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Social history | Canadian social history | Canadian social history
Social history had a "golden age" in Canada in the 1970s, and continues to flourish among scholars. Its strengths include demography, women, labour, and urban studies.Michael S. Cross, "Social History," Canadian Encyclopedia (2008) onlineMichael S. Cross and Gregory S. Kealey, eds. Readings in Canadian Social History (5 vol., 1983), articles by scholarsMichael Horn and Sabourin, Ronald, eds. Studies in Canadian Social History (1974). 480 pp. articles by scholars |
Social history | Social history of Africa | Social history of Africa
Events of Africa's general social history since the twentieth century refer to the colonial era for most of the countries with the exception of Ethiopia and Liberia, which were never colonized. Major processes in the continent involve resistance, independence, reconstruction, self-rule, and the process of modern politics including the formation of the African Union. Post-colonial milestones towards stability, economic growth, and unity have been made with continuous developments. Natural phenomena and subsequent economic effects have been more pronounced, for example in Ethiopia, followed by ethnic-based social crises and violence in the twenty-first century — that led to the mass migration of youth and skilled workers. Political and economic stability with respect to measures taken by international donor groups such as sanctions and subsequent responses from various nationals to such measures and Pan-Africanism are other dimensions of Africa's social history. |
Social history | Australian social history | Australian social history
In Australia, social history took on a non-Marxist concern for revealing the lives of people who had previously been neglected by older generations of historians. The two most significant social historians of Australian historiography, Ann Curthoys and Humphrey McQueen have both identified a lack of interest in social history among scholars compared with other national historiographies and a general non-Marxist, a-theoretical approach to social history among Australian social historians. Scholars generally see the first application of social history as McQueen's A New Britannia (1970), although some believe Russel Ward's The Australian Legend (1958) may have been a prototype new social history. |
Social history | Subfields | Subfields |
Social history | Historical demography | Historical demography
The study of the lives of ordinary people was revolutionized in the 1960s by the introduction of sophisticated quantitative and demographic methods, often using individual data from the census and from local registers of births, marriages, deaths and taxes, as well as theoretical models from sociology such as social mobility. H-DEMOG is a daily email discussion group that covers the field broadly.See H-DEMOG
Historical demography is the study of population history and demographic processes, usually using census or similar statistical data. It became an important specialty inside social history, with strong connections with the larger field of demography, as in the study of the Demographic Transition. |
Social history | African-American history | African-American history
Black history or African-American history studies African Americans and Africans in American history. The Association for the Study of African American Life and History was founded by Carter G. Woodson in 1915 and has 2500 members and publishes the Journal of African American History, formerly the Journal of Negro History. Since 1926 it has sponsored Black History Month every February.See ASALH |
Social history | Ethnic history | Ethnic history
Ethnic history is especially important in the US and Canada, where major encyclopedias helped define the field.Stephan Thernstrom, ed. Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups (1980) excerpt and text searchPaul R. Magocsi, ed. Encyclopedia of Canada's peoples (1999) excerpt and text search It covers the history of ethnic groups (usually not including Black or Native Americans).
Typical approaches include critical ethnic studies; comparative ethnic studies; critical race studies; Asian-American, and Latino/a or Chicano/a studies. In recent years Chicano/Chicana studies has become important as the Hispanic population has become the largest minority in the US.Rodolfo F. Acuna, The Making of Chicana/o Studies: In the Trenches of Academe (2011) excerpt and text search
The Immigration and Ethnic History Society was formed in 1976 and publishes a journal for libraries and its 829 members.See Immigration and Ethnic History Society
The American Conference for Irish Studies, founded in 1960, has 1,700 members and has occasional publications but no journal.See American Conference for Irish Studies
The American Italian Historical Association was founded in 1966 and has 400 members; it does not publish a journalSee American Italian Historical Association
The American Jewish Historical Society is the oldest ethnic society, founded in 1892; it has 3,300 members and publishes American Jewish HistorySee American Jewish Historical Society and journal
The Polish American Historical Association was founded in 1942, and publishes a newsletter and Polish American Studies, an interdisciplinary, refereed scholarly journal twice each year.See PAHA website
H-ETHNIC is a daily discussion list founded in 1993 with 1400 members; it covers topics of ethnicity and migration globally.see H-ETHNIC website
The Association for the Study of African American Life and History founded on 9 September 1915, publishes the Journal of African American History, Black History Bulletin and the Woodson Review
The Afro-American Historical and Genealogical Society was founded in May 1977, publishes the Journal of the Afro-American Historical and Genealogical Society. |
Social history | Labor history | Labor history
Labor history, deals with labor unions and the social history of workers. See for example Labor history of the United States The Study Group on International Labor and Working-Class History was established: 1971 and has a membership of 1000. It publishes International Labor and Working-Class History.See Study Group on International Labor and Working-Class History H-LABOR is a daily email-based discussion group formed in 1993 that reaches over a thousand scholars and advanced students.See H-LABOR website the Labor and Working-Class History Association formed in 1988 and publishes Labor: Studies in Working-Class History.
Kirk (2010) surveys labour historiography in Britain since the formation of the Society for the Study of Labour History in 1960. He reports that labour history has been mostly pragmatic, eclectic and empirical; it has played an important role in historiographical debates, such as those revolving around history from below, institutionalism versus the social history of labour, class, populism, gender, language, postmodernism and the turn to politics. Kirk rejects suggestions that the field is declining, and stresses its innovation, modification and renewal. Kirk also detects a move into conservative insularity and academicism. He recommends a more extensive and critical engagement with the kinds of comparative, transnational and global concerns increasingly popular among labour historians elsewhere, and calls for a revival of public and political interest in the topics.Neville Kirk, "Challenge, Crisis, and Renewal? Themes in the Labour History of Britain, 1960–2010," Labour History Review, Aug 2010, Vol. 75 Issue 2, pp 162-180 Meanwhile, Navickas, (2011) examines recent scholarship including the histories of collective action, environment and human ecology, and gender issues, with a focus on work by James Epstein, Malcolm Chase, and Peter Jones.Katrina Navickas, "What happened to class? New histories of labour and collective action in Britain," Social History, May 2011, Vol. 36 Issue 2, pp 192-204Richard Price, "Histories of Labour and Labour History," Labour History Review, Dec 2010, Vol. 75 Issue 3, pp 263-270 |
Social history | Women's history | Women's history
Women's history exploded into prominence in the 1970s,See American Women's History: A Research Guide and is now well represented in every geographical topic; increasingly it includes gender history.See Teresa A. Meade and Merry Wiesner-Hanks, eds. A Companion to Gender History (2006) Social history uses the approach of women's history to understand the experiences of ordinary women, as opposed to "Great Women," in the past. Feminist women's historians such as Joan Kelly have critiqued early studies of social history for being too focused on the male experience. |
Social history | Gender history | Gender history
Gender history focuses on the categories, discourses and experiences of femininity and masculinity as they develop over time. Gender history gained prominence after it was conceptualized in 1986 by Joan W. Scott in her article "Gender: A Useful Category of Historical Analysis." Many social historians use Scott's concept of "perceived differences" to study how gender relations in the past have unfolded and continue to unfold. In keeping with the cultural turn, many social historians are also gender historians who study how discourses interact with everyday experiences. |
Social history | History of the family | History of the family
The History of the family emerged as a separate field in the 1970s, with close ties to anthropology and sociology.Tamara K. Hareven, "The history of the family and the complexity of social change," American Historical Review, Feb 1991, Vol. 96 Issue 1, pp. 95-124 The trend was especially pronounced in the US and Canada.Cynthia Comacchio, "'The History of Us': Social Science, History, and the Relations of Family in Canada," Labour / Le Travail, Fall 2000, Vol. 46, pp. 167-220, with very thorough coverage. It emphasizes demographic patterns and public policy, but is quite separate from genealogy, though often drawing on the same primary sources, such as censuses and family records.see Journal of Family History, quarterly since 1976
The influential pioneering study Women, Work, and Family (1978) was done by Louise A. Tilly and Joan W. Scott. It broke new ground with their broad interpretive framework and emphasis on the variable factors shaping women's place in the family and economy in France and England. The study considered the interaction of production, or traditional labor, and reproduction, the work of caring for children and families, in its analysis of women's wage labor and thus helped to bring together labor and family history.Thomas Dublin, "Women, Work, and Family: The View from the United States," Journal of Women's History, Autumn 99, Vol. 11 Issue 3, pp 17-21 Much work has been done on the dichotomy in women's lives between the private sphere and the public.D'Ann Campbell, Women at War with America: Private Lives in a Patriotic Era (1984) online For a recent worldwide overview covering 7000 years see Maynes and Waltner's 2012 book and ebook, The Family: A World History (2012).Mary Jo Maynes and Ann Beth Waltner, The Family: A World History (Oxford University Press, 2012) online review For comprehensive coverage of the American case, see Marilyn Coleman and Lawrence Ganong, eds. The Social History of the American Family: An Encyclopedia (4 vol, 2014).
The history of childhood is a growing subfield.Peter N. Stearns, "Social History and World History: Prospects for Collaboration." Journal of World History 2007 18(1): 43-52. Fulltext: History Cooperative and Project MUSE, deals with the history of childhood worldwide. See Peter N. Stearns, Childhood in World History (2005), A.R. Colon with P. A. Colon, A History of Children: A Socio-Cultural Survey across Millennia (2001), and Steven Mintz, Huck's Raft: A History of American Childhood (2006).Joseph M. Hawes and N. Ray Hiner, "Hidden in Plain View: The History of Children (and Childhood) in the Twenty-First Century," Journal of the History of Childhood & Youth, Jan 2008, Vol. 1 Issue 1, pp 43-49 |
Social history | History of education | History of education
For much of the 20th century, the dominant American historiography, as exemplified by Ellwood Patterson Cubberley (1868–1941) at Stanford, emphasized the rise of American education as a powerful force for literacy, democracy, and equal opportunity, and a firm basis for higher education and advanced research institutions. It was a story of enlightenment and modernization triumphing over ignorance, cost-cutting, and narrow traditionalism whereby parents tried to block their children's intellectual access to the wider world. Teachers dedicated to the public interest, reformers with a wide vision, and public support from the civic-minded community were the heroes. The textbooks help inspire students to become public schools teachers and thereby fulfill their own civic mission.Sol Cohen, "The history of the history of American education, 1900-1976: The uses of the past." Harvard Educational Review 46#3 (1976): 298-330. onlineLawrence A. Cremin, The Wonderful World of Ellwood Patterson Cubberley (1965)
The crisis came in the 1960s, when a new generation of New Left scholars and students rejected the traditional celebratory accounts, and identified the educational system as the villain for many of America's weaknesses, failures, and crimes. Michael Katz (1939–2014) states they:
tried to explain the origins of the Vietnam War; the persistence of racism and segregation; the distribution of power among gender and classes; intractable poverty and the decay of cities; and the failure of social institutions and policies designed to deal with mental illness, crime, delinquency, and education.
The old guard fought back and bitter historiographical contests, with the younger students and scholars largely promoting the proposition that schools were not the solution to America's ills, they were in part the cause of Americans problems. The fierce battles of the 1960s died out by the 1990s, but enrollment in education history courses never recovered.For a counterattack see Diane Ravitch, The Revisionists Revised: A Critique of the Radical Attack on the Schools (1978)
By the 1980s, compromise had been worked out, with all sides focusing on the heavily bureaucratic nature of the American public schooling.John Hardin Best, ed. Historical inquiry in education: A research agenda (American Educational Research Association, 1983); The most comprehensive overview of the historiography of American education, with essays by 13 scholars.
