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Philadelphia History Museum | Collection | Collection
The Museum's collections included more than 80,000 objects related to Philadelphia and regional history, including an estimated 10,000 17th- to 20th-century artifacts transferred from the Historical Society of Pennsylvania art and artifact collection in 2009, 1700 Quaker-related items from Friends Historical Association Collection, and collections reflecting Philadelphia manufacturing, the 1876 Centennial Exposition, toys and miniatures, and radio broadcasting.
Highlights from the permanent exhibitions included the boxing gloves of Joe Frazier, the desk of George Washington, a drinking glass owned by Benjamin Franklin, and a wampum belt allegedly given to William Penn by the Lenape. |
Philadelphia History Museum | See also | See also |
Philadelphia History Museum | References | References |
Philadelphia History Museum | External links | External links
Official website
Virtual Tour of Philadelphia's stop at the Atwater Kent
Philadelphia Department of Recreation
Atwater Kent Collection at Drexel
Category:Museums in Philadelphia
Category:City museums in the United States
Category:History museums in Pennsylvania
Category:Historic American Buildings Survey in Philadelphia
Category:National Register of Historic Places in Philadelphia
Category:Museums established in 1938
Category:Works Progress Administration in Pennsylvania
Category:Market East, Philadelphia
Category:1938 establishments in Pennsylvania
Category:Greek Revival architecture in Pennsylvania
Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1825
Category:John Haviland buildings
Category:Defunct museums in Pennsylvania |
Philadelphia History Museum | Table of Content | Use mdy dates, History, Collection, See also, References, External links |
Document Structuring Conventions | '''Document Structuring Conventions''' | Document Structuring Conventions (DSC) is a set of standards for PostScript, based on the use of comments, that specifies a way to structure a PostScript file and a way to expose that structure in a machine-readable way. A PostScript file that conforms to DSC is called a conforming document.
The need for a structuring convention arises since PostScript is a Turing-complete programming language. There is thus no guaranteed method — short of actually printing the document — to do things like determining how many pages long a given document is or how large a given page is, or how to skip to a particular page. The addition of structure, with DSC comments exposing that structure, helps provide a way for, e.g., an intelligent print spooler to have the ability to rearrange the pages for printing, or for a page layout program to find the bounding box of a PostScript file used as a graphic image. Collectively, any such program that takes PostScript files as input data is called a document manager.
In order for a PostScript print file to properly distill to PDF using Adobe tools, it should conform to basic DSC standards.
Some DSC comments serve a second function, specifying a way to tell the document manager to do certain things, like inserting a font or other PostScript code (collectively called resources) into the file. DSC comments that serve this second function are more akin to preprocessing directives and are not purely comments. Documents using those kinds of DSC comments require a functioning document manager to come out as intended; sending them directly to a printer will not work.
DSC is the basis for Encapsulated PostScript (EPS): EPS files are documents that conform to the DSC standards with further restrictions.
The set of DSC comments can be expanded by a mechanism called the Open Structuring Conventions, which, together with the EPS specification, form the basis of early versions of the Adobe Illustrator Artwork file format. |
Document Structuring Conventions | DSC at a glance | DSC at a glance
The basic premise of DSC is the separation of prolog (static definitions) and script (code that affects job-specific printed output), plus the disallowing of certain PostScript operators deemed inappropriate for page descriptions. This ensures a basic level of predictability in the PostScript code, thus forming the basis of document manageability.
An optional, additional layer of document manageability is provided by separating the script into a document setup section, zero or more functionally independent pages, and an optional trailer (cleanup code). (“Zero pages” in DSC usually means “one page without the use of the PostScript ‘showpage’ operator.”) The functional independence between pages, plus the disallowing of more PostScript operators in the pages section, form the basis for page independence, which allows pages to be reordered, and independently and randomly accessed.
This imposed structure is then exposed by delimiting the PostScript file with DSC comments, which normally begin with two percent signs followed by a keyword. Some keywords need to be followed by a colon, an optional space character, and then a series of arguments.
Finally, the document is marked as conforming by starting it with a comment starting with “%!PS-Adobe-” followed by the DSC version number.
Sections of reusable PostScript code can be modularized into procsets (procedure sets, corresponding to function libraries in other programming languages), in order to ease the generation of PostScript code. Procsets and other PostScript resources (for example, fonts) can be omitted from the PostScript file itself, and externally referenced by a directive-like DSC comment; such external referencing, however, can only work with a document manager that understands such DSC comments.
DSC version 3.0 was released on September 25, 1992. The specification states, "Even though the DSC comments are a layer of communication beyond the PostScript language and do not affect the final output, their use is considered
to be good PostScript language programming style." Thus, most PostScript-producing programs output DSC-conformant comments along with the code, although some such programs do not actually produce conforming documents. |
Document Structuring Conventions | Example | Example
A DSC-conforming document (this one generated by dvips) might begin:
%!PS-Adobe-2.0
%%Creator: dvips(k) 5.95a Copyright 2005 Radical Eye Software
%%Title: texput.dvi
%%Pages: 1
%%PageOrder: Ascend
%%BoundingBox: 0 0 612 792
%%DocumentPaperSizes: Letter
%%EndComments
which has the following meaning:
marks the document as conforming to version 2.0 of the DSC
identifies the PostScript-producing program as dvips 5.95a
identifies the document title
tells the document manager that the document consists of one page
tells the document manager that pages are independent (i.e., not in Special ordering) and appear in ascending order in the document; in this example, since the document only consists of one page, this information is not usually relevant, but will be needed if additional pages are to be inserted by a document manager
tells the document manager the coordinates, measured in PostScript points, of the bounding box for all the pages taken together; 0 0 612 792 is the coordinates of a US Letter–sized page
tells the document manager what kind of paper sizes are used in the whole document; in this example only one size is used, namely the US Letter size
marks the end of the prolog |
Document Structuring Conventions | See also | See also
Adobe Systems
Encapsulated PostScript
PostScript |
Document Structuring Conventions | External links | External links
PostScript Language Document Structuring Conventions Specification (25 September 1992)
Category:PostScript |
Document Structuring Conventions | Table of Content | '''Document Structuring Conventions''', DSC at a glance, Example, See also, External links |
Category:Game designers | Category diffuse | A game designer is a person who designs games. The term normally refers to a person who designs video or computer games, but it can also refer to one who designs traditional games, such as board games.
Individuals should not be listed in this main category, but instead under their specialization in one or more of the subcategories below.
