enemies be scattered", from Psalm 68).
The Oxford issues are very similar to the Shrewsbury one, except that the legend on the reverse appears in three lines rather than two, and the obverse legend appears as CAROLUS DG MAG BRIT FR ET HIB REX. Oxford coins appear with slight design differences in each year of 1642, 1643, and 1644. |
Triple Unite (English coin) | External links | External links
Triple Unite Sales Archive – A gallery of Triple Unite pictures, varieties and values.
Category:Coins of England
Category:English gold coins
Category:English Civil War
Category:1642 in England
Category:1640s introductions
Category:1642 beginnings |
Triple Unite (English coin) | Table of Content | Short description, External links |
Roy MacLaren (politician) | Short description | Roy MacLaren (born 26 October 1934) is a Canadian politician, diplomat, historian, and author.
Born in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, he received a Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of British Columbia with a major in History, a master's degree from St Catharine's College, Cambridge, a Master of Divinity degree from the University of Trinity College and an honorary Doctor of Sacred Letters degree from the University of Toronto, another honorary degree from the University of Alabama, and in 1973 attended Harvard University's Advanced Management Program. In 2002, he received the Alumni Award of Distinction from the University of British Columbia.
During twelve years with the Canadian foreign service, MacLaren's postings included Hanoi, Saigon, Prague and the United Nations in New York and Geneva. He served as the Canadian Chair of the Canada-Europe Round Table and the Canadian Institute for International Affairs. He has also served on the Canadian and British board of directors of Deutsche Bank plus a number of other multi-national corporations. He is also the Honorary Colonel of the 7th Toronto Regiment, Royal Canadian Artillery.
His historical book, Canadians on the Nile, 1882–1898 was published in 1978 and the following year he was elected to the House of Commons of Canada as the Liberal MP for Etobicoke North. In June 1983, MacLaren was appointed by Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau as Minister of State [Finance]. In June 1984, he was appointed to John Turner's short-lived cabinet as Minister of National Revenue, but was defeated in the September election by Conservative Bob Pennock. In 1988, he was again elected MP for Etobicoke North. After the Liberals won the 1993 election, he was appointed Minister of International Trade, but resigned that position and his seat in 1996, when he was appointed High Commissioner for Canada in the United Kingdom. He served in that position until 2000.
MacLaren is Chairman of the Canada-India Business Council. He also co-Chairs the Canada Europe Roundtable for Business, sits on the Council of the Champlain Society, the Executive Committee of the Trilateral Commission, the board of directors of the Royal Ontario Museum Foundation Board, is President of St Catharine's College Society, and a director of The Council for Business and the Arts in Canada. His published writings reflect his personal and professional experience, much of it concentrating on Canada's international history.
While serving as High Commissioner in London, he published the historically significant diaries of explorer William Stairs. The depiction on the book cover of the expedition up Mt. Ruwenzori is based on a sketch by William Stairs now in the National Archives of Canada. |
Roy MacLaren (politician) | Works | Works
Canadians in Russia, 1918–1919 (1976)
Canadians on the Nile, 1882–1898 (1978)
Canadians Behind Enemy Lines, 1939–1945 (1981)
Honourable Mentions: The uncommon diary of an M.P." (Toronto, ON: Deneau Publishers, Inc., 1986) African Exploits, The Diaries of William Stairs, 1887–1892 (1998) Commissions High; Canada in London 1870–1970'' (2004) |
Roy MacLaren (politician) | Archives | Archives
There is a Roy MacLaren fonds at Library and Archives Canada. |
Roy MacLaren (politician) | Electoral record | Electoral record |
Roy MacLaren (politician) | References | References |
Roy MacLaren (politician) | External links | External links
Category:1934 births
Category:Living people
Category:Alumni of St Catharine's College, Cambridge
Category:Canadian Anglicans
Category:20th-century Canadian historians
Category:Canadian male non-fiction writers
Category:High commissioners of Canada to the United Kingdom
Category:Liberal Party of Canada MPs
Category:Members of the 22nd Canadian Ministry
Category:Members of the 23rd Canadian Ministry
Category:Members of the 26th Canadian Ministry
Category:Members of the House of Commons of Canada from British Columbia
Category:Members of the King's Privy Council for Canada
Category:Politicians from Vancouver
Category:Royal Ontario Museum
Category:Trinity College (Canada) alumni
Category:University of Toronto alumni
Category:Writers from Vancouver
Category:21st-century Canadian historians
Category:20th-century members of the House of Commons of Canada |
Roy MacLaren (politician) | Table of Content | Short description, Works, Archives, Electoral record, References, External links |
Badmotorfinger | good article | Badmotorfinger is the third studio album by American rock band Soundgarden, released on October 8, 1991, through A&M Records. Soundgarden began the recording sessions for the album with new bassist Ben Shepherd in the spring of 1991. The album maintained the band's heavy metal sound, while featuring an increased focus on songwriting compared to the band's previous releases. AllMusic considered the album's music to be "surprisingly cerebral and arty"; alternative tunings and odd time signatures were present on several of the album's songs, and lyrics were intended to be ambiguous and evocative.
The focus on the Seattle grunge scene helped bring attention to Badmotorfinger, and the singles "Outshined" and "Rusty Cage" found a major audience in rock radio and MTV. Badmotorfinger became the band's highest charting album at the time on the Billboard 200, where it peaked at number 39. The album received critical acclaim, citing the significant improvements over earlier releases and evolution in the band's sound. Soundgarden supported the album with tours of North America and Europe, including opening for Guns N' Roses on the Use Your Illusion Tour. In 1992, Badmotorfinger was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Metal Performance. It was certified double platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America in 1996. |
Badmotorfinger | Writing | Writing
Badmotorfinger has been classified by various critics as grunge, alternative metal, heavy metal and hard rock. Steve Huey of AllMusic said the songwriting on the album "takes a quantum leap in focus and consistency", adding: "It's surprisingly cerebral and arty music for a band courting mainstream metal audiences, but it attacks with scientific precision." Guitarist Kim Thayil jokingly called it the "Heavy Metal White Album". Frontman Chris Cornell said, "I think there's songs on the new record which are almost more commercially viable because they have that memorable feel to them, and I think if anyone expected us to come out and make something more commercial than Louder Than Love [the band's previous album], then I'm glad that they were surprised.""Colour Me Badmotorfinger! ". Raw. October 30, 1991. Retrieved May 19, 2017. He added that the album was more representative of how the band was live.
Compared with Louder Than Love, the band took a more collaborative approach to the writing process for Badmotorfinger.Linx, Anna. "Soundgarden: No Hype Allowed" . The Music Paper. July 1994. It was Soundgarden's first album with bassist Ben Shepherd, who replaced Jason Everman in April 1990, and Cornell said Shepherd brought a "fresh and creative" approach to the recording sessions,""Garden of Eden" . Kerrang!. August 31, 1991. while the band as a whole said his knowledge of music and writing skills redefined the group.Neely, Kim. "Soundgarden: The Veteran Band from Seattle Proves There's Life After Nirvana" . Rolling Stone. July 9, 1992. Before joining, Soundgarden had been Shepherd's favorite band.Myers, Caren. "Garden of Earthly Delights" . Details. April 1994. Shepherd contributed the song "Somewhere" and collaborated on the musical composition of several other songs on the album, as did Thayil and drummer Matt Cameron. Thayil said Shepherd's contributions helped make the album "faster" and "weirder".Nicholson, Kris. "Angry Young Men ". The Music Paper. February 1992. Accessed May 19, 2017.
