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American Physical Society | Divisions | Divisions
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Atomic, Molecular & Optical Physics (DAMOP): The objective of the division is the promotion of the fundamental research on atoms, simple molecules, electrons and light, and their interactions. Historically, this is the oldest division of the American Physical Society. It was created in 1943. The division manages a number of prestigious awards for AMO scientists at various stages of their careers, such as the Davisson-Germer Prize in Atomic or Surface Physics, Rabi Prize in AMO Physics, Outstanding Doctoral Thesis Research in AMO Physics, Herbert P. Broida Prize, etc. It also organizes annual DAMOP Meetings attended by many leading AMO researchers, both from the United States and abroad.
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American Physical Society | Programs | Programs |
American Physical Society | Physics Teacher Education Coalition | Physics Teacher Education Coalition
The Physics Teacher Education Coalition (PhysTEC) is a joint project of the American Physical Society and the American Association of Physics Teachers, which helps universities transform their physics teacher education programs into national models. PhysTEC-supported sites develop their physics teacher preparation programs by implementing a set of key components that project leaders have identified as critical to success in physics teacher preparation. The broader coalition is a national network of institutions committed to developing and promoting excellence in physics and physical science teacher preparation. |
American Physical Society | Bridge program | Bridge program
The APS Bridge Program aims to increase the number of underrepresented minority students that earn doctoral degrees in physics. The program names doctoral and master's degree-granting institutions as Bridge Sites and awards them National Science Foundation funding to prepare post-baccalaureate students for doctoral studies through additional coursework, mentoring, research, application coaching, and GRE preparation. |
American Physical Society | Scholarship for Minority Undergraduate Physics Majors | Scholarship for Minority Undergraduate Physics Majors
Formerly called the APS Corporate Sponsored Scholarship Program for Minority Undergraduate Students Who Major in Physics, this scholarship was established in 1980 with the goal of increasing the number of underrepresented minorities receiving bachelor's degrees in physics. The program provides funding and mentoring to talented students. |
American Physical Society | Conferences for Undergraduate Women in Physics | Conferences for Undergraduate Women in Physics
APS Conferences for Undergraduate Women in Physics are three-day regional conferences for undergraduate physics majors. The conferences aim to help undergraduate women continue in physics by providing them with the opportunity to experience a professional conference, information about graduate school and professions in physics, and access to other women in physics of all ages with whom they can share experiences, advice, and ideas. |
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The APS Careers in Physics website is a gateway for physicists, students, and physics enthusiasts to obtain information about physics jobs and careers. APS Careers in Physics has an award-winning job board, offers professional development advice through its website and blog, and provides links to workshops, grants, and career resources. |
American Physical Society | New faculty workshop | New faculty workshop
APS co-sponsors a set of workshops for new physics and astronomy faculty with the American Association of Physics Teachers and the American Astronomical Society. These workshops reach nearly half of all new physics and astronomy faculty, and introduce them to current pedagogical practices, results of physics education research, and time management skills to help them begin and improve their academic careers. |
American Physical Society | CSWP/COM site visits | CSWP/COM site visits
The APS has had a long-standing interest in improving the climate in physics departments for underrepresented minorities and women. The Committee on the Status of Women in Physics (CSWP) and the Committee on Minorities (COM) both sponsor site visit programs to universities as well as national labs. |
American Physical Society | Education conferences | Education conferences
APS is a leading voice for physics education and the society sponsors a variety of conferences dedicating to helping physics education leaders stay on top of the trends in the field. Conferences include the annual Physics Department Chair Conference, a Graduate Education in Physics Conference, and a Distance Education & Online Learning in Physics Workshop. |
American Physical Society | Physics outreach | Physics outreach
The APS physics outreach program focuses on "Communicating the excitement and importance of physics to everyone." As part of this effort, it maintains an educational website, PhysicsCentral; offers grants to help APS members develop educational programs; and runs the Historic Physics Sites Initiative, which identifies and commemorates important historic physics sites in the United States. |
American Physical Society | Prizes and awards | Prizes and awards
The American Physical Society gives out a number of awards for research excellence and conduct; topics include outstanding leadership, computational physics, lasers, mathematics, and more. |
American Physical Society | See also | See also
Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft
Fellows of the American Physical Society |
American Physical Society | References | References |
American Physical Society | External links | External links
Bulletin of the American Physical Society — freely available scientific abstracts presented at general meetings and various unit meetings of APS Physics. |
American Physical Society | Archival collections | Archival collections
American Physical Society, Division of Fluid Dynamics Archives , 1946–1991, Special Collections, Linderman Library, Lehigh University
Southeastern Section of the American Physical Society, University of Alabama Libraries Special Collections |
American Physical Society | Niels Bohr Library & Archives | Niels Bohr Library & Archives
American Physical Society Directed Energy Weapons (DEW) study records, 1983–1988
American Physical Society addition to records, 1905–2010 (bulk 1977–2010)
American Physical Society centennial meeting records, 1997–1999
American Physical Society miscellaneous publications, 1920–2015
American Physical Society records, 1899–1989
American Physical Society Astrophysics Division records of the Secretary/Treasurer, 1970–1992
APS Committee on Applications in Physics records, 1975–1999
American Physical Society Forum on the History of Physics records of secretary-treasurer Thomas M. Miller, 2002–2013
APS Division of Physics of Beams records, 1983–2002
American Physical Society Division of Solid State Physics records of Roman Smoluchowski, 1943–1947
APS Southeastern Section records, 1934–2010
APS Office of the Treasurer records of George B. Pegram, 1926–1957
APS Texas Section records 1980–2017
Category:1899 establishments in the United States
Category:College Park, Maryland
Category:Non-profit organizations based in Maryland
Physical Society
Category:Scientific organizations established in 1899
|
American Physical Society | Table of Content | Short description, History, Name confusion and change proposal, Journals, Units, Divisions, Forums, Sections, Topical groups, Programs, Physics Teacher Education Coalition, Bridge program, Scholarship for Minority Undergraduate Physics Majors, Conferences for Undergraduate Women in Physics, Career center, New faculty workshop, CSWP/COM site visits, Education conferences, Physics outreach, Prizes and awards, See also, References, External links, Archival collections, Niels Bohr Library & Archives |
Tyagaraja | short description | Sadguru Tyagaraja Swami (Telugu: సద్గురు త్యాగరాజ స్వామి; 4 May 1767 – 6 January 1847), also known as Tyagayya, and in full as Kakarla Tyagabrahmam (Telugu: కాకర్ల త్యాగబ్రహ్మం), was a Hindu saint and composer of Carnatic music, a form of Indian classical music. Tyagaraja and his contemporaries, Shyama Shastri and Muthuswami Dikshitar, are regarded as the Trinity of Carnatic music. Tyagaraja composed hundreds of devotional compositions, most in Telugu and in praise of Rama, many of which remain popular today. Of special mention are five of his compositions called the Pancharatna Kritis ( "five gems"), which are often sung in programs in his honour. Tyagaraja composed Utsava Sampradaya Krithis ( Festive ritual compositions), which are often sung to accompany temple rituals and Divya Nama Sankeertanas ( Divine name compositions) which are sung as a part of concerts and in daily life.
Tyagaraja lived through the reigns of four kings of the Maratha dynasty – Thuljaji (1763–1787), Amarasimha (1787–1798), Serfoji II (1798–1832) and Shivaji II (1832–1855),The saint and the king: on the Serfoji-Tyagaraja relationship. The Hindu (2 March 2017). Retrieved on 2018-12-25. although he served none of them. |
Tyagaraja | Biography | Biography
Tyagaraja was born Kakarla Tyagabrahmam in 1767His birth date according to the Hindu lunar year Sarvajit 27th Soma, on Chaitra Sukla Saptami, the 7th day of the bright half of the Hindu month of Chaitra, under the Pushya star. to a Telugu Vaidiki Mulakanadu Brahmin family in Thiruvarur in present-day Thiruvarur District of Tamil Nadu. There is a school of thought led by musicologist B.M.Sundaram that contests this and proposes Thiruvaiyaru as his birthplace, though the evidence for this is not compelling enough. His family name Kakarla indicates that they were originally migrants from the village of the same name in the Cumbum taluk of Prakasam district, Andhra Pradesh (also called the Kurnool region of Prakasam district). His family belonged to the Smarta tradition and Bharadvaja gotra. Tyagaraja was the third son of his parents, Kakarla Ramabrahmam and Seethamma. Panchanada Brahmam and Panchapakesha Brahmam were his older brothers. He was named Tyagabrahmam/Tyagaraja after Tyagaraja, the presiding deity of the temple at Thiruvarur, the place of his birth.