Game
Designers |
Category:Game designers | Table of Content | Category diffuse |
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/HP 945 | Non-notable camera. | Non-notable camera. Rmhermen 13:18, Jul 16, 2004 (UTC)
There's not much real info here- a single sentence (or less) on a "list of cameras" might be appropriate, but it doesn't merit an entry of its own unless it became extremely successful, or incorporated some improtant innovative feature. I vote delete. FZ 15:42, 16 Jul 2004 (UTC)
Delete: Pretty nearly an ad for "this remarkable camera." Geogre 16:01, 16 Jul 2004 (UTC)
Delete. All the HP945 deserves is a cursory mention on Hewlett Packard or digital photography, if even that. --Ardonik 21:00, Jul 16, 2004 (UTC)
Delete. It isn't even a good ad, let alone an article. It's a mere drop in a sea of digital cameras. Heck, maybe I'll write about the Samsung I got for my wife last Christmas! Joy! - Lucky 6.9 00:56, 17 Jul 2004 (UTC)
Delete. WP is not a product catalog. Wile E. Heresiarch 02:12, 17 Jul 2004 (UTC) |
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/HP 945 | Table of Content | Non-notable camera. |
Jantantrik Bahujan Samaj Party | Short description | Jantantrik Bahujan Samaj Party (Democratic Majority Society Party), a splinter group of Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP) formed in 1997 when 19 BSP Members of the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh broke away. JBSP allied themselves with Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and joined the National Democratic Alliance. In UP they supported Kalyan Singh's government. 17 JBSP MLAs were inducted as ministers in the state government. The president of JBSP was DP Yadav (Rajya Sabha MP) and the general secretary Shahidullah Khan.
JBSP became an unstable party and suffered various splits. Four MLAs defected to Lok Jan Shakti Party. Another splinter group was Kisan Mazdoor Bahujan Party.
When JBSP fell apart, DP Yadav organized the new party Rashtriya Parivartan Dal.
JBSP should not be confused with the other BSP splinter group: Loktantrik Bahujan Samaj Party. |
Jantantrik Bahujan Samaj Party | References | References
Category:Defunct political parties in Uttar Pradesh
Category:Political schisms
Category:Political parties established in 1997
Category:1997 establishments in Uttar Pradesh
Category:Ambedkarite political parties
Category:Dalit politics |
Jantantrik Bahujan Samaj Party | Table of Content | Short description, References |
Loktantrik Bahujan Samaj Party | Use dmy dates | Loktantrik Bahujan Samaj Party (Democratic Majority Society Party [DMSP]), splinter group of Bahujan Samaj Party formed in September 2003 when 37 Members of the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh broke away. The party leader was Haji Yakub. In October the same year LBSP merged with the Samajwadi Party.
The formation of LBSP was a way to avoid sanction under the Anti-Defection Law, and thus LBSP was in many ways a transitional pseudo-party (like Democratic Congress Party, etc.).
Category:Defunct political parties in Uttar Pradesh
Category:Political parties established in 2003
Category:Political parties disestablished in 2003
Category:2003 establishments in Uttar Pradesh
Category:Bahujan Samaj Party |
Loktantrik Bahujan Samaj Party | Table of Content | Use dmy dates |
Volothamp Geddarm | Short description | Volothamp "Volo" Geddarm, created by Jeff Grubb, is a fictional character of the Forgotten Realms campaign setting for the Dungeons & Dragons fantasy role-playing game. |
Volothamp Geddarm | Origin | Origin
Volo's first appearance was in Forgotten Realms Adventures (1990). Volo was created by Jeff Grubb, a game designer at TSR who collaborated with the Forgotten Realms creator Ed Greenwood.
It is through Volo's perspective that Greenwood authored his detailed Forgotten Realms lore-books of the Volo's Guide series: Volo's Guide to Waterdeep (1993), Volo's Guide to the North (1993), Volo's Guide to the Sword Coast (1994), Volo's Guide to Cormyr (1995), Volo's Guide to the Dalelands (1996), Volo's Guide to All Things Magical (1996), Volo's Guide to Baldur's Gate II (2000) and Volo's Guide to Monsters (2016). Shannon Appelcline, author of Designers & Dragons, commented that "Greenwood enjoyed writing these books in part because he got to use an unreliable narrator" with Greenwood stating "that this allowed him to create details without worrying about contradicting the readers' own campaigns". Appelcline also noted that "the idea of Volo always getting in trouble for what he writes is a long-running joke that carries through all the Guides". |
Volothamp Geddarm | Fictional description | Fictional description
Volo was a too-curious-for-his-own-good travelling scholar and minor wizard. Always on the lookout for an exposé, he all too frequently was at odds with Elminster, who preferred some things to be kept in the dark. In fact, it was his assembling his "first" guide—Volo's Guide to All Things Magical—that put him on the "path" to making his other guides. As for Elminster, it is he who edits every guide that Volo has published, as evident in the many footnotes in each, including Volo's Guide to All Things Magical, which almost got Volo killed making it.
"Volo" is not to be confused with "Marcus Volo", real name Marcus Wands, of the Wands family of Waterdeep. A trouble-making bard, Wands gained Volothamp's moniker after he stole an artifact from a powerful wizard, and laid the blame on the far more infamous scapegoat of the real Volo. Pursued by the mad mage and his forces, and protected by adventurers hired by his father, Marco came into his own at the finale, when the artifact was revealed as containing a god from another world, who had come to Toril along with Marco's family. The Sunstaffs, as they were known then, had through the generations been destined to keep the god imprisoned, and Marco awakened to his destiny with the help of the adventurers, Volothamp himself, and the gods Tyr, Sune, and Corellon Larethian.
He has also had several adventures of his own, as told in Once Around the Realms and The Mage in the Iron Mask. |
Volothamp Geddarm | Reception | Reception
Chroniclers of D&D Michael Witwer and Kyle Newman considered "the great Volo Geddarm" as "one of D&D's most famous" and "most beloved" characters. Trenton Webb, writing for the British magazine Arcane, thought of Volo as "a sort of magically empowered Magenta DeVine".
Paul Pettengale, also writing for Arcane, described him as "a famous AD&D adventurer who, in an effort to help adventurers in Faerûn, has written a number of guides to regions within the Realms. He's one of those characters that everyone's heard about, and one that just about every Dungeon Master must have been tempted to introduce to their campaign at some point or another." Claudio Chianese from Giochi Per Il Mio Computer magazine described the character as "the most multifaceted and entertaining figure of the Forgotten Realms. Explorer of lost lands, writer [...], womanizer and unrepentant trouble seeker". The reviewer saw his function for the role-playing game in contrasting his less-than-reliable view "with that of the serious wizard Elminster" and to "add a touch of comedy".
Cameron Kunzelman of Paste described Volo as a "drunk" Ken Jennings who "really cared about being able to name all the animals of the zoo, and was the sole grantor of Michelin stars across the world". Kunzelman highlighted the mechanical use of Volo as an unreliable narrator – "as a character, Volo is brilliant because he is a device through which the designers of the Forgotten Realms can give Dungeon Masters a set of bounds.[...] That 'thinks he knows' is crucial, because having Volo write the guide means that he can be wrong. From a design perspective, Volo is a way of giving DMs a toolbox that they don't have to be completely adherent to. Whatever Volo thinks or writes can be slightly off the mark. Maybe he only saw a tavern during the daytime. Maybe he cut some corners. Nesting world design within the subjective opinions of an expansive, world-trotting character with a penchant for embellishment solves a lot of problems and generally makes the job of being a DM a little more fun". |
Volothamp Geddarm | Appearances in other media | Appearances in other media
Volo makes minor appearances in the computer games Baldur's Gate and Baldur's Gate II: Throne of Bhaal, where he appears in taverns near the beginning of each game. In Baldur's Gate II: Throne of Bhaal he informs the player that he is writing a novel chronicling the events of the games and will give the player previews of how he intends to describe your companions in the game. The printed manual for Baldur's Gate and Baldur's Gate II itself also contains annotations supposedly written by Volo (and also by Elminster). Volo also appears in Baldur's Gate 3.
