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Koichi Domoto | Book | Book
When I become a fan (January 20, 2011; Sony Magazines) (compiled and edited from Domoto's serial F1 hymn in GRAND PRIX SPECIAL specialized magazine)
When I become a fan 2 (March 14, 2013; M-ON! Entertainment Inc.) (compiled and edited from Domoto's serial F1 hymn in GRAND PRIX SPECIAL specialized magazine)
The Entertainer Case (February 14, 2016; Nikkei Business Publications, Inc.) (compiled and edited from Domoto's serial The Entertainer Case in Nikkei Entertainment magazine) |
Koichi Domoto | Serial | Serial
F1 hymn「F1賛歌」in GRAND PRIX SPECIAL (February 2006 – January 2016)
Speed of Light Corner「光速コーナー」in Tokyo Chunichi Sports (2007 – December 1, 2012; 2017 –)
Domoto Koichi's Endless Days「Endless Days 〜堂本光一のオワラナイ日々〜」in Susumeru Pia! (February – December 2012)
The Entertainer Case「エンタテイナーの条件」in Nikkei Entertainment (September 2013 –)
Domoto Koichi – 0.1 second ecstasy「堂本光一 コンマ一秒の恍惚」in Weekly Playboy (October 2016 –) |
Koichi Domoto | Awards | Awards
2002: 6th Nikkan Sports Drama Grand Prix: Best Supporting Actor for RemoteNikkan Sports Drama Grand Prix
2003: 35th Television Drama Academy Awards (Winter): Best Supporting Actor for Remote
2008: 33rd Kikuta Kazuo Drama Award: Grand Prize Award for high achievements in stage performance (together with Endless SHOCK staff and cast)
2020: 45th Kikuta Kazuo Drama Award: Grand Prize Award |
Koichi Domoto | References | References |
Koichi Domoto | External links | External links
Category:1979 births
Category:Living people
Category:Male actors from Hyōgo Prefecture
Category:Johnny & Associates
Category:Starto Entertainment
Category:Japanese male composers
Category:Japanese composers
Category:Japanese child singers
Category:Japanese male pop singers
Category:Japanese male voice actors
Category:Japanese male child actors
Category:Japanese male singer-songwriters
Category:Japanese television personalities
Category:People from Ashiya, Hyōgo
Category:Singers from Hyōgo Prefecture
Category:21st-century Japanese singers
Category:21st-century Japanese male singers |
Koichi Domoto | Table of Content | short description, Career, Theatre, Acting, Music, Discography, Studio albums, Soundtrack albums, Singles, Video albums, ''Shock'' video albums, Solo activities, Concerts and events, Television (as personality), Television (as actor), Anime, Movies, Musicals, Dubbing, Publications, Book, Serial, Awards, References, External links |
GTQ | # | redirect Guatemalan quetzal |
GTQ | Table of Content | # |
Tsuyoshi Domoto | Use mdy dates | is a Japanese idol, singer, songwriter, actor, and television personality. Along with Koichi Domoto (with whom he has no blood-relation), he is a member of Domoto, which is a Japanese duo under the management of Starto Entertainment (formerly of Johnny & Associates) and the record holder of Guinness World Records for having the record of the most consecutive number-one singles since their debut single. |
Tsuyoshi Domoto | Biography | Biography
Domoto was born in Nara. He has a sister, older by six years.
On June 28, 2017, Domoto was hospitalized after experiencing sudden deafness. Although he's been treated, Domoto will never recover fully. He has been using earphones when appearing in music programs because of it. |
Tsuyoshi Domoto | Career | Career
Domoto joined Johnny's Entertainment on May 5, 1991, which also the first time he met his future bandmate Koichi Domoto. The opportunity came while without his knowing, his mother and his sister sent his resume to the office. Domoto and his bandmate Koichi Domoto first worked together as backdancers for Hikaru Genji, who were holding a concert at Yokohama Arena, and has since then been partnered up for magazine photoshoots, music acts and drama projects. The duo starred in their first drama together called Ningen Shikkaku in 1994, in which Domoto was awarded Best Newcomer in the Television Drama Academy Awards.
With Koichi Domoto, he eventually made his debut in 1997 as KinKi Kids with a double release of a single "Garasu no Shōnen" and an album A Album, both of which went on to sell more than a million copies.
On May 29, 2002, Domoto released his first solo single, "Machi/Dekiai Logic", in which he penned and composed all the tracks. The single was used as the theme song for Domoto's lead-role drama Yume no California and it reached number 1 in the weekly chart. In the following month, Domoto started his career as an illustrator by publishing a book in collaboration with writer Shizuka Iziyuuin. They collaborated again for another book in 2003.
Domoto appeared in the 2003 drama Moto Kare, in which he co-starred for the second time with Ryōko Hirosue after their hit drama Summer Snow in 2000. In April 2004, Domoto once again provided the theme song for his lead-role drama Home Drama. This year, he won the 'Best Jeanist' award. The following year, Domoto acted in a movie, Fantastipo, with fellow Johnny's personality Taichi Kokubun. He paired with Toraji Haiji to release the theme song for the movie. The same year, Domoto starred in Hoshi ni Negai o (a.k.a. Wish Upon A Star), a TV drama produced by Disney and Fuji TV based on the true story of planetarium engineer Takayuki Ohira who designed Megastar II – the world's most advanced planetarium projector.
In 2006, Domoto put his acting career on hold and focused more on his music career. He began to release his solo work under the project name Endlicheri-Endlicheri. During his Endlicheri-Endlicheri era, Domoto released three singles which all topped the weekly charts and made him the second male soloist after Masahiko Kondo to have achieved five consecutive number one singles. He then renamed his solo project 244 Endli-x (pronounced "Tsuyoshi Endorikkusu") in 2008. He announced that he would go on his first concert tour as 244 Endli-x soon after, which began on March 29, 2008, at the Yokohama Arena and ended in Sendai on May 8, 2008. At the end of April, Domoto was appointed to be the first special ambassador for Nara tourism.
Domoto once again changed his solo project name in 2009 to and simultaneously released a single and an album on his birthday, April 10. In the same year, he released another single, "Rain", on September 9, which topped the Oricon Single Weekly Charts. Domoto also announced his collaboration with the hat brand CA4LA. Known as the fashion leader with unique style, Domoto was chosen by famous sports brand Adidas Originals to be the image character for its new campaign BE Originals which start on February 12, 2010.
On April 6, 2011, Domoto released his ninth single, "Eni o Yuite", which was recorded at shrines believed to have connections to Nara's entertainment and music industries. Another single, "Niji no Uta", was released in September 2011.
On June 28, 2017, it was revealed that Domoto would be hospitalized for one week after experiencing sudden deafness, otherwise known as sudden sensorineural hearing loss. Due to this, he was unable to attend TV Tokyo's “Ongakusai 2017” broadcast on the same date with bandmate Koichi. He was released the following week and was instructed to continue outpatient recovery. He returned to the stage after a 4-month hiatus, participating in the music festival "TV Asahi Dream Festival 2017" with Koichi on the 29th of October.
Domoto, once again changing his name to Endrecheri, released a new full-length studio album titled "Naralien" on August 14, 2019. The album featured lead track "4 10 cake (Hot Cake) and brand new songs “FUNK TRON”, “Heki”, and “PURPLE FIRE”. Remakes of his older songs “Believe in intuition…” & “NIPPON” were also included. The album was released in three versions. Limited Edition A included a DVD containing the music video for the Album's lead track “4 10 cake (Hot cake)” and footage from ENDRECHERI's performance at SUMMER SONIC 2018, while the Limited Edition B is packaged with a second DVD which includes an hour-long video centering around Tsuyoshi and his band members. The album charted #1 on the Oricon weekly Albums chart.
In the video for the album's lead track "4 10 cake (Hot Cake)" Domoto is seen singing and dancing with various different dancers including Japanese Choreographer Riehata.