In recent years most histories of education deal with institutions or focus on the ideas histories of major reformers,Three fourths of British studies are institutional, says William Richardson, "British Historiography of Education in International Context at the Turn of the Century, 1996-2006," History of Education, July /Sept 2007, Vol. 36 Issue 4/5, pp 569-593, but a new social history has recently emerged, focused on who were the students in terms of social background and social mobility. In the US attention has often focused on minority and ethnic students. In Britain, Raftery et al. (2007) looks at the historiography on social change and education in Ireland, Scotland, and Wales, with particular reference to 19th-century schooling. They developed distinctive systems of schooling in the 19th century that reflected not only their relationship to England but also significant contemporaneous economic and social change. This article seeks to create a basis for comparative work by identifying research that has treated this period, offering brief analytical commentaries on some key works, discussing developments in educational historiography, and pointing to lacunae in research.Deirdre Raftery, Jane McDermid, and Gareth Elwyn Jones, "Social Change and Education in Ireland, Scotland and Wales: Historiography on Nineteenth-century Schooling," History of Education, July/Sept 2007, Vol. 36 Issue 4/5, pp 447-463
Historians have recently looked at the relationship between schooling and urban growth by studying educational institutions as agents in class formation, relating urban schooling to changes in the shape of cities, linking urbanization with social reform movements, and examining the material conditions affecting child life and the relationship between schools and other agencies that socialize the young.David A. Reeder, Schooling in the City: Educational History and the Urban Variable," Urban History, May 1992, Vol. 19 Issue 1, pp 23-38Juergen Herbst, "The History of Education: State of the Art at the Turn of the Century in Europe and North America," Paedagogica Historica 35, no. 3 (1999)
The most economics-minded historians have sought to relate education to changes in the quality of labor, productivity and economic growth, and rates of return on investment in education.Michael Sanderson, "Educational and Economic History: The Good Neighbours," History of Education, July /Sept 2007, Vol. 36 Issue 4/5, pp 429-445 A major recent exemplar is Claudia Goldin and Lawrence F. Katz, The Race between Education and Technology (2009), on the social and economic history of 20th-century American schooling. |
Social history | Urban history | Urban history
The "new urban history" emerged in the 1950s in Britain and in the 1960s in the US. It looked at the "city as process" and, often using quantitative methods, to learn more about the inarticulate masses in the cities, as opposed to the mayors and elites.Stephan Thernstrom and Richard Sennett, eds. Nineteenth-century Cities: Essays in the New Urban History (1970) A major early study was Stephan Thernstrom's Poverty and Progress: Social Mobility in a Nineteenth Century City (1964), which used census records to study Newburyport, Massachusetts, 1850–1880. A seminal, landmark book, it sparked interest in the 1960s and 1970s in quantitative methods, census sources, "bottom-up" history, and the measurement of upward social mobility by different ethnic groups.Michael Frisch, "Poverty and Progress: A Paradoxical Legacy," Social Science History, Spring 1986, Vol. 10 Issue 1, pp 15-22 Other exemplars of the new urban history included Kathleen Conzen, Immigrant Milwaukee, 1836-1860 (1976); Alan Dawley, Class and Community: The Industrial Revolution in Lynn (1975; 2nd ed. 2000); Michael B. Katz, The People of Hamilton, Canada West (1976);see excerpt and text search Eric H. Monkkonen, The Dangerous Class: Crime and Poverty in Columbus Ohio 1860-1865 (1975); and Michael P. Weber, Social Change in an Industrial Town: Patterns of Progress in Warren, Pennsylvania, From Civil War to World War I. (1976).
Representative comparative studies include Leonardo Benevolo, The European City (1993); Christopher R. Friedrichs, The Early Modern City, 1450-1750 (1995), and James L. McClain, John M. Merriman, and Ugawa Kaoru. eds. Edo and Paris (1994) (Edo was the old name for Tokyo).They are reviewed in Wolfgang Reinhard, "New Contributions to Comparative Urban History," Journal of Early Modern History (1997) 1#2 pp 176-181.
There were no overarching social history theories that emerged developed to explain urban development. Inspiration from urban geography and sociology, as well as a concern with workers (as opposed to labor union leaders), families, ethnic groups, racial segregation, and women's roles have proven useful. Historians now view the contending groups within the city as "agents" who shape the direction of urbanization.Margaret Marsh and Lizabeth Cohen. "Old Forms, New Visions: New Directions in United States Urban History," Pennsylvania History, Winter 1992, Vol. 59 Issue 1, pp 21-28 The subfield has flourished in Australia—where most people live in cities.Lionel Frost, and Seamus O'Hanlon, "Urban History and the Future of Australian Cities," Australian Economic History Review March 2009, Vol. 49 Issue 1, pp 1-18 |
Social history | Rural history | Rural history
Agricultural history handles the economic and technological dimensions, while rural history handles the social dimension. Burchardt (2007) evaluates the state of modern English rural history and identifies an "orthodox" school, focused on the economic history of agriculture. This historiography has made impressive progress in quantifying and explaining the output and productivity achievements of English farming since the "agricultural revolution."On British rural history see Jeremy Burchardt, "Agricultural History, Rural History, or Countryside History?" Historical Journal 2007 50(2): 465-481. The celebratory style of the orthodox school was challenged by a dissident tradition emphasizing the social costs of agricultural progress, notably inclosure, which removed much common resource and lead to riots for some 300 years. Recently, a new school, associated with the journal Rural History, has broken away from this narrative of agricultural change, elaborating a wider social history. The work of Alun Howkins has been pivotal in the recent historiography, in relation to these three traditions.Alun Howkins, The Death Rural England (2003) excerpt and text search Howkins, like his precursors, is constrained by an increasingly anachronistic equation of the countryside with agriculture. Geographers and sociologists have developed a concept of a "post-productivist" countryside, dominated by consumption and representation that may have something to offer historians, in conjunction with the well-established historiography of the "rural idyll." Most American rural history has focused on the American South—overwhelmingly rural until the 1950s—but there is a "new rural history" of the North as well. Instead of becoming agrarian capitalists, farmers held onto preindustrial capitalist values emphasizing family and community. Rural areas maintained population stability; kinship ties determined rural immigrant settlement and community structures; and the defeminization of farm work encouraged the rural version of the "women's sphere." These findings strongly contrast with those in the old frontier history as well as those found in the new urban history.Hal S. Barron, "Rediscovering the Majority: The New Rural History of the Nineteenth-Century North," Historical Methods, Fall 1986, Vol. 19 Issue 4, pp 141-152 |
Social history | Religion | Religion
The historiography of religion focuses mostly on theology and church organization and development. Recently the study of the social history or religious behavior and belief has become important.John T. McGreevy, "Faith and Morals in the Modern United States, 1865-Present." Reviews in American History 26.1 (1998): 239-254. online |
Social history | Political history | Political history
While the study of elites and political institutions has produced a vast body of scholarship, the impact after 1960 of social historians has shifted emphasis onto the politics of ordinary people—especially voters and collective movements. Political historians responded with the "new political history," which has shifted attention to political cultures. Some scholars have recently applied a cultural approach to political history.Jeffrey L. Pasley, Andrew W. Robertson, and David Waldstreicher, eds. Beyond the Founders: New Approaches to the Political History of the Early American Republic (2004) Some political historians complain that social historians are likely to put too much stress on the dimensions of class, gender and race, reflecting a leftist political agenda that assumes outsiders in politics are more interesting than the actual decision makers.Romain Huret, "All in the Family Again? Political Historians and the Challenge of Social History," Journal of Policy History, July 2009, Vol. 21 Issue 3, pp 239-263
Social history, with its leftist political origins, initially sought to link state power to everyday experience in the 1960s. Yet by the 1970s, social historians increasingly excluded analyses of state power from its focus. Social historians have recently engaged with political history through studies of the relationships between state formation, power and everyday life with the theoretical tools of cultural hegemony and governmentality. |
Social history | See also | See also
Cultural studies
Dig Where You Stand movement
History of sociology
List of history journals
Living history and open-air museums
Oral History
People's History |
Social history | Practitioners | Practitioners
Salo Baron (1895–1989), Jewish history
Marc Bloch (1886–1944), Medieval, Annales School
Asa Briggs, Baron Briggs, (1921 - 2018) British
Martin Broszat (1926–1989), Germany
C. J. Coventry (b. 1991), Australian, transnational history
Ann Curthoys (b. 1945), Australian, transnational, women history
Merle Curti (1897–1997) American
Natalie Zemon Davis, (b. 1928) France
Herbert Gutman (1928–1985), American black and labor history
Eugene D. Genovese (1930–2012), American slavery
S. D. Goitein (1900–1985), Medieval Jewish history in Fustat and environs
Oscar Handlin (1915–2011), American ethnic
Eric Hobsbawm (1917–2012), labor history, social movements and resistances
Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie (b. 1929), leader of Annales School, France
Sven Lindqvist (1932–2019), Sweden
Staughton Lynd (1929–2022) American
Humphrey McQueen (b. 1942) Australian, transnational history
Ram Sharan Sharma (1919–2011), India
Stephan Thernstrom (b. 1934), ethnic American; social mobility
Charles Tilly (1929 – 2008), European; theory
Louise A. Tilly (1930 - 2018), Europe; women and family
E. P. Thompson (1924–1993), British labour
Hans-Ulrich Wehler (1931–2014), 19th-century Germany, Bielefeld School |
Social history | Notes | Notes |
Social history | Bibliography | Bibliography
Adas, Michael. "Social History and the Revolution in African and Asian Historiography," Journal of Social History 19 (1985): 335–378.
Anderson, Michael. Approaches to the History of the Western Family 1500-1914 (1995) 104pp excerpt and text search
Cabrera, Miguel A. Postsocial History: An Introduction. (2004). 163 pp.
Cayton, Mary Kupiec, Elliott J. Gorn, and Peter W. Williams, eds. Encyclopedia of American Social History (3 vol 1993) 2653pp; long articles pages by leading scholars; see v I: Part II, Methods and Contexts, pp 235–434
Cross, Michael S. "Social History," Canadian Encyclopedia (2008) online
Cross, Michael S. and Kealey, Gregory S., eds. Readings in Canadian Social History (5 vol 1984). 243 pp.
Dewald, Jonathan. Lost Worlds: The Emergence of French Social History, 1815-1970. (2006). 241 pp.
Eley, Geoff. A Crooked Line: From Cultural History to the History of Society. (2005). 301 pp.
Fairburn, Miles. Social History: Problems, Strategies and Methods. (1999). 325 pp.
Fass, Paula, ed. Encyclopedia of Children and Childhood: In History and Society, (3 vols. 2003).
Fletcher, Roger. "Recent Developments in West German Historiography: the Bielefeld School and its Critics." German Studies Review 1984 7(3): 451–480. Fulltext: in Jstor
Hareven, Tamara K. "The History of the Family and the Complexity of Social Change," American Historical Review, (1991) 96#1 pp 95–124 in JSTOR
Harte, N. B. "Trends in publications on the economic and social history of Great Britain and Ireland, 1925-74." Economic History Review 30.1 (1977): 20–41. online
Henretta, James. "Social History as Lived and Written," American Historical Review 84 (1979): 1293-1323 in JSTOR
Himmelfarb, Gertrude. "The Writing of Social History: Recent Studies of 19th Century England." Journal of British Studies 11.1 pp. 148–170. online
Kanner, Barbara. Women in English Social History, 1800-1914: A Guide to Research (2 vol 1988–1990). 871 pp.