Several of the album's songs utilize alternative tunings, such as "Rusty Cage", "Searching with My Good Eye Closed", and "Holy Water" (on all of which the bottom E string of the guitars is tuned down to B),Woodard, Josef. "How to grow your own twin-guitar attack" . Musician. March 1992. and "Mind Riot" (on which every string is tuned to one of several octaves of E). There are also some unusual time signatures on the album, "Outshined" is partially in 7/4 and "Face Pollution" is in 9/8. Thayil claimed the band did not deliberately pursue unusual meters, but rather was the result of a "push to get the quirkiness out of things".
Regarding the lyrics, Cornell said he tried to not get too specific and was more interested in letting ambiguity "[create] colourful images.""Sound and Vision" . Rock Power. March 1992. Thayil compared listening to the album to "reading a novel [about] man's conflict with himself and society, or the government, or his family, or the economy, or anything.""Soundgarden" . Guitar for the Practicing Musician. December 1992. Cornell said "Outshined" is about going from "periods of extreme self-confidence" to "plummeting in the opposite direction".Friend, Lonn M. "Heroes ... and Heroin" . RIP. July 1992. "Jesus Christ Pose" was written about famous people who exploit the symbol of Jesus' crucifixion to suggest they're persecuted by the public.Magnuson, Ann. "Sub Zep?" . Spin. February 1992. Thayil wrote the lyrics for "Room a Thousand Years Wide", and said the song is about "experience in general". "Holy Water" was written about people who force their beliefs onto others. "New Damage" subtly criticizes the right-wing government of the United States."Soundgarden: Are These Men from Seattle the Future of Metal?" . Kerrang!. December 7, 1991. |
Badmotorfinger | Recording | Recording
The album was recorded in the spring of 1991 at Studio D in Sausalito, California, Bear Creek Studios in Woodinville, Washington, and A&M Studios in Los Angeles, California. Soundgarden chose to work with producer Terry Date, as it had on Louder Than Love, because, according to Cornell, the band had a good relationship with Date and did not want to go through the pressure of trying to find a new producer.Harris, Mike. "Sound Saboteurs" . Riff Raff. November 1991. One example of the innovative techniques used to record the album is that, for the opening song, "Rusty Cage", Thayil used a wah pedal as an audio filter, which resulted in an unusual guitar sound he said produced a guitar riff that "almost sounds backward".Gilbert, Jeff. "Primecuts: Kim Thayil" . Guitar School. May 1994. |
Badmotorfinger | Artwork and title | Artwork and title
The Badmotorfinger logo on the cover of the album was drawn by guitarist Mark Dancey of the Sub Pop band Big Chief and consists of a jagged, cyclone-like design, in the center of which is a triangle that has the album's title along the interior perimeter and a spark plug in the middle. Thayil suggested the title Badmotorfinger as a joke on the Montrose song "Bad Motor Scooter"Superuninterview. Promo CD. A&M Records. 1994. and said, regarding the title: "It was sort of off the top of my head. I simply like it because it was colorful. It was kinda aggressive, too ... It conjures up a lot of different kinds of images. We like the ambiguity in it, the way it sounded and the way it looked." |
Badmotorfinger | Release and reception | Release and reception
Badmotorfinger was scheduled for release on September 24, 1991, but A&M Records pushed it back to October 8 due to "production problems." Coming a month and a half after Pearl Jam's Ten and just weeks after Nirvana's Nevermind and Red Hot Chili Peppers' Blood Sugar Sex Magik (both of which were released on September 24), it has been credited with helping to break alternative rock and grunge into the mainstream. Although overshadowed at the time of its release by the sudden popularity of Nevermind, the attention that album brought to the Seattle music scene helped Soundgarden get broader exposure,Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. [ "Soundgarden"]. AllMusic. Retrieved on June 13, 2005. and Badmotorfinger peaked at number 39 on the Billboard 200 album chart on February 29, 1992. It was among the 100 top selling albums of 1992,Lyons, James. Selling Seattle: Representing Contemporary Urban America. Wallflower, 2004. , pp. 136 sold a million copies in the early 1990s, and was certified platinum by the RIAA in January 1993.
The album included the singles "Jesus Christ Pose", "Outshined", and "Rusty Cage", which gained considerable airtime on alternative rock radio stations. The music videos for "Outshined" and "Rusty Cage" gained considerable airtime on MTV, but the video for "Jesus Christ Pose", the album's lead single, was removed from MTV's playlist amidst widespread controversy over the perceived anti-Christian message of the song and video. Promotion of the song also precipitated death threats against the band while they were on tour to support the album in the United Kingdom."I Don't Care About Performing for 20,000!" . Raw. September 15, 1993.
In a contemporary review for Spin, Lauren Spencer hailed Badmotorfinger as a "garden of sound" that drew on older hard rock influences without sounding "derivative". Entertainment Weekly critic Gina Arnold commended Soundgarden for writing more engagingly than their contemporaries, "who seldom get beyond extolling booze, girls, and cars". She concluded in her review that the record was more "stylishly bombastic rather than bludgeoningly bombastic. Tuneless heavy metal is, after all, still tuneless heavy metal, and in that department, Soundgarden are as functional as they make 'em." Writing for NME, Keith Cameron said that the band had found "a cool balance" between Cornell's "bluesy screams" and Thayil's "brutish riff powerplay" on Badmotorfinger, rendering the album more "stripped down, lithe and lethal" than Louder Than Love. Dave Hill of the The Indianapolis Star writes that the album "is, in stretches, deliciously sardonic and consistently bombastic, and its sense for metaphors is wondrous," whilst noting that "such sophisticated songwriting might be way over the heads of the kids who make up the headbanging legions." Retrospectively, AllMusic staff-writer Steve Huey deemed Badmotorfinger "heavy, challenging hard rock full of intellectual sensibility and complex band interplay", while Ann Powers of Blender commented that "Cornell strikes the perfect Jesus Christ pose on this sonic wallop". Robert Christgau was less enthusiastic, finding it "credible" as a metal record because of Thayil's impressive use of guitar noise, but less impressive lyrically, writing: "Chris Cornell howls on about 'lookin for the paradigm' and 'your Jesus Christ pose' (I swear, that's the good stuff)".
At the 1992 Grammy Awards, Badmotorfinger received a nomination for Best Metal Performance. That same year, the album won a Northwest Area Music Award for Best Metal Album.
It was ranked number 45 in the October 2006 issue of Guitar World on the magazine's list of the 100 greatest guitar albums of all time."100 Greatest Guitar Albums of All Time" . Guitar World. October 2006. Also, in April 2019, was ranked number 2 on Rolling Stones "50 Greatest Grunge Albums" list.