On February 22, 2024, Domoto announced via the fan club site that he would be leaving the agency on March 31. Days later, on his radio program "Domoto Tsuyoshi to Fashion and Music Book", he announced to the public his decision. One of the reasons for seeking his independence was his health, with priority for his hearing. According to Domoto, the doctor in charge said, "I think there is a need to change the environment significantly". He has been talking about his condition on the program, receiving messages from listeners who are battling illness themselves. That particular day, he received a message from a fan in his 80s, who was left paralyzed by a cerebral hemorrhage, and a man in his 40s, sentenced to six months to live. While addressing the listeners fighting illnesses, he was also telling himself, "I will never give up until the very end". Through such heart-to-heart exchanges, Tsuyoshi Domoto must have become more convinced that he only has one life, and that he must take care of himself. Tsuyoshi Domoto (the man) has not given up on Tsuyoshi Domoto (the artist). He also announced it in his Instagram, after deleting all his previous posts. "Regarding my personal activities, I have decided to terminate my contract with my agency on March 31, 2024 at the time of renewal and move on to a new field of life" "I felt that I needed to make a big change in my environment in order to continue my life as an artist", is part of the message he shared there. Regarding the activities of Kinki Kids and his relationship with Koichi, he said on the program "Kinki Kids donnamonya" that they had been talking about the ways to continue working together, not considering disbanding as a solution. Of course there was concern about the fans, and he stated it. "There will be new forms between us and our fans. However, the time we create (together) will have to change in order to continue. I think that's a very positive thing, and I don't think it's a problem if something changes. I think there's a future that we can walk towards because we're all part of it", he said, hopeful that the change will also reach the fans's future selves. Koichi Domoto had also shared his feelings about his partner's decision on the 22, saying "We will continue to deliver on our activities. Until now, KinKi Kids has continued activities while taking Tsuyoshi's health into consideration. There were some wonderful works and moving performances that were created because of these hardships. With Tsuyoshi's decision to continue his individual activities in a new field, expectations are high that the resolution of "what we want to express as KinKi Kids" will become clearer." |
Tsuyoshi Domoto | Personal life | Personal life
On January 11, 2024, Domoto and Momoiro Clover Z member Kanako Momota announced their marriage. |
Tsuyoshi Domoto | Discography | Discography |
Tsuyoshi Domoto | Filmography | Filmography |
Tsuyoshi Domoto | Film | Film
Title Year Role Notes Jotei: Kasuga no Tsubone 1990 Shichinojō Credited as Naohiro Domoto Shanghai Mermaid Legend Murder Case 1997 Lead role Fantastipo 2005 Lead role Heianyūki 2012 Himself Documentary Gintama 2017 Gintama 2 2018 Maru 2024 Sawada Lead role |
Tsuyoshi Domoto | Television | Television
As an actor
Title Year(s) Role Notes Karin 1994 2 episodes Ningen Shikkaku 1994 Main role (12 episodes) Ai to Yabō no Dokuganryū 1994 Botenmaru Television film Second Chance 1995−1996 Main role (24 episodes) Ie Naki Ko 1995 Episode: "Goodbye Ie Naki Ko" The Kindaichi Case Files 1995−1997 Lead role (17 episodes)3 television specials Dareka ga Dareka ni Koishiteru 1996 Main role (television special) Wakaba no Koro 1996 Lead role (12 episodes) Bokura no Yūki: Miman City 1997,2017 Lead role (10 episodes)Television special Ao no Jidai 1998 Lead role (11 episodes) Kimi to Ita Mirai no Tame ni 1999 Lead role (10 episodes) To Heart 1999 Lead role (12 episodes) P.S. Genki desu, Shunpei 1999 Episode: "Missed Love..." Summer Snow 2000 Lead role (11 episodes) Mukai Arata no Dōbutsu Nikki 2001 Lead role (10 episodes) Rookie 2001 Shoplifter Episode: "Goodbye Rookie Detective" Gakko no Sensei 2001 Lead role (11 episodes) Yume no California 2002 Lead role (11 episodes) Moto Kare 2003 10 episodes Home Drama! 2004 Lead role (11 episodes) Last Present 2005 Lead role (television special) Hoshi ni Negai o 2005 Lead role (television special) 33-pun Tantei 2008−2009 Lead role (13 episodes)1 television special Tenma-san ga Yuku 2013 Lead role (10 episodes) Platonic 2014 Young Man Lead role (8 episodes) Domoto Tsuyoshi no Moto 2018 Himself Documentary series (6 episodes)
As a personality
Title Year(s) Role Network Notes Naruhodo! The World 1995 Cast member Fuji TV Domoto Tsuyoshi no Do-Ya 1996−1997 Host ABC Tsuyo-chan Dō Honpo 1999 Host NTV Domoto Tsuyoshi no Shojiki Shindoi 2002−2009 Host TV Asahi 24 Ch△nnel 2009−2010 Host TV Asahi Domoto Tsuyoshi no Yakara ne 2014−2018 Host MBS 15 episodes Tokyo Live 22-ji 2014−2015 Host TV Tokyo |
Tsuyoshi Domoto | Japanese dub | Japanese dub
Title Year Role Voice dub for Rush 2014 Daniel Brühl |
Tsuyoshi Domoto | Books | Books
2002: Kimi to arukeba (Story by: Shizuka Iziyuuin, Illustration by: Domoto Tsuyoshi, Published by: Asahi Shimbun)
2003: Zuutto isshou. (Story by: Shizuka Iziyuuin, Illustration by: Domoto Tsuyoshi, Published by: Asahi Shimbun)
2005: Boku no Kutsu oto (Compilation of Domoto Tsuyoshi writing that serialize in Myojo from 1999 to 2005, Published by: Shueisha)
2006: Shoujiki I LOVE YOU (First Solo Photo-book, Published by: Tokyo Shimbun)
2009: Domoto Tsuyoshi to Atama no Naka (FINEBOYS Special Fashion Book, Published by: Hinode Publishing)
2010: Berlin (Published by: Shogakukan)
2014: Kokoro no Hanashi (Published by: KADOKAWA) |
Tsuyoshi Domoto | Concerts | Concerts
Title Tour date Project name Tsuyoshi Domoto: Rosso e Azzurro July 24, 2002 – August 14, 2002 Tsuyoshi Domoto Tsuyoshi Domoto 2nd LIVE [si:] -FIRST LINE- August 11, 2004 – September 5, 2004 Tsuyoshi Domoto The Rainbow Star March 19, 2006 – October 29, 2006 ENDLICHERI☆ENDLICHERI ENDLICHERI☆ENDLICHERI presents Funky Party 2007: Sparkling Love February 23, 2007 – March 4, 2007 ENDLICHERI☆ENDLICHERI ENDLICHERI☆ENDLICHERI presents Funky Party 2007: Neo Africa Rainbow Ax March 16, 2007 – June 24, 2007 ENDLICHERI☆ENDLICHERI ENDLICHERI☆ENDLICHERI presents LOVE☆Event HIGHER in JAPAN!!! June 22, 2007, June 25, 2007 ENDLICHERI☆ENDLICHERI ENDLICHERI☆ENDLICHERI presents 244ENDLI-x LIVE TOUR '08 "I and Ai" March 29, 2008 – May 25, 2008 244 Endli-x ENDLICHERI☆ENDLICHERI Presents WATERIZE May 26, 2008 244 Endli-x Biware Sora – Bigaku: My Beautiful Sky Tour April 9, 2009 – June 25, 2009 Tsuyoshi 2009 Yakushiji LIVE July 10, 2009 – July 11, 2009 Tsuyoshi Domoto ENDLICHERI☆ENDLICHERI LIVE "CHERI 4 U" August 15, 2009 – August 20, 2009, October 3, 2009 – November 29, 2009 ENDLICHERI☆ENDLICHERI Rakuten Sekaiisan Gekijou 13th Asuka Ishibutai May 14, 2010 Tsuyoshi Domoto Yakushiji LIVE 2010 July 9, 2010 – July 10, 2010 Tsuyoshi Domoto ENDLICHERI☆ENDLICHERI LIVE "CHERI E" August 8, 2010 – August 29, 2010 ENDLICHERI☆ENDLICHERI Heianjingu LIVE 2010 October 6, 2010 – October 7, 2010 Tsuyoshi Domoto Tsuyoshi Domoto LIVE Junin Toiro June 3, 2011 – June 5, 2011, September 16, 2011 – September 18, 2011 Tsuyoshi Domoto Heianjingu LIVE 2011 September 2, 2011 & September 4, 2011 Tsuyoshi Domoto Tsuyoshi Domoto LIVE Junin Toiro – suisei – October 22, 2011 – October 24, 2011 Tsuyoshi Domoto LIVE shamanippon -Rakachinotohi- May 29, 2012 – July 29, 2012 Tsuyoshi Domoto Tsuyoshi Domoto 2012 Heian Jingu LIVE September 14, 2012 – September 16, 2012 Tsuyoshi Domoto KABA Premium Event May 8, 2013 Tsuyoshi Domoto Tsuyoshi Domoto 2013 Heian Jingu LIVE September 13, 2013 – September 15, 2013 Tsuyoshi DomotoFUNK Shiyoukashiran LiveAugust 8, 2014 - October 3, 2014Tsuyoshi Domoto Tsuyoshi Domoto 2014 Heian Jingu LiveSeptember 5, 2014 - September 7, 2014Tsuyoshi DomotoTU FUNK TUOR 2015July 15, 2015 - October 9, 2015Tsuyoshi Domoto Tsuyoshi Domoto 2015 Heian Jingu LiveSeptember 11, 2015 - September 13, 2015Tsuyoshi DomotoTU FUNK ALL STARS CON!CER-TUFebruary 18, 2016 - February 28, 2016 Tsuyoshi DomotoTsuyoshi Domoto 2016 Heian Jingu LiveAugust 26, 2016 - August 28, 2016Tsuyoshi Domoto |
Tsuyoshi Domoto | Awards | Awards
1994: 2nd Television Drama Academy Awards (Summer): Best Newcomer for Ningen Shikkaku
1998: 2nd Nikkan Sports Drama Grand Prix (98–99): Best Actor for Ao no Jidai
1999: 22nd Television Drama Academy Awards (Summer): Best Actor for To Heart Koishite Shinitai
2000: 26th Television Drama Academy Awards (Summer): Best Actor for Summer Snow
2004: Best Jeanist of the Year |
Tsuyoshi Domoto | References | References |
Tsuyoshi Domoto | External links | External links
Category:1979 births
Category:Living people
Category:Funk musicians
Category:Gan-Shin artists
Category:Singers from Nara Prefecture
Category:People from Nara, Nara
Category:Johnny & Associates
Category:Japanese male pop singers
Category:Japanese male rock singers
Category:Japanese male actors
Category:Japanese male singer-songwriters
Category:Japanese television personalities
Category:21st-century Japanese singers
Category:21st-century Japanese male singers
Category:Horikoshi High School alumni |
Tsuyoshi Domoto | Table of Content | Use mdy dates, Biography, Career, Personal life, Discography, Filmography, Film, Television, Japanese dub, Books, Concerts, Awards, References, External links |
Formation evaluation | short description | In petroleum exploration and development, formation evaluation is used to determine the ability of a borehole to produce petroleum. Essentially, it is the process of "recognizing a commercial well when you drill one".
Modern rotary drilling usually uses a heavy mud as a lubricant and as a means of producing a confining pressure against the formation face in the borehole, preventing blowouts. Only in rare and catastrophic cases, do oil and gas wells come in with a fountain of gushing oil. In real life, that is a blowout—and usually also a financial and environmental disaster. But controlling blowouts has drawbacks—mud filtrate soaks into the formation around the borehole and a mud cake plasters the sides of the hole. These factors obscure the possible presence of oil or gas in even very porous formations. Further complicating the problem is the widespread occurrence of small amounts of petroleum in the rocks of many sedimentary provinces. In fact, if a sedimentary province is absolutely barren of traces of petroleum, it is not feasible to continue drilling there.
The formation evaluation problem is a matter of answering two questions:
What are the lower limits for porosity, permeability and upper limits for water saturation that permit profitable production from a particular formation or pay zone; in a particular geographic area; in a particular economic climate.
Do any of the formations in the well under consideration exceed these lower limits.
It is complicated by the impossibility of directly examining the formation. It is, in short, the problem of looking at the formation indirectly. |
Formation evaluation | Formation evaluation tools | Formation evaluation tools
Tools to detect oil and gas have been evolving for over a century. The simplest and most direct tool is well cuttings examination. Some older oilmen ground the cuttings between their teeth and tasted to see if crude oil was present. Today, a wellsite geologist or mudlogger uses a low powered stereoscopic microscope to determine the lithology of the formation being drilled and to estimate porosity and possible oil staining. A portable ultraviolet light chamber or "Spook Box" is used to examine the cuttings for fluorescence. Fluorescence can be an indication of crude oil staining, or of the presence of fluorescent minerals. They can be differentiated by placing the cuttings in a solvent filled watchglass or dimple dish. The solvent is usually carbon tetrachlorethane. Crude oil dissolves and then redeposits as a fluorescent ring when the solvent evaporates. The written strip chart recording of these examinations is called a sample log or mudlog.