Tyagaraja's paternal grandfather was Giriraja Brahmam/Giriraja Kavi (not to be confused with the name-sake Giriraja Kavi).
Giriraja Brahmam/Giriraja Kavi was a poet, scholar and a musician. Giriraja Brahmam was born in Kakarla village, Cumbum taluk in Prakasam district, Andhra Pradesh.Tyagaraja's maternal grandfather was Kalahastayya, popularly addressed as Veena Kalahastayya as he was a noted veena player. Tyagaraja was said to have learnt to play the veena in his childhood from Kalahastayya. After Kalahastayya's death, Tyagaraja found Naradeeyam, a book related to music. Tyagaraja was said to have mastered Sanskrit, Telugu, Bhagavata Purana, and Ramayana at an early age.
Tyagaraja spent most of his life in Thiruvaiyaru in the single room house (No. 31, Thirumanjana Veedhi) that was donated to his father Ramabrahmam by Thuljaji, the Thanjavur ruler in whose court Ramabrahmam worked. This house has since been renovated and opened to music lovers after years of neglect. There are records of his pilgrimages to Sri Rangam, Tirumala and Kanchipuram. When he was in Kanchipuram, he met Upanishad Brahmayogin at the Brahmendral Mutt in Kanchipuram.Upanishad Brahmendra | Sreenivasarao's blogs. Sreenivasaraos.com (22 February 2015). Retrieved on 2018-12-25.
Tyagaraja took siddhi (attained liberation) on a Pushya Bahula Panchami day, 6 January 1847, at the age of 79, a day after he took the vow of Sannyasa and was initiated into the order of Advaita Dasanami sanyasis. His last composition before his siddhi was Giripai Nelakonna (raga Sahana, Adi talam). He was interred on the banks of the Kaveri river at Thiruvaiyaru the very next day. |
Tyagaraja | Musical career | Musical career
thumb|Tyagaraja on a 1961 Indian stamp
Tyagaraja began his musical training at an early age under Sonthi Venkata Ramanayya, the chief vidwan in the court of Thanjavur ruler Thuljaji, where Tyagaraja's father Ramabrahmam also worked. Tyagaraja hero-worshipped the celestial sage Narada; a reference to this is Tyagaraja's krithi Vara Nārada (rāga Vijayaśrī, Ādi tāḷam). Legend has it that a hermit taught him a mantra invoking Narada, and Tyagaraja, meditating on this mantra, received a vision of Narada and was blessed with the book Svarārnavam by the sage. Tyagaraja was said to have mastered the nuances of music from this book. Tyagaraja regarded music as a way to experience divinity. His compositions focused not only on the technicalities of classical music, but also on the expression (bhāva). He composed his first kriti, "Namo Namo Raghavaaya" in Sanskrit, in the Desika Todi raga and inscribed it on the walls of his house. His compositions are mainly of a devotional (bhakti) and philosophical nature. His songs feature himself usually either in an appeal to his deity of worship (primarily Rama), in musings, in narratives, giving a message to the public. He introduced the concept of saṇgati into the sāhityaṃ of a krithi, that was seen as a paradigm shift in Carnatic Classical Music. He is also known for composing kritis that depict ninda stuti (lovingly/flatteringly scolding the divine (also seen in compositions of Bhadrachala Ramadasu). He has also composed krithis in praise of Krishna, Shiva, Devi, Ganesha, Muruga, Saraswati, and Hanuman.
Tyagaraja's musical genius spread all across Thanjavur and its principalities (of which Thiruvarur and Thiruvaiyaru were also a part of) until it reached the king of Thanjavur, Serfoji II (also called Sarabhoji II). The king sent an invitation, along with many gifts, inviting Tyagaraja to attend the royal court. Tyagaraja, however, was not inclined towards a career at the court, as he felt it would chain his creativity and also his pursuit of the divine and rejected the invitation outright. He was said to have composed the krithi Nidhi Chala Sukhama (నిధి చాల సుఖమా) ( "Does wealth bring happiness?") on this occasion.
Tyagaraja was always immersed in his devotion to Rama and led a spartan way of life. Tyagaraja willingly taught music to anyone who approached him, thus earning him many disciples across various stages of his life. Prominent ones among them include Venkataramana Bhagavathar and Krishnaswamy Bhagavathar (the father-son duo of Walajapet), Thanjavur S Ramarao (who also happened to be his cousin; not to be confused with the namesake, T. Rama Rao (administrator)), Veena Kuppayyar, Manambuchavadi Venkatasubbayyar, Subbaraya Sastri (son of Shyama Sastri). Some of these disciples carefully codified his compositions on palm leaves and copper plates. Most of Tyagaraja's kritis are in vernacular language and thus gained immense popularity because of the ease with which they could be learnt and sung. Tyagaraja also composed many kritis in Sanskrit. |
Tyagaraja | Preservation of compositions | Preservation of compositions
The codification, documentation and preservation of Tyagaraja's compositions by his disciples during his lifetime was not streamlined due to many reasons. The primary reason being, certain groups of Tyagaraja’s disciples studied under him only during specific periods of his life, limiting their exposure to compositions created outside their own tutelage years. Consequently, the entirety of his compositions was not compiled into a unified corpus, and his compositions kept changing hands as the disciples/groups were scattered geographically.
One of the earliest compilations of Tyagaraja's kritis was done by A. M. Chinnaswami Mudaliar, who, in 1893, published a volume titled, Oriental Music In European Notation. Mudaliar lavished rich praise on Tyagaraja's profound musical legacy in his work. It was only in the early 20th century that serious efforts were made to compile the compositions into a single collection. T. S. Parthasarathy, a leading scholar and critic on Carnatic Classical Music, published a text containing Tyagaraja's kritis and their meaning, after carefully reviewing the original manuscripts that were in possession of the families of Tyagaraja's disciples. These manuscripts are now preserved in the Saraswathi Mahal Library in Thanjavur. Also, musicologists like K. V. Srinivasa Iyengar and Rangaramanuja Iyengar made enormous efforts to compile Tyagaraja's compositions into volumes by contacting the families and descendents of Tyagaraja's disciples who possessed the palm leaves. K. V. Srinivasa Iyengar brought out Adi Sangita Ratnavali and Adi Tyagaraja Hridhayam in three volumes. Rangaramanuja Iyengar published Kriti Mani Malai in two volumes. Furthermore, Musiri Subramania Iyer, the doyen of Bhava Sangitam, had a vast collection of books in his library. T. K. Govinda Rao, his disciple, brought out a volume of Tyagaraja's compositions in English and Devanagari script. In Telugu, veena vidwan Manchala Jagannadha Rao compiled Tyagaraja's kritis in Telugu script and published it with the help of Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams in seven volumes.
There are about 720 compositions available today, though there are claims that Tyagaraja composed 24,000 pieces. However, scholars are skeptical about these numbers, as there is no biographical evidence to support such claims.
In addition to nearly 720 compositions (kritis), Tyagaraja composed two musical plays in Telugu, the Prahalada Bhakti Vijayam and the Nauka Charitam. Prahlada Bhakti Vijayam is in five acts with 45 kritis set in 28 ragas and 138 verses, in different metres in Telugu. Nauka Charitam is a shorter play in one act with 21 kritis set in 13 ragas and 43 verses. The latter is the most popular of Tyagaraja's operas, and is a creation of the composer's own imagination and has no basis in the Bhagavata Purana. Tyagaraja also composed a number of simple devotional pieces appropriate for choral singing.
The 20th-century Indian music critic K. V. Ramachandran wrote: "Tyagaraja is an indefatigable interpreter of the past... but if with one eye he looks backward, with the other he looks forward as well. Like Prajapati, he creates his own media and adores his Rama not alone with jewel-words newly fashioned, but also with jewel-[like]-music newly created. It is this facet of Tyagaraja that distinguishes him from his illustrious contemporaries." In other words, while Tyagaraja's contemporaries were primarily concerned with bringing to audiences the music of the past, Tyagaraja also pioneered new musical concepts at the same time. |
Tyagaraja | Remembrance | Remembrance
Tyagaraja Aradhana, the commemorative music festival is held every year in Thiruvaiyaru in Thanjavur district of Tamil Nadu, during the months of January to February in Tyagaraja's honor. This is a week-long festival of music where various Carnatic musicians from all over the world converge at his resting place. On the Pushya Bahula Panchami,Pushya Bahula Panchami – the fifth day of the dark half of the month of Pushya, in the Hindu calendar every year. thousands of people and hundreds of Carnatic musicians sing the five Pancharatna Kritis in unison, with the accompaniment of a large bank of accompanists on veenas, violins, flutes, nadasvarams, mridangams and ghatams.