Buzz Osborne, whose band Melvins had a massive influence on grunge, called Badmotorfinger his favorite grunge album of all time, praising its sophistication and complex structures. In 2010, singer Greg Puciato named "Room a Thousand Years Wide" his favorite song. |
Badmotorfinger | 25th-anniversary reissues (2016) | 25th-anniversary reissues (2016)
The 25th-anniversary reissue of Badmotorfinger was made available in two deluxe versions:
The "Deluxe Edition" was a 2-CD package featuring a remastered version of the album on one disc and some studio outtakes and live tracks from a performance at the Paramount Theatre on the other.
The "Super Deluxe Edition" was a 7 disc package: disc one was the remastered version of the album; disc two had studio outtakes; discs three and four consisted of live tracks from the performance at the Paramount Theatre, and disc five was a DVD of video footage of the same show; disc six featured Motorvision, a 1992 concert film depicting the band performing at the Paramount, alongside other live performances and the music videos for the album's three singles; and disc seven contained the album mixed in Blu-ray Audio 5.1 Surround Sound. This release was packaged with various extras, and the first 1,000 people to pre-order it received an exclusive re-issue of the "Jesus Christ Pose" single on 7" vinyl.
A 2-LP gatefold of the album was also made available, with a limited edition of 1,000 produced using silver-colored vinyl.
The Badmotorfinger reissue was created using a backup digital audio tape safety copy of the album, as the original master tapes were damaged or destroyed in the 2008 Universal Studios fire, which affected the label group's tape vault and purportedly destroyed material from hundreds of other recording artists. According to a document filed as part of a class action lawsuit Soundgarden and other artists brought against UMG as a result of the fire, the label made the band aware in May 2015 that the original half-inch master tape of Badmotorfinger had been destroyed and was unavailable for use on the remaster project. |
Badmotorfinger | Tour | Tour
Following the release of Badmotorfinger, Soundgarden went on a tour in North America during October and November 1991. Following this tour, they were selected by Guns N' Roses for an opening slot on that band's Use Your Illusion Tour.Sherry, James. "Soundgarden" . Metal Hammer. December 1991. After this, Soundgarden took a slot opening for Skid Row in North America in February 1992 on that band's Slave to the Grind tour.Jones, Alison F. "Pounding for Pot: Soundgarden's Matt Cameron" . High Times. July 1992. Soundgarden then headed to Europe for a month-long headlining theater tour before returning to tour in the United States. They rejoined Guns N' Roses and the Use Your Illusion Tour in the summer of 1992 for a tour of Europe along with fellow opening act Faith No More. Regarding the time spent opening for Guns N' Roses, Cornell said: "It wasn't a whole lot of fun going out in front of 40,000 people for 35 minutes every day. Most of them hadn't heard our songs and didn't care about them. It was a bizarre thing." The band would go on to play the 1992 Lollapalooza tour with the Red Hot Chili Peppers and Pearl Jam, among others. They later released Motorvision, which was filmed at the Paramount Theatre in 1992. |
Badmotorfinger | Track listing | Track listing |
Badmotorfinger | Personnel | Personnel
Soundgarden
Chris Cornell – vocals, rhythm guitar
Kim Thayil – lead guitar
Ben Shepherd – bass
Matt Cameron – drums
Additional personnel
Scott Granlund – saxophone on "Room a Thousand Years Wide" and "Drawing Flies"
Ernst Long – trumpet on "Face Pollution", "Room a Thousand Years Wide", and "Drawing Flies"
Damon Stewart – narration on "Searching with My Good Eye Closed"
Artwork
Mark Dancey – front cover illustration
Walberg Design – design
Michael Lavine – photography
Len Peltier – art direction
Production
Terry Date – production, engineering
Soundgarden – production
Larry Brewer – production assistance
Efren Herrera, John Jackson – assistance
Ron St. Germain – mixing
Howie Weinberg – mastering
Susan Silver – management |
Badmotorfinger | Charts | Charts |
Badmotorfinger | Weekly charts | Weekly charts
Chart (1992) Peakposition Australian Albums (ARIA) 54
Chart (1994) Peakposition
Chart (2016) PeakpositionUS Tastemaker Albums (Billboard) 8
Chart (2017) PeakpositionCanadian Albums (Billboard) 72US Digital Albums (Billboard) 23US Hard Rock Albums (Billboard) 6US Top Album Sales (Billboard) 33US Top Catalog Albums (Billboard) 7US Top Rock Albums (Billboard) 13US Vinyl Albums (Billboard) 12 |
Badmotorfinger | Year-end charts | Year-end charts
Chart (1992) Position US Billboard 200 86 |
Badmotorfinger | Singles | Singles
Year Single Peakposition USMain.RockSoundgarden - Mainstream Rock Tracks billboard.com. Retrieved June 9, 2018. AUSTop 100 peaks to December 2010: Ryan, Gavin (2011). Australia's Music Charts 1988–2010. Mt. Martha, VIC, Australia: Moonlight Publishing. UKSoundgarden - UK Singles Chart History. officialcharts.com. Retrieved June 9, 2018. 1991 "Jesus Christ Pose" — — 30 "Outshined" 45 76 50 1992 "Rusty Cage" — 80 41 "—" denotes releases that did not chart or were not released in that country. |
Badmotorfinger | Certifications | Certifications |
Badmotorfinger | Accolades | Accolades
Publication Country Accolade Year Rank Guitar World United States "100 Greatest Guitar Albums of All Time" 2006 45 Revolver United States "The 69 Greatest Metal Albums of All Time""The 69 Greatest Metal Albums of All Time." Revolver. September/October 2002. 2002 26 Kerrang! United Kingdom "100 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die" 1998 25 Visions Germany "The Most Important Albums of the 90s" 1999 3 Juice Australia "The 100 (+34) Greatest Albums of the 90s" 1999 48 The Movement New Zealand "The 101 Best Albums of the 90s" 2004 84 |
Badmotorfinger | References | References
Category:1991 albums
Category:Soundgarden albums
Category:A&M Records albums
Category:Albums produced by Terry Date
Category:Albums produced by Chris Cornell
Category:Albums produced by Matt Cameron
Category:Albums recorded at Bear Creek Studio |
Badmotorfinger | Table of Content | good article, Writing, Recording, Artwork and title, Release and reception, 25th-anniversary reissues (2016), Tour, Track listing, Personnel, Charts, Weekly charts, Year-end charts, Singles, Certifications, Accolades, References |
Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean | Infobox settlement
<!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions -->
| Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean (, ) is a region in Quebec, Canada on the Labrador Peninsula. It contains the Saguenay Fjord, the estuary of the Saguenay River, stretching through much of the region. It is also known as Sagamie in French, from the first part of "Saguenay" and the last part of "Piekouagami", the Innu name (meaning "flat lake") for Lac Saint-Jean, with the final "e" added to follow the model of other existing region names such as Mauricie, Témiscamie, Jamésie, and Matawinie. With a land area of , Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean is the third-largest Quebec region after Nord-du-Québec and Côte-Nord.