Well cuttings examination is a learned skill. During drilling, chips of rock, usually less than about across, are cut from the bottom of the hole by the bit. Mud, jetting out of holes in the bit under high pressure, washes the cuttings away and up the hole. During their trip to the surface they may circulate around the turning drillpipe, mix with cuttings falling back down the hole, mix with fragments caving from the hole walls and mix with cuttings travelling faster and slower in the same upward direction. They then are screened out of the mudstream by the shale shaker and fall on a pile at its base. Determining the type of rock being drilled at any one time is a matter of knowing the 'lag time' between a chip being cut by the bit and the time it reaches the surface where it is then examined by the wellsite geologist (or mudlogger as they are sometimes called). A sample of the cuttings taken at the proper time will contain the current cuttings in a mixture of previously drilled material. Recognizing them can be very difficult at times, for example after a "bit trip" when a couple of miles of drill pipe has been extracted and returned to the hole in order to replace a dull bit. At such a time there is a flood of foreign material knocked from the borehole walls (cavings), making the mudloggers task all the more difficult. |
Formation evaluation | Coring | Coring
One way to get more detailed samples of a formation is by coring. Two techniques commonly used at present. The first is the "whole core", a cylinder of rock, usually about 3" to 4" in diameter and up to long. It is cut with a "core barrel", a hollow pipe tipped with a ring-shaped diamond chip-studded bit that can cut a plug and bring it to the surface. Often the plug breaks while drilling, usually in shales or fractures and the core barrel jams, slowly grinding the rocks in front of it to powder. This signals the driller to give up on getting a full-length core and to pull up the pipe.
Taking a full core is an expensive operation that usually stops or slows drilling for at least the better part of a day. A full core can be invaluable for later reservoir evaluation. Once a section of well has been drilled, there is, of course, no way to core it without drilling another well.
Another, cheaper, technique for obtaining samples of the formation is "Sidewall Coring". One type of sidewall cores is percussion cores. In this method, a steel cylinder—a coring gun—has hollow-point steel bullets mounted along its sides and moored to the gun by short steel cables. The coring gun is lowered to the bottom of the interval of interest and the bullets are fired individually as the gun is pulled up the hole. The mooring cables ideally pull the hollow bullets and the enclosed plug of formation loose and the gun carries them to the surface. Advantages of this technique are low cost and the ability to sample the formation after it has been drilled. Disadvantages are possible non-recovery because of lost or misfired bullets and a slight uncertainty about the sample depth. Sidewall cores are often shot "on the run" without stopping at each core point because of the danger of differential sticking. Most service company personnel are skilled enough to minimize this problem, but it can be significant if depth accuracy is important.
A second method of sidewall coring is rotary sidewall cores. In this method, a circular-saw assembly is lowered to the zone of interest on a wireline, and the core is sawed out. Dozens of cores may be taken this way in one run. This method is roughly 20 times as expensive as percussion cores, but yields a much better sample.
A serious problem with cores is the change they undergo as they are brought to the surface. It might seem that cuttings and cores are very direct samples but the problem is whether the formation at depth will produce oil or gas. Sidewall cores are deformed and compacted and fractured by the bullet impact. Most full cores from any significant depth expand and fracture as they are brought to the surface and removed from the core barrel. Both types of core can be invaded or even flushed by mud, making the evaluation of formation fluids difficult. The formation analyst has to remember that all tools give indirect data. |
Formation evaluation | Mud logging | Mud logging
Mud logging (or Wellsite Geology) is a well logging process in which drilling mud and drill bit cuttings from the formation are evaluated during drilling and their properties recorded on a strip chart as a visual analytical tool and stratigraphic cross sectional representation of the well. The drilling mud which is analyzed for hydrocarbon gases, by use of a gas chromatograph, contains drill bit cuttings which are visually evaluated by a mudlogger and then described in the mud log. The total gas, chromatograph record, lithological sample, pore pressure, shale density, D-exponent, etc. (all lagged parameters because they are circulated up to the surface from the bit) are plotted along with surface parameters such as rate of penetration (ROP), Weight On Bit (WOB), rotation per minute etc. on the mudlog which serve as a tool for the mudlogger, drilling engineers, mud engineers, and other service personnel charged with drilling and producing the well. |
Formation evaluation | Wireline logging | Wireline logging
The oil and gas industry uses wireline logging to obtain a continuous record of a formation's rock properties. Wireline logging can be defined as being "The acquisition and analysis of geophysical data performed as a function of well bore depth, together with the provision of related services." Note that "wireline logging" and "mud logging" are not the same, yet are closely linked through the integration of the data sets. The measurements are made referenced to "TAH" - True Along Hole depth: these and the associated analysis can then be used to infer further properties, such as hydrocarbon saturation and formation pressure, and to make further drilling and production decisions.
Wireline logging is performed by lowering a 'logging tool' - or a string of one or more instruments - on the end of a wireline into an oil well (or borehole) and recording petrophysical properties using a variety of sensors. Logging tools developed over the years measure the natural gamma ray, electrical, acoustic, stimulated radioactive responses, electromagnetic, nuclear magnetic resonance, pressure and other properties of the rocks and their contained fluids. For this article, they are broadly broken down by the main property that they respond to.
The data itself is recorded either at surface (real-time mode), or in the hole (memory mode) to an electronic data format and then either a printed record or electronic presentation called a "well log" is provided to the client, along with an electronic copy of the raw data. Well logging operations can either be performed during the drilling process (see Logging While Drilling), to provide real-time information about the formations being penetrated by the borehole, or once the well has reached Total Depth and the whole depth of the borehole can be logged.
Real-time data is recorded directly against measured cable depth. Memory data is recorded against time, and then depth data is simultaneously measured against time. The two data sets are then merged using the common time base to create an instrument response versus depth log. Memory recorded depth can also be corrected in exactly the same way as real-time corrections are made, so there should be no difference in the attainable TAH accuracy.
The measured cable depth can be derived from a number of different measurements, but is usually either recorded based on a calibrated wheel counter, or (more accurately) using magnetic marks which provide calibrated increments of cable length. The measurements made must then be corrected for elastic stretch and temperature.[1]
There are many types of wireline logs and they can be categorized either by their function or by the technology that they use. "Open hole logs" are run before the oil or gas well is lined with pipe or cased. "Cased hole logs" are run after the well is lined with casing or production pipe.[2]
Wireline logs can be divided into broad categories based on the physical properties measured. |
Formation evaluation | Electric logs | Electric logs
In 1928, the Schlumberger brothers in France developed the workhorse of all formation evaluation tools: the electric log. Electric logs have been improved to a high degree of precision and sophistication since that time, but the basic principle has not changed. Most underground formations contain water, often salt water, in their pores. The resistance to electric current of the total formation—rock and fluids—around the borehole is proportional to the sum of the volumetric proportions of mineral grains and conductive water-filled pore space. If the pores are partially filled with gas or oil, which are resistant to the passage of electric current, the bulk formation resistance is higher than for water filled pores. For the sake of a convenient comparison from measurement to measurement, the electrical logging tools measure the resistance of a cubic meter of formation. This measurement is called resistivity.
Modern resistivity logging tools fall into two categories, Laterolog and Induction, with various commercial names, depending on the company providing the logging services.
Laterolog tools send an electric current from an electrode on the sonde directly into the formation. The return electrodes are located either on surface or on the sonde itself. Complex arrays of electrodes on the sonde (guard electrodes) focus the current into the formation and prevent current lines from fanning out or flowing directly to the return electrode through the borehole fluid. Most tools vary the voltage at the main electrode in order to maintain a constant current intensity. This voltage is therefore proportional to the resistivity of the formation. Because current must flow from the sonde to the formation, these tools only work with conductive borehole fluid. Actually, since the resistivity of the mud is measured in series with the resistivity of the formation, laterolog tools give best results when mud resistivity is low with respect to formation resistivity, i.e., in salty mud.
Induction logs use an electric coil in the sonde to generate an alternating current loop in the formation by induction. This is the same physical principle as is used in electric transformers. The alternating current loop, in turn, induces a current in a receiving coil located elsewhere on the sonde. The amount of current in the receiving coil is proportional to the intensity of current loop, hence to the conductivity (reciprocal of resistivity) of the formation. Multiple transmitting and receiving coils are used to focus formation current loops both radially (depth of investigation) and axially (vertical resolution). Until the late 80's, the workhorse of induction logging has been the 6FF40 sonde which is made up of six coils with a nominal spacing of . Since the 90's all major logging companies use so-called array induction tools. These comprise a single transmitting coil and a large number of receiving coils. Radial and axial focusing is performed by software rather than by the physical layout of coils. Since the formation current flows in circular loops around the logging tool, mud resistivity is measured in parallel with formation resistivity. Induction tools therefore give best results when mud resistivity is high with respect to formation resistivity, i.e., fresh mud or non-conductive fluid. In oil-base mud, which is non conductive, induction logging is the only option available.
Until the late 1950s electric logs, mud logs and sample logs comprised most of the oilman's armamentarium. Logging tools to measure porosity and permeability began to be used at that time. The first was the microlog. This was a miniature electric log with two sets of electrodes. One measured the formation resistivity about 1/2" deep and the other about 1"-2" deep. The purpose of this seemingly pointless measurement was to detect permeability. Permeable sections of a borehole wall develop a thick layer of mudcake during drilling. Mud liquids, called filtrate, soak into the formation, leaving the mud solids behind to -ideally- seal the wall and stop the filtrate "invasion" or soaking. The short depth electrode of the microlog sees mudcake in permeable sections. The deeper 1" electrode sees filtrate invaded formation. In nonpermeable sections both tools read alike and the traces fall on top of each other on the stripchart log. In permeable sections they separate.
Also in the late 1950s porosity measuring logs were being developed. The two main types are: nuclear porosity logs and sonic logs. |
Formation evaluation | Porosity logs | Porosity logs
The two main nuclear porosity logs are the Density and the Neutron log.
Density logging tools contain a caesium-137 gamma ray source which irradiates the formation with 662 keV gamma rays. These gamma rays interact with electrons in the formation through Compton scattering and lose energy. Once the energy of the gamma ray has fallen below 100 keV, photoelectric absorption dominates: gamma rays are eventually absorbed by the formation. The amount of energy loss by Compton scattering is related to the number electrons per unit volume of formation. Since for most elements of interest (below Z = 20) the ratio of atomic weight, A, to atomic number, Z, is close to 2, gamma ray energy loss is related to the amount of matter per unit volume, i.e., formation density.
A gamma ray detector located some distance from the source, detects surviving gamma rays and sorts them into several energy windows. The number of high-energy gamma rays is controlled by compton scattering, hence by formation density. The number of low-energy gamma rays is controlled by photoelectric absorption, which is directly related to the average atomic number, Z, of the formation, hence to lithology. Modern density logging tools include two or three detectors, which allow compensation for some borehole effects, in particular for the presence of mud cake between the tool and the formation.