A sports complex in New Delhi, Thyagaraj Sports Complex, was named after him. A crater on the planet Mercury was named after Tyagaraja in 1976. |
Tyagaraja | In popular culture | In popular culture |
Tyagaraja | Films on Tyagaraja (biographical) | Films on Tyagaraja (biographical)
Apart from references to his works, using the kirtanas as songs, two films were made on his life. V. Nagayya made a biographical epic on Tyagaraja titled Tyagayya in 1946 which is still treated as a masterpiece of Telugu cinema. In 1981, Bapu–Ramana made Tyagayya with J. V. Somayajulu in the lead role. Another attempt is being made by Singeetam Srinivasa Rao to picturise Tyagaraja's life. Apart from these, Bombay Gnanam made a short film known as Endaro Mahanubavulu on Tyagaraja. The short film was released on 27 February 2021, on the 174th Tyagaraja Aradhana festival. |
Tyagaraja | Raga on Tyagaraja (Musical scale) | Raga on Tyagaraja (Musical scale)
Carnatic kriti 'Sri Ramachandram Bhajami' in Raga 'Sri Tyagaraja' created and composed by named after Saint Tyagaraja sung by Priyadarshini was released on 10 January 2023 at Sri Tyagaraja Samadhi during 176th Tyagaraja Aradhana festival |
Tyagaraja | Compositions | Compositions
The name of Tyagaraj's compositions, the Pancharatnas, means "five gems" in Sanskrit. All of the Pancharatnas are set to the adi talam. A stable text has been handed down from the earlier musicians to the present day. All the compositions of Tyagaraja show the way for the systematic development of the respective ragas. In the Pancharatnas, Tyagaraja offers parameters as to how to systematically and scientifically develop a raga. The two fundamental conditions that must be satisfied for the systematic development of a raga are the arrangement of the svaras in the natural order of arohanam, and the avarohanam of the ragas so as to satisfy the sound principles of harmony and continuity. Pancharatnas satisfy these scientific principles. The Pancharatnas are composed in perfect sarvalaghu svaras.
The first Pancharatna kriti is Jagadanandakaraka, sung in the raga Nata. It is composed in Sanskrit. It praises Rama as the source of all joy in the universe. Originally, there were only six charanams for the song. When the disciples examined the song, it contained ninety names of Rama in Sanskrit. The disciples requested Tyagaraja to slightly expand the song by adding two charanas containing eighteen more names of Rama. The saint acceded to the request of the disciples and that is the reason why the song Jagadanandakaraka contains three mudras containing the name of Tyagaraja while the other four songs contain only one mudra each.
The next is Duduku Gala in the raga gaula set to Adi Talam. It is composed in Telugu. In this song, Tyagaraja takes the blame upon himself for all the misdeeds of men and ruminates on who would come and save him from this deplorable situation.
The third is Saadhinchene in the raga Arabhi, set to adi talam. It is composed in Telugu. In this song, Tyagaraja lovingly criticizes Krishna for his cleverness in getting what he wants to be done.
The fourth kriti, Kana Kana Ruchira is in the raga Varaali set to adi talam. It is composed in Telugu. In this song, Tyagaraja describes the infinite beauty of Rama.
The fifth Pancharatna krithi, Endaro Mahanubhavulu, was composed in Sri Ragam. Contrary to popular beliefs that Tyagaraja instantaneously sang this krithi in a sabha conducted in the honour of his guru Sonthi Venkataramanayya in the presence of doyens of vidwans, Tyagaraja composed this krithi at the behest of Thanjavur S Ramarao. This definitive version is available in Tyagaraja's life history written by Venkataramana Bhagavathar. |
Tyagaraja | See also | See also
Kancherla Gopanna (Bhadrachala Ramadasu)
Purandara Dasa
Annamacharya
Birmingham Thyagaraja Festival
Cleveland Thyagaraja Festival |
Tyagaraja | Notes | Notes |
Tyagaraja | References | References |
Tyagaraja | Further reading | Further reading
The Spiritual Heritage of Tyagaraja, by C. Ramanujachari with an introduction by Dr. V. Raghavan, Ramakrishna Math, Chennai.
Tyagaraja Kritigal (in Malayalam) by Prof P. R. Kumara Kerala Varma, Dept of Cultural Publications, Govt of Kerala, Trivandrum, 2000.
Tyagaraja Kirtanalu (in Telugu) by Smt Dwaraka Parthasarathy and Sri N.C. Parthasarathy, Tagore Publishing House, Kachiguda, Hyderabad, 1995 (Balasaraswati Book Depot, Kurnool).
Ramachandran, K.V., "The Melakarta: A Critique", The (Madras) Music Academy Platinum Jubilee Commemoration Volume, Vol. I, 1930–1940. (Original publication in the Journal of the Music Academy in 1938.)
Thyagaraju – Rama Darsanamu (In Telugu) by Dr. Mulukutla Brahmananda Sastry (part of the thesis approved by Andhra University, 1985.)
Shree Tyagaraja Keerthnai – Parthasarathy TS ( Tamil ) Paperback – 1 January 1970 by KMBC; 2010th edition (1 January 1970), ASIN : B00CBQBXMU |
Tyagaraja | External links | External links
Website dedicated to Tyagaraja
Thiagaraja A Great Musician – M.S. Ramaswamy Aiyar
Endaro Mahanubhavulu performed by Uthara and P. Unnikrishnan
Category:1767 births
Category:1847 deaths
Category:Carnatic composers
Category:Telugu people
Category:Performers of Hindu music
Category:People from Tiruvarur district
Category:18th-century Indian composers
Category:19th-century Indian composers
Category:People from the Thanjavur Maratha kingdom |
Tyagaraja | Table of Content | short description, Biography, Musical career, Preservation of compositions, Remembrance, In popular culture, Films on Tyagaraja (biographical), Raga on Tyagaraja (Musical scale), Compositions, See also, Notes, References, Further reading, External links |
Annamacharya | Short description | Tallapaka Annamacharya () (09 May 1408 – 23 February 1503), also popularly known as Annamayya, was a Telugu musician, composer, and a Hindu saint. He is the earliest known Indian musician to compose songs called samkirtanas. His devotional samkirtanas were in the praise of Venkateswara, a form of Vishnu. Annamayya is said to have composed as many as 32,000 samkirtanas (songs) in the praise of Venkateswara of which only about 12,000 are available today. He wrote the highest number of Kirtanas of all time in the praise of Lord Vishnu The musical form of the kirtana songs that he composed, which are still popular among Carnatic music concert artists,Jackson (1999), p. 105. have strongly influenced the structure of Carnatic music compositions.Jackson (1999), p. 216. His compositions are classified as Adhyatma (spiritual) and Sringara (romantic). Annamacharya is remembered for his saintly life, as one of the greatest musicians and is honoured as a great devotee of Vishnu by devotees and saintly singers.Jackson (1999), p. 265. He was one of the first few who opposed the social stigma towards the untouchable castes in his era.
He is believed to have been the avatar of Nandaka, the sword of Vishnu. He is widely regarded as the "Andhra Pada kavitā Pitāmaha" (Grandfather of Telugu song-writing). |
Annamacharya | Personal life | Personal life
Tallapaka Annamacharya was born on Vaishakha Shuddha Pournami in the year Sarwadhari (22 May 1408) in Tallapaka, Near Rajampet Mandalam, a village in present-day Annamayya district of Andhra Pradesh, India. Even though his parents belonged to the Nandavarika Niyogi Brahmin community of Smarta tradition, he accepted initiation into Vaishnavism and became a Vaishnava of the Ramanuja Sri Vaishnava Sampradaya initiated by the Jeeyar of Ahobila Mutt which follows the vadakalai tradition. His wife, Timmakka, had written Subhadra Kalyanam, and is considered the first female poet in Telugu literature. Their son, Pedda Tirumalacharya, and grandson, Tallapaka Chinnayya, were also composers and poets. The Tallapaka compositions are considered to have dominated and influenced the structure of Carnatic music compositions. Annamacharya lived for 95 years until Phalguna Bahula (Krishna) Dvadashi (12th day after full moon) in the year Dhundhubhi (4 April 1503).
thumb|A statue of Tallapaka Annamacharya situated at the Sarada River Park in Anakapalle, Andhra Pradesh. |
Annamacharya | Literary career | Literary career
thumb|10-story tall statue of Sri Tallapaka Annamacharya located at the entrance of Tallapaka.
Annamayya is said to have composed as many as 32,000 samkirtanas (songs) on the praise of Venkateswara of which only about 12,000 are available today. He is also the author of musical treatise called "Samkirthana lakshanamu".