Lloyd, Christopher. Explanation in Social History. (1986). 375 pp.
Lorenz, Chris. "'Won't You Tell Me, Where Have All the Good Times Gone'? On the Advantages and Disadvantages of Modernization Theory for History." Rethinking History 2006 10(2): 171–200. Fulltext: Ebsco
Mintz, Steven. Huck's Raft: A History of American Childhood (2006). excerpt and text search
Mintz, Steven and Susan Kellogg. Domestic Revolutions: A Social History Of American Family Life (1989) excerpt and text search
Mosley, Stephen. "Common Ground: Integrating Social and Environmental History," Journal of Social History, Volume 39, Number 3, Spring 2006, pp. 915–933, relations with Environmental History, in Project MUSE
Muehlbauer, Matthew S., and David J. Ulbrich, eds. The Routledge History of Global War and Society (2018)
Myhre, Jan Eivind. "Social History in Norway in the 1970s and Beyond: Evolution and Professionalisation." Contemporary European History 28.3 (2019): 409-421 online
Palmer, Bryan D., and Todd McCallum, "Working-Class History" Canadian Encyclopedia (2008)
Pomeranz, Kenneth. "Social History and World History: from Daily Life to Patterns of Change." Journal of World History 2007 18(1): 69–98. Fulltext: in History Cooperative and Project MUSE
Stearns, Peter N. "Social History Today ... And Tomorrow," Journal of Social History 10 (1976): 129–155.
Stearns, Peter N. "Social History Present and Future." Journal of Social History. Volume: 37. Issue: 1. (2003). pp 9+. online edition
Stearns, Peter, ed. Encyclopedia of Social History (1994) 856 pp.
Stearns, Peter, ed. Encyclopedia of European Social History from 1350 to 2000 (5 vol 2000), 209 essays by leading scholars in 3000 pp.
Sutherland, Neil. "Childhood, History of," Canadian Encyclopedia (2008)
Hobsbawm, Eric. The Age of Revolution: Europe 1789-1848.
Skocpol, Theda, and Daniel Chirot, eds. Vision and method in historical sociology (1984).
Thompson, E. P. The Essential E. P. Thompson. (2001). 512 pp. highly influential British historian of the working class
Thompson, F. M. L., ed. The Cambridge Social History of Britain, 1750-1950." Vol. 1: Regions and Communities. Vol. 2: People and Their Environment; Vol. 3: Social Agencies and Institutions. (1990). 492 pp.
Tilly, Charles. "The Old New Social History and the New Old Social History," Review 7 (3), Winter 1984: 363-406 (online)
Tilly, Charles. Big Structures, Large Processes, Huge Comparisons (1984).
Timmins, Geoffrey. "The Future of Learning and Teaching in Social History: the Research Approach and Employability." Journal of Social History 2006 39(3): 829-842. Fulltext: History Cooperative and Project MUSE
Wilson, Adrian, ed. Rethinking Social History: English Society, 1570-1920 and Its Interpretation. (1993). 342 pp.
Zunz, Olivier, ed. Reliving the Past: The Worlds of Social History, (1985) online edition
Primary sources
Binder, Frederick M. and David M. Reimers, eds. The Way We Lived: Essays and Documents in American Social History.'' (2000). 313 pp. |
Social history | External links | External links
American Social History Project, NEH project—print, visual, and multimedia on US social and cultural history
Social History Society (UK); news items; also posts from authors of recent new books in social and cultural history.
Victorian-era social history, British 19c
Society for the social history of medicine, organization of historians studying social impact of medicine
"Social History Portal", guide to 900.000 digital objects in social history at 13 organizations
International Institute of Social History, presents research & new data on the global history of work, workers, and labour relations
Category:Fields of history |
Social history | Table of Content | Short description, "Old" social history, The emergence of "new" social history, The definition of social history, British and Irish social history, American social history, France, Germany, Hungarian social history, Soviet Union and social history, Canadian social history, Social history of Africa, Australian social history, Subfields, Historical demography, African-American history, Ethnic history, Labor history, Women's history, Gender history, History of the family, History of education, Urban history, Rural history, Religion, Political history, See also, Practitioners, Notes, Bibliography, External links |
Unitary authorities in England | # | redirect Unitary authorities of England |
Unitary authorities in England | Table of Content | # |
John Hinckley Jr. | Short description | John Warnock Hinckley Jr. (born May 29, 1955) is an American musician who attempted to assassinate U.S. president Ronald Reagan as he left the Hilton Hotel in Washington, D.C., on March 30, 1981, two months after Reagan's first inauguration. Using a revolver, Hinckley wounded Reagan, police officer Thomas Delahanty, Secret Service agent Tim McCarthy and White House Press Secretary James Brady. Brady was left disabled and died 33 years later from his injuries.
Hinckley was reportedly seeking fame to impress actress Jodie Foster, with whom he had a fixation after watching her in Martin Scorsese's 1976 film Taxi Driver. He was found not guilty by reason of insanity and remained under institutional psychiatric care for over three decades. Public outcry over the verdict led state legislatures and Congress to narrow their respective insanity defenses.
In 2016, a federal judge ruled that Hinckley could be released from psychiatric care as he was no longer considered a threat to himself or others, albeit with many conditions. After 2020, a ruling was issued that Hinckley may showcase his artwork, writings, and music publicly under his own name, rather than anonymously as he had in the past. Since then, he has maintained a YouTube channel for his music. His restrictions were unconditionally lifted in June 2022. |
John Hinckley Jr. | Early life | Early life
John Warnock Hinckley Jr. was born in Ardmore, Oklahoma"John Hinckley Jr Fast Facts" . CNN. Retrieved September 19, 2013. and moved with his wealthy family to Dallas, Texas at the age of four. His father was John Warnock Hinckley Sr. (1925–2008), founder, chairman, chief executive and president of the Vanderbilt Energy Corporation. His mother was Jo Ann Hinckley (née Moore; 1925–2021).
Hinckley grew up in University Park, Texas, and attended Highland Park High School in Dallas County. After Hinckley graduated from high school in 1973, his family, owners of the Hinckley oil company, moved to Evergreen, Colorado, where the new company headquarters was located. He was an off-and-on student at Texas Tech University from 1974 to 1980, but eventually dropped out.
In 1975, Hinckley went to Los Angeles in the hope of becoming a songwriter. His efforts were unsuccessful, and he wrote to his parents with tales of misfortune and pleas for money. He spoke of a girlfriend, Lynn Collins, who turned out to be a fabrication. In September 1976, he returned to his parents' home in Evergreen.
In the late 1970s and early 1980s, Hinckley began purchasing weapons and practicing with them. He was prescribed antidepressants and tranquilizers to deal with his emotional problems. |
John Hinckley Jr. | Obsession with Jodie Foster | Obsession with Jodie Foster
Hinckley became obsessed with the 1976 film Taxi Driver, in which disturbed protagonist Travis Bickle (Robert De Niro) plots to assassinate a presidential candidate. Bickle was partly based on the diaries of Arthur Bremer, who attempted to assassinate George Wallace. Hinckley developed an infatuation with Iris, a sexually trafficked 12-year-old child, played by Jodie Foster. Hinckley began to adopt the dress and mannerisms of the Travis Bickle character.
right|thumb|Hinckley's Röhm RG-14 revolver that he bought in Dallas. Behind it is the armored-glass limousine window hit by one of its bullets, on display at the US Secret Service's restricted-access museum, 2022.
When Foster entered Yale University, Hinckley moved to New Haven, Connecticut for a short time to stalk her. His parents had given him funds to attend a writing course at Yale. He never enrolled in the course, but instead used the money to support himself while sending Foster love letters and romantic poems, and repeatedly calling and leaving her messages.
Failing to develop any meaningful contact with Foster, Hinckley fantasized about conducting an aircraft hijacking or killing himself in front of her to get her attention. Eventually, he settled on a scheme to impress her by assassinating the president, thinking that by achieving a place in history, he would appeal to her as an equal. Hinckley trailed President Jimmy Carter from state to state during his campaign for the 1980 United States presidential election and got to within 20 feet of him at a rally at Dayton, Ohio.
On October 9, 1980, Hinckley was in Nashville, Tennessee, on the same day Carter was visiting the city. Hinckley was arrested at Nashville International Airport while trying to board a flight to New York with handcuffs and three unloaded guns in his hand-luggage. The airport police handed him over to the Metropolitan Nashville Police Department. Hinckley's guns and handcuffs were confiscated, and he was fined $50 plus court costs. He was released later the same day.
After Nashville, Hinckley flew to Dallas. On October 13, he bought more guns from a Dallas pawn shop. They included the .22 caliber Röhm RG-14 revolver he used five months later to attempt the assassination of Reagan. The $3,600 from his parents was now exhausted and he returned home penniless. He spent four months undergoing psychiatric treatment for depression, but his mental health did not improve. In 1981, he began to target the newly elected president Ronald Reagan. For this purpose, he collected material on the assassination of John F. Kennedy. |
John Hinckley Jr. | Ronald Reagan assassination attempt | Ronald Reagan assassination attempt
thumb|250px|Ronald Reagan waves just before he is shot. From left are advance man Rick Ahearn; Jerry Parr, in a white trench coat, who pushed Reagan into the limousine; press secretary James Brady, who was seriously wounded by a gunshot to the head; Reagan; aide Michael Deaver; an unidentified policeman; policeman Thomas Delahanty, who was shot in the neck; and secret service agent Tim McCarthy, who was shot in the chest.
thumb|Brady and Delahanty lie wounded on the ground
Hinckley arrived in Washington DC on March 29, 1981, after travelling by Greyhound bus from Los Angeles. He spent the night in a hotel. The following morning, he read President Reagan's itinerary in a newspaper and discovered that later that day, Reagan was to be at the Hilton Hotel to address an AFL–CIO conference. Hinckley spent the morning composing a letter to Jodie Foster.
After finishing the letter, he took a taxi to the Hilton Hotel.
At 2:27 p.m. EST, Hinckley was among a crowd of several hundred outside the hotel. He was carrying his Röhm revolver. When Reagan emerged from the hotel, Hinckley shot all six of the bullets in the gun at Reagan. The first shot critically wounded press secretary James Brady. The second wounded police officer Thomas Delahanty. The third shot missed, but the fourth hit Secret Service agent Timothy McCarthy, who was deliberately standing in the line-of-fire to shield Reagan. The fifth bullet struck the armoured glass of the presidential limousine. The sixth and last seriously wounded Reagan, when it ricocheted off the side of the limousine and hit him in the chest.
Alfred Antenucci, a Cleveland, Ohio, labor official who stood near Hinckley and saw him firing, hit Hinckley in the head and pulled him to the ground. Within two seconds, agent Dennis McCarthy (no relation to agent Timothy McCarthy) dove onto Hinckley, intent on protecting Hinckley, to avoid what happened to Lee Harvey Oswald, who was killed before he could be tried for the assassination of President Kennedy. Another Cleveland-area labor official, Frank J. McNamara, joined Antenucci and started punching Hinckley in the head, striking him so hard he drew blood.
As a result of the shooting, Brady endured a long recuperation period, remaining paralyzed on the left side of his body, until his death on August 4, 2014. Brady's death was ruled a homicide 33 years after the shooting. |
John Hinckley Jr. | Trial | Trial
Hinckley was initially held at Marine Corps Base Quantico, where he met his defense lawyer Vincent J. Fuller. He was quickly moved to Federal Correctional Complex, Butner. For four months, he was interviewed by both prosecution and defense psychiatrists. During his incarceration he twice tried to kill himself, in May and November 1981.