Since there is a large contrast between the density of the minerals in the formation and the density of pore fluids, porosity can easily be derived from measured formation bulk density if both mineral and fluid densities are known.
Neutron porosity logging tools contain an americium-beryllium neutron source, which irradiates the formation with neutrons. These neutrons lose energy through elastic collisions with nuclei in the formation. Once their energy has decreased to thermal level, they diffuse randomly away from the source and are ultimately absorbed by a nucleus. Hydrogen atoms have essentially the same mass as the neutron; therefore hydrogen is the main contributor to the slowing down of neutrons. A detector at some distance from the source records the number of neutron reaching this point. Neutrons that have been slowed down to thermal level have a high probability of being absorbed by the formation before reaching the detector. The neutron counting rate is therefore inversely related to the amount of hydrogen in the formation. Since hydrogen is mostly present in pore fluids (water, hydrocarbons) the count rate can be converted into apparent porosity. Modern neutron logging tools usually include two detectors to compensate for some borehole effects. Porosity is derived from the ratio of count rates at these two detectors rather than from count rates at a single detector.
The combination of neutron and density logs takes advantage of the fact that lithology has opposite effects on these two porosity measurements. The average of neutron and density porosity values is usually close to the true porosity, regardless of lithology. Another advantage of this combination is the "gas effect." Gas, being less dense than liquids, translates into a density-derived porosity that is too high. Gas, on the other hand, has much less hydrogen per unit volume than liquids: neutron-derived porosity, which is based on the amount of hydrogen, is too low. If both logs are displayed on compatible scales, they overlay each other in liquid-filled clean formations and are widely separated in gas-filled formations.
Sonic logs use a pinger and microphone arrangement to measure the velocity of sound in the formation from one end of the sonde to the other. For a given type of rock, acoustic velocity varies indirectly with porosity. If the velocity of sound through solid rock is taken as a measurement of 0% porosity, a slower velocity is an indication of a higher porosity that is usually filled with formation water with a slower sonic velocity.
Both sonic and density-neutron logs give porosity as their primary information. Sonic logs read farther away from the borehole so they are more useful where sections of the borehole are caved. Because they read deeper, they also tend to average more formation than the density-neutron logs do. Modern sonic configurations with pingers and microphones at both ends of the log, combined with computer analysis, minimize the averaging somewhat. Averaging is an advantage when the formation is being evaluated for seismic parameters, a different area of formation evaluation. A special log, the Long Spaced Sonic, is sometimes used for this purpose. Seismic signals (a single undulation of a sound wave in the earth) average together tens to hundreds of feet of formation, so an averaged sonic log is more directly comparable to a seismic waveform.
Density-neutron logs read the formation within about four to of the borehole wall. This is an advantage in resolving thin beds. It is a disadvantage when the hole is badly caved. Corrections can be made automatically if the cave is no more than a few inches deep. A caliper arm on the sonde measures the profile of the borehole and a correction is calculated and incorporated in the porosity reading. However, if the cave is much more than four inches deep, the density-neutron log is reading little more than drilling mud. |
Formation evaluation | Lithology logs - SP and gamma ray | Lithology logs - SP and gamma ray
There are two other tools, the SP log and the Gamma Ray log, one or both of which are almost always used in wireline logging. Their output is usually presented along with the electric and porosity logs described above. They are indispensable as additional guides to the nature of the rock around the borehole.
The SP log, known variously as a "Spontaneous Potential", "Self Potential" or "Shale Potential" log is a voltmeter measurement of the voltage or electrical potential difference between the mud in the hole at a particular depth and a copper ground stake driven into the surface of the earth a short distance from the borehole. A salinity difference between the drilling mud and the formation water acts as a natural battery and will cause several voltage effects. This "battery" causes a movement of charged ions between the hole and the formation water where there is enough permeability in the rock. The most important voltage is set up as a permeable formation permits ion movement, reducing the voltage between the formation water and the mud. Sections of the borehole where this occurs then have a voltage difference with other nonpermeable sections where ion movement is restricted. Vertical ion movement in the mud column occurs much more slowly because the mud is not circulating while the drill pipe is out of the hole. The copper surface stake provides a reference point against which the SP voltage is measured for each part of the borehole. There can also be several other minor voltages, due for example to mud filtrate streaming into the formation under the effect of an overbalanced mud system. This flow carries ions and is a voltage generating current. These other voltages are secondary in importance to the voltage resulting from the salinity contrast between mud and formation water.
The nuances of the SP log are still being researched. In theory, almost all porous rocks contain water. Some pores are completely filled with water. Others have a thin layer of water molecules wetting the surface of the rock, with gas or oil filling the rest of the pore. In sandstones and porous limestones there is a continuous layer of water throughout the formation. If there is even a little permeability to water, ions can move through the rock and decrease the voltage difference with the mud nearby. Shales do not allow water or ion movement. Although they may have a large water content, it is bound to the surface of the flat clay crystals comprising the shale. Thus mud opposite shale sections maintains its voltage difference with the surrounding rock. As the SP logging tool is drawn up the hole it measures the voltage difference between the reference stake and the mud opposite shale and sandstone or limestone sections. The resulting log curve reflects the permeability of the rocks and, indirectly, their lithology. SP curves degrade over time, as the ions diffuse up and down the mud column. It also can suffer from stray voltages caused by other logging tools that are run with it. Older, simpler logs often have better SP curves than more modern logs for this reason. With experience in an area, a good SP curve can even allow a skilled interpreter to infer sedimentary environments such as deltas, point bars or offshore tidal deposits.
The gamma ray log is a measurement of naturally occurring gamma radiation from the borehole walls. Sandstones are usually nonradioactive quartz and limestones are nonradioactive calcite. Shales however, are naturally radioactive due to potassium isotopes in clays, and adsorbed uranium and thorium. Thus the presence or absence of gamma rays in a borehole is an indication of the amount of shale or clay in the surrounding formation. The gamma ray log is useful in holes drilled with air or with oil based muds, as these wells have no SP voltage. Even in water-based muds, the gamma ray and SP logs are often run together. They comprise a check on each other and can indicate unusual shale sections which may either not be radioactive, or may have an abnormal ionic chemistry. The gamma ray log is also useful to detect coal beds, which, depending on the local geology, can have either low radiation levels, or high radiation levels due to adsorption of uranium. In addition, the gamma ray log will work inside a steel casing, making it essential when a cased well must be evaluated. |
Formation evaluation | Interpreting the tools | Interpreting the tools
The immediate questions that have to be answered in deciding to complete a well or to plug and abandon (P&A) it are:
Do any zones in the well contain producible hydrocarbons?
How much?
How much, if any, water will be produced with them?
The elementary approach to answering these questions uses the Archie Equation. |
Formation evaluation | Bibliography | Bibliography
Category:Evaluation
Category:Petroleum economics
Category:Petroleum production
Category:Management cybernetics |
Formation evaluation | Table of Content | short description, Formation evaluation tools, Coring, Mud logging, Wireline logging, Electric logs, Porosity logs, Lithology logs - SP and gamma ray, Interpreting the tools, Bibliography |
Meritage | Short description | thumb|right|200px|Three different Meritage wines: a 2005 Lyeth Sonoma County, a 2001 Estancia Alexander Valley, and a 2002 Jackson-Triggs Okanagan Valley.
Meritage is a name for red and white Bordeaux-style wines without infringing on the Bordeaux (France) region's legally protected designation of origin. Winemakers must license the Meritage trademark from its owner, the California-based Meritage Alliance. Member wineries are found principally in the United States, though increasingly elsewhere. |
Meritage | History | History
The Meritage Association was formed in 1988 by a small group of Sonoma County and Napa Valley, California vintners increasingly frustrated by U.S. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives regulations stipulating wines containing at least 75 percent of a specific grape to be labeled as a varietal. As interest grew in creating Bordeaux-style wines, which by their blended nature fail to qualify for varietal status, members sought to create a recognizable name for their blended wines.
In 1988, the association hosted a contest to conceive a proprietary name for these wines, receiving over 6,000 submissions. "Meritage"—a portmanteau of merit and heritage—was selected and its coiner awarded two bottles of the first ten vintages of every wine licensed to use the brand.
The first wine to be labeled with the term "Meritage" was the 1986 "The Poet" by Mitch Cosentino (Cosentino Winery) and 1985 vintage by Dry Creek Vineyard was the oldest vintage released "Meritage".http://www.meritagealliance.com/media/8177/EVERYTHING%20YOU%20EVER%20WANTED%20TO%20KNOW%20ABOUT%20MERITAGE.pdf
By 1999, the Meritage Association had grown to 22 members. Shifting its focus from trademark policing to education and marketing resulted in swift growth. By 2003, the Association had over 100 members, including its first international participants. In May 2009, the Meritage Association announced that it had changed its name to the Meritage Alliance. As of July 2014, the Alliance had over 350 members. |
Meritage | Trademark licensing and wine production | Trademark licensing and wine production
The Meritage agreement stipulates the blends that can be labeled "Meritage", a fee per case (currently $1.00, capped at $500.00 per vintage), and various labeling restrictions.
A red Meritage must be made from a blend of at least two of the following varieties: Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Cabernet Franc, Malbec, Petit Verdot, St. Macaire, Gros Verdot, or Carmenère, with no variety comprising more than 90 percent of the blend.
A white Meritage must be made from a blend of at least two or more of the following varieties: Sauvignon blanc, Sémillon, or Muscadelle du Bordelais, with no variety comprising more than 90 percent of the blend.
Although not stipulated by the licensing agreement, the Meritage Alliance strongly recommends that wineries label only their best blend Meritage and limit production to no more than 25,000 cases.
Unlike regulations like French AOC, there are no mandatory rules related to winemaking or winegrowing. |
Meritage | Pronunciation | Pronunciation
Although many people, including many wine experts, have a tendency to Frenchify the word "Meritage" by pronouncing its last syllable with a "zh" sound, as in the U.S. pronunciation of "garage", the Meritage Alliance specifically states that the word should be pronounced to rhyme with "heritage". Meritage should be pronounced . |
Meritage | References | References
What is Meritage?
The Meritage Alliance License Agreement
2005 Code of Federal Regulations, Title 27, Volume 1, Part 5: Labeling and Advertising of Distilled Spirits
Footnotes |
Meritage | External links | External links
The Meritage Alliance official site
Category:American wine
Category:Wine styles |
Meritage | Table of Content | Short description, History, Trademark licensing and wine production, Pronunciation, References, External links |
Interphase | short description | thumb|right|159px|An illustration of interphase. The chromatin has not yet condensed, and the cell is undergoing its normal functions.
thumb |right|159px|An image of the nucleus of a cell (HT1080) currently in interphase (likely G1). Note: Cytoplasm of this cell or the neighboring cell is not visible (top-left), which is currently in the telophase of mitosis. Image taken using an optical microscope and DAPI staining of DNA.