Annamayya considered his compositions as floral offerings to Venkateswara. In the poems, he praises the deity, describes his love for him, argues and quarrels with the deity, confesses the devotee's failures and apprehensions, and surrenders himself to Venkateswara. His songs are classified into the Adhyatma (spiritual) and Shringara (romantic) samkirtanas genres. His songs in the "Sringara" genre worship Venkateswara by describing the romantic adventures of Venkateswara and his consort Alamelu, while others describe the bhakti of his devotees.
In his later keertanas, he espouses subjects such as morality, dharma and righteousness. He was one of the first few who opposed the social stigma towards the untouchable castes in his era, with his samkirtanas explaining that the relationship between God and humans is the same irrespective of the latter's colour, caste and financial status, in his songs "Brahmaṃ Okkatē Paraḥbrahmamokkatē" and "ē kulajuḍainanēmi evvaḍainanēmi". His prodigious literary career earned him a place among the all-time greats of Telugu literature. |
Annamacharya | Legacy | Legacy
thumb|right|2004 Indian stamp of Annamacharya
While he enjoyed popularity in his days, his compositions were forgotten for over three centuries. Mentioned in 1849, they were later found engraved on copper plates, hidden for centuries inside the Venkateswara temple at Tirumala, just opposite the Hundi, concealed in a very small room. An English translation of 150 of these verses was published in 2005.
Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams, also known as TTD, has been endeavouring to preserve the rich heritage of his compositions. In the year 1950, The State Government of Andhra Pradesh created a committee and appointed the musician late Dr. M. Balamuralikrishna as its head. He set music to over 800 compositions of Annamacharya. He was the Āsthāna Gāyaka of the Tirumala temple at Tirupati for two decades. He is regarded as a legend for rendering devotional music in classical style, especially the Annamacharya Sankirtanas. He was also an acclaimed poet, singer, and musicologist. In 1979, the singer Smt. M. S. Subbulakshmi's album Balaji Pancharatna Mala came up with Annamacharya keerthanas like Vande Vasudevam, Bhavamulona, Sriman Narayana and many more.
Shobha Raju is the first recipient of the Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams scholarship in 1976 to study and set a trend for the propagation of Annamacharya's compositions, and was also chosen as the first exclusive artiste for the propagation of Tallapaka's compositions in 1978. Her first audio album, "Vēnkatēśvara Gīta Mālika" is globally popular among the Telugu community. She is the founder of Annamacharya Bhavana Vahini (ABV) in 1983, which is located in Hyderabad, India. She has been awarded Padmashri by the Government of India, in 2010 in recognition of her efforts to promote Annamayya Compositions. Garimella Balakrishna Prasad, a Carnatic music exponent and the Asthana Vidwan of Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams has set tune to more than six hundred songs written by Annamacharya, gave audio recordings for TTD, published books with musical notations and conducted classes, teaching the songs to make them more popular.
In 1994, reputed Bharathanatyam artist Parvathi Ravi Ghantasala, also the daughter-in-law of the singer Ghantasala Venkateswara Rao, for the first time produced and presented a mammoth dance production as a tribute to the divine composer titled "Annamaiyah". Rare and popular songs were woven into a story format and music by stalwarts was set to action. This production was inaugurated by the former President of India R. Venkatraman and Bharat Ratna-winning singer M. S. Subbulakshmi and later that year for the Tirumala Brahmotsavam. In 2009, a DVD of the production was launched which included several places visited by the saint himself.
A Telugu film named Annamayya was made on him by K. Raghavendra Rao in 1997. It starred Nagarjuna in the lead role as Annamacharya and also featured Suman as Venkateswara and Bhanupriya as Goddess Padmavati in important roles.
In 2017, one of Annamayya's compositions, Brahmam Okate, became a YouTube sensation. As of early 2019, this video alone (produced by Kuldeep M. Pai) has garnered over 11 million views and made the child singers Sooryagayathri and Rahul Vellal household names for their flawless rendering of the classic keerthana. Professional singers P. UnnikrishnanArchived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: and Sreeranjini Kodampally have their performances of the composition on YouTube. |
Annamacharya | Famous compositions | Famous compositions
This is a partial list of some of the most famous Tallapaka Annamacharya compositions.
Note – (చ=Ca; ఛ=Cha; శ=Śa; ష=Ṣ. For more see Romanization of Telugu)
Composition (Sorted Alphabetically) Raga Tala Music Set By Language Other Info Adivō Alladivō Śriharivāsamu అదివో అల్లదివో శ్రీహరివాసము Madhyamavati Adi Dr. Shobha Raju Telugu Alara Cañcalamaina Ātmalanduṇḍa అలర చంచలమైన ఆత్మలందుండ Rāga mālika khanDa cApu Garimella Balakrishna Prasad Telugu Alarulu Kuriayaga Āḍinadē అలరులు కురియగ ఆడినదే Sankarabharanam Rallapalli Ananta Krishna Sharma Telugu Anni mantramulu nindē yāvahiñcenu అన్ని మంత్రములు ఇందే ఆవహించెనూ Amritavarshini Telugu Antarangamella Sri Hariki "అంతరంగ మెళ్ళ శ్రీ హరికి' Adi (Tisra Nadaka) Nedunuri Krishnamurthy Telugu Antaryāmi Alaśiti Solaśiti అంతర్యామి అలసితి సొలసితి Shivaranjani Telugu Bhāvayāmi Gōpālabālaṁ Manassēvitaṁ భావయామి గోపాలబాలం మనస్సేవితం Yamunā Kaḷyāṇi Khanda Chapu Kadayanallur Venkataraman Sanskrit Bhāvamulōna Bāhyamunandunu భావములోన బాహ్యమునందును Śuddha Dhanyasi Adi Nedunuri Krishnamurthy Telugu Brahma Kaḍigina Pādamu బ్రహ్మ కడిగిన పాదము Mukhāri Adi Rallapalli Ananta Krishna Sharma Telugu Brahmam Okate తందనాన అహిBowliAdiDr. Shobha RajuTeluguTatva Prabōdha Keertana Cakkani Talliki Chāngu Bhaḷā చక్కని తల్లికి ఛాంగుభళా Telugu Cāladā Harināma Saukhyāmr̥tamu చాలదా హరినామ సౌఖ్యామృతము Telugu Cēri Yaśōdaku Śiśuvitaḍu చేరి యశోదకు శిశువితఁడుMohanam Adi Telugu Candamāma Rāve Jābilli Rāve చందమామ రావే జాబిల్లి రావే Telugu Dēvadēvaṁ Bhajē Divya Prabhāvaṁ దేవదేవం భజే దివ్య ప్రభావం देवदेवं भजे दिव्यप्रभावम् Hindolam Khanda Chapu Sripada Pinakapani Sanskrit ḍōlāyāṁ Cālā ḍōlāyāṁ డోలాయాం చల డోలాయాం Khamas Thisra Adi Telugu ēmokō ciguruṭadharamuna eḍaneḍakastūri niṃḍenu ఏమకో చిగురుటధరమున కస్తూరి నిండెను Telugu ē Purāṇamuna Eṁta Vedakinā ఏ పురాణమున ఎంత వెదకినా Telugu GovindāŚrita Gōkula Br̥ndā గోవిందాశ్రిత గోకుల బృందా Madhuvanti Telugu Harināmame Kaḍu Ānandakaramu హరినామమే కడు ఆనందకరము Jonpuri Telugu Indariki Abhayammuliccu Cēyi ఇందరికి అభయమ్ములిచ్చు చేయి Telugu Ippuḍiṭu Kalagaṃṭi ఇప్పుడిటు కలగంటి Telugu Itarulaku Ninneruga Taramā ఇతరులకు నిన్నెరుగ తరమా Telugu Jō Acyutānanda Jō Jō Mukundā జో అచ్యుతానంద జో జో ముకుందా Navroj Telugu Kanṭi