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Populist Party | Asian and European political parties and movements | Asian and European political parties and movements
Croatian Popular Party (1919), a Croatian right-wing party also known as Croatian Populist Party
Indonesian National Populist Fortress Party, an Indonesian populist party supportive of Pancasila ideology
Narodnik, a movement in late Tsarist Russia, whose name can be translated as "Populist" and whose ideology has been referenced as "Populism", in scholarly literature
People's Party (Greece), a conservative-monarchist early 20th century Greek party, whose name can be translated as Populist Party
People's Party (Spain), a conservative party in Spain
Populist Party (France), a nationalist and eurosceptic organization in France
Populist Party (Northern Cyprus), a defunct party in Northern Cyprus
Populist Party (Turkey), a former social democratic Turkish political party translated both as People's Party and as Populist Party
Social Democratic Populist Party (Turkey), a former social democratic Turkish political party
Vietnam Populist Party, a pro-democracy party in Vietnam, called For The Vietnamese People Party by the state media |
Populist Party | North American political parties | North American political parties
People's Party (United States) or Populist Party (1887–1908), a radical agrarian-oriented American political party
People's Party (United States, 1971) (1973–1976), sometimes also called Populist Party; inspired by the People's Party of the 1887–1908 period
People's Party of Georgia (US) or Populist Party of Georgia, the Georgia chapter of the 19th- and early 20th-century American Populist Party
Populist Party (United States, 1984) (1984–1996), a far-right political party
Populist Party Ontario, a minor provincial political party in Ontario, Canada |
Populist Party | See also | See also
People's Party (disambiguation)
Partido Popular (disambiguation)
sv:Populistiskt parti |
Populist Party | Table of Content | '''Populist Party''', Asian and European political parties and movements, North American political parties, See also |
Colossus (character) | short description | Colossus (Piotr "Peter" Nikolayevich Rasputin; ) is a character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by writer Len Wein and artist Dave Cockrum, he first appeared in Giant-Size X-Men #1 (May 1975).
A Russian mutant, he is a member of the X-Men. Colossus is able to transform himself into metallic form, making him the physically strongest of the team. He is portrayed as quiet, honest, and virtuous. He has had a fairly consistent presence in X-Men-related comic books since his debut. A talented artist, he only reluctantly agrees to use his powers in combat, feeling it is his responsibility to use his abilities for the betterment of human- and mutant-kind.
Wizard ranked Colossus at 184 on the "Top 200 Comic Book Characters of All Time". In 2006, IGN placed Colossus in the 10th spot of their list of "The Top 25 X-Men". In 2013, ComicsAlliance ranked Colossus as No. 22 on their list of the "50 Sexiest Male Characters in Comics".
In film, Donald MacKinnon made a cameo appearance as Colossus in X-Men before Daniel Cudmore took over for X2, X-Men: The Last Stand, and X-Men: Days of Future Past while Stefan Kapičić voiced a separate iteration of Colossus in Deadpool, Deadpool 2 and the Marvel Cinematic Universe film Deadpool & Wolverine. |
Colossus (character) | Concept and creation | Concept and creation
Editor Roy Thomas, in charge of reviving the X-Men for Giant-Size X-Men #1 (May 1975), told the creative team to go home and create some characters for the new team. Dave Cockrum recalled:I just went home and Colossus was one of the first ones that came to mind. We needed a strong guy for the team, so I drew up a strong guy. The character's armor just kind of fell into place. He was accepted pretty much as-is, except that I had given him bare legs because it seemed only logical that if we're going to show him armored up, the legs should be bare like the arms. But Len Wein didn't like male characters with bare legs. So we decided that his costume would be blue when he wasn't armored up, and that we'd see his legs when he was armored up, due to the unstable molecules of his costume.
Cockrum detailed more of the character's conception, "Colossus was loosely based on a character I had come up with in college, named 'Mr. Steel'"... As for why the character was chosen to be Russian... "Well, it seemed like a good idea at the time. Everybody was into détente and it was supposed to be an international group and the way I drew it, he looked like a Russian, so why the hell not? That was really all there was to it."... "Len Wein chose Peter's name. I imagine he used Rasputin because...it's a recognizable Russian name." |
Colossus (character) | Publication history | Publication history
A mainstay of the X-Men comic book series until the 1990s, Colossus went on to appear regularly in the first series of Excalibur. While a member of the team, he had his own self-titled one-shot that depicted him and his teammate Meggan battling Arcade at his new Murderworld facility.
After returning to the X-Men alongside Excalibur teammates Shadowcat and Nightcrawler, Colossus stayed with the title until his death. He was later resurrected and was a regular in the third series of Astonishing X-Men written by Joss Whedon. He is the feature of a limited series, Colossus: Bloodlines, in which he journeys back to Russia. Colossus has since returned as a regular in the X-Men series, appearing in various titles such as X-Men: Manifest Destiny, X-Men: Secret Invasion, X-Men, and Astonishing X-Men.
Colossus appears in Cable and X-Force, a new series by writer Dennis Hopeless and artist Salvador Larroca which debuted in Dec. 2012. He appears in Extraordinary X-Men, written by Jeff Lemire and drawn by Humberto Ramos. He is part of a team which is led by Storm, and includes his sister Magik, Iceman, a teenaged version of Jean Grey, Nightcrawler, a re-purposed Sentinel named Cerebra, and Old Man Logan.
In 2025, Colossus will be getting a solo X-Men project. |
Colossus (character) | Fictional character biography | Fictional character biography |
Colossus (character) | Background | Background
thumb|250px|Colossus' first appearance from Giant-Size X-Men #1 (May 1975); art by Dave Cockrum
Piotr "Peter" Rasputin was born on a Soviet collective farm called the Ust-Ordynsky Collective near Lake Baikal in Siberia. He lived there with his mother Alexandra, father Nikolai, and sister Illyana. His older brother Mikhail had been a Soviet cosmonaut and had apparently died in a rocket accident. The 2006 comic mini-series Colossus: Bloodline established that the family was descended from Grigori Rasputin and a Romani woman named Elena.X-Men: Colossus Bloodline #1 (November, 2005). Marvel Comics.
Peter's superhuman powers manifested during his adolescence while saving his sister from a runaway tractor. He was then contacted by Professor Charles Xavier, founder of the X-Men. |
Colossus (character) | X-Men | X-Men
Peter Rasputin was part of the second generation of X-Men, formed by Charles Xavier to save the original X-Men from the living island Krakoa. He agreed to leave the farm community where he was born to go to the United States with Xavier. Xavier gave him the name Colossus. After the battle was won, Colossus remained in the U.S. with the new X-Men.Giant-Size X-Men #1. Marvel Comics.
thumbnail|upright|Colossus in his non-metallic form. From Astonishing X-Men vol. 3 #19 (Feb. 2007); art by John Cassaday
Colossus is typically portrayed as peaceful, selfless, reluctant to hurt or kill, and often putting himself in danger to protect others. In some of his earliest missions, he battled the Shi'ar Imperial Guard,The Uncanny X-Men #107. Marvel Comics. and visited the Savage Land,The Uncanny X-Men #114. Marvel Comics. where he met Nereel.The Uncanny X-Men #115. Marvel Comics.
Peter's family always remained in his thoughts and he frequently wrote letters home. Shortly after joining the X-Men, a woman known as Miss Locke kidnapped many of the team's loved ones to force the X-Men to help her free her employer, Arcade, from captivity by one of Doctor Doom's robots. Among her captives was Colossus' younger sister Illyana, whom Locke had kidnapped from the Siberian collective farm and transported to the United States. Arcade brainwashed Colossus into becoming "The Proletarian", who then battled the other X-Men until they countered the brainwashing.The Uncanny X-Men #123–124. Marvel Comics. The X-Men freed Illyana from captivity, and she went to live with her brother Peter at Xavier's mansion. She was later held captive in a dimension known as Limbo, where she spent years while only mere moments elapsed on Earth, and became the adolescent sorceress Magik. As a result, an alternate-timeline version of Colossus dies in Limbo.The Uncanny X-Men #160. Marvel Comics.
When the X-Men fought the evil mutant Proteus, Colossus attempted to kill Proteus, an act he found morally questionable even though he did it to save Moira MacTaggert's life.The Uncanny X-Men #128–129. Marvel Comics. During his early career with the X-Men, Peter started what was arguably his most significant relationship with fellow X-Man Kitty Pryde. Although they were only a couple for a short while, the relationship provided the foundation of a deep and lasting friendship.
Colossus was later almost killed in a battle with Mystique's Brotherhood of Mutants, but was saved by Rogue and the Morlock Healer.The Uncanny X-Men #177–179. Marvel Comics.
During the "Secret Wars", he became infatuated with the alien healer Zsaji,Marvel Super-Heroes Secret Wars #5–12. Marvel Comics. and realized his feelings for his teammate were not wholly genuine, ending his relationship with Kitty Pryde. Emotionally distraught, he afterwards engaged in a bar fight with Juggernaut.The Uncanny X-Men #183. Marvel Comics.
During the "Mutant Massacre", Colossus became heavily involved in the X-Men's efforts to save the Morlocks from the Marauders. When Kitty was severely injured by Harpoon, Peter gave in to his rage and snapped Riptide's neck.The Uncanny X-Men #211. Marvel Comics. He eventually passed out from previous wounds inflicted by Riptide. Magneto, with the aid of Shadowcat, used his powers to heal Peter's armored form, but the process left him paralyzed. He was sent to Muir Island to recuperate, along with Nightcrawler, Shadowcat, and the surviving Morlocks.
Over time, Colossus' wounds healed, but he was trapped in his armored form and could maintain his human form only with the utmost concentration. When he saw the X-Men in Dallas during the Fall of the Mutants, he had his sister teleport him to the battle, as Destiny had not seen him in her vision of the X-Men's demise. When the team decided to sacrifice themselves to stop the Adversary, Colossus gave his life alongside them to save the world. Like the rest of the X-Men, he was revived by Roma and decided to let the world believe him dead while he and the X-Men worked out of an Australian base.The Uncanny X-Men #227. Marvel Comics.
Following the "Inferno" event, Illyana was returned to her original Earth age.The New Mutants #73. Marvel Comics. Colossus decided it would be better for Illyana if she went back to live with their parents in Russia.
In time, Colossus was reunited with Nereel in the Savage Land and met her son.The Uncanny X-Men Annual #12. Marvel Comics.
After the X-Men began falling apart with Rogue vanishing, Wolverine taking off, Longshot quitting, and Storm apparently killed, Psylocke telepathically prodded the remaining three to disband and travel through the Siege Perilous to gain new lives.The Uncanny X-Men #231. Marvel Comics. Peter emerged in New York with no memory of his past life, inventing a new persona for himself as 'Peter Nicholas', where he quickly became a successful artist. He battled the Genoshan Magistrates.The Uncanny X-Men #259. Marvel Comics. He began having visions of a beautiful model, who turned out to be Callisto transformed by Masque. The two were kidnapped by the Morlocks, though Peter had no memory of his time with the X-Men.The Uncanny X-Men #262. Marvel Comics. He resumed his armored form and defeated Masque.The Uncanny X-Men #263. Marvel Comics. He was saved by Forge, Banshee, and Jean Grey, who decided it better that he live his new life rather than be dragged back into theirs.The Uncanny X-Men #264. Marvel Comics.
Peter was psychically dominated by the Shadow King and sent to hunt down Stevie Hunter and Charles Xavier.The Uncanny X-Men #277. Marvel Comics. Xavier had no choice but to destroy the Peter Nicholas persona to break the Shadow King's hold.The Uncanny X-Men #279. Marvel Comics. Colossus joined in the battle of Muir Island, and rejoined the X-Men as a member of Storm's Gold Strike Force.The Uncanny X-Men #280. Marvel Comics. Peter is shown to be traveling to the Savage Land, where he locates Nereel. He is astonished to learn that the child she bore was not his, but that of another lover. Disheartened, he departs the Savage Land.