This region is bathed by two major watercourses, Lac Saint-Jean and the Saguenay River, both of which mark its landscape deeply and have been the main drives of its development in history. It is also irrigated by several other large watercourses. Bordered by forests and mountainous massifs, the southern portion of the region constitutes a fertile enclave in the Canadian Shield called the Saguenay Graben. Both the scenery and the cultural sites and activities of Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean attract tourists every year. Lac Saint-Jean is a popular vacation destination in the summer for residents of the more urban regions of Quebec. |
Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean | Etymology | Etymology
The name Saguenay is possibly derived from the Innu word "Saki-nip" which means "where water flows out". |
Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean | Population | Population
The population of the Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean region was 275,552 at the Canada 2021 Census, representing 3.2% of Quebec's population. It is concentrated primarily in three clusters: the city of Saguenay (pop. 144,723), the city of Alma (pop. 30,331) and the agglomeration of Roberval (pop. 9,840), Saint-Félicien (pop. 10,089) and Dolbeau-Mistassini (pop. 13,718). Saguenay, the region's largest city, is located slightly west of the fjord, mostly south of the river. It makes up 52.5% of the region's population. |
Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean | Flag | Flag
The flag was incorporated in 1938 on the centenary of the first settlers' arrival in 1838 and was created by Mgr. Victor Tremblay, a local historian. The four colours represent the four elements of the richness of Saguenay: the grey cross represents aluminum, which is an important product of local industry; the red border represents the inhabitants' labour; green, at the top represents the forest; and yellow, at the bottom, represents agriculture.Luc-Vartan Baronian and Nelson Belley: Royaume du Saguenay (Quebec - Canada): Flag use in the Saguenay. 27 January 1997 and 12 January 1998. Retrieved on 16 July 2018. |
Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean | Administrative divisions | Administrative divisions
Following the Saguenay municipal reorganization in 2002, the region now counts 49 municipalities (including unorganized territories). |
Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean | Regional county municipalities | Regional county municipalities
Le Fjord-du-Saguenay Regional County Municipality (pop. 21,600)
Lac-Saint-Jean-Est Regional County Municipality (pop. 52,741)
Le Domaine-du-Roy Regional County Municipality (pop. 31,285)
Maria-Chapdelaine Regional County Municipality (pop. 24,793) |
Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean | Equivalent territory | Equivalent territory
Saguenay (pop. 144,746) |
Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean | Native reserve | Native reserve
Mashteuiatsh within Le Domaine-du-Roy, (pop. 2,213 Montagnais) |
Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean | Demographics | Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, the Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean region had a population of living in of its total private dwellings, a change of from its 2016 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of in 2021.
The median age is 47.2, as opposed to 41.6 for all of Canada. French was the mother tongue of 98.0% of residents in 2021. The next most common mother tongues were English at 0.6%, followed by Spanish at 0.4% and the related languages of Atikamekw and Innu at 0.3% total. 0.4% reported both English and French as their first language. Additionally there were 0.1% who reported both French and a non-official language as their mother tongue.
As of 2021, Indigenous peoples comprised 5.1% of the population and visible minorities contributed 1.5%. The largest visible minority groups in Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean are Black (0.7%), Arab (0.2%), and Latin American (0.2%). The region is home to 555 recent immigrants (i.e. those arriving between 2016 and 2021). 190 of them come from France, and 180 come from various African countries, with Cameroon leading at 75 recent immigrants.
In 2021, 73.4% of the population identified as Catholic, while 19.2% said they had no religious affiliation. Muslims were the largest religious minority, making up 0.3% of the population.
Counting both single and multiple responses, the most commonly identified ethnocultural ancestries were:
Ethnic origin2021Canadian41.8%French19.4%Québécois15.8%French Canadian11.4%First Nations3.6%Irish2.0%Innu1.7%Métis1.6%Scottish1.2%Acadian1.0%
(Percentages may total more than 100% due to rounding and multiple responses).
Visible minority and Aboriginal population (Canada 2021 Census)Population groupPopulation % of total populationWhite257,82093.4%Visible minority group
Source:, Community Profiles from the 2006 Census, Statistics Canada - Census SubdivisionSouth Asian1700.1%Chinese3950.1%Black1,7700.7%Filipino1250%Arab4900.2%Latin American6200.2%Southeast Asian2100.1%West Asian55Korean30Japanese25Visible minority, n.i.e.70Multiple visible minority1550.1%Total visible minority population4,1151.5%Aboriginal group
Source:, Aboriginal Population Profile from the 2006 Census, Statistics Canada - Census SubdivisionFirst Nations6,8852.6%Métis5,7902.2%Inuit1850.1%Aboriginal, n.i.e.5600.2%Multiple Aboriginal identity2000.1%Total Aboriginal population13,6155.1%Total population275,550100% |
Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean | Major communities | Major communities
Albanel
Alma
Dolbeau-Mistassini
Hébertville
Métabetchouan-Lac-à-la-Croix
Normandin
Roberval Saguenay
Saint-Ambroise
Saint-Bruno
Saint-David-de-Falardeau
Saint-Félicien
Saint-Honoré
Saint-Prime |
Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean | School districts | School districts
Each school service centre (French: centre de services scolaire) give services to five school distincts of 20 in the region:
Centre de services scolaire de la Jonquière
Centre de services scolaire du Lac-Saint-Jean
Centre de services scolaire du Pays-des-Bleuets (Maria-Chapdelaine, Le Domaine-du-Roy, Mashteuiatsh and Saint-Ludger-de-Milot)
Centre de services scolaire des Rives-du-Saguenay (Le Fjord-du-Saguenay Regional County Municipality (except Larouche, Saint-Ambroise, Bégin), Sagard and Saguenay (except Jonquière)
The whole region is part of the anglophone district Central Quebec School Board. |
Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean | See also | See also
List of Quebec regions
List of people from Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean
List of historic places in Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean |
Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean | Notes | Notes |
Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean | References | References
|
Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean | External links | External links
Portail du Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean Official website
saguenay lac st jean Tourisme Alma
Category:Administrative regions of Quebec |
Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean | Table of Content | Infobox settlement
<!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions -->
, Etymology, Population, Flag, Administrative divisions, Regional county municipalities, Equivalent territory, Native reserve, Demographics, Major communities, School districts, See also, Notes, References, External links |
Temple of the Dog | Short description | Temple of the Dog was an American rock band that formed in Seattle, Washington, in 1990. It was conceived by vocalist Chris Cornell of Soundgarden as a tribute to his friend, the late Andrew Wood, lead singer of the bands Malfunkshun and Mother Love Bone. The lineup included Stone Gossard on rhythm guitar, Jeff Ament on bass guitar (both ex-members of Mother Love Bone and future members of Pearl Jam), Mike McCready (later Pearl Jam) on lead guitar, and Matt Cameron (Soundgarden and later Pearl Jam) on drums. Eddie Vedder appeared as a guest to provide some lead and backing vocals and later became lead vocalist of Pearl Jam. Pearl Jam's debut album, Ten, was released four months after Temple of the Dog's only studio album.