Śukravāramu Gaḍiyalēḍiṁṭa కంటి శుక్రవారము గడియలేడింట Telugu Koṁḍalalō Nelakonna Kōnēṭi Rāyaḍu Vāḍu కొండలలో నెలకొన్న కోనేటి రాయడు వాడు Hindolam Telugu kṣīrābdi kanyakaku Śrī Mahālakṣmikini క్షీరాబ్ది కన్యకకు శ్రీ మహాలక్ష్మికిని Kurinji(raga) Khanda Chapu Telugu Kulukaka Naḍavārō Kommalārā కులుకక నడవరో కొమ్మలారా Atana Adi Telugu Madhava Kesava Madhusoodhana మాధవ కేశవ మధుసూదన విష్ణు माधव केशव मधुसूदना Kapi Adi Sanskrit Mēdini Jīvula Gāva Mēlukōvayyā మీదిని జీవుల గావ మేలుకోవయ్యా Telugu Muddugārē Yaśōda Muṅgiṭa Mutayamu vīḍu ముద్దుగారే యశోద ముంగిట ముత్యము వీడు Kuranji Adi Nedunuri Krishnamurthy Telugu Mūsina Mutyālakēlē Moragulu మూసిన ముత్యాలకేలే మొరగులు Telugu Nallani Mēni Nagavu Chūpulavāḍu నల్లని మేని నగవు చూపులవాడు Telugu Namo Namo Raghukula-naayaka (Sanskrit)NattaiSanskrit Nānāṭi Batuku Nāṭakamu నానాటి బతుకు నాటకము Rēvati Adi Nedunuri Krishnamurthy Telugu Nārāyaṇa Tē Namō Namō నారాయణ తే నమో నమో नारायण ते नमो नमो Bihag Adi ' Sanskrit Neyyamullallō Nērēḷḷo Voyyana ūreḍi Uvviḷḷo నెయ్యములల్లో నేరేళ్ళో వొయ్యన ఊరెడి ఉవ్విళ్ళో Telugu Nitya Pūjalivivō Nericinānōhō నిత్యపూజలివివో నేరిచినానోహో Telugu Paluku Tēnelatalli Pavaḷincenu పలుకు తేనెలతల్లి పవళించెను Telugu Poḍaganṭimayya mimmu Puruṣōttamā పొడగంటిమయ్యా మిమ్ము పురుషోత్తమా Mohanam Adi Telugu Śriman Narāyaṇā Śriman Narāyaṇā Nī Śri Pādamē Śaraṇu శ్రీమన్నారాయణ శ్రీమన్నారాయణ నీ శ్రీపాదమే శరణు Bowli Adi Telugu Rajīva Nētrāya Raghavāya Namō రాజీవ నేత్రాయ రాఘవాయ నమో राजीवनेत्राय राघवाय नमो Madhyamavathi Khanda Chapu K. J. Yesudas Sanskrit Ramacandruḍitaḍu Raghuvīruḍu రామచంద్రుడితడు రఘువీరుడు Telugu Siruta Navvulavāḍu Sinnakka సిరుత నవ్వులవాడు సిన్నక్కా Telugu Ṣōḍaśa Kaḷānidhiki Ṣoḍaśōpacāramuluషోడశ కళానిధికి షోడశోపచారములు Telugu Tvamēva Śaraṇam త్వమేవ శరణం त्वमेव शरणम् Telugu Vandēhaṁ Jagadvallabhaṁ Sanskrit: वन्देहं जगद्वल्लभं Telugu: వందేహం జగద్వల్లభం Hamsadhvani Khanda Chapu Sanskrit In praise of Venkaṭēśvara Vandē Vāsudēvaṁ Śrīpatiṁ వందే వాసుదేవం శ్రీపతిం वन्दे वासुदेवं श्रीपतिम् Sri Khanda Chapu Sanskrit Vēḍukoṁdāmā Vēṅkaṭagiri Veṅkaṭeśvaruni Veḍukoṁdāmā వేడుకొందామా వేంకటగిరి వేంకటేశ్వరుని వేడుకొందామా Telugu Vinnapālu Vinavale Viṁtaviṁtalu విన్నపాలు వినవలె వింతవింతలు Telugu
అన్నమయ్య పాటలు (All Annamayya songs lyrics in Telugu Script) |
Annamacharya | See also | See also
List of Carnatic composers
Annamacharya sankeertana
List of composers who created ragas |
Annamacharya | References | References |
Annamacharya | Further reading | Further reading
Jackson, William. 'Religious and Devotional Music: Southern Area' (1999). In |
Annamacharya | External links | External links
Sri Annamacharya Project of North America
Sri Venkateswara Annamacharya Society of America
Category:Carnatic composers
Category:Hindu poets
Category:Telugu poets
Category:History of Andhra Pradesh
Category:Tirumala Venkateswara Temple
Category:Bhakti movement
Category:1408 births
Category:1503 deaths
Category:People from Rayalaseema
Category:People from Kadapa district
Category:15th-century Indian poets
Category:15th-century Indian musicians
Category:Indian male classical musicians
Category:Indian male composers
Category:Musicians from Andhra Pradesh
Category:Poets from Andhra Pradesh
Category:Indian male poets
Category:Kirtan performers |
Annamacharya | Table of Content | Short description, Personal life, Literary career, Legacy, Famous compositions, See also, References, Further reading, External links |
TTD | '''TTD''' | TTD may refer to: |
TTD | Places and organizations | Places and organizations
Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams, an independent trust which manages the Sri Venkateswara Temple in Andhra Pradesh, India
Portland-Troutdale Airport, IATA airport code
The Trade Desk, NASDAQ symbol |
TTD | Entertainment | Entertainment
Tic-Tac-Dough, a game show
Transport Tycoon Deluxe, a computer game |
TTD | Medicine | Medicine
Therapeutic Targets Database, a database to provide information about the known and explored therapeutic targets
Trichothiodystrophy, a characteristic of Tay syndrome |
TTD | Other uses | Other uses
Trinidad and Tobago dollar, ISO 4217 currency code
Terence Trent D'Arby, former stage name of singer Sananda Maitreya
Tombstone Tenzan Driver, a variation of the piledriver move used by Japanese pro wrestler, Hiroyoshi Tenzan
True time delay, an electrical property of a transmitting apparatus
Top Thrill Dragster, the second tallest and third fastest roller coaster in the world located at Cedar Point
Total Terminal Difficulty, the total number of hashes on a blockchain before a specific protocol upgrade will occur |
TTD | Table of Content | '''TTD''', Places and organizations, Entertainment, Medicine, Other uses |
Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams | Short description | Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams (TTD) is an independent government trust in India managed by the Government of Andhra Pradesh. The trust primarily oversees the operations and finances of the richest and the most visited religious center Venkateswara Temple, Tirumala. It is also involved in various social, religious, literary and educational activities. TTD is headquartered at Tirupati in Andhra Pradesh, India and employs about 16,000 people.
Srivani trust was set up by TTD in 2019 to promote Sanātana Dharma by constructing temples in SC-ST-BC habitations, renovating ancient temples, and providing funds under Dhup-Deepa-Naivedyam Scheme to those temples facing financial difficulty. By January 2023, TTD has taken up construction of 2,068 temples in Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Pondicherry and Karnataka.Andhra Pradesh: TTD's Srivani trust receives donations of Rs 650 crore in 3 years, timesofindia, 2023.
The total net worth of the organization in 2024 is (), making it the richest Hindu temple board in the world. |
Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams | Establishment and legislative setting | Establishment and legislative setting
TTD was established in 1932 as a result of the TTD Act of 1932. According to the act administration of the temple was vested in a committee of seven members and overseen by a paid commissioner appointed by the Government of Madras Presidency. Advising the committee were two advisory councils – one composed of priests and temple administrators to aid the committee with the operations of the Tirumala temple, and another composed of farmers for advice on Tirumala's land and estate transactions.
The Andhra Pradesh Charitable and Hindu Religious Institution and Endowments Act (1969), sections 85 to 91, expanded the provisions of TTD. The number of trustees was expanded from five to eleven with compulsory representation from certain communities. Apart from the responsibilities defined in the previous act, Devasthanam was obliged to promote the study of Indian languages and propagate Hindu dharma by research, teaching, training and literature creation.