The X-Men later found themselves in another dimension, where they discovered that Colossus' brother Mikhail was alive and acting as a messiah to the population of that world.The Uncanny X-Men #285. Marvel Comics. Mikhail returned to Earth with the X-Men, but was distraught with having been responsible for the deaths of the original crew from his first trek into the other dimension.The Uncanny X-Men #284-286. Marvel Comics.
Mikhail established himself as leader of the Morlocks and planned to use them as a part of his mass suicide which he thought would grant him retribution or at least reprieve from his guilt.The Uncanny X-Men #291-293. Marvel Comics. This would prove to be a great source of grief for Peter in an upcoming string of family deaths that would lead to him temporarily disbanding from the X-Men.The Uncanny X-Men #304. Marvel Comics.
However, unbeknownst to the X-Men, Mikhail survived. In a seemingly last second change of mind, Mikhail transported himself and the Morlocks to another world.The Uncanny X-Men #325. Marvel Comics. Later, upon learning this, Peter was disappointed by his brother's departure and blamed himself.
Back in Siberia, Peter's parents were slain and Illyana kidnapped by the Russian government, who hoped to genetically evolve Illyana to the point where she would have the use of her powers again, to defeat the mutant known as the Soul Skinner. Colossus, with the help of the X-Men, saved Illyana and brought her back to the Mansion.X-Men #17-19 (1992). Marvel Comics.
Later, Illyana became an early victim of the Legacy Virus and died from it.The Uncanny X-Men #303 (Aug. 1993). Marvel Comics. The loss of his immediate family, as well as brain damage that forced him to remain in armored form, caused Colossus to rethink his position with the X-Men and join Magneto and his Acolytes, who had offered him an alternative to the X-Men's pacifist philosophy of peaceful mutant/human coexistence. Colossus recovered from the brain damage soon after,Excalibur #71. Marvel Comics. but decided to remain with the Acolytes of his own volition, hoping he could temper their extremist methods with what he had learned from Professor Xavier.The Uncanny X-Men #315 (Aug. 1994). Marvel Comics. |
Colossus (character) | Excalibur | Excalibur
His stay with Magneto was not long once he realized that Avalon was not the place for him, either, particularly after Magneto was left brain-dead and the space station was destroyed by Holocaust. He left in search of the only person he felt truly cared for him, his former love and teammate Shadowcat, now a member of Excalibur. Colossus traveled to England, where he found Kitty in the arms of her new love, Pete Wisdom. Colossus, exhausted, mentally ill, and enraged, attacked Wisdom and, although the battle was short, Piotr nearly killed him. Colossus was subdued by Captain Britain and Meggan,Excalibur #92. Marvel Comics. later cured of his illness by Moira MacTaggert.
Colossus accepted Shadowcat's new life and chose to become a member of Excalibur.Excalibur #95. Marvel Comics. Although Colossus, along with the rest of the team, soon accepted Kitty's relationship with Wisdom, Kitty's pet dragon, Lockheed, did not, and was often seen trying to reunite Kitty with Peter, whom he much preferred. One such example being snatching away the garter during Meggan and Captain Britain's wedding and dropping it into Colossus' hand, who was then required to place it on Kitty's leg, who had previously caught the bride's flowers.Excalibur #125 (1998). Marvel Comics. With Excalibur, he participated in many adventures, including helping to save London from an ancient demon. Excalibur eventually disbanded, and Colossus returned with Nightcrawler and Shadowcat to the X-Men. But as soon as they returned, they faced a group of imposters following Cerebro, in the guise of Professor X.The Uncanny X-Men #360. Marvel Comics.X-Men #80. Marvel Comics. During this time, he repaired his friendships with Wolverine and Storm, that were broken when he had joined the Acolytes. He formed a deep friendship with Marrow. Peter again found his long thought-dead brother Mikhail, but unfortunately lost him again when Apocalypse collected The Twelve in his quest for power. |
Colossus (character) | Death | Death
Using thoughts and notes from the recently murdered Moira MacTaggert, the X-Men's resident scientist, Beast, claimed to have found the cure for the Legacy Virus. Unfortunately, it could only be made airborne with the death of its first user. Rather than wait for a safer version and allow others to die as Illyana had, Colossus injected himself with the cure. By using his powers and sacrificing himself, Colossus enabled the release of an airborne cure, effectively eradicating the disease. His body was cremated and Shadowcat took his ashes back to Russia to be scattered on his native soil.The Uncanny X-Men #390. Marvel Comics. |
Colossus (character) | Return | Return
Nearly two years later, it was brought to the attention of the X-Men that a medical company, entitled Benetech, had developed a mutant cure. After gaining a sample of the cure, Dr. Henry (Beast) McCoy discovered a string of DNA hidden deep within the recesses of the formula. After matching the DNA, Beast and the other X-Men set out to investigate the truth behind Benetech.
During their infiltration, they discovered that Ord, an alien from the Breakworld, was responsible for the means with which the company was able to develop the cure. While the team was separated, Kitty descended into a hidden complex beneath the Benetech building and was able to unlock the true secret behind the cure: shortly after Peter's self-sacrificing death, Ord had captured his body and left a duplicate that the X-Men had cremated.Astonishing X-Men #4. Marvel Comics.
After reviving him, Ord had used the Legacy Virus cure in Peter's bloodstream to develop his mutant cure. After unknowingly releasing Peter from his cell, Kitty rejoined him with the X-Men. Together they subdued Ord as he tried to escape Earth. Since reuniting with his friends, Peter has returned to fight with the X-Men, and he and Kitty were able to resume their romantic relationship. |
Colossus (character) | Colossus: Bloodline | Colossus: Bloodline
During the Colossus: Bloodline limited series, Colossus made a trip to Russia in response to a call for help from his cousin, journalist Larisa Mishchenko. Her research had established that their family descended from Grigori Rasputin, and that their relatives were being systematically murdered. Rasputin is established as having been a powerful mutant, whose power and life essence had been passed down to his descendants. As his descendants are murdered, his great power is invested in greater measure in the remaining descendants. When there is only one descendant left, Rasputin will be reborn within that individual. Mister Sinister, an old ally of Rasputin, is revealed as the man behind the murders.
Larisa is murdered by Sinister, but Colossus and his brother Mikhail foil Sinister's plot, and Mikhail banishes himself to a dimension where he can never die, but from which he can never return. If Sinister were to murder Colossus, Rasputin would be reborn in Mikhail, but locked in a dimension on his own. However, all those involved remained unaware of Colossus' son, Peter, in the Savage Land, whose presence could severely alter the situation. Colossus returned to the X-Men, a man without family. It is rumoured that the boy Michael Termani escaped the extermination and made his way to the United States of America in search of Colossus, whom he may be related to. |
Colossus (character) | Breakworld and beyond | Breakworld and beyond
During an attack on the institute, Colossus engages Sebastian Shaw, although "Shaw" turned out to be an illusory attack by Cassandra Nova. It was revealed that Colossus is the mutant destined to destroy Breakworld according to the Breakworld's precogs. However, on a mission to the Breakworld, the X-Men discover that this was not an actual prophecy but an elaborate scheme created by Aghanne, the insane leader of a Breakworld reform cult, intended to bring about that world's destruction. Colossus is chosen for the prophecy as his unique organic steel form would allow him to destroy the planet's power source, initiating a chain reaction that would destroy the entire world. Realizing this, Colossus refuses to kill the planet although he does threaten to seize power and rule it if the Breakworld destroys the Earth as planned.Giant-Size Astonishing X-Men #1. Marvel Comics.
During the "World War Hulk" storyline, Colossus is one of the X-Men members that tries to defend Professor X against the Hulk, who has come looking for Charles as he is one of the members of the secret Illuminati that exiled him from Earth. During their battle, the Hulk reflects on Colossus' bravery, mentioning that Colossus might have made a "decent opponent" to the Hulk's previous incarnations. Locked in a test of strength, Hulk demonstrates his superior power by bending Colossus's arms backwards at the forearms, breaking them.World War Hulk: X-Men #2. Marvel Comics. Beast later uses a laser in the lab to heat his arms up near their melting point, while Strong Guy bends them back into place; his arms needed to be re-set in their metal form before he transformed back to his human form to avoid serious injury to them.World War Hulk: X-Men #3. Marvel Comics.
Colossus returns to Russia with Wolverine and Nightcrawler along for the ride. The trio are captured by the Russian government, who wish to find out why all their mutant agents succumbed to M-Day, and Colossus did not. This led to a battle against the Russians and Omega Red, who was being examined by their captors. After defeating Omega Red, the heroes receive a call from Cyclops informing them of their new home in San Francisco. They soon arrive back in the States, where they aid in rebuilding the X-Men.The Uncanny X-Men #495–499. Marvel Comics.
Colossus was briefly a member of the Fifty State Initiative team called The Last Defenders alongside Nighthawk, She-Hulk, and Blazing Skull.The Last Defenders #1–3. Marvel Comics.
Joining the rest of the X-Men, Colossus relocates to San Francisco.The Uncanny X-Men #500. Marvel Comics. Still mourning Kitty, the other X-Men try to cheer him up using various different methods from picking fights with him to throwing a party. In the end he tells them to leave him be, he just needs time. Later while walking through Golden Gate Park, he come across a little girl who needs help rescuing her Kitty from a tree to which he replies that nothing would make him happier.X-Men: Manifest Destiny #3. Marvel Comics. |
Colossus (character) | X-Infernus | X-Infernus
Colossus feels the X-Men are not doing enough to rescue Illyana from Limbo, and is upset.X-Infernus #1. Marvel Comics. With the aid of Pixie, the team is able to enter Limbo, where they encounter hostile demons.X-Infernus #2. Marvel Comics. After defeating the demons, the X-Men locate Illyana, who has been defeated by Witchfire.X-Infernus #3. Marvel Comics. The X-Men and Magik defeat Witchfire by trapping her in the dimension that houses the Elder Gods. Illyana leaves Limbo with the X-Men when Cyclops and Colossus offer her a home.X-Infernus #4. Marvel Comics. |
Colossus (character) | Utopia | Utopia
When the Dark Avengers head into San Francisco to battle any X-Men they can find, Colossus battles Venom.Dark Avengers/Uncanny X-Men: Utopia and The Uncanny X-Men #513. Marvel Comics. They later face off again when the combined Dark Avengers and Dark X-Men attack Utopia, with Colossus and the X-Men emerging victorious.Dark Avengers/Uncanny X-Men: Exodus. Marvel Comics.
It's also during this time that Colossus suffers from depression due to the loss of Kitty prior to the Messiah Complex. During this period, Magik arrives at Utopia to ask for help from the X-Men and her former teammates as there's a battle coming in Limbo. The reunion helps alleviate some of Colossus's depression, but after Magneto comes to Utopia, Magneto brings the bullet carrying Kitty back to Earth to save her in a show of good faith and Kitty and Colossus are reunited, but are initially unable to touch as Kitty spent so long phased to stop the bullet hitting something that she has 'forgotten' how to resume a tangible state on her own. Due to Warlord Krunn's mutant cure, Colossus was temporarily depowered and beaten in battle by him,The Uncanny X-Men #537. Marvel Comics. but other Breakworld residents were able to restore Kitty to her fully tangible state. |
Colossus (character) | Fear Itself | Fear Itself
upright|thumb|Colossus as the newly appointed Juggernaut on the cover of The Uncanny X-Men #543 (September 2011). Art by Greg Land.
After the Juggernaut became Kuurth: Breaker of Stone during the "Fear Itself" storyline, one of the Heralds of a long-dormant god of fear known as the Serpent, Colossus made a bargain with Cyttorak, the other-dimensional being who originally empowered the Juggernaut, to gain the power to stand against Kuurth. Colossus became the new avatar of the Juggernaut and was able to push Cain Marko back until Cain was summoned by The Serpent. This decision caused Kitty to break up with Colossus, as she cannot cope with his increasingly displayed willingness to sacrifice himself when she wants someone who will be willing to live for her.The Uncanny X-Men #542. Marvel Comics.