The band released its only album, the self-titled Temple of the Dog, in April 1991 through A&M Records. The recording sessions took place in November and December 1990 at London Bridge Studio in Seattle, Washington, with producer Rakesh "Rick" Parashar. Although earning praise from music critics at the time of its release, the album was not widely recognized until 1992, when Vedder, Ament, Gossard, and McCready had their breakthrough with Pearl Jam (causing Temple of the Dog to sometimes be (retroactively) considered a supergroup). Cameron would later join Pearl Jam, serving as drummer since 1998, following Soundgarden's initial break-up in 1997, making the five members of Pearl Jam after that point identical to the members of Temple of the Dog other than Chris Cornell.
The band reformed and toured in 2016 to celebrate the 25th anniversary of their self-titled album. It was the only tour they ever undertook. |
Temple of the Dog | History | History |
Temple of the Dog | Formation | Formation
Temple of the Dog was started by Soundgarden frontman Chris Cornell, who had been a roommate of Andrew Wood, the lead singer of Malfunkshun and Mother Love Bone.Turman, Katherine. "Life Rules." RIP. October 1991 Wood died on March 19, 1990, of a heroin overdose. As Cornell went on to tour Europe a few days later, he started writing songs in tribute to his late friend. The result was two songs, "Reach Down" and "Say Hello 2 Heaven", which he recorded as soon as he returned home from touring.
The recorded material was slow and melodic, musically different from the aggressive rock music of Soundgarden. Cornell approached Wood's former Mother Love Bone bandmates Stone Gossard and Jeff Ament—who were still figuring out what to do after the death of their singer and lyricist—with the intention of releasing the songs as a single. Ament described the collaboration as "a really good thing at the time" for Gossard and him that put them into a "band situation where we could play and make music." The band's lineup was completed by the addition of Soundgarden (and later Pearl Jam) drummer Matt Cameron and future Pearl Jam lead guitarist Mike McCready, who was Gossard's childhood friend. They named themselves Temple of the Dog, a reference to a line in the lyrics of the Mother Love Bone song "Man of Golden Words".
The band started rehearsing "Reach Down", "Say Hello 2 Heaven", and other songs that Cornell had written on tour prior to Wood's death, as well as re-working some existing material from demos written by Gossard, Ament, and Cameron.Alden, Grant. "Requiem for a Heavyweight." Guitar World. July 1997 One such demo became a song for two bands, recorded as "Footsteps" by Pearl Jam and "Times of Trouble" by Temple of the Dog.Cohen, Jonathan. "The Pearl Jam Q & A: Lost Dogs". Billboard. 2003. The idea of doing covers of Wood's solo material also came up, but was abandoned quickly, as the band felt it would make people (including Wood's close friends and relatives) think they were "exploiting his material." |
Temple of the Dog | Recording | Recording
The release of a single was soon deemed a "stupid idea" by Cornell and dropped in favor of an EP or album. The album was recorded in only 15 days, produced by the band themselves, along with Rick Parashar of London Bridge Studio. Gossard described the recording process as a "non-pressure-filled" situation, as there were no expectations or pressure coming from the record company. Eddie Vedder, who had flown up to Seattle from San Diego to audition to be the singer of Ament, Gossard, and McCready's new band, Mookie Blaylock (named for a basketball player, the band would later be renamed Pearl Jam), was at one of the Temple of the Dog rehearsals, and ended up providing backing vocals on a few songs, with "Hunger Strike" becoming a duet between Cornell and Vedder. Cornell was still figuring out the vocals at practice, when Vedder stepped in and filled in the blanks, singing the low parts because he saw it was hard for Cornell. As Cornell later described it: "He sang half of that song not even knowing that I'd wanted the part to be there and he sang it exactly the way I was thinking about doing it, just instinctively." "Hunger Strike" became Temple of the Dog's breakout single. It was also Vedder's first featured vocal on a record. In the 2011 documentary Pearl Jam Twenty, Vedder states: "That was the first time I heard myself on a real record. It could be one of my favorite songs that I've ever been on — or the most meaningful." |
Temple of the Dog | Release and delayed success | Release and delayed success
Temple of the Dog, the band's self-titled album, was released on April 16, 1991, through A&M Records and initially sold 70,000 copies in the United States. Ament recalled requesting that A&M include a Pearl Jam sticker on the cover—as they had just picked their new name—because "it'll be a good thing for us", but they refused. The album received favorable reviews, but failed to chart. Critic Steve Huey of AllMusic later gave the album four-and-a-half stars out of five, stating that the "record sounds like a bridge between Mother Love Bone's theatrical '70s-rock updates and Pearl Jam's hard-rocking seriousness." David Fricke of Rolling Stone wrote, in retrospect, that the album "deserves immortality." The band members were pleased with the material, as it achieved its purpose; Cornell believed that "Andy really would have liked" the songs, and Gossard also asserted that he thought Wood would be "blown away by the whole thing". Soon after the album's release, Soundgarden and Pearl Jam embarked on recording their own albums, and the Temple of the Dog project was brought to a close, without a promotional tour for the album.
In the summer of 1992, the album received renewed attention. Although it had been released more than a year earlier, A&M Records realized that they had in their catalog what was essentially a collaboration between Soundgarden and Pearl Jam, who had both risen to mainstream attention in the months since the album's release with their respective albums, Badmotorfinger and Ten. A&M decided to reissue the album and promote "Hunger Strike" as a single, with an accompanying music video that had been previously filmed. The attention allowed both the album and single to chart on Billboard charts and resulted in a boost in album sales. The album ended up being among the 100 top-selling albums of 1992,Lyons, James. Selling Seattle: Representing Contemporary Urban America. Wallflower, 2004. , pp. 136 and it has sold more than a million copies, achieving a platinum certification by the Recording Industry Association of America. |
Temple of the Dog | Subsequent events | Subsequent events
McCready, Ament, Cameron, and Cornell later reunited under the name M.A.C.C. to record a cover of Jimi Hendrix's "Hey Baby (Land of the New Rising Sun)" for the 1993 tribute album Stone Free: A Tribute to Jimi Hendrix. The song has since been included as part of the band's live set. In a 2007 interview with Ultimate Guitar Archive, Cornell stated he would be open to a Temple of the Dog reunion, or "some collaboration with any combination of those guys". He also revealed that Temple of the Dog was the reason he joined Audioslave, as the experience made him "keep an open mind" about collaborations with musicians from other bands. |
Temple of the Dog | Live performances | Live performances
During their initial existence, the only time Temple of the Dog played a full one-hour set was while rehearsing and writing the material for the album. The band (with the exception of Vedder) performed in Seattle at the Off Ramp Café on November 13, 1990. They also opened for Alice in Chains, following the short-lived Seattle group Panic, on December 22, 1990, at the Moore Theatre in Seattle.