He is also a major character in Neverwinter Nights 2: Storm of Zehir where he acts as narrator and features prominently in the plot itself. He is responsible for inviting the player's party aboard the ship that you begin the game on. The opening and closing sequences are presented in such a way as to imply that the game is one of his books.
Volo was featured as a Magic: The Gathering card among other "Iconic D&D creatures, villains, heroes, and more [which] grace the Adventures in the Forgotten Realms set". |
Volothamp Geddarm | See also | See also
List of Forgotten Realms modules and sourcebooks |
Volothamp Geddarm | References | References
Category:Fictional arcane spellcasters (Dungeons & Dragons)
Category:Fictional characters introduced in 1993
Category:Fictional characters who use magic
Category:Fictional scholars
Category:Forgotten Realms characters |
Volothamp Geddarm | Table of Content | Short description, Origin, Fictional description, Reception, Appearances in other media, See also, References |
FSC | '''FSC''' | FSC may refer to: |
FSC | Education | Education
Farmingdale State College, a college in New York, United States
Fitchburg State College, now Fitchburg State University, in Massachusetts, United States
Florida Southern College, in Lakeland, Florida, United States
Florida State College at Jacksonville, a college in Florida, United States
Florida Sun Conference, an American college athletic conference
Forest School Camps, a British camping organisation
Framingham State College, a college in Massachusetts, United States
Institute of the Brothers of the Christian Schools (Latin: ), a Roman Catholic religious teaching order |
FSC | Finance | Finance
Financial Services Commission (disambiguation)
Financial Supervision Commission, Isle of Man
Financial Supervisory Commission (Taiwan)
Foreign Sales Corporation, a repealed tax device of the United States Internal Revenue Code |
FSC | Governmental and politics | Governmental and politics
Catalan Federation of the PSOE, a defunct political party in Catalonia, Spain
Federal Salary Council, an advisory body of the United States federal government
Federal Shariat Court of Pakistan
Fire Safety Commission
Texas Forensic Science Commission, a state agency of Texas, United States |
FSC | Industry | Industry
Fabryka Samochodów Ciężarowych, a Polish automotive company
Fiji Sugar Corporation, a Fiji government-owned sugar milling company
Fujitsu Siemens Computers, a Japanese and German IT supply chain |
FSC | Other organisations | Other organisations
Les Scouts - Fédération des Scouts Baden-Powell de Belgique (FSC, Catholic Baden-Powell-Scout Federation of Belgium)
Field Studies Council, a British environmental education charity
Filipino Society of Cinematographers
First Satanic Church, an organization dedicated to Satanism and the occult
Forest Stewardship Council, an international environmental organization
Free Speech Coalition, a trade association for the adult film and pornography industry
Fountain Street Church, in Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States
Forest Stewardship Council, for protection of trees from cutting and increasing its number by growing more. |
FSC | Other uses | Other uses
Figari Sud-Corse Airport, in Corsica, France
Fine-structure constant
Fire safe cigarette
Firearm Safety Certificate
Foo Swee Chin (born 1977), Singaporean comic book artist
Food supply chain
Football South Coast, in New South Wales, Australia
Fourier shell correlation
Funvic Soul Cycles–Carrefour, a Brazilian cycling team
Future Surface Combatant of the Royal Navy
forward-scattered light, a parameter of Flow cytometry |
FSC | Table of Content | '''FSC''', Education, Finance, Governmental and politics, Industry, Other organisations, Other uses |
Kisan Mazdoor Bahujan Party | Use Indian English | Kisan Mazdoor Bahujan Party (Peasants and Workers Majority Party) was a splinter group of the Jantantrik Bahujan Samaj Party in India. The leader of KMBP was Chaudhary Narendra Singh from Kanpur in the state elections in Uttar Pradesh in 2002, KMBP was an ally of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), and launched two BJP-supported candidates. KMBP was part of the state government in Uttar Pradesh around 2002. KMBP joined the Indian National Congress ahead of the Lok Sabha elections 2004. |
Kisan Mazdoor Bahujan Party | References | References
Category:Defunct political parties in Uttar Pradesh
Category:Political schisms
Category:Agrarian parties in India
Category:Defunct socialist parties in India
Category:1997 establishments in Uttar Pradesh
Category:Political parties established in 1997
Category:Political parties disestablished in 2004
Category:2004 disestablishments in India |
Kisan Mazdoor Bahujan Party | Table of Content | Use Indian English, References |
Category:Italian bomber aircraft | Portal | Bomber |
Category:Italian bomber aircraft | Table of Content | Portal |
Antônio Pizzonia | Short description | Antônio Reginaldo Pizzonia Júnior (born 11 September 1980) is a Brazilian professional racing driver who has raced in Formula One and the Champ Car World Series. Born in Manaus, he started his car racing career in the Formula Vauxhall Junior series in 1997 and then progressed through various junior formulae, winning the Formula Vauxhall Junior Winter Festival in 1997, the Formula Vauxhall Junior and Formula Renault Winter Festival in 1998, the Formula Renault 2.0 UK in 1999, and the British Formula 3 Championship in 2000.
For 2001 and 2002, he entered the Formula 3000, with his best championship finish being sixth in 2001. In 2003, he was signed by the Jaguar Formula One team, but following poor results, was released during the season. In 2004, he replaced the injured Ralf Schumacher at Williams in several events, securing his first Formula One points in the process.
In 2005, he replaced Nick Heidfeld at Williams, but was released from his contract at the end of the season. Since then, he has competed in multiple series, such as the Champ Car World Series, the Superleague Formula, Stock Car Brasil, and the FIA GT1 World Championship. |
Antônio Pizzonia | Racing career | Racing career |
Antônio Pizzonia | Pre-Formula One | Pre-Formula One
From 1991 to 1996 he competed in various karting series. In 1997 he moved to Britain and competed in Formula Vauxhall Junior; Pizzonia placed second, and won the Winter Festival. In 1998, in addition to taking the Championship in Formula Vauxhall Junior, he won the Formula Renault Winter Festival.
His 1999 season was even more successful, winning the Formula Renault 2.0 UK series and finishing second in the Formula Renault 2.0 Eurocup. In 2000, Pizzonia took five wins on his way to winning the British Formula 3 Championship. For 2001, Pizzonia switched to the Formula 3000 series, winning one race and finishing sixth in the championship. |
Antônio Pizzonia | Formula One | Formula One
In 2002, Pizzonia was hired as test driver for Williams, but also continued in F3000, placing 8th. After impressive testing performances, he was signed by the Jaguar team to partner Mark Webber for 2003, replacing the axed Pedro de la Rosa Autosport 1 November 2002
. However, following a string of poor results, he was dropped late in the season and replaced by Minardi's Justin Wilson.
left|thumb|Pizzonia driving for Jaguar during the 2003 British Grand Prix.
In 2004 he returned to Williams as test driver. Before the German Grand Prix, it was announced that Pizzonia would take over from Marc Gené, who had been filling in for the injured Ralf Schumacher. At the German Grand Prix, he finished 7th to take his first 2 career points; he repeated the feat at the Hungarian Grand Prix.