At trial, the government emphasized Hinckley's premeditation of the shooting: noting that he had purchased a gun, trailed President Reagan, traveled to Washington, D.C., left a note detailing his plan, selected particularly devastating ammunition, and fired six shots. The defense argued that Hinckley's actions and his obsession with Foster indicated that he was legally insane. The trial was chiefly devoted to a battle of the psychiatric experts concerning Hinckley's mental state. Because Hinckley was charged in federal court, the prosecution was required to prove his sanity beyond reasonable doubt.
For the defense, William T. Carpenter, who diagnosed Hinckley with schizophrenia, testified for three days, opining that Hinckley had amalgamated various personalities from fiction and real life—including Travis Bickle from Taxi Driver and John Lennon. Carpenter concluded that Hinckley could not emotionally appreciate the wrongfulness of his actions because he was consumed by the prospect of a "magical unification with Jodie Foster". David Bear testified that Hinckley's actions followed "the very opposite of logic" and that Hinckley did not exhibit signs of malingering. Bear said that his opinion was in part supported by a CAT scan of Hinckley's brain showing widened sulci, a feature Bear said was found in of persons with schizophrenia, but only two percent of non-schizophrenics. Similarly, Ernest Prelinger testified that, while Hinckley had an above-average IQ, his results on the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory were highly abnormal—specifically, Prelinger said that only one person out of a million with Hinckley's score would not be suffering from serious mental illness.
For the prosecution, Park Dietz testified that he had diagnosed Hinckley with dysthymia and three types of personality disorders: narcissistic, schizoid, and mixed, with borderline, and passive-aggressive features. Dietz found that none of these illnesses rendered Hinckley legally insane. His report said that there was "no evidence that [Hinckley] was so impaired that he could not appreciate the wrongfulness of his conduct or conform his conduct to the requirements of the law". Sally Johnson, a psychiatrist in the federal prison who interviewed Hinckley more than any other doctor, emphasized that Hinckley had planned the shooting and that he was preoccupied with being famous. Johnson said that Hinckley's interest in Foster was no different than any young man's interest in a movie star.
The insanity instruction provided to the Hinckley jurors was based on the American Law Institute's Model Penal Code:
The jury deliberated for a total of 24 hours over the course of four days. Hinckley was found not guilty by reason of insanity to all his 13 charges on June 21, 1982. |
John Hinckley Jr. | Aftermath | Aftermath
Soon after his trial, Hinckley wrote that the shooting was "the greatest love offering in the history of the world" and was disappointed that Foster did not reciprocate his love.Taylor, Stuart (July 9, 1982). "Hinckley Hails 'Historical' Shooting To Win Love" . The New York Times. In 1985, Hinckley's parents wrote Breaking Points, a book detailing their son's mental condition.
On August 4, 2014, James Brady died. Because the medical examiner determined his death to be a result of the "gunshot wound and consequences thereof", it was labeled a homicide. Hinckley did not face charges as a result of Brady's death because he had been found not guilty of the original crime by reason of insanity. In addition, since Brady's death occurred more than 33 years after the shooting, prosecution of Hinckley was barred under the year and a day law in effect in the District of Columbia at the time of the shooting. |
John Hinckley Jr. | Effect on insanity defenses | Effect on insanity defenses
Before the Hinckley case, the insanity defense had been used in less than 2% of all American felony cases and was unsuccessful in almost 75% of those trials. Created in 1962, the Model Penal Code's insanity test broadened the then-dominant M'Naghten test. By 1981, it was adopted in ten of the eleven federal circuits and a majority of the states. As a consequence of public outcry over the Hinckley verdict, the United States Congress and a number of states enacted legislation making the insanity defense more restrictive. Congress rejected the MPC test, and by 2006, only 14 states retained it. Eighty percent of insanity-defense reforms between 1978 and 1990 occurred shortly after the Hinckley verdict. In addition to restricting eligibility for the defense, many of these reforms shifted the burden of proof to the defendant.
For the first time, Congress passed a law stipulating the insanity test to be used in all federal criminal trials, the Insanity Defense Reform Act of 1984. The IDRA excised the Model Penal Code's volitional element in favor of an exclusively cognitive test, affording the insanity defense to a defendant who can show that, "at the time of the commission of the acts constituting the offense, the defendant, as a result of a severe mental disease or defect, was unable to appreciate the nature and quality or the wrongfulness of his acts". At the state level, Idaho, Kansas, Montana, and Utah abolished the defense altogether.
Hinckley's acquittal led to the popularization of the "guilty but mentally ill" (GBMI) verdict, typically used when a defendant's mental illness did not result in sufficient impairment to warrant insanity. A defendant receiving a GBMI verdict generally receives an identical sentence to a defendant receiving a guilty verdict, but the designation allows for a medical evaluation and treatment. Studies have suggested that jurors often favor a GBMI verdict, considering it to be a compromise.
Changes in federal and some state rules of evidence laws have since excluded or restricted the use of testimony of an expert witness, such as a psychologist or psychiatrist, regarding conclusions on "ultimate" issues in insanity defense cases, including whether a criminal defendant is legally "insane", but this is not the rule in most states.C. McCormick, Evidence (3d Ed.) § 12, p. 30. |
John Hinckley Jr. | Treatment | Treatment
thumb|The Center Building at St. Elizabeths, 2006
Hinckley was confined at St. Elizabeths Hospital in Washington, D.C. After Hinckley was admitted, tests found that he was an "unpredictably dangerous" man who might harm himself or any third party. In 1983, he told Penthouse that on a normal day he would "see a therapist, answer mail, play guitar, listen to music, play pool, watch television, eat lousy food and take delicious medication".
Around 1986, Hinckley and the hospital began seeking various conditional releases, which required judicial authorization. The Reagan family frequently spoke out against these requests. In 1986, a judge denied Hinckley's request to be transferred to a less restrictive ward. In 1987, the hospital requested that Hinckley be given a 12-hour unescorted pass, allowing Hinckley to visit his parents on Easter. Glenn Miller, who had performed the initial evaluation of Hinckley, testified, "I do not believe he's suicidal, I do not believe he's a danger to Jodie Foster, I do not believe he's a danger to Mr. Reagan or Mr. Brady."
But Miller also revealed that Hinckley had written to serial killer Ted Bundy, sought the address of Charles Manson, and received a letter from Manson family member Lynette Fromme. The hospital subsequently withdrew the request for "administrative" reasons, though it emphasized that the "clinical" assessment was unchanged. In 1992, Hinckley again submitted a request for additional privileges, but he later withdrew that request. During this period, St. Elizabeths gradually expanded Hinckley's privileges, by allowing off-site trips under custodial supervision.
In 2003, Hinckley, for the first time, received judicial approval for a release proposal: six local day visits under the supervision of his parents and, upon the successful completion and evaluation of those day visits, two local overnight visits under parental supervision. On June 17, 2009, Judge Friedman ruled that Hinckley would be permitted to visit his mother for a dozen visits of 10 days at a time, rather than six, to spend more time outside of the hospital, and to have a driver's license. The court ordered that Hinckley be required to carry a GPS-enabled cell phone to track him whenever he was outside of his parents' home. He was prohibited from speaking with the news media. Prosecutors objected to this ruling, saying that Hinckley was still a danger to others and had unhealthy and inappropriate thoughts about women. Hinckley had recorded a song, "Ballad of an Outlaw", which the prosecutors claimed was "reflecting suicide and lawlessness".
On March 29, 2011, the day before the 30th anniversary of the assassination attempt, Hinckley's attorney filed a court petition requesting more freedom for his client, including additional unsupervised visits to the Virginia home of Hinckley's mother, Jo Ann. On November 30, 2011, a hearing in Washington was held to consider whether he could live full-time outside the hospital. The Justice Department opposed this, stating that Hinckley still poses a danger to the public. Justice Department counsel argued that Hinckley had been known to deceive his doctors in the past. By December 2013, the court ordered that visits be extended to his mother, who lives near Williamsburg. Hinckley was permitted up to eight 17-day visits, with evaluation after the completion of each one. |
John Hinckley Jr. | Release and later activities | Release and later activities
On July 27, 2016, a federal judge ruled that Hinckley could be released from St. Elizabeths on August 5, as he was no longer considered a threat to himself or others. Patti Davis, one of Reagan's daughters, and then-presidential candidate Donald Trump both denounced Hinckley's release.
Hinckley was released from institutional psychiatric care on September 10, 2016, with many conditions—including that he was required to live full-time at his mother's home in Williamsburg, Virginia, to work at least three days a week and record his browser history. He was also prohibited from a variety of activities, including contacting the Reagan, Brady, or Foster families; watching or listening to violent media; accessing pornography; and speaking to the press. In November 2018, Judge Friedman ruled Hinckley could move out of his mother's house in Virginia and live on his own, upon location approval from his doctors.
In September 2019, Hinckley's attorney stated that he planned to ask for full, unconditional release from the court orders that determined how he could live by the end of 2019. On September 27, 2021, a federal judge approved Hinckley for unconditional release, beginning June 2022. Michael Reagan, Reagan's son, spoke out in favor of the decision, while Davis again denounced it. On June 15, 2022, Hinckley was fully released from court restrictions. In a June 2022 interview with CBS, Hinckley expressed remorse for his actions, and apologized to the Reagan and Brady families, as well as Jodie Foster.
On July 17, 2024, following the attempted assassination of Donald Trump, Hinckley tweeted, "Violence is not the way to go. Give peace a chance." |
John Hinckley Jr. | Depiction in media | Depiction in media
Phoenix, Arizona hardcore punk band Jodie Foster's Army (JFA) formed in 1981 and their name was a reference to the assassination attempt. Their eponymous song referred to Hinckley. Ohio new wave band Devo recorded the song "I Desire" for their fifth studio album, Oh, No! It's Devo (1982), which brought the band controversy because the lyrics were taken directly from a poem written by Hinckley. Hinckley has claimed that he has not received royalties for the use of his poem by them.
In 1984, Lansing, Michigan hardcore band the Crucifucks recorded "Hinkley Had a Vision", which expressed a desire to kill the president. Another new wave band, Wall of Voodoo, released a song about Hinckley and his life titled "Far Side of Crazy" (1985), with the name also being a quotation from his poetry. Singer-songwriter Carmaig de Forest devoted a verse of his song "Hey Judas" to Hinckley, blaming him for Reagan's increased popularity following the assassination attempt.Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine:
Hinckley is featured as a character of the Stephen Sondheim and John Weidman musical Assassins (1990), in which he and Lynette Fromme sing "Unworthy of Your Love", a duet about their respective obsessions with Foster and Charles Manson. Hinckley's life leading up to the assassination attempt is fictionalized in the 2015 novel Calf by Andrea Kleine. The novel includes a fictionalization of Hinckley's former girlfriend, Leslie deVeau, whom he met at St. Elizabeths Hospital.
Hinckley is portrayed by Steven Flynn in the 1991 American television film Without Warning: The James Brady Story. Hinckley appears as a character in the 2001 television film The Day Reagan Was Shot, portrayed by Christian Lloyd. He was portrayed by Kevin Woodhouse in the 2003 television film The Reagans. Hinckley is portrayed by Kyle S. More in the 2016 movie Killing Reagan. In the 2018 TV series Timeless, he is portrayed by Erik Stocklin."Who Plays Reagan Assassin John Hinckley Jr. on Timeless?" , 2Paragraphs.com, May 6, 2018, accessed June 12, 2020 Hinckley is portrayed by Lauden Baker in the 2024 film Reagan.