Due to this, Colossus decides to stay on Utopia with Cyclops' team of X-Men instead of returning to Westchester due to his fear of his new Juggernaut powers being unsafe around children.X-Men Regenesis #1. Marvel Comics. After another stressful battle, Colossus realized that his powers were far more dangerous than he realized, and he requested to be locked up alongside his sister, only to be freed when needed on missions.The Uncanny X-Men vol. 2 #10. Marvel Comics. |
Colossus (character) | Avengers vs. X-Men | Avengers vs. X-Men
At the onset of the "Avengers vs. X-Men" storyline, Colossus is featured in fights against several characters, including Spider-Man,AVX: VS #2. Marvel Comics. Red Hulk,The Uncanny X-Men vol. 2 #11. Marvel Comics. and Thing.AVX: VS #3. Marvel Comics. He is one of the few X-Men teleported by Magik to the dark side of the moon to confront the Avengers over Hope Summers. When the disruptor devised by Iron Man blasts and divides the Phoenix Force, part of it bonds to Colossus, who becomes one of the Phoenix Five along with Cyclops, Emma Frost, Magik and Namor.Avengers vs. X-Men #5. Marvel Comics. He attempts to release his Juggernaut powers, but Cyttorak refuses, citing his affiliation with the Phoenix due to his newfound destructive powers.The Uncanny X-Men vol. 2 #15 (AvsX). Marvel Comics. While empowered with his fragment of the Phoenix Force, Colossus attempts to regain Kitty's affections, but she rejects him—wary of his power-mongering and that the Phoenix has changed him for the worse—he reacts angrily.Wolverine and the X-Men #14 (July 2012). Marvel Comics. Colossus is eventually defeated when Spider-Man manages to provoke him and Magik into attacking each other, causing them to incapacitate each other. Their Phoenix powers dissipate and are absorbed by Emma Frost and Cyclops (Namor having already been defeated).Avengers vs. X-Men #9. Marvel Comics. Following the defeat of Cyclops as the last of the Phoenix Five, Colossus and the other former members of the Phoenix Five did not surrender themselves to the authorities.Avengers vs. X-Men #12. Marvel Comics. Magik later purges the Juggernaut powers from Colossus with her Soulsword.The Uncanny X-Men vol. 2 #20. Marvel Comics. Knowing that Magik could have repelled his servitude to Cyttorak at any time and that she made him keep the Juggernaut powers to teach him a lesson, Colossus evinces hatred toward the sister he once loved, going so far as to say he wants her killed.AvX: Consequences #4. Marvel Comics. |
Colossus (character) | X-Force | X-Force
Colossus's powers have gone out of control, apparently as a result of losing the Phoenix Force, causing parts of him to shift between flesh and organic steel rather than all flesh or all organic steel.Cable and X-Force #2. Marvel Comics. He now appears as a member of Cable's new X-Force team after Cable provides him with a device that stabilizes his condition.Cable and X-Force #3. Marvel Comics. |
Colossus (character) | Amazing X-Men | Amazing X-Men
Colossus has since rejoined Wolverine's team of X-Men after his sister convinced him to,Amazing X-Men #6. Marvel Comics. after quitting Cable's X-Force team following the results of the Cable and X-Force/Uncanny X-Force: Vendettas storyline. It is eventually discovered that Cyclops, Emma Frost, Magik, Magneto and Colossus were actually infected with nano-sentinels by Dark Beast, after the incident with the Phoenix Force, and that was the real cause for their flawed abilities. He has since regained control of his organic steel powers and has stopped wearing Cable's harness which helped him to stabilize his flesh and steel forms.
During this time, Cyttorak caused the Crimson Gem to reappear in the ancient temple and triggered a call for suitable candidates to become a new Juggernaut, which led to Colossus and Cain Marko joining a team of X-Men to stop the Gem from being claimed by forces such as Man-Killer and the former Living Monolith. However, when Adbol acquired the Gem for himself, Colossus invoked Cyttorak to confront him about the failure of all of his past Juggernauts, suggesting that Cyttorak withdraw his power from Adbol and empower a new avatar to a greater extent than any before. Unfortunately, Cyttorak chose to empower Marko rather than Colossus, with Marko resolving to destroy the X-Men present and then move on to kill Cyclops for the death of Professor X. With Marko now even immune to psychic attacks, he appeared truly unstoppable, but Colossus was able to defeat him by outmaneuvering the super-empowered Marko until he could strike the sea side cliff edge where they had been fighting, causing Cain to fall into the ocean below, taking him out of the fight at least for the moment.Amazing X-Men vol. 2 #16–19. Marvel Comics.
During the "Secret Wars" storyline, Colossus is with the X-Men when they take part in the incursion event between Earth-616 and Earth-1610. Hulk's Doc Green form uses Colossus in a Fastball Special that destroys the Triskelion.Secret Wars #1. Marvel Comics. |
Colossus (character) | Extraordinary X-Men | Extraordinary X-Men
Colossus later joins Storm's new team of X-Men who are living in an isolated part of Limbo after magically transporting the mansion there, renaming it X-Haven. Their mission is to provide a refuge and protect mutants from the effects of the M-Pox that has infected the mutants and rendered almost all of the mutant species sterile due to the Terrigen in the atmosphere. During the Apocalypse Wars, Colossus, Ernst, Anole, Glob Herman and No-Girl are separated from Storm's team. When they re-encounter the missing students, they discover them to now be adults protecting an ark of 600 artificially created mutant embryos from the Four Horsemen of Apocalypse, one of whom is a celestially altered Colossus.Extraordinary X-Men #12. Marvel Comics.
Colossus was eventually found by his teammates Iceman and NightcrawlerExtraordinary X-Men #14. Marvel Comics. and teleported back to X-Haven by Cerebra.Extraordinary X-Men #15. Marvel Comics. There, he was transformed back to normal by Apocalypse, who was tricked into doing so by Nightcrawler.Extraordinary X-Men #16. Marvel Comics. |
Colossus (character) | ''Inhumans vs X-Men'' and ''X-Men Gold'' | Inhumans vs X-Men and X-Men Gold
After Beast discovers that there isn't a cure for the M-Pox and no way to alter the Terrigen cloud the X-Men are left with the choice to either stay on earth and fight for their right to live and risk becoming extinct in a matter of weeks or leave earth and start fresh somewhere else. The X-Men decide to go to war against the Inhumans to decide the fate of the Terrigen. With the war underway Colossus is stationed at X-Haven to protect it from a potential Inhuman counter-attack. When the Inhuman Royal Family arrives to do just that, Colossus is left to face them on his own. He later joins the rest of the X-Men in Iceland in the final battle against the Inhumans, where Medusa finally understands what the X-Men are fighting for so she voluntarily destroys the Terrigen.Inhumans vs X-Men #0-6. Marvel Comics.
After the Terrigen is destroyed the X-Men sends the refugees back home from X-Haven now that earth is habitable for mutants again. Still, the X-Men find themselves wondering how to move forward with the events of the war still fresh in their minds. Storm asks Kitty Pryde to return to the X-Men and take her place as leader, and in doing so Kitty moves the mansion from Limbo to Central Park and creates a new field team and recruits Colossus. Colossus and Kitty share many awkward moments given their history, trying to move forward as friends but still feeling a chemistry.X-Men Gold #1-3. Marvel Comics. |
Colossus (character) | Powers and abilities | Powers and abilities
Colossus is a mutant with the ability to transform his entire body into a form of "organic steel", with properties similar to osmium but of still unknown composition. Colossus must transform his entire body into this armored state; he cannot transform only a portion of his body. When he transforms, he gains approximately in height; official figures state his height at about in transformed state versus in normal human form. His weight is more than doubled.The Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe vol. 4 #19 In his armored form, Colossus possesses superhuman strength, as well as superhuman stamina and durability. His physical strength is currently greater than when he first joined the X-Men, due to the realignment of his cells by Magneto following an injury during the Mutant Massacre. While in his armored form, Colossus requires no food, water or even oxygen to sustain himself and is extremely resistant to injury. He is capable of withstanding great impacts, large caliber bullets, falling from tremendous heights, electricity, and certain magical attacks.The Uncanny X-Men #188. Marvel Comics. While he has great resistance to temperature extremes of hot and cold, extreme heat followed by rapid super-cooling has been shown to cause damage. As he is vulnerable to the anti-metal Antarctic Vibranium in his metal form, his body instinctively shifts to human form when faced with an Antarctic Vibranium weapon.X-Men/Spider-Man #4. Marvel Comics.
Colossus is an excellent hand-to-hand combatant, having been trained in Judo by Cyclops.The Uncanny X-Men #121 (May 1979). Marvel Comics. He has had training in acrobatics and sword fightingExcalibur #108 (April 1997). Marvel Comics. from Nightcrawler. In his human form, he is still exceptionally strong and in superb physical condition, though not superhumanly so. He has completed college-level courses at Xavier's school.
As the unstoppable Avatar of Cyttorak, Colossus gained additional superhuman strength and resistance to injury, as well as other mystical powers. Among these was the power to ignore impediments to his movement, hence the "unstoppable" moniker. These powers were later taken away from Colossus and returned to Cain Marko. |
Colossus (character) | Reception | Reception
In 2014, Entertainment Weekly ranked Colossus 11th in their "Let's rank every X-Man ever" list.
In 2018, CBR.com ranked Colossus 7th in their "Age Of Apocalypse: The 30 Strongest Characters In Marvel's Coolest Alternate World" list.
In 2018, CBR.com ranked Colossus 13th in their "X-Force: 20 Powerful Members" list. |
Colossus (character) | Other versions | Other versions |
Colossus (character) | Age of Apocalypse | Age of Apocalypse
In the Age of Apocalypse timeline, Piotr Rasputin/Colossus was a very haunted man, wearing a red mask to cover acid scars on his face. His sister, Illyana Rasputin, was thought to have died years prior, and his brother, Mikhail Rasputin, was captured by Apocalypse. Colossus became leader of the Super Soldiers and faced his brainwashed brother in combat. Now a Horseman of Apocalypse, Mikhail destroyed all of Russia's superheroes except his brother, and from that day the severely beaten Colossus chose to dedicate his life to stopping Apocalypse and Mikhail. He left Russia to find the X-Men. Colossus was one of Magneto's original recruits for his X-Men.
During his first mission as an X-Man, Colossus battled Sabretooth for the life of a young Jewish American mutant named Katherine Pryde/Shadowcat. Colossus fell in love with her, and the two would eventually marry. After years of fighting for Magneto's cause, Colossus lost the will to fight on a battlefield in Africa. He decided to retire from the X-Men. As a final favor to Magneto, he agreed to teach the next generation of mutants with his wife.
Colossus came out of retirement two times. The first time, he was injured so severely only Magneto's metal powers kept him alive. Colossus could not transform back to his human self without risking death. The second time, Magneto offered Colossus and Shadowcat an important mission. It was discovered that Illyana was indeed still alive and being held prisoner in a slave camp, and they needed to save her so they could restore the true timeline.
Colossus and Shadowcat sent their team into the Seattle Core to rescue Illyana. After they found her, Colossus demanded Shadowcat evacuate Illyana immediately, leaving their students behind. Shadowcat disagreed, but followed his orders after he told her that he would go back for their students. Colossus reached the front gate and peered back into the Core. Only one student, Husk, remained standing. Colossus allowed the gate to close without attempting to help. He returned to his wife and sister and claimed he had done all he could.
Colossus and Shadowcat delivered Illyana to Magneto, but after learning the reality Magneto was trying to save was a place where his sister was dead, Colossus went mad. He tried to follow his sister into the M'Kraan Crystal, injuring Iceman in the process, and when Shadowcat stepped in front of him, assuming he would calm down, he didn't. Colossus crushed his wife and killed her. Insane with grief, he was finally taken down by Gambit.