In Belgium, he briefly led an F1 race for the first time, but failed to finish the race due to a gearbox problem, whilst running in 3rd place. He claimed a further 2 points in Italy (during which he achieved the fastest ever recorded top speed in a F1 race at the time, 369.9 km/h, until Juan Pablo Montoya eclipsed this record the following year), but with the announcement of Ralf Schumacher's return for the Chinese Grand Prix, Pizzonia's racing was over for the year.
Prior to the 2005 season, Pizzonia was in a virtual shoot-out with German Nick Heidfeld for the second race seat at Williams alongside Webber. Despite Pizzonia's experience with the team and financial support from Petrobras, Heidfeld was given the seat.
Pizzonia was still employed at Williams as a test driver, and when Heidfeld complained of headaches after being concussed in a crash during the Friday Practice Session at Monza, Pizzonia gained the chance to race. Having not entered an F1 race since the 2004 Italian Grand Prix, the Brazilian qualified 16th, coming through the field to emulate his 2004 race result — picking up 7th place and 2 points. He then raced in the Belgian Grand Prix. where he incurred a fine for taking out 2nd placed Juan Pablo Montoya just a few laps from the end. Pizzonia also took the drive in the Brazilian Grand Prix, but his race was over before the first corner after taking out his own teammate Mark Webber resulting from a collision with David Coulthard.
Despite some speculation that GP2 champion Nico Rosberg would be given an opportunity in the last two races of the season, Pizzonia completed the season for Williams. He retired from the Japanese Grand Prix early after spinning off, and retired from (but was classified as a finisher in) the Chinese Grand Prix after a puncture. Having been replaced by Nico Rosberg for 2006 and failing to find a seat elsewhere, Pizzonia's Formula One career was over. |
Antônio Pizzonia | Post-Formula One | Post-Formula One
In 2006, he drove for Paul Gentilozzi's Rocketsports team in the Champ Car World Series' Long Beach Grand Prix and returned to the team towards the end of the season for races where Tõnis Kasemets did not have sponsorship to race.
In 2007, Pizzonia was racing for Fisichella Motor Sport in the GP2 series. In May, he was dropped in favour of Adam Carroll after only scoring 1 point in 5 races. After that, he returned to Brazil and entered into competition in Stock Car Brasil, a Brazilian national championship, from July. He has competed in the series every year since then, and has also raced in Superleague Formula (SC Corinthians) and the FIA GT1 World Championship.
In 2012, Pizzonia made a one-off guest appearance in the Auto GP World Series when the championship visited the Brazilian Curitiba circuit. Driving for the Ombra Racing team, he won both races, immediately slotting himself into ninth position in the championship.
In 2014 and 2015, Pizzonia competed in the Auto GP series, with Zele Racing.
right|thumb|Pizzonia driving for HS Engineering during the Red Bull Ring round.
Pizzonia returned to open-wheel racing in 2023, in the BOSS GP series, with HS Engineering in a Gibson-engined Dallara T12, winning both races overall at the season-opener at Paul Ricard. He has subsequently won every race in his class. He won the Open class title at TT Circuit Assen. |
Antônio Pizzonia | Racing record | Racing record |
Antônio Pizzonia | Career summary | Career summary
Season Series Team Races Wins Poles F.Laps Podiums Points Position 1996 Formula Vauxhall Junior Winter Series ? 1 0 0 0 0 0 NC 1997 Formula Vauxhall Junior John Village Automotive 16 4 ? ? 4 142 2nd Formula Vauxhall Junior Winter Series Lewis Motorsport 1 1 0 0 1 0 1st 1998 Formula Vauxhall Junior Lewis Motorsport 16 8 ? ? 8 186 1st Formula Renault 2.0 UK Winter Series Manor Motorsport 4 4 ? 3 4 120 1st 1999 Eurocup Formula Renault Manor Motorsport 9 4 ? ? ? 196 2nd Formula Renault 2.0 UK 13 11 12 ? 11 402 1st 2000 British Formula Three Championship Manor Motorsport 14 5 3 5 11 200 1st Masters of Formula 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 NC FIA European Formula 3 Cup 1 0 0 0 0 0 20th Formula One Mild Seven Benetton Playlife Test Driver 2001 International Formula 3000 Petrobras Junior Team 12 1 1 2 2 22 6th 2002 International Formula 3000 Petrobras Junior Team 12 0 0 0 1 17 8th Formula One BMW WilliamsF1 Team Test Driver 2003 Formula One HSBC Jaguar Racing 12 0 0 0 0 0 NC 2004 Formula One BMW WilliamsF1 Team 4 0 0 0 0 6 15th 2005 Formula One BMW WilliamsF1 Team 5 0 0 0 0 2 22nd 2006 Champ Car World Series Rocketsports Racing 4 0 0 0 0 43 18th 2007 GP2 Series FMS International 5 0 0 0 0 1 27th Stock Car Brasil RS Competições 8 0 0 0 0 1 40th 2008 Superleague Formula SC Corinthians 10 0 0 1 1 264 9th Stock Car Brasil Cimed Racing 10 0 0 0 0 6 31st Champ Car World Series Rocketsports Racing 1 0 0 1 0 0 NC 2009 Stock Car Brasil Amir Nasr Racing 6 0 0 0 1 51 15th Superleague Formula SC Corinthians 15 0 3 3 3 264 8th 2010 Stock Car Brasil Hot Car Competições 11 0 0 1 1 31 23rd GT Brasil CRT Brasil 14 0 0 1 2 90 16th 2011 Stock Car Brasil Amir Nasr Racing 2 0 0 1 0 6 26th Brasileiro de Marcas 2 0 0 0 0 17 28th GT Brasil CRT Brasil 2 0 0 1 0 7 23rd Superleague Formula Team Brazil 5 0 0 1 2 102 8th 2012 Stock Car Brasil Comprafácil Nascar JF 12 0 0 0 0 83 15th Campeonato Brasileiro de GT Mottin Racing 1 0 0 0 0 0 NC American Le Mans Series - LMP2 Conquest Endurance 1 0 0 0 1 0 NC Auto GP World Series Ombra Racing 4 2 0 0 2 45 9th 2013 FIA World Endurance Championship - LMP2 Delta-ADR 2 1 1 0 1 25 15th Rolex Sports Car Series - DP Michael Shank Racing 5 0 0 0 0 102 22nd 2014 Stock Car Brasil Prati-Donaduzzi 20 2 0 1 2 158.5 9th Auto GP World Series Zele Racing 2 0 0 1 1 25 14th Brasileiro de Marcas Amir Nasr Racing 1 0 0 1 0 0 NC 2015 Stock Car Brasil Prati-Donaduzzi 21 0 0 0 0 95 18th Auto GP World Series Zele Racing 4 2 1 2 4 79 1st 2016 FIA World Endurance Championship - LMP2 Manor Motorsport 1 0 0 0 0 10 27th Brasileiro de Marcas C2 Team 1 0 0 0 0 0 NC Porsche Endurance Series - Cup ? 1 0 0 0 0 40 37th 2017 Stock Car Brasil Prati-Donaduzzi 22 0 0 0 1 124 13th 2018 Stock Car Brasil Prati-Donaduzzi 22 0 0 1 0 44 21st 2021 Porsche Endurance Series ? 1 1 0 0 1 116 7th 2023 BOSS GP - Open Class HS Engineering 14 14 7 14 14 352 1st2024 BOSS GP - Open Class HS Engineering1085992571st |