A skit on the sketch comedy show The Whitest Kids U' Know that satirized the presidency of Ronald Reagan depicted a fictionalized version of Hinckley.
Transgressive punk rock singer GG Allin was arrested by the US Secret Service in Illinois in September 1989 after he corresponded with Hinckley and they discovered he had an outstanding arrest warrant for assault in Michigan.Assault case against performer delayed October 26, 1989 |
John Hinckley Jr. | Songwriting, performance, and art | Songwriting, performance, and art
As a young adult, Hinckley made unsuccessful efforts to become a songwriter. Years later, he posted music online anonymously but received little interest. In October 2020, a federal court ruled that Hinckley may showcase and market his artwork, writings, and music publicly under his own name, but his treatment team could rescind the display privilege. Hinckley created a YouTube channel where, since December 2020, he has posted videos of himself performing original songs with a guitar and covers of songs such as "Blowin' in the Wind" by Bob Dylan, and the Elvis Presley song "Can't Help Falling in Love". His subscribers totaled over 41,000 by March 2025.
On June 6, 2021, Hinckley stated in a YouTube video that he was working on an album and looking for a record label to release it.Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: Hinckley announced in December 2021 that the album would be released in early 2022 on Emporia Records, a label he founded to "[release] the music of others, music that needs to be heard".
On October 7, 2021, Hinckley self-published his first single called "We Have Got That Chemistry" onto streaming platforms.Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine:
On November 10, 2021, Hinckley self-published another single called "You Let Whiskey Do Your Talking" onto multiple streaming platforms.Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: Hinckley has also continued to release other original songs on his YouTube channel.
In January 2022, Hinckley announced that he was looking for members for his own band.
On June 15, 2022, after his restrictions were unconditionally lifted, it was announced that what would have been Hinckley's first live performance in front of a physically present audience at a Brooklyn, New York venue had been canceled over security concerns for "vulnerable communities" after it had received threats. Three other planned concerts that summer, in Chicago, Hamden, Connecticut, and Williamsburg, Virginia were cancelled because of threats to the venues. In July 2022 Asbestos Records decided to release some of Hinckley's songs on vinyl later that year. The album was released on July 12, 2023.
Following his release, Hinckley took up painting, using his pet cat as a reference. As of May 2023, he had sold several pieces on eBay.
In December 2024, Hinckley announced he would open a music store in Williamsburg, Virginia, but these plans were quickly scrapped by Hinckley due to negative publicity and security concerns. |
John Hinckley Jr. | See also | See also
United States federal laws governing defendants with mental diseases or defects
John Schrank (attempted Theodore Roosevelt 1912)
Samuel Byck (attempted Nixon 1974)
Lynette Fromme (attempted Ford 1975)
Sara Jane Moore (attempted Ford 1975)
Vladimir Arutyunian (attempted Bush 2005)
Thomas Matthew Crooks (attempted Trump 2024) |
John Hinckley Jr. | References | References |
John Hinckley Jr. | Further reading | Further reading
Clarke, James W. (2006). Defining Danger: American Assassins and the New Domestic Terrorists.
Clarke, James W. (1990). On Being Mad or Merely Angry: John W. Hinckley Jr. and Other Dangerous People. Princeton University Press.
Hinckley, John W. (September 20, 1982). "The Insanity Defense and Me". Newsweek. |
John Hinckley Jr. | External links | External links
Linder, Douglas (2002). The Trial of John Hinckley Jr. University of Missouri–Kansas City School of Law.
Dean, Eddie (July 25, 1997). "Stalking Hinckley". Washington City Paper.
"Footage of the Ronald Reagan assassination attempt".
Category:1955 births
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Category:Attempted assassination of Ronald Reagan
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Category:Failed assassins of presidents of the United States
Category:Highland Park High School (University Park, Texas) alumni
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Category:People acquitted by reason of insanity
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John Hinckley Jr. | Table of Content | Short description, Early life, Obsession with Jodie Foster, Ronald Reagan assassination attempt, Trial, Aftermath, Effect on insanity defenses, Treatment, Release and later activities, Depiction in media, Songwriting, performance, and art, See also, References, Further reading, External links |
Tropic hormone | short description | Tropic hormones are hormones that have other endocrine glands as their target. Most tropic hormones are produced and secreted by the anterior pituitary. The hypothalamus secretes tropic hormones that target the anterior pituitary, and the thyroid gland secretes thyroxine, which targets the hypothalamus and therefore can be considered a tropic hormone.
The term tropic is from Ancient Greek τροπικός (tropikós), in the sense "of or pertaining to a turn or change", meaning "causing a change, affecting"; this is the same origin as tropic and trope. This should not be confused with trophic, as in similar-sounding trophic hormone – the words and concepts are both unrelated. Tropic hormones are contrasted with non-tropic hormones, which directly stimulate target cells. |
Tropic hormone | Examples | Examples |
Tropic hormone | Anterior pituitary | Anterior pituitary
Tropic hormones from the anterior pituitary include:
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH or thyrotropin) – stimulates the thyroid gland to make and release thyroid hormone.
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH or corticotropin) – stimulates the adrenal cortex to release glucocorticoids.
Luteinizing hormone (LH) – stimulates the release of steroid hormones in gonads—the ovary and testes.
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) – stimulates the maturation of eggs and production of sperm. |
Tropic hormone | Hypothalamus | Hypothalamus
In turn, the hypothalamus controls the release of hormones from the anterior pituitary by secreting a class of hypothalamic neurohormones called releasing and release-inhibiting hormones—which are released to the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system and act on the anterior pituitary. |
Tropic hormone | See also | See also
Endocrine system
Non-tropic hormone
Trophic hormone |
Tropic hormone | References | References
Category:Anterior pituitary hormones |
Tropic hormone | Table of Content | short description, Examples, Anterior pituitary, Hypothalamus, See also, References |
Turey El Taíno | short description | Turey El Taíno is a Puerto Rican publication that remains the most long-standing local comic to date. Originally available in stand-alone magazines and in a strip featured on the now defunct El Mundo newspaper, Turey debuted in news stands on October 26, 1989. Published by Editorial Manos and written and drawn by Ricardo Álvarez-Rivón, Turey shows its readers the way the Taínos used to live before Puerto Rico was discovered by Christopher Columbus and his crew. It also depicts the many different words and instruments they used and how they battled their arch-enemies, the Caribs. Between 1991 and 2006, Turey strips were published in El Nuevo Día. Álvarez-Rivón continues to write and illustrate the Turey comic strips with the collaboration of his wife, Magali Álvarez-Rivón.The Puerto Rican Experience in the United States
In 1999, the USPS's Hato Rey station honored the magazine by nicknaming the station the Turey station. |
Turey El Taíno | Publication history | Publication history
Puerto Rican artist Jorge Rechani first instructed Álvarez Rivón in basic illustration at Colegio San José, from where he graduated in 1968. During this timeframe, he had become heavily invested in comics, avidly following the work of Will Eisner and other authors. Despite emphasizing in his professional career, Álvarez Rivón continued to practice and refine his illustration abilities. In 1979, he became the Art Director of a magazine named Torito y sus amiguitos (lit. "Torito and friends") and worked along José Miguel Agrelot, where he first published what he later referred to as a "precursor to Turey". Álvarez Rivón's work in Torito y sus amiguitos, headlined by Coquí Lindo, featured the same educational content that he would later use in Turey. He continued to publish these for a period of approximately four years. As a reader of other Latin American comic series such as Condorito and Mafalda, Álvarez Rivón felt that Puerto Rico needed its own autochthonous series. Due to his work in public relations, he identified that this niche was unexploited.
Aided by his wife, Magali J. Meléndez, Álvarez Rivón then began the process of creating Turey, a character that he intended to portray as a "Puerto Rican hero" that could serve as a positive role model for children, but without being excessively theatric or unrealistic. In his efforts to create a relatable character, he noted that Turey was never meant to be a superhero, "he was not Superman […] he was a human character". When the approach to the character was tilting towards idealism, Meléndez contributed to keep it more realistic. At the time there were some comic authors in Puerto Rico such as Pepe Vázquez and Pedro Cortés, but none were employing the cultural aspects that Álvarez Rivón included in Turey. After settling on the idea that a Puerto Rican Taíno was the best choice for the main character, he invested heavily in familiarizing himself with their culture and customs, buying several history books in an effort to make his work as didactic as possible. The name choose is the Taíno word for "sky". After deciding that the best format was to print the comic in magazines, Álvarez Rivón and Meléndez began pursuing someone that could finance their work. However, after visiting several banks, their own personal savings were used along some sponsors. To reduce production costs, the couple was forced to contract a Miami-based print works. Hurricane Hugo delayed the debut of the series, since it prevented the copies from shipping. Originally intended for the first week of the month, the first issue of Turey was published on October 26, 1989.
Only three days later, the comic strip variant debuted in the Gente Joven (lit. "Young People") section of the now-defunct El Mundo. All of the original comics employed the same format, a fully colored cover featuring the series’ logo and its slogan, ACCIÓN, ENTRETENIMIENTO, AVENTURA (lit. "Action, Entertainment, Adventure"), with black-and-white interior art. However, the newspaper variant featured colored strips. Turey was self-published by Editorial Manos, with Álvarez Rivón in charge of illustrating and writing while Meléndez was in charge of distribution. Approx. 10,000 of each issue were printed monthly and sold in several businesses, including pharmacies and other unorthodox places. Initially, around 5,000 or 6,000 remained unsold, which were then stored by advertising agencies and later
redistributed as promotional material. The number of copies was later limited to 7,000-8,000 monthly copies. This first effort did cost them some losses, something that they solved by innovating their approach. Meléndez decided to expand the brand by selling the Turey character as a mascot to several companies. Locally, it replaced Ernie Keebler as Keebler Company's mascot.
The government also adopted Turey, first becoming the image of the Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority. This was followed by an alliance with the Puerto Rico Department of Education, which led to the creation of seven publications. A van labelled with Turey el Taíno el cómic de aquí: el cómic número uno de Puerto Rico (lit. "Turey the Taíno the local comic: the number one comic in Puerto Rico") was used to promote the publication, traveling as far as Mayagüez and working along drink bottler Malta India and radio station Sistema 102. The year after El Mundo closed, El Nuevo Día's Graphic Director and a comic enthusiast himself, José Luis Díaz de Villegas, brought the Turey comic strip to that newspaper. There the sequences were featured in a section titled Muñequitos (lit. "Cartoons") of the En Grande (lit. "In a Big Way") Sunday supplement. Turey shared this space with several local comics, including Nadia Martín's Tuta y Tita and Nick Ianone's Paladín El Cacique y los Campeadores Boricuas, as well as foreign publications. However, the section was systematically reduced to create space and reduce costs, eventually disappearing. Despite this, Turey survived and continued being published in the children-friendly Mi Pequeño Día (lit. "My Little Day"), being joined by Martín Gaudier's Tato y Kenepo.