Mortally injured, he reverts to his human form and dies after his sister returns from the M'kraan Crystal.X-Men: Omega. Marvel Comics.
Years later when Weapon X had been transformed into Weapon Omega: Heir of Apocalypse, Colossus was brought back to life through the combined efforts of Sugarman and Dark Beast, who had taken great pains to find and preserve his body. Along with many other "alphas", his mind was altered, turning him into a servant of Weapon Omega.
He was sent together with Azazel and Cyclops to confront another resurrected "alpha", Penance. Penance used her telepathic powers to restore Colossus' true memories, and he swore to help her in her quest to rebuild the world and lead mutants to a brighter future. A fight broke out between him and Cyclop, but Azazel teleported Cyclops and himself away. |
Colossus (character) | Days of Future Past | Days of Future Past
In the Days of Future Past timeline (Earth-811), Colossus was detained in the South Bronx Mutant Containment Facility, like most of the surviving X-Men. In this reality he married Kate Pryde and they had children. When his wife transferred her consciousness into the Kitty Pride of Earth-616 and fell unconscious, Colossus tried to protect her from the Sentinels. As one of the last mutants on Earth, he infiltrated the Baxter Building on a suicide run in which he was killed by Sentinels trying to avenge the deaths of Storm and Wolverine. |
Colossus (character) | Earth X | Earth X
In Earth X, Colossus has become Tsar Piotr of Russia. His country's massive grain supply, protected by an army of Crimson Dynamos, provides one of the greatest food sources for the world. Occasionally, he is attacked by Life Model Decoys of Nick Fury, who seem to think that Piotr is a stereotypical Communist. It is mentioned in passing that at some point in the future, he will travel back in time and become Mister Sinister.Paradise X #3. Marvel Comics. |
Colossus (character) | Exiles | Exiles
Several versions of Colossus have been seen in the Exiles series:
One was killed after betraying his Heroes for Hire teammates to save the alternative version of his sister, Magik.Exiles #26-27. Marvel Comics.
One dies protecting an alternative version of Shadowcat.Exiles #40. Marvel Comics. |
Colossus (character) | Marvel Zombies | Marvel Zombies
A version of Colossus is seen in Dead Days when the zombified Alpha Flight attack the mansion. Later, he is seen among the survivors and fighting the other zombie heroes. Colossus, Nightcrawler, Storm, Dr. Strange, Nick Fury and Thor fight a holding action to protect a teleporter from the zombie forces. The group realizes that their plan to evacuate survivors might lead to another innocent world being infected so they destroy the machine and willingly give themselves up to the zombies.Marvel Zombies: Dead Days One-Shot (July 2007). Marvel Comics.
In Marvel Zombies: Halloween, Kitty Pryde and her son with Colossus, Peter Rasputin Pryde are two of the few surviving humans, years later.Marvel Zombies: Halloween One-Shot (Oct. 2012). Marvel Comics. |
Colossus (character) | Ultimate Marvel | Ultimate Marvel
In the Ultimate Marvel universe, Peter Rasputin reluctantly works as an arms smuggler for the Russian mob. Peter was saved from a firing squad as a young child by a boss in the Russian Mafia called Big Boris, who smuggles Peter from Siberia to the United States. Colossus' powers are similar to those of his Earth-616 counterpart. With the use of a deadly drug called Banshee, he has gained super strength to rival other powerhouses such as Thor. He is not immune to Rogue's touch as shown in the "Return to Weapon X" storyline. He is also highly resistant to physical injury. He has withstood being slashed by Ultimate Wolverine's adamantium claws. He has also survived a localized nuclear explosion. A few deviations from the Earth-616 version include the fact that Ultimate Colossus's height remains the same when he changes. Unlike the mainstream version, his eyes remain vulnerable to pressure even in steel form, as shown when fighting Sam Wilson during Ultimate Nightmare.Ultimate Nightmare #4. Marvel Comics.
Colossus is revealed as a mutant during an illegal arms transaction gone wrong. Everyone is killed by gunfire except for Peter, whose mutant ability saves him. Jean Grey finds him soon after and offers him a place among the X-Men.Ultimate X-Men #1. Marvel Comics.
When the X-Men embark on a world tour to promote Xavier's book, Colossus inexplicably disappears to Russia. Cyclops and Jean Grey track him and find Peter working in a factory. Colossus tells them he left due to unhappiness with his place on the team and with life as a mutant, but Jean suggests that his true reason is unrequited feelings he has for a fellow team member. Peter later comes to terms with his "gift," and becomes a Russian national hero when he rescues the crew of an incapacitated submarine. He leaves Russia to rejoin the X-Men.
Later, Colossus and the X-Men are forced out of the mansion with the U.S. Government on their tails. In a climactic battle between the X-Men and the Ultimates, Colossus is able to defeat Iron Man and Thor, but is finally temporarily incapacitated by Hawkeye who fires a compact nuclear warhead arrow (with a blast radius of about 20 feet) near him. With the surprise assistance from Iceman, the X-Men (without Professor Xavier) manage to regroup and escape.
The X-Men locate Magneto's flying citadel using a signal sent by a captured Cyclops. Upon their arrival, Magneto subdues them. Despite being composed of metal, Colossus' great strength and willpower allow him to overcome Magneto's control and beat Magneto mercilessly for the harm inflicted on Wolverine.
Unlike his mainstream counterpart, Ultimate Colossus is gay and does not have a romance with Ultimate Kitty Pryde/Shadowcat. This is implied during the Mark Millar's run on the title, through his interactions with fellow X-Man Wolverine (this is implied during the "Return of the King" story arc, in which Colossus almost beats Magneto to a pulp when he threatens Wolverine). It is implied (through stereotype) when Jean Grey reveals to the readers that Peter's favorite TV show is Will & Grace, but stated more directly in that the main reason Colossus left the X-Men might have been that he was unable to make the X-Man he'd fallen in love with love him, even in the slightest. Storm also suggests Peter is gay when Angel arrives at the school and Storm explains to him that the reason that all the girls "and maybe Colossus" stare at him is because he is good looking. It is more openly addressed later during a series of mutant murders by Sinister, Colossus tends to the wounds of Northstar, the only survivor. He is shocked when the openly gay Northstar asks if Colossus is single, which triggers a transformation into his metal state.Ultimate X-Men #47. Marvel Comics.
Colossus and Northstar amicably part ways and keep in touch even after Northstar's team, the Academy of Tomorrow, come to blows with the X-Men. Colossus later agrees to accompany Northstar to his homecoming dance. This disturbs Nightcrawler, Peter's friend, who begins to avoid and resent him. Their relationship becomes very strained after this and never really recovers, Nightcrawler believing that Colossus deliberately misled and "betrayed" him. This also marks a significant change in Nightcrawler's character: much of his relationship with Colossus in the mainstream versions of them also involves Kitty Pryde (Colossus' recurring love interest throughout most of the various X-Men chronicles)'s close relationship with Nightcrawler. In this version, there is no romantic relations between Pryde and Rasputin and all three characters are affected. In other versions, Nightcrawler is routinely seen as an outsider trying desperately to fit in, more so than the other X-Men, but in this one his blatant homophobia and disgust towards Colossus is a strong theme. Comments have been made with a double meaning toward Peter's sexuality, such as Bobby Drake saying "Too bad he's playing for the other team" during a baseball game against the Academy of Tomorrow.Ultimate X-Men #94. Marvel Comics.
Following Xavier's death, Northstar asks Colossus to come stay with him at the Academy of Tomorrow. Colossus finds a job as a construction worker and refuses to join Bishop's X-Men team.Ultimate X-Men #83. Marvel Comics.
It has been revealed that Colossus is dependent on the mutant enhancement drug Banshee for his super-human strength. Without it, he cannot so much as lift his arms in his organic steel mode. It was also revealed that Peter came to work for the Russian mafia after being banished from his home by his father, who had accidentally discovered him in bed with another man. Colossus briefly formed a Banshee-enhanced splinter group of X-Men, but they have since rejoined the main group drug-free.Ultimate X-Men #97. Marvel Comics.
After rejoining the main X-Men team during the "Ultimatum, a tsunami hits New York and kills numerous people and superheroes including Beast, Dazzler, and Nightcrawler. He fights against Magneto and his Brotherhood in their attack on the world.Ultimatum #1. Marvel Comics. Colossus, alongside Jean Grey, Storm, Iceman, and Rogue, is one of the few X-Men to survive Magneto's rampage.Ultimate X-Men: Requiem (July 2009). Marvel Comics.
At the end of Ultimate X #5, Colossus is shown being held in a government facility: "Camp Angel" along with Storm and Spiral. It can be inferred from the narration of Karen Grant that the government is using them for testing on how to remove the mutant gene. At the start of Ultimate Comics: X-Men as a series, Colossus is seen in this camp. Despite the government's claims that mutants are being well-treated, Colossus is being maliciously tortured with electrical sticks.Ultimate Comics: X-Men #1. Marvel Comics. When the prison is overruled, and arguments started between Storm and Stacy X over the treatment of Warden Lake and Major Walker, until Colossus kills Lake, summoning a fleet of Nimrod Model Sentinels. |
Colossus (character) | Ultimate Universe | Ultimate Universe
During the "Ultimate Invasion" storyline, Maker went to Earth-6160 and remade it into his own image. Colossus is shown to be a member of the Rasputin family, the autocratic rulers of the Eurasian Republic, a power bloc which has Russia as its center of political power. He is among the Rasputin family members that attend Maker's event at The City in Latveria.Ultimate Invasion #2. Marvel Comics. He and the Rasputin family later attend a gathering following the death of Obadiah Stane where it is revealed that they are part of the Maker's Council and that it is their turn to be the "enemy" according to Hulk. It is implied the Republic is known as a rogue state in a series of manufactured conflicts constructed to fuel the war economy practiced by the Council's incorporated nation-states.Ultimate Invasion #3. Marvel Comics. Colossus and the Rasputin family are among the leaders that meet outside The City after it closed up with Maker, Kang the Conqueror, and Howard Stark still inside as they make plans to divide up the North American Union among themselves.Ultimate Invasion #4. Marvel Comics.
During a meeting with the rest of Maker's Council and Nick Fury, it is revealed by Colossus, Magik, and Omega Red that they have any mutants sent to the Eurasian Republic where they are using them as weapons. When Nick Fury tries to have the Cumulo-Carrier "Beast" self-destruct, it doesn't work as Colossus and the rest of Maker's Council has been through different attempts before and that the Nick Fury they were meeting was one of the Life Model Decoys which is then destroyed by Emmanuel da Costa.Ultimate Universe - One Year In #1. Marvel Comics.
In a flashback, Colossus and the Rasputin family are told about Logan and his regenerative abilities by Dr. Alongya Prostovich as they plan to make use of a telepath in their possession to wipe his memory and get better control over him so that he can serve as their Winter Soldier.Ultimate Wolverine #1. Marvel Comics. |
Colossus (character) | X-Men Forever | X-Men Forever
In X-Men Forever, Colossus returns to Russia after the events of X-Men #1-3, where he becomes a government agent, handled by Natalia Romanova, the Black Widow, with whom he has struck up a romance. Although overjoyed to see his old teammates again, he is intent on staying and serving his country.X-Men Forever #11. Marvel Comics. |
Colossus (character) | In other media | In other media |
Colossus (character) | Television | Television
Colossus appears in Spider-Man and His Amazing Friends, voiced by John Stephenson. This version is a member of the X-Men.
Colossus appears in X-Men: Pryde of the X-Men, voiced by Dan Gilvezan.
Colossus makes guest appearances in X-Men: The Animated Series, voiced by Robert Cait. This version was initially driven out of his unspecified home country due to property damage.