Antônio Pizzonia | Complete British Formula Three Championship results | Complete British Formula Three Championship results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)
Year Entrant Chassis Engine Class 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 DC Points 2000 Manor Motorsport Dallara F399 Mugen-Honda Championship THR CRO OUL DON DON SIL BRH DON DON CRO SIL SNE SPA SIL 1st 200 |
Antônio Pizzonia | Complete International Formula 3000 results | Complete International Formula 3000 results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)
Year Entrant 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 DC Points 2001 Petrobras Junior Team INT IMO CAT A1R MON NÜR MAG SIL HOC HUN SPA MNZ 6th 22 2002 Petrobras Junior Team INT IMO CAT A1R MON NÜR SIL MAG HOC HUN SPA MNZ 8th 18 |
Antônio Pizzonia | Complete Formula One results | Complete Formula One results
(key)
Year Entrant Chassis Engine 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 WDC Points 2003 Jaguar Racing F1 Team Jaguar R4 Cosworth V10 AUS13† MAL BRA SMR ESP AUT MON CAN10† EUR FRA GBR GER HUN ITA USA JPN 21st 0 2004 BMW WilliamsF1 Team Williams FW26 BMW P84 3.0 V10 AUS MAL BHR SMR ESP MON EUR CAN USA FRA GBR GER HUN BEL ITA CHN JPN BRA 15th 6 2005 BMW WilliamsF1 Team Williams FW27 BMW P84/5 3.0 V10 AUS MAL BHR SMR ESP MON EUR CAN USA FRA GBR GER HUN TUR ITA BEL15† BRA JPN CHN13† 22nd 2
Driver did not finish the Grand Prix, but was classified as he completed over 90% of the race distance. |
Antônio Pizzonia | American open wheel Racing | American open wheel Racing
(key) |
Antônio Pizzonia | Complete Champ Car results | Complete Champ Car results
Yr Team No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Rank Points Ref 2006 Rocketsports 8 LBH HOU MTY MIL POR CLE TOR EDM SJO DEN 18th 43 18 MTL ROA SRF MXC |
Antônio Pizzonia | IndyCar | IndyCar
Year Team Chassis No. Engine 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Rank Points Ref 2008 Rocketsports Panoz DP01 9 Cosworth HMS STP MOT1 LBH1 KAN IND MIL TXS IOW RIR WGL NSH MDO EDM KTY SNM DET CHI SRF2 45th 0
¹ Run on same day
² Non-points-paying, exhibition race |
Antônio Pizzonia | Complete GP2 Series results | Complete GP2 Series results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)
Year Entrant 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 DC Points 2007 Petrol Ofisi FMS International BHRFEA BHRSPR CATFEA CATSPR MONFEA FRAFEA FRASPR GBRFEA GBRSPR EURFEA EURSPR HUNFEA HUNSPR TURFEA TURSPR ITAFEA ITASPR BELFEA BELSPR VALFEA VALSPR 27th 1 |
Antônio Pizzonia | Superleague Formula | Superleague Formula |
Antônio Pizzonia | 2008–2009 | 2008–2009
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)
Year Team Operator123456 Position Points2008 SC Corinthians EuroInternational DON NÜR ZOL EST VAL JER 9th 264 7 10 10 18 4 4 6 16 12 22009 Alan Docking Racing MAG ZOL DON EST MOZ JAR 8th 264 4 9 17 12 3 8 3 5 10 9 14 18 |
Antônio Pizzonia | 2009 Super Final Results | 2009 Super Final Results
Super Final results in 2009 did not count for points towards the main championship.
Year Team 1 2 3 4 5 62009 SC CorinthiansAlan Docking Racing MAG ZOL DON EST MOZ JAR |
Antônio Pizzonia | 2011 | 2011
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)
Year Team Operator12 Position Points2011BrazilAlan Docking RacingHOLBEL 8th 102 8 3 2 9 12 X |
Antônio Pizzonia | Brazilian competitions | Brazilian competitions |
Antônio Pizzonia | Stock Car Brasil | Stock Car Brasil
Year Team Car 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Rank Pts. 2007 RS Competições Volkswagen Bora INT CTB CGD INT LON SCZ CTB BSB ARG TAR RIO INT 40th 1 2008 K-Med Racing Peugeot 307 SAO BSB CTB SCZ CGD SAO RIO LON CTB BSB TAR SAO 31st 8 2009 Amir Nasr Racing Peugeot 307 SAO CTB BSB SCZ SAO SAL RIO CGD CTB BSB TAR SAO 15th 51 2010 Bardahl Hot Car Chevrolet Vectra SAO CTB VEL RIO RBP SAL SAO CGD LON SCS BSB CTB 23rd 31 2011 Amir Nasr Racing Peugeot 408 CTB SAO RBP VEL CGD RIO 26th 6 Scuderia 111 SAO SAL SCS LON BSB VEL 2012 Comprafacil Nascar JF Peugeot 408 INT CTB VEL RBP LON RIO SAL CGD TAR CUR BRA INT 15th 81 2014 Prati-Donaduzzi Peugeot 408 INT1 SCZ1 SCZ2 BRA1 BRA2 GOI1 GOI2 GOI1 CAS1 CAS2 CUR1 CUR2 VEL1 VEL2 SCZ1 SCZ2 TAR1 TAR2 SAL1 SAL2 CUR1 9th 158.5 2015 Prati-Donaduzzi Peugeot 408 GOI1 RBP1 RBP2 VEL1 VEL2 CUR1 CUR2 SCZ1 SCZ2 CUR1 CUR2 GOI1 CAS1 CAS2 MOU1 MOU2 CUR1 CUR2 TAR1 TAR2 INT1 18th 97 2016 Voxx Racing Peugeot 408 CUR1 VEL1 VEL2 GOI1 GOI2 SCZ1 SCZ2 TAR1 TAR2 CAS1 CAS2 INT1 LON1 LON2 CUR1 CUR2 GOI1 GOI2 CDC1 CDC2 INT1 NC† 0† 2017 Prati-Donaduzzi Chevrolet Cruze GOI1 GOI2 VEL1 VEL2 SCZ1 SCZ2 CAS1 CAS2 CUR1 CRI1 CRI2 VCA1 VCA2 LON1 LON2 ARG1 ARG2 TAR1 TAR2 GOI1 GOI2 INT1 16th 126 2018 Prati-Donaduzzi Chevrolet Cruze INT1 CUR1 CUR2 VEL1 VEL2 LON1 LON2 SCZ1 SCZ2 GOI1 MOU1 MOU2 CAS1 CAS2 VCA1 VCA2 TAR1 TAR2 GOI1 GOI2 INT1 21st 44
† Ineligible for championship points. |
Antônio Pizzonia | Complete Auto GP results | Complete Auto GP results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)
Year Entrant 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Pos Points 2012 Ombra Racing MNZ1 MNZ2 VAL1 VAL2 MAR1 MAR2 HUN1 HUN2 ALG1 ALG2 CUR1 CUR2 9th 45 Zele Racing SON1 SON2 2014 Zele Racing MAR1 MAR2 LEC1 LEC2 HUN1 HUN2 MNZ1 MNZ2 IMO1 IMO2 RBR1 RBR2 NÜR1 NÜR2 EST1 EST2 14th 25 2015 Zele Racing HUN1 HUN2 SIL1 SIL2 1st‡ 79‡
‡ Position when season was cancelled. |
Antônio Pizzonia | Complete FIA World Endurance Championship results | Complete FIA World Endurance Championship results
Year Entrant Class Car Engine 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Rank Points 2013 Delta-ADR LMP2 Oreca 03 Nissan VK45DE 4.5 L V8 SIL SPA LMS SÃO COA FUJ SHA BHR 15th 26 2016 Manor LMP2 Oreca 05 Nissan VK45DE 4.5 L V8 SIL SPA LMS NÜR MEX COA FUJ SHA BHR 27th 10 |
Antônio Pizzonia | Complete BOSS GP Series results | Complete BOSS GP Series results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate points for the fastest lap of top ten finishers)
Year Entrant Car Class 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 DC Points 2023 HS Engineering Dallara T12 Open HOC1 HOC2 LEC1 LEC2 RBR1 RBR2 MIS1 MIS2 ASS1 ASS2 MNZ1 MNZ2 MUG1 MUG2 1st 352 |