Interphase is the active portion of the cell cycle that includes the G1, S, and G2 phases, where the cell grows, replicates its DNA, and prepares for mitosis, respectively. Interphase was formerly called the "resting phase," but the cell in interphase is not simply dormant. Calling it so would be misleading since a cell in interphase is very busy synthesizing proteins, transcribing DNA into RNA, engulfing extracellular material, and processing signals, to name just a few activities. The cell is quiescent only in G0. Interphase is the phase of the cell cycle in which a typical cell spends most of its life. Interphase is the "daily living" or metabolic phase of the cell, in which the cell obtains nutrients and metabolizes them, grows, replicates its DNA in preparation for mitosis, and conducts other "normal" cell functions.
A common misconception is that interphase is the first stage of mitosis, but since mitosis is the division of the nucleus, prophase is actually the first stage.
In interphase, the cell gets itself ready for mitosis or meiosis. Somatic cells, or normal diploid cells of the body, go through mitosis in order to reproduce themselves through cell division, whereas diploid germ cells (i.e., primary spermatocytes and primary oocytes) go through meiosis in order to create haploid gametes (i.e., sperm and ova) for the purpose of sexual reproduction. |
Interphase | Stages of interphase | Stages of interphase
There are three stages of cellular interphase, with each phase ending when a cellular checkpoint checks the accuracy of the stage's completion before proceeding to the next. The stages of interphase are:
G1 (Gap 1), in which the cell grows and functions normally. During this time, a high amount of protein synthesis occurs and the cell grows (to about double its original size) – more organelles are produced and the volume of the cytoplasm increases. If the cell is not to divide again, it will enter G0.
Synthesis (S), in which the cell synthesizes its DNA and the amount of DNA is doubled but the number of chromosomes remains constant (via semiconservative replication).
G2 (Gap 2), in which the cell resumes its growth in preparation for division. The cell continues to grow until mitosis begins. In plants, chloroplasts divide during G2.
In addition, some cells that do not divide often or ever, enter a stage called G0 (Gap zero), which is either a stage separate from interphase or an extended G1.
The duration of time spent in interphase and in each stage of interphase is variable and depends on both the type of cell and the species of organism it belongs to. Most cells of adult mammals spend about 24 hours in interphase; this accounts for about 90%-96% of the total time involved in cell division.
Interphase includes G1, S, and G2 phases. Mitosis and cytokinesis, however, are separate from interphase.
DNA double-strand breaks can be repaired during interphase by two principal processes.Shibata A. Regulation of repair pathway choice at two-ended DNA double-strand breaks. Mutat Res. 2017 Oct;803-805:51-55. doi: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2017.07.011. Epub 2017 Jul 29. Review. PMID 28781144 The first process, non-homologous end joining (NHEJ), can join the two broken ends of DNA in the G1, S and G2 phases of interphase. The second process, homologous recombinational repair (HRR), is more accurate than NHEJ in repairing double-strand breaks. However HRR is only active during the S and G2 phases of interphase when DNA replication is either partially or fully accomplished, since HRR requires two adjacent homologous chromosomes. |
Interphase | Interphase within sequences of cellular processes | Interphase within sequences of cellular processes |
Interphase | Interphase and the cell cycle | Interphase and the cell cycle
When G2 is completed, the cell enters a relatively brief period of nuclear and cellular division, composed of mitosis and cytokinesis, respectively. After the successful completion of mitosis and cytokinesis, both resulting daughter cells re-enter G1 of interphase.
In the cell cycle, interphase is preceded by telophase and cytokinesis of the M phase. In alternative fashion, interphase is sometimes interrupted by G0 phase, which, in some circumstances, may then end and be followed by the remaining stages of interphase. After the successful completion of the G2 checkpoint, the final checkpoint in interphase, the cell proceeds to prophase, or in plants to preprophase, which is the first stage of mitosis.
G0 phase is viewed as either an extended G1 phase where the cell is neither dividing nor preparing to divide, or as a distinct quiescent stage which occurs outside of the cell cycle. |
Interphase | Interphase and other cellular processes | Interphase and other cellular processes
In gamete production, interphase is succeeded by meiosis. In programmed cell death, interphase is followed or preempted by apoptosis. |
Interphase | See also | See also
Prophase
Prometaphase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokinesis
Cytoskeleton |
Interphase | Interphase (Materials) | Interphase (Materials)
The transition region between two materials. For example between the fibre and matrix of a composite material. |
Interphase | References | References
Category:Mitosis
Category:Cell biology |
Interphase | Table of Content | short description, Stages of interphase, Interphase within sequences of cellular processes, Interphase and the cell cycle, Interphase and other cellular processes, See also, Interphase (Materials), References |
Archegonium | short description | right|thumb|240px|Diagram of archegonium anatomy
An archegonium (: archegonia), from the Ancient Greek ἀρχή ("beginning") and γόνος ("offspring"), is a multicellular structure or organ of the gametophyte phase of certain plants, producing and containing the ovum or female gamete. The corresponding male organ is called the antheridium. The archegonium has a long neck canal or venter and a swollen base. Archegonia are typically located on the surface of the plant thallus, although in the hornworts they are embedded.
__TOC__ |
Archegonium | Bryophytes | Bryophytes
In bryophytes and other cryptogams, sperm reach the archegonium by swimming in water films, whereas in Pinophyta and angiosperms, the pollen are delivered by wind or animal vectors and the sperm are delivered by means of a pollen tube.
thumb|Gene expression pattern determined by histochemical GUS assays in Physcomitrella patens
In the moss Physcomitrella patens, archegonia are not embedded but are located on top of the leafy gametophore (s. Figure). The Polycomb protein FIE is expressed in the unfertilized egg cell (right) as the blue colour after GUS staining reveals. Soon after fertilisation, the FIE gene is inactivated (the blue colour is no longer visible, left) in the young embryo.Assaf Mosquna, Aviva Katz, Eva L. Decker, Stefan A. Rensing, Ralf Reski, Nir Ohad (2009): Regulation of stem cell maintenance by the Polycomb protein FIE has been conserved during land plant evolution. Development 136, 2433-2444. The Polycomb gene FIE is expressed (blue) in unfertilised egg cells of the moss Physcomitrella patens (right) and expression ceases after fertilisation in the developing diploid sporophyte (left). In situ GUS staining of two female sex organs (archegonia) of a transgenic plant expressing a translational fusion of FIE-uidA under control of the native FIE promoter. |
Archegonium | Gymnosperms | Gymnosperms
They are much-reduced and embedded in the megagametophytes of gymnosperms. The term is not used for angiosperms or the gnetophytes Gnetum and Welwitschia because the megagametophyte is reduced to just a few cells, one of which differentiates into the egg cell. The function of surrounding the gamete is assumed in large part by diploid cells of the megasporangium (nucellus) inside the ovule. Gymnosperms have their archegonium formed after pollination inside female conifer cones (megastrobili). |
Archegonium | References | References
Category:Plant anatomy
Category:Gymnosperms
Category:Plant reproduction
he:מורפולוגיה של הצמח - מונחים#איברים בצמחים פרימיטיביים |
Archegonium | Table of Content | short description, Bryophytes, Gymnosperms, References |
Imperial circle | short description | thumb|450px|A map of the imperial circles in 1560
During the early modern period, the Holy Roman Empire was divided into imperial circles (; ; singular: , ), administrative groupings whose primary purposes were the organization of common defensive structure and the collection of imperial taxes. They were also used as a means of organization within the Imperial Diet and the Imperial Chamber Court. Each circle had a circle diet, although not every member of the circle diet would hold membership of the Imperial Diet as well.
Six imperial circles were introduced at the Diet of Augsburg in 1500. In 1512, three more circles were added, and the large Saxon Circle was split into two, so that from 1512 until the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire in the Napoleonic era, there were ten imperial circles. The Crown of Bohemia, the Swiss Confederacy and Italy remained unencircled, as did various minor territories which held imperial immediacy. |
Imperial circle | Formation | Formation
Initially the 1500 Diet of Augsburg set up six imperial circles as part of the Imperial Reform:
the Bavarian Circle
the Franconian Circle
the Saxon Circle
the Swabian Circle
the Upper Rhenish Circle
the Lower Rhenish-Westphalian Circle
Originally, the territories held by the Habsburg dynasty and the electors remained unencircled. In 1512, the Diet at Trier and Cologne organized these lands into three more circles:
the Austrian Circle, including the Habsburg territories inherited by Maximilian I
the Burgundian Circle, including the patrimony of Maximilian's late wife, Mary of Burgundy
the Electoral Rhenish Circle, including the ecclesiastical Electorates of Mainz, Cologne and Trier, and the secular Electorate of the Palatinate.
Also, the Saxon Circle was divided into:
the Lower Saxon Circle
the Upper Saxon Circle, including the Electorates of Saxony and Brandenburg
Although the empire lost several western territories after the secession of the Seven United Netherlands in 1581 and during the French annexations of the 1679 Peace of Nijmegen, the ten circles remained largely unchanged until the early 1790s, when the French Revolutionary Wars brought about significant changes to the political map of Europe.
Some of the circles were de facto controlled by a powerful noble house. The Austrian Circle corresponded almost exactly with the Habsburg hereditary lands. The Burgundian Circle encompassed the territory controlled by the Spanish Habsburgs (Franche-Comte and the Habsburg Netherlands). The Bavarian Circle mostly consisted of the Wittelsbach Duchy of Bavaria plus its satellites. The Upper Saxon Circle was dominated by the electorates of Saxony (plus its satellite Ernestine duchies) and Brandenburg. |
Imperial circle | Responsibilities | Responsibilities
The Imperial Circles were extremely important in the administration of the Holy Roman Empire. In 1747, Friedrich Carl Moser noted that "the preservation of the imperial system depends largely upon . . . the western imperial circles." Some historians go even farther, like Hanns Hubert Hofmann, who suggests that "all real state-like functions of the Reich lay exclusively with the circles, not the diet."
At first, starting as elective districts in 1500, the powers of the Imperial Circles gradually expanded. In 1512 they became responsible for enforcing decrees of the Reichskammergericht, the Imperial Chamber Court. In 1530, the were made responsible for mobilizing contingents of the Reichsarmee, and by 1555, they were responsible for protecting the public peace within the Empire. In 1559, the began to regulate imperial coinage.