Colossus appears in X-Men: Evolution, voiced by Michael Adamthwaite. This version joined Magneto's Acolytes after the latter threatened to hurt his family. Following Magneto's disappearance, Colossus returns to Russia, but later helps the X-Men fight Apocalypse. In a vision of the future that Professor X has in the series finale, Colossus has officially joined the X-Men.
Colossus appears in parts one and two of the Wolverine and the X-Men three-part episode "Hindsight", voiced by Nolan North. This version was a member of the X-Men until they disbanded following Jean Grey's disappearance. A year later, when Professor X tasks Wolverine with reuniting the X-Men, Colossus declines. Prior to the series' cancellation, Colossus was set to reappear in the second season alongside his sister Illyana.
Colossus makes cameo appearances in The Super Hero Squad Show, voiced by Tom Kenny.
Colossus makes a non-speaking cameo appearance in the Marvel Anime: X-Men episode "Destiny - Bond" as a member of the X-Men.
Colossus appears in Marvel Disk Wars: The Avengers, voiced by Takahiro Fujimoto in the Japanese version and by Neil Kaplan in the English dub. This version is a member of the X-Men. |
Colossus (character) | Film | Film
thumb|Colossus as he appears in Deadpool
Colossus makes a cameo appearance in X-Men (2000), portrayed by Donald Mackinnon. This version is a student of the Xavier Institute.
Colossus appears in X2, portrayed by Daniel Cudmore.
Colossus appears X-Men: The Last Stand, portrayed again by Daniel Cudmore. As of this film, he has joined the X-Men.
Colossus appears in X-Men: Days of Future Past, portrayed again by Daniel Cudmore. Colossus assists his fellow X-Men in averting a post-apocalyptic, Sentinel-dominated future until he is killed by a Sentinel. After Kitty Pryde helps Logan change the timeline, Colossus has become a teacher at the Xavier Institute alongside Pryde. Additionally, a viral marketing website promoting the film reveals Colossus to be one of several mutant babies born prematurely after the Chernobyl disaster.
Colossus appears in Deadpool via CGI based on motion-capture stunts by Andre Tricoteux and T.J. Storm, initial face shapes by Glenn Ennis, final facial performance by motion-capture supervisor Greg LaSalle, and voiced by Stefan Kapičić. Deadpool director Tim Miller originally offered Cudmore the role, but he declined.
Colossus appears in Deadpool 2, voiced again by Kapičić, who also provides facial performance capture, and physically portrayed again by Andre Tricoteux.
Colossus appears in Deadpool & Wolverine, voiced again by Kapičić. |
Colossus (character) | Video games | Video games
Colossus appears in The Uncanny X-Men.
Colossus appears as a playable character in X-Men: Madness in Murderworld.
Colossus appears in X-Men II: The Fall of the Mutants.
Colossus appears as a playable character in X-Men (1992).
Colossus appears as a playable character in X-Men: Children of the Atom.
Colossus appears as an assist character in Marvel vs. Capcom: Clash of Super Heroes.
Colossus appears as a playable character in Marvel vs. Capcom 2: New Age of Heroes.
Colossus appear as a non-player character (NPC) in X-Men: Reign of Apocalypse.
Colossus appears as an NPC in X2: Wolverine's Revenge, voiced by Christopher Corey Smith. This version works at a prison called the Void.
Colossus appears as a playable character in X-Men Legends, voiced by Earl Boen.
Colossus appears in X-Men Legends II: Rise of Apocalypse, voiced by Jim Ward.
Colossus appears as a playable character in the Game Boy Advance version of X-Men: The Official Game, voiced by Brad Abrell.
Colossus appears as a playable character in the Wii, Xbox 360, Xbox One, PS3, PlayStation 4, and remastered PC versions of Marvel: Ultimate Alliance, voiced by Crispin Freeman. Additionally, he appears as a playable character in the PS2, PSP, Xbox, and original PC version via a mod and the possessed "Dark Colossus" appears as a boss across all versions of the game.
Colossus appears in Marvel: Ultimate Alliance 2, voiced by Nolan North. He appears a boss in the Pro-Registration campaign and an NPC in the Anti-Registration campaign.
Colossus appears in X-Men: Destiny, voiced by André Sogliuzzo.
Colossus appears as a playable character in Marvel Super Hero Squad Online.
Colossus appears as a playable character in Marvel: Avengers Alliance.
Colossus appears as a playable character in Marvel Heroes, voiced by Chris Cox.
Colossus appears as an unlockable playable character in Lego Marvel Super Heroes, voiced by John DiMaggio.
Two incarnations of Colossus appear as playable characters in Marvel Contest of Champions.
Colossus appears as a playable character in Marvel Future Fight.
Colossus appears as a playable character in Marvel Ultimate Alliance 3: The Black Order, voiced again by Chris Cox. |
Colossus (character) | Miscellaneous | Miscellaneous
Colossus appears in the Astonishing X-Men motion comics, initially voiced by Dan Green and later by Trevor Devall.
Colossus appears in Planet X. |
Colossus (character) | Collected editions | Collected editions
+TitleMaterial collectedPublished dateISBNX-Men: Colossus: God's CountryX-Men Origins: Colossus, material from Classic X-Men #5, 21, 29, Marvel Comics Presents #10-17, X-Men Unlimited (vol. 1) #29, X-Men Unlimited (vol. 2) #14February 2016X-Men: Colossus: BloodlineX-Men: Colossus: Bloodline #1-5April 2006Excalibur Epic Collection: The Battle For BritainColossus #1 and Excalibur #104-115, -1, Kitty Pryde: Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. #1-3, New Mutants: Truth or Death #1-3March 2022 |
Colossus (character) | See also | See also
List of Russian superheroes |
Colossus (character) | Notes | Notes |
Colossus (character) | References | References |
Colossus (character) | External links | External links
Category:Characters created by Dave Cockrum
Category:Characters created by Len Wein
Category:Comics characters introduced in 1975
Category:Cultural depictions of Grigori Rasputin
Category:Deadpool characters
Category:Excalibur (comics)
Category:Fictional artists
Category:Fictional avatars
Category:Fictional characters with metal abilities
Category:Fictional farmers
Category:Fictional immigrants to the United States
Category:Fictional Russian people
Category:Male characters in film
Category:Marvel Comics shapeshifters
Category:Marvel Comics characters with superhuman durability or invulnerability
Category:Marvel Comics characters with superhuman strength
Category:Marvel Comics male superheroes
Category:Marvel Comics martial artists
Category:Marvel Comics mutants
Category:Romani comics characters
Category:Russian superheroes
Category:Soviet Union-themed superheroes
Category:X-Men members |
Colossus (character) | Table of Content | short description, Concept and creation, Publication history, Fictional character biography, Background, X-Men, Excalibur, Death, Return, Colossus: Bloodline, Breakworld and beyond, X-Infernus, Utopia, Fear Itself, Avengers vs. X-Men, X-Force, Amazing X-Men, Extraordinary X-Men, ''Inhumans vs X-Men'' and ''X-Men Gold'', Powers and abilities, Reception, Other versions, Age of Apocalypse, Days of Future Past, Earth X, Exiles, Marvel Zombies, Ultimate Marvel, Ultimate Universe, X-Men Forever, In other media, Television, Film, Video games, Miscellaneous, Collected editions, See also, Notes, References, External links |
Edmund Landau | Short description | Edmund Georg Hermann Landau (14 February 1877 – 19 February 1938) was a German mathematician who worked in the fields of number theory and complex analysis. |
Edmund Landau | Biography | Biography
Edmund Landau was born to a Jewish family in Berlin. His father was Leopold Landau, a gynecologist, and his mother was Johanna Jacoby. Landau studied mathematics at the University of Berlin, receiving his doctorate in 1899 and his habilitation (the post-doctoral qualification required to teach in German universities) in 1901. His doctoral thesis was 14 pages long.
In 1895, his paper on scoring chess tournaments is the earliest use of eigenvector centrality.
Landau taught at the University of Berlin from 1899 to 1909, after which he held a chair at the University of Göttingen. He married Marianne Ehrlich, the daughter of the Nobel Prize-winning biologist Paul Ehrlich, in 1905.
At the 1912 International Congress of Mathematicians Landau listed four problems in number theory about primes that he said were particularly hard using current mathematical methods. They remain unsolved to this day and are now known as Landau's problems.
During the 1920s, Landau was instrumental in establishing the Mathematics Institute at the nascent Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Intent on eventually settling in Jerusalem, he taught himself Hebrew and delivered a lecture entitled Solved and unsolved problems in elementary number theory in Hebrew on 2 April 1925 during the university's groundbreaking ceremonies. He negotiated with the university's president, Judah Magnes, regarding a position at the university and the building that was to house the Mathematics Institute.
Landau and his family emigrated to Mandatory Palestine in 1927 and he began teaching at the Hebrew University. The family had difficulty adjusting to the primitive living standards then available in Jerusalem. In addition, Landau became a pawn in a struggle for control of the university between Magnes and Chaim Weizmann and Albert Einstein. Magnes suggested that Landau be appointed Rector of the university, but Einstein and Weizmann supported Selig Brodetsky. Landau was disgusted by the dispute and decided to return to Göttingen, remaining there until he was forced out by the Nazi regime after the Machtergreifung in 1933, in a boycott organized by Oswald Teichmüller. Thereafter, he lectured only outside Germany. He moved to Berlin in 1934, where he died in early 1938 of natural causes.
In 1903, Landau gave a much simpler proof than was then known of the prime number theorem and later presented the first systematic treatment of analytic number theory in the Handbuch der Lehre von der Verteilung der Primzahlen (the "Handbuch"). He also made important contributions to complex analysis.
G. H. Hardy and Hans Heilbronn wrote that "No one was ever more passionately devoted to mathematics than Landau".
Obituary and review of scientific work and books. |
Edmund Landau | Works | Works
Handbuch der Lehre von der Verteilung der Primzahlen, Taubner, Leipzig, 1909.
Darstellung und Begründung einiger neuerer Ergebnisse der Funktionentheorie, Springer, 1916.
Einführung in die elementare und analytische Theorie der algebraischen Zahlen und Ideale, 1918.
Vorlesungen über Zahlentheorie, 3 Vols, S. Hirzel, Leipzig, 1927.
Grundlagen der Analysis, Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft, Leipzig, 1930.
Einführung in die Differential- und Integralrechnung, P. Noordhoff N. V., Groningen, 1934.
Über einige neuere Fortschritte der additiven Zahlentheorie, Cambridge University Press, London, 1937. |
Edmund Landau | Translated works | Translated works
Foundations of Analysis, Chelsea Pub Co. .
Differential and Integral Calculus, American Mathematical Society. .
Elementary Number Theory, American Mathematical Society. . |
Edmund Landau | See also | See also
Landau's function
Landau prime ideal theorem
Landau's problems
Landau's symbol (Big O notation)
Landau–Kolmogorov inequality
Landau–Ramanujan constant
Landau's problem on the Dirichlet eta function
Landau kernel |
Edmund Landau | References | References |
Edmund Landau | External links | External links
Edmund Landau: The Master Rigorist by Eli Maor, Trigonometric Delights, page 192.
Translation of his doctoral thesis Neuer Beweis der Gleichung , Berlin 1899
Category:19th-century German mathematicians
Category:20th-century German mathematicians
Category:Academic staff of the University of Göttingen
Category:German number theorists
Category:19th-century German Jews
Category:Scientists from Berlin
Category:People from the Province of Brandenburg
Category:1877 births
Category:1938 deaths
Category:Französisches Gymnasium Berlin alumni
Category:Presidents of the German Mathematical Society |
Edmund Landau | Table of Content | Short description, Biography, Works, Translated works, See also, References, External links |
There's No Disgrace Like Home | Use American English | "There's No Disgrace Like Home" is the fourth episode of the American animated television series The Simpsons. It first aired on Fox in the United States on January 28, 1990. In the episode, Homer is ashamed of his family's behavior at a catastrophic company picnic and enrolls them in therapy. The therapist, Dr. Marvin Monroe (Harry Shearer), struggles to solve their problems − culminating in a shock therapy-based showdown between the family members − before eventually giving up and refunding their money.