In the time since the album's release, the band has re-formed for short live one-off performances on occasions where both Soundgarden and Pearl Jam were performing. Temple of the Dog performed "Hunger Strike" on October 3, 1991, at the Foundations Forum in Los Angeles, California; a three-song set on October 6, 1991, at the Hollywood Palladium in Hollywood for the RIP Magazine 5th anniversary party (Temple of the Dog played after secret headlining act Spinal Tap); and "Hunger Strike" on both August 14, 1992, at Lake Fairfax Park in Reston, Virginia, and September 13, 1992, at Irvine Meadows Amphitheater in Irvine, California (both shows were part of the Lollapalooza festival series in 1992). The band also played "Reach Down" on the latter occasion.
At a Pearl Jam show at the Santa Barbara Bowl in Santa Barbara, California, on October 28, 2003, Cornell joined the band on-stage, effectively reuniting Temple of the Dog (Cameron had been the drummer for Pearl Jam since 1998) for renditions of "Hunger Strike" and "Reach Down". Cornell also performed Audioslave's "Like a Stone" and Chris Cornell's "Can't Change Me". The version of "Reach Down" recorded that night later appeared on Pearl Jam's 2003 fan club Christmas single. Pearl Jam has also been known to perform, on rare occasions, "Hunger Strike" live without Cornell.
Cornell's post-Soundgarden band, Audioslave, added "All Night Thing", "Call Me a Dog", and "Hunger Strike" to its live set in 2005. Additionally, Cornell added the aforementioned songs, plus "Pushin Forward Back", "Wooden Jesus", "Reach Down", and "Say Hello 2 Heaven", to his solo live set.
On October 6, 2009, Cornell joined Pearl Jam onstage to perform "Hunger Strike" in Los Angeles, effectively reuniting Temple of the Dog once again. After this, a fan group emerged on Facebook in April 2010 to encourage a 20th anniversary benefit reunion tour, to begin on April 16, 2011.
During Labor Day weekend, 2011, Cornell joined Pearl Jam onstage at Alpine Valley in Wisconsin for PJ20 (Pearl Jam's twentieth anniversary celebration). On September 3, he joined them for a four-song set, which included the songs "Stardog Champion" (a Mother Love Bone cover with Cornell on vocals), "Say Hello 2 Heaven", "Reach Down", and "Hunger Strike". The next day, he joined them for "Hunger Strike", "Call Me a Dog", "All Night Thing", and "Reach Down" (which also included Glen Hansard, Dhani Harrison of Thenewno2, Davíd Garza, and Liam Finn).
On both October 25 and 26, 2014, Cornell joined Pearl Jam onstage to perform "Hunger Strike" at Shoreline Amphitheater in Mountain View, California, during the 28th Annual Bridge School Benefit. The October 26 concert marked the last time that Vedder and Cornell performed the song together.
On January 30, 2015, Pearl Jam bandmates Stone Gossard, Jeff Ament, and Matt Cameron joined Chris Cornell and Mike McCready during the Mad Season Sonic Evolution Concert at Benaroya Hall with the Seattle Symphony. The group performed two songs from the album: "Reach Down" and "Call Me a Dog".
Temple of the Dog finally officially toured in the fall of 2016 in celebration of the 25th anniversary of their self-titled album. Vedder did not participate in the tour, citing "family commitments", so, at the band's concert at the Paramount Theatre in Seattle on November 21, 2016, the crowd sang his part in "Hunger Strike" and Cornell dedicated the song to him.
On November 23rd, 2024, Pearl Jam performed "Hunger Strike" in Sydney, asking the crowd to sing Cornell's part. This was the first live performance of the track since Cornell's death. |
Temple of the Dog | Members | Members
Chris Cornell – lead vocals, rhythm guitar, banjo, harmonica
Mike McCready – lead guitar, backing vocals
Stone Gossard – rhythm guitar, backing vocals
Jeff Ament – bass, backing vocals
Matt Cameron – drums, backing vocals
Eddie Vedder – backing vocals, co-lead vocals |
Temple of the Dog | Discography | Discography |
Temple of the Dog | Studio albums | Studio albums
YearAlbum detailsPeak chart positionsCertifications(sales thresholds) US CAN 1991 Temple of the Dog
Released: April 16, 1991
Label: A&M
Format: CD, cassette (CS), LP 5 11RIAA: Platinum
BPI: Silver
MC: Platinum |
Temple of the Dog | Singles | Singles
Year Song Peak chart positions Album US Main US Alt CANNZ UK 1991"Hunger Strike"47504751Temple of the Dog"Say Hello 2 Heaven"5————"Pushin Forward Back" [US promo]————— "—" denotes singles that did not chart. |
Temple of the Dog | Music videos | Music videos
1991 – "Hunger Strike"
2016 – "Hunger Strike" (2016 Mix) |
Temple of the Dog | See also | See also
List of alternative rock artists |
Temple of the Dog | References | References |
Temple of the Dog | Further reading | Further reading |
Temple of the Dog | External links | External links
Category:A&M Records artists
Category:Alternative rock groups from Washington (state)
Category:American grunge groups
Category:Musical groups established in 1990
Category:Musical groups disestablished in 1992
Category:Musical groups reestablished in 2016
Category:Musical groups from Seattle
Category:Pearl Jam
Category:Soundgarden
Category:Tribute bands
Category:1990 establishments in Washington (state)
Category:1992 disestablishments in Washington (state) |
Temple of the Dog | Table of Content | Short description, History, Formation, Recording, Release and delayed success, Subsequent events, Live performances, Members, Discography, Studio albums, Singles, Music videos, See also, References, Further reading, External links |
VariCAD | Infobox Software
| VariCAD is a computer program for 3D/2D CAD and mechanical engineering which has been developed since 1988 in the Czech Republic. VariCAD runs on Windows and Linux. It features many tools for 3D modeling and 2D drafting. VariCAD provides support for parameters and geometric constraints, tools for shells, pipelines, sheet metal unbending and crash tests, assembly support, mechanical part and symbol libraries, calculations, bills of materials, and more.
The program includes a standard part library with screws, nuts, bearings etc. Additionally, it offers many calculation modules for, e.g., springs, beam torsion, volume, mass and center of gravity.
VariCAD allows editing of DWG files without conversion using the Open Design Alliance DWGdirect libraries. VariCAD also supports the ISO industrial product data exchange format STEP/STP. A list of notable supported file formats is listed in the Comparison of CAD software article.
VariCAD is available for both Windows and for some time on the Linux OS. With the addition of support for Unicode user interface now also supports non Latin character sets such as those used in the Japanese, Chinese and Russian languages.
VariCAD is available in English, German, Portuguese and Japanese languages.
VariCAD Viewer is a free proprietary computer program for viewing of 3D/2D CAD files. It runs on the Windows and Linux operating systems. Notable supported file formats are listed in the Comparison of CAD, CAM and CAE file viewers article. |
VariCAD | See also | See also
Comparison of CAD, CAM and CAE file viewers
Comparison of CAD editors for AEC |
VariCAD | References | References |
VariCAD | External links | External links
VariCAD Homepage
CNC1 - 3D hobby cnc base machine (free design project made with VariCAD)
Category:Computer-aided design software
Category:Computer-aided design software for Linux |
VariCAD | Table of Content | Infobox Software
, See also, References, External links |
McCarthy 91 function | no footnotes | The McCarthy 91 function is a recursive function, defined by the computer scientist John McCarthy as a test case for formal verification within computer science.