Afterwards, Álvarez Rivón made an effort to bring the character to contemporary relevancy. In its original run, the Turey comic book magazines published 35 issues, with the last one being released in June 1995. This was the longest run of a stand-alone comic book magazine in Puerto Rico. In its newspaper format, the comic strips continued to be published on a regular basis. Eventually, the supplement's editor, Josefina Barceló, requested that the Turey strips were simplified and easier to understand. However, Álvarez Rivón and Meléndez did not agree with this, feeling that it would damage its intellectual property. Barceló's demands were regarded as ridiculous and heavily deviated from its source material, with the artist noting particular discontent with an Easter strip where Turey was depicted practicing the Anglo-Saxon tradition of finding Easter eggs. After growing frustrations, Álvarez Rivón and Meléndez decided to withdraw the comic strip from El Nuevo Día in 2006, ending a 15-year run in that newspaper. The decision was made public in one last strip, which almost went unpublished. |
Turey El Taíno | Art style | Art style
Throughout the years, Turey has featured the work of several illustrators and artists. Among them are Arturo Vilmenay, David Álvarez, and Reynaldo León, who went on to create their own series and characters. However, this also led to wildly fluctuating and contrasting art styles. In its initial form, Álvarez Rivón employed an art style that heavily incorporated textures and emphasized lighting and shadowing which has been described as "attractive [and] dynamic". His work featured aspects from older cartoon and comic strips, such as the employment of onomatopoeias and visual metaphors. His use of facial expressions bears a resemblance to that of Quino. Álvarez Rivón also used this art style to convey environmental hazards and other panoramic features. Lettering of the speech balloons was done by hand, and also featured the work of Vilmenay, who employed a different style for the character of Baracutey to emphasize his emotionless demeanor. The topic of issue 32 was based on a suggestion of Vilmenay, where the sister of a now deceased Baracutey steals his body bent on revenge, with the artist providing a realistic and detailed cover that distanced itself from Álvarez Rivón's style to depict a more vile and dark character.
Of the guest artists, León was the one that took more liberty with the artistic license. His work in issues 14, 33, 34 and 35 was notably cartoonish, heavily depending on exaggeration to emphasize its humor. David Álvarez collaborated with illustrations in issues 20, 22, 23 and 25, also inking issue 21. Finally, Pepe "J.H. Vazz" Vázquez's guest artist collaboration deviates from the art style used by all other artists, employing his personal illustration and shadowing style. Despite these variations, the content of the comic remained unchanged, with Álvarez Rivón noting that regardless of the illustration quality his priority was always the quality of the script. All of these artists, and several invited guests such as Eddie Ortiz, Nadia Martín, Paco López, Vicente Avilés, Freddy Camareno and Arturo Yépez, were featured in interviews included within the comics. |
Turey El Taíno | Characters | Characters
Turey: family leader, adventurer, father of Tureycito.
Tureycito: son of Turey, inquisitive, acts like a child because he is a child.
Yaya: wife of Turey.
Batu: comedic character, always prefers to stay on the safe side of things.
Baracutey: cold blooded warrior, but loyal to his friends. He possesses almost inhuman strength and many times is portrayed fighting sharks and other hard to beat opponents.
Mambi: leader of the Caribs, who later befriends Turey |
Turey El Taíno | Plot | Plot
Set in 1490, only two years before the arrival of Christopher Columbus to the Americas, the comic follows the life of a Taíno yucayeque or village in the island of Borikén (Puerto Rico). Among them was a member of the worker naboría class named Turey, who despite being significantly shorter than his counterparts, dreamed of becoming a member of cacique Yaguaca's royal guard. The series also follows the exploits of his family, particularly his wife Yaya and his son Tureycito, as well as his friends and other members of the village. Eventually, Turey's courage earned him the respect of his yucayeque. In its different issues, Álvarez Rivón covers different aspects of Taíno culture, ranging from their complete reliance on nature to their territorial disputes with the neighboring Carib tribes. However, these aspects are included as part of a larger story, which in turn balance its educational content with entertainment. After its third issue, the stories ended with a moral message authored by Meléndez. Each issue introduced new words from the Taíno language, with their meaning being discussed in detail in a section titled Vocabulario Taíno (lit. "Taíno Vocabulary") included towards the end of each magazine. The newspaper strips relaxed this dynamic, focusing on a humorous approach that sometimes bordered on the absurd, surreal or hypothetical. From 2000 onwards, Turey was more often depicted in large single-panel strips depicting his reaction when placed in contemporary situations or historical events, a change based on the editorial decisions of El Nuevo Día's staff. |
Turey El Taíno | Reception | Reception
Finding original copies of the comics is difficult, something that has made it a sought after item among collectors. The entire collection is available in two volumes, and the cost of each has been estimated to be $150 per book. Turey earned the approval of author Abelardo Díaz Alfaro, who congratulated Álvarez Rivón on both his illustrations and the comic's capacity to transmit educational material about the Taínos. Likewise, Ricardo Alegría praised its timing, noting that the publication appeared just when it was needed, in years after native archeological sites were being unearthed in Tibes and Caguana. Despite featuring an art style that mostly appealed to preteens and teenagers, Turey was followed by children as young as 9-years old and was used as a resource by several school teachers. The popularity gathered during its initial run allowed the brand to expand, eventually branching into other products. Among these was a puppet show featuring Turey, Yaya and Tureycito, which was mostly a musical albeit with educational content. The marionettes were handled by two independent performers. The shows gathered contracts with the government and other entities, often being sponsored by corporations such as Mattel or Coca-Cola. Likewise, the Puerto Rico Department of Education sponsored several related presentations.
Its local popularity opened doors beyond Puerto Rico, with anglosaxon McGraw-Hill publishing a licensed English book titled Laugh 'n' Learn Spanish: Turey el Taíno, authored by Brenda Wegmann and Llanca Letelier. However, not all of the international attention gathered was positive. On three separate occasions, Turey was plagiarized by foreign publishers. In October 2005, WAPA-TV gave Turey its first television segment in its morning newscast, Noticentro 4 Al Amanecer (lit. "Noticentro 4 in the Morning"). El Mensaje Positivo de Turey el Taíno (lit. "The Positive Message of Turey the Taíno") was animated with Adobe Flash, and in 30-second vignettes the character would transmit a motivational message. In November 2017, the character migrated to Univision Puerto Rico where it served as a host of educational segments named Aprendiendo con Turey el Taíno (lit. "Learning with Turey the Taíno"), ending a decade in its previous television spot.
The Institute of Puerto Rican Culture honored Turey by publishing a book about the character, which included a collection of the comic strips. Turey is also the principal figure on an educational pamphlet published by El Nuevo Día Educador ("ENDE").Educational initiatives to teach students the nutritional value of milk The United States Postal Service honored Turey and his creator in 1999, by presenting a cancelled postal stamp and renaming the postal station in Plaza Las Americas in San Juan, Puerto Rico, the "Turey Postal Station". On November 10, 1999, The Puerto Rican House of Representatives, honored Álvarez Rivón and presented him with a plaque.House Tribute The titular character received a recognition during the 2013 San Sebastián Festival, an annual cultural event celebrated in the vicinity of Old San Juan. |
Turey El Taíno | References | References |
Turey El Taíno | External links | External links
Ricardo Álvarez Rivón's Turey webpage (in Spanish)
Category:Comics publications |
Turey El Taíno | Table of Content | short description, Publication history, Art style, Characters, Plot, Reception, References, External links |
Gringo | short description | Gringo (, , ) (masculine) or gringa (feminine) is a term in Spanish and Portuguese for a foreigner. In Spanish, the term usually refers to English-speaking Anglo-Americans. There are differences in meaning depending on region and country. The term is often considered derogatory,English dictionaries:
Spanish dictionaries:
Portuguese dictionaries:
but is not always used to insult, and in the United States its usage and offensiveness is disputed.
The word derives from the term used by the Spanish for a Greek person: griego. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the first recorded use in English comes from John Woodhouse Audubon's Western Journal of 1849–1850,"Gringo" From the Oxford English Dictionary. Retrieved November 28, 2008. in which Audubon reports that his party was hooted and shouted at and called "Gringoes" while passing through the town of Cerro Gordo, Veracruz.Audubon, John W. (1906). Audubon's Western Journal 1849–1850, p. 100. Cleveland: Arthur H. Clark Company. |
Gringo | Etymology | Etymology
The word gringo originally referred to any kind of foreigner. It was first recorded in 1787 in the Spanish Diccionario castellano con las voces de Ciencias y Artes:Beatriz Varela, "Ethnic Nicknames of Spanish Origin", in (backup link)
The most likely theory is that it originates from griego ('Greek'), used in the same way as the English phrase "it's Greek to me". Spanish is known to have used Greek as a stand-in for incomprehensibility, though now less common, such as in the phrase hablar en griego (lit. 'to speak Greek'). The 1817 Nuevo diccionario francés-español, for example, gives gringo and griego as synonyms in this context:
This derivation requires two steps: griego > grigo, and grigo > gringo. Corominas notes that while the first change is common in Spanish (e.g. priesa to prisa), there is no perfect analogy for the second, save in Old French (Gregoire to Grigoire to Gringoire).Griego at Diccionario crítico etimológico de la lengua castellana, Vol. II, pag. 784 (25), Joan Corominas, Francke Verlag, Berna, 1954, However, there are other Spanish words whose colloquial form contains an epenthetic n, such as gordiflón and gordinflón ('chubby'), and Cochinchina and Conchinchina ('South Vietnam'). It is also possible that the final form was influenced by the word jeringonza, a game like Pig Latin also used to mean "gibberish".
Alternatively, it has been suggested that gringo could derive from the Caló language, the language of the Romani people of Spain, as a variant of the hypothetical *peregringo, 'peregrine', 'wayfarer', 'stranger'.Irving L. Allen, The Language of Ethnic Conflict: Social Organization and Lexical Culture, 1983, , p. 129 |
Gringo | False etymologies | False etymologies
There are several false etymologies that purport to derive the origin of gringo from word coincidences. Many of these folk etymologies date the word to the Mexican–American War (1846–1848):
Gringo is a result of American troops singing songs which began with "Green grows..." such as "Green Grow the Rushes, O", "Green Grow the Lilacs", and various others.
Another theory involves locals yelling "Green, go home!" at invading American soldiers (sometimes in conflicts other than the Mexican–American War), in reference to their supposedly green uniforms.
Another derives from the Irish "Erin go bragh" ("Ireland forever"), which served as the motto for Saint Patrick's Battalion who fought alongside the Mexican army. |
Gringo | Regional usage | Regional usage |
Gringo | Argentina | Argentina
The word gringo is mostly used in rural areas following the original Spanish meaning. Gringo in Argentina was used to refer to non-Spanish European immigrants who first established agricultural colonies in the country. The word was used for Swiss, German, Polish, Italian and other immigrants, but since the Italian immigrants were the larger group, the word primarily referred to Italians in the lunfardo argot. It also found use in the intermittent exercise Gringo-Gaucho between Argentine Naval Aviation and US Navy aircraft carriers. |
Gringo | Brazil | Brazil
In Brazil, the word gringo means "foreigner" and has no connection to physical characteristics or specific countries. For example, foreign football players in the Brazilian Championship that come from other South American countries are referred to as "gringos" by the sports media and by sports fans.
As the word has no connection to physical appearance in Brazil, black African or African American foreigners are also called gringos. Popularly used terms for fair-skinned and blond people are generally based in specific nationalities, like "alemão" (i.e., German), "russo" (Russian) or, in some regions, "polaco" (Polack) and "galego" (Galician) which are used for both Brazilians and foreigners with such characteristics, regardless of national or ethnic origins. In the state of Rio Grande do Sul, the word "gringo" is also used to refer to people of Italian ancestry. |
Gringo | Chile | Chile
In Chile, the word gringo is mostly used to refer to people from the United States. The word Gringolandia is used colloquially as synonymous with the United States of America.
Sometimes, it is used for people from some English-speaking countries, like Great Britain or Canada. |
Gringo | Mexico | Mexico
right|thumb|A woman reading the English-language Gringo Gazette in Baja California Sur, Mexico
In Mexico, the use of the word "gringo" has been reserved for people from the U.S., often white people (or also those who have blond hair or European appearance), since the end of the 19th century.