One of the first-produced episodes of the season, it is known for showcasing early designs and different characterizations for several members of the cast. The episode is inspired by the comedy of Laurel and Hardy and features cultural references to films such as Citizen Kane and Freaks as well as the Batman and Twilight Zone television series. When the BBC began airing The Simpsons in November 1996, this episode was the first to be shown. |
There's No Disgrace Like Home | Plot | Plot
Homer takes his family to a company picnic, where he is embarrassed by the behavior of Bart, Lisa, Maggie, and Marge. Mr. Burns, Homer's boss, fires any employee whose family members are not enjoying themselves. When Homer notices that Mr. Burns approves of a "normal", well-mannered family who treat one another with respect, he wonders why his own family is so dysfunctional. The picnic is a catastrophe when Bart chases and tortures the swans, Lisa swims in the fountain, and Marge gets drunk from alcohol-spiked punch and performs a musical number.
Homer tries to prove his point to Bart, Lisa, and Marge by taking them on a tour of the neighborhood and peeking in windows to observe other families. The excursion makes the others uncomfortable for invading these families' privacy, and one homeowner shoots at them for trespassing. A depressed Homer visits Moe's Tavern, where he sees a television advertisement for Dr. Marvin Monroe's Family Therapy Center. Enticed by Monroe's guarantee of "family bliss or double your money back", Homer decides to sign the Simpsons up for an appointment.
To his family's chagrin, Homer pawns their television to pay for the $250 therapy. When Monroe asks the Simpsons to draw pictures of the source of their problems, Bart, Lisa, and Marge draw Homer. Distracted, Homer draws an airplane in flight and Monroe scolds him for being a bad father figure. After Homer gets angry with Bart and tries to attack him with a lamp, Monroe gives the Simpsons padded mallets to work out their aggression without harming each other. The exercise fails when Bart removes the padding from his mallet and hits Monroe in the knee with the hard inner core.
In frustration, Monroe resorts to aversion therapy by wiring the family members to an electric generator, so they can deliver shocks to one another to deter misbehavior. However, they shock each other so many times that the generator becomes damaged (which leads to all of Monroe's other patients leaving his office) and the entire city suffers a brownout, delighting Mr. Burns. Realizing he cannot help the Simpsons, Monroe unplugs the generator and begs them to leave. After Homer reminds him of the double-money-back guarantee, Monroe angrily pays him $500 on the condition that they never tell anyone of their visit to the center. The Simpsons decide to use the $500 to buy a new television. |
There's No Disgrace Like Home | Cast | Cast
Dan Castellaneta as Homer Simpson, Barney Gumble and Son in Monroe ad
Julie Kavner as Marge Simpson
Nancy Cartwright as Bart Simpson, Tom Gammil, Mother #2 and Receptionist
Yeardley Smith as Lisa Simpson
Harry Shearer as Mr. Burns, Waylon Smithers, Father #1, Documentation voice, Father #2, Boxing announcer, Eddie, Dr. Marvin Monroe, Voice in Monroe ad, Pawnbroker and Father #3
Hank Azaria as Moe Szyslak, Mr. Gammil, Lou and Father in Monroe ad
Maggie Roswell as Mother #1, Daughter and Mother in Monroe ad
Pamela Hayden as Son #1 and Son #2 |
There's No Disgrace Like Home | Production | Production
The episode shows signs of being one of the earliest produced. Several of the characters notably behave differently compared to the episodes surrounding it: akin to her portrayal in the Tracey Ullman Show shorts, Lisa is an undisciplined brat indistinguishable from Bart, Marge gets drunk and is inattentive, and Homer is the voice of reason. These roles were reversed in later episodes. It was an early episode for Mr. Burns (who was known as Mr. Meanie in the first draft), who had been voiced by Christopher Collins in the previous episode. Originally, the character was influenced by Ronald Reagan, a concept that was later dropped. The idea that he would greet his employees using index cards was inspired by the way Reagan greeted people. The episode marks the first time Burns refers to "releasing the hounds".
The episode marked the first appearance of Dr. Marvin Monroe and Itchy & Scratchy; the latter had previously appeared in the shorts. It also marked the first appearance of yellow Smithers, who was drawn as an African-American in the previous episode. Eddie and Lou also appeared for the first time, although Lou was mistakenly animated with yellow instead of black, as he would later become. Lou was named after Lou Whitaker, a Major League Baseball player.
The idea behind the shock therapy scene was based on Laurel and Hardy throwing pies at each other. The scene was rearranged in the editing room; it played out differently when first produced. The edits to this scene were preliminary, but well-received, and remained unchanged in the finished product.
The episode's title is a parody of the phrase "There's no place like home," first heard in the 1823 song "Home! Sweet Home!," and best recognized from the 1939 film The Wizard of Oz. The scene in which the family enters Burns' Manor contains two cultural references. The Manor resembles Charles Foster Kane's mansion from the 1941 film Citizen Kane. The characters refer to it as "stately Burns Manor", a reference to the Batman TV series. In addition, there is a reference to Freaks, the Tod Browning cult horror film, in the repetition of the line "one of us".
While drunk at Mr. Burns' picnic, Marge sings a version of the song "Hey, Brother, Pour the Wine" which was popularised by Dean Martin. The shock therapy scene is reminiscent of the 1971 film A Clockwork Orange.
The episode made a brief appearance as inflight entertainment in the 1990 action film Die Hard 2. |
There's No Disgrace Like Home | Reception | Reception
In its original broadcast, "There's No Disgrace Like Home" (which aired the same day as Super Bowl XXIV on rival network CBS) finished forty-fifth in ratings for the week of January 22–28, 1990, with a Nielsen rating of 11.2, equivalent to approximately 10.3 million viewing households. It was the second-highest-rated show on Fox that week, following Married... with Children.
Since airing, the episode has received mixed reviews from television critics. The authors of the book I Can't Believe It's a Bigger and Better Updated Unofficial Simpsons Guide, Warren Martyn and Adrian Wood, note: "It's very strange to see Homer pawning the TV set in an attempt to save the family; if this episode had come later Marge would surely have taken this stance." They continue, "A neat swipe at family counseling with some great set pieces; we're especially fond of the perfect version of The Simpsons and the electric-shock aversion therapy."
Colin Jacobson at DVD Movie Guide said in a review that the episode is "[his] least favorite episode of Season One" and further commented: "Homer feels embarrassed by the others? Marge acts poorly in public and doesn't care about the upkeep of the family? Lisa (Yeardley Smith) engages in pranks and silliness? This ain't the family we've grown to know and love."
It was the first episode to be broadcast on terrestrial television by the BBC on November 23, 1996, on a Saturday at 5:30 pm, because the episodes were shown out of order. The episode was screened with five million viewers, slightly less than the show Dad's Army, which previously held the timeslot. The episode also faced competition from ITV's screening of Sabrina the Teenage Witch. |
There's No Disgrace Like Home | Home media | Home media
The episode was released first on home video in the United Kingdom, as part of a VHS release titled The Simpsons Collection; the episode was paired with season one episode "Bart the General". It was released in the US on the VHS release The Best of The Simpsons, Vol. 1 (1997), paired with "Life on the Fast Lane". It was later re-released in the US in a collector's edition boxed set of the first three volumes of The Best of The Simpsons collections. It was re-released in the UK as part of a VHS boxed set of the complete first season, released in November 1999. The episode's debut on the DVD format was as a part of The Simpsons season one DVD set, which was released on September 25, 2001. Groening, Jean, and Reiss participated in the DVD's audio commentary. A digital edition of the series' first season was published December 20, 2010 in the United States containing the episode, through Amazon Video and iTunes. |
There's No Disgrace Like Home | References | References |
There's No Disgrace Like Home | Bibliography | Bibliography |
There's No Disgrace Like Home | External links | External links
Category:1990 American television episodes
Category:Family therapy
Category:The Simpsons season 1 episodes
Category:Television episodes written by Al Jean
Category:Television episodes written by Mike Reiss |
There's No Disgrace Like Home | Table of Content | Use American English, Plot, Cast, Production, Reception, Home media, References, Bibliography, External links |
Hidalgo | wiktionary | Hidalgo may refer to: |
Hidalgo | People | People
Hidalgo (nobility), members of the Spanish nobility
Hidalgo (surname) |
Hidalgo | Places | Places |
Hidalgo | Mexico | Mexico
Most, if not all, named for Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla (1753–1811)
Hidalgo (state), in central Mexico
Hidalgo, Coahuila, a town in the state of Coahuila
Hidalgo, Nuevo León, a city in the state of Nuevo León
Hidalgo, Tamaulipas, a municipality in the state of Tamaulipas
Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico City, one of the city's 16 constituent boroughs
Hidalgo Yalalag, Oaxaca
Frontera Hidalgo, Chiapas
Ciudad Hidalgo, Chiapas
Ciudad Hidalgo, Michoacán
Sabinas Hidalgo, Nuevo León
Villa Hidalgo, Baja California
Villa Hidalgo (Villaflores), Chiapas
Villa Hidalgo (Tuzantán), Chiapas
Villa Hidalgo, Coahuila
Villa Hidalgo, Durango
Villa Hidalgo, Jalisco
Villa Hidalgo, Nayarit
Villa Hidalgo, San Luis Potosí
Villa Hidalgo, Sonora
Villa Hidalgo, Tamaulipas
Villa Hidalgo, Zacatecas
Villa Hidalgo (Santa Rita), Zacatecas |
Hidalgo | United States | United States
Hidalgo, Illinois
Hidalgo, Texas
Hidalgo County, New Mexico
Hidalgo County, Texas |
Hidalgo | Dominican Republic | Dominican Republic
Los Hidalgos, Dominican Republic |
Hidalgo | Philippines | Philippines
Hidalgo Street, Qiapo, Manila, Philippines |
Hidalgo | Fiction | Fiction
Hidalgo, name of a fictional country in Central America in the Doc Savage stories |
Hidalgo | Transportation | Transportation
Hidalgo metro station, in Mexico City
Hidalgo (Mexico City Metrobús, Line 3), a BRT station in Mexico City
Hidalgo (Mexico City Metrobús, Line 4), a BRT station in Mexico City
Hidalgo (Mexico City Metrobús, Line 7), a BRT station in Mexico City
Hidalgo (Mexibús), a BRT station in Ecatepec, State of Mexico |
Hidalgo | Other uses | Other uses
944 Hidalgo, an asteroid
Hidalgo (film), a 2004 film based on the legend of the American distance rider Frank Hopkins and his mustang Hidalgo
Hidalgo (moth), a moth genus
Hidalgo (Sherry), a Spanish Sherry producer |
Hidalgo | See also | See also
Hidalgo County (disambiguation) |
Hidalgo | Table of Content | wiktionary, People, Places, Mexico, United States, Dominican Republic, Philippines, Fiction, Transportation, Other uses, See also |
Lists of cathedrals | Short description | This is a list of cathedrals by country, including both actual cathedrals (seats of bishops in episcopal denominations, such as Catholicism, Anglicanism, and Orthodoxy) and a few prominent churches from non-episcopal denominations commonly referred to as "cathedral", usually having formerly acquired that status. As of December 2018, the Catholic Church had 3,391 cathedral-level churches; Cathedral (3,037), Co-cathedral (312), and Pro-cathedral (42) status around the world, predominantly in countries with a significant Roman Catholic population: Italy (368), Brazil (287), United States (215), India (183), France (110), Mexico (100), Spain (88), Philippines (88), Colombia (86), Canada (79) and Argentina (72). |
Lists of cathedrals | Africa | Africa
List of cathedrals in Algeria
List of cathedrals in Angola
List of cathedrals in Benin
List of cathedrals in Botswana
List of cathedrals in Burkina Faso
List of cathedrals in Burundi
List of cathedrals in Cameroon
List of cathedrals in the Central African Republic
List of cathedrals in Chad
List of cathedrals in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
List of cathedrals in the Republic of the Congo
List of cathedrals in Egypt