The Peace of Augsburg in 1555 also drew upon the first attempts at local organization in the circles, particularly in the Swabian Circle. It created a fixed constitution for the circles and gave them authority to keep civil and religious peace in their territories. The princes in each circle met in local assemblies called the kriestags, and as such, the circles became a substitute for imperial bureaucracy. After 1555, several circles became effective governmental bodies, especially in Swabia, Franconia, and Lower Saxony. Not only did they carry out orders from the Imperial Diet and Courts, but they also enacted their own legislation. Examples of such include economics, police, and military affairs.
By 1648, some of the Imperial Circles, which became dominated by one or two major powers, began to lose their function. The Austrian and Burgundian circles, both dominated by possessions of the Habsburgs, never developed full constitutions in the first place. Both Saxon circles (for example the Upper Saxon Circle was dominated by Brandenburg and Saxony) stopped convening by 1683, and the Bavarian circle only met on occasion to decide military measures. |
Imperial circle | Unencircled territories | Unencircled territories
A number of imperial territories remained unencircled, notably the lands of the Bohemian crown, the Old Swiss Confederacy and most of the Italian territories.
Besides these, there were also a considerable number of minor territories which retained imperial immediacy, such as individual Imperial Villages, and the lands held by individual Imperial Knights. |
Imperial circle | References | References
Winfried Dotzauer: Die deutschen Reichskreise in der Verfassung des alten Reiches und ihr Eigenleben. 1500–1806. Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt 1989,
Peter Claus Hartmann (ed.): Regionen in der frühen Neuzeit. Reichskreise im deutschen Raum, Provinzen in Frankreich, Regionen unter polnischer Oberhoheit. Ein Vergleich ihrer Strukturen, Funktionen und ihrer Bedeutung. (= Zeitschrift für historische Forschung; Beiheft 17). Duncker und Humblot, Berlin 1994, . |
Imperial circle | Literature | Literature
Contemporary (1500–1806) literature and source material:
Wolfgang Wüst (ed.): Die "gute" Policey im Reichskreis. Zur frühmodernen Normensetzung in den Kernregionen des Alten Reiches, edition of primary sources in four volumes, vol. 1: Der Schwäbische Reichskreis, unter besonderer Berücksichtigung Bayerisch-Schwabens, Berlin 2001; vol. 2: Der Fränkische Reichskreis, Berlin 2003; vol. 3: Der Bayerische Reichskreis und die Oberpfalz, Berlin 2004; vol.: Die lokale Policey: Normensetzung und Ordnungspolitik auf dem Lande. Ein Quellenwerk, Berlin 2008.
Hernach volgend die Zehen Krayß, 1532.
Johannes Alhusius: Politica methodice digesta. 3.Aufl., Herborn 1614.
Martin Zeiller: Von den zehn Kreisen. 1660, 1694.
Johann Samuel Tromsdorff: Accurate neue und alte Geographie von ganz Teutschland. Frankfurt 1711 (pp. 128ff).
"Creiß" in: Zedler, Grosses vollständiges Universallexikon aller Wissenschaften und Künste, vol. 6 (Ci – Cz), 1733. |
Imperial circle | External links | External links
.
Category:1500s establishments in the Holy Roman Empire
Category:1500 establishments in Europe
Category:Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor
Category:States and territories established in 1500
Category:Types of administrative division |
Imperial circle | Table of Content | short description, Formation, Responsibilities, Unencircled territories, References, Literature, External links |
K. Viswanath | Short description | Kasinadhuni Viswanath (19 February 1930 – 2 February 2023) was an Indian film director, screenwriter, lyricist and actor who predominantly worked in Telugu cinema. One of the greatest auteurs of Indian cinema, he received international recognition for his works, and is known for blending parallel cinema with mainstream cinema. He was honuored with the "Prize of the Public" at the "Besançon Film Festival of France" in 1981. In 1992, he received the Andhra Pradesh state Raghupathi Venkaiah Award, and the civilian honour Padma Shri for his contribution to the field of arts. In 2016, he was conferred with the Dadasaheb Phalke Award, the highest award in Indian cinema. He is popularly known as "Kalatapasvi."
Viswanath started his film career as an audiographer and over sixty years, he has directed 53 feature films in a variety of genres, including central themes based on performing arts, visual arts, aesthetics, melodrama, and poetry. Viswanath's filmography is known for addressing the issues of discrimination and socio-economic challenges through liberal arts medium.
Viswanath's classic blockbusters Sankarabharanam (1980) and Sagara Sangamam (1983) were featured among CNN-IBN's 100 greatest Indian films of all time.100 Years of Indian Cinema: The 100 greatest Indian films of all time|Movies News Photos-IBNLive. Ibnlive.in.com (17 April 2013). Retrieved on 2013-07-28. His directorial works Sankarabharanam and Saptapadi (1981) fetched the National Film Awards for Best Popular Film for Providing Wholesome Entertainment and Best Feature Film on National Integration, respectively. Sankarabharanam, was featured at the 8th IFFI,aatapaatalu.net/2011/04/spl-interview-with-edida-nageswararao.January 2013. the Tashkent Film Festival, the Moscow International Film Festival, and the Besançon Film Festival.
Viswanath's Swathi Muthyam (1986) was India's official entry to the 59th Academy Awards. Swathi Muthyam, Sagara Sangamam and Sirivennela (1986), were featured at the Asia-Pacific Film Festival. Swayamkrushi (1987) was screened to special mention at the Moscow International Film Festival. Sankarabharanam, Sagara Sangamam, Sruthilayalu (1987), Swarnakamalam (1988), and Swathi Kiranam (1992) were featured in the Indian Panorama sections of IFFI,300 films during 11 days from 47 countries in IFFI-2009 . Literature India. Retrieved on 28 July 2013. Ann Arbor Film Festival, and AISFM Film Festival respectively.
Viswanath is a recipient of five National Film Awards, seven state Nandi Awards, ten Filmfare Awards South, and a Filmfare Award in Hindi. His directorial works which are produced by Poornodaya Movie Creations were screened to special mention at the Moscow International Film Festival; such films were dubbed into Russian language and have been theatrically released in Moscow. |
K. Viswanath | Early life | Early life
Viswanath was born on 19 February 1930 in a Telugu family to Kasinadhuni Subramanyam and Kasinadhuni Saraswathy (Saraswathamma) in Repalle of Guntur district, Andhra Pradesh. His ancestral roots come from Pedapulivarru, Andhra Pradesh, a small village on the banks of River Krishna. Viswanath studied Intermediate from Guntur Hindu College, and holds a BSc degree from Andhra Christian College of Andhra University. He began his career as a sound recordist at Vauhini Studios in Madras, where his father was an associate. There, he apprenticed under the guidance of A Krishnan, who was the Head of Sound Engineering at Vauhini. Viswanath and A Krishnan developed a close rapport and later after the former made the transition into film direction, he would always bounce ideas off the latter. Viswanath made his entry into film direction at Annapurna Pictures under Adurthi Subba Rao and K. Ramnoth.rediff.com, Movies: Interview with K Viswanath. Rediff.com (3 May 2000). Retrieved on 2013-07-28. He wished to work as an assistant to director K. Balachander and Bapu. |
K. Viswanath | Career | Career
During his early career, Viswanath was associated with Adurthi Subba Rao on National Award-winning films such as Mooga Manasulu (1964) and Doctor Chakravarty (1964). Viswanath scripted Sudigundalu (1968), and directed works such as Aatma Gowravam (1965), O Seeta Katha (1974) and Jeevana Jyothi (1975) which garnered the state Nandi Awards, and were screened at the Asian and African film Festival at Tashkent.
In 1951 he started as an assistant director in the Telugu-Tamil Film Pathala Bhairavi (1951). In 1965, Viswanath debuted as a director with Telugu film Aatma Gowravam (1965), which won the Nandi Award for Best Feature Film of the year. Viswanath followed it up with drama films Chelleli Kapuram (1971), Sarada (1973), O Seeta Katha (1974) and Jeevana Jyoti (1975) which are women-centric films. It was in Siri Siri Muvva (1976) that the artistic touch in his craft first became visible.
Sankarabharanam (1980) highlights the neglect of traditional Indian music under the increasing influence of western music. The film brings out the grandeur of Carnatic music, the traditional South Indian music towards the end. Bhaskaran, a media and film researcher from Chennai has documented, in his study of South Indian music culture, how Sankarabharanam contributed to the revival of Carnatic music in a big way.Bhaskaran, S.T. 'Music for the masses: Film songs of Tamil Nadu' Economic and Political Weekly (annual number),11-12, March, 755-58 The film broke many commercial records by running for over one year in cinemas. In a recent study published in Journal of Dance, Movements & Spiritualities published by "Intellect Group" of the United Kingdom, C. S. H. N. Murthy, a media and film studies scholar from India, has demonstrated how Viswanath's filmography embraces a wide spectrum of characters that include mentally and physically challenged subjects as well, like the film Sarada (1973), which exploits a psychologically deranged woman, Swathi Muthyam (1986), which exploits an autistic man's humanism, Sirivennela (1986) which revels in situations between deaf and dumb characters, and Kalam Marindi (1972), which dwells on characters stuck in a caste-based society.
Film researcher, C. S. H. N. Murthy observed that Viswanath's films offer a pathway towards inclusiveness, affecting positive spiritual change at both personal and social levels. Situating the content in the broad arena of de-westernizing media studies, through immersive and culturally embedded perspectives, Murthy endeavoured to offer modern and postmodern dimensions in Viswanath's films. |
K. Viswanath | Films with social issues | Films with social issues
Viswanath has made many films dealing with a wide range of human and social issues: Saptapadi, Sirivennela, Sutradharulu, Subhalekha, Sruthilayalu, Subha Sankalpam, Aapadbandhavudu, Swayam Krushi, and Swarnakamalam have lead characters representing different strata of society, meticulously etched to suit the larger picture.
In Saptapadi, he decries the evils of untouchability and the caste system. In Subhodayam and Swayam Krushi he emphasizes the dignity and respectability of manual labor. In Subhalekha, he deals, in a humorous way, with the dowry system – one of the major evils in today's society. While Sutradharulu urges present-day society to recognize the need to adopt the ideals of non-violence, Swati Kiranam depicts the harm that can be caused by the basic instincts of envy and anger in a man, however accomplished he may be.