Antônio Pizzonia | References | References |
Antônio Pizzonia | External links | External links
News of Antônio Pizzonia (Article)
Antonio Pizzonia on YouTube
Category:1980 births
Category:Living people
Category:Sportspeople from Manaus
Category:Brazilian people of Italian descent
Category:British Formula Renault 2.0 drivers
Category:Brazilian Formula One drivers
Category:Jaguar Formula One drivers
Category:Williams Formula One drivers
Category:Brazilian Champ Car drivers
Category:Brazilian IndyCar Series drivers
Category:GP2 Series drivers
Category:Brazilian GP2 Series drivers
Category:International Formula 3000 drivers
Category:Superleague Formula drivers
Category:British Formula Three Championship drivers
Category:Stock Car Brasil drivers
Category:FIA GT1 World Championship drivers
Category:Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in the United Kingdom
Category:Auto GP drivers
Category:FIA World Endurance Championship drivers
Category:Rolex Sports Car Series drivers
Category:American Le Mans Series drivers
Category:Manor Motorsport drivers
Category:Ombra Racing drivers
Category:Scuderia Coloni drivers
Category:EuroInternational drivers
Category:Alan Docking Racing drivers
Category:Conquest Racing drivers
Category:Rocketsports Racing drivers
Category:Brazilian racing drivers |
Antônio Pizzonia | Table of Content | Short description, Racing career, Pre-Formula One, Formula One, Post-Formula One, Racing record, Career summary, Complete British Formula Three Championship results, Complete International Formula 3000 results, Complete Formula One results, American open wheel Racing, Complete Champ Car results, IndyCar, Complete GP2 Series results, Superleague Formula, 2008–2009, 2009 Super Final Results, 2011, Brazilian competitions, Stock Car Brasil, Complete Auto GP results, Complete FIA World Endurance Championship results, Complete BOSS GP Series results, References, External links |
Snowmobiling | # | redirect snowmobile |
Snowmobiling | Table of Content | # |
Shewhart Medal | Infobox award
| The Shewhart Medal, named in honour of Walter A. Shewhart, is awarded annually by the American Society for Quality for ...outstanding technical leadership in the field of modern quality control, especially through the development to its theory, principles, and techniques. The first medal was awarded in 1948.
+ Medalists Year Medalist Year Medalist Year Medalist 1948 Leslie E. Simon 1974 Benjamin Epstein 1999 James M. Lucas 1949 Harold F. Dodge 1975 William R. Pabst, Jr. 2000 John A. Cornell 1950 Martin A. Brumbaugh 1976 John W. Tukey 2001 Søren Bisgaard 1951 George D. Edwards 1977 Albert H. Bowker 2002 William H. Woodall 1952 Eugene L. Grant 1978 Lloyd S. Nelson 2003 Wayne B. Nelson 1953 Harry G. Romig 1979 Hugo C. Hamaker 2004 Douglas M. Hawkins 1954 Edwin G. Olds 1980 John Mandel 2005 Norman Draper 1955 W. Edwards Deming 1981 Richard A. Freund 2006 William Q. Meeker 1956 Mason E. Wescott 1982 Kaoru Ishikawa 2007 C.F. Jeff Wu 1957 Cecil C. Craig 1983 Edward G. Schilling 2008 Roger W. Hoerl 1958 Irving W. Burr 1984 Norman L. Johnson 2009 David W. Bacon 1959 Paul S. Olmstead 1985 Ronald D. Snee 2010 G. Geoffrey Vining 1960 Ellis R. Ott 1986 Donald W. Marquardt 2011 Jerald Lawless 1961 Leonard H. C. Tippett 1987 Fred Leone 2012 Robert L. Mason 1962 Lloyd A. Knowler 1988 Harrison M. Wadsworth 2013 G. Geoffrey Vining 1964 Acheson J. Duncan 1989 Dorian Shainin 2014 Bovas Abraham 1965 Paul C. Clifford 1990 William J. Hill 2015 Dennis K.J. Lin 1966 Edward P. Coleman 1991 Cuthbert Daniel 2016 Connie M. Borror 1967 Charles A. Bicking 1992 Gerald J. Hahn 2017 David M. Steinberg 1968 George E.P. Box 1993 Harry Smith, Jr. 2018 Christine Anderson-Cook 1969 William J. Youden 1994 Brian L. Joiner 2019 Ronald J. M. M. Does 1970 J. Stuart Hunter 1995 Genichi Taguchi 2020 Necip Doganaksoy 1971 Frank E. Grubbs 1996 Douglas C. Montgomery 2021 Jianjun Shi 1972 Gerald J. Lieberman 1997 John F. MacGregor 2022 Bradley Jones 1973 Sebastian B. Littauer 1998 Raymond H. Myers 2023 Stefan Steiner |
Shewhart Medal | See also | See also
List of mathematics awards
Wilks Memorial Award |
Shewhart Medal | References | References |
Shewhart Medal | External links | External links
Official website
Category:Awards established in 1948
Category:Statistical awards |
Shewhart Medal | Table of Content | Infobox award
, See also, References, External links |
Plum Island | '''Plum Island''' | Plum Island may refer to: |
Plum Island | Places | Places
Plum Island (Massachusetts), an island in Essex County, Massachusetts
Plum Island Airport, in Newburyport, Massachusetts
Plum Island (New York), an island near Long Island, New York
Plum Island Animal Disease Center, a United States federal research facility dedicated to the study of animal diseases that is located on Plum Island, New York
Plum Island Light also known as Plum Gut Light, a lighthouse located on Plum Island, New York
Plum Island (Wisconsin), an island in Washington Township, Door County, Wisconsin
Plum Island Range Lights, a pair of range lights located on Plum Island in Door County, Wisconsin
Plum Island Bald Eagle Refuge, a 52-acre island in the Illinois River
Plum Island Site, Native American archaeological site in Illinois |
Plum Island | Art, entertainment, and media | Art, entertainment, and media
Plum Island (novel), a 1997 novel by Long Island author Nelson DeMille
Plum Island (Survival of the Dead), fictional island
"Plum Island," a song by the band Waterparks from the album Double Dare
"Plum Island", a song by music group The Orb from the album Cydonia |
Plum Island | See also | See also
Plummers Island, in Montgomery County, Maryland |
Plum Island | Table of Content | '''Plum Island''', Places, Art, entertainment, and media, See also |
Weltpolitik | Short description | Weltpolitik (, "world politics") was the imperialist foreign policy adopted by the German Empire during the reign of Emperor Wilhelm II. The aim of the policy was to transform Germany into a global power. Though considered a logical consequence of the German unification by a broad spectrum of Wilhelmine society, it marked a decisive break with the defensive Realpolitik of the Bismarckian era.