List of cathedrals in Ghana
List of cathedrals in Ivory Coast
List of cathedrals in Liberia
List of cathedrals in Madagascar
List of cathedrals in Malawi
List of cathedrals in Morocco
List of cathedrals in Mozambique
List of cathedrals in Nigeria
List of cathedrals in Rwanda
List of cathedrals in Senegal
List of cathedrals in South Africa
List of cathedrals in Tanzania
List of cathedrals in Zambia
List of cathedrals in Zimbabwe |
Lists of cathedrals | Americas | Americas
List of cathedrals in Antigua and Barbuda
List of cathedrals in Argentina
List of cathedrals in the Bahamas
List of cathedrals in Barbados
List of cathedrals in Belize
List of cathedrals in Bermuda
List of cathedrals in Bolivia
List of cathedrals in Brazil
List of cathedrals in Canada
List of cathedrals in Chile
List of cathedrals in Colombia
List of cathedrals in Costa Rica
List of cathedrals in Cuba
List of cathedrals in Dominica
List of cathedrals in the Dominican Republic
List of cathedrals in Ecuador
List of cathedrals in El Salvador
List of cathedrals in Guatemala
List of cathedrals in Haiti
List of cathedrals in Honduras
List of cathedrals in Mexico
List of cathedrals in Nicaragua
List of cathedrals in Panama
List of cathedrals in Paraguay
List of cathedrals in Peru
List of cathedrals in the United States
List of cathedrals in Uruguay
List of cathedrals in Venezuela |
Lists of cathedrals | Asia | Asia
List of cathedrals in Armenia
List of cathedrals in Azerbaijan
List of cathedrals in Bangladesh
List of cathedrals in Cambodia
List of cathedrals in China
List of cathedrals in East Timor
List of cathedrals in Hong Kong
List of cathedrals in India
List of cathedrals in Indonesia
List of cathedrals in Iraq
List of cathedrals in Israel
List of cathedrals in Japan
List of cathedrals in Kazakhstan
Cathedrals in North Korea
List of cathedrals in South Korea
List of cathedrals in Lebanon
Cathedrals in Macau
List of cathedrals in Malaysia
List of cathedrals in Myanmar
List of cathedrals in the State of Palestine
List of cathedrals in Pakistan
List of cathedrals in the Philippines
List of cathedrals in Singapore
List of cathedrals in Sri Lanka
List of cathedrals in Syria
List of cathedrals in Taiwan
List of cathedrals in Thailand
List of cathedrals in Turkey
List of cathedrals in Vietnam |
Lists of cathedrals | Europe | Europe
List of cathedrals in Albania
List of cathedrals in Austria
List of cathedrals in Belarus
List of cathedrals in Belgium
List of cathedrals in Bosnia and Herzegovina
List of cathedrals in Bulgaria
List of cathedrals in Croatia
List of cathedrals in the Czech Republic
List of cathedrals in Denmark
List of cathedrals in England
List of cathedrals in Estonia
List of cathedrals in Finland
List of cathedrals in France
List of cathedrals in Germany
List of cathedrals in Greece
List of cathedrals in Hungary
List of cathedrals in Iceland
List of cathedrals in Ireland
List of cathedrals in Italy
List of cathedrals in Latvia
List of cathedrals in Lithuania
List of cathedrals in Malta
List of cathedrals in Moldova
List of cathedrals in Montenegro
List of cathedrals in the Netherlands
List of cathedrals in North Macedonia
List of cathedrals in Norway
List of cathedrals in Poland
List of cathedrals in Portugal
List of cathedrals in Romania
List of cathedrals in Russia
List of cathedrals in Scotland
List of cathedrals in Serbia
List of cathedrals in Slovakia
List of cathedrals in Slovenia
List of cathedrals in Spain
List of cathedrals in Sweden
List of cathedrals in Switzerland
List of cathedrals in Turkey
List of cathedrals in Ukraine
List of cathedrals in the United Kingdom
List of cathedrals in Wales |
Lists of cathedrals | Oceania | Oceania
List of cathedrals in Australia
List of cathedrals in New Zealand
List of cathedrals in Papua New Guinea
List of cathedrals in Solomon Islands |
Lists of cathedrals | See also | See also
Church (building)
Co-cathedral
Duomo
Minster (church)
Pro-cathedral
List of largest church buildings
List of tallest church buildings
List of Catholic basilicas
Lists of buildings and structures |
Lists of cathedrals | References | References
Category:Lists of churches |
Lists of cathedrals | Table of Content | Short description, Africa, Americas, Asia, Europe, Oceania, See also, References |
Tamaulipas | short description | Tamaulipas, officially the Free and Sovereign State of Tamaulipas, is a state in Mexico; one of the 31 states which, along with Mexico City, comprise the 32 federal entities of Mexico. It is divided into 43 municipalities.
It is located in northeast Mexico and is bordered by the states of Nuevo León to the west, San Luis Potosí to the southwest, and Veracruz to the southeast. To the north, it has a stretch of the U.S.–Mexico border with the state of Texas, and to the east it is bordered by the Gulf of Mexico. In addition to the capital city, Ciudad Victoria, the state's largest cities include Reynosa, Matamoros, Nuevo Laredo, Tampico, and Mante. |
Tamaulipas | Etymology | Etymology
The name Tamaulipas is derived from Tamaholipa, a Huastec term in which the tam- prefix signifies "place (where)". No scholarly agreement exists on the meaning of holipa, but "high hills" is a common interpretation. Another explanation of the state name is that it is derived from Ta ma ho'lipam ("place where the Lipan Apache prey"). |
Tamaulipas | History | History
The area known as Tamaulipas has been inhabited for at least 8,000 years. Several different cultures (north coastal, south coastal, lowlands, and mountains) have come and gone during that period.
Tamaulipas was originally populated by the nomad Chichimec and sedentary Huastec, in addition to non-Chichimec hunter-gatherer and fishing tribes. |
Tamaulipas | Spanish era | Spanish era
A gradual process was needed for Spain to subjugate the inhabitants of Tamaulipas in the 16th and 17th centuries. The first permanent Spanish settlement in the area was Tampico in 1554. Further settlement was done by Franciscan missionaries; widespread cattle and sheep ranching by the Spanish bolstered the area's economy while forcing native populations from their original lands. Repeated indigenous rebellions kept the area unstable and weakened colonial interest in the region. What is now Tamaulipas was first incorporated as a separate province of New Spain in 1746 with the name Nuevo Santander. The local government capital during this time moved from Santander to San Carlos, and finally to Aguayo. The territory of this time spanned from the San Antonio River to the northeast to the Gulf of Mexico, then south to the Pánuco River near Tampico and west to the Sierra Madre Mountains. The area became a haven for rebellious Indians who fled there after increased Spanish settlements in Nuevo León and Coahuila.
In 1784 Nuevo Santander (Tamaulipas) led by Escandón, annexed San Antonio de los Llanos and its dependencies on the Purificación lagoon together with a certain number of ranches on the right bank of the Río Grande that belonged to Nuevo León. New settlements were then founded and the line of towns along the Rio Grande would later be dubbed the "villas del norte", or northern towns (Laredo, Revilla [Guerrero], Mier, Camargo, and Reynosa) which were established as a key part of Escandón's plan for the pacification and colonization of the province. These settlements, from Laredo to Reynosa, served as a defensive line for larger centers of population in the Mexican interior. Moreover, the villas functioned as a means to introduce Spanish "civilization" to the indigenous groups of the area. The Tamaulipas-Nuevo Leon border likely runs along old Mesquite Posts.
In the mid-17th century, various Apache bands from the Southern Plains, after acquiring horses from Europeans in New Mexico, moved southeastward into the Edwards Plateau, displacing the native hunting and gathering groups. One of these groups was known as Lipan (see Hodge 1907 Vol. I:769 for a confusing list of synonyms). After 1750, when most Apache groups of the Central Texas highlands were displaced by Comanche and moved into the coastal plain of southern Texas, the Europeans of the San Antonio area began referring to all Apache groups in southern Texas as Lipan or Lipan Apache.(Campbell and Campbell 1981:62–64).
Many Indian groups of missions in southern Texas and northeastern Mexico had recently been displaced from their territory through the southward push by the Lipan Apaches and were still hostile toward Apaches, linking arms with the local Spanish authorities against their common foe.
By 1790, Europeans turned their attention from the aboriginal groups and focused on containing the Apache invaders. In northeastern Coahuila and adjacent Texas, Spanish and Apache displacements created an unusual ethnic mix. Here, the local Indians mixed with displaced groups from Coahuila and Chihuahua and Texas. Some groups, to escape the pressure, combined and migrated north into the Central Texas highlands. |
Tamaulipas | Independent Mexico | Independent Mexico
In 1824, after the Mexican War of Independence from Spain, and the fall of the Mexican Empire, Tamaulipas was one of the 19 founder states of the new United Mexican States. Slavery was formally abolished by the 1824 Constitution. During the fights between centralists and federalists that after independence, the successful Texas Revolution led to the creation of the Republic of Texas in 1836. The new republic claimed as part of its territory northern Tamaulipas.
left|thumb|190px|Tamaulipas in Mexico, 1824
In 1840, it became a part of the short-lived Republic of the Rio Grande. In 1848, after the Mexican–American War, Tamaulipas lost more than a quarter of its territory via the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo. American president James K. Polk had desired to annex Mexican territory as far south as Tampico although his negotiator Nicholas Trist disregarded this and settled on a border with Texas on the Rio Grande.Howe, Daniel Walker. What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815–1848. Oxford University Press, 2007. p.801-804 Its capital was kept at Aguayo, which later was renamed Ciudad Victoria in honor of Guadalupe Victoria, first President of Mexico.
In the wake of the war, Tamaulipas remained an object of interest to American expansionists. The climate was considered suitable for the spread of slavery by Southerners who desired the admission of new territory to shift the balance in Congress back towards the slave states. Senator Albert Gallatin Brown declared "I want Tamaulipas, Potosi, and one or two other Mexican states; and I want them all for the same reason – for the plantation and spreading of slavery".McPherson, James M. Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era. Oxford University Press, 2003. p.105 In the 1850s José María Jesús Carbajal led several incursions into TamaulipasHart, John Mason. Empire and Revolution: The Americans in Mexico since the Civil War. University of California Press, 2002. p.24 before being indicted for violating the Neutrality Act. Filibustering efforts were also directed towards Cuba with the Lopez Expedition, which was desired for the same reason as Tamaulipas.
The French occupation and reign of Emperor Maximilian during the 1860s was difficult for Tamaulipas, at least on the borders and in the city of Tampico. Portions of Tamaulipas supported the republican forces led by President Benito Juarez in resisting the French, especially in the north. Two years after French occupation began, Tamaulipas as a state finally acceded to Maximilian's rule, and the last French soldiers left the state in 1866, leading up to Maximilian's execution and fall of the Second Mexican Empire in 1867.
However, the years after Maximilian's defeat were ones of rebuilding and great growth in Tamaulipas. International trade began to blossom, especially with the coming of the railroad to Tampico, which was developing as not only a port city but also as an industrial and commercial center. The railroad allowed goods to flow quickly from the mines and cities of the interior and the Texas border to Tampico for processing and shipment. This, in turn, caused significant growth in towns such as Matamoros and Nuevo Laredo.
Since the revolution of 1910, successive governments have dedicated themselves to building industry and infrastructure in Tamaulipas, including communications and educational systems. Norberto Treviño Zapata founded the state university system, as well as reformed the state oil industry. Marte Gómez provided increased farm sizes for private family farmers. And more recently, Emilio Martínez Manautou led industrial growth. Lately, a push has been to strengthen fishing, including efforts to increase the price of fish and shellfish on the international market.