The McCarthy 91 function is defined as
The results of evaluating the function are given by M(n) = 91 for all integer arguments n ≤ 100, and M(n) = n − 10 for n > 100. Indeed, the result of M(101) is also 91 (101 - 10 = 91). All results of M(n) after n = 101 are continually increasing by 1, e.g. M(102) = 92, M(103) = 93. |
McCarthy 91 function | History | History
The 91 function was introduced in papers published by Zohar Manna, Amir Pnueli and John McCarthy in 1970. These papers represented early developments towards the application of formal methods to program verification. The 91 function was chosen for being nested-recursive (contrasted with single recursion, such as defining by means of ). The example was popularized by Manna's book, Mathematical Theory of Computation (1974). As the field of Formal Methods advanced, this example appeared repeatedly in the research literature.
In particular, it is viewed as a "challenge problem" for automated program verification.
It is easier to reason about tail-recursive control flow, this is an equivalent (extensionally equal) definition:
As one of the examples used to demonstrate such reasoning, Manna's book includes a tail-recursive algorithm equivalent to the nested-recursive 91 function. Many of the papers that report an "automated verification" (or termination proof) of the 91 function only handle the tail-recursive version.
This is an equivalent mutually tail-recursive definition:
A formal derivation of the mutually tail-recursive version from the nested-recursive one was given in a 1980 article by Mitchell Wand, based on the use of continuations. |
McCarthy 91 function | Examples | Examples
Example A:
M(99) = M(M(110)) since 99 ≤ 100
= M(100) since 110 > 100
= M(M(111)) since 100 ≤ 100
= M(101) since 111 > 100
= 91 since 101 > 100
Example B:
M(87) = M(M(98))
= M(M(M(109)))
= M(M(99))
= M(M(M(110)))
= M(M(100))
= M(M(M(111)))
= M(M(101))
= M(91)
= M(M(102))
= M(92)
= M(M(103))
= M(93)
.... Pattern continues increasing till M(99), M(100) and M(101), exactly as we saw on the example A)
= M(101) since 111 > 100
= 91 since 101 > 100 |
McCarthy 91 function | Code | Code
Here is an implementation of the nested-recursive algorithm in Lisp:
(defun mc91 (n)
(cond ((<= n 100) (mc91 (mc91 (+ n 11))))
(t (- n 10))))
Here is an implementation of the nested-recursive algorithm in Haskell:
mc91 n
| n > 100 = n - 10
| otherwise = mc91 $ mc91 $ n + 11
Here is an implementation of the nested-recursive algorithm in OCaml:
let rec mc91 n =
if n > 100 then n - 10
else mc91 (mc91 (n + 11))
Here is an implementation of the tail-recursive algorithm in OCaml:
let mc91 n =
let rec aux n c =
if c = 0 then n
else if n > 100 then aux (n - 10) (c - 1)
else aux (n + 11) (c + 1)
in
aux n 1
Here is an implementation of the nested-recursive algorithm in Python:
def mc91(n: int) -> int:
"""McCarthy 91 function."""
if n > 100:
return n - 10
else:
return mc91(mc91(n + 11))
Here is an implementation of the nested-recursive algorithm in C:
int mc91(int n)
{
if (n > 100) {
return n - 10;
} else {
return mc91(mc91(n + 11));
}
}
Here is an implementation of the tail-recursive algorithm in C:
int mc91(int n)
{
return mc91taux(n, 1);
}
int mc91taux(int n, int c)
{
if (c != 0) {
if (n > 100) {
return mc91taux(n - 10, c - 1);
} else {
return mc91taux(n + 11, c + 1);
}
} else {
return n;
}
} |
McCarthy 91 function | Proof | Proof
Here is a proof that the McCarthy 91 function is equivalent to the non-recursive algorithm defined as:
For n > 100, the definitions of and are the same. The equality therefore follows from the definition of .
For n ≤ 100, a strong induction downward from 100 can be used:
For 90 ≤ n ≤ 100,
M(n) = M(M(n + 11)), by definition
= M(n + 11 - 10), since n + 11 > 100
= M(n + 1)
This can be used to show M(n) = M(101) = 91 for 90 ≤ n ≤ 100:
M(90) = M(91), M(n) = M(n + 1) was proven above
= …
= M(101), by definition
= 101 − 10
= 91
M(n) = M(101) = 91 for 90 ≤ n ≤ 100 can be used as the base case of the induction.
For the downward induction step, let n ≤ 89 and assume M(i) = 91 for all n < i ≤ 100, then
M(n) = M(M(n + 11)), by definition
= M(91), by hypothesis, since n < n + 11 ≤ 100
= 91, by the base case.
This proves M(n) = 91 for all n ≤ 100, including negative values. |
McCarthy 91 function | Knuth's generalization | Knuth's generalization
Donald Knuth generalized the 91 function to include additional parameters. John Cowles developed a formal proof that Knuth's generalized function was total, using the ACL2 theorem prover. |
McCarthy 91 function | References | References
Category:Articles with example C code
Category:Articles with example Haskell code
Category:Articles with example Lisp (programming language) code
Category:Articles with example OCaml code
Category:Articles with example Python (programming language) code
Category:Formal methods
Category:Recurrence relations |
McCarthy 91 function | Table of Content | no footnotes, History, Examples, Code, Proof, Knuth's generalization, References |
ISO 3166-3 | Short description | ISO 3166-3 is part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), and defines codes for country names which have been deleted from ISO 3166-1 since its first publication in 1974. The official name of the standard is Codes for the representation of names of countries and their subdivisions – Part 3: Code for formerly used names of countries. It was first published in 1999.
Each former country name in ISO 3166-3 is assigned a four-letter alphabetic code. The first two letters are the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code of the former country, while the last two letters are allocated according to the following rules:
If the country changed its name, the new ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code is used (e.g., Burma changed its name to Myanmar, whose new alpha-2 code is ), or the special code is used if its alpha-2 code was not changed (e.g., Byelorussian SSR changed its name to Belarus, which has kept the same alpha-2 code).
If the country merged into an existing country, the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code of this country is used (e.g., the German Democratic Republic merged into Germany, whose alpha-2 code is ).
If the country was divided into several parts, the special code is used to indicate that there is no single successor country (e.g., Czechoslovakia was divided into the Czech Republic and Slovakia), with the exception of Serbia and Montenegro, for which is used to avoid duplicate use of the same ISO 3166-3 code, as the alpha-2 code had twice been deleted from ISO 3166-1, the first time due to the split of Czechoslovakia and the second time due to the split of Serbia and Montenegro.
Besides the former country name and its ISO 3166-3 code, each entry in ISO 3166-3 also contains its former ISO 3166-1 codes, its period of validity, and the new country names and ISO 3166-1 codes used after its deletion from ISO 3166-1.