The A.P. Charitable & Hindu Religious Institutions & Endowments Act (1987) superseded the 1979 act. The Board of Trustees' membership was expanded from a maximum of eleven to fifteen and the hereditary rights of temple priests and their right to garner a share of the hundi proceeds were abolished. After increased pressure from the priests over a long period, the Andhra Pradesh government made an amendment to the act in 2006, to discontinue these two controversial clauses. It is mandatory for non-Hindus visiting the temple to sign a declaration form before entering the temple, stating that they have faith in the presiding deity, Lord Venkateswara. |
Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams | Temples under TTD administration | Temples under TTD administration
Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams trust primarily manages the administration of Lord Venkateswara Temple, Tirumala. It also manages many other temples in Tirupati and all around the world. The temples include both historical and new temples which were constructed by TTD itself. |
Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams | TTD Chairmans | TTD Chairmans
S.No Year Name Place1 2024-26 Bollineni Rajagopal Naidu Hyderabad2 2023-24 Bhumana Karunakar Reddy Tirupati3 2019-23 Yerram Venkata Subba Reddy Ongole4 2017-19 Putta Sudhakar Yadav Kadapa5 2015-17 Chadalawada Krishnamurthy Tirupati6 2011-14 Kanumuri Bapi Raju Eluru7 2009-11 D. K. Adikesavulu Naidu Chittoor8 2006-08 Bhumana Karunakar Reddy Tirupati9 2004-06 Thikkavarapu Subbarami Reddy Vizak10 2002-04 Pappala Chalapathirao Anakapalle11 1994-96 Kimidi Kalavenkata Rao Srikakulam12 1993-94 A.Chengal Reddy Tirupati13 1964-66 Kalluri Chandramouli Bapatla14 Pydi Narasimhapparao Srikakulam |
Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams | Departments | Departments
TTD has almost all the responsibilities that a government has, including departments for production (laddus), engineering (dams and roads), water supply, human resources, transport, procurement and marketing, finance and accounting, public relations, information technology, forest and gardens, educational institutions and hospitals, revenue and general administration. |
Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams | Services | Services
TTD provides various services for pilgrims to Tirumala and Tirupati, including bus services, food and accommodation. It maintains the queue management system, facilitates head tonsure and distribution of laddu. It runs information and ticketing centers in the major towns and cities across the country. It maintains various marriage halls, degree colleges, junior colleges and high schools. Sri Venkateswara Central Library and Research Centre (SVCLRC), established by TTD in 1993, houses approximately 40,000 volumes of books, mainly on religion and philosophy. The Research Wing works towards studying and publishing material related to the Hindu religion, produces authentic papers on original sanskrit texts, and provide translations of major Hindu works in various languages, including Telugu.
Dharma Prachara Parishad was established to propagate the Hindu dharma. TTD also helps promote the age-old cultural heritage of India, in the areas of traditional sculpture and architecture, temple renovation and reconstructions and restoration of Hindu sculptures. Complex queueing algorithms and emerging technologies have been evaluated and implemented to manage the huge crowds with Tata Consultancy Services designing and implementing the software and hardware infrastructure for queue management along with other companies.
TTD has released a schedule for every month tickets release.
+Darsanam TypeTicketing Dates of Every MonthSpecial Entry Darshan tickets of cost ₹30025Electronic Dip Registration for
Arjitha Sevas (Suprabhatham, Thomala, Archana and Astadala Pada Padmaradhana)18,19, 20Payment for Dip Registration if ticket gets allotted20, 21, 22Both Virtual & In-person Arjitha Sevas (Kalyanostavam, Arjitha Bramhostavam, Unjan Seva & Sahasra Deepalankarana Sevas). 21SriVani, Angapradhakshinam, Senior Citizens & Physically challenged quota23Online Tirupati Accommodation Quota25Online Tirumala Accommodation Quota25 |
Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams | Annaprasadam | Annaprasadam
The food offerings as "Annaprasadams" are being undertaken by TTD in a massive way in the Matrusri Tarigonda Vengamamba Annaprasadam Complex, donated by Matrsuri Tarigonda Ananta Koti Raju at Tirumala, in all the waiting queue lines and compartments of Vaikuntam Queue Complex I and II, footpath routes, etc.
Donations given by devotees equal nearly ₹13 crore every month. Auctions of human hair fetched a revenue of 150 crores in 2011 and 203 crores in 2012. Temple admission ticket sales fetched a revenue of $25 million in 2007. Laddu, a confectionery, is offered as Lord's prasadam. TTD has procured machines from MICO BOSCH to automate the manufacture of laddus. Sale of laddus fetched a revenue of staggering $10 million in 2007. |
Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams | Education | Education
Sri Venkateswara Vedic University, Tirumala
Sri Venkateswara Arts College, Tirupati
Sri Venkateswara Institute of Traditional Sculpture and Architecture, Tirupati
Sri Venkateswara College of Music and Dance, Tirupati
Sri Venkateswara Ayurvedic College, Tirupati
Sri Venkateswara Yoga Institute, Tirupati
Sri Venkateswara Polytechnic for the Physically Challenged (SVPPC), Tirupati
Sri Padmavati Mahila Visvavidyalayam (SPMVV), Tirupati
Sri Venkateswara Government Polytechnic College, Tirupati
Sri Padmavathi Mahila Polytechnic College, Tirupati
Sri Venkateswara College, New Delhi |
Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams | Hospitals | Hospitals
TTD acts as a major stake holder in the following hospitals
Sri Venkateswara Ramnarain Ruia Government General Hospital
Sri Venkateswara Institute of Medical Sciences
Government Maternity Hospital, Tirupati |
Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams | Sri Venkateswara Gosamrakshana Shala | Sri Venkateswara Gosamrakshana Shala
It is a preserve for cattle received as a donation (Godanam). It was established in the year 1956 by TTD and later renamed to S.V. Gosamrakshana Shala during 2004. It is located at Chandragiri Road, Tirupati. It is maintained by Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams based on the funds received under Sri Venkateswara Gosamrakshana Shala Trust. Activities of the trust include providing a good environment, management and food to the cattle. The milk and its products produced here are used by TTD for daily rituals at Sri Venkateswara Temple and other TTD temples. |
Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams | Free bus services | Free bus services
TTD runs a free bus service between the Tirupati railway station and bus station to Alipiri and Srivari Mettu, every 30 minutes. Pilgrims who intend to walk up the hills to Tirumala use these buses. TTD also provides busing within Tirumala town, which are known as "Dharma Rathams". There are 12 such buses that pass-through cottages, choultries, temples and other places in Tirumala, at a frequency of every 3 minutes in the prescribed time slots. |
Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams | Further reading | Further reading
Growth and Development of Tirumala-Tirupati as a Dimension of Indian Civilization, by Talapaneni Subramanyam Naidu, Anthropological survey of India. Published by Anthropological Survey of India, Ministry of Human Resource Development, Dept. of Culture, Govt. of India, 1990.
A Study of Tirumala-Tirupati Devasthanams Educational Institutions: Higher Education, by P. Krishna Murthy. Published by P. Krishna Murthy, 1984. |
Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams | Media and publications | Media and publications
Sri Venkateswara Bhakti Channel
Sapthagiri Magazine |
Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams | See also | See also
Alamelu Mangapuram
Tirumala Brahmotsavalu
Tirupati laddu |
Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams | References | References |
Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams | External links | External links
Category:Hindu organisations based in India
Category:Tirumala Venkateswara Temple
Category:Religious organizations established in 1932
Category:1932 establishments in India |
Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams | Table of Content | Short description, Establishment and legislative setting, Temples under TTD administration, TTD Chairmans, Departments, Services, Annaprasadam, Education, Hospitals, Sri Venkateswara Gosamrakshana Shala, Free bus services, Further reading, Media and publications, See also, References, External links |
Linnik's theorem | Short description | Linnik's theorem in analytic number theory answers a natural question after Dirichlet's theorem on arithmetic progressions. It asserts that there exist positive c and L such that, if we denote p(a,d) the least prime in the arithmetic progression
where n runs through the positive integers and a and d are any given positive coprime integers with 1 ≤ a ≤ d − 1, then:
The theorem is named after Yuri Vladimirovich Linnik, who proved it in 1944. Although Linnik's proof showed c and L to be effectively computable, he provided no numerical values for them.
It follows from Zsigmondy's theorem that p(1,d) ≤ 2d − 1, for all d ≥ 3. It is known that p(1,p) ≤ Lp, for all primes p ≥ 5, as Lp is congruent to 1 modulo p for all prime numbers p, where Lp denotes the p-th Lucas number. Just like Mersenne numbers, Lucas numbers with prime indices have divisors of the form 2kp+1. |
Linnik's theorem | Properties | Properties
It is known that L ≤ 2 for almost all integers d.
On the generalized Riemann hypothesis it can be shown that
where is the totient function,
and the stronger bound
has been also proved.
It is also conjectured that:
|
Linnik's theorem | Bounds for ''L'' | Bounds for L
The constant L is called Linnik's constant and the following table shows the progress that has been made on determining its size.