The origins of the policy can be traced to a Reichstag debate on 6 December 1897 during which German Foreign Secretary Bernhard von Bülow stated, "in one word: We wish to throw no one into the shade, but we also demand our own place in the sun." (Mit einem Worte: wir wollen niemand in den Schatten stellen, aber wir verlangen auch unseren Platz an der Sonne).Fürst Bülows Reden nebst urkundlichen Beiträgen zu seiner Politik. Mit Erlaubnis des Reichskanzlers gesammelt und herausgegeben von Johannes Penzler. I. Band 1897–1903. Berlin: Georg Reimer, 1907. pp. 6–8 Original text on German Wikisource
Nancy Mitchell says that the creation of Weltpolitik was a change in the appliance of German foreign policy. Up until Wilhelm's dismissal of Otto von Bismarck, Germany had concentrated its efforts on stopping the possibility of a two-front war in Europe. Prior to Weltpolitik, there was a greater focus on using its army and subtle diplomacy to maintain its status. In particular, Bismarck had initially been wary of acquiring overseas colonies and wished to reserve the role of Germany as an "honest broker" in continental affairs, though the 1878 Congress of Berlin had revealed the limits of his mediation.
However, despite Bismarck's initial scepticism, the foundations of the German colonial empire were already laid during his tenure from 1884 onwards, when the government began to place the privately acquired properties of colonisers like Adolf Lüderitz, Adolph Woermann, Carl Peters, and Clemens Denhardt under the protection of the German Empire, necessitating costly action such as in the 1888 Abushiri revolt. According to German historian Hans-Ulrich Wehler, German colonial policy in the 1880s was an example of a "pragmatic" social imperialism, a device that allowed the government to distract public attention from domestic problems and preserve the existing social and political order.Eley, Geoff "Social Imperialism" pp. 925–926 from Modern Germany Volume 2 New York, Garland Publishing, 1998 p. 925.
Under Weltpolitik, despite a two-front war still being at the forefront of Germany's concerns as proven through the Schlieffen Plan, Wilhelm II was far more ambitious. Colonial policies officially became a matter of national prestige, promoted by pressure groups like the Pan-German League; in the ongoing Scramble for Africa, Germany was a latecomer and had to stand firm to catch up. However, only relatively small acquisitions were made, such as Kiautschou Bay and Neukamerun, whereas Wilhelm's support for a policy of colonisation was shown in his Kruger telegram in 1896 and response to the Venezuelan crisis of 1902–1903. Colonial ambitions were further reflected in the Herero and Nama genocide from 1904 onwards and the suppression of the Maji Maji Rebellion from 1907, as well as in the First and Second Moroccan Crisis of 1905 and 1911.
The Anglo-German naval arms race was likely lost when Germany failed to keep up with the British after the advent of dreadnought battleships from 1906 onwards; with the Anglo-Russian Convention and the Triple Entente of 1907, Weltpolitik showed itself unable to forestall the threat of a two-front war. The policy's ultimate failure would be sealed in the First World War. |
Weltpolitik | References | References |
Weltpolitik | Further reading | Further reading
Carroll, E. Malcolm. Germany and the great powers, 1866–1914: A study in public opinion and foreign policy (1938) online; pp. 347–484; written for advanced students.
Category:Political history of Germany
Category:German colonisation in Africa
Category:Wilhelm II
Category:1897 in Germany
Category:History of the foreign relations of Germany
Category:German words and phrases
Category:1897 in politics
Category:German foreign policy
Category:Foreign policy doctrines
Category:Political terminology in Germany
Category:Opposition to the British Empire
Category:History of international relations |
Weltpolitik | Table of Content | Short description, References, Further reading |
G. M. Williams | # | redirectGordon Williams (writer) |
G. M. Williams | Table of Content | # |
Culzean Castle | Short description | thumb|Culzean Castle house and gardens (April 2011)|300px
Culzean Castle ( , see yogh; ) is a castle overlooking the Firth of Clyde, near Maybole, Carrick, in South Ayrshire, on the west coast of Scotland. It is the former home of the Marquess of Ailsa, the chief of Clan Kennedy, but is now owned by the National Trust for Scotland. The clifftop castle lies within the Culzean Castle Country Park and is opened to the public.
From 1972 until 2015, an illustration of the castle was featured on the reverse side of five pound notes issued by the Royal Bank of Scotland.
As of 2021, the castle was available for rent.7 Castle Hotels in Scotland That You Can Stay in |
Culzean Castle | History | History
Culzean Castle was constructed as an L-plan castle by order of the 10th Earl of Cassilis. He instructed the architect Robert Adam to rebuild a previous, but more basic, structure into a fine country house to be the seat of his earldom. The castle was built in stages between 1777 and 1792. It incorporates a large drum tower with a circular saloon inside (which overlooks the sea), a grand oval staircase and a suite of well-appointed apartments.
The castle was the venue, on 14 November 1817, when the 1st Marquess of Ailsa's daughter, Margaret Radclyffe Livingstone Eyre, married Thomas, Viscount Kynnaird. Margaret would become a noted philanthropist.
In 1945, the Kennedy family gave the castle and its grounds to the National Trust for Scotland (thus avoiding inheritance tax). In doing so, they stipulated that the apartment at the top of the castle be given to General of the Army Dwight D. Eisenhower in recognition of his role as Supreme Commander of the Allied Forces in Europe during the Second World War. The General first visited Culzean Castle in 1946 and stayed there four times, including once while President of the United States.
The Ayrshire (Earl of Carrick's Own) Yeomanry, a British Yeomanry cavalry regiment, was formed by the Earl of Cassillis at Culzean Castle in about 1794. On 24 June 1961, the regiment returned to the castle to be presented with its first guidon by General Sir Horatius Murray, KBE, CB, DSO.
The castle re-opened in April 2011 after a refurbishment funded by a gift in the will of American millionaire William Lindsay to the National Trust for Scotland. Lindsay, who had never visited Scotland, requested that a significant portion of his $4 million go towards Culzean.BBC News – Culzean Castle benefits from US millionaire's legacy Lindsay was reportedly interested in Eisenhower's holidays at the castle.Love of 'Brigadoon' inspires Vegas tycoon to leave fortune to Scotland – News, People – The Independent
Culzean Castle received 333,965 visitors in 2019. |
Culzean Castle | Features | Features
thumb|Clock tower's courtyard and shore
thumb|Panoramic view of Culzean Castle main building
The armoury contains a propeller from a plane flown by Leefe Robinson when he shot down a German airship north of London in 1916.