The term is mentioned in its meaning of "incomprehensible language" from the 18th century (1789) to the 1830s, but also to indicate foreign troops, at first, coming from Spain in the second half of the 18th century. A text published in Mexico, but written by a Spaniard, denigrates a Mexican from Sonora for speaking "gringo", in reference to the indigenous language. After the Mexican–American War, gringo began to be used for citizens from that country, with expressions such as "American gringo" or simply gringo, attested as in popular use in Tepetitlán in 1849. Since then, gringo became a way to designate United States citizens exclusively.
The term is deeply rooted in Mexican culture and art; for example, in the novel The Old Gringo by Carlos Fuentes or in the songs Frijolero by Molotov and Somos Más Americanos by Los Tigres del Norte. |
Gringo | United States | United States
In the United States, gringo is often used by Latino Americans to refer to Anglo Americans. Sometimes it is also used by Americans to refer to themselves. It is considered to be a racial slur targeted towards non-Hispanic white people but it may also refer to any person that is not Latino. Among the US Latino communities it may also disparagingly refer to another Latino person perceived to not be culturally Latino, e.g. inability to speak Spanish.
Alicia Shepard stated that there is a disagreement between Hispanics and non-Hispanics about its offensiveness. She argued that even though in Spanish it is defined as a neutral term and not as an insult, in English it can be interpreted as such, and should be avoided.
Gustavo Arellano said that the term is "technically a slur", but "its power to offend nowadays is minimal". He compared the ban on the term as an attempt to cancel aspects of Mexican culture. |
Gringo | Other uses | Other uses |
Gringo | Food | Food
In Mexican cuisine, a gringa is a flour tortilla with al pastor pork meat with cheese, heated on a comal and optionally served with a salsa de chile (chilli sauce). Some attribute the name to the white flour used. |
Gringo | Activism | Activism
In 1969, José Ángel Gutiérrez, one of the leaders of the Mexican American Youth Organization, said his and MAYO's use of the term, rather than referring to non-Latinos, referred to people or institutions with policies or attitudes that reflect racism and violence. |
Gringo | See also | See also
Anglo – used as a synonym for non-Latino whites in the United States
Gabacho
List of ethnic slurs
|
Gringo | Notes | Notes |
Gringo | References | References
Category:1780s neologisms
Category:Anti-Americanism
Category:Pejorative terms for people
Category:Mexican slang
Category:Mexican Spanish
Category:History of Mexican Americans
Category:Spanish words and phrases
Category:Portuguese words and phrases
Category:Social rejection
Category:Stereotypes of white Americans
Category:Ethno-cultural designations |
Gringo | Table of Content | short description, Etymology, False etymologies, Regional usage, Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Mexico, United States, Other uses, Food, Activism, See also, Notes, References |
All | Wiktionary | All or ALL may refer to: |
All | Biology and medicine | Biology and medicine
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia, a cancer
Anterolateral ligament, a ligament in the knee
All., taxonomic author abbreviation for Carlo Allioni (1728–1804), Italian physician and professor of botany |
All | Language | Language
All, an indefinite pronoun in English
All, one of the English determiners
Allar language of Kerala, India (ISO 639-3 code)
Allative case (abbreviated ALL) |
All | Music | Music
All (band), an American punk rock band
All (All album), 1999
All (Descendents album) or the title song, 1987
All (Horace Silver album) or the title song, 1972
All (Yann Tiersen album), 2019
"All" (song), by Patricia Bredin, representing the UK at Eurovision 1957
"All (I Ever Want)", a song by Alexander Klaws, 2005
"All", a song by Collective Soul from Hints Allegations and Things Left Unsaid, 1994 |
All | Sports | Sports
All (tennis)
American Lacrosse League (1988)
Arena Lacrosse League, Canada
Australian Lacrosse League |
All | Other uses | Other uses
All, Missouri, a community in the United States
All, a brand of Sun Products
Albanian lek by ISO 4217 currency code
ALL (complexity), the class of all decision problems in computability and complexity theory
ALL, a content rating given by the Game Rating and Administration Committee in South Korea |
All | See also | See also
Awl (disambiguation)
Alle (disambiguation)
Allyl group
"For all", a universal quantification in predicate logic, represented by ∀ |
All | Table of Content | Wiktionary, Biology and medicine, Language, Music, Sports, Other uses, See also |
Koichi Domoto | short description | is a Japanese idol, singer, actor, singer-songwriter, composer, lyricist, television personality, voice actor. Along with Tsuyoshi Domoto (with whom he has no blood-relation), he is a member of the duo Domoto, who holds the Guinness World Records for having the most consecutive No.1 singles since debut and the most consecutive years with a Japanese No.1 single, and is one of the top 20 best-selling artists of all time in Japan.
Although Domoto also actively works as a television actor and host, he is most famous for his musical SHOCK series, which he participates as the lead actor and director at the same time. SHOCK series started at the Tokyo Imperial Theatre in 2000, making him the youngest Zachō (chairman and lead role) and the first idol to perform at Imperial Theatre. With more than 1800 performances, SHOCK series is now the most-performed musical and the second most-performed theatre with a single-lead in Japan. In 2018, he starred in the musical Knights’ Tale directed by John Caird as well. |
Koichi Domoto | Career | Career
Born in Ashiya, Hyōgo, Japan, Domoto joined the Japanese talent agency Johnny & Associates at the age of 12 after his sister sent in his application without his knowledge. Domoto and his bandmate Tsuyoshi Domoto first worked together as back-dancers for Hikaru Genji, who were holding a concert at Yokohama Arena, and has since then been partnered up for magazine photoshoots, music acts and drama projects. The duo eventually made their debut in 1997 with a double release of a single Garasu no Shōnen and an album A Album, both of which went on to sell over a million copies. |
Koichi Domoto | Theatre | Theatre
In 1993, Domoto played in his first stage in SMAP's ANOTHER. As early as in 1994, he expressed his enthusiasm of musical, saying that his dream was to "play in musicals that have singing, dancing and acting" in an interview. In 1997, he played in the stage kyotokyo with many others from Johnny & Associates. He managed to star as the lead (or Zachō in Japanese) in musical MASK'99 in Nissay Theatre in 1999.
In November 2000, Domoto played the lead role in musical MILLENNIUM SHOCK, becoming the youngest Zachō and also the first idol to play the lead at Tokyo Imperial Theatre. Since then, SHOCK series has continued to perform every year. The title was changed to Shōgeki・SHOCK, SHOCK is Real SHOCK and Shocking SHOCK in the following years but had the similar story. In 2005, it was revised to Endless SHOCK and the story was changed completely. Domoto started to participate as the director and composed several songs since this year. In April 2008, the long-running musical Endless SHOCK was awarded the Grand Prize of the 33rd Kazuo Kikuta Drama Awards for theatre. In January 2012, Endless SHOCK was performed at Hakata-za in Fukuoka, which was the first time for the musical to be performed in places other than Tokyo. On March 21, 2013, Endless SHOCK welcomed its 1000th performance, making it the forth theatre to reach 1000 performances in Japan. It was also brought to Umeda Arts Theatre in Osaka in September 2013. After its 1408th performance on October 26, 2014, Endless SHOCK overtook Matsumoto Hakuō II's Japanese version of Man of La Mancha to become the most-performed musical and the second most-performed theatre with single lead-starring in Japan. In April 2020, Domoto alone was awarded the Grand Prize of the 45th Kazuo Kikuta Drama Awards for his achievement for leading SHOCK series for twenty years, becoming the youngest single winner of this award. SHOCK series reached its 1800th performance on February 12, 2021.
Domoto has also participated in some other theatres. In November 2010, he played in stage Shichinin no Samurai produced by Kansai Yamamoto, which was an adaptation of Seven Samurai. From July to September 2018, he starred as Arcite in John Caird's musical Knights’ Tale, which was an adaptation of William Shakespeare's The Two Noble Kinsmen, at Imperial Theatre. Since 2019, Domoto took over the position of director of another musical DREAM BOYS produced by Johnny & Associates and played by his junior colleagues.
The premiere of MILLENNIUM SHOCK in 2000 at Imperial Theatre was controversial since it was also the first time a theatre from Johnny & Associates was performed there. It was believed that idols were unqualified to stand at the most famous and important theatre in Japan, let alone playing the lead at the age of 21. However, SHOCK gradually becomes one of the most important musicals at Imperial Theatre and one of the representing Japanese original musicals. In 2018, Domoto played the lead in Endless SHOCK and Knights’ Tale from February to March and from July to August respectively at Imperial Theatre, becoming the fourth person in history and the first person in 26 years to play a lead for four months in a year at Imperial Theatre. After the success of SHOCK, several other stages from Johnny & Associates and musicals starred idols from other companies started to be performed at Imperial Theatre, and Domoto was credited for broadening the career of musical actors for idols. |
Koichi Domoto | Acting | Acting
After joining Johnny & Associates, Domoto played his first role in movie 200X Nen Shō in 1992 and first role in drama Aiyo Nemuranaide in 1993. From July 1994 to September 1994, Domoto and his bandmate Tsuyoshi appeared in drama Ningen Shikkaku, which had a peak rating of 28.9% on its final episode. In 1994 and 1995, he starred as the main male role in move Ie Naki Ko and the drama Ie Naki Ko 2, which had a rating of 31.9% on its final episode. He gained unprecedented popularity through these works even though he had not formally debuted as KinKi Kids. From January to March 1996, he played two roles, Ginrō Fuwa and Kōsuke Fuwa, in drama Ginrō Kaiki File: Futatsu No Zunō Wo Motsu Shōnen, which had an average rating of more than 20%. He also starred together with his bandmate Tsuyoshi for their second drama together in Wakaba No Koro in 1996.
On August 23, 1997, Domoto starred in his first drama after debut in Yūki To Iu Koto, as a special drama corner of NTV's annual telethon 24-Hour Television, in which KinKi Kids were also appointed as the main host. The drama had a rating of 26.3%, becoming the highest rated 24-Hour Television special drama at the time, and it is still the second highest one until now. From October to December 1997, Domoto and his bandmate Tsuyoshi Domoto was both starred in their third drama, called Bokura no Yūki Miman City. Since then, Domoto stars one drama every year, which all received relatively high ratings. He shifted his focus to musicals after starring in Remote from October to December 2002, where he won the 'best supporting actor' in the 35th Drama Academy Award.
In 2006, Domoto starred in his first drama in four years as the lead in Kinō Kōen, which was part of TV special Tales of The Unusual 2006 Autumn Special Drama. In July 2007, Domoto starred as the lead in a drama entitled Sushi Ōji!, where he played the role of a martial artist training in the art of sushi. In addition, the sequel movie Ginmaku Ban Sushi Ōji!: New York e Iku was released on April 19, 2008. It was his first movie appearance since the 1994 movie Ienaki Ko.