In spite of the nature of these subjects, they are presented in a subtle manner with an imaginative storyline, with just the right amount of emphasis on the intended message. Yet Viswanath's films were never offbeat cinema, but wholesome entertainers those elevated the lead actors' image. He is a director with social-conscious mind and who believes cinema can bring out desirable changes in society if presented in a format liked by a cross-section of audience. |
K. Viswanath | Association with Poornodaya Creations | Association with Poornodaya Creations
Edida Nageswara Rao founded "Poornodaya Movie Creations", which encouraged Viswanath to make aesthetic films. Poornodaya has produced several of Viswanath's films like Sankarabharanam, Swatimutyam, Saagarasangamam, Sutradharulu, and Aapadbandhavudu. Most of these films were dubbed into Russian and were screened at the Moscow Film Festival. |
K. Viswanath | Hindi cinema | Hindi cinema
Viswanath has also directed Hindi language films such as Sargam (1979), Kaamchor (1982), Shubh Kaamna (1983), Jaag Utha Insan (1984), Sur Sangam (1985), Sanjog (1985), Eeshwar (1989), Sangeet (1992) and Dhanwan (1993). Some of these films (especially his collaboration with actress Jaya Prada) have been super hits at the box office. |
K. Viswanath | Acting | Acting
In 1995, Viswanath debuted as an actor with Telugu film Subha Sankalpam. As a character actor, he has appeared in works such as Vajram (1995), Kalisundam Raa (2000), Narasimha Naidu (2001), Nuvvu Leka Nenu Lenu (2002), Santosham (2002), Seema Simham (2002), Tagore (2003), Lakshmi Narasimha (2004), Swarabhishekam (2004), Aadavari Matalaku Arthale Verule (2007), Athadu (2005), and Pandurangadu (2008), and Devasthanam (2012). He essayed characters in Tamil works such as Kuruthipunal (1995), Mugavaree (1999), Kakkai Siraginilae (2000), Bagavathi (2002), Pudhiya Geethai (2003), Yaaradi Nee Mohini (2008), Rajapattai (2011), Singam II (2013), Lingaa (2014) and Uttama Villain (2015). |
K. Viswanath | Television | Television
Viswanath had also acted in a few television serials; Siva Narayana Teertha on SVBC TV, Chellamay on Sun TV, and Suryiavamsam on Vendhar TV. He also endorsed brands such as GRT Jewellers and appeared in television commercials.Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: |
K. Viswanath | Biopic | Biopic
Viswadarshanam is an official biopic of K Viswanath, written and directed by Janardhana Maharshi, which tells the story of a 90-year-old acclaimed director. The film was telecast on ETV (Telugu) on 19 February 2023, his 93rd birthday. |
K. Viswanath | Personal life and death | Personal life and death
Viswanath was married to Kasinadhuni Jayalakshmi. Actor Chandra Mohan, and singers S. P. Balasubrahmanyam and S. P. Sailaja were his cousins.
Viswanath died on 2 February 2023, aged 92, in a private hospital in Hyderabad due to age-related issues. |
K. Viswanath | Filmography | Filmography |
K. Viswanath | As director and screenwriter | As director and screenwriter
+Directed and screenwritten features Year Title Director Story Screenwriter Notes 1963 Chaduvukunna Ammayilu 1965Aatma GowravamNandi Award for Best Feature Film (Bronze); Debut as a director1967 Private Master1968SudigundaluNational Film Award for Best Feature Film in TeluguNandi Award for Best Feature Film (Gold)Filmfare Award for Best Film – TeluguTashkent Film FestivalKalisochina AdrushtamAlso Dialogue WriterUndamma Bottu Pedata1969 Nindu Hrudayalu1971 Chelleli KapuramNandi Award for Best Feature Film (Gold) Chinnanati Snehitulu Nindu Dampathulu 1972 Kalam Marindi Nandi Award for Best Feature Film (Gold)1973 Neramu Siksha Sarada Nandi Award for Best Feature Film (Gold) 1974Amma Manasu O Seeta Katha Nandi Award for Best Feature Film (Silver)Filmfare Award for Best Film – TeluguFilmfare Award for Best Direction 1975Chinnanati Kalalu Jeevana JyothiNandi Award for Best Feature Film (Gold)Filmfare Award for Best Film – TeluguFilmfare Award for Best Direction 1976 Mangalyaniki Maromudi Siri Siri Muvva Prema Bandham Jeevitha Nouka 1978 Kalanthakulu Seetamalakshmi 1979 President Peramma Sargam Hindi version of Siri Siri Muvva 1980 Sankarabharanam Prize of the Public at the Besançon Film Festival of FranceSpecial Mention – Moscow International Film FestivalNational Film Award for Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome EntertainmentNandi Award for Best Feature Film (Gold) Alludu Pattina Bharatam Subhodayam 1981 SaptapadiSpecial Mention – Moscow International Film FestivalNational Film Award for Best Feature Film on National IntegrationNandi Award for Best ScreenplayFilmfare Award for Best Film – Telugu 1982 KaamchorHindi version of Subhodayam SubhalekhaFilmfare Award for Best Direction 1983 Sagara SangamamNandi Award for Best Feature Film (Bronze)Filmfare Award for Best DirectionDubbed into Tamil as Salangai Oli Shubh Kaamna Hindi version of Subhalekha 1984 Janani Janmabhoomi Jaag Utha InsanHindi version of Saptapadi 1985 SanjogHindi version of Jeevana Jyothi Sur Sangam Hindi version of Sankarabharanam Swathi Muthyam India's Official Entry for Best Foreign Language film at the 59th Academy AwardsNational Film Award for Best Feature Film in TeluguNandi Award for Best Feature Film (Gold)Nandi Award for Best DirectionFilmfare Award for Best DirectionSpecial Mention – Asia Pacific Film FestivalSpecial Mention – Moscow International Film Festival/ Also Lyricist 1986 Sirivennela 1987 Sruthilayalu Nandi Award for Best Feature Film (Gold)Nandi Award for Best DirectionFilmfare Award for Best Direction Swayamkrushi Special Mention – Moscow International Film Festival 1988 Swarnakamalam Nandi Award for Best Feature Film (Gold)Filmfare Award for Best Film – TeluguCinema Express Award for Best DirectionAnn Arbor Film Festival 1989 EeshwarHindi version of Swathi MuthyamFilmfare Award for Best Story SutradharuluNational Film Award for Best Feature Film in TeluguNandi Award for Best Feature Film (Bronze) 1992 Swathi Kiranam Sangeet AapadbandhavuduNandi Award for Best Feature Film (Bronze)Filmfare Award for Best Direction 1993 Dhanwaan 1995 Subha SankalpamFilmfare Award for Best Direction 1996 Aurat Aurat Aurat 1997 Chinnabbayi 2004Swarabhishekam50th film/ Also lyricist
National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Telugu 2010 SubhapradamLast Film as a director |
K. Viswanath | As an actor | As an actor
Year Film Role Language Notes 1995 Subha Sankalpam Raayudu Telugu Debut as an actor Kuruthipunal Srinivasan Tamil Vajram Chakri's father Telugu 1996 Drohi Srinivasan Telugu 1999 Mugavaree Sridhar's father Tamil 2000 Kalisundam Raa Raghavayya Telugu Manasu Paddanu Kaani Venu's father Telugu Kakkai Siraginilae Sambasiva Iyer Tamil 2001 Narasimha Naidu Raghupathi Naidu Telugu 2002 Seema Simham Visweswara Rao Telugu Nuvvu Leka Nenu Lenu Ramachandrayya Telugu Santosham Ramachandrayya Telugu Lahiri Lahiri Lahirilo Balaramayya Naidu Telugu Kuchi Kuchi Koonamma Sai's grandfather Telugu Bagavathi Chief Minister Tamil 2003 Pudhiya Geethai Swamy Tamil Cameo appearance Tagore Chief Minister Telugu 2004 Lakshmi Narasimha Lakshmi Narasimha's father Telugu Swarabhishekam Srinivasachari Telugu 2005 Athadu CBI Officer Telugu Cameo appearance Andhrudu Sangeetham Teacher/Surendra's father Telugu 2006 Valliddari Vayasu Padahare Judge Telugu Cameo appearance 2007 Aadavari Matalaku Arthale Verule Keerti's grandfather Telugu 2008 Yaaradi Nee Mohini Keerti's grandfather Tamil Pandurangadu Pandurangadu's father Telugu 2011 Mr. Perfect Maggie's grandfather Telugu Rajapattai Dakshanamurthy Tamil 2012 Devasthanam Srimannarayana Telugu 2013 Singam II Chief Minister Tamil 2014 Lingaa Karunakara Tamil 2015 Uttama Villain Poornachandra Rao Tamil 2016 Hyper Chief Minister Telugu 2018 Prema Baraha Seenu Kannada Bilingual film Sollividava Seenu Tamil 2022OppandaRangaswamyKannadaLast film as an actor |
K. Viswanath | Other roles | Other roles
Year Film Language Credits 1951 Pathala Bhairavi TeluguTamil Assistant director 1957 Thodi Kodallu Telugu Audiographer Enga Veetu Mahalakshmi Tamil Audiographer 1959 Banda Ramudu Telugu Audiographer 1961 Iddaru Mitrulu Telugu Assistant director 1964 Mooga Manasulu Telugu Assistant director 1964 Doctor Chakravarty Telugu Assistant director |
K. Viswanath | Awards | Awards
thumb|President Mukherjee presenting the Dadasaheb Phalke Award to Sh. Vishwanath at the 64th National Film Awards on 3 May 2017.