L ≤ Year of publication Author 10000 1957 Pan 5448 1958 Pan 777 1965 Chen 630 1971 Jutila 550 1970 Jutila 168 1977 Chen 80 1977 Jutila 36 1977 Graham 20 1981 Graham (submitted before Chen's 1979 paper) 17 1979 Chen 16 1986 Wang 13.5 1989 Chen and Liu 8 1990 Wang 5.5 1992 Heath-Brown 5.18 2009 Xylouris 5 2011 Xylouris 5 − ε 2018 XylourisLinniks Konstante ist kleiner als 5
Moreover, in Heath-Brown's result the constant c is effectively computable. |
Linnik's theorem | Notes | Notes
Category:Theorems in analytic number theory
Category:Theorems about prime numbers |
Linnik's theorem | Table of Content | Short description, Properties, Bounds for ''L'', Notes |
Tirumala | Short description | Tirumala is a Hindu religious temple town in Tirupati district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is one of the neighbourhoods of the Tirupati city. The town is a part of Tirupati Urban Development Authority and located in Tirupati (urban) mandal of Tirupati revenue division. The town is strictly vegetarian. It is a hill town where Tirumala Venkateswara Temple is located, a popular shrine of Vishnu. Vishnu is believed to reside here with his full power, as in Vaikuntha, and thus the place is also called 'Bhuloka Vaikuntha'. |
Tirumala | Etymology | Etymology
The word Tirumala is of Dravidian origin. The term “Tiru” means sacred or holy, and “Mala” means mountain or hill. The prefix "Tiru" (or "Thiru") is a widely recognised Dravidian word and is used in many South Indian place names. |
Tirumala | Geography | Geography
thumb|Spotted deer in the park|alt=|left
Tirumala is located above sea level and covers an area of approximately . Surrounding the hills are seven peaks of the Seshachalam range of Eastern Ghats namely Seshadri, Neeladri, Garudadri, Anjanadri, Vrushabadri, Narayanadri, and Venkatadri. The temple of Venkateswara is on the seventh peak (Venkatadri).
At the 12 km (7.5 mi) point on the Tirupati – Tirumala Ghat road, there is a major discontinuity of stratigraphic significance that represents a period of remarkable serenity in the geological history of the Earth. This is referred to as the Eparchaean Unconformity. This unconformity separates the Nagari Quartzite of the Proterozoic from the granite of the Archean, representing a time gap of 800 Mya. In 2001, the Geological Survey of India (GSI) declared the Eparchaean Unconformity to be one of the 26 "Geological Monuments of India".
thumb|left|Silathoranam (natural arch) at Tirumala Hills, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh
Silathoranam, a natural arch and a distinctive geological wonder, is located in Tirumala Hills at a distance of from the Tirumala Venkateswara Temple. The arch measures in width and metres in height and is eroded out of quartizite of Cuddapah Supergroup of Middle to Upper Proterozoic (1600 to 570 Mya) by weathering agents such as water and wind. |
Tirumala | Climate | Climate
thumb|221x221px|Deer park near Alipiri Mettu
Tirumala has a humid subtropical climate designated Cwa, with dry winters under the Köppen climate classification. As the hill shrine is situated amidst the hills, the temperature will go below 10 degrees Centigrade in winter. Summers are not as hot here, especially compared to Tirupati. The southwest monsoon season starts from June, but rains are not heavy. Occasionally, thunderstorms form and downpours may persist for hours. Pertaining to orographic relief, the northeast monsoon remains active over the region for 2 months. It causes flooding. The highest 24-hour rainfall on record was on 23 November 2005, followed by on 9 November 2015. |
Tirumala | Legend | Legend
In ancient literature, Tirupati is mentioned as Adi Varaha Kshetra. The Puranas associate the site with Varaha, one of the Dashavatara of Vishnu. In the Varaha Purana, Venkatadri is believed to be a part of Mount Meru, which was brought on to the earth from Vishnu's abode Vaikuntham by his mount Garuda. The seven peaks represent the seven heads of Adishesha or Seven doors of Vaikuntha. |
Tirumala | Demographics | Demographics
India census, Tirumala had a population of 7,741. Males constitute 52 percent of the population and females 48 percent. Tirumala had an average literacy rate of 72.8 percent, higher than the national average of 59.5 percent. The male literacy rate was 57.1 percent and the female rate was 42.9 percent. In Tirumala, 11 percent of the population was under six years of age.
Telugu is the major language. Hinduism is the only religion in Tirumala. |
Tirumala | Culture | Culture
thumb|right|Ganga temple, Papavinasanam
thumb|Museum in Tirumala
The town of Tirumala is strictly vegetarian. Consumption of non-vegetarian food, alcohol, and tobacco products is strictly prohibited in Tirumala, and smuggling any of these is considered a serious offence. Dhotis and Sarees are the traditional popular attire. The practices of tonsure and using tilaka are popular among devotees of Venkateswara.
Festivals
thumb|Venkateswara on Gaja Vahanam|alt=|left
Srivari Brahmotsavams is the most important festival in Tirumala that is celebrated every year during September/October and receives lakhs of devotees over a short span of a nine days. The city celebrates all major Hindu festivals including Sankranti, Ugadi and so forth. Vaikuntha Ekadashi, the day on which it is believed that Vaikuntha Dvarams will be opened, is celebrated in Tirumala. Rathasapthami is another festival, celebrated during February, when Venkateswara processional deity, (Malayappa) is taken in a procession around the temple on seven different vahanas from early morning to late night.
Cuisine
Tirupati is known for the Tirupati laddu. It is the prasadam at the Venkateswara Temple, Tirumala. Only the Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams manufactures and sells this product.
Arts, crafts and architecture
Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams established Sri Venkateswara Museum, one at Tirumala and the other at Tirupati. It has a wonderful collection of Tirupati temple architecture and historical artefacts, such as ancient weaponry, pooja items and idols. It has a comprehensive photo gallery that gives a unique insight into the Tirupati region's culture and traditions. It also boasts a meditation centre. |
Tirumala | Landmarks | Landmarks
thumb|Arjuna's chariot in Geethopadesam park
Venkateswara Temple is an abode of Venkateswara situated in Tirumala. It is also known as Tirumala Temple. Natural Arch is located north of the temple, which measures wide and high and was naturally formed from the quartz. Srivari Padamulu (the footprints of Lord) are believed to be the footprints of Venkateswara formed when he first stood on Tirumala Hills. Papavinasanam is a waterfall flowing from a tributary of the Swarnamukhi River. It also has a temple where seven lion-headed channels open from a height for deities to bathe below them. A temple dedicated to goddess Ganga is located near the enclosure. Akaasa Ganga is another natural waterfall in Tirumala. |
Tirumala | Transport | Transport
thumb|Srivari Padalu steps
Foot Steps
There are two paths to travel on foot from Tirupati to Tirumala. These paths are called Sopanamargas. Devotees ritually take this path to reach Tirumala on foot from Tirupati. Both the paths are completely roofed and passes through seven hills which are part of Seshachalam Hills.
Alipiri Mettu – The first and Ancient path starts from Alipiri and consists of a total 3550 Steps which makes a distance of 11 km. At Alipiri there is a temple dedicated to Venkateswara called Padalamandapam. There are Four Gopurams(Temple Towers) on the way.
Srivari Mettu – It originates at Srinivasa Mangapuram, about from Tirupati. It is long. This trail has 2388 steps and is shorter than Alipiri Metlu path.
Road
Tirumala can be accessed by road from Alipiri. The distance is . There are two roads from Alipiri to Tirumala, one each dedicated to up and down traffic. The state government-owned Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation (APSRTC) operates frequent Saptagiri and Saptagiri Express buses from Tirupati and Alipiri and also from nearby places. Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams (TTD) runs free buses for transit within Tirumala.
Rail
The nearest railway station is at Tirupati, about from Tirumala. Tirupati Main railway station is one of the major railway station in the South Central Railway zone of the Indian Railways, providing rail connectivity to major parts of India. It is under the jurisdiction of Guntakal railway division. is another important railway station which lies on the Chennai – Mumbai rail corridor is away from Tirumala.