During the 1970s, Colombia was experiencing the Colombian Conflict, leading to the rise of illicit criminal organizations like the Cali Cartel and Medellín Cartel led by drug traffickers like Pablo Escobar and Fabio Ochoa Vásquez. In Mexico, there had already existed various illicit organizations doing drug trafficking like the Gulf Cartel, Milenio Cartel, Juaréz Cartel, Guadalajara Cartel, and a new group of vigilante drug traffickers called La Familia Michoacana. The Gulf Cartel was in charge of the State of Tamaulipas and other gulf coast states, leading to the drug trafficking rates going high in the 1990s. Around that time, a group of defectors from the Mexican Special Forces that participated in the Chiapas conflict defected as Osiel Cárdenas Guillén made them promises that they would receive better wages if they worked as the enforcer group of the Gulf Cartel called Los Zetas. They did incursions in states like Michoacán and merged La Familia Michoacana as an enforcer group from 2004 to 2006. In 2006, their crimes resulted in the Mexican drug war and Joint Operation Nuevo León-Tamaulipas. |
Tamaulipas | Geography | Geography
thumb|250px|Sierra Madre Oriental
The Tropic of Cancer crosses the southern part of the municipality of Victoria.
The coastal plains along the Gulf have a large presence in the state, whereas inland the landscape is adorned by cactus species and pasture. Predominant fauna in the region include the cougar (Puma concolor), long-tailed weasel (Mustela frenata), ocelot (Leopardus pardalis), American badger (Taxidea taxus), North American beaver (Castor canadensis), plain chachalaca (Ortalis vetula) and quail.
In the western part of the state, the Sierra Madre Oriental displays warm valleys and high sierras with peaks reaching in the Pedragoso Sierra; in the Borregos Sierra; in La Gloria Sierra; in Cerro el Nacimiento; and above sea level in the Sierra el Pinal. The Sierra de Tamaulipas and the Sierra de San Carlos are isolated mountain ranges in eastern Tamaulipas.
In terms of hydrology, the Bravo, Purificacion, and Guayalejo Rivers flow into the Gulf of Mexico after crossing the state from the western inland. On their way, their basins and zones of influence naturally correspond to the areas destined for agricultural use. The Rio Grande, known to Mexicans as the Río Bravo, represents the northern frontier shared with the United States. One of the tributaries of this natural border, the San Juan River, feeds the . Agricultural and cattle-raising activities are served by 14 other dams across the state, with a total capacity of of water. |
Tamaulipas | Climate | Climate
About 58% of the state has a hot humid subtropical climate. In the centre, north, and towards southwest, an arid and semi-arid climate predominate (both of these account for 38% of the state). A temperate subtropical climate is found in the extreme southwest of the state while in the extreme southeast, such as Tampico, there is a tropical savanna climate. Mean annual temperature in the state is around while mean annual precipitation is , mostly concentrated between June and September. |
Tamaulipas | Government and infrastructure | Government and infrastructure
State agencies include:
Secretaría de Seguridad Pública (Tamaulipas)
Secretetaria De Obras Publica
Fiscalia General De Justica Tamaulipas
Guardia Estatal |
Tamaulipas | Economy | Economy
thumb|200px|Port of Tampico
Northern Tamaulipas shares its economic culture with that of Texas, and is primarily characterized by agriculture and strong growth in all industrial sectors. This region is home to many of the maquiladoras, factories owned by foreign companies but worked by Mexicans, primarily by women. In the state there are important industrial parks such as the Oradel Industrial Center, located in the border city of Nuevo Laredo.
Southern Tamaulipas' economy is primarily based on the petrochemical industries. There are petrochemical production plants around Altamira as well as a principal Gulf coast container port, refinery facilities in Ciudad Madero and many oil-industry support service companies in Tampico, as well as a major general and bulk cargo port. Also of importance are the tourism and fishing industries, as well as much commercial shipping, based in Tampico and Altamira. The little village of La Pesca, in the municipality of Soto La Marina, about midway between Brownsville, Texas and Tampico, is a rapidly growing tourist area with lovely beaches and excellent fishing both in the Gulf of Mexico and the Rio Soto La Marina. The central zone contains the capital, Ciudad Victoria, and is home to much forestry and farming, as well as some industrial development. About 30% of the population lives here, both in the capital and in Ciudad Mante. Ciudad Victoria is a significant educational center, home to the Autonomous University of Tamaulipas (which also has campuses in other cities in the state), the Regional Technical Institute of Ciudad Victoria, the University of Valle de Bravo, and other institutions of learning.
As of the 1990 Mexican census, 13% of the homes had only dirt floors, nearly 19% had no running water, and over 15% of the homes had no electricity. This was better than the national average but was skewed because of the high rate of development in the urban centers. In rural communities in Tamaulipas, access to running water was available in less than 40% of homes.
As of 2005, Tamaulipas's economy represents 3.3% of Mexico's total gross domestic product or 21,664 million USD. Tamaulipas's economy has a strong focus on export oriented manufacturing (i.e. maquiladora / IMMEX). As of 2005, 258,762 people are employed in the manufacturing sector. Foreign direct investment in Tamaulipas was 386.2 million USD for 2005. The average wage for an employee in Tamaulipas is approximately 240 pesos per day, $2.00 to $3.00 an hour. |
Tamaulipas | Demographics | Demographics
More than 200,000 people born in the southern neighboring state of Veracruz are economic immigrants that travel to work in the maquila industry. |
Tamaulipas | Education | Education
Tamaulipas enjoys standards slightly higher than the national averages, with illiteracy reduced to 5% for those over 15 years of age, average schooling reaches 7.8 years, and as many as 11% have earned a professional degree.
Institutions of higher education include:
Instituto de Estudios Superiores de Tamaulipas (IEST)
Instituto Tecnológico de Ciudad Madero (ITCM)
Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas
Tec Campus Tampico (ITESM) |
Tamaulipas | Transportation | Transportation |
Tamaulipas | Airports | Airports
Tamaulipas is served by five international airports and one national airport.
Ciudad Mante is served by: Ciudad Mante National Airport
Ciudad Victoria is served by: General Pedro J. Méndez International Airport
Matamoros is served by: General Servando Canales International Airport
Nuevo Laredo is served by: Quetzalcóatl International Airport
Reynosa is served by: General Lucio Blanco International Airport
Tampico is served by: General Francisco Javier Mina International Airport |
Tamaulipas | Media | Media
Newspapers of Tamaulipas include: El Bravo, El Diario de Ciudad Victoria, El Mañana, El Mañana de Reynosa, El Mercurio de Tamaulipas, El Sol de la Tarde, El Sol de Tampico, Hora Cero Tamaulipas, La Razón, La Tarde, La Verdad de Tamaulipas, Milenio, Periódico Valle del Norte, and Siempre con la verdad a tiempo. |
Tamaulipas | Notable natives and residents | Notable natives and residents
José Ángel Gurría Treviño, diplomat and economist, Secretary-General of the OECD.
Intocable, Regional Mexican musical group
Fito Olivares, Cumbia singer/musician
Alicja Bachleda-Curus, actress, singer
Rosemary Barkett, US judge
Jean-Louis Berlandier (1803–1851) French-Mexican naturalist, physician, and anthropologist.
James Carlos Blake, award-winning novelist
José María Jesús Carbajal, Mexican freedom fighter, military governor of Tamaulipas
Linda Christian, actress
Ivan Contreras, volleyball olympics
Ana Brenda Contreras, actress, singer
Amalia González Caballero de Castillo Ledón, diplomat, cabinet minister, minister plenipotentiary, writer,
Laura Elizondo, beauty queen/model
Juan García Esquivel, composer/band leader/pianist
Laura Flores, actress
Manuel González Flores, general and politician who served as president of Mexico from 1880 to 1884.
Víctor García, singer
Elma González, plant cell biologist
Rodrigo González, musician and songwriter
Emilio Portes Gil, president of Mexico after the death of Alvaro Obregon in 1928.
Alejandro Gomez Monteverde, director/producer
Manuel Raga, basketball player
Aurora Robles, model
James de La Rosa, welterweight boxer
Juan de la Rosa, boxer on the NBC's show The Contender
Arleth Terán, actress
Rigo Tovar, singer/songwriter/composer/actor
Ismael Valdez, former starting pitcher in Major League Baseball
Eduardo Verástegui, actor/model
B. Traven, German author and activist
Juan Garcia Abrego, drug criminal
Juan Nepomuceno Guerra, smuggler/founder of C.D.G.
Mauricio Garces, actor
Mayra Flores, politician, first Mexican-born American congressperson |
Tamaulipas | State anthem | State anthem
The current anthem of the state of Tamaulipas is , composed in 1926 by Rafael Antonio Pérez Pérez, set to music by Alfredo Tamayo Marín. Normally, only the chorus, first verse and chorus are sung in public.
Chorus:
Long live Tamaulipas, proud and heroic,
The region that slumbers on the banks of the river.
Blood pounds in my chest
At the glorious memory of her heroes and honor.
Long live Tamaulipas, the beloved land
That in the dire times gave her blood and life.
Let us sing a hymn of love and loyalty
And let all Tamaulipas vibrate to the voice of freedom.Estrofa I:
Fuiste cuna de nobles varones
que con la luz de su saber iluminaron,
y al pasar por la tierra dejaron
con sus obras su nombre inmortal.
Hoy la historia, canta la gloria
de tus héroes en marcha triunfal.Verse I:
Thou wert the cradle of noble men
Who by the light of their knowledge illuminated,
And who in passing through the world left
By their works their immortal name.
Today history sings the glory
Of your heroes in triumphal march.Estrofa II:
En los tiempos de duelo y de guerra
con tu valor fuiste el honor de nuestro suelo.
Defendiste heroica la tierra
y tu espada fue siempre inmortal.
Hoy la historia, canta la gloria
de tus heroes en marcha triunfal.Verse II:
In times of grief and war,
With your courage you were the honor of our soil.
You heroically defended the land
And your sword was always immortal.
Today the story, sings the glory
Of your heroes' triumphal march.Estrofa III:
En tu seno de mirtos y rosas
fuente de amor en el hogar tamaulipeco.
¡Son tus hijas mujeres virtuosas
que engalanan el patio vergel!
Hoy la historia, canta la gloria
con el mirto, la oliva y laurel.Verse III:
In your heart of myrtle and roses,
Source of love in the Tamaulipecan home.
Your daughters are virtuous women
That adorn the courtyard garden!
Today the story, sings the glory
With the myrtle, olive and laurel.Estrofa IV:
Los que duermen eterno descanso,
los que por ti con fe y valor su vida dieron,
por hacerte feliz sucumbieron
bajo el fuego que te hizo inmortal.
Hoy la historia, canta la gloria
de tus heroes en marcha triunfal.Verse IV:
Those who sleep in eternal rest,
That for you with faith and courage gave his life,
Succumbed to make you happy
Under the fire that made you immortal.
Today the story, sings the glory
Of your heroes' triumphal march.Estrofa V:
Ya la aurora de tiempos mejores
iluminó con su fulgor nuestros albores;
y en los surcos que abre el arado
va sembrando la fraternidad.
Y su anhelo, protege el cielo
floreciendo en la santa hermandad.Verse V:
Since the dawn of better times
Illuminated by his splendor our dawn;
And in the plow furrows opened
Is sowing the fraternity.
And his desire, protects the heavens
Flourishing in the holy brotherhood.Estrofa VI:
Nuestros hombres hoy luchan ufanos
por mejorar su condición de ciudadanos.
Igualdad es la flor del ensueño
que el obrero pretende alcanzar.
Y si alcanza, una esperanza
es que sabe morir o triunfar.Verse VI:
Our self-satisfied men today struggle
To improve their status as citizens.
Equality is the flower of dreams
That the worker strives to achieve.
And if he reaches it, a hope
Is to know death or victory.. |
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