Year Award Notes1992Padma Shri Government of India1981Prize of the Public at the Besançon Film Festival of France1982–87 Special Mention – Moscow International Film Festival2014 Gulf Andhra Award for Life Time Achievement in Cinema – U.A.E.2016 Dadasaheb Phalke Award for lifetime achievement in cinema.Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: 1986India's official entry to the 59th Academy Awards - Swathi Muthyam1980National Film Award for Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment – Sankarabharanam1982 Nargis Dutt Award for Best Feature Film on National Integration – Saptapadi2013CNN-IBNs List of the 100 Greatest Indian Films of All Time - Sankarabharanam and Sagara Sangamam1987 Best Feature Film in Telugu – Swathi Muthyam1990 Best Feature Film in Telugu – Sutradharulu2005 Best Feature Film in Telugu – Swarabhishekam1980Second Best Story Writer - Sankarabharanam1981Best Screenplay Writer – Saptapadi1982Best Story Writer - Subhalekha1986Best Director – Swathi Muthyam1987Best Director – Sruthilayalu1992 Raghupathi Venkaiah Award – Lifetime achievement for outstanding contributions to Telugu cinema1995 Best Character Actor – Subha Sankalpam2000Best Supporting Actor – Kalisundam Raa1988Cinema Express Award for Best Director – Swarnakamalam2008CineMAA Award for lifetime achievement20222021: Lifetime Achievement Award1989 Filmfare Best Story Award – Eeshwar
|
|-
|1974
|Best Director – O Seeta Katha|
|-
|1975
|Best Director – Jeevana Jyoti|
|-
|1982
|Best Director – Subhalekha|
|-
|1983
|Best Director - Sagara Sangamam|
|-
|1986
|Best Director – Swathi Muthyam|
|-
|1987
|Best Director – Sruthilayalu|
|-
|1992
|Best Director – Aapadbandhavudu|
|-
|1995
|Best Director – Subha Sankalpam''1994Lifetime Achievement
Honorary doctorate
Potti Sreeramulu Telugu University |
K. Viswanath | Other honours | Other honours
Year Award Notes2012 Viswa Vikhyata Darsaka Sarvabhowma for achievement in direction.2012 Chittoor V. Nagayya Puraskaram for lifetime achievement in cinema.2017 Film Nagar Cultural Center – Hyderabad Award for achievement in cinema.2017 Telugu Film Director's Association Award for achievement in direction2017 Aathmeeya Sanmanam from Government of Andhra Pradesh for achievement in cinema at Vijayawada Thummalapalli Kalakshetram |
K. Viswanath | Notes | Notes |
K. Viswanath | References | References |
K. Viswanath | External links | External links
Category:1930 births
Category:2023 deaths
Category:People from Guntur
Category:Telugu film directors
Category:Film directors from Andhra Pradesh
Category:Indian male screenwriters
Category:Hindi-language film directors
Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema
Category:Indian male film actors
Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema
Category:Indian male television actors
Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts
Category:Filmfare Awards winners
Category:Filmfare Awards South winners
Category:Nandi Award winners
Category:Dadasaheb Phalke Award recipients
Category:Male actors from Andhra Pradesh
Category:20th-century Indian male actors
Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema
Category:Directors who won the Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment National Film Award
Category:Directors who won the Best Film on National Integration National Film Award
Category:South Indian International Movie Awards winners |
K. Viswanath | Table of Content | Short description, Early life, Career, Films with social issues, Association with Poornodaya Creations, Hindi cinema, Acting, Television, Biopic, Personal life and death, Filmography, As director and screenwriter, As an actor, Other roles, Awards, Other honours, Notes, References, External links |
Padma Sree | # | redirect Padma Shri |
Padma Sree | Table of Content | # |
Kamal (navigation) | Short description | thumb|upright=1.15|A simple wooden kamal.
A kamal, often called simply khashaba (wood in Arabic),Al Salimi and Staples, A Maritime Lexicon, Hildesheim, Olms, 2019, 398. is a celestial navigation device that determines latitude. The invention of the kamal allowed for the earliest known latitude sailing, and was thus the earliest step towards the use of quantitative methods in navigation. It originated with Arab navigators of the late 9th century, and was employed in the Indian Ocean from the 10th century. It was adopted by Indian navigators soon after, and then adopted by Chinese navigators some time before the 16th century. |
Kamal (navigation) | Description | Description
thumb|Usage of the kamal to determine the elevation of the polestar Because Polaris is currently close to the celestial pole, its elevation is a good approximation of the latitude of the observer. The kamal consists of a rectangular wooden card about , to which a string with several equally spaced knots is attached through a hole in the middle of the card. The kamal is used by placing one end of the string in the teeth while the other end is held away from the body roughly parallel to the ground. The card is then moved along the string, positioned so the lower edge is even with the horizon, and the upper edge is occluding a target star, typically Polaris because its angle to the horizon does not change with longitude or time. The angle can then be measured by counting the number of knots from the teeth to the card, or a particular knot can be tied into the string if travelling to a known latitude. |
Kamal (navigation) | Make your own kamal | Make your own kamal
it is not necessary to follow a certain standard or calculation to make your own kamal; all you need is piece of wood, string and help of a sextant or any angle measuring device for the first calibration of your personal kamal. Choose any object, preferably Polaris. Take the angle reading with the sextant, for example 24. Then take a reading with the kamal, for example 15cm as the length of the string to the board, therefore 15cm is equal to 24 degrees. You can keep making different readings the same way for different objects until you have your own standard of measurements. Helpful tip - make a calibration card and print it on the kamal board itself, for example 30cm=45 degrees, and 20cm=30 degrees.
thumb|Side view of how the kamal was used to measure the elevations of stars. While the lower edge aligns with the horizon, the upper edge indicates the elevation of the star.The knots were typically tied to measure angles of one finger-width. When held at arm's length, the width of a finger measures an angle that remains fairly similar from person to person. This was widely used (and still is today) for rough angle measurements, an angle known as issabah إصبع in Arabic or a zhi 指 in Chinese (both meaning 'finger'). By modern measure, this is about 1 degree, 36 minutes, and 25 seconds, or just over 1.5 degrees. It is equal to the arcsine of the ratio of the width of the finger to the length of the arm. In Chinese navigation, the unit of jiao 角 is also used to represent a quarter 指 (an angle of 24 minutes 6 seconds).
Due to the limited width of the card, the kamal was only really useful for measuring Polaris in equatorial latitudes, where Polaris remains close to the horizon. This fact may explain why it was not common in Europe. For these higher-latitude needs somewhat more complex devices based on the same principle were used, notably the cross-staff and backstaff.
The kamal is still a tool recommended for use in sea kayaking.Burch, David, Fundamentals of Kayak Navigation, 2nd edition, The Globe Pequot Press, 1993, In such an application, it can be used for estimating distances to land. The distance can be calculated from the formula
where is the distance to the object, is the size of the object observed, is the distance from the kamal to the observer's eye, and is the size of the kamal. |
Kamal (navigation) | See also | See also
Sextant |
Kamal (navigation) | Notes | Notes |
Kamal (navigation) | References | References
Carreiro, Carlos B., Portugal's Golden Years, The Life and Times of Prince Henry "The Navigator". Dorrance Publishing Co., p. 84
Malhão Pereira, J.M. (2003), "The Stellar Compass and the Kamal. An Interpretation of its Practical Use", in Proceedings of the International Seminar on Marine Archeology, Delhi, also published by Academia de Marinha (Lisbon, 2003).
Category:Navigational equipment
Category:Celestial navigation
Category:Orientation (geometry)
Category:Measuring instruments
Category:Arab inventions |
Kamal (navigation) | Table of Content | Short description, Description, Make your own kamal, See also, Notes, References |
Flynn's taxonomy | short description | Flynn's taxonomy is a classification of computer architectures, proposed by Michael J. Flynn in 1966 and extended in 1972. The classification system has stuck, and it has been used as a tool in the design of modern processors and their functionalities. Since the rise of multiprocessing central processing units (CPUs), a multiprogramming context has evolved as an extension of the classification system. Vector processing, covered by Duncan's taxonomy, is missing from Flynn's work because the Cray-1 was released in 1977: Flynn's second paper was published in 1972. |
Flynn's taxonomy | Classifications | Classifications
The four initial classifications defined by Flynn are based upon the number of concurrent instruction (or control) streams and data streams available in the architecture. Flynn defined three additional sub-categories of SIMD in 1972. |
Flynn's taxonomy | Single instruction stream, single data stream (SISD) | Single instruction stream, single data stream (SISD)
A sequential computer which exploits no parallelism in either the instruction or data streams. Single control unit (CU) fetches a single instruction stream (IS) from memory. The CU then generates appropriate control signals to direct a single processing element (PE) to operate on a single data stream (DS) i.e., one operation at a time.
Examples of SISD architectures are the traditional uniprocessor machines like older personal computers (PCs) (by 2010, many PCs had multiple cores) and mainframe computers. |
Flynn's taxonomy | Single instruction stream, multiple data streams (SIMD) | Single instruction stream, multiple data streams (SIMD)
A single instruction is simultaneously applied to multiple different data streams. Instructions can be executed sequentially, such as by pipelining, or in parallel by multiple functional units.
Flynn's 1972 paper subdivided SIMD down into three further categories:
Array processor – These receive the one (same) instruction but each parallel processing unit has its own separate and distinct memory and register file.
Pipelined processor – These receive the one (same) instruction but then read data from a central resource, each processes fragments of that data, then writes back the results to the same central resource. In Figure 5 of Flynn's 1972 paper that resource is main memory: for modern CPUs that resource is now more typically the register file.
Associative processor – These receive the one (same) instruction but in each parallel processing unit an independent decision is made, based on data local to the unit, as to whether to perform the execution or whether to skip it. In modern terminology this is known as "predicated" (masked) SIMD. |
Flynn's taxonomy | Array processor | Array processor
The modern term for an array processor is "single instruction, multiple threads" (SIMT). This is a distinct classification in Flynn's 1972 taxonomy, as a subcategory of SIMD. It is identifiable by the parallel subelements having their own independent register file and memory (cache and data memory). Flynn's original papers cite two historic examples of SIMT processors: SOLOMON and ILLIAC IV.
Nvidia commonly uses the term in its marketing materials and technical documents, where it argues for the novelty of its architecture. SOLOMON predates Nvidia by more than 60 years.
The Aspex Microelectronics Associative String Processor (ASP) categorised itself in its marketing material as "massive wide SIMD" but had bit-level ALUs and bit-level predication (Flynn's taxonomy: associative processing), and each of the 4096 processors had their own registers and memory (Flynn's taxonomy: array processing). The Linedancer, released in 2010, contained 4096 2-bit predicated SIMD ALUs, each with its own content-addressable memory, and was capable of 800 billion instructions per second. Aspex's ASP associative array SIMT processor predates NVIDIA by 20 years. |
Flynn's taxonomy | Pipelined processor | Pipelined processor
At the time that Flynn wrote his 1972 paper many systems were using main memory as the resource from which pipelines were reading and writing. When the resource that all "pipelines" read and write from is the register file rather than main memory, modern variants of SIMD result. Examples include Altivec, NEON, and AVX.
An alternative name for this type of register-based SIMD is "packed SIMD" and another is SIMD within a register (SWAR). When predication is applied, it becomes associative processing (below) |
Flynn's taxonomy | Associative processor | Associative processor
The modern term for associative processor is "predicated" (or masked) SIMD. Examples include AVX-512.
Some modern designs (GPUs in particular) take features of more than one of these subcategories: GPUs of today are SIMT but also are Associative i.e. each processing element in the SIMT array is also predicated. |
Flynn's taxonomy | Multiple instruction streams, single data stream (MISD) | Multiple instruction streams, single data stream (MISD)
Multiple instructions operate on one data stream. This is an uncommon architecture which is generally used for fault tolerance. Heterogeneous systems operate on the same data stream and must agree on the result. Examples include the Space Shuttle flight control computer. |
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