Airport
The nearest airport is Tirupati Airport, about from Tirumala. It is a domestic and International airport with direct flights to Visakhapatnam and New Delhi. The nearest major airport is the Chennai International Airport, located about from Tirumala. |
Tirumala | See also | See also
Tirupati
Hindu Temples in Tirupati
Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams
Tirupati district
Sacred mountains of India |
Tirumala | References | References |
Tirumala | External links | External links
Vasista ashramam, Srinivasa Mangapuram, Tirupati Website
Category:Tirupati
Category:Towns in Tirupati district
Category:Hindu holy cities
Category:Hills of Andhra Pradesh
Category:Tourist attractions in Andhra Pradesh
Category:Geography of Tirupati district
Category:Mountains of Andhra Pradesh
Category:Vegetarian towns in India
Category:Vegetarianism and religion
Category:Vegetarian communities |
Tirumala | Table of Content | Short description, Etymology, Geography, Climate, Legend, Demographics, Culture, Landmarks, Transport, See also, References, External links |
Balaji | wikt | Balaji may refer to: |
Balaji | Religion | Religion
Venkateswara, one of the incarnations of Vishnu
Balaji Mandir (disambiguation), a list of temples |
Balaji | Organisations | Organisations
Balaji Wafers, a FMCG group based in Rajkot, Gujarat
Balaji Institute of Modern Management Pune, a business school in Pune, India
Balaji Motion Pictures, a film production house in Mumbai, India
Balaji Telefilms, a film production house in Mumbai, India |
Balaji | People | People
Balaji, an Indian name (for persons with the name see )
Balaji K. Kumar, American/Indian film director
Balaji Srinivasan, American entrepreneur, investor, and futurist
K. Balaji (1934-2009), South Indian producer and actor
Suchir Balaji (1998-2024), artificial intelligence researcher and former employee of OpenAI, known for his whistleblowing activities related to artificial intelligence ethics. |
Balaji | Other uses | Other uses
Balaji (leopard), a leopard in the Sri Venkateswara Zoological Park
Balaji, Iran, a village in West Azerbaijan Province, Iran
Category:Surnames of Indian origin |
Balaji | Table of Content | wikt, Religion, Organisations, People, Other uses |
Parallel computation | # | redirect parallel computing |
Parallel computation | Table of Content | # |
Bagan | Short description | Bagan ( ; ; formerly Pagan) is an ancient city and a UNESCO World Heritage Site in the Mandalay Region of Myanmar. From the 9th to 13th centuries, the city was the capital of the Pagan Kingdom, the first kingdom that unified the regions that would later constitute Myanmar. During the kingdom's height between the 11th and 13th centuries, more than 10,000 Buddhist temples, pagodas and monasteries were constructed in the Bagan plains alone, of which the remains of over 2200 temples and pagodas survive.
The Bagan Archaeological Zone is a main attraction for the country's nascent tourism industry. |
Bagan | Etymology | Etymology
Bagan is the present-day standard Burmese pronunciation of the Burmese word Pugan (), derived from Old Burmese Pukam (). Its classical Pali name is Arimaddanapura (, lit. "the City that Tramples on Enemies"). Its other names in Pali are in reference to its extreme dry zone climate: Tattadesa (, "parched land"), and Tampadīpa (, "bronzed country").Than Tun 1964: 117–118 The Burmese chronicles also report other classical names of Thiri Pyissaya (; ) and Tampawaddy (; ).Maha Yazawin Vol. 1 2006: 139–141 |
Bagan | History | History |
Bagan | 9th to 13th centuries | 9th to 13th centuries
thumb|300px|left|Bagan's prosperous economy built over 10,000 temples between the 11th and 13th centuries.
thumb|150px|Pagan Empire c. 1210
According to the royal chronicles, Bagan was founded in the second century CE, and fortified in 849 by King Pyinbya, 34th successor of the founder of early Bagan.Harvey 1925: 18 Western scholarship however holds that Bagan was founded in the mid-to-late 9th century by the Mranma (Burmans), who had recently entered the Irrawaddy valley from the Nanzhao Kingdom. It was among several competing Pyu city-states until the late 10th century when the Burman settlement grew in authority and grandeur.Lieberman 2003: 90–91
From 1044 to 1287, Bagan was the capital as well as the political, economic and cultural nerve center of the Bagan Empire. Over the course of 250 years, Bagan's rulers and their wealthy subjects constructed over 10,000 religious monuments (approximately 1000 stupas, 10,000 small temples and 3000 monasteries)Stadtner 2011: 216 in an area of in the Bagan plains. The prosperous city grew in size and grandeur, and became a cosmopolitan center for religious and secular studies, specializing in Pali scholarship in grammar and philosophical-psychological (abhidhamma) studies as well as works in a variety of languages on prosody, phonology, grammar, astrology, alchemy, medicine, and legal studies.Lieberman 2003: 115–116 The city attracted monks and students from as far as India, Sri Lanka and the Khmer Empire.
The culture of Bagan was dominated by religion. The religion of Bagan was fluid, syncretic and by later standards, unorthodox. It was largely a continuation of religious trends in the Pyu era where Theravada Buddhism co-existed with Mahayana Buddhism, Tantric Buddhism, various Hindu (Saivite, and Vaishana) schools as well as native animist (nat) traditions. While the royal patronage of Theravada Buddhism since the mid-11th century had enabled the Buddhist school to gradually gain primacy, other traditions continued to thrive throughout the Pagan period to degrees later unseen.
Bagan's basic physical layout had already taken shape by the late 11th century, which was the first major period of monument building. A main strip extending for about 9 km along the east bank of the Irrawaddy emerged during this period, with the walled core (known as "Old Bagan") in the middle. 11th-century construction took place throughout this whole area and appears to have been relatively decentralized. The spread of monuments north and south of Old Bagan, according to Hudson, Nyein Lwin, and Win Maung, may reflect construction at the village level, which may have been encouraged by the main elite at Old Bagan.
The peak of monument building took place between about 1150 and 1200. Most of Bagan's largest buildings were built during this period. The overall amount of building material used also peaked during this phase. Construction clustered around Old Bagan, but also took place up and down the main strip, and there was also some expansion to the east, away from the Irrawaddy.
By the 13th century, the area around Old Bagan was already densely packed with monuments, and new major clusters began to emerge to the east. These new clusters, like the monastic area of Minnanthu, were roughly equally distant – and equally accessible – from any part of the original strip that had been defined in the 11th century. Construction during the 13th century featured a significant increase in the building of monasteries and associated smaller monuments. Michael Aung-Thwin has suggested that the smaller sizes may indicate "dwindling economic resources" and that the clustering around monasteries may reflect growing monastic influence. Bob Hudson, Nyein Lwin, and Win Maung also suggest that there was a broadening of donor activity during this period: "the religious merit that accrued from endowing an individual merit was more widely accessible", and more private individuals were endowing small monuments. As with before, this may have taken place at the village level.
Both Bagan itself and the surrounding countryside offered plenty of opportunities for employment in various sectors. The prolific temple building alone would have been a huge stimulus for professions involved in their construction, such as brickmaking and masonry; gold, silver, and bronze working; carpentry and woodcarving; and ceramics. Finished temples would still need maintenance work done, so they continued to boost demand for both artisans' services and unskilled labor well after their construction. Accountants, bankers, and scribes were also necessary to manage the temple properties. These workers, especially the artisans, were paid well, which attracted many people to move to Bagan. Contemporary inscriptions indicate that "people of many linguistic and cultural backgrounds lived and worked" in Bagan during this time period.
Bagan's ascendancy also coincided with a period of political and economic decline in several other nearby regions, like Dvaravati, Srivijaya, and the Chola Empire. As a result, immigrants from those places likely also ended up moving to Bagan, in addition to people moving there from within Myanmar.
The Pagan Empire collapsed in 1287 due to repeated Mongol invasions (1277–1301). Recent research shows that Mongol armies may not have reached Bagan itself, and that even if they did, the damage they inflicted was probably minimal.Lieberman 2003: 119–120 According to Michael Aung-Thwin, a more likely explanation is that the provincial governors tasked with defending against Mongol incursions were so successful that they became "the new power elite", and their capitals became the new political centers while Bagan itself became a backwater. In any case, something during this period caused Bagan to decline. The city, once home to some 50,000 to 200,000 people, had been reduced to a small town, never to regain its preeminence. The city formally ceased to be the capital of Burma in December 1297 when the Myinsaing Kingdom became the new power in Upper Burma.Htin Aung 1967: 74Than Tun 1959: 119–120 |
Bagan | 14th to 19th centuries | 14th to 19th centuries
thumb|A hot-air balloon flying over a pagoda in Bagan
Bagan survived into the 15th century as a human settlement,Aung-Thwin 1985: 196–197 and as a pilgrimage destination throughout the imperial period. A smaller number of "new and impressive" religious monuments still went up to the mid-15th century but afterward, new temple constructions slowed to a trickle with fewer than 200 temples built between the 15th and 20th centuries. The old capital remained a pilgrimage destination but pilgrimage was focused only on "a score or so" most prominent temples out of the thousands such as the Ananda, the Shwezigon, the Sulamani, the Htilominlo, the Dhammayazika, and a few other temples along an ancient road. The rest—thousands of less famous, out-of-the-way temples—fell into disrepair, and most did not survive the test of time.
For the few dozen temples that were regularly patronized, the continued patronage meant regular upkeep as well as architectural additions donated by the devotees. Many temples were repainted with new frescoes on top of their original Pagan era ones, or fitted with new Buddha statutes. Then came a series of state-sponsored "systematic" renovations in the Konbaung period (1752–1885), which by and large were not true to the original designs—some finished with "a rude plastered surface, scratched without taste, art or result". The interiors of some temples were also whitewashed, such as the Thatbyinnyu and the Ananda. Many painted inscriptions and even murals were added in this period.Stadtner 2011: 217 |
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