To the north of the castle is a bay containing the Gas House, which provided town gas for the castle up until 1940. This group of buildings consists of the gas manager's house (now containing an exhibition on William Murdoch), the Retort House and the remains of the gasometer.
There are sea caves beneath the castle which are currently not open generally, but are open for tours throughout the summer.
The castle grounds include a walled garden, which is built on the site of the home of a former slave owned by the Kennedy family, Scipio Kennedy. |
Culzean Castle | Ghosts | Ghosts
The castle is reputed to be home to at least seven ghosts, including a piper and a servant girl.BBC – Halloween happenings in your areaScotland’s most haunted – Herald Scotland | News | Home NewsTHINGS THAT GO BUMP IN THE NIGHT They are creatures of the dark, lingering in the recesses of Scotland's most historic locations. Their antics would raise the hair on a newly ... |
Culzean Castle | Film and television appearances | Film and television appearances
Culzean Castle is used as the castle of Lord Summerisle (played by Christopher Lee) in the 1973 cult film The Wicker Man. The scenes here were filmed between October and November 1972.Culzean Castle, Ayrshire & Arran|WhichCastle.com
Culzean Castle featured in the 1997 PBS documentary series Castles of Scotland.
Culzean Castle and Country Park featured in the 2001 Bollywood film Pyaar Ishq Aur Mohabbat.
The Most Haunted team led by Yvette Fielding, Karl Beattie and medium Derek Acorah explored Culzean Castle's paranormal stories and reported sightings of ghosts for an episode of the first series, broadcast on Living TV in 2002.
The BBC TV Coast programme visited in series 2 episode 3 first shown in November 2009.
Culzean Castle appeared on the programme The Little Couple from TLC, where the family visited the castle on the Series 9 pilot episode in 2016.
It was the location for two episodes of BBC One’s Antiques Roadshow filmed in 2020 and transmitted in February and April 2021. |
Culzean Castle | Gallery | Gallery |
Culzean Castle | See also | See also
Banknotes of Scotland (featured on design) |
Culzean Castle | References | References |
Culzean Castle | External links | External links
Culzean Castle – visitor information at the NTS website.
Papers of the National Trust of Scotland (Dwight D. Eisenhower's Culzean Castle apartment), Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library
Engraving of Cullean castle by James Fittler in the digitised copy of Scotia Depicta, or the antiquities, castles, public buildings, noblemen and gentlemen's seats, cities, towns and picturesque scenery of Scotland, 1804 at National Library of Scotland
Video footage of the Culzean Coal Gas Works
Video footage of the Culzean caves
Category:Castles in South Ayrshire
Category:Category A listed buildings in South Ayrshire
Category:Listed castles in Scotland
Category:Reportedly haunted locations in Scotland
Category:Inventory of Gardens and Designed Landscapes
Category:Robert Adam buildings
Category:National Trust for Scotland properties
Category:Gardens in South Ayrshire
Category:Historic house museums in South Ayrshire
Category:Country houses in South Ayrshire
Category:Clan Kennedy
Category:Firth of Clyde
Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1792
Category:1792 establishments in Scotland |
Culzean Castle | Table of Content | Short description, History, Features, Ghosts, Film and television appearances, Gallery, See also, References, External links |
Open Programming Language | Short description | Open Programming Language (OPL) is a programming language for embedded systems and mobile devices that run the operating systems EPOC and Symbian. It was released by the British company Psion in 1984. |
Open Programming Language | Use | Use
Originally designed for use on their classic Psion PDAs such as the Series 3, 5/5mx, Series 7, and netBook–netPad, and the Psion produced MC218, OPL was provided as part of the standard application suite. It can also be installed on the Nokia 9200, 9300 and 9500 Communicator series mobile telephone and personal digital assistant (PDA) and the Sony Ericsson P800, P900, P910 series. OPL is also included in Psion Teklogix industrial handhelds such as the Workabout mx, and it also appeared in the lesser known Oregon 'Osaris' organiser, a broadly compatible EPOC32 device that uniquely used version 4 of the OS. OPL is an interpreted language similar to BASIC. A fully Visual Basic-compatible language OVAL has also been developed. |
Open Programming Language | History | History
The language was originally named Organiser Programming Language, developed by Psion Ltd for the Psion Organiser. Designed by Colly Myers with the first iteration implemented by Richard Harrison and Martin Stamp. The first implementation (without graphics) was for the original Psion Organiser (now referred to as the Psion Organiser I, 1984), and it came bundled with the Science, Finance and Math data packs. It became truly accessible as built-in software in the Psion Organiser II (1986), and the language went on to be used in the Psion Series 3 and later. After Psion retired from the personal digital assistant market, a project aiming to bring OPL to Symbian came to fruition, when the fledgling Symbian Developer Program released it as open-source software. The language is now available on SourceForge in a project named opl-dev.
The language is currently unavailable for Symbian OS v8 and later. With the subsequent retirement of the Symbian OS, it seems unlikely OPL will be made available for later generations of Symbian devices. As of 2010, Nokia device developers were encouraged to use Python for S60 instead (See Python for S60). |
Open Programming Language | Examples | Examples
Here is the console version of a "Hello, World!" program:
PROC main:
PRINT "Hello World!"
PAUSE 40
ENDP
(Source code taken from the PCDevPrimer in the OPL Wiki.)
And here is a GUI version for Nokia's Series 80 user interface:
CONST KKeyEnter%=13
PROC hello:
dINIT "Hello"
dTEXT "","Hello World!"
dBUTTONS "OK",KKeyEnter%
DIALOG
ENDP
OPL is a structured programming language. OPL programs contain PROCedures, which are much like functions (subroutines) in other programming languages.
The dINIT keyword in this example initializes a dialog box (intuitively enough, all dialog-box related functions begin with a letter 'd'; for clarity, this letter is in lower case, but the language is case independent). The first argument of the dialog is an optional string, which is used for the title of the dialog, displayed in the title bar.
The dTEXT function displays text, with two compulsory arguments: a left-aligned 'prompt' string, and a main string.
The dBUTTONS keyword allows you to put buttons on the dialog box - here there is a button with the text "OK". The second argument to each button is both the special notation of the shortcut key for that button and the dialog's return code, in this case the "Enter" key.
Finally, the DIALOG keyword is required for the previously initialized dialog box to be shown on the screen. |
Open Programming Language | Testing dialog responses | Testing dialog responses
An example:
PROC test:
dINIT "Your Challenge"
dTEXT "","Will your answer to this question be no?"
dBUTTONS "Yes",%y,"No",%n
IF DIALOG=%y
PRINT "No it wasn't!"
ELSE
PRINT "Yes it was!"
ENDIF
GET
ENDP
In this cruel interrogative program, the Yes button is assigned the shortcut of Ctrl+y, while No has Ctrl+n, represented by %y and %n respectively. The user's input from the DIALOG is tested in the IF statement, PRINTing appropriate responses to the screen. Note that the 'GET' keyword, which gets user input without using a dialog box, is here used simply to wait for a keypress before terminating the program (otherwise it would end immediately without giving time for the user to read the text). The output from DIALOG can also be stored in a variable.
Variables specific to a procedure must be declared with the LOCAL keyword; global variables are defined with the GLOBAL keyword. |
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