On March 7, 2015, Domoto played Kazumi Ishioka in his first drama in nearly eight years in Tensai Tantei Mitarai Nankai Jiken File: Kasa o Oru Onna, which was an adaptation of Soji Shimada's Detective Kiyoshi Mitarai Series. On September 13, 2015, he played Minamoto no Hiromasa in Onmyōji. To commemorate the 20th anniversary of KinKi Kids, the sequel of 1997 drama Bokura no Yūki Miman City was broadcast as a special drama Bokura no Yūki Miman City: 2017 in NTV, where Domoto played the same character as before. |
Koichi Domoto | Music | Music
In the early days after KinKi Kids debuted, Domoto had several solo songs credited as KinKi Kids in their albums. He held his first solo concert tour in 2004, mainly performing his solo songs in group albums and songs from SHOCK. On January 11, 2006, he released his first CD album Koichi Domoto「Endless Shock」Original Sound Track, but was not regarded as his solo debut. The album peaked in Oricon and became the first musical soundtrack album to reach No.1, winning the Soundtrack album of the year in 21st Japan Gold Disc Award. He made his official CD debut on July 12, 2006, with a release of single Deep in your heart/+MILLION but -LOVE, followed by the release of album Mirror on September 13.
On April 30, 2008, Domoto released a new single No More under the name of "Tsukasa Maizu"; the character he played in Sushi Ōji!, as the theme song of the movie Ginmaku Ban Sushi Ōji!: New York e Iku. His second single Ayakashi was released on July 29, 2009. On September 1, 2010, Domoto released BPM, his first solo album in four years. On October 3, 2012, Domoto released his third solo album Gravity, which ranked the first in Oricon. Domoto released his first DVD/Blu-ray single INTERACTIONAL/SHOW ME UR MONSTER on June 10, 2015, followed by his fourth solo album Spiral on July 8. On April 19, 2017, the second original soundtrack of his musical Endless SHOCK was released. On June 2, 2021, Domoto released his fifth solo album PLAYFUL and topped in Oricon. The album also featured a collaboration short movie made by Square Enix, in which Domoto himself and a CG version of him starred together.
Domoto wrote his first song in KinKi Kids's music variety LOVE LOVE Aishiteru in 1997, where they were required to learn guitar and write songs. Since then, he wrote a great number of songs, mainly devoted to the group, his solo work and musical SHOCK. He composed several No.1 winning singles for KinKi Kids and himself, such as Suki ni Natteku Aishitteku (2000), Deep in your heart (2006), Family ~Hitotsu ni Naru Koto (2010) and Topaz Love (2018). In 2002, Domoto wrote the lyrics for and composed KinKi Kids' single Solitude ~Hontou no Sayonara~, which was also the theme song for his drama Remote, under the pen name "K．Dino". The single also reached No.1 in Oricon and won the best theme song in the 35th Drama Academy Award. The song Ai no Katamari of KinKi Kids he composed in 2001 was voted as the most loved song by fans in an official voting held for creation of KinKi Kids's 10th anniversary compilation album 39 in 2007. He composed various songs used in his musical Endless SHOCK. Domoto has also provided songs for other artists from Johnny & Associates, such as NEWS, Hideaki Takizawa, and the musical DREAM BOYS. |
Koichi Domoto | Discography | Discography |
Koichi Domoto | Studio albums | Studio albums
+List of studio albums with peak chart positions Title Album details Peak chart positions JPN KOR Mirror Released: September 13, 2006
Label: Johnny's Entertainment 1 — BPM Released: September 1, 2010
Label: Johnny's Entertainment 2 21 Gravity Released: October 3, 2012
Label: Johnny's Entertainment 1 — Spiral Released: July 8, 2015
Label: Johnny's Entertainment 2 — Playful Released: June 2, 2021
Label: Johnny's Entertainment 1 — |
Koichi Domoto | Soundtrack albums | Soundtrack albums
+List of soundtrack albums with peak chart positions Title Album details Peak chart positions JPN Endless Shock Original Sound Track Released: January 11, 2006
Label: Johnny's Entertainment 1 Endless Shock Original Sound Track 2 Released: April 19, 2017
Label: Johnny's Entertainment 1 |
Koichi Domoto | Singles | Singles
+List of singles with peak chart positions Title Year Peak chart positions Album JPN "Deep in your heart/+MILLION but -LOVE" 2006 1 Mirror "No More" 2008 1 Sushi Ōji! Soundtrack "Ayakashi" () 2009 1 BPM |
Koichi Domoto | Video albums | Video albums
+List of video albums with peak chart positions Title Album details Peak chart positions JPNDVD JPNBlu. Koichi Domoto Live Tour 2004 1/2 Released: October 14, 2004
Label: Johnny's Entertainment
Formats: DVD, VHS 1 — Koichi Domoto Concert Tour 2006 Mirror: The Music Mirrors My Feeling Released: May 16, 2007
Label: Johnny's Entertainment
Formats: DVD 1 — Koichi Domoto Concert Tour 2010 BPM Released: March 9, 2011
Label: Johnny's Entertainment
Formats: DVD, Blu-ray 1 8 Koichi Domoto Concert Tour 2012 "Gravity" Released: July 3, 2013
Label: Johnny's Entertainment
Formats: DVD, Blu-ray 1— Interactional/Show Me Ur Monster Released: June 10, 2015
Label: Johnny's Entertainment
Formats: DVD, Blu-ray 1 1Koichi Domoto Live Tour 2015 Spiral Released: May 11, 2016
Label: Johnny's Entertainment
Formats: DVD, Blu-ray 1 1 |
Koichi Domoto | ''Shock'' video albums | Shock video albums
+ List of video albums with peak chart positions Title Album details Peak chart positions JPNDVD JPNBlu. Koichi Domoto Shock Digest Released: June 19, 2002
Label: Johnny's Entertainment
Formats: DVD, VHS 1 — Koichi Domoto Shock Released: January 16, 2003
Label: Johnny's Entertainment
Formats: DVD, VHS 2 — Endless Shock Released: February 16, 2006
Label: Johnny's Entertainment
Formats: DVD 1 — Endless Shock 2008 Released: October 29, 2008
Label: Johnny's Entertainment
Formats: DVD 1 — Document of Endless Shock 2012: Ashita no Butai e Released: February 6, 2013
Label: Johnny's Entertainment
Formats: DVD 1 — Endless Shock 2012 Released: September 18, 2013
Label: Johnny's Entertainment
Formats: DVD, Blu-ray 2 1Endless Shock 1000th Performance Anniversary Released: September 17, 2014
Label: Johnny's Entertainment
Formats: DVD, Blu-ray 1 1 |
Koichi Domoto | Solo activities | Solo activities |
Koichi Domoto | Concerts and events | Concerts and events
KOICHI DOMOTO LIVE TOUR 2004 1/2 (Concert tour; March 29 – June 5, 2004)
KOICHI DOMOTO Presents IT LOOKS BACK UPON 1/2 (Event; November 1, 2004)
KOICHI DOMOTO CONCERT TOUR 2006 "mirror" 〜The Music Mirrors My Feeling〜 (Concert tour; September 13 – October 3, 2006)
KOICHI DOMOTO CONCERT TOUR 2009 Best Performance And Music (Concert tour; August 15 – October 12, 2009)
KOICHI DOMOTO CONCERT TOUR 2010 BPM (Concert tour; September 11 – November 14, 2010)
KOICHI DOMOTO 2011 BPM Concerts in Seoul, Taipei (Concert tour in Korea and Taiwan; September 9 – October 2, 2011)
KOICHI DOMOTO 2012 "Gravity" (Concert tour; September 23 – December 16, 2012)
KOICHI DOMOTO LIVE TOUR 2015 Spiral (Concert tour; July 12 – August 21, 2015)
KOICHI DOMOTO LIVE TOUR 2021 PLAYFUL (Concert tour; June 20 – August 12, 2021) |
Koichi Domoto | Television (as personality) | Television (as personality)
+YearTitleRoleNote1995–2020Music StationPerformer116 episodes (as KinKi Kids); 11 episodes (as Koichi Domoto)1997Chichi Papa Oyaji! Musume o Tanomude!Regular1999–2001Pika IchiHost2000–2002Pop JamHost, Performer2001–2002Japan WalkerHost2002Generation JungleHost2002–2003Generation!Host2003–2004Yū Waku Aso BibaHost2004–2007Generation!!Host2005Domoto Koichi no Micha DameHost2007Kiseki no EnHostTV special2008Domoto Koichi PRESENTS 10 Things To Know Before DeathHostTV special2008–2012Domoto Koichi no Unlucky KenkyūjyoHost2010Domoto Koichi All for StageHimselfSpecial documentary of SHOCK2012Domoto Koichi no NEWS LABOHostTV special2012Mars Adventure!~Discover Livings Outside Earth~Host2012Mars Adventure Is there life?Host2012–2014Chokotto ScienceHost2018Kochan, do you want to try this?Host2018–2019SONGSHimself2 episodes (documentary) |
Koichi Domoto | Television (as actor) | Television (as actor)
+YearTitleRoleNote1993Aiyo NemuranaideTV special1994Ningen ShikkakuRyuka Kageyama1995Ie Naki Ko 2Harumi MakimuraMain1995Kinyō Entertainment "Honoo No Ryouri-Nin"Fude ZhouLead; TV special1995Mokuyō No Kaidan "Mario"MarioLead; TV special1996Papa Kaeru 96Koutaro FukuharaMain; TV Special1996Ginrō Kaiki File: Futatsu No Nō Wo Motsu ShōnenGinrō Fuwa/Kōsuke FuwaLead; Two characters1996Wakaba no KoroKai FujikiLead1996Shin Mokuyō no Kaidan "Cyborg"Akira KaidōLead199724-Hour Television "Yūki To Iu Koto"Kazuo TamuraLead; TV Special1997Tsuya Sugata! Kouzaburō ShichihengeKōzaburo NaniwayaLead; TV Special1997Bokura no Yūki Miman CityYamatoLead1998Harmonia: Kono Ai No HateHideyuki AzumanoLead1999P.S. Genki Desu, ShunpeiSunpei KajiLead2000Tenshi ga Kieta MachiTatsuro TakanoLead2001Rookie!Makoto AidaLead2002RemoteKōzaburo HimuroMain2006Tales of The Unusual 2006 Autumn Special Drama: Kinō KōenYōsuke EndōLead2007Sushi Ōji! Tsukasa MaizuLead2015Tensai Tantei Mitarai Nankai Jiken File: Kasa o Oru OnnaKazumi IshiokaMain; TV Special2015OnmyōjiMinamoto no HiromasaMain; TV Special2017Bokura no Yūki Miman City 2017Yamato ShindōLead; TV special; Sequel of the 1997 drama |
Koichi Domoto | Anime | Anime
Jyu Oh Sei (Fuji TV: May 18, 2006 – June 22, 2006) |
Koichi Domoto | Movies | Movies
200X Nen Shō (Humax: November 14, 1992)
Shoot! (Shochiku: March 12, 1994)
Ie Naki Ko (Toho: December 17, 1994)
Ginmaku Ban Sushi Ōji!: New York e Iku (Warner Bros.: )
Endless SHOCK (Toho: February 1, 2021) |
Koichi Domoto | Musicals | Musicals
Another (August 6, 1993 - August 24, 1993)
Mask'99 (January 6, 1999 - January 31, 1993)
SHOCK series
MILLENNIUM SHOCK (November 2–26, 2000: 38 shows): Lead Role
SHOW 劇・SHOCK (December 1, 2001 - January 7, 2002; June 4–28, 2002: 114 shows): Lead Role
SHOCK is Real Shock (January 8 - February 25, 2003: 76 shows): Lead Role
Shocking SHOCK (February 6–29, 2004: 38 shows): Lead Role
Endless SHOCK (2005 -): Lead Role
Knights' Tale (July 27 – October 15, 2018; 8 September - 30 November 2021): Lead role
Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (October 2023): Willy Wonka |
Koichi Domoto | Dubbing | Dubbing
Rush, James Hunt (Chris Hemsworth) |
Koichi Domoto | Publications | Publications |
Subsets and Splits
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