After a country is deleted from ISO 3166-1, its alpha-2 and alpha-3 codes will be transitionally reserved for a transitional period of at least fifty years. After the expiration of the transitional period, these codes are free to be reassigned.
If a country changes its name without any territorial change, its ISO 3166-1 numeric code remains the same. For example, when Burma was renamed Myanmar without territorial change in 1989, its alphabetic codes were changed, but its numeric code has remained the same.
Currently, a few ccTLDs using deleted alpha-2 codes are still active or being phased out. However, alpha-2 codes which were deleted before the popularization of the Domain Name System in the late 1980s and early 1990s were never used for the Internet's country code top-level domains (ccTLDs). Likewise, ISO 3166-2, the ISO standard for country subdivision codes which was first published in 1998, predated the deletion of many alpha-2 codes. |
ISO 3166-3 | Current codes | Current codes
The following is a list of current ISO 3166-3 codes, with the following columns:
Former country name – English short country name officially used by the ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency (ISO 3166/MA)
Former codes – ISO 3166-1 alpha-2, alpha-3, and numeric codes
Period of validity – Years when codes were officially assigned
ISO 3166-3 code – Four-letter code assigned for former country name
New country names and codes – Successor countries and their ISO 3166-1 codes
Click on the button in the header to sort by ISO 3166-3 code.
Former country name Former codes Period of validity code New country names and codes British Antarctic Territory , , 1974–1979 Merged into Antarctica (, , ) Burma , , 1974–1989 Name changed to Myanmar (, , ) Byelorussian SSR , , 1974–1992 Name changed to Belarus (, , ) Canton and Enderbury Islands , , 1974–1984 Merged into Kiribati (, , ) Czechoslovakia , , 1974–1993 Divided into: Czechia (, , ) Slovakia (, , ) Dahomey , , 1974–1977 Name changed to Benin (, , ) Dronning Maud Land , , 1974–1983 Merged into Antarctica (, , ) East Timor , , 1974–2002 Name changed to Timor-Leste (, , ) France, Metropolitan , , 1993–1997 Merged into France (, , ) French Afars and Issas , , 1974–1977 Name changed to Djibouti (, , ) French Southern and Antarctic Territories , , 1974–1979 Divided into: Part of Antarctica (, , ) (i.e., Adélie Land) French Southern Territories (, , ) German Democratic Republic , , 1974–1990 Merged into Germany (, , ) Gilbert Islands , , 1974–1979 Name changed to Kiribati (, , ) Johnston Island , , 1974–1986 Merged into United States Minor Outlying Islands (, , ) Midway Islands , , 1974–1986 Merged into United States Minor Outlying Islands (, , ) Netherlands Antilles , , 1974–2010 Divided into: Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba (, , ) Curaçao (, , ) Sint Maarten (Dutch part) (, , ) Neutral Zone , , 1974–1993 Divided into: Part of Iraq (, , ) Part of Saudi Arabia (, , ) New Hebrides , , 1974–1980 Name changed to Vanuatu (, , ) Pacific Islands (Trust Territory) , , 1974–1986 Divided into: Marshall Islands (, , ) Micronesia (Federated States of) (, , ) Northern Mariana Islands (, , ) Palau (, , ) Panama Canal Zone , , 1974–1980 Merged into Panama (, , ) Serbia and Montenegro , , 2003–2006 Divided into: Montenegro (, , ) Serbia (, , ) Sikkim , , 1974–1975 Merged into India (, , ) Southern Rhodesia , , 1974–1980 Name changed to Zimbabwe (, , ) United States Miscellaneous Pacific Islands , , 1974–1986 Merged into United States Minor Outlying Islands (, , ) Upper Volta , , 1974–1984 Name changed to Burkina Faso (, , ) USSR , , 1974–1992 Divided into: Armenia (, , ) Azerbaijan (, , ) Estonia (, , ) Georgia (, , ) Kazakhstan (, , ) Kyrgyzstan (, , ) Latvia (, , ) Lithuania (, , ) Moldova, Republic of (, , ) Russian Federation (, , ) Tajikistan (, , ) Turkmenistan (, , ) Uzbekistan (, , ) Viet-Nam, Democratic Republic of , , 1974–1977 Merged into Viet Nam (, , ) Wake Island , , 1974–1986 Merged into United States Minor Outlying Islands (, , ) Yemen, Democratic , , 1974–1990 Merged into Yemen (, , ) Yugoslavia , , 1974–2003 Name changed to Serbia and Montenegro (, , ) Zaire , , 1974–1997 Name changed to Congo, Democratic Republic of the (, , )
Notes |
ISO 3166-3 | Changes | Changes
The ISO 3166/MA updates ISO 3166-3 when necessary. The updating of ISO 3166-3 is totally dependent on the updating of ISO 3166-1.
ISO used to announce changes in newsletters which updated the currently valid standard, and releasing new editions which comprise a consolidation of newsletter changes. As of July 2013, changes are published in the online catalogue of ISO only and no newsletters are published anymore. Past newsletters remain available on the ISO website.
Edition/Newsletter Date issued Former country name added Notes First edition of ISO 3166-3 East Timor In accordance with ISO 3166-1 Newsletter V-5 and Newsletter V-6 France, Metropolitan Correction. Entry inadvertently omitted from ISO 3166-3 when first published in 1999 Yugoslavia In accordance with ISO 3166-1 Newsletter V-8 Serbia and Montenegro In accordance with ISO 3166-1 Newsletter V-12 None Rectify Newsletter I-4 by assigning the code to represent Serbia and Montenegro (corrected ) Netherlands Antilles In accordance with ISO 3166-1 Newsletter VI-8 Second edition of ISO 3166-3 (this is the final print edition of ISO 3166-3; all further changes are published in the online catalogue) Third edition of ISO 3166-3 |
ISO 3166-3 | See also | See also
International Organization for Standardization
ISO 3166
ISO 3166-1
ISO 3166-2
ISO 3166-3
List of ISO 3166 country codes
Lists of countries and territories
Sovereign state
List of sovereign states
List of states with limited recognition
Dependent territory
United Nations
Member states of the United Nations
United Nations list of non-self-governing territories |
ISO 3166-3 | References | References |
ISO 3166-3 | Sources and external links | Sources and external links
ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency, International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
Country codes - Online Browsing Platform (OBP)
Administrative Divisions of Countries ("Statoids"), Statoids.com
ISO 3166-1 Change History
3
Category:Lists of former countries |
ISO 3166-3 | Table of Content | Short description, Current codes, Changes, See also, References, Sources and external links |
Catherine Yass | Short description | Catherine Yass (born 1963) is an English artist known for her wall-mounted lightboxes. |
Catherine Yass | Biography | Biography
Catherine Yass was born in 1963 in London. She studied at the Slade School of Fine Art, the Hochschule der Künste, Berlin, and Goldsmiths College. In 2002, Yass was nominated for the Turner Prize. She teaches photography at the Royal College of Art, London. She lives in